Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.18 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk 0 3699 914915 914045 2026-09-02T15:22:46Z Mhizabdoul 42167 914915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fasaha''' Wannan kalmar tana nufin kirkirar wani abu sabo da aka samo daga [[kimiyya]] ko kuma ingata shi daga yada yake zuwa ga wani abu da za'a iya amfani da shi ta hanyoyi da dama, kamar su mota, wayar tarho, jirgi da dai sauransu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Skolnikoff |first=Eugene B. |year=1993 |title=The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/elusivetransform0000skol |chapter=The Setting |page=[https://archive.org/details/elusivetransform0000skol/page/13 13] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-08631-1 |jstor=j.ctt7rpm1 |quote=I find the most useful conceptual definition for this study to be that given by Harvey Brooks, who has defined technology{{nbsp}}...as 'knowledge of how to fulfill certain human purposes in a specifiable and reproducible way.'}}</ref><ref>'''Technology'''. (2025, June 11). In ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/technology</ref> Wannan hanya tana taimakon Injiniyoyi (masu 'kere-'kere) wajen tabbatarda sun maida [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] ta zama cikin sauki ga [[Dan Adam]].<ref>{{harvnb|Salomon|1984|pages=117–118}}: "The first pole, that of the naturalisation of a new discipline within the university curriculum, was presented by Christian Wolff in 1728, in Chapter III of the "Preliminary discourse" to his ''{{lang|la|Philosophia rationalisis sive Logica}}'': 'Technology is the science of skills and works of skill, or, if one prefers, the science of things made by man's labour, chiefly through the use of his hands.'"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mitcham |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Mitcham |year=1994 |title=Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/thinkingthrought0000mitc_c3c2 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-53196-1}}</ref><ref>UNESCO. (2022). ''Engineering for sustainable development: Delivering on the sustainable development goals''. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://www.unesco.org/en/engineering-sustainable-development</ref> Ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin al'umma. Fasaha ta farko da aka sani ita ce kayan aikin dutse, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin prehistory, sannan kuma sarrafa wuta - wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar kwakwalwar ɗan adam da haɓaka harshe a lokacin Ice Age, bisa ga hasashen dafa abinci. Ƙirƙirar dabaran a [[Zamanin Tagulla|zamanin]] Bronze Age ya ba da damar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da ƙirƙirar injuna masu rikitarwa. Ƙirƙirar fasaha na baya-bayan nan, da suka haɗa da na'urar bugawa, tarho, da Intanet, sun rage shinge ga sadarwa tare da shigar da tattalin arzikin ilimi.<ref>https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools</ref><ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/worldhistory/chapter/2d-first-technologies-fire-and-tools/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/potterwheel2.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-20 |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527154306/https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/potterwheel2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da fasaha ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban [[tattalin arziki]] da haɓaka wadatar ɗan adam, kuma tana iya yin mummunan tasiri kamar gurɓata yanayi da raguwar albarkatu kasa, kuma yana iya haifar da lahani ga zamantakewa kamar rashin aikin fasaha na fasaha da ke haifar da sarrafa kansa. Sakamakon haka, muhawara ta falsafa da siyasa game da rawar da fasaha da amfani da fasaha, da ka'idojin fasaha, da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi don rage lalacewarta suna ci gaba da gudana.<ref>https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379365</ref><ref>Hughes, T. P. (2004). ''Human-built world: How to think about technology and culture''. University of Chicago Press. <nowiki>https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo3611341.html</nowiki></ref> == Ilimin halin dan Adam == Fasaha kalma ce da ta samo asali tun farkon karni na 17 wanda ke nufin 'maganin tsarin' (daga Girkanci Τεχνολογία, daga Girkanci: τέχνη, romanized: tékhnē, lit. 'craft, art' da -λογί), α (study, ilmin).<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |author1-link=Henry Liddell |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |author2-link=Robert Scott (philologist) |title=Greek-English Lexicon |title-link=Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Abridged |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |orig-date=1891 |isbn=0-19-910205-8 |oclc=38307662}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=technology |encyclopedia=The Oxford English Dictionary |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0198611868}}</ref> An riga an riga an yi amfani da shi da kalmar Helenanci na Tsohuwar τέχνη (tékhnē), ana amfani da ita don nufin 'sanin yadda ake yin abubuwa', wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar gine-gine.<ref>{{cite book |author=Aristotle |author-link=Aristotle |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Lesley |translator-last=Ross |translator-first=David |year=2009 |title=The Nicomachean Ethics |page=105 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-921361-0 |lccn=2009005379 |oclc=246896490 |series=Oxford World's Classics}}</ref> Tun daga karni na 19, Turawa na Nahiyar suka fara amfani da kalmomin Technik (Jamus) ko fasaha (Faransanci) don nufin 'hanyar yin aiki', wanda ya haɗa da duk fasahar fasaha, kamar rawa, kewayawa, ko bugu, ko suna buƙatar kayan aiki ko kayan aiki.{{Sfn|Salomon|1984|pages=114–115}} A lokacin, Technologie (Jamus da Faransanci) suna magana ko dai ga ilimin ilimi da ke nazarin "hanyoyin fasaha da fasaha", ko kuma ga tsarin siyasa "da nufin yin doka a kan ayyukan fasaha da fasaha."{{Sfn|Salomon|1984|page=117}} Kalmar a baya ba a saba da ita ba a cikin Ingilishi kuma galibi ana magana da ita ga horon ilimi, kamar yadda yake a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts.<ref name=jstor40061169>{{Cite journal |last=Schatzberg |first=Eric |year=2006 |title="Technik" Comes to America: Changing Meanings of "Technology" before 1930 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=486–512 |doi=10.1353/tech.2006.0201 |jstor=40061169 |s2cid=143784033 |issn=0040-165X |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910165857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A cikin karni na 20, sakamakon ci gaban kimiyya da juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu, fasahar ta daina daukar ta a matsayin wani nau'in horo na ilimi kuma ta dauki ma'ana: tsarin amfani da ilimi zuwa karshen aiki.<ref>{{harvnb|Salomon|1984|page=119}}: "With the industrial revolution and the important part England played in it, the word technology was to lose this meaning as the subject or thrust of a branch of education, as first in English and then in other languages it embodied all technical activity based on the application of science to practical ends."</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin-tarihi === [[File:Faustkeil Nachbau, 2020 PD a-7.jpg|thumb|Mutum yana rike da gatari|alt=refer to caption]] Hominids ne suka fara haɓaka kayan aikin ta hanyar dubawa da gwaji da kuskure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schiffer |first=M. B. |title=The Archaeology of Science |chapter=Discovery Processes: Trial Models |year=2013 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |series=Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique |volume=9 |pages=185–198 |place=Heidelberg |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |isbn=978-3319000770 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184259/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |url-status=live }}</ref> A kusa da 2 Mya (shekaru miliyan da suka wuce), sun koyi yin kayan aikin dutse na farko ta hanyar hange flakes daga dutsen dutse, suna kafa gatari mai kaifi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |author=The British Museum |title=Our earliest technology? |url=https://smarthistory.org/our-earliest-technology/#:~:text=Made%20nearly%20two%20million%20years,deposits%20in%20Olduvai%20Gorge,%20Tanzania. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902015829/https://smarthistory.org/our-earliest-technology/#:~:text=Made%20nearly%20two%20million%20years,deposits%20in%20Olduvai%20Gorge,%20Tanzania. |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=smarthistory.org}}</ref> An gyara wannan aikin 75 kya (shekaru dubu da suka wuce) zuwa matsi, yana ba da damar aiki mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minogue |first=K. |date=28 October 2010 |title=Stone Age Toolmakers Surprisingly Sophisticated |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/stone-age-toolmakers-surprisingly-sophisticated |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=science.org |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910174555/https://www.science.org/content/article/stone-age-toolmakers-surprisingly-sophisticated }}</ref> Charles Darwin ya bayyana gano wuta a matsayin "watakila mafi girma da mutum ya taba yi".<ref>{{cite book | last=Crump | first=Thomas | title=A Brief History of Science | year=2001 | publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]] | isbn=978-1841192352 | page=9}}</ref> Shaidar archaeological, abinci, da zamantakewa suna nuna "ci gaba da amfani da wuta [mutane]" aƙalla 1.5 Mya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gowlett |first1=J. A. J. |last2=Wrangham |first2=R. W. |date=1 March 2013 |title=Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=5–30 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |s2cid=163033909 |issn=0067-270X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wuta, da itace da gawayi ke hura wuta, ta baiwa ɗan adam na farko damar dafa abincinsu don ƙara narkewa, inganta darajar sinadarai da faɗaɗa yawan abincin da za a iya ci.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stahl | first= Ann B. | author-link= Ann B. Stahl | year=1984 | title=Hominid dietary selection before fire | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1984-04_25_2/page/151 | journal=[[Current Anthropology]] | volume=25 | pages= 151–68 | doi=10.1086/203106 | issue=2 | jstor=2742818| s2cid= 84337150 }}</ref> Hasashen dafa abinci yana ba da shawarar cewa ikon dafa abinci yana haɓaka haɓakar girman kwakwalwar hominid, kodayake wasu masu bincike suna ganin shaidar ba ta cika ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wrangham |first=R. |date=1 August 2017 |title=Control of Fire in the Paleolithic: Evaluating the Cooking Hypothesis |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=58 |issue=S16 |pages=S303–S313 |doi=10.1086/692113 |s2cid=148798286 |issn=0011-3204 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910190830/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> An yi kwanan wata shaidar archaeological na murhu zuwa kya 790; masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana yiwuwa ya ƙarfafa zamantakewar ɗan adam kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen bayyanar harshe.<ref name=worldcat1124046527>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527 |title=Lucy to Language: the Benchmark Papers |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199652594 |editor-last=Dunbar |editor-first=R. I. M. |oclc=1124046527 |editor-last2=Gamble |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Gowlett |editor-first3=J. A. J. |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814044201/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=20030715nytimes-science>{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=15 July 2003 |title=Early Voices: The Leap to Language |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312091336/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html |archive-date=12 March 2017 }}</ref> Sauran ci gaban fasaha da aka samu a zamanin Paleolithic sun haɗa da tufafi da matsuguni.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Shaar |first1=Ron |last2=Matmon |first2=Ari |last3=Horwitz |first3=Liora K. |last4=Ebert |first4=Yael |last5=Chazan |first5=Michael |last6=Arnold |first6=M. |last7=Aumaître |first7=G. |last8=Bourlès |first8=D. |last9=Keddadouche |first9=K. |date=1 May 2021 |title=Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=259 |page=106907 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25906907S |s2cid=234833092 |issn=0277-3791 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116020317/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Babu yarjejeniya kan kusan lokacin da aka fara amfani da ko wace fasaha, amma masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun sami shaidar archaeological na tufafi 90-120 kya<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hallett |first1=Emily Y. |last2=Marean |first2=Curtis W. |last3=Steele |first3=Teresa E. |last4=Álvarez-Fernández |first4=Esteban |last5=Jacobs |first5=Zenobia |author5-link=Zenobia Jacobs |last6=Cerasoni |first6=Jacopo Niccolò |last7=Aldeias |first7=Vera |last8=Scerri |first8=Eleanor M. L. |last9=Olszewski |first9=Deborah I. |last10=Hajraoui |first10=Mohamed Abdeljalil El |last11=Dibble |first11=Harold L. |date=24 September 2021 |title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco |journal=iScience |volume=24 |issue=9 |page=102988 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=8478944 |pmid=34622180|bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H }}</ref> da matsuguni 450 kya.<ref>{{cite web |author=O'Neil, Dennis |title=Evolution of Modern Humans: Archaic Homo sapiens Culture |url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404130017/http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm |archive-date=4 April 2007 |access-date=31 March 2007 |publisher=[[Palomar College]] }}</ref> Yayin da zamanin Paleolithic ya ci gaba, gidaje sun zama nagartattun abubuwa kuma sun fi dacewa; a farkon kya 380, mutane suna gina bukkokin itace na wucin gadi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Villa |first=Paola |title=Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France |url=https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1983 |isbn=978-0520096622 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill/page/303 303]}}</ref> Tufafi, wanda aka daidaita daga Jawo da ɓoye na dabbobin da aka farauta, sun taimaka wa ɗan adam faɗaɗa cikin yankuna masu sanyi; mutane sun fara ƙaura daga Afirka kusan kya 200, da farko suna ƙaura zuwa Eurasia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cordaux |first=Richard |author2=Stoneking, Mark |year=2003 |title=South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa |url=http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1586–1590; author reply 1590–93 |doi=10.1086/375407 |pmc=1180321 |pmid=12817589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022940/http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=22 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Oldest remains' outside Africa reset human migration clock |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=phys.org |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711124429/https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Harvati | first1=Katerina | author-link=Katerina Harvati | last2=Röding | first2=Carolin | last3=Bosman | first3=Abel M. | last4=Karakostis | first4=Fotios A. | last5=Grün | first5=Rainer | last6=Stringer | first6=Chris | last7=Karkanas | first7=Panagiotis | last8=Thompson | first8=Nicholas C. | last9=Koutoulidis | first9=Vassilis | last10=Moulopoulos | first10=Lia A. | last11=Gorgoulis | first11=Vassilis G. | last12=Kouloukoussa | first12=Mirsini | title=Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=571 | issue=7766 | year=2019 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z | pages=500–504 | pmid=31292546 | hdl=10072/397334 | s2cid=195873640 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 | access-date=17 September 2022 | archive-date=1 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132212/https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 | url-status=live }}</ref> === Neolithic === [[File:Néolithique 0001.jpg|thumb|Tsari na kayan tarihi na Neolithic, gami da mundaye, kawunan gatari, chisels, da kayan aikin goge baki|alt=Photo of Neolithic tools on display]] Juyin Juyin Halitta na Neolithic (ko juyin juya halin noma na farko) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin fasahohi, da haɓakar rikice-rikicen zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3 |title=Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation |publisher=Springer New York |year=2002 |isbn=9780306471667 |editor-last=Kuijt |editor-first=i. |series=Fundamental Issues in Archaeology |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184244/https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙirƙirar gatari dutsen da aka goge wani babban ci gaba ne wanda ya ba da damar share gandun daji da kuma noma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coghlan |first=H. H. |date=1943 |title=The Evolution of the Axe from Prehistoric to Roman Times |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=73 |issue=1/2 |pages=27–56 |doi=10.2307/2844356 |jstor=2844356 |issn=0307-3114 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926011626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wannan amfani da gatura mai gogewa ya ƙaru sosai a cikin Neolithic amma an fara amfani da shi a cikin Mesolithic da ya gabata a wasu yankuna kamar Ireland.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=Killian|title=The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland|date=2006|url=http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110326/http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Noma ya ciyar da yawan jama'a, kuma sauye-sauye zuwa zaman lafiya ya ba da damar haɓaka yawan yara a lokaci guda, saboda jarirai ba sa buƙatar makiyaya su zagaya da su. Bugu da ƙari, yara za su iya ba da gudummawar aiki don kiwon amfanin gona cikin sauri fiye da yadda za su iya shiga ayyukan mafarauta.<ref name=20060104sciencedaily>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm|title=The First Baby Boom: Skeletal Evidence Shows Abrupt Worldwide Increase In Birth Rate During Neolithic Period|last=University of Chicago Press Journals|date=4 January 2006|work=ScienceDaily|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133752/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1972-04_13_2/page/258|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|author=Sussman, Robert W. |author2=Hall, Roberta L. |volume=13|issue=2| pages=258–267|date=April 1972|doi=10.1086/201274 |jstor=2740977|s2cid=143449170}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubuce ta haifar da yaduwar ilimin al'adu kuma ya zama tushen tarihi, dakunan karatu, makarantu, da binciken kimiyya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goody |first=J. |date=1986 |title=The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society |url=https://archive.org/details/logicofwritingor0000good |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref> === Tsohuwar tarihi === [[File:Wheel Iran.jpg|thumb|upright|The wheel was invented {{Circa|4,000 BCE}}.|alt=Photo of an early wooden wheel]] [[File:Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered).jpg|thumb|upright|Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered as of 2024)|alt=Photo of Wooden Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered)]] Bayan yin amfani da wuta, mutane sun gano wasu nau'ika na makamashi. Sanin farko na amfani da wutar lantarki shine jirgin ruwa mai tafiya; tarihin farko na jirgin ruwa da ke karkashin ruwa shi ne na jirgin ruwan Nilu da ya yi kusan shekara 7,000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-first=Donatella |author1-last=Usai | author2-first=Sandro |author2-last=Salvatori |title=The oldest representation of a Nile boat|journal=Antiquity|volume=81}}</ref> Tun kafin tarihi, mai yiyuwa ne Masarawa sun yi amfani da ƙarfin ambaliyar kogin Nilu na shekara-shekara don shayar da ƙasarsu, a hankali suna koyon yadda za su daidaita yawancin ta ta hanyoyin ban ruwa da aka gina da gangan da kuma tasoshin "kama".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Postel |first=Sandra |author-link=Sandra Postel |url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html |title=Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? |date=1999 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0393319378 |chapter=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119022630/http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsoffin Sumeriyawa a Mesofotamiya sun yi amfani da tsarin magudanar ruwa da lefi don karkatar da ruwa daga kogin Tigris da Furat don ban ruwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Crawford|date=2013|title=The Sumerian World|location=New York & London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203096604|pages=34–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205005423/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref> Masu binciken archaeologists sun ƙiyasta cewa an ƙirƙira motar ne da kanta kuma a lokaci guda a Mesopotamiya (a Iraki ta yau), Arewacin Caucasus (al'adun Maykop), da tsakiyar Turai.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|last=Potts|first=D.T.|year=2012|page=285}}</ref> Ƙididdigar lokaci ya kasance daga 5,500 zuwa 3,000 KZ tare da yawancin masana sun sanya shi kusa da 4,000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New Light on the Most Ancient East|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|year=1928|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014/page/n129 110]}}</ref> Tsofaffin kayan tarihi tare da zane-zane da ke nuna katuna masu ƙafafu sun kasance tun daga kusan 3,500 KZ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth|last=Anthony|first=David A.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0691058870|location=Princeton|page=[https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth/page/67 67]}}</ref> Kwanan nan, mafi dadewa da aka sani da dabaran katako a duniya kamar na 2024 an samo shi a cikin Ljubljana Marsh na Slovenia; Masanan Austriya sun tabbatar da cewa motar tana tsakanin shekaru 5,100 zuwa 5,350.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/|title=World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia|last=Gasser|first=Aleksander|date=March 2003|publisher=Republic of Slovenia Government Communication Office|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826021129/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/|archive-date=26 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar dabarar ta kawo sauyi ga kasuwanci da yaƙi. Ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ana gano cewa ana iya amfani da keken keke don ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi ba. Sumariyawa na dā sun yi amfani da dabaran tukwane kuma wataƙila sun ƙirƙira shi.<ref name="Kramer1963">{{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|year=1971|orig-date=1963|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226452388|page=290|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808201642/http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sumerians.html?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Wata dabarar tukwane da aka samu a cikin birnin-Ur ta kasance a kusan shekara ta 3,429 K.Z., <ref name="Moorey1994">{{cite book|last=Moorey|first=Peter Roger Stuart|date=1999|orig-year=1994|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1575060422|page=146|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017215042/https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus.html?id=P_Ixuott4doC|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> kuma har ma da tsofaffin gutsutsutsun tukwane da aka jefa a cikin wannan yanki. Motocin tukwane masu sauri (rotary) sun ba da damar samar da tukwane da wuri, amma yin amfani da dabaran a matsayin mai canza makamashi (ta hanyar ƙafafun ruwa, injin niƙa, har ma da tukwane) ya kawo sauyi ga amfani da tushen wutar lantarki da ba na ɗan adam ba. Katunan farko masu kafa biyu an samo su ne daga travois kuma an fara amfani da su a Mesofotamiya da Iran a kusan 3,000 KZ.<ref name="Lay1992">{{cite book|last=Lay|first=M G |title=Ways of the World|publisher=Primavera Press|year=1992|location=Sydney|page=28|isbn=978-1875368051}}</ref> Sanannun titunan da aka gina su ne titin da aka yi da dutse na birnin-jihar Ur, tun daga c. 4,000 KZ, da hanyoyin katako da ke bi ta cikin gulmar Glastonbury, Ingila, suna kusan lokaci guda. Hanya ta farko mai nisa, wadda aka fara amfani da ita a wajen shekara ta 3,500 KZ, ta yi tafiyar kilomita 2,400 daga Tekun Fasha zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, amma ba a yi shimfida ba kuma ba a kula da shi ba. A kusan 2,000 KZ, Minoans a tsibirin Girka na Crete sun gina hanya mai nisan kilomita 50 daga fadar Gortyn da ke kudancin tsibirin, ta cikin tsaunuka, zuwa fadar Knossos a gefen arewacin tsibirin. Ba kamar hanyar da ta gabata ba, titin Minoan ya kasance cikakke.<ref name="Gregersen2012">{{cite book|last1=Gregersen|first1=Erik|title=The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes|date=2012|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|location=New York |isbn=978-1615307012|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145500/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Pont du Gard BLS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Hotunan Pont du Gard a Faransa, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun magudanan ruwa na Romawa|alt=refer to caption]] Gidajen Minoan na dā suna da ruwan sha.<ref name="Eslamian2014">{{cite book|last1=Eslamian|first1=Saeid|title=Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1466552500|pages=171–175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095408/https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref> An gano wani wankan wanka da yayi kama da na zamani a fadar Knossos.<ref name="Lechner2012">{{cite book|last1=Lechner|first1=Norbert|title=Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics: Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-1118014752|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145421/https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu gidaje masu zaman kansu na Minoan kuma suna da bandakuna, waɗanda za a iya zubar da su ta hanyar zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar. Romawa na d ¯ a suna da ɗakunan banɗaki da yawa na jama'a, waɗanda suka fantsama cikin tsarin najasa mai yawa. Babban magudanar ruwa a Roma shine Cloaca Maxima; an fara gininsa a ƙarni na shida KZ kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau.<ref name="Gregersen2012" /> Dadaddiyar Romawa kuma suna da tsarin magudanan ruwa mai sarkakiya, da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar ruwa zuwa nesa mai nisa.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> An gina magudanar ruwa ta Roma ta farko a shekara ta 312 KZ. An gina tsohuwar magudanar ruwa ta Roma ta goma sha ɗaya kuma ta ƙarshe a shekara ta 226 CE. A hade, magudanan ruwa na Romawa sun kai kilomita 450, amma kasa da kilomita 70 na wannan yana sama da kasa kuma yana goyan bayansa.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> === Kafin zamani === Sabbin abubuwa sun ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai tare da gabatar da samar da siliki (a Asiya da Turai daga baya), kwalawar doki, da takalman dawakai. An haɗa injuna masu sauƙi (kamar lever, screw, da puley) zuwa kayan aikin da suka fi rikitarwa, kamar keken keke, injin niƙa, da agogo.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315588605 |title=Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315588605 |isbn=978-1317116530 |s2cid=148764971 |editor-last=Davids |editor-first=K. |editor-last2=De Munck |editor-first2=B. |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184255/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315588605/innovation-creativity-late-medieval-early-modern-european-cities-karel-davids-bert-de-munck |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsarin jami'o'i ya haɓaka da yada ra'ayoyin kimiyya da ayyuka, gami da Oxford da Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnQNVPbnrDgC |title=Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2000 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004113510 |editor-last=Courtenay |editor-first=W. J. |editor-last2=Miethke |editor-first2=J. |editor-last3=Priest |editor-first3=D. B. |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184252/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnQNVPbnrDgC |url-status=live }}</ref> Zamanin Renaissance ya samar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da gabatar da na'urar bugu mai motsi zuwa Turai, wanda ya sauƙaƙe sadarwar ilimi. Kimiyya ta ƙara yin tasiri ga fasaha, inda ta fara zagayowar ci gaban juna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deming |first=D. |url= |title=Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution |year=2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0786490868}}</ref> === Na zamani === [[File:1885Benz.jpg|thumb|Motar, anan asalin Benz Patent-Motorwagen, ta kawo sauyi kan harkokin sufuri na mutum.]] Tun daga Burtaniya a karni na 18, gano wutar tururi ya haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda ya ga fa'idodin fasaha da yawa, musamman a fannin noma, masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, karafa, da sufuri, da kuma yadda ake amfani da tsarin masana'antu sosai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stearns |first=P. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/industrialrevolu0000pete|title=The Industrial Revolution in World History |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-0813347295 }}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan karni guda bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu wanda ya haifar da saurin gano kimiyya, daidaitawa, da samarwa da yawa. An kirkiro sabbin fasahohi, da suka hada da na'urorin tsabtace ruwa, wutar lantarki, fitulun fitulu, injinan lantarki, titin jirgin kasa, motoci, da jiragen sama. Wadannan ci gaban fasaha sun haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a fannin likitanci, sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, da injiniyanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokyr |first=J. |title=The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914 |year=2000 |url=https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/castronovo.pdf |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910210450/https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/castronovo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun kasance tare da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa, tare da gabatar da manyan gine-gine tare da haɓaka birane cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=B. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ |title=To Have and Have Not: Energy in World History |year= 2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1538105047 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184800/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sadarwa ta inganta tare da ƙirƙirar telegraph, tarho, rediyo, da talabijin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albion |first=Robert G. |date=1 January 1933 |title=The Communication Revolution, 1760–1933 |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.1933.002 |journal=Transactions of the Newcomen Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.1179/tns.1933.002 |issn=0372-0187 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184825/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/tns.1933.002 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Karni na 20 ya kawo sabbin abubuwa da yawa. A kimiyyar lissafi, gano fission na nukiliya a cikin Atomic Age ya haifar da makaman nukiliya da makaman nukiliya. An ƙirƙira kwamfutocin Analog kuma sun tabbatar da rinjaye wajen sarrafa hadaddun bayanai. Yayin da ƙirƙirar bututun injin ɗin ya ba da izinin yin lissafin dijital tare da kwamfutoci kamar ENIAC, girman girmansu ya hana yin amfani da shi sosai har sai sabbin abubuwa a cikin kimiyar lissafi sun ba da izinin ƙirƙirar transistor a 1947, wanda ya haɗa kwamfutoci sosai kuma ya jagoranci canjin dijital. Fasahar bayanai, musamman fiber na gani da na'urori masu amo, sun ba da izinin sadarwa mai sauƙi da sauri, wanda ya haifar da Zamanin Bayanai da Haihuwar Intanet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agar |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC |title=Science in the 20th Century and Beyond |year=2012 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0745634692|access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC |url-status=live }}</ref> Ana buƙatar hadaddun masana'antu da fasahohin gini da ƙungiyoyi don ƙirƙira da kiyaye ƙarin fasahohin zamani, kuma masana'antu gabaɗaya sun taso don haɓaka ƙarni masu zuwa na kayan aikin da suka fi rikitarwa. Fasahar zamani tana ƙara dogaro da horo da ilimi - masu zanen su, magina, masu kula da su, da masu amfani da su galibi suna buƙatar ingantaccen horo na musamman da takamaiman. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan fasahohin sun zama masu sarƙaƙƙiya har dukan fannoni sun haɓaka don tallafa musu, ciki har da aikin injiniya, likitanci, da kimiyyar kwamfuta; da sauran fannonin sun zama masu sarkakiya, kamar gini, sufuri, da gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goldin |first1=C. |author1-link=Claudia Goldin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC |title=The Race between Education and Technology |last2=Katz |first2=L. F. |author2-link=Lawrence F. Katz |year=2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674037731 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tasiri == Canjin fasaha shi ne babban dalilin ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solow |first=Robert M. |date=1957 |title=Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047 |journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=312–320 |doi=10.2307/1926047 |jstor=1926047 |issn=0034-6535 |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115022751/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bresnahan |first1=Timothy F. |last2=Trajtenberg |first2=M. |date=1 January 1995 |title=General purpose technologies 'Engines of growth'? |journal=Journal of Econometrics |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T |issn=0304-4076|doi-access=free }}</ref> A cikin tarihin dan Adam, samar da makamashi shine babban abin da ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, kuma sabbin fasahohin na baiwa dan Adam damar kara yawan kuzarin da ake samu. Wuta ta farko ta zo, wanda ya sanya abincin da ake ci ya zama nau'in abinci iri-iri, kuma ya sa ya rage buƙatar jiki don narkewa. Wuta kuma tana ba da damar narkewa, da yin amfani da daskararru, da tagulla, da ƙarfe, da ake amfani da su don farauta ko sana'a. Daga nan sai juyin juya halin noma ya zo: mutane ba sa bukatar farauta ko taro don su rayu, suka fara zama a garuruwa da birane, suna kafa al'ummomi masu sarkakiya, masu sojoji da tsarin addini.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Wrigley |first=E. A |date=13 March 2013 |title=Energy and the English Industrial Revolution |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1986 |page=20110568 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|pmid=23359739 |bibcode=2013RSPTA.37110568W |s2cid=10624423 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Shekarun baya-bayan nan dai sun haifar da daukakar al'adu a kafafen sada zumunta, tare da yin illa ga dimokuradiyya, da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tun da farko, ana kallon intanet a matsayin "fasaha na 'yantar da jama'a" wanda zai kawo dimokuradiyyar ilimi, inganta damar samun ilimi, da inganta dimokuradiyya. Bincike na zamani ya juya don bincikar abubuwan da ke cikin intanet, ciki har da rashin fahimta, rashin fahimta, maganganun ƙiyayya, da farfaganda.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117 |title=Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1108835558 |editor-last=Persily |editor-first=Nathaniel |series=SSRC Anxieties of Democracy |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781108890960 |hdl=11245.1/cf2f5b6a-8dc8-4400-bc38-3317b0164499 |s2cid=243715477 |editor-last2=Tucker |editor-first2=Joshua A. |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019091703/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1970, ana sukar tasirin fasaha a kan muhalli, wanda ya haifar da karuwar saka hannun jari a cikin hasken rana, iska, da sauran nau'ikan makamashi mai tsafta. === Zamantakewa === ==== Ayyuka ==== Tun da aka kirkiri dabaran, fasahohin na taimakawa wajen habaka tattalin arzikin dan Adam. Kayan aiki da ya gabata yana da madaidaicin aiki da madaidaitan aiki; injina sun maye gurbin mutane a wasu ayyuka masu rahusa (misali a aikin gona), amma an biya wannan diyya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Autor|first=D. H.|year=2015|title=Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=29|number=3|pages=3–30|doi=10.1257/jep.29.3.3 |url=https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901060615/http://economics.mit.edu/files/11563 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/109476|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa kwamfutoci ba su haifar da rashin aikin yi na fasaha ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bessen |first=J. E. |date=3 October 2016 |title=How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, Jobs, and Skills |journal=Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law EJournal. |volume=15{{hyphen}}49 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2690435 |ssrn=2690435 |s2cid=29968989 |url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/813 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310050823/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/813/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Saboda hankali na wucin gadi ya fi kwamfutoci iya nisa, kuma har yanzu yana kan ƙuruciyarsa, ba a san ko zai bi irin wannan yanayin ba; An yi ta muhawara mai tsawo a kan wannan tambaya a tsakanin masana tattalin arziki da masu tsara manufofi. Wani bincike na 2017 ya gano babu wata cikakkiyar yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tattalin arziki kan ko AI zai kara yawan rashin aikin yi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Robots and Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/ |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=igmchicago.org |publisher=[[Initiative on Global Markets]] |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171212/https://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dangane da "Rahoton Ayyuka na Makomar 2020" na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya, AI ana hasashen zai maye gurbin ayyuka miliyan 85 a duk duniya, kuma zai haifar da sabbin ayyuka miliyan 97 nan da 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2020 |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=www3.weforum.org |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115173909/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robots and AI Taking Over Jobs: What to Know {{!}} Built In |url=https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-replacing-jobs-creating-jobs |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=builtin.com |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171804/https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-replacing-jobs-creating-jobs |url-status=live }}</ref> Daga 1990 zuwa 2007, wani bincike a Amurka na masanin tattalin arziki na MIT Daron Acemoglu ya nuna cewa ƙari na mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya ga kowane ma'aikata 1,000 ya rage yawan aiki zuwa yawan jama'a da kashi 0.2%, ko kusan ma'aikata 3.3, kuma an rage albashi da kashi 0.42%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many jobs do robots really replace? |url=https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171803/https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Restrepo |first2=Pascual |date=1 June 2020 |title=Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=128 |issue=6 |pages=2188–2244 |doi=10.1086/705716 |hdl=1721.1/130324 |s2cid=7468879 |issn=0022-3808 |hdl-access=free |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171811/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716 |url-status=live }}</ref> Damuwa game da fasahar maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam duk da haka yana daɗe. Kamar yadda shugaban Amurka Lyndon Johnson ya ce a cikin 1964, "Fasaha na samar da sabbin damammaki da sabbin wajibai a gare mu, dama don samun yawan aiki da ci gaba; wajibi ne a tabbatar da cewa babu ma'aikaci, babu iyali da za su biya farashi na rashin adalci don ci gaba." a kan sanya hannu kan dokar Hukumar kan Fasaha, Automation, da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress. {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-creating-the-national-commission-technology-automation-and |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174700/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-creating-the-national-commission-technology-automation-and |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1966 |title=Technology and the American Economy |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED023803.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=files.eric.ed.gov |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174655/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED023803.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=If Robots Take Our Jobs, Will They Make It Up to Us? |url=https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/if-robots-take-our-jobs-will-they-make-it-us |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=The University of Chicago Booth School of Business |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325132904/https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/if-robots-take-our-jobs-will-they-make-it-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GovInfo |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-78/STATUTE-78-Pg462 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.govinfo.gov n |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174655/https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-78/STATUTE-78-Pg462 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1963 |title=H.R.11611 – An Act to establish a National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/house-bill/11611/text |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.congress.gov |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116180845/https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/house-bill/11611/text |url-status=live }}</ref> === Tsaro === Tare da karuwar dogaro da fasaha, an sami tsaro da damuwa na sirri tare da ita. Biliyoyin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi daban-daban na kan layi, kamar WeChat Pay, PayPal, Alipay, da ƙari mai yawa don taimakawa canja wurin kuɗi. Ko da yake an sanya matakan tsaro, wasu masu laifi suna iya ƙetare su.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Elizabeth |author1-link=Elizabeth Rosenberg |last2=Harrell |first2=Peter E. |last3=Shiffman |first3=Gary M. |last4=Dorshimer |first4=Sam |date=2019 |title=Financial Technology and National Security |publisher=Center for a New American Security |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404 |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119140345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404 |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, Koriya ta Arewa ta yi amfani da Blender.io, wani mahaɗa wanda ya taimaka musu wajen ɓoye musayar cryptocurrency ɗin su, don wawatar da sama da dala miliyan 20.5 na cryptocurrency, daga Axie Infinity, tare da sace sama da dala miliyan 600 na cryptocurrency daga mai wasan. Saboda haka, Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta Amurka ta sanya takunkumi ga Blender.io, wanda ya zama karo na farko da ta dauki mataki kan na'urar hadawa, don kokarin murkushe masu satar bayanan Koriya ta Arewa.[79][80] An yi muhawara akan sirrin cryptocurrency. Ko da yake yawancin abokan ciniki suna son sirrin cryptocurrency, da yawa kuma suna jayayya cewa yana buƙatar ƙarin nuna gaskiya da kwanciyar hankali.[78] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Fasaha| ]] 2b6n0y37z0bmo57n72rmr5uqaz3hver 914918 914915 2026-09-02T15:23:50Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Tarihi */ 914918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fasaha''' Wannan kalmar tana nufin kirkirar wani abu sabo da aka samo daga [[kimiyya]] ko kuma ingata shi daga yada yake zuwa ga wani abu da za'a iya amfani da shi ta hanyoyi da dama, kamar su mota, wayar tarho, jirgi da dai sauransu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Skolnikoff |first=Eugene B. |year=1993 |title=The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/elusivetransform0000skol |chapter=The Setting |page=[https://archive.org/details/elusivetransform0000skol/page/13 13] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-08631-1 |jstor=j.ctt7rpm1 |quote=I find the most useful conceptual definition for this study to be that given by Harvey Brooks, who has defined technology{{nbsp}}...as 'knowledge of how to fulfill certain human purposes in a specifiable and reproducible way.'}}</ref><ref>'''Technology'''. (2025, June 11). In ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/technology</ref> Wannan hanya tana taimakon Injiniyoyi (masu 'kere-'kere) wajen tabbatarda sun maida [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] ta zama cikin sauki ga [[Dan Adam]].<ref>{{harvnb|Salomon|1984|pages=117–118}}: "The first pole, that of the naturalisation of a new discipline within the university curriculum, was presented by Christian Wolff in 1728, in Chapter III of the "Preliminary discourse" to his ''{{lang|la|Philosophia rationalisis sive Logica}}'': 'Technology is the science of skills and works of skill, or, if one prefers, the science of things made by man's labour, chiefly through the use of his hands.'"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mitcham |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Mitcham |year=1994 |title=Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/thinkingthrought0000mitc_c3c2 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-53196-1}}</ref><ref>UNESCO. (2022). ''Engineering for sustainable development: Delivering on the sustainable development goals''. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://www.unesco.org/en/engineering-sustainable-development</ref> Ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin al'umma. Fasaha ta farko da aka sani ita ce kayan aikin dutse, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin prehistory, sannan kuma sarrafa wuta - wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar kwakwalwar ɗan adam da haɓaka harshe a lokacin Ice Age, bisa ga hasashen dafa abinci. Ƙirƙirar dabaran a [[Zamanin Tagulla|zamanin]] Bronze Age ya ba da damar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da ƙirƙirar injuna masu rikitarwa. Ƙirƙirar fasaha na baya-bayan nan, da suka haɗa da na'urar bugawa, tarho, da Intanet, sun rage shinge ga sadarwa tare da shigar da tattalin arzikin ilimi.<ref>https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools</ref><ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/worldhistory/chapter/2d-first-technologies-fire-and-tools/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/potterwheel2.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-20 |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527154306/https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/potterwheel2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da fasaha ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban [[tattalin arziki]] da haɓaka wadatar ɗan adam, kuma tana iya yin mummunan tasiri kamar gurɓata yanayi da raguwar albarkatu kasa, kuma yana iya haifar da lahani ga zamantakewa kamar rashin aikin fasaha na fasaha da ke haifar da sarrafa kansa. Sakamakon haka, muhawara ta falsafa da siyasa game da rawar da fasaha da amfani da fasaha, da ka'idojin fasaha, da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi don rage lalacewarta suna ci gaba da gudana.<ref>https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379365</ref><ref>Hughes, T. P. (2004). ''Human-built world: How to think about technology and culture''. University of Chicago Press. <nowiki>https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo3611341.html</nowiki></ref> == Ilimin halin dan Adam == Fasaha kalma ce da ta samo asali tun farkon karni na 17 wanda ke nufin 'maganin tsarin' (daga Girkanci Τεχνολογία, daga Girkanci: τέχνη, romanized: tékhnē, lit. 'craft, art' da -λογί), α (study, ilmin).<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |author1-link=Henry Liddell |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |author2-link=Robert Scott (philologist) |title=Greek-English Lexicon |title-link=Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Abridged |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |orig-date=1891 |isbn=0-19-910205-8 |oclc=38307662}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=technology |encyclopedia=The Oxford English Dictionary |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0198611868}}</ref> An riga an riga an yi amfani da shi da kalmar Helenanci na Tsohuwar τέχνη (tékhnē), ana amfani da ita don nufin 'sanin yadda ake yin abubuwa', wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar gine-gine.<ref>{{cite book |author=Aristotle |author-link=Aristotle |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Lesley |translator-last=Ross |translator-first=David |year=2009 |title=The Nicomachean Ethics |page=105 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-921361-0 |lccn=2009005379 |oclc=246896490 |series=Oxford World's Classics}}</ref> Tun daga karni na 19, Turawa na Nahiyar suka fara amfani da kalmomin Technik (Jamus) ko fasaha (Faransanci) don nufin 'hanyar yin aiki', wanda ya haɗa da duk fasahar fasaha, kamar rawa, kewayawa, ko bugu, ko suna buƙatar kayan aiki ko kayan aiki.{{Sfn|Salomon|1984|pages=114–115}} A lokacin, Technologie (Jamus da Faransanci) suna magana ko dai ga ilimin ilimi da ke nazarin "hanyoyin fasaha da fasaha", ko kuma ga tsarin siyasa "da nufin yin doka a kan ayyukan fasaha da fasaha."{{Sfn|Salomon|1984|page=117}} Kalmar a baya ba a saba da ita ba a cikin Ingilishi kuma galibi ana magana da ita ga horon ilimi, kamar yadda yake a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts.<ref name=jstor40061169>{{Cite journal |last=Schatzberg |first=Eric |year=2006 |title="Technik" Comes to America: Changing Meanings of "Technology" before 1930 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=486–512 |doi=10.1353/tech.2006.0201 |jstor=40061169 |s2cid=143784033 |issn=0040-165X |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910165857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A cikin karni na 20, sakamakon ci gaban kimiyya da juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu, fasahar ta daina daukar ta a matsayin wani nau'in horo na ilimi kuma ta dauki ma'ana: tsarin amfani da ilimi zuwa karshen aiki.<ref>{{harvnb|Salomon|1984|page=119}}: "With the industrial revolution and the important part England played in it, the word technology was to lose this meaning as the subject or thrust of a branch of education, as first in English and then in other languages it embodied all technical activity based on the application of science to practical ends."</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin-tarihi === [[File:Faustkeil Nachbau, 2020 PD a-7.jpg|thumb|Mutum yana rike da gatari|alt=refer to caption]] Hominids ne suka fara haɓaka kayan aikin ta hanyar dubawa da gwaji da kuskure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schiffer |first=M. B. |title=The Archaeology of Science |chapter=Discovery Processes: Trial Models |year=2013 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |series=Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique |volume=9 |pages=185–198 |place=Heidelberg |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |isbn=978-3319000770 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184259/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |url-status=live }}</ref> A kusa da 2 Mya (shekaru miliyan da suka wuce), sun koyi yin kayan aikin dutse na farko ta hanyar hange flakes daga dutsen dutse, suna kafa gatari mai kaifi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |author=The British Museum |title=Our earliest technology? |url=https://smarthistory.org/our-earliest-technology/#:~:text=Made%20nearly%20two%20million%20years,deposits%20in%20Olduvai%20Gorge,%20Tanzania. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902015829/https://smarthistory.org/our-earliest-technology/#:~:text=Made%20nearly%20two%20million%20years,deposits%20in%20Olduvai%20Gorge,%20Tanzania. |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=smarthistory.org}}</ref> An gyara wannan aikin 75 kya (shekaru dubu da suka wuce) zuwa matsi, yana ba da damar aiki mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minogue |first=K. |date=28 October 2010 |title=Stone Age Toolmakers Surprisingly Sophisticated |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/stone-age-toolmakers-surprisingly-sophisticated |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=science.org |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910174555/https://www.science.org/content/article/stone-age-toolmakers-surprisingly-sophisticated }}</ref> [[Charles Darwin]] ya bayyana gano wuta a matsayin "watakila mafi girma da mutum ya taba yi".<ref>{{cite book | last=Crump | first=Thomas | title=A Brief History of Science | year=2001 | publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]] | isbn=978-1841192352 | page=9}}</ref> Shaidar archaeological, abinci, da zamantakewa suna nuna "ci gaba da amfani da wuta [mutane]" aƙalla 1.5 Mya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gowlett |first1=J. A. J. |last2=Wrangham |first2=R. W. |date=1 March 2013 |title=Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=5–30 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |s2cid=163033909 |issn=0067-270X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wuta, da itace da gawayi ke hura wuta, ta baiwa ɗan adam na farko damar dafa abincinsu don ƙara narkewa, inganta darajar sinadarai da faɗaɗa yawan abincin da za a iya ci.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stahl | first= Ann B. | author-link= Ann B. Stahl | year=1984 | title=Hominid dietary selection before fire | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1984-04_25_2/page/151 | journal=[[Current Anthropology]] | volume=25 | pages= 151–68 | doi=10.1086/203106 | issue=2 | jstor=2742818| s2cid= 84337150 }}</ref> Hasashen dafa abinci yana ba da shawarar cewa ikon dafa abinci yana haɓaka haɓakar girman kwakwalwar hominid, kodayake wasu masu bincike suna ganin shaidar ba ta cika ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wrangham |first=R. |date=1 August 2017 |title=Control of Fire in the Paleolithic: Evaluating the Cooking Hypothesis |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=58 |issue=S16 |pages=S303–S313 |doi=10.1086/692113 |s2cid=148798286 |issn=0011-3204 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910190830/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> An yi kwanan wata shaidar archaeological na murhu zuwa kya 790; masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana yiwuwa ya ƙarfafa zamantakewar ɗan adam kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen bayyanar harshe.<ref name=worldcat1124046527>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527 |title=Lucy to Language: the Benchmark Papers |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199652594 |editor-last=Dunbar |editor-first=R. I. M. |oclc=1124046527 |editor-last2=Gamble |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Gowlett |editor-first3=J. A. J. |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814044201/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=20030715nytimes-science>{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=15 July 2003 |title=Early Voices: The Leap to Language |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312091336/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html |archive-date=12 March 2017 }}</ref> Sauran ci gaban fasaha da aka samu a zamanin Paleolithic sun haɗa da tufafi da matsuguni.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Shaar |first1=Ron |last2=Matmon |first2=Ari |last3=Horwitz |first3=Liora K. |last4=Ebert |first4=Yael |last5=Chazan |first5=Michael |last6=Arnold |first6=M. |last7=Aumaître |first7=G. |last8=Bourlès |first8=D. |last9=Keddadouche |first9=K. |date=1 May 2021 |title=Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=259 |page=106907 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25906907S |s2cid=234833092 |issn=0277-3791 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116020317/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Babu yarjejeniya kan kusan lokacin da aka fara amfani da ko wace fasaha, amma masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun sami shaidar archaeological na tufafi 90-120 kya<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hallett |first1=Emily Y. |last2=Marean |first2=Curtis W. |last3=Steele |first3=Teresa E. |last4=Álvarez-Fernández |first4=Esteban |last5=Jacobs |first5=Zenobia |author5-link=Zenobia Jacobs |last6=Cerasoni |first6=Jacopo Niccolò |last7=Aldeias |first7=Vera |last8=Scerri |first8=Eleanor M. L. |last9=Olszewski |first9=Deborah I. |last10=Hajraoui |first10=Mohamed Abdeljalil El |last11=Dibble |first11=Harold L. |date=24 September 2021 |title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco |journal=iScience |volume=24 |issue=9 |page=102988 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=8478944 |pmid=34622180|bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H }}</ref> da matsuguni 450 kya.<ref>{{cite web |author=O'Neil, Dennis |title=Evolution of Modern Humans: Archaic Homo sapiens Culture |url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404130017/http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm |archive-date=4 April 2007 |access-date=31 March 2007 |publisher=[[Palomar College]] }}</ref> Yayin da zamanin Paleolithic ya ci gaba, gidaje sun zama nagartattun abubuwa kuma sun fi dacewa; a farkon kya 380, mutane suna gina bukkokin itace na wucin gadi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Villa |first=Paola |title=Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France |url=https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1983 |isbn=978-0520096622 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill/page/303 303]}}</ref> Tufafi, wanda aka daidaita daga Jawo da ɓoye na dabbobin da aka farauta, sun taimaka wa ɗan adam faɗaɗa cikin yankuna masu sanyi; mutane sun fara ƙaura daga Afirka kusan kya 200, da farko suna ƙaura zuwa Eurasia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cordaux |first=Richard |author2=Stoneking, Mark |year=2003 |title=South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa |url=http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1586–1590; author reply 1590–93 |doi=10.1086/375407 |pmc=1180321 |pmid=12817589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022940/http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=22 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Oldest remains' outside Africa reset human migration clock |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=phys.org |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711124429/https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Harvati | first1=Katerina | author-link=Katerina Harvati | last2=Röding | first2=Carolin | last3=Bosman | first3=Abel M. | last4=Karakostis | first4=Fotios A. | last5=Grün | first5=Rainer | last6=Stringer | first6=Chris | last7=Karkanas | first7=Panagiotis | last8=Thompson | first8=Nicholas C. | last9=Koutoulidis | first9=Vassilis | last10=Moulopoulos | first10=Lia A. | last11=Gorgoulis | first11=Vassilis G. | last12=Kouloukoussa | first12=Mirsini | title=Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=571 | issue=7766 | year=2019 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z | pages=500–504 | pmid=31292546 | hdl=10072/397334 | s2cid=195873640 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 | access-date=17 September 2022 | archive-date=1 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132212/https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 | url-status=live }}</ref> === Neolithic === [[File:Néolithique 0001.jpg|thumb|Tsari na kayan tarihi na Neolithic, gami da mundaye, kawunan gatari, chisels, da kayan aikin goge baki|alt=Photo of Neolithic tools on display]] Juyin Juyin Halitta na Neolithic (ko juyin juya halin noma na farko) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin fasahohi, da haɓakar rikice-rikicen zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3 |title=Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation |publisher=Springer New York |year=2002 |isbn=9780306471667 |editor-last=Kuijt |editor-first=i. |series=Fundamental Issues in Archaeology |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184244/https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙirƙirar gatari dutsen da aka goge wani babban ci gaba ne wanda ya ba da damar share gandun daji da kuma noma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coghlan |first=H. H. |date=1943 |title=The Evolution of the Axe from Prehistoric to Roman Times |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=73 |issue=1/2 |pages=27–56 |doi=10.2307/2844356 |jstor=2844356 |issn=0307-3114 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926011626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wannan amfani da gatura mai gogewa ya ƙaru sosai a cikin Neolithic amma an fara amfani da shi a cikin Mesolithic da ya gabata a wasu yankuna kamar Ireland.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=Killian|title=The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland|date=2006|url=http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110326/http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Noma ya ciyar da yawan jama'a, kuma sauye-sauye zuwa zaman lafiya ya ba da damar haɓaka yawan yara a lokaci guda, saboda jarirai ba sa buƙatar makiyaya su zagaya da su. Bugu da ƙari, yara za su iya ba da gudummawar aiki don kiwon amfanin gona cikin sauri fiye da yadda za su iya shiga ayyukan mafarauta.<ref name=20060104sciencedaily>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm|title=The First Baby Boom: Skeletal Evidence Shows Abrupt Worldwide Increase In Birth Rate During Neolithic Period|last=University of Chicago Press Journals|date=4 January 2006|work=ScienceDaily|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133752/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1972-04_13_2/page/258|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|author=Sussman, Robert W. |author2=Hall, Roberta L. |volume=13|issue=2| pages=258–267|date=April 1972|doi=10.1086/201274 |jstor=2740977|s2cid=143449170}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubuce ta haifar da yaduwar ilimin al'adu kuma ya zama tushen tarihi, dakunan karatu, makarantu, da binciken kimiyya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goody |first=J. |date=1986 |title=The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society |url=https://archive.org/details/logicofwritingor0000good |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref> === Tsohuwar tarihi === [[File:Wheel Iran.jpg|thumb|upright|The wheel was invented {{Circa|4,000 BCE}}.|alt=Photo of an early wooden wheel]] [[File:Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered).jpg|thumb|upright|Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered as of 2024)|alt=Photo of Wooden Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered)]] Bayan yin amfani da wuta, mutane sun gano wasu nau'ika na makamashi. Sanin farko na amfani da wutar lantarki shine jirgin ruwa mai tafiya; tarihin farko na jirgin ruwa da ke karkashin ruwa shi ne na jirgin ruwan Nilu da ya yi kusan shekara 7,000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-first=Donatella |author1-last=Usai | author2-first=Sandro |author2-last=Salvatori |title=The oldest representation of a Nile boat|journal=Antiquity|volume=81}}</ref> Tun kafin tarihi, mai yiyuwa ne Masarawa sun yi amfani da ƙarfin ambaliyar kogin Nilu na shekara-shekara don shayar da ƙasarsu, a hankali suna koyon yadda za su daidaita yawancin ta ta hanyoyin ban ruwa da aka gina da gangan da kuma tasoshin "kama".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Postel |first=Sandra |author-link=Sandra Postel |url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html |title=Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? |date=1999 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0393319378 |chapter=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119022630/http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsoffin Sumeriyawa a Mesofotamiya sun yi amfani da tsarin magudanar ruwa da lefi don karkatar da ruwa daga kogin Tigris da Furat don ban ruwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Crawford|date=2013|title=The Sumerian World|location=New York & London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203096604|pages=34–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205005423/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref> Masu binciken archaeologists sun ƙiyasta cewa an ƙirƙira motar ne da kanta kuma a lokaci guda a Mesopotamiya (a Iraki ta yau), Arewacin Caucasus (al'adun Maykop), da tsakiyar Turai.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|last=Potts|first=D.T.|year=2012|page=285}}</ref> Ƙididdigar lokaci ya kasance daga 5,500 zuwa 3,000 KZ tare da yawancin masana sun sanya shi kusa da 4,000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New Light on the Most Ancient East|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|year=1928|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014/page/n129 110]}}</ref> Tsofaffin kayan tarihi tare da zane-zane da ke nuna katuna masu ƙafafu sun kasance tun daga kusan 3,500 KZ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth|last=Anthony|first=David A.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0691058870|location=Princeton|page=[https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth/page/67 67]}}</ref> Kwanan nan, mafi dadewa da aka sani da dabaran katako a duniya kamar na 2024 an samo shi a cikin Ljubljana Marsh na Slovenia; Masanan Austriya sun tabbatar da cewa motar tana tsakanin shekaru 5,100 zuwa 5,350.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/|title=World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia|last=Gasser|first=Aleksander|date=March 2003|publisher=Republic of Slovenia Government Communication Office|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826021129/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/|archive-date=26 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar dabarar ta kawo sauyi ga kasuwanci da yaƙi. Ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ana gano cewa ana iya amfani da keken keke don ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi ba. Sumariyawa na dā sun yi amfani da dabaran tukwane kuma wataƙila sun ƙirƙira shi.<ref name="Kramer1963">{{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|year=1971|orig-date=1963|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226452388|page=290|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808201642/http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sumerians.html?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Wata dabarar tukwane da aka samu a cikin birnin-Ur ta kasance a kusan shekara ta 3,429 K.Z., <ref name="Moorey1994">{{cite book|last=Moorey|first=Peter Roger Stuart|date=1999|orig-year=1994|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1575060422|page=146|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017215042/https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus.html?id=P_Ixuott4doC|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> kuma har ma da tsofaffin gutsutsutsun tukwane da aka jefa a cikin wannan yanki. Motocin tukwane masu sauri (rotary) sun ba da damar samar da tukwane da wuri, amma yin amfani da dabaran a matsayin mai canza makamashi (ta hanyar ƙafafun ruwa, injin niƙa, har ma da tukwane) ya kawo sauyi ga amfani da tushen wutar lantarki da ba na ɗan adam ba. Katunan farko masu kafa biyu an samo su ne daga travois kuma an fara amfani da su a Mesofotamiya da Iran a kusan 3,000 KZ.<ref name="Lay1992">{{cite book|last=Lay|first=M G |title=Ways of the World|publisher=Primavera Press|year=1992|location=Sydney|page=28|isbn=978-1875368051}}</ref> Sanannun titunan da aka gina su ne titin da aka yi da dutse na birnin-jihar Ur, tun daga c. 4,000 KZ, da hanyoyin katako da ke bi ta cikin gulmar Glastonbury, Ingila, suna kusan lokaci guda. Hanya ta farko mai nisa, wadda aka fara amfani da ita a wajen shekara ta 3,500 KZ, ta yi tafiyar kilomita 2,400 daga Tekun Fasha zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, amma ba a yi shimfida ba kuma ba a kula da shi ba. A kusan 2,000 KZ, Minoans a tsibirin Girka na Crete sun gina hanya mai nisan kilomita 50 daga fadar Gortyn da ke kudancin tsibirin, ta cikin tsaunuka, zuwa fadar Knossos a gefen arewacin tsibirin. Ba kamar hanyar da ta gabata ba, titin Minoan ya kasance cikakke.<ref name="Gregersen2012">{{cite book|last1=Gregersen|first1=Erik|title=The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes|date=2012|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|location=New York |isbn=978-1615307012|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145500/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Pont du Gard BLS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Hotunan Pont du Gard a Faransa, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun magudanan ruwa na Romawa|alt=refer to caption]] Gidajen Minoan na dā suna da ruwan sha.<ref name="Eslamian2014">{{cite book|last1=Eslamian|first1=Saeid|title=Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1466552500|pages=171–175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095408/https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref> An gano wani wankan wanka da yayi kama da na zamani a fadar Knossos.<ref name="Lechner2012">{{cite book|last1=Lechner|first1=Norbert|title=Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics: Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-1118014752|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145421/https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu gidaje masu zaman kansu na Minoan kuma suna da bandakuna, waɗanda za a iya zubar da su ta hanyar zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar. Romawa na d ¯ a suna da ɗakunan banɗaki da yawa na jama'a, waɗanda suka fantsama cikin tsarin najasa mai yawa. Babban magudanar ruwa a Roma shine Cloaca Maxima; an fara gininsa a ƙarni na shida KZ kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau.<ref name="Gregersen2012" /> Dadaddiyar Romawa kuma suna da tsarin magudanan ruwa mai sarkakiya, da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar ruwa zuwa nesa mai nisa.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> An gina magudanar ruwa ta Roma ta farko a shekara ta 312 KZ. An gina tsohuwar magudanar ruwa ta Roma ta goma sha ɗaya kuma ta ƙarshe a shekara ta 226 CE. A hade, magudanan ruwa na Romawa sun kai kilomita 450, amma kasa da kilomita 70 na wannan yana sama da kasa kuma yana goyan bayansa.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> === Kafin zamani === Sabbin abubuwa sun ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai tare da gabatar da samar da siliki (a Asiya da Turai daga baya), kwalawar doki, da takalman dawakai. An haɗa injuna masu sauƙi (kamar lever, screw, da puley) zuwa kayan aikin da suka fi rikitarwa, kamar keken keke, injin niƙa, da agogo.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315588605 |title=Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315588605 |isbn=978-1317116530 |s2cid=148764971 |editor-last=Davids |editor-first=K. |editor-last2=De Munck |editor-first2=B. |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184255/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315588605/innovation-creativity-late-medieval-early-modern-european-cities-karel-davids-bert-de-munck |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsarin jami'o'i ya haɓaka da yada ra'ayoyin kimiyya da ayyuka, gami da Oxford da Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnQNVPbnrDgC |title=Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2000 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004113510 |editor-last=Courtenay |editor-first=W. J. |editor-last2=Miethke |editor-first2=J. |editor-last3=Priest |editor-first3=D. B. |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184252/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnQNVPbnrDgC |url-status=live }}</ref> Zamanin Renaissance ya samar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da gabatar da na'urar bugu mai motsi zuwa Turai, wanda ya sauƙaƙe sadarwar ilimi. Kimiyya ta ƙara yin tasiri ga fasaha, inda ta fara zagayowar ci gaban juna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deming |first=D. |url= |title=Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution |year=2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0786490868}}</ref> === Na zamani === [[File:1885Benz.jpg|thumb|Motar, anan asalin Benz Patent-Motorwagen, ta kawo sauyi kan harkokin sufuri na mutum.]] Tun daga Burtaniya a karni na 18, gano wutar tururi ya haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda ya ga fa'idodin fasaha da yawa, musamman a fannin noma, masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, karafa, da sufuri, da kuma yadda ake amfani da tsarin masana'antu sosai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stearns |first=P. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/industrialrevolu0000pete|title=The Industrial Revolution in World History |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-0813347295 }}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan karni guda bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu wanda ya haifar da saurin gano kimiyya, daidaitawa, da samarwa da yawa. An kirkiro sabbin fasahohi, da suka hada da na'urorin tsabtace ruwa, wutar lantarki, fitulun fitulu, injinan lantarki, titin jirgin kasa, motoci, da jiragen sama. Wadannan ci gaban fasaha sun haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a fannin likitanci, sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, da injiniyanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokyr |first=J. |title=The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914 |year=2000 |url=https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/castronovo.pdf |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910210450/https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/castronovo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun kasance tare da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa, tare da gabatar da manyan gine-gine tare da haɓaka birane cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=B. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ |title=To Have and Have Not: Energy in World History |year= 2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1538105047 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184800/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sadarwa ta inganta tare da ƙirƙirar telegraph, tarho, rediyo, da talabijin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albion |first=Robert G. |date=1 January 1933 |title=The Communication Revolution, 1760–1933 |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.1933.002 |journal=Transactions of the Newcomen Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.1179/tns.1933.002 |issn=0372-0187 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184825/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/tns.1933.002 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Karni na 20 ya kawo sabbin abubuwa da yawa. A kimiyyar lissafi, gano fission na nukiliya a cikin Atomic Age ya haifar da makaman nukiliya da makaman nukiliya. An ƙirƙira kwamfutocin Analog kuma sun tabbatar da rinjaye wajen sarrafa hadaddun bayanai. Yayin da ƙirƙirar bututun injin ɗin ya ba da izinin yin lissafin dijital tare da kwamfutoci kamar ENIAC, girman girmansu ya hana yin amfani da shi sosai har sai sabbin abubuwa a cikin kimiyar lissafi sun ba da izinin ƙirƙirar transistor a 1947, wanda ya haɗa kwamfutoci sosai kuma ya jagoranci canjin dijital. Fasahar bayanai, musamman fiber na gani da na'urori masu amo, sun ba da izinin sadarwa mai sauƙi da sauri, wanda ya haifar da Zamanin Bayanai da Haihuwar Intanet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agar |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC |title=Science in the 20th Century and Beyond |year=2012 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0745634692|access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC |url-status=live }}</ref> Ana buƙatar hadaddun masana'antu da fasahohin gini da ƙungiyoyi don ƙirƙira da kiyaye ƙarin fasahohin zamani, kuma masana'antu gabaɗaya sun taso don haɓaka ƙarni masu zuwa na kayan aikin da suka fi rikitarwa. Fasahar zamani tana ƙara dogaro da horo da ilimi - masu zanen su, magina, masu kula da su, da masu amfani da su galibi suna buƙatar ingantaccen horo na musamman da takamaiman. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan fasahohin sun zama masu sarƙaƙƙiya har dukan fannoni sun haɓaka don tallafa musu, ciki har da aikin injiniya, likitanci, da kimiyyar kwamfuta; da sauran fannonin sun zama masu sarkakiya, kamar gini, sufuri, da gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goldin |first1=C. |author1-link=Claudia Goldin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC |title=The Race between Education and Technology |last2=Katz |first2=L. F. |author2-link=Lawrence F. Katz |year=2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674037731 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tasiri == Canjin fasaha shi ne babban dalilin ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solow |first=Robert M. |date=1957 |title=Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047 |journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=312–320 |doi=10.2307/1926047 |jstor=1926047 |issn=0034-6535 |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115022751/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bresnahan |first1=Timothy F. |last2=Trajtenberg |first2=M. |date=1 January 1995 |title=General purpose technologies 'Engines of growth'? |journal=Journal of Econometrics |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T |issn=0304-4076|doi-access=free }}</ref> A cikin tarihin dan Adam, samar da makamashi shine babban abin da ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, kuma sabbin fasahohin na baiwa dan Adam damar kara yawan kuzarin da ake samu. Wuta ta farko ta zo, wanda ya sanya abincin da ake ci ya zama nau'in abinci iri-iri, kuma ya sa ya rage buƙatar jiki don narkewa. Wuta kuma tana ba da damar narkewa, da yin amfani da daskararru, da tagulla, da ƙarfe, da ake amfani da su don farauta ko sana'a. Daga nan sai juyin juya halin noma ya zo: mutane ba sa bukatar farauta ko taro don su rayu, suka fara zama a garuruwa da birane, suna kafa al'ummomi masu sarkakiya, masu sojoji da tsarin addini.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Wrigley |first=E. A |date=13 March 2013 |title=Energy and the English Industrial Revolution |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1986 |page=20110568 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|pmid=23359739 |bibcode=2013RSPTA.37110568W |s2cid=10624423 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Shekarun baya-bayan nan dai sun haifar da daukakar al'adu a kafafen sada zumunta, tare da yin illa ga dimokuradiyya, da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tun da farko, ana kallon intanet a matsayin "fasaha na 'yantar da jama'a" wanda zai kawo dimokuradiyyar ilimi, inganta damar samun ilimi, da inganta dimokuradiyya. Bincike na zamani ya juya don bincikar abubuwan da ke cikin intanet, ciki har da rashin fahimta, rashin fahimta, maganganun ƙiyayya, da farfaganda.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117 |title=Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1108835558 |editor-last=Persily |editor-first=Nathaniel |series=SSRC Anxieties of Democracy |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781108890960 |hdl=11245.1/cf2f5b6a-8dc8-4400-bc38-3317b0164499 |s2cid=243715477 |editor-last2=Tucker |editor-first2=Joshua A. |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019091703/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1970, ana sukar tasirin fasaha a kan muhalli, wanda ya haifar da karuwar saka hannun jari a cikin hasken rana, iska, da sauran nau'ikan makamashi mai tsafta. === Zamantakewa === ==== Ayyuka ==== Tun da aka kirkiri dabaran, fasahohin na taimakawa wajen habaka tattalin arzikin dan Adam. Kayan aiki da ya gabata yana da madaidaicin aiki da madaidaitan aiki; injina sun maye gurbin mutane a wasu ayyuka masu rahusa (misali a aikin gona), amma an biya wannan diyya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Autor|first=D. H.|year=2015|title=Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=29|number=3|pages=3–30|doi=10.1257/jep.29.3.3 |url=https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901060615/http://economics.mit.edu/files/11563 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/109476|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa kwamfutoci ba su haifar da rashin aikin yi na fasaha ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bessen |first=J. E. |date=3 October 2016 |title=How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, Jobs, and Skills |journal=Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law EJournal. |volume=15{{hyphen}}49 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2690435 |ssrn=2690435 |s2cid=29968989 |url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/813 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310050823/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/813/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Saboda hankali na wucin gadi ya fi kwamfutoci iya nisa, kuma har yanzu yana kan ƙuruciyarsa, ba a san ko zai bi irin wannan yanayin ba; An yi ta muhawara mai tsawo a kan wannan tambaya a tsakanin masana tattalin arziki da masu tsara manufofi. Wani bincike na 2017 ya gano babu wata cikakkiyar yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tattalin arziki kan ko AI zai kara yawan rashin aikin yi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Robots and Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/ |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=igmchicago.org |publisher=[[Initiative on Global Markets]] |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171212/https://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dangane da "Rahoton Ayyuka na Makomar 2020" na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya, AI ana hasashen zai maye gurbin ayyuka miliyan 85 a duk duniya, kuma zai haifar da sabbin ayyuka miliyan 97 nan da 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2020 |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=www3.weforum.org |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115173909/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robots and AI Taking Over Jobs: What to Know {{!}} Built In |url=https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-replacing-jobs-creating-jobs |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=builtin.com |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171804/https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-replacing-jobs-creating-jobs |url-status=live }}</ref> Daga 1990 zuwa 2007, wani bincike a Amurka na masanin tattalin arziki na MIT Daron Acemoglu ya nuna cewa ƙari na mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya ga kowane ma'aikata 1,000 ya rage yawan aiki zuwa yawan jama'a da kashi 0.2%, ko kusan ma'aikata 3.3, kuma an rage albashi da kashi 0.42%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many jobs do robots really replace? |url=https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171803/https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Restrepo |first2=Pascual |date=1 June 2020 |title=Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=128 |issue=6 |pages=2188–2244 |doi=10.1086/705716 |hdl=1721.1/130324 |s2cid=7468879 |issn=0022-3808 |hdl-access=free |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171811/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716 |url-status=live }}</ref> Damuwa game da fasahar maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam duk da haka yana daɗe. Kamar yadda shugaban Amurka Lyndon Johnson ya ce a cikin 1964, "Fasaha na samar da sabbin damammaki da sabbin wajibai a gare mu, dama don samun yawan aiki da ci gaba; wajibi ne a tabbatar da cewa babu ma'aikaci, babu iyali da za su biya farashi na rashin adalci don ci gaba." a kan sanya hannu kan dokar Hukumar kan Fasaha, Automation, da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress. {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-creating-the-national-commission-technology-automation-and |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174700/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-creating-the-national-commission-technology-automation-and |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1966 |title=Technology and the American Economy |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED023803.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=files.eric.ed.gov |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174655/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED023803.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=If Robots Take Our Jobs, Will They Make It Up to Us? |url=https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/if-robots-take-our-jobs-will-they-make-it-us |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=The University of Chicago Booth School of Business |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325132904/https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/if-robots-take-our-jobs-will-they-make-it-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GovInfo |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-78/STATUTE-78-Pg462 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.govinfo.gov n |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174655/https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-78/STATUTE-78-Pg462 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1963 |title=H.R.11611 – An Act to establish a National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/house-bill/11611/text |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.congress.gov |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116180845/https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/house-bill/11611/text |url-status=live }}</ref> === Tsaro === Tare da karuwar dogaro da fasaha, an sami tsaro da damuwa na sirri tare da ita. Biliyoyin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi daban-daban na kan layi, kamar WeChat Pay, PayPal, Alipay, da ƙari mai yawa don taimakawa canja wurin kuɗi. Ko da yake an sanya matakan tsaro, wasu masu laifi suna iya ƙetare su.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Elizabeth |author1-link=Elizabeth Rosenberg |last2=Harrell |first2=Peter E. |last3=Shiffman |first3=Gary M. |last4=Dorshimer |first4=Sam |date=2019 |title=Financial Technology and National Security |publisher=Center for a New American Security |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404 |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119140345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404 |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, Koriya ta Arewa ta yi amfani da Blender.io, wani mahaɗa wanda ya taimaka musu wajen ɓoye musayar cryptocurrency ɗin su, don wawatar da sama da dala miliyan 20.5 na cryptocurrency, daga Axie Infinity, tare da sace sama da dala miliyan 600 na cryptocurrency daga mai wasan. Saboda haka, Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta Amurka ta sanya takunkumi ga Blender.io, wanda ya zama karo na farko da ta dauki mataki kan na'urar hadawa, don kokarin murkushe masu satar bayanan Koriya ta Arewa.[79][80] An yi muhawara akan sirrin cryptocurrency. Ko da yake yawancin abokan ciniki suna son sirrin cryptocurrency, da yawa kuma suna jayayya cewa yana buƙatar ƙarin nuna gaskiya da kwanciyar hankali.[78] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Fasaha| ]] nlza93qp2vza2zvu7taijxjv7nfg4um 914919 914918 2026-09-02T15:25:09Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Tarihin-tarihi */ 914919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fasaha''' Wannan kalmar tana nufin kirkirar wani abu sabo da aka samo daga [[kimiyya]] ko kuma ingata shi daga yada yake zuwa ga wani abu da za'a iya amfani da shi ta hanyoyi da dama, kamar su mota, wayar tarho, jirgi da dai sauransu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Skolnikoff |first=Eugene B. |year=1993 |title=The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/elusivetransform0000skol |chapter=The Setting |page=[https://archive.org/details/elusivetransform0000skol/page/13 13] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-08631-1 |jstor=j.ctt7rpm1 |quote=I find the most useful conceptual definition for this study to be that given by Harvey Brooks, who has defined technology{{nbsp}}...as 'knowledge of how to fulfill certain human purposes in a specifiable and reproducible way.'}}</ref><ref>'''Technology'''. (2025, June 11). In ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/technology</ref> Wannan hanya tana taimakon Injiniyoyi (masu 'kere-'kere) wajen tabbatarda sun maida [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] ta zama cikin sauki ga [[Dan Adam]].<ref>{{harvnb|Salomon|1984|pages=117–118}}: "The first pole, that of the naturalisation of a new discipline within the university curriculum, was presented by Christian Wolff in 1728, in Chapter III of the "Preliminary discourse" to his ''{{lang|la|Philosophia rationalisis sive Logica}}'': 'Technology is the science of skills and works of skill, or, if one prefers, the science of things made by man's labour, chiefly through the use of his hands.'"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mitcham |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Mitcham |year=1994 |title=Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/thinkingthrought0000mitc_c3c2 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-53196-1}}</ref><ref>UNESCO. (2022). ''Engineering for sustainable development: Delivering on the sustainable development goals''. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://www.unesco.org/en/engineering-sustainable-development</ref> Ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin al'umma. Fasaha ta farko da aka sani ita ce kayan aikin dutse, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin prehistory, sannan kuma sarrafa wuta - wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar kwakwalwar ɗan adam da haɓaka harshe a lokacin Ice Age, bisa ga hasashen dafa abinci. Ƙirƙirar dabaran a [[Zamanin Tagulla|zamanin]] Bronze Age ya ba da damar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da ƙirƙirar injuna masu rikitarwa. Ƙirƙirar fasaha na baya-bayan nan, da suka haɗa da na'urar bugawa, tarho, da Intanet, sun rage shinge ga sadarwa tare da shigar da tattalin arzikin ilimi.<ref>https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools</ref><ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/worldhistory/chapter/2d-first-technologies-fire-and-tools/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/potterwheel2.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-20 |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527154306/https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/potterwheel2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da fasaha ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban [[tattalin arziki]] da haɓaka wadatar ɗan adam, kuma tana iya yin mummunan tasiri kamar gurɓata yanayi da raguwar albarkatu kasa, kuma yana iya haifar da lahani ga zamantakewa kamar rashin aikin fasaha na fasaha da ke haifar da sarrafa kansa. Sakamakon haka, muhawara ta falsafa da siyasa game da rawar da fasaha da amfani da fasaha, da ka'idojin fasaha, da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi don rage lalacewarta suna ci gaba da gudana.<ref>https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379365</ref><ref>Hughes, T. P. (2004). ''Human-built world: How to think about technology and culture''. University of Chicago Press. <nowiki>https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo3611341.html</nowiki></ref> == Ilimin halin dan Adam == Fasaha kalma ce da ta samo asali tun farkon karni na 17 wanda ke nufin 'maganin tsarin' (daga Girkanci Τεχνολογία, daga Girkanci: τέχνη, romanized: tékhnē, lit. 'craft, art' da -λογί), α (study, ilmin).<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |author1-link=Henry Liddell |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |author2-link=Robert Scott (philologist) |title=Greek-English Lexicon |title-link=Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Abridged |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |orig-date=1891 |isbn=0-19-910205-8 |oclc=38307662}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=technology |encyclopedia=The Oxford English Dictionary |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0198611868}}</ref> An riga an riga an yi amfani da shi da kalmar Helenanci na Tsohuwar τέχνη (tékhnē), ana amfani da ita don nufin 'sanin yadda ake yin abubuwa', wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar gine-gine.<ref>{{cite book |author=Aristotle |author-link=Aristotle |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Lesley |translator-last=Ross |translator-first=David |year=2009 |title=The Nicomachean Ethics |page=105 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-921361-0 |lccn=2009005379 |oclc=246896490 |series=Oxford World's Classics}}</ref> Tun daga karni na 19, Turawa na Nahiyar suka fara amfani da kalmomin Technik (Jamus) ko fasaha (Faransanci) don nufin 'hanyar yin aiki', wanda ya haɗa da duk fasahar fasaha, kamar rawa, kewayawa, ko bugu, ko suna buƙatar kayan aiki ko kayan aiki.{{Sfn|Salomon|1984|pages=114–115}} A lokacin, Technologie (Jamus da Faransanci) suna magana ko dai ga ilimin ilimi da ke nazarin "hanyoyin fasaha da fasaha", ko kuma ga tsarin siyasa "da nufin yin doka a kan ayyukan fasaha da fasaha."{{Sfn|Salomon|1984|page=117}} Kalmar a baya ba a saba da ita ba a cikin Ingilishi kuma galibi ana magana da ita ga horon ilimi, kamar yadda yake a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts.<ref name=jstor40061169>{{Cite journal |last=Schatzberg |first=Eric |year=2006 |title="Technik" Comes to America: Changing Meanings of "Technology" before 1930 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=486–512 |doi=10.1353/tech.2006.0201 |jstor=40061169 |s2cid=143784033 |issn=0040-165X |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910165857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A cikin karni na 20, sakamakon ci gaban kimiyya da juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu, fasahar ta daina daukar ta a matsayin wani nau'in horo na ilimi kuma ta dauki ma'ana: tsarin amfani da ilimi zuwa karshen aiki.<ref>{{harvnb|Salomon|1984|page=119}}: "With the industrial revolution and the important part England played in it, the word technology was to lose this meaning as the subject or thrust of a branch of education, as first in English and then in other languages it embodied all technical activity based on the application of science to practical ends."</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin-tarihi === [[File:Faustkeil Nachbau, 2020 PD a-7.jpg|thumb|Mutum yana rike da gatari|alt=refer to caption]] Hominids ne suka fara haɓaka kayan aikin ta hanyar dubawa da gwaji da kuskure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schiffer |first=M. B. |title=The Archaeology of Science |chapter=Discovery Processes: Trial Models |year=2013 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |series=Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique |volume=9 |pages=185–198 |place=Heidelberg |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |isbn=978-3319000770 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184259/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |url-status=live }}</ref> A kusa da 2 Mya (shekaru miliyan da suka wuce), sun koyi yin kayan aikin dutse na farko ta hanyar hange flakes daga dutsen dutse, suna kafa gatari mai kaifi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |author=The British Museum |title=Our earliest technology? |url=https://smarthistory.org/our-earliest-technology/#:~:text=Made%20nearly%20two%20million%20years,deposits%20in%20Olduvai%20Gorge,%20Tanzania. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902015829/https://smarthistory.org/our-earliest-technology/#:~:text=Made%20nearly%20two%20million%20years,deposits%20in%20Olduvai%20Gorge,%20Tanzania. |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=smarthistory.org}}</ref> An gyara wannan aikin 75 kya (shekaru dubu da suka wuce) zuwa matsi, yana ba da damar aiki mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minogue |first=K. |date=28 October 2010 |title=Stone Age Toolmakers Surprisingly Sophisticated |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/stone-age-toolmakers-surprisingly-sophisticated |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=science.org |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910174555/https://www.science.org/content/article/stone-age-toolmakers-surprisingly-sophisticated }}</ref> [[Charles Darwin]] ya bayyana gano wuta a matsayin "watakila mafi girma da mutum ya taba yi".<ref>{{cite book | last=Crump | first=Thomas | title=A Brief History of Science | year=2001 | publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]] | isbn=978-1841192352 | page=9}}</ref> Shaidar [[Archaeology na Lejja|archaeological]], abinci, da zamantakewa suna nuna "ci gaba da amfani da wuta [mutane]" aƙalla 1.5 Mya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gowlett |first1=J. A. J. |last2=Wrangham |first2=R. W. |date=1 March 2013 |title=Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=5–30 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |s2cid=163033909 |issn=0067-270X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wuta, da itace da gawayi ke hura wuta, ta baiwa ɗan adam na farko damar dafa abincinsu don ƙara narkewa, inganta darajar sinadarai da faɗaɗa yawan abincin da za a iya ci.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stahl | first= Ann B. | author-link= Ann B. Stahl | year=1984 | title=Hominid dietary selection before fire | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1984-04_25_2/page/151 | journal=[[Current Anthropology]] | volume=25 | pages= 151–68 | doi=10.1086/203106 | issue=2 | jstor=2742818| s2cid= 84337150 }}</ref> Hasashen dafa abinci yana ba da shawarar cewa ikon dafa abinci yana haɓaka haɓakar girman kwakwalwar hominid, kodayake wasu masu bincike suna ganin shaidar ba ta cika ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wrangham |first=R. |date=1 August 2017 |title=Control of Fire in the Paleolithic: Evaluating the Cooking Hypothesis |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=58 |issue=S16 |pages=S303–S313 |doi=10.1086/692113 |s2cid=148798286 |issn=0011-3204 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910190830/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> An yi kwanan wata shaidar archaeological na murhu zuwa kya 790; masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana yiwuwa ya ƙarfafa zamantakewar ɗan adam kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen bayyanar harshe.<ref name=worldcat1124046527>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527 |title=Lucy to Language: the Benchmark Papers |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199652594 |editor-last=Dunbar |editor-first=R. I. M. |oclc=1124046527 |editor-last2=Gamble |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Gowlett |editor-first3=J. A. J. |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814044201/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=20030715nytimes-science>{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=15 July 2003 |title=Early Voices: The Leap to Language |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312091336/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html |archive-date=12 March 2017 }}</ref> Sauran ci gaban fasaha da aka samu a zamanin Paleolithic sun haɗa da tufafi da matsuguni.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Shaar |first1=Ron |last2=Matmon |first2=Ari |last3=Horwitz |first3=Liora K. |last4=Ebert |first4=Yael |last5=Chazan |first5=Michael |last6=Arnold |first6=M. |last7=Aumaître |first7=G. |last8=Bourlès |first8=D. |last9=Keddadouche |first9=K. |date=1 May 2021 |title=Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=259 |page=106907 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25906907S |s2cid=234833092 |issn=0277-3791 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116020317/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Babu yarjejeniya kan kusan lokacin da aka fara amfani da ko wace fasaha, amma masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun sami shaidar archaeological na tufafi 90-120 kya<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hallett |first1=Emily Y. |last2=Marean |first2=Curtis W. |last3=Steele |first3=Teresa E. |last4=Álvarez-Fernández |first4=Esteban |last5=Jacobs |first5=Zenobia |author5-link=Zenobia Jacobs |last6=Cerasoni |first6=Jacopo Niccolò |last7=Aldeias |first7=Vera |last8=Scerri |first8=Eleanor M. L. |last9=Olszewski |first9=Deborah I. |last10=Hajraoui |first10=Mohamed Abdeljalil El |last11=Dibble |first11=Harold L. |date=24 September 2021 |title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco |journal=iScience |volume=24 |issue=9 |page=102988 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=8478944 |pmid=34622180|bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H }}</ref> da matsuguni 450 kya.<ref>{{cite web |author=O'Neil, Dennis |title=Evolution of Modern Humans: Archaic Homo sapiens Culture |url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404130017/http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm |archive-date=4 April 2007 |access-date=31 March 2007 |publisher=[[Palomar College]] }}</ref> Yayin da zamanin Paleolithic ya ci gaba, gidaje sun zama nagartattun abubuwa kuma sun fi dacewa; a farkon kya 380, mutane suna gina bukkokin itace na wucin gadi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Villa |first=Paola |title=Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France |url=https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1983 |isbn=978-0520096622 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill/page/303 303]}}</ref> Tufafi, wanda aka daidaita daga Jawo da ɓoye na dabbobin da aka farauta, sun taimaka wa ɗan adam faɗaɗa cikin yankuna masu sanyi; mutane sun fara ƙaura daga Afirka kusan kya 200, da farko suna ƙaura zuwa Eurasia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cordaux |first=Richard |author2=Stoneking, Mark |year=2003 |title=South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa |url=http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1586–1590; author reply 1590–93 |doi=10.1086/375407 |pmc=1180321 |pmid=12817589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022940/http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=22 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Oldest remains' outside Africa reset human migration clock |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=phys.org |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711124429/https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Harvati | first1=Katerina | author-link=Katerina Harvati | last2=Röding | first2=Carolin | last3=Bosman | first3=Abel M. | last4=Karakostis | first4=Fotios A. | last5=Grün | first5=Rainer | last6=Stringer | first6=Chris | last7=Karkanas | first7=Panagiotis | last8=Thompson | first8=Nicholas C. | last9=Koutoulidis | first9=Vassilis | last10=Moulopoulos | first10=Lia A. | last11=Gorgoulis | first11=Vassilis G. | last12=Kouloukoussa | first12=Mirsini | title=Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=571 | issue=7766 | year=2019 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z | pages=500–504 | pmid=31292546 | hdl=10072/397334 | s2cid=195873640 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 | access-date=17 September 2022 | archive-date=1 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132212/https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 | url-status=live }}</ref> === Neolithic === [[File:Néolithique 0001.jpg|thumb|Tsari na kayan tarihi na Neolithic, gami da mundaye, kawunan gatari, chisels, da kayan aikin goge baki|alt=Photo of Neolithic tools on display]] Juyin Juyin Halitta na Neolithic (ko juyin juya halin noma na farko) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin fasahohi, da haɓakar rikice-rikicen zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3 |title=Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation |publisher=Springer New York |year=2002 |isbn=9780306471667 |editor-last=Kuijt |editor-first=i. |series=Fundamental Issues in Archaeology |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184244/https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙirƙirar gatari dutsen da aka goge wani babban ci gaba ne wanda ya ba da damar share gandun daji da kuma noma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coghlan |first=H. H. |date=1943 |title=The Evolution of the Axe from Prehistoric to Roman Times |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=73 |issue=1/2 |pages=27–56 |doi=10.2307/2844356 |jstor=2844356 |issn=0307-3114 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926011626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wannan amfani da gatura mai gogewa ya ƙaru sosai a cikin Neolithic amma an fara amfani da shi a cikin Mesolithic da ya gabata a wasu yankuna kamar Ireland.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=Killian|title=The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland|date=2006|url=http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110326/http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Noma ya ciyar da yawan jama'a, kuma sauye-sauye zuwa zaman lafiya ya ba da damar haɓaka yawan yara a lokaci guda, saboda jarirai ba sa buƙatar makiyaya su zagaya da su. Bugu da ƙari, yara za su iya ba da gudummawar aiki don kiwon amfanin gona cikin sauri fiye da yadda za su iya shiga ayyukan mafarauta.<ref name=20060104sciencedaily>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm|title=The First Baby Boom: Skeletal Evidence Shows Abrupt Worldwide Increase In Birth Rate During Neolithic Period|last=University of Chicago Press Journals|date=4 January 2006|work=ScienceDaily|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133752/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1972-04_13_2/page/258|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|author=Sussman, Robert W. |author2=Hall, Roberta L. |volume=13|issue=2| pages=258–267|date=April 1972|doi=10.1086/201274 |jstor=2740977|s2cid=143449170}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubuce ta haifar da yaduwar ilimin al'adu kuma ya zama tushen tarihi, dakunan karatu, makarantu, da binciken kimiyya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goody |first=J. |date=1986 |title=The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society |url=https://archive.org/details/logicofwritingor0000good |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref> === Tsohuwar tarihi === [[File:Wheel Iran.jpg|thumb|upright|The wheel was invented {{Circa|4,000 BCE}}.|alt=Photo of an early wooden wheel]] [[File:Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered).jpg|thumb|upright|Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered as of 2024)|alt=Photo of Wooden Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered)]] Bayan yin amfani da wuta, mutane sun gano wasu nau'ika na makamashi. Sanin farko na amfani da wutar lantarki shine jirgin ruwa mai tafiya; tarihin farko na jirgin ruwa da ke karkashin ruwa shi ne na jirgin ruwan Nilu da ya yi kusan shekara 7,000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-first=Donatella |author1-last=Usai | author2-first=Sandro |author2-last=Salvatori |title=The oldest representation of a Nile boat|journal=Antiquity|volume=81}}</ref> Tun kafin tarihi, mai yiyuwa ne Masarawa sun yi amfani da ƙarfin ambaliyar kogin Nilu na shekara-shekara don shayar da ƙasarsu, a hankali suna koyon yadda za su daidaita yawancin ta ta hanyoyin ban ruwa da aka gina da gangan da kuma tasoshin "kama".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Postel |first=Sandra |author-link=Sandra Postel |url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html |title=Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? |date=1999 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0393319378 |chapter=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119022630/http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsoffin Sumeriyawa a Mesofotamiya sun yi amfani da tsarin magudanar ruwa da lefi don karkatar da ruwa daga kogin Tigris da Furat don ban ruwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Crawford|date=2013|title=The Sumerian World|location=New York & London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203096604|pages=34–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205005423/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref> Masu binciken archaeologists sun ƙiyasta cewa an ƙirƙira motar ne da kanta kuma a lokaci guda a Mesopotamiya (a Iraki ta yau), Arewacin Caucasus (al'adun Maykop), da tsakiyar Turai.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|last=Potts|first=D.T.|year=2012|page=285}}</ref> Ƙididdigar lokaci ya kasance daga 5,500 zuwa 3,000 KZ tare da yawancin masana sun sanya shi kusa da 4,000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New Light on the Most Ancient East|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|year=1928|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014/page/n129 110]}}</ref> Tsofaffin kayan tarihi tare da zane-zane da ke nuna katuna masu ƙafafu sun kasance tun daga kusan 3,500 KZ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth|last=Anthony|first=David A.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0691058870|location=Princeton|page=[https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth/page/67 67]}}</ref> Kwanan nan, mafi dadewa da aka sani da dabaran katako a duniya kamar na 2024 an samo shi a cikin Ljubljana Marsh na Slovenia; Masanan Austriya sun tabbatar da cewa motar tana tsakanin shekaru 5,100 zuwa 5,350.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/|title=World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia|last=Gasser|first=Aleksander|date=March 2003|publisher=Republic of Slovenia Government Communication Office|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826021129/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/|archive-date=26 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar dabarar ta kawo sauyi ga kasuwanci da yaƙi. Ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ana gano cewa ana iya amfani da keken keke don ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi ba. Sumariyawa na dā sun yi amfani da dabaran tukwane kuma wataƙila sun ƙirƙira shi.<ref name="Kramer1963">{{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|year=1971|orig-date=1963|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226452388|page=290|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808201642/http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sumerians.html?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Wata dabarar tukwane da aka samu a cikin birnin-Ur ta kasance a kusan shekara ta 3,429 K.Z., <ref name="Moorey1994">{{cite book|last=Moorey|first=Peter Roger Stuart|date=1999|orig-year=1994|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1575060422|page=146|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017215042/https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus.html?id=P_Ixuott4doC|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> kuma har ma da tsofaffin gutsutsutsun tukwane da aka jefa a cikin wannan yanki. Motocin tukwane masu sauri (rotary) sun ba da damar samar da tukwane da wuri, amma yin amfani da dabaran a matsayin mai canza makamashi (ta hanyar ƙafafun ruwa, injin niƙa, har ma da tukwane) ya kawo sauyi ga amfani da tushen wutar lantarki da ba na ɗan adam ba. Katunan farko masu kafa biyu an samo su ne daga travois kuma an fara amfani da su a Mesofotamiya da Iran a kusan 3,000 KZ.<ref name="Lay1992">{{cite book|last=Lay|first=M G |title=Ways of the World|publisher=Primavera Press|year=1992|location=Sydney|page=28|isbn=978-1875368051}}</ref> Sanannun titunan da aka gina su ne titin da aka yi da dutse na birnin-jihar Ur, tun daga c. 4,000 KZ, da hanyoyin katako da ke bi ta cikin gulmar Glastonbury, Ingila, suna kusan lokaci guda. Hanya ta farko mai nisa, wadda aka fara amfani da ita a wajen shekara ta 3,500 KZ, ta yi tafiyar kilomita 2,400 daga Tekun Fasha zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, amma ba a yi shimfida ba kuma ba a kula da shi ba. A kusan 2,000 KZ, Minoans a tsibirin Girka na Crete sun gina hanya mai nisan kilomita 50 daga fadar Gortyn da ke kudancin tsibirin, ta cikin tsaunuka, zuwa fadar Knossos a gefen arewacin tsibirin. Ba kamar hanyar da ta gabata ba, titin Minoan ya kasance cikakke.<ref name="Gregersen2012">{{cite book|last1=Gregersen|first1=Erik|title=The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes|date=2012|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|location=New York |isbn=978-1615307012|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145500/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Pont du Gard BLS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Hotunan Pont du Gard a Faransa, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun magudanan ruwa na Romawa|alt=refer to caption]] Gidajen Minoan na dā suna da ruwan sha.<ref name="Eslamian2014">{{cite book|last1=Eslamian|first1=Saeid|title=Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1466552500|pages=171–175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095408/https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref> An gano wani wankan wanka da yayi kama da na zamani a fadar Knossos.<ref name="Lechner2012">{{cite book|last1=Lechner|first1=Norbert|title=Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics: Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-1118014752|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145421/https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu gidaje masu zaman kansu na Minoan kuma suna da bandakuna, waɗanda za a iya zubar da su ta hanyar zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar. Romawa na d ¯ a suna da ɗakunan banɗaki da yawa na jama'a, waɗanda suka fantsama cikin tsarin najasa mai yawa. Babban magudanar ruwa a Roma shine Cloaca Maxima; an fara gininsa a ƙarni na shida KZ kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau.<ref name="Gregersen2012" /> Dadaddiyar Romawa kuma suna da tsarin magudanan ruwa mai sarkakiya, da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar ruwa zuwa nesa mai nisa.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> An gina magudanar ruwa ta Roma ta farko a shekara ta 312 KZ. An gina tsohuwar magudanar ruwa ta Roma ta goma sha ɗaya kuma ta ƙarshe a shekara ta 226 CE. A hade, magudanan ruwa na Romawa sun kai kilomita 450, amma kasa da kilomita 70 na wannan yana sama da kasa kuma yana goyan bayansa.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> === Kafin zamani === Sabbin abubuwa sun ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai tare da gabatar da samar da siliki (a Asiya da Turai daga baya), kwalawar doki, da takalman dawakai. An haɗa injuna masu sauƙi (kamar lever, screw, da puley) zuwa kayan aikin da suka fi rikitarwa, kamar keken keke, injin niƙa, da agogo.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315588605 |title=Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315588605 |isbn=978-1317116530 |s2cid=148764971 |editor-last=Davids |editor-first=K. |editor-last2=De Munck |editor-first2=B. |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184255/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315588605/innovation-creativity-late-medieval-early-modern-european-cities-karel-davids-bert-de-munck |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsarin jami'o'i ya haɓaka da yada ra'ayoyin kimiyya da ayyuka, gami da Oxford da Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnQNVPbnrDgC |title=Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2000 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004113510 |editor-last=Courtenay |editor-first=W. J. |editor-last2=Miethke |editor-first2=J. |editor-last3=Priest |editor-first3=D. B. |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184252/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnQNVPbnrDgC |url-status=live }}</ref> Zamanin Renaissance ya samar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da gabatar da na'urar bugu mai motsi zuwa Turai, wanda ya sauƙaƙe sadarwar ilimi. Kimiyya ta ƙara yin tasiri ga fasaha, inda ta fara zagayowar ci gaban juna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deming |first=D. |url= |title=Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution |year=2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0786490868}}</ref> === Na zamani === [[File:1885Benz.jpg|thumb|Motar, anan asalin Benz Patent-Motorwagen, ta kawo sauyi kan harkokin sufuri na mutum.]] Tun daga Burtaniya a karni na 18, gano wutar tururi ya haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda ya ga fa'idodin fasaha da yawa, musamman a fannin noma, masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, karafa, da sufuri, da kuma yadda ake amfani da tsarin masana'antu sosai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stearns |first=P. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/industrialrevolu0000pete|title=The Industrial Revolution in World History |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-0813347295 }}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan karni guda bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu wanda ya haifar da saurin gano kimiyya, daidaitawa, da samarwa da yawa. An kirkiro sabbin fasahohi, da suka hada da na'urorin tsabtace ruwa, wutar lantarki, fitulun fitulu, injinan lantarki, titin jirgin kasa, motoci, da jiragen sama. Wadannan ci gaban fasaha sun haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a fannin likitanci, sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, da injiniyanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokyr |first=J. |title=The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914 |year=2000 |url=https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/castronovo.pdf |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910210450/https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/castronovo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun kasance tare da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa, tare da gabatar da manyan gine-gine tare da haɓaka birane cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=B. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ |title=To Have and Have Not: Energy in World History |year= 2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1538105047 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184800/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sadarwa ta inganta tare da ƙirƙirar telegraph, tarho, rediyo, da talabijin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albion |first=Robert G. |date=1 January 1933 |title=The Communication Revolution, 1760–1933 |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.1933.002 |journal=Transactions of the Newcomen Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.1179/tns.1933.002 |issn=0372-0187 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184825/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/tns.1933.002 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Karni na 20 ya kawo sabbin abubuwa da yawa. A kimiyyar lissafi, gano fission na nukiliya a cikin Atomic Age ya haifar da makaman nukiliya da makaman nukiliya. An ƙirƙira kwamfutocin Analog kuma sun tabbatar da rinjaye wajen sarrafa hadaddun bayanai. Yayin da ƙirƙirar bututun injin ɗin ya ba da izinin yin lissafin dijital tare da kwamfutoci kamar ENIAC, girman girmansu ya hana yin amfani da shi sosai har sai sabbin abubuwa a cikin kimiyar lissafi sun ba da izinin ƙirƙirar transistor a 1947, wanda ya haɗa kwamfutoci sosai kuma ya jagoranci canjin dijital. Fasahar bayanai, musamman fiber na gani da na'urori masu amo, sun ba da izinin sadarwa mai sauƙi da sauri, wanda ya haifar da Zamanin Bayanai da Haihuwar Intanet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agar |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC |title=Science in the 20th Century and Beyond |year=2012 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0745634692|access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC |url-status=live }}</ref> Ana buƙatar hadaddun masana'antu da fasahohin gini da ƙungiyoyi don ƙirƙira da kiyaye ƙarin fasahohin zamani, kuma masana'antu gabaɗaya sun taso don haɓaka ƙarni masu zuwa na kayan aikin da suka fi rikitarwa. Fasahar zamani tana ƙara dogaro da horo da ilimi - masu zanen su, magina, masu kula da su, da masu amfani da su galibi suna buƙatar ingantaccen horo na musamman da takamaiman. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan fasahohin sun zama masu sarƙaƙƙiya har dukan fannoni sun haɓaka don tallafa musu, ciki har da aikin injiniya, likitanci, da kimiyyar kwamfuta; da sauran fannonin sun zama masu sarkakiya, kamar gini, sufuri, da gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goldin |first1=C. |author1-link=Claudia Goldin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC |title=The Race between Education and Technology |last2=Katz |first2=L. F. |author2-link=Lawrence F. Katz |year=2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674037731 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tasiri == Canjin fasaha shi ne babban dalilin ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solow |first=Robert M. |date=1957 |title=Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047 |journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=312–320 |doi=10.2307/1926047 |jstor=1926047 |issn=0034-6535 |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115022751/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bresnahan |first1=Timothy F. |last2=Trajtenberg |first2=M. |date=1 January 1995 |title=General purpose technologies 'Engines of growth'? |journal=Journal of Econometrics |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T |issn=0304-4076|doi-access=free }}</ref> A cikin tarihin dan Adam, samar da makamashi shine babban abin da ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, kuma sabbin fasahohin na baiwa dan Adam damar kara yawan kuzarin da ake samu. Wuta ta farko ta zo, wanda ya sanya abincin da ake ci ya zama nau'in abinci iri-iri, kuma ya sa ya rage buƙatar jiki don narkewa. Wuta kuma tana ba da damar narkewa, da yin amfani da daskararru, da tagulla, da ƙarfe, da ake amfani da su don farauta ko sana'a. Daga nan sai juyin juya halin noma ya zo: mutane ba sa bukatar farauta ko taro don su rayu, suka fara zama a garuruwa da birane, suna kafa al'ummomi masu sarkakiya, masu sojoji da tsarin addini.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Wrigley |first=E. A |date=13 March 2013 |title=Energy and the English Industrial Revolution |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1986 |page=20110568 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|pmid=23359739 |bibcode=2013RSPTA.37110568W |s2cid=10624423 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Shekarun baya-bayan nan dai sun haifar da daukakar al'adu a kafafen sada zumunta, tare da yin illa ga dimokuradiyya, da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tun da farko, ana kallon intanet a matsayin "fasaha na 'yantar da jama'a" wanda zai kawo dimokuradiyyar ilimi, inganta damar samun ilimi, da inganta dimokuradiyya. Bincike na zamani ya juya don bincikar abubuwan da ke cikin intanet, ciki har da rashin fahimta, rashin fahimta, maganganun ƙiyayya, da farfaganda.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117 |title=Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1108835558 |editor-last=Persily |editor-first=Nathaniel |series=SSRC Anxieties of Democracy |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781108890960 |hdl=11245.1/cf2f5b6a-8dc8-4400-bc38-3317b0164499 |s2cid=243715477 |editor-last2=Tucker |editor-first2=Joshua A. |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019091703/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1970, ana sukar tasirin fasaha a kan muhalli, wanda ya haifar da karuwar saka hannun jari a cikin hasken rana, iska, da sauran nau'ikan makamashi mai tsafta. === Zamantakewa === ==== Ayyuka ==== Tun da aka kirkiri dabaran, fasahohin na taimakawa wajen habaka tattalin arzikin dan Adam. Kayan aiki da ya gabata yana da madaidaicin aiki da madaidaitan aiki; injina sun maye gurbin mutane a wasu ayyuka masu rahusa (misali a aikin gona), amma an biya wannan diyya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Autor|first=D. H.|year=2015|title=Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=29|number=3|pages=3–30|doi=10.1257/jep.29.3.3 |url=https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901060615/http://economics.mit.edu/files/11563 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/109476|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa kwamfutoci ba su haifar da rashin aikin yi na fasaha ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bessen |first=J. E. |date=3 October 2016 |title=How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, Jobs, and Skills |journal=Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law EJournal. |volume=15{{hyphen}}49 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2690435 |ssrn=2690435 |s2cid=29968989 |url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/813 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310050823/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/813/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Saboda hankali na wucin gadi ya fi kwamfutoci iya nisa, kuma har yanzu yana kan ƙuruciyarsa, ba a san ko zai bi irin wannan yanayin ba; An yi ta muhawara mai tsawo a kan wannan tambaya a tsakanin masana tattalin arziki da masu tsara manufofi. Wani bincike na 2017 ya gano babu wata cikakkiyar yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tattalin arziki kan ko AI zai kara yawan rashin aikin yi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Robots and Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/ |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=igmchicago.org |publisher=[[Initiative on Global Markets]] |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171212/https://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dangane da "Rahoton Ayyuka na Makomar 2020" na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya, AI ana hasashen zai maye gurbin ayyuka miliyan 85 a duk duniya, kuma zai haifar da sabbin ayyuka miliyan 97 nan da 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2020 |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=www3.weforum.org |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115173909/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robots and AI Taking Over Jobs: What to Know {{!}} Built In |url=https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-replacing-jobs-creating-jobs |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=builtin.com |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171804/https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-replacing-jobs-creating-jobs |url-status=live }}</ref> Daga 1990 zuwa 2007, wani bincike a Amurka na masanin tattalin arziki na MIT Daron Acemoglu ya nuna cewa ƙari na mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya ga kowane ma'aikata 1,000 ya rage yawan aiki zuwa yawan jama'a da kashi 0.2%, ko kusan ma'aikata 3.3, kuma an rage albashi da kashi 0.42%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many jobs do robots really replace? |url=https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171803/https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Restrepo |first2=Pascual |date=1 June 2020 |title=Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=128 |issue=6 |pages=2188–2244 |doi=10.1086/705716 |hdl=1721.1/130324 |s2cid=7468879 |issn=0022-3808 |hdl-access=free |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171811/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716 |url-status=live }}</ref> Damuwa game da fasahar maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam duk da haka yana daɗe. Kamar yadda shugaban Amurka Lyndon Johnson ya ce a cikin 1964, "Fasaha na samar da sabbin damammaki da sabbin wajibai a gare mu, dama don samun yawan aiki da ci gaba; wajibi ne a tabbatar da cewa babu ma'aikaci, babu iyali da za su biya farashi na rashin adalci don ci gaba." a kan sanya hannu kan dokar Hukumar kan Fasaha, Automation, da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress. {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-creating-the-national-commission-technology-automation-and |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174700/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-creating-the-national-commission-technology-automation-and |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1966 |title=Technology and the American Economy |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED023803.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=files.eric.ed.gov |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174655/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED023803.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=If Robots Take Our Jobs, Will They Make It Up to Us? |url=https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/if-robots-take-our-jobs-will-they-make-it-us |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=The University of Chicago Booth School of Business |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325132904/https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/if-robots-take-our-jobs-will-they-make-it-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GovInfo |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-78/STATUTE-78-Pg462 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.govinfo.gov n |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174655/https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-78/STATUTE-78-Pg462 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1963 |title=H.R.11611 – An Act to establish a National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/house-bill/11611/text |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.congress.gov |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116180845/https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/house-bill/11611/text |url-status=live }}</ref> === Tsaro === Tare da karuwar dogaro da fasaha, an sami tsaro da damuwa na sirri tare da ita. Biliyoyin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi daban-daban na kan layi, kamar WeChat Pay, PayPal, Alipay, da ƙari mai yawa don taimakawa canja wurin kuɗi. Ko da yake an sanya matakan tsaro, wasu masu laifi suna iya ƙetare su.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Elizabeth |author1-link=Elizabeth Rosenberg |last2=Harrell |first2=Peter E. |last3=Shiffman |first3=Gary M. |last4=Dorshimer |first4=Sam |date=2019 |title=Financial Technology and National Security |publisher=Center for a New American Security |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404 |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119140345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404 |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, Koriya ta Arewa ta yi amfani da Blender.io, wani mahaɗa wanda ya taimaka musu wajen ɓoye musayar cryptocurrency ɗin su, don wawatar da sama da dala miliyan 20.5 na cryptocurrency, daga Axie Infinity, tare da sace sama da dala miliyan 600 na cryptocurrency daga mai wasan. Saboda haka, Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta Amurka ta sanya takunkumi ga Blender.io, wanda ya zama karo na farko da ta dauki mataki kan na'urar hadawa, don kokarin murkushe masu satar bayanan Koriya ta Arewa.[79][80] An yi muhawara akan sirrin cryptocurrency. Ko da yake yawancin abokan ciniki suna son sirrin cryptocurrency, da yawa kuma suna jayayya cewa yana buƙatar ƙarin nuna gaskiya da kwanciyar hankali.[78] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Fasaha| ]] guf36um5p0zx82n8qgqir6s9354h7jr 914920 914919 2026-09-02T15:26:04Z Mhizabdoul 42167 /* Tarihin-tarihi */ 914920 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fasaha''' Wannan kalmar tana nufin kirkirar wani abu sabo da aka samo daga [[kimiyya]] ko kuma ingata shi daga yada yake zuwa ga wani abu da za'a iya amfani da shi ta hanyoyi da dama, kamar su mota, wayar tarho, jirgi da dai sauransu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Skolnikoff |first=Eugene B. |year=1993 |title=The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/elusivetransform0000skol |chapter=The Setting |page=[https://archive.org/details/elusivetransform0000skol/page/13 13] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-08631-1 |jstor=j.ctt7rpm1 |quote=I find the most useful conceptual definition for this study to be that given by Harvey Brooks, who has defined technology{{nbsp}}...as 'knowledge of how to fulfill certain human purposes in a specifiable and reproducible way.'}}</ref><ref>'''Technology'''. (2025, June 11). In ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/technology</ref> Wannan hanya tana taimakon Injiniyoyi (masu 'kere-'kere) wajen tabbatarda sun maida [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] ta zama cikin sauki ga [[Dan Adam]].<ref>{{harvnb|Salomon|1984|pages=117–118}}: "The first pole, that of the naturalisation of a new discipline within the university curriculum, was presented by Christian Wolff in 1728, in Chapter III of the "Preliminary discourse" to his ''{{lang|la|Philosophia rationalisis sive Logica}}'': 'Technology is the science of skills and works of skill, or, if one prefers, the science of things made by man's labour, chiefly through the use of his hands.'"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mitcham |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Mitcham |year=1994 |title=Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/thinkingthrought0000mitc_c3c2 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-53196-1}}</ref><ref>UNESCO. (2022). ''Engineering for sustainable development: Delivering on the sustainable development goals''. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://www.unesco.org/en/engineering-sustainable-development</ref> Ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin al'umma. Fasaha ta farko da aka sani ita ce kayan aikin dutse, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin prehistory, sannan kuma sarrafa wuta - wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar kwakwalwar ɗan adam da haɓaka harshe a lokacin Ice Age, bisa ga hasashen dafa abinci. Ƙirƙirar dabaran a [[Zamanin Tagulla|zamanin]] Bronze Age ya ba da damar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da ƙirƙirar injuna masu rikitarwa. Ƙirƙirar fasaha na baya-bayan nan, da suka haɗa da na'urar bugawa, tarho, da Intanet, sun rage shinge ga sadarwa tare da shigar da tattalin arzikin ilimi.<ref>https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools</ref><ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/worldhistory/chapter/2d-first-technologies-fire-and-tools/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/potterwheel2.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-20 |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527154306/https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/potterwheel2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da fasaha ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban [[tattalin arziki]] da haɓaka wadatar ɗan adam, kuma tana iya yin mummunan tasiri kamar gurɓata yanayi da raguwar albarkatu kasa, kuma yana iya haifar da lahani ga zamantakewa kamar rashin aikin fasaha na fasaha da ke haifar da sarrafa kansa. Sakamakon haka, muhawara ta falsafa da siyasa game da rawar da fasaha da amfani da fasaha, da ka'idojin fasaha, da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi don rage lalacewarta suna ci gaba da gudana.<ref>https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379365</ref><ref>Hughes, T. P. (2004). ''Human-built world: How to think about technology and culture''. University of Chicago Press. <nowiki>https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo3611341.html</nowiki></ref> == Ilimin halin dan Adam == Fasaha kalma ce da ta samo asali tun farkon karni na 17 wanda ke nufin 'maganin tsarin' (daga Girkanci Τεχνολογία, daga Girkanci: τέχνη, romanized: tékhnē, lit. 'craft, art' da -λογί), α (study, ilmin).<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |author1-link=Henry Liddell |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |author2-link=Robert Scott (philologist) |title=Greek-English Lexicon |title-link=Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Abridged |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |orig-date=1891 |isbn=0-19-910205-8 |oclc=38307662}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=technology |encyclopedia=The Oxford English Dictionary |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0198611868}}</ref> An riga an riga an yi amfani da shi da kalmar Helenanci na Tsohuwar τέχνη (tékhnē), ana amfani da ita don nufin 'sanin yadda ake yin abubuwa', wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar gine-gine.<ref>{{cite book |author=Aristotle |author-link=Aristotle |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Lesley |translator-last=Ross |translator-first=David |year=2009 |title=The Nicomachean Ethics |page=105 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-921361-0 |lccn=2009005379 |oclc=246896490 |series=Oxford World's Classics}}</ref> Tun daga karni na 19, Turawa na Nahiyar suka fara amfani da kalmomin Technik (Jamus) ko fasaha (Faransanci) don nufin 'hanyar yin aiki', wanda ya haɗa da duk fasahar fasaha, kamar rawa, kewayawa, ko bugu, ko suna buƙatar kayan aiki ko kayan aiki.{{Sfn|Salomon|1984|pages=114–115}} A lokacin, Technologie (Jamus da Faransanci) suna magana ko dai ga ilimin ilimi da ke nazarin "hanyoyin fasaha da fasaha", ko kuma ga tsarin siyasa "da nufin yin doka a kan ayyukan fasaha da fasaha."{{Sfn|Salomon|1984|page=117}} Kalmar a baya ba a saba da ita ba a cikin Ingilishi kuma galibi ana magana da ita ga horon ilimi, kamar yadda yake a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts.<ref name=jstor40061169>{{Cite journal |last=Schatzberg |first=Eric |year=2006 |title="Technik" Comes to America: Changing Meanings of "Technology" before 1930 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=486–512 |doi=10.1353/tech.2006.0201 |jstor=40061169 |s2cid=143784033 |issn=0040-165X |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910165857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A cikin karni na 20, sakamakon ci gaban kimiyya da juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu, fasahar ta daina daukar ta a matsayin wani nau'in horo na ilimi kuma ta dauki ma'ana: tsarin amfani da ilimi zuwa karshen aiki.<ref>{{harvnb|Salomon|1984|page=119}}: "With the industrial revolution and the important part England played in it, the word technology was to lose this meaning as the subject or thrust of a branch of education, as first in English and then in other languages it embodied all technical activity based on the application of science to practical ends."</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin-tarihi === [[File:Faustkeil Nachbau, 2020 PD a-7.jpg|thumb|Mutum yana rike da gatari|alt=refer to caption]] Hominids ne suka fara haɓaka kayan aikin ta hanyar dubawa da gwaji da kuskure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schiffer |first=M. B. |title=The Archaeology of Science |chapter=Discovery Processes: Trial Models |year=2013 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |series=Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique |volume=9 |pages=185–198 |place=Heidelberg |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |isbn=978-3319000770 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184259/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |url-status=live }}</ref> A kusa da 2 Mya (shekaru miliyan da suka wuce), sun koyi yin kayan aikin dutse na farko ta hanyar hange flakes daga dutsen dutse, suna kafa gatari mai kaifi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |author=The British Museum |title=Our earliest technology? |url=https://smarthistory.org/our-earliest-technology/#:~:text=Made%20nearly%20two%20million%20years,deposits%20in%20Olduvai%20Gorge,%20Tanzania. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902015829/https://smarthistory.org/our-earliest-technology/#:~:text=Made%20nearly%20two%20million%20years,deposits%20in%20Olduvai%20Gorge,%20Tanzania. |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=smarthistory.org}}</ref> An gyara wannan aikin 75 kya (shekaru dubu da suka wuce) zuwa matsi, yana ba da damar aiki mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minogue |first=K. |date=28 October 2010 |title=Stone Age Toolmakers Surprisingly Sophisticated |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/stone-age-toolmakers-surprisingly-sophisticated |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=science.org |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910174555/https://www.science.org/content/article/stone-age-toolmakers-surprisingly-sophisticated }}</ref> [[Charles Darwin]] ya bayyana gano wuta a matsayin "watakila mafi girma da mutum ya taba yi".<ref>{{cite book | last=Crump | first=Thomas | title=A Brief History of Science | year=2001 | publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]] | isbn=978-1841192352 | page=9}}</ref> Shaidar [[Archaeology na Lejja|archaeological]], abinci, da zamantakewa suna nuna "ci gaba da amfani da wuta [mutane]" aƙalla 1.5 Mya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gowlett |first1=J. A. J. |last2=Wrangham |first2=R. W. |date=1 March 2013 |title=Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=5–30 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |s2cid=163033909 |issn=0067-270X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wuta, da itace da gawayi ke hura wuta, ta baiwa ɗan adam na farko damar dafa abincinsu don ƙara narkewa, inganta darajar sinadarai da faɗaɗa yawan abincin da za a iya ci.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stahl | first= Ann B. | author-link= Ann B. Stahl | year=1984 | title=Hominid dietary selection before fire | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1984-04_25_2/page/151 | journal=[[Current Anthropology]] | volume=25 | pages= 151–68 | doi=10.1086/203106 | issue=2 | jstor=2742818| s2cid= 84337150 }}</ref> Hasashen dafa abinci yana ba da shawarar cewa ikon dafa abinci yana haɓaka haɓakar girman kwakwalwar hominid, kodayake wasu masu bincike suna ganin shaidar ba ta cika ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wrangham |first=R. |date=1 August 2017 |title=Control of Fire in the Paleolithic: Evaluating the Cooking Hypothesis |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=58 |issue=S16 |pages=S303–S313 |doi=10.1086/692113 |s2cid=148798286 |issn=0011-3204 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910190830/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> An yi kwanan wata shaidar archaeological na [[murhu]] zuwa kya 790; masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana yiwuwa ya ƙarfafa zamantakewar ɗan adam kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen bayyanar harshe.<ref name=worldcat1124046527>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527 |title=Lucy to Language: the Benchmark Papers |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199652594 |editor-last=Dunbar |editor-first=R. I. M. |oclc=1124046527 |editor-last2=Gamble |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Gowlett |editor-first3=J. A. J. |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814044201/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=20030715nytimes-science>{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=15 July 2003 |title=Early Voices: The Leap to Language |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312091336/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html |archive-date=12 March 2017 }}</ref> Sauran ci gaban fasaha da aka samu a zamanin Paleolithic sun haɗa da tufafi da matsuguni.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Shaar |first1=Ron |last2=Matmon |first2=Ari |last3=Horwitz |first3=Liora K. |last4=Ebert |first4=Yael |last5=Chazan |first5=Michael |last6=Arnold |first6=M. |last7=Aumaître |first7=G. |last8=Bourlès |first8=D. |last9=Keddadouche |first9=K. |date=1 May 2021 |title=Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=259 |page=106907 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25906907S |s2cid=234833092 |issn=0277-3791 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116020317/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Babu yarjejeniya kan kusan lokacin da aka fara amfani da ko wace fasaha, amma masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun sami shaidar archaeological na tufafi 90-120 kya<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hallett |first1=Emily Y. |last2=Marean |first2=Curtis W. |last3=Steele |first3=Teresa E. |last4=Álvarez-Fernández |first4=Esteban |last5=Jacobs |first5=Zenobia |author5-link=Zenobia Jacobs |last6=Cerasoni |first6=Jacopo Niccolò |last7=Aldeias |first7=Vera |last8=Scerri |first8=Eleanor M. L. |last9=Olszewski |first9=Deborah I. |last10=Hajraoui |first10=Mohamed Abdeljalil El |last11=Dibble |first11=Harold L. |date=24 September 2021 |title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco |journal=iScience |volume=24 |issue=9 |page=102988 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=8478944 |pmid=34622180|bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H }}</ref> da matsuguni 450 kya.<ref>{{cite web |author=O'Neil, Dennis |title=Evolution of Modern Humans: Archaic Homo sapiens Culture |url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404130017/http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm |archive-date=4 April 2007 |access-date=31 March 2007 |publisher=[[Palomar College]] }}</ref> Yayin da zamanin Paleolithic ya ci gaba, gidaje sun zama nagartattun abubuwa kuma sun fi dacewa; a farkon kya 380, mutane suna gina bukkokin itace na wucin gadi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Villa |first=Paola |title=Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France |url=https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1983 |isbn=978-0520096622 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill/page/303 303]}}</ref> Tufafi, wanda aka daidaita daga Jawo da ɓoye na dabbobin da aka farauta, sun taimaka wa ɗan adam faɗaɗa cikin yankuna masu sanyi; mutane sun fara ƙaura daga Afirka kusan kya 200, da farko suna ƙaura zuwa Eurasia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cordaux |first=Richard |author2=Stoneking, Mark |year=2003 |title=South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa |url=http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1586–1590; author reply 1590–93 |doi=10.1086/375407 |pmc=1180321 |pmid=12817589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022940/http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=22 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Oldest remains' outside Africa reset human migration clock |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=phys.org |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711124429/https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Harvati | first1=Katerina | author-link=Katerina Harvati | last2=Röding | first2=Carolin | last3=Bosman | first3=Abel M. | last4=Karakostis | first4=Fotios A. | last5=Grün | first5=Rainer | last6=Stringer | first6=Chris | last7=Karkanas | first7=Panagiotis | last8=Thompson | first8=Nicholas C. | last9=Koutoulidis | first9=Vassilis | last10=Moulopoulos | first10=Lia A. | last11=Gorgoulis | first11=Vassilis G. | last12=Kouloukoussa | first12=Mirsini | title=Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=571 | issue=7766 | year=2019 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z | pages=500–504 | pmid=31292546 | hdl=10072/397334 | s2cid=195873640 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 | access-date=17 September 2022 | archive-date=1 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132212/https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 | url-status=live }}</ref> === Neolithic === [[File:Néolithique 0001.jpg|thumb|Tsari na kayan tarihi na Neolithic, gami da mundaye, kawunan gatari, chisels, da kayan aikin goge baki|alt=Photo of Neolithic tools on display]] Juyin Juyin Halitta na Neolithic (ko juyin juya halin noma na farko) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin fasahohi, da haɓakar rikice-rikicen zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3 |title=Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation |publisher=Springer New York |year=2002 |isbn=9780306471667 |editor-last=Kuijt |editor-first=i. |series=Fundamental Issues in Archaeology |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184244/https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙirƙirar gatari dutsen da aka goge wani babban ci gaba ne wanda ya ba da damar share gandun daji da kuma noma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coghlan |first=H. H. |date=1943 |title=The Evolution of the Axe from Prehistoric to Roman Times |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=73 |issue=1/2 |pages=27–56 |doi=10.2307/2844356 |jstor=2844356 |issn=0307-3114 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926011626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wannan amfani da gatura mai gogewa ya ƙaru sosai a cikin Neolithic amma an fara amfani da shi a cikin Mesolithic da ya gabata a wasu yankuna kamar Ireland.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=Killian|title=The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland|date=2006|url=http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110326/http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Noma ya ciyar da yawan jama'a, kuma sauye-sauye zuwa zaman lafiya ya ba da damar haɓaka yawan yara a lokaci guda, saboda jarirai ba sa buƙatar makiyaya su zagaya da su. Bugu da ƙari, yara za su iya ba da gudummawar aiki don kiwon amfanin gona cikin sauri fiye da yadda za su iya shiga ayyukan mafarauta.<ref name=20060104sciencedaily>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm|title=The First Baby Boom: Skeletal Evidence Shows Abrupt Worldwide Increase In Birth Rate During Neolithic Period|last=University of Chicago Press Journals|date=4 January 2006|work=ScienceDaily|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133752/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1972-04_13_2/page/258|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|author=Sussman, Robert W. |author2=Hall, Roberta L. |volume=13|issue=2| pages=258–267|date=April 1972|doi=10.1086/201274 |jstor=2740977|s2cid=143449170}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubuce ta haifar da yaduwar ilimin al'adu kuma ya zama tushen tarihi, dakunan karatu, makarantu, da binciken kimiyya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goody |first=J. |date=1986 |title=The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society |url=https://archive.org/details/logicofwritingor0000good |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref> === Tsohuwar tarihi === [[File:Wheel Iran.jpg|thumb|upright|The wheel was invented {{Circa|4,000 BCE}}.|alt=Photo of an early wooden wheel]] [[File:Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered).jpg|thumb|upright|Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered as of 2024)|alt=Photo of Wooden Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered)]] Bayan yin amfani da wuta, mutane sun gano wasu nau'ika na makamashi. Sanin farko na amfani da wutar lantarki shine jirgin ruwa mai tafiya; tarihin farko na jirgin ruwa da ke karkashin ruwa shi ne na jirgin ruwan Nilu da ya yi kusan shekara 7,000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-first=Donatella |author1-last=Usai | author2-first=Sandro |author2-last=Salvatori |title=The oldest representation of a Nile boat|journal=Antiquity|volume=81}}</ref> Tun kafin tarihi, mai yiyuwa ne Masarawa sun yi amfani da ƙarfin ambaliyar kogin Nilu na shekara-shekara don shayar da ƙasarsu, a hankali suna koyon yadda za su daidaita yawancin ta ta hanyoyin ban ruwa da aka gina da gangan da kuma tasoshin "kama".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Postel |first=Sandra |author-link=Sandra Postel |url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html |title=Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? |date=1999 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0393319378 |chapter=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119022630/http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsoffin Sumeriyawa a Mesofotamiya sun yi amfani da tsarin magudanar ruwa da lefi don karkatar da ruwa daga kogin Tigris da Furat don ban ruwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Crawford|date=2013|title=The Sumerian World|location=New York & London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203096604|pages=34–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205005423/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref> Masu binciken archaeologists sun ƙiyasta cewa an ƙirƙira motar ne da kanta kuma a lokaci guda a Mesopotamiya (a Iraki ta yau), Arewacin Caucasus (al'adun Maykop), da tsakiyar Turai.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|last=Potts|first=D.T.|year=2012|page=285}}</ref> Ƙididdigar lokaci ya kasance daga 5,500 zuwa 3,000 KZ tare da yawancin masana sun sanya shi kusa da 4,000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New Light on the Most Ancient East|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|year=1928|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014/page/n129 110]}}</ref> Tsofaffin kayan tarihi tare da zane-zane da ke nuna katuna masu ƙafafu sun kasance tun daga kusan 3,500 KZ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth|last=Anthony|first=David A.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0691058870|location=Princeton|page=[https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth/page/67 67]}}</ref> Kwanan nan, mafi dadewa da aka sani da dabaran katako a duniya kamar na 2024 an samo shi a cikin Ljubljana Marsh na Slovenia; Masanan Austriya sun tabbatar da cewa motar tana tsakanin shekaru 5,100 zuwa 5,350.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/|title=World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia|last=Gasser|first=Aleksander|date=March 2003|publisher=Republic of Slovenia Government Communication Office|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826021129/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/|archive-date=26 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar dabarar ta kawo sauyi ga kasuwanci da yaƙi. Ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ana gano cewa ana iya amfani da keken keke don ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi ba. Sumariyawa na dā sun yi amfani da dabaran tukwane kuma wataƙila sun ƙirƙira shi.<ref name="Kramer1963">{{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|year=1971|orig-date=1963|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226452388|page=290|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808201642/http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sumerians.html?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Wata dabarar tukwane da aka samu a cikin birnin-Ur ta kasance a kusan shekara ta 3,429 K.Z., <ref name="Moorey1994">{{cite book|last=Moorey|first=Peter Roger Stuart|date=1999|orig-year=1994|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1575060422|page=146|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017215042/https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus.html?id=P_Ixuott4doC|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> kuma har ma da tsofaffin gutsutsutsun tukwane da aka jefa a cikin wannan yanki. Motocin tukwane masu sauri (rotary) sun ba da damar samar da tukwane da wuri, amma yin amfani da dabaran a matsayin mai canza makamashi (ta hanyar ƙafafun ruwa, injin niƙa, har ma da tukwane) ya kawo sauyi ga amfani da tushen wutar lantarki da ba na ɗan adam ba. Katunan farko masu kafa biyu an samo su ne daga travois kuma an fara amfani da su a Mesofotamiya da Iran a kusan 3,000 KZ.<ref name="Lay1992">{{cite book|last=Lay|first=M G |title=Ways of the World|publisher=Primavera Press|year=1992|location=Sydney|page=28|isbn=978-1875368051}}</ref> Sanannun titunan da aka gina su ne titin da aka yi da dutse na birnin-jihar Ur, tun daga c. 4,000 KZ, da hanyoyin katako da ke bi ta cikin gulmar Glastonbury, Ingila, suna kusan lokaci guda. Hanya ta farko mai nisa, wadda aka fara amfani da ita a wajen shekara ta 3,500 KZ, ta yi tafiyar kilomita 2,400 daga Tekun Fasha zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, amma ba a yi shimfida ba kuma ba a kula da shi ba. A kusan 2,000 KZ, Minoans a tsibirin Girka na Crete sun gina hanya mai nisan kilomita 50 daga fadar Gortyn da ke kudancin tsibirin, ta cikin tsaunuka, zuwa fadar Knossos a gefen arewacin tsibirin. Ba kamar hanyar da ta gabata ba, titin Minoan ya kasance cikakke.<ref name="Gregersen2012">{{cite book|last1=Gregersen|first1=Erik|title=The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes|date=2012|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|location=New York |isbn=978-1615307012|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145500/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Pont du Gard BLS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Hotunan Pont du Gard a Faransa, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun magudanan ruwa na Romawa|alt=refer to caption]] Gidajen Minoan na dā suna da ruwan sha.<ref name="Eslamian2014">{{cite book|last1=Eslamian|first1=Saeid|title=Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1466552500|pages=171–175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095408/https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref> An gano wani wankan wanka da yayi kama da na zamani a fadar Knossos.<ref name="Lechner2012">{{cite book|last1=Lechner|first1=Norbert|title=Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics: Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-1118014752|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145421/https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu gidaje masu zaman kansu na Minoan kuma suna da bandakuna, waɗanda za a iya zubar da su ta hanyar zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar. Romawa na d ¯ a suna da ɗakunan banɗaki da yawa na jama'a, waɗanda suka fantsama cikin tsarin najasa mai yawa. Babban magudanar ruwa a Roma shine Cloaca Maxima; an fara gininsa a ƙarni na shida KZ kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau.<ref name="Gregersen2012" /> Dadaddiyar Romawa kuma suna da tsarin magudanan ruwa mai sarkakiya, da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar ruwa zuwa nesa mai nisa.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> An gina magudanar ruwa ta Roma ta farko a shekara ta 312 KZ. An gina tsohuwar magudanar ruwa ta Roma ta goma sha ɗaya kuma ta ƙarshe a shekara ta 226 CE. A hade, magudanan ruwa na Romawa sun kai kilomita 450, amma kasa da kilomita 70 na wannan yana sama da kasa kuma yana goyan bayansa.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> === Kafin zamani === Sabbin abubuwa sun ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai tare da gabatar da samar da siliki (a Asiya da Turai daga baya), kwalawar doki, da takalman dawakai. An haɗa injuna masu sauƙi (kamar lever, screw, da puley) zuwa kayan aikin da suka fi rikitarwa, kamar keken keke, injin niƙa, da agogo.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315588605 |title=Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315588605 |isbn=978-1317116530 |s2cid=148764971 |editor-last=Davids |editor-first=K. |editor-last2=De Munck |editor-first2=B. |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184255/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315588605/innovation-creativity-late-medieval-early-modern-european-cities-karel-davids-bert-de-munck |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsarin jami'o'i ya haɓaka da yada ra'ayoyin kimiyya da ayyuka, gami da Oxford da Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnQNVPbnrDgC |title=Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2000 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004113510 |editor-last=Courtenay |editor-first=W. J. |editor-last2=Miethke |editor-first2=J. |editor-last3=Priest |editor-first3=D. B. |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184252/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnQNVPbnrDgC |url-status=live }}</ref> Zamanin Renaissance ya samar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da gabatar da na'urar bugu mai motsi zuwa Turai, wanda ya sauƙaƙe sadarwar ilimi. Kimiyya ta ƙara yin tasiri ga fasaha, inda ta fara zagayowar ci gaban juna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deming |first=D. |url= |title=Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution |year=2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0786490868}}</ref> === Na zamani === [[File:1885Benz.jpg|thumb|Motar, anan asalin Benz Patent-Motorwagen, ta kawo sauyi kan harkokin sufuri na mutum.]] Tun daga Burtaniya a karni na 18, gano wutar tururi ya haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda ya ga fa'idodin fasaha da yawa, musamman a fannin noma, masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, karafa, da sufuri, da kuma yadda ake amfani da tsarin masana'antu sosai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stearns |first=P. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/industrialrevolu0000pete|title=The Industrial Revolution in World History |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-0813347295 }}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan karni guda bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu wanda ya haifar da saurin gano kimiyya, daidaitawa, da samarwa da yawa. An kirkiro sabbin fasahohi, da suka hada da na'urorin tsabtace ruwa, wutar lantarki, fitulun fitulu, injinan lantarki, titin jirgin kasa, motoci, da jiragen sama. Wadannan ci gaban fasaha sun haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a fannin likitanci, sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, da injiniyanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokyr |first=J. |title=The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914 |year=2000 |url=https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/castronovo.pdf |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910210450/https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/castronovo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun kasance tare da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa, tare da gabatar da manyan gine-gine tare da haɓaka birane cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=B. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ |title=To Have and Have Not: Energy in World History |year= 2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1538105047 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184800/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sadarwa ta inganta tare da ƙirƙirar telegraph, tarho, rediyo, da talabijin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albion |first=Robert G. |date=1 January 1933 |title=The Communication Revolution, 1760–1933 |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.1933.002 |journal=Transactions of the Newcomen Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.1179/tns.1933.002 |issn=0372-0187 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184825/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/tns.1933.002 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Karni na 20 ya kawo sabbin abubuwa da yawa. A kimiyyar lissafi, gano fission na nukiliya a cikin Atomic Age ya haifar da makaman nukiliya da makaman nukiliya. An ƙirƙira kwamfutocin Analog kuma sun tabbatar da rinjaye wajen sarrafa hadaddun bayanai. Yayin da ƙirƙirar bututun injin ɗin ya ba da izinin yin lissafin dijital tare da kwamfutoci kamar ENIAC, girman girmansu ya hana yin amfani da shi sosai har sai sabbin abubuwa a cikin kimiyar lissafi sun ba da izinin ƙirƙirar transistor a 1947, wanda ya haɗa kwamfutoci sosai kuma ya jagoranci canjin dijital. Fasahar bayanai, musamman fiber na gani da na'urori masu amo, sun ba da izinin sadarwa mai sauƙi da sauri, wanda ya haifar da Zamanin Bayanai da Haihuwar Intanet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agar |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC |title=Science in the 20th Century and Beyond |year=2012 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0745634692|access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC |url-status=live }}</ref> Ana buƙatar hadaddun masana'antu da fasahohin gini da ƙungiyoyi don ƙirƙira da kiyaye ƙarin fasahohin zamani, kuma masana'antu gabaɗaya sun taso don haɓaka ƙarni masu zuwa na kayan aikin da suka fi rikitarwa. Fasahar zamani tana ƙara dogaro da horo da ilimi - masu zanen su, magina, masu kula da su, da masu amfani da su galibi suna buƙatar ingantaccen horo na musamman da takamaiman. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan fasahohin sun zama masu sarƙaƙƙiya har dukan fannoni sun haɓaka don tallafa musu, ciki har da aikin injiniya, likitanci, da kimiyyar kwamfuta; da sauran fannonin sun zama masu sarkakiya, kamar gini, sufuri, da gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goldin |first1=C. |author1-link=Claudia Goldin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC |title=The Race between Education and Technology |last2=Katz |first2=L. F. |author2-link=Lawrence F. Katz |year=2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674037731 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tasiri == Canjin fasaha shi ne babban dalilin ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solow |first=Robert M. |date=1957 |title=Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047 |journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=312–320 |doi=10.2307/1926047 |jstor=1926047 |issn=0034-6535 |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115022751/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bresnahan |first1=Timothy F. |last2=Trajtenberg |first2=M. |date=1 January 1995 |title=General purpose technologies 'Engines of growth'? |journal=Journal of Econometrics |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T |issn=0304-4076|doi-access=free }}</ref> A cikin tarihin dan Adam, samar da makamashi shine babban abin da ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, kuma sabbin fasahohin na baiwa dan Adam damar kara yawan kuzarin da ake samu. Wuta ta farko ta zo, wanda ya sanya abincin da ake ci ya zama nau'in abinci iri-iri, kuma ya sa ya rage buƙatar jiki don narkewa. Wuta kuma tana ba da damar narkewa, da yin amfani da daskararru, da tagulla, da ƙarfe, da ake amfani da su don farauta ko sana'a. Daga nan sai juyin juya halin noma ya zo: mutane ba sa bukatar farauta ko taro don su rayu, suka fara zama a garuruwa da birane, suna kafa al'ummomi masu sarkakiya, masu sojoji da tsarin addini.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Wrigley |first=E. A |date=13 March 2013 |title=Energy and the English Industrial Revolution |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1986 |page=20110568 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|pmid=23359739 |bibcode=2013RSPTA.37110568W |s2cid=10624423 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Shekarun baya-bayan nan dai sun haifar da daukakar al'adu a kafafen sada zumunta, tare da yin illa ga dimokuradiyya, da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tun da farko, ana kallon intanet a matsayin "fasaha na 'yantar da jama'a" wanda zai kawo dimokuradiyyar ilimi, inganta damar samun ilimi, da inganta dimokuradiyya. Bincike na zamani ya juya don bincikar abubuwan da ke cikin intanet, ciki har da rashin fahimta, rashin fahimta, maganganun ƙiyayya, da farfaganda.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117 |title=Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1108835558 |editor-last=Persily |editor-first=Nathaniel |series=SSRC Anxieties of Democracy |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781108890960 |hdl=11245.1/cf2f5b6a-8dc8-4400-bc38-3317b0164499 |s2cid=243715477 |editor-last2=Tucker |editor-first2=Joshua A. |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019091703/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1970, ana sukar tasirin fasaha a kan muhalli, wanda ya haifar da karuwar saka hannun jari a cikin hasken rana, iska, da sauran nau'ikan makamashi mai tsafta. === Zamantakewa === ==== Ayyuka ==== Tun da aka kirkiri dabaran, fasahohin na taimakawa wajen habaka tattalin arzikin dan Adam. Kayan aiki da ya gabata yana da madaidaicin aiki da madaidaitan aiki; injina sun maye gurbin mutane a wasu ayyuka masu rahusa (misali a aikin gona), amma an biya wannan diyya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Autor|first=D. H.|year=2015|title=Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=29|number=3|pages=3–30|doi=10.1257/jep.29.3.3 |url=https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901060615/http://economics.mit.edu/files/11563 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/109476|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa kwamfutoci ba su haifar da rashin aikin yi na fasaha ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bessen |first=J. E. |date=3 October 2016 |title=How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, Jobs, and Skills |journal=Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law EJournal. |volume=15{{hyphen}}49 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2690435 |ssrn=2690435 |s2cid=29968989 |url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/813 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310050823/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/813/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Saboda hankali na wucin gadi ya fi kwamfutoci iya nisa, kuma har yanzu yana kan ƙuruciyarsa, ba a san ko zai bi irin wannan yanayin ba; An yi ta muhawara mai tsawo a kan wannan tambaya a tsakanin masana tattalin arziki da masu tsara manufofi. Wani bincike na 2017 ya gano babu wata cikakkiyar yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tattalin arziki kan ko AI zai kara yawan rashin aikin yi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Robots and Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/ |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=igmchicago.org |publisher=[[Initiative on Global Markets]] |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171212/https://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dangane da "Rahoton Ayyuka na Makomar 2020" na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya, AI ana hasashen zai maye gurbin ayyuka miliyan 85 a duk duniya, kuma zai haifar da sabbin ayyuka miliyan 97 nan da 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2020 |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=www3.weforum.org |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115173909/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robots and AI Taking Over Jobs: What to Know {{!}} Built In |url=https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-replacing-jobs-creating-jobs |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=builtin.com |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171804/https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-replacing-jobs-creating-jobs |url-status=live }}</ref> Daga 1990 zuwa 2007, wani bincike a Amurka na masanin tattalin arziki na MIT Daron Acemoglu ya nuna cewa ƙari na mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya ga kowane ma'aikata 1,000 ya rage yawan aiki zuwa yawan jama'a da kashi 0.2%, ko kusan ma'aikata 3.3, kuma an rage albashi da kashi 0.42%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many jobs do robots really replace? |url=https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171803/https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Restrepo |first2=Pascual |date=1 June 2020 |title=Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=128 |issue=6 |pages=2188–2244 |doi=10.1086/705716 |hdl=1721.1/130324 |s2cid=7468879 |issn=0022-3808 |hdl-access=free |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171811/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716 |url-status=live }}</ref> Damuwa game da fasahar maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam duk da haka yana daɗe. Kamar yadda shugaban Amurka Lyndon Johnson ya ce a cikin 1964, "Fasaha na samar da sabbin damammaki da sabbin wajibai a gare mu, dama don samun yawan aiki da ci gaba; wajibi ne a tabbatar da cewa babu ma'aikaci, babu iyali da za su biya farashi na rashin adalci don ci gaba." a kan sanya hannu kan dokar Hukumar kan Fasaha, Automation, da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress. {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-creating-the-national-commission-technology-automation-and |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174700/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-creating-the-national-commission-technology-automation-and |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1966 |title=Technology and the American Economy |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED023803.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=files.eric.ed.gov |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174655/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED023803.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=If Robots Take Our Jobs, Will They Make It Up to Us? |url=https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/if-robots-take-our-jobs-will-they-make-it-us |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=The University of Chicago Booth School of Business |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325132904/https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/if-robots-take-our-jobs-will-they-make-it-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GovInfo |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-78/STATUTE-78-Pg462 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.govinfo.gov n |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174655/https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-78/STATUTE-78-Pg462 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1963 |title=H.R.11611 – An Act to establish a National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/house-bill/11611/text |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.congress.gov |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116180845/https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/house-bill/11611/text |url-status=live }}</ref> === Tsaro === Tare da karuwar dogaro da fasaha, an sami tsaro da damuwa na sirri tare da ita. Biliyoyin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi daban-daban na kan layi, kamar WeChat Pay, PayPal, Alipay, da ƙari mai yawa don taimakawa canja wurin kuɗi. Ko da yake an sanya matakan tsaro, wasu masu laifi suna iya ƙetare su.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Elizabeth |author1-link=Elizabeth Rosenberg |last2=Harrell |first2=Peter E. |last3=Shiffman |first3=Gary M. |last4=Dorshimer |first4=Sam |date=2019 |title=Financial Technology and National Security |publisher=Center for a New American Security |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404 |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119140345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404 |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Maris na 2022, Koriya ta Arewa ta yi amfani da Blender.io, wani mahaɗa wanda ya taimaka musu wajen ɓoye musayar cryptocurrency ɗin su, don wawatar da sama da dala miliyan 20.5 na cryptocurrency, daga Axie Infinity, tare da sace sama da dala miliyan 600 na cryptocurrency daga mai wasan. Saboda haka, Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta Amurka ta sanya takunkumi ga Blender.io, wanda ya zama karo na farko da ta dauki mataki kan na'urar hadawa, don kokarin murkushe masu satar bayanan Koriya ta Arewa.[79][80] An yi muhawara akan sirrin cryptocurrency. Ko da yake yawancin abokan ciniki suna son sirrin cryptocurrency, da yawa kuma suna jayayya cewa yana buƙatar ƙarin nuna gaskiya da kwanciyar hankali.[78] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Fasaha| ]] srvcmuu3l2yp0citynkj8pilix7o7qm 914926 914920 2026-09-02T15:46:37Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tsaro */ 914926 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Fasaha''' Wannan kalmar tana nufin kirkirar wani abu sabo da aka samo daga [[kimiyya]] ko kuma ingata shi daga yada yake zuwa ga wani abu da za'a iya amfani da shi ta hanyoyi da dama, kamar su mota, wayar tarho, jirgi da dai sauransu.<ref>{{cite book |last=Skolnikoff |first=Eugene B. |year=1993 |title=The Elusive Transformation: Science, Technology, and the Evolution of International Politics |url=https://archive.org/details/elusivetransform0000skol |chapter=The Setting |page=[https://archive.org/details/elusivetransform0000skol/page/13 13] |publisher=[[Princeton University Press]] |isbn=0-691-08631-1 |jstor=j.ctt7rpm1 |quote=I find the most useful conceptual definition for this study to be that given by Harvey Brooks, who has defined technology{{nbsp}}...as 'knowledge of how to fulfill certain human purposes in a specifiable and reproducible way.'}}</ref><ref>'''Technology'''. (2025, June 11). In ''Encyclopaedia Britannica''. Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/technology/technology</ref><ref>https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/technology</ref> Wannan hanya tana taimakon Injiniyoyi (masu 'kere-'kere) wajen tabbatarda sun maida [[Rayuwa ta mutum|rayuwa]] ta zama cikin sauki ga [[Dan Adam]].<ref>{{harvnb|Salomon|1984|pages=117–118}}: "The first pole, that of the naturalisation of a new discipline within the university curriculum, was presented by Christian Wolff in 1728, in Chapter III of the "Preliminary discourse" to his ''{{lang|la|Philosophia rationalisis sive Logica}}'': 'Technology is the science of skills and works of skill, or, if one prefers, the science of things made by man's labour, chiefly through the use of his hands.'"</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Mitcham |first=Carl |author-link=Carl Mitcham |year=1994 |title=Thinking Through Technology: The Path Between Engineering and Philosophy |url=https://archive.org/details/thinkingthrought0000mitc_c3c2 |publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]] |isbn=0-226-53196-1}}</ref><ref>UNESCO. (2022). ''Engineering for sustainable development: Delivering on the sustainable development goals''. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. https://www.unesco.org/en/engineering-sustainable-development</ref> Ci gaban fasaha ya haifar da gagarumin canje-canje a cikin al'umma. Fasaha ta farko da aka sani ita ce kayan aikin dutse, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin prehistory, sannan kuma sarrafa wuta - wanda hakan ya ba da gudummawa ga haɓakar kwakwalwar ɗan adam da haɓaka harshe a lokacin Ice Age, bisa ga hasashen dafa abinci. Ƙirƙirar dabaran a [[Zamanin Tagulla|zamanin]] Bronze Age ya ba da damar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da ƙirƙirar injuna masu rikitarwa. Ƙirƙirar fasaha na baya-bayan nan, da suka haɗa da na'urar bugawa, tarho, da Intanet, sun rage shinge ga sadarwa tare da shigar da tattalin arzikin ilimi.<ref>https://humanorigins.si.edu/evidence/behavior/stone-tools</ref><ref>https://courses.lumenlearning.com/worldhistory/chapter/2d-first-technologies-fire-and-tools/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/potterwheel2.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2025-06-20 |archive-date=2024-05-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527154306/https://www.smith.edu/hsc/museum/ancient_inventions/potterwheel2.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yayin da fasaha ke ba da gudummawa ga ci gaban [[tattalin arziki]] da haɓaka wadatar ɗan adam, kuma tana iya yin mummunan tasiri kamar gurɓata yanayi da raguwar albarkatu kasa, kuma yana iya haifar da lahani ga zamantakewa kamar rashin aikin fasaha na fasaha da ke haifar da sarrafa kansa. Sakamakon haka, muhawara ta falsafa da siyasa game da rawar da fasaha da amfani da fasaha, da ka'idojin fasaha, da kuma hanyoyin da za a bi don rage lalacewarta suna ci gaba da gudana.<ref>https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000379365</ref><ref>Hughes, T. P. (2004). ''Human-built world: How to think about technology and culture''. University of Chicago Press. <nowiki>https://press.uchicago.edu/ucp/books/book/chicago/H/bo3611341.html</nowiki></ref> == Ilimin halin dan Adam == Fasaha kalma ce da ta samo asali tun farkon karni na 17 wanda ke nufin 'maganin tsarin' (daga Girkanci Τεχνολογία, daga Girkanci: τέχνη, romanized: tékhnē, lit. 'craft, art' da -λογί), α (study, ilmin).<ref name="Liddell 1980">{{cite book |last1=Liddell |first1=Henry George |author1-link=Henry Liddell |last2=Scott |first2=Robert |author2-link=Robert Scott (philologist) |title=Greek-English Lexicon |title-link=Greek-English Lexicon |edition=Abridged |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |year=1996 |orig-date=1891 |isbn=0-19-910205-8 |oclc=38307662}}</ref>''<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=technology |encyclopedia=The Oxford English Dictionary |editor1-last=Simpson |editor1-first=J. |editor2-last=Weiner |editor2-first=Edmund |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1989 |isbn=978-0198611868}}</ref> An riga an riga an yi amfani da shi da kalmar Helenanci na Tsohuwar τέχνη (tékhnē), ana amfani da ita don nufin 'sanin yadda ake yin abubuwa', wanda ya ƙunshi ayyuka kamar gine-gine.<ref>{{cite book |author=Aristotle |author-link=Aristotle |editor-last=Brown |editor-first=Lesley |translator-last=Ross |translator-first=David |year=2009 |title=The Nicomachean Ethics |page=105 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |isbn=978-0-19-921361-0 |lccn=2009005379 |oclc=246896490 |series=Oxford World's Classics}}</ref> Tun daga karni na 19, Turawa na Nahiyar suka fara amfani da kalmomin Technik (Jamus) ko fasaha (Faransanci) don nufin 'hanyar yin aiki', wanda ya haɗa da duk fasahar fasaha, kamar rawa, kewayawa, ko bugu, ko suna buƙatar kayan aiki ko kayan aiki.{{Sfn|Salomon|1984|pages=114–115}} A lokacin, Technologie (Jamus da Faransanci) suna magana ko dai ga ilimin ilimi da ke nazarin "hanyoyin fasaha da fasaha", ko kuma ga tsarin siyasa "da nufin yin doka a kan ayyukan fasaha da fasaha."{{Sfn|Salomon|1984|page=117}} Kalmar a baya ba a saba da ita ba a cikin Ingilishi kuma galibi ana magana da ita ga horon ilimi, kamar yadda yake a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts.<ref name=jstor40061169>{{Cite journal |last=Schatzberg |first=Eric |year=2006 |title="Technik" Comes to America: Changing Meanings of "Technology" before 1930 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169 |journal=Technology and Culture |volume=47 |issue=3 |pages=486–512 |doi=10.1353/tech.2006.0201 |jstor=40061169 |s2cid=143784033 |issn=0040-165X |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910165857/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40061169 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> A cikin karni na 20, sakamakon ci gaban kimiyya da juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu, fasahar ta daina daukar ta a matsayin wani nau'in horo na ilimi kuma ta dauki ma'ana: tsarin amfani da ilimi zuwa karshen aiki.<ref>{{harvnb|Salomon|1984|page=119}}: "With the industrial revolution and the important part England played in it, the word technology was to lose this meaning as the subject or thrust of a branch of education, as first in English and then in other languages it embodied all technical activity based on the application of science to practical ends."</ref> == Tarihi == === Tarihin-tarihi === [[File:Faustkeil Nachbau, 2020 PD a-7.jpg|thumb|Mutum yana rike da gatari|alt=refer to caption]] Hominids ne suka fara haɓaka kayan aikin ta hanyar dubawa da gwaji da kuskure.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schiffer |first=M. B. |title=The Archaeology of Science |chapter=Discovery Processes: Trial Models |year=2013 |chapter-url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |series=Manuals in Archaeological Method, Theory and Technique |volume=9 |pages=185–198 |place=Heidelberg |publisher=Springer International Publishing |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |isbn=978-3319000770 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184259/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-00077-0_13 |url-status=live }}</ref> A kusa da 2 Mya (shekaru miliyan da suka wuce), sun koyi yin kayan aikin dutse na farko ta hanyar hange flakes daga dutsen dutse, suna kafa gatari mai kaifi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |author=The British Museum |title=Our earliest technology? |url=https://smarthistory.org/our-earliest-technology/#:~:text=Made%20nearly%20two%20million%20years,deposits%20in%20Olduvai%20Gorge,%20Tanzania. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220902015829/https://smarthistory.org/our-earliest-technology/#:~:text=Made%20nearly%20two%20million%20years,deposits%20in%20Olduvai%20Gorge,%20Tanzania. |archive-date=2 September 2022 |access-date=2 September 2022 |website=smarthistory.org}}</ref> An gyara wannan aikin 75 kya (shekaru dubu da suka wuce) zuwa matsi, yana ba da damar aiki mafi kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Minogue |first=K. |date=28 October 2010 |title=Stone Age Toolmakers Surprisingly Sophisticated |url=https://www.science.org/content/article/stone-age-toolmakers-surprisingly-sophisticated |url-status=live |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=science.org |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910174555/https://www.science.org/content/article/stone-age-toolmakers-surprisingly-sophisticated }}</ref> [[Charles Darwin]] ya bayyana gano wuta a matsayin "watakila mafi girma da mutum ya taba yi".<ref>{{cite book | last=Crump | first=Thomas | title=A Brief History of Science | year=2001 | publisher=[[Constable & Robinson]] | isbn=978-1841192352 | page=9}}</ref> Shaidar [[Archaeology na Lejja|archaeological]], abinci, da zamantakewa suna nuna "ci gaba da amfani da wuta [mutane]" aƙalla 1.5 Mya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Gowlett |first1=J. A. J. |last2=Wrangham |first2=R. W. |date=1 March 2013 |title=Earliest fire in Africa: towards the convergence of archaeological evidence and the cooking hypothesis |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |journal=Azania: Archaeological Research in Africa |volume=48 |issue=1 |pages=5–30 |doi=10.1080/0067270X.2012.756754 |s2cid=163033909 |issn=0067-270X|url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wuta, da itace da gawayi ke hura wuta, ta baiwa ɗan adam na farko damar dafa abincinsu don ƙara narkewa, inganta darajar sinadarai da faɗaɗa yawan abincin da za a iya ci.<ref>{{cite journal | last=Stahl | first= Ann B. | author-link= Ann B. Stahl | year=1984 | title=Hominid dietary selection before fire | url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1984-04_25_2/page/151 | journal=[[Current Anthropology]] | volume=25 | pages= 151–68 | doi=10.1086/203106 | issue=2 | jstor=2742818| s2cid= 84337150 }}</ref> Hasashen dafa abinci yana ba da shawarar cewa ikon dafa abinci yana haɓaka haɓakar girman kwakwalwar hominid, kodayake wasu masu bincike suna ganin shaidar ba ta cika ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wrangham |first=R. |date=1 August 2017 |title=Control of Fire in the Paleolithic: Evaluating the Cooking Hypothesis |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113 |journal=Current Anthropology |volume=58 |issue=S16 |pages=S303–S313 |doi=10.1086/692113 |s2cid=148798286 |issn=0011-3204 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910190830/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/692113 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> An yi kwanan wata shaidar archaeological na [[murhu]] zuwa kya 790; masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa wannan yana yiwuwa ya ƙarfafa zamantakewar ɗan adam kuma yana iya taimakawa wajen bayyanar harshe.<ref name=worldcat1124046527>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527 |title=Lucy to Language: the Benchmark Papers |year=2014 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0199652594 |editor-last=Dunbar |editor-first=R. I. M. |oclc=1124046527 |editor-last2=Gamble |editor-first2=C. |editor-last3=Gowlett |editor-first3=J. A. J. |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=14 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814044201/http://worldcat.org/oclc/1124046527 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name=20030715nytimes-science>{{Cite news |last=Wade |first=Nicholas |date=15 July 2003 |title=Early Voices: The Leap to Language |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html |url-status=live |access-date=7 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312091336/http://www.nytimes.com/2003/07/15/science/early-voices-the-leap-to-language.html |archive-date=12 March 2017 }}</ref> Sauran ci gaban fasaha da aka samu a zamanin Paleolithic sun haɗa da tufafi da matsuguni.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Shaar |first1=Ron |last2=Matmon |first2=Ari |last3=Horwitz |first3=Liora K. |last4=Ebert |first4=Yael |last5=Chazan |first5=Michael |last6=Arnold |first6=M. |last7=Aumaître |first7=G. |last8=Bourlès |first8=D. |last9=Keddadouche |first9=K. |date=1 May 2021 |title=Magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic dating of Wonderwerk Cave: New constraints for the chronology of the South African Earlier Stone Age |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141 |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=259 |page=106907 |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2021.106907 |bibcode=2021QSRv..25906907S |s2cid=234833092 |issn=0277-3791 |archive-date=16 January 2024 |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240116020317/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379121001141 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Babu yarjejeniya kan kusan lokacin da aka fara amfani da ko wace fasaha, amma masana ilimin kimiya na kayan tarihi sun sami shaidar archaeological na tufafi 90-120 kya<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hallett |first1=Emily Y. |last2=Marean |first2=Curtis W. |last3=Steele |first3=Teresa E. |last4=Álvarez-Fernández |first4=Esteban |last5=Jacobs |first5=Zenobia |author5-link=Zenobia Jacobs |last6=Cerasoni |first6=Jacopo Niccolò |last7=Aldeias |first7=Vera |last8=Scerri |first8=Eleanor M. L. |last9=Olszewski |first9=Deborah I. |last10=Hajraoui |first10=Mohamed Abdeljalil El |last11=Dibble |first11=Harold L. |date=24 September 2021 |title=A worked bone assemblage from 120,000–90,000 year old deposits at Contrebandiers Cave, Atlantic Coast, Morocco |journal=iScience |volume=24 |issue=9 |page=102988 |doi=10.1016/j.isci.2021.102988 |issn=2589-0042 |pmc=8478944 |pmid=34622180|bibcode=2021iSci...24j2988H }}</ref> da matsuguni 450 kya.<ref>{{cite web |author=O'Neil, Dennis |title=Evolution of Modern Humans: Archaic Homo sapiens Culture |url=http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404130017/http://anthro.palomar.edu/homo2/mod_homo_3.htm |archive-date=4 April 2007 |access-date=31 March 2007 |publisher=[[Palomar College]] }}</ref> Yayin da zamanin Paleolithic ya ci gaba, gidaje sun zama nagartattun abubuwa kuma sun fi dacewa; a farkon kya 380, mutane suna gina bukkokin itace na wucin gadi.<ref>{{cite book |last=Villa |first=Paola |title=Terra Amata and the Middle Pleistocene archaeological record of southern France |url=https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill |publisher=[[University of California Press]] |year=1983 |isbn=978-0520096622 |location=[[Berkeley, California|Berkeley]] |page=[https://archive.org/details/terraamatamiddle0013vill/page/303 303]}}</ref> Tufafi, wanda aka daidaita daga Jawo da ɓoye na dabbobin da aka farauta, sun taimaka wa ɗan adam faɗaɗa cikin yankuna masu sanyi; mutane sun fara ƙaura daga Afirka kusan kya 200, da farko suna ƙaura zuwa Eurasia.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Cordaux |first=Richard |author2=Stoneking, Mark |year=2003 |title=South Asia, the Andamanese, and the Genetic Evidence for an 'Early' Human Dispersal out of Africa |url=http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf |url-status=live |journal=[[American Journal of Human Genetics]] |volume=72 |issue=6 |pages=1586–1590; author reply 1590–93 |doi=10.1086/375407 |pmc=1180321 |pmid=12817589 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091001022940/http://site.voila.fr/rcordaux/pdfs/04.pdf |archive-date=1 October 2009 |access-date=22 May 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title='Oldest remains' outside Africa reset human migration clock |url=https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |access-date=10 September 2022 |website=phys.org |archive-date=11 July 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190711124429/https://phys.org/news/2019-07-oldest-africa-reset-human-migration.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1=Harvati | first1=Katerina | author-link=Katerina Harvati | last2=Röding | first2=Carolin | last3=Bosman | first3=Abel M. | last4=Karakostis | first4=Fotios A. | last5=Grün | first5=Rainer | last6=Stringer | first6=Chris | last7=Karkanas | first7=Panagiotis | last8=Thompson | first8=Nicholas C. | last9=Koutoulidis | first9=Vassilis | last10=Moulopoulos | first10=Lia A. | last11=Gorgoulis | first11=Vassilis G. | last12=Kouloukoussa | first12=Mirsini | title=Apidima Cave fossils provide earliest evidence of Homo sapiens in Eurasia | journal=Nature | publisher=Springer Science and Business Media LLC | volume=571 | issue=7766 | year=2019 | issn=0028-0836 | doi=10.1038/s41586-019-1376-z | pages=500–504 | pmid=31292546 | hdl=10072/397334 | s2cid=195873640 | url=https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 | access-date=17 September 2022 | archive-date=1 August 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220801132212/https://zenodo.org/record/6646855 | url-status=live }}</ref> === Neolithic === [[File:Néolithique 0001.jpg|thumb|Tsari na kayan tarihi na Neolithic, gami da mundaye, kawunan gatari, chisels, da kayan aikin goge baki|alt=Photo of Neolithic tools on display]] Juyin Juyin Halitta na Neolithic (ko juyin juya halin noma na farko) ya haifar da haɓaka sabbin fasahohi, da haɓakar rikice-rikicen zamantakewa.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3 |title=Life in Neolithic Farming Communities: Social Organization, Identity, and Differentiation |publisher=Springer New York |year=2002 |isbn=9780306471667 |editor-last=Kuijt |editor-first=i. |series=Fundamental Issues in Archaeology |access-date=13 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184244/https://books.google.com/books?id=2D8OBwAAQBAJ&dq=neolithic+revolution+social+organization&pg=PA3 |url-status=live }}</ref> Ƙirƙirar gatari dutsen da aka goge wani babban ci gaba ne wanda ya ba da damar share gandun daji da kuma noma.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coghlan |first=H. H. |date=1943 |title=The Evolution of the Axe from Prehistoric to Roman Times |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356 |journal=The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland |volume=73 |issue=1/2 |pages=27–56 |doi=10.2307/2844356 |jstor=2844356 |issn=0307-3114 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=26 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220926011626/https://www.jstor.org/stable/2844356 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Wannan amfani da gatura mai gogewa ya ƙaru sosai a cikin Neolithic amma an fara amfani da shi a cikin Mesolithic da ya gabata a wasu yankuna kamar Ireland.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Driscoll|first1=Killian|title=The early prehistory in the west of Ireland: Investigations into the social archaeology of the Mesolithic, west of the Shannon, Ireland|date=2006|url=http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|access-date=11 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904110326/http://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_2.html|archive-date=4 September 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Noma ya ciyar da yawan jama'a, kuma sauye-sauye zuwa zaman lafiya ya ba da damar haɓaka yawan yara a lokaci guda, saboda jarirai ba sa buƙatar makiyaya su zagaya da su. Bugu da ƙari, yara za su iya ba da gudummawar aiki don kiwon amfanin gona cikin sauri fiye da yadda za su iya shiga ayyukan mafarauta.<ref name=20060104sciencedaily>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm|title=The First Baby Boom: Skeletal Evidence Shows Abrupt Worldwide Increase In Birth Rate During Neolithic Period|last=University of Chicago Press Journals|date=4 January 2006|work=ScienceDaily|access-date=7 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161108133752/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2006/01/060103114116.htm|archive-date=8 November 2016|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|title=Child Transport, Family Size, and Increase in Human Population During the Neolithic|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_current-anthropology_1972-04_13_2/page/258|journal=[[Current Anthropology]]|author=Sussman, Robert W. |author2=Hall, Roberta L. |volume=13|issue=2| pages=258–267|date=April 1972|doi=10.1086/201274 |jstor=2740977|s2cid=143449170}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar rubuce-rubuce ta haifar da yaduwar ilimin al'adu kuma ya zama tushen tarihi, dakunan karatu, makarantu, da binciken kimiyya.<ref>{{cite book |last=Goody |first=J. |date=1986 |title=The Logic of Writing and the Organization of Society |url=https://archive.org/details/logicofwritingor0000good |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]}}</ref> === Tsohuwar tarihi === [[File:Wheel Iran.jpg|thumb|upright|The wheel was invented {{Circa|4,000 BCE}}.|alt=Photo of an early wooden wheel]] [[File:Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered).jpg|thumb|upright|Ljubljana Marshes Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered as of 2024)|alt=Photo of Wooden Wheel with axle (oldest wooden wheel yet discovered)]] Bayan yin amfani da wuta, mutane sun gano wasu nau'ika na makamashi. Sanin farko na amfani da wutar lantarki shine jirgin ruwa mai tafiya; tarihin farko na jirgin ruwa da ke karkashin ruwa shi ne na jirgin ruwan Nilu da ya yi kusan shekara 7,000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite journal|author1-first=Donatella |author1-last=Usai | author2-first=Sandro |author2-last=Salvatori |title=The oldest representation of a Nile boat|journal=Antiquity|volume=81}}</ref> Tun kafin tarihi, mai yiyuwa ne Masarawa sun yi amfani da ƙarfin ambaliyar kogin Nilu na shekara-shekara don shayar da ƙasarsu, a hankali suna koyon yadda za su daidaita yawancin ta ta hanyoyin ban ruwa da aka gina da gangan da kuma tasoshin "kama".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Postel |first=Sandra |author-link=Sandra Postel |url=http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html |title=Pillar of Sand: Can the Irrigation Miracle Last? |date=1999 |publisher=W.W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0393319378 |chapter=Egypt's Nile Valley Basin Irrigation |access-date=25 September 2022 |archive-date=19 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119022630/http://www.waterhistory.org/histories/nile/t1.html |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsoffin Sumeriyawa a Mesofotamiya sun yi amfani da tsarin magudanar ruwa da lefi don karkatar da ruwa daga kogin Tigris da Furat don ban ruwa.<ref>{{cite book|last=Crawford|first=Harriet|author-link=Harriet Crawford|date=2013|title=The Sumerian World|location=New York & London|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0203096604|pages=34–43|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=5 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201205005423/https://books.google.com/books?id=qSOYAAAAQBAJ&q=Sumerian+irrigation&pg=PA35|url-status=live}}</ref> Masu binciken archaeologists sun ƙiyasta cewa an ƙirƙira motar ne da kanta kuma a lokaci guda a Mesopotamiya (a Iraki ta yau), Arewacin Caucasus (al'adun Maykop), da tsakiyar Turai.<ref>{{Cite book|title=A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East|last=Potts|first=D.T.|year=2012|page=285}}</ref> Ƙididdigar lokaci ya kasance daga 5,500 zuwa 3,000 KZ tare da yawancin masana sun sanya shi kusa da 4,000 KZ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=New Light on the Most Ancient East|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014|last=Childe|first=V. Gordon|year=1928|page=[https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.215014/page/n129 110]}}</ref> Tsofaffin kayan tarihi tare da zane-zane da ke nuna katuna masu ƙafafu sun kasance tun daga kusan 3,500 KZ.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Horse, the Wheel, and Language: How Bronze-Age Riders from the Eurasian Steppes Shaped the Modern World|url=https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth|last=Anthony|first=David A.|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2007|isbn=978-0691058870|location=Princeton|page=[https://archive.org/details/horsewheellangua0000anth/page/67 67]}}</ref> Kwanan nan, mafi dadewa da aka sani da dabaran katako a duniya kamar na 2024 an samo shi a cikin Ljubljana Marsh na Slovenia; Masanan Austriya sun tabbatar da cewa motar tana tsakanin shekaru 5,100 zuwa 5,350.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/|title=World's Oldest Wheel Found in Slovenia|last=Gasser|first=Aleksander|date=March 2003|publisher=Republic of Slovenia Government Communication Office|access-date=8 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826021129/http://www.ukom.gov.si/en/media_room/background_information/culture/worlds_oldest_wheel_found_in_slovenia/|archive-date=26 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ƙirƙirar dabarar ta kawo sauyi ga kasuwanci da yaƙi. Ba a dauki lokaci mai tsawo ana gano cewa ana iya amfani da keken keke don ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi ba. Sumariyawa na dā sun yi amfani da dabaran tukwane kuma wataƙila sun ƙirƙira shi.<ref name="Kramer1963">{{cite book|last=Kramer|first=Samuel Noah|year=1971|orig-date=1963|title=The Sumerians: Their History, Culture, and Character|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|publisher=University of Chicago Press|location=Chicago|isbn=978-0226452388|page=290|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808201642/http://books.google.com/books/about/The_Sumerians.html?id=IuxIdug8DBUC|archive-date=8 August 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> Wata dabarar tukwane da aka samu a cikin birnin-Ur ta kasance a kusan shekara ta 3,429 K.Z., <ref name="Moorey1994">{{cite book|last=Moorey|first=Peter Roger Stuart|date=1999|orig-year=1994|title=Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=P_Ixuott4doC|location=Winona Lake, Indiana|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-1575060422|page=146|access-date=26 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171017215042/https://books.google.com/books/about/Ancient_Mesopotamian_Materials_and_Indus.html?id=P_Ixuott4doC|archive-date=17 October 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> kuma har ma da tsofaffin gutsutsutsun tukwane da aka jefa a cikin wannan yanki. Motocin tukwane masu sauri (rotary) sun ba da damar samar da tukwane da wuri, amma yin amfani da dabaran a matsayin mai canza makamashi (ta hanyar ƙafafun ruwa, injin niƙa, har ma da tukwane) ya kawo sauyi ga amfani da tushen wutar lantarki da ba na ɗan adam ba. Katunan farko masu kafa biyu an samo su ne daga travois kuma an fara amfani da su a Mesofotamiya da Iran a kusan 3,000 KZ.<ref name="Lay1992">{{cite book|last=Lay|first=M G |title=Ways of the World|publisher=Primavera Press|year=1992|location=Sydney|page=28|isbn=978-1875368051}}</ref> Sanannun titunan da aka gina su ne titin da aka yi da dutse na birnin-jihar Ur, tun daga c. 4,000 KZ, da hanyoyin katako da ke bi ta cikin gulmar Glastonbury, Ingila, suna kusan lokaci guda. Hanya ta farko mai nisa, wadda aka fara amfani da ita a wajen shekara ta 3,500 KZ, ta yi tafiyar kilomita 2,400 daga Tekun Fasha zuwa Tekun Bahar Rum, amma ba a yi shimfida ba kuma ba a kula da shi ba. A kusan 2,000 KZ, Minoans a tsibirin Girka na Crete sun gina hanya mai nisan kilomita 50 daga fadar Gortyn da ke kudancin tsibirin, ta cikin tsaunuka, zuwa fadar Knossos a gefen arewacin tsibirin. Ba kamar hanyar da ta gabata ba, titin Minoan ya kasance cikakke.<ref name="Gregersen2012">{{cite book|last1=Gregersen|first1=Erik|title=The Complete History of Wheeled Transportation: From Cars and Trucks to Buses and Bikes|date=2012|publisher=Britannica Educational Publishing|location=New York |isbn=978-1615307012|page=130|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145500/https://books.google.com/books?id=ldSbAAAAQBAJ&q=paved+road+in+Ur&pg=PA130|url-status=live}}</ref>[[File:Pont du Gard BLS.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Hotunan Pont du Gard a Faransa, ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun magudanan ruwa na Romawa|alt=refer to caption]] Gidajen Minoan na dā suna da ruwan sha.<ref name="Eslamian2014">{{cite book|last1=Eslamian|first1=Saeid|title=Handbook of Engineering Hydrology: Environmental Hydrology and Water Management|date=2014|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida|isbn=978-1466552500|pages=171–175|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=10 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201210095408/https://books.google.com/books?id=USXcBQAAQBAJ&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA174|url-status=live}}</ref> An gano wani wankan wanka da yayi kama da na zamani a fadar Knossos.<ref name="Lechner2012">{{cite book|last1=Lechner|first1=Norbert|title=Plumbing, Electricity, Acoustics: Sustainable Design Methods for Architecture|date=2012|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Inc.|location=Hoboken, NJ|isbn=978-1118014752|page=106|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|access-date=12 November 2020|archive-date=31 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210331145421/https://books.google.com/books?id=0loW1G-Q5f4C&q=Minoan+flush+toilet&pg=PA106|url-status=live}}</ref> Wasu gidaje masu zaman kansu na Minoan kuma suna da bandakuna, waɗanda za a iya zubar da su ta hanyar zubar da ruwa a cikin magudanar. Romawa na d ¯ a suna da ɗakunan banɗaki da yawa na jama'a, waɗanda suka fantsama cikin tsarin najasa mai yawa. Babban magudanar ruwa a Roma shine Cloaca Maxima; an fara gininsa a ƙarni na shida KZ kuma har yanzu ana amfani da shi a yau.<ref name="Gregersen2012" /> Dadaddiyar Romawa kuma suna da tsarin magudanan ruwa mai sarkakiya, da ake amfani da su wajen jigilar ruwa zuwa nesa mai nisa.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> An gina magudanar ruwa ta Roma ta farko a shekara ta 312 KZ. An gina tsohuwar magudanar ruwa ta Roma ta goma sha ɗaya kuma ta ƙarshe a shekara ta 226 CE. A hade, magudanan ruwa na Romawa sun kai kilomita 450, amma kasa da kilomita 70 na wannan yana sama da kasa kuma yana goyan bayansa.<ref name="Lechner2012" /> === Kafin zamani === Sabbin abubuwa sun ci gaba har zuwa tsakiyar zamanai tare da gabatar da samar da siliki (a Asiya da Turai daga baya), kwalawar doki, da takalman dawakai. An haɗa injuna masu sauƙi (kamar lever, screw, da puley) zuwa kayan aikin da suka fi rikitarwa, kamar keken keke, injin niƙa, da agogo.<ref>{{Cite book |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315588605 |title=Innovation and Creativity in Late Medieval and Early Modern European Cities |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge |doi=10.4324/9781315588605 |isbn=978-1317116530 |s2cid=148764971 |editor-last=Davids |editor-first=K. |editor-last2=De Munck |editor-first2=B. |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184255/https://www.taylorfrancis.com/books/mono/10.4324/9781315588605/innovation-creativity-late-medieval-early-modern-european-cities-karel-davids-bert-de-munck |url-status=live }}</ref> Tsarin jami'o'i ya haɓaka da yada ra'ayoyin kimiyya da ayyuka, gami da Oxford da Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite book |last= |first= |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HnQNVPbnrDgC |title=Universities and Schooling in Medieval Society |last2= |first2= |last3= |first3= |date=2000 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-9004113510 |editor-last=Courtenay |editor-first=W. J. |editor-last2=Miethke |editor-first2=J. |editor-last3=Priest |editor-first3=D. B. |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184252/https://books.google.com/books?id=HnQNVPbnrDgC |url-status=live }}</ref> Zamanin Renaissance ya samar da sabbin abubuwa da yawa, ciki har da gabatar da na'urar bugu mai motsi zuwa Turai, wanda ya sauƙaƙe sadarwar ilimi. Kimiyya ta ƙara yin tasiri ga fasaha, inda ta fara zagayowar ci gaban juna.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Deming |first=D. |url= |title=Science and Technology in World History, Volume 3: The Black Death, the Renaissance, the Reformation and the Scientific Revolution |year=2014 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0786490868}}</ref> === Na zamani === [[File:1885Benz.jpg|thumb|Motar, anan asalin Benz Patent-Motorwagen, ta kawo sauyi kan harkokin sufuri na mutum.]] Tun daga Burtaniya a karni na 18, gano wutar tururi ya haifar da juyin juya halin masana'antu, wanda ya ga fa'idodin fasaha da yawa, musamman a fannin noma, masana'antu, hakar ma'adinai, karafa, da sufuri, da kuma yadda ake amfani da tsarin masana'antu sosai.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stearns |first=P. N. |url=https://archive.org/details/industrialrevolu0000pete|title=The Industrial Revolution in World History |publisher=Routledge |year=2020 |isbn=978-0813347295 }}</ref> Wannan ya biyo bayan karni guda bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu na biyu wanda ya haifar da saurin gano kimiyya, daidaitawa, da samarwa da yawa. An kirkiro sabbin fasahohi, da suka hada da na'urorin tsabtace ruwa, wutar lantarki, fitulun fitulu, injinan lantarki, titin jirgin kasa, motoci, da jiragen sama. Wadannan ci gaban fasaha sun haifar da gagarumin ci gaba a fannin likitanci, sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, da injiniyanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mokyr |first=J. |title=The Second Industrial Revolution, 1870–1914 |year=2000 |url=https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/castronovo.pdf |access-date=10 September 2022 |archive-date=10 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220910210450/https://faculty.wcas.northwestern.edu/jmokyr/castronovo.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Sun kasance tare da sauye-sauyen zamantakewa, tare da gabatar da manyan gine-gine tare da haɓaka birane cikin sauri.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Black |first=B. C. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ |title=To Have and Have Not: Energy in World History |year= 2022 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1538105047 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184800/https://books.google.com/books?id=NPJjEAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sadarwa ta inganta tare da ƙirƙirar telegraph, tarho, rediyo, da talabijin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Albion |first=Robert G. |date=1 January 1933 |title=The Communication Revolution, 1760–1933 |url=https://doi.org/10.1179/tns.1933.002 |journal=Transactions of the Newcomen Society |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.1179/tns.1933.002 |issn=0372-0187 |access-date=26 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184825/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1179/tns.1933.002 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Karni na 20 ya kawo sabbin abubuwa da yawa. A kimiyyar lissafi, gano fission na nukiliya a cikin Atomic Age ya haifar da makaman nukiliya da makaman nukiliya. An ƙirƙira kwamfutocin Analog kuma sun tabbatar da rinjaye wajen sarrafa hadaddun bayanai. Yayin da ƙirƙirar bututun injin ɗin ya ba da izinin yin lissafin dijital tare da kwamfutoci kamar ENIAC, girman girmansu ya hana yin amfani da shi sosai har sai sabbin abubuwa a cikin kimiyar lissafi sun ba da izinin ƙirƙirar transistor a 1947, wanda ya haɗa kwamfutoci sosai kuma ya jagoranci canjin dijital. Fasahar bayanai, musamman fiber na gani da na'urori masu amo, sun ba da izinin sadarwa mai sauƙi da sauri, wanda ya haifar da Zamanin Bayanai da Haihuwar Intanet.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Agar |first=J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC |title=Science in the 20th Century and Beyond |year=2012 |publisher=Polity |isbn=978-0745634692|access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=e2TrhBB_4fYC |url-status=live }}</ref> Ana buƙatar hadaddun masana'antu da fasahohin gini da ƙungiyoyi don ƙirƙira da kiyaye ƙarin fasahohin zamani, kuma masana'antu gabaɗaya sun taso don haɓaka ƙarni masu zuwa na kayan aikin da suka fi rikitarwa. Fasahar zamani tana ƙara dogaro da horo da ilimi - masu zanen su, magina, masu kula da su, da masu amfani da su galibi suna buƙatar ingantaccen horo na musamman da takamaiman. Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan fasahohin sun zama masu sarƙaƙƙiya har dukan fannoni sun haɓaka don tallafa musu, ciki har da aikin injiniya, likitanci, da kimiyyar kwamfuta; da sauran fannonin sun zama masu sarkakiya, kamar gini, sufuri, da gine-gine.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Goldin |first1=C. |author1-link=Claudia Goldin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC |title=The Race between Education and Technology |last2=Katz |first2=L. F. |author2-link=Lawrence F. Katz |year=2010 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0674037731 |access-date=11 September 2022 |archive-date=4 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221004184804/https://books.google.com/books?id=yGlCFqnakCoC |url-status=live }}</ref> == Tasiri == Canjin fasaha shi ne babban dalilin ci gaban tattalin arziki na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Solow |first=Robert M. |date=1957 |title=Technical Change and the Aggregate Production Function |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047 |journal=The Review of Economics and Statistics |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=312–320 |doi=10.2307/1926047 |jstor=1926047 |issn=0034-6535 |access-date=15 January 2023 |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115022751/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1926047 |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bresnahan |first1=Timothy F. |last2=Trajtenberg |first2=M. |date=1 January 1995 |title=General purpose technologies 'Engines of growth'? |journal=Journal of Econometrics |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=83–108 |doi=10.1016/0304-4076(94)01598-T |issn=0304-4076|doi-access=free }}</ref> A cikin tarihin dan Adam, samar da makamashi shine babban abin da ke hana ci gaban tattalin arziki, kuma sabbin fasahohin na baiwa dan Adam damar kara yawan kuzarin da ake samu. Wuta ta farko ta zo, wanda ya sanya abincin da ake ci ya zama nau'in abinci iri-iri, kuma ya sa ya rage buƙatar jiki don narkewa. Wuta kuma tana ba da damar narkewa, da yin amfani da daskararru, da tagulla, da ƙarfe, da ake amfani da su don farauta ko sana'a. Daga nan sai juyin juya halin noma ya zo: mutane ba sa bukatar farauta ko taro don su rayu, suka fara zama a garuruwa da birane, suna kafa al'ummomi masu sarkakiya, masu sojoji da tsarin addini.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal |last=Wrigley |first=E. A |date=13 March 2013 |title=Energy and the English Industrial Revolution |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=371 |issue=1986 |page=20110568 |doi=10.1098/rsta.2011.0568|pmid=23359739 |bibcode=2013RSPTA.37110568W |s2cid=10624423 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Shekarun baya-bayan nan dai sun haifar da daukakar al'adu a kafafen sada zumunta, tare da yin illa ga dimokuradiyya, da tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. Tun da farko, ana kallon intanet a matsayin "fasaha na 'yantar da jama'a" wanda zai kawo dimokuradiyyar ilimi, inganta damar samun ilimi, da inganta dimokuradiyya. Bincike na zamani ya juya don bincikar abubuwan da ke cikin intanet, ciki har da rashin fahimta, rashin fahimta, maganganun ƙiyayya, da farfaganda.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117 |title=Social Media and Democracy: The State of the Field, Prospects for Reform |date=2020 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1108835558 |editor-last=Persily |editor-first=Nathaniel |series=SSRC Anxieties of Democracy |location=Cambridge |doi=10.1017/9781108890960 |hdl=11245.1/cf2f5b6a-8dc8-4400-bc38-3317b0164499 |s2cid=243715477 |editor-last2=Tucker |editor-first2=Joshua A. |access-date=19 October 2022 |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019091703/https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/social-media-and-democracy/E79E2BBF03C18C3A56A5CC393698F117 |url-status=live }}</ref> Tun daga shekarun 1970, ana sukar tasirin fasaha a kan muhalli, wanda ya haifar da karuwar saka hannun jari a cikin hasken rana, iska, da sauran nau'ikan makamashi mai tsafta. === Zamantakewa === ==== Ayyuka ==== Tun da aka kirkiri dabaran, fasahohin na taimakawa wajen habaka tattalin arzikin dan Adam. Kayan aiki da ya gabata yana da madaidaicin aiki da madaidaitan aiki; injina sun maye gurbin mutane a wasu ayyuka masu rahusa (misali a aikin gona), amma an biya wannan diyya ta hanyar ƙirƙirar sabbin ayyuka masu biyan kuɗi.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Autor|first=D. H.|year=2015|title=Why Are There Still So Many Jobs? The History and Future of Workplace|journal=Journal of Economic Perspectives|volume=29|number=3|pages=3–30|doi=10.1257/jep.29.3.3 |url=https://economics.mit.edu/files/11563|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901060615/http://economics.mit.edu/files/11563 |archive-date=1 September 2022 |doi-access=free|hdl=1721.1/109476|hdl-access=free}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa kwamfutoci ba su haifar da rashin aikin yi na fasaha ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bessen |first=J. E. |date=3 October 2016 |title=How Computer Automation Affects Occupations: Technology, Jobs, and Skills |journal=Economic Perspectives on Employment & Labor Law EJournal. |volume=15{{hyphen}}49 |location=Rochester, NY |doi=10.2139/ssrn.2690435 |ssrn=2690435 |s2cid=29968989 |url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/813 |access-date=20 January 2024 |archive-date=10 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240310050823/https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/813/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription }}</ref> Saboda hankali na wucin gadi ya fi kwamfutoci iya nisa, kuma har yanzu yana kan ƙuruciyarsa, ba a san ko zai bi irin wannan yanayin ba; An yi ta muhawara mai tsawo a kan wannan tambaya a tsakanin masana tattalin arziki da masu tsara manufofi. Wani bincike na 2017 ya gano babu wata cikakkiyar yarjejeniya tsakanin masana tattalin arziki kan ko AI zai kara yawan rashin aikin yi na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2017 |title=Robots and Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/ |access-date=17 September 2022 |website=igmchicago.org |publisher=[[Initiative on Global Markets]] |archive-date=20 September 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920171212/https://www.igmchicago.org/surveys/robots-and-artificial-intelligence/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Dangane da "Rahoton Ayyuka na Makomar 2020" na Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Duniya, AI ana hasashen zai maye gurbin ayyuka miliyan 85 a duk duniya, kuma zai haifar da sabbin ayyuka miliyan 97 nan da 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2020 |title=The Future of Jobs Report 2020 |url=https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf |access-date=16 January 2022 |website=www3.weforum.org |archive-date=15 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230115173909/https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Future_of_Jobs_2020.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Robots and AI Taking Over Jobs: What to Know {{!}} Built In |url=https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-replacing-jobs-creating-jobs |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=builtin.com |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171804/https://builtin.com/artificial-intelligence/ai-replacing-jobs-creating-jobs |url-status=live }}</ref> Daga 1990 zuwa 2007, wani bincike a Amurka na masanin tattalin arziki na MIT Daron Acemoglu ya nuna cewa ƙari na mutum-mutumi guda ɗaya ga kowane ma'aikata 1,000 ya rage yawan aiki zuwa yawan jama'a da kashi 0.2%, ko kusan ma'aikata 3.3, kuma an rage albashi da kashi 0.42%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=How many jobs do robots really replace? |url=https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=MIT News {{!}} Massachusetts Institute of Technology |date=4 May 2020 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171803/https://news.mit.edu/2020/how-many-jobs-robots-replace-0504 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Acemoglu |first1=Daron |last2=Restrepo |first2=Pascual |date=1 June 2020 |title=Robots and Jobs: Evidence from US Labor Markets |url=https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716 |journal=Journal of Political Economy |volume=128 |issue=6 |pages=2188–2244 |doi=10.1086/705716 |hdl=1721.1/130324 |s2cid=7468879 |issn=0022-3808 |hdl-access=free |access-date=16 January 2023 |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116171811/https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/705716 |url-status=live }}</ref> Damuwa game da fasahar maye gurbin aikin ɗan adam duk da haka yana daɗe. Kamar yadda shugaban Amurka Lyndon Johnson ya ce a cikin 1964, "Fasaha na samar da sabbin damammaki da sabbin wajibai a gare mu, dama don samun yawan aiki da ci gaba; wajibi ne a tabbatar da cewa babu ma'aikaci, babu iyali da za su biya farashi na rashin adalci don ci gaba." a kan sanya hannu kan dokar Hukumar kan Fasaha, Automation, da Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks Upon Signing Bill Creating the National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress. {{!}} The American Presidency Project |url=https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-creating-the-national-commission-technology-automation-and |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.presidency.ucsb.edu |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174700/https://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/documents/remarks-upon-signing-bill-creating-the-national-commission-technology-automation-and |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 1966 |title=Technology and the American Economy |url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED023803.pdf |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=files.eric.ed.gov |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174655/https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED023803.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=If Robots Take Our Jobs, Will They Make It Up to Us? |url=https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/if-robots-take-our-jobs-will-they-make-it-us |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=The University of Chicago Booth School of Business |archive-date=25 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230325132904/https://www.chicagobooth.edu/review/if-robots-take-our-jobs-will-they-make-it-us |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GovInfo |url=https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-78/STATUTE-78-Pg462 |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.govinfo.gov n |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116174655/https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/STATUTE-78/STATUTE-78-Pg462 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1963 |title=H.R.11611 – An Act to establish a National Commission on Technology, Automation, and Economic Progress |url=https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/house-bill/11611/text |access-date=16 January 2023 |website=www.congress.gov |archive-date=16 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116180845/https://www.congress.gov/bill/88th-congress/house-bill/11611/text |url-status=live }}</ref> === Tsaro === Tare da karuwar dogaro da fasaha, an sami tsaro da damuwa na sirri tare da ita. Biliyoyin mutane suna amfani da hanyoyin biyan kuɗi daban-daban na kan layi, kamar WeChat Pay, PayPal, Alipay, da ƙari mai yawa don taimakawa canja wurin kuɗi. Ko da yake an sanya matakan tsaro, wasu masu laifi suna iya ƙetare su.<ref name=":11">{{Cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Elizabeth |author1-link=Elizabeth Rosenberg |last2=Harrell |first2=Peter E. |last3=Shiffman |first3=Gary M. |last4=Dorshimer |first4=Sam |date=2019 |title=Financial Technology and National Security |publisher=Center for a New American Security |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404 |access-date=19 January 2023 |archive-date=19 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230119140345/https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20404 |url-status=live }}</ref> A watan Maris na shekarar 2022, Koriya ta Arewa ta yi amfani da Blender.io, wani mahaɗa wanda ya taimaka musu wajen ɓoye musayar cryptocurrency ɗin su, don wawatar da sama da dala miliyan 20.5 na cryptocurrency, daga Axie Infinity, tare da sace sama da dala miliyan 600 na cryptocurrency daga mai wasan. Saboda haka, Ma'aikatar Baitulmali ta Amurka ta sanya takunkumi ga Blender.io, wanda ya zama karo na farko da ta dauki mataki kan na'urar hadawa, don kokarin murkushe masu satar bayanan Koriya ta Arewa.[79][80] An yi muhawara akan sirrin cryptocurrency. Ko da yake yawancin abokan ciniki suna son sirrin cryptocurrency, da yawa kuma suna jayayya cewa yana buƙatar ƙarin nuna gaskiya da kwanciyar hankali.[78] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Fasaha| ]] m6jtdxqaoa1nz0uootgoln5tlhx3u05 3 6214 914974 913889 2026-09-02T16:25:46Z ~2026-47594-41 48506 /* Yar abbanta */ sabon sashe 914974 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) :samaan :Hausa :@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39981-47|&#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40126-77|&#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40691-12|&#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Batu == safiya [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42392-57|&#126;2026-42392-57]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42392-57|talk]]) 18:07, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Auwal Abubakar == Auwal Abubakar Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42968-66|&#126;2026-42968-66]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42968-66|talk]]) 12:02, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == mouhammadousirajo4@gmail.com == mouhammadou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-46209-95|&#126;2026-46209-95]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-46209-95|talk]]) 09:05, 24 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == Husaini Hassana Husaini == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47716-12|&#126;2026-47716-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47716-12|talk]]) 08:57, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Yar abbanta == al ummata [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:25, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) 3c67djwtvurm1hzslv9ju3pmrh8ov74 914987 914974 2026-09-02T16:30:28Z ~2026-47594-41 48506 /* مريم بنت سراج */ sabon sashe 914987 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) :samaan :Hausa :@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39981-47|&#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40126-77|&#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40691-12|&#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Batu == safiya [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42392-57|&#126;2026-42392-57]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42392-57|talk]]) 18:07, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Auwal Abubakar == Auwal Abubakar Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42968-66|&#126;2026-42968-66]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42968-66|talk]]) 12:02, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == mouhammadousirajo4@gmail.com == mouhammadou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-46209-95|&#126;2026-46209-95]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-46209-95|talk]]) 09:05, 24 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == Husaini Hassana Husaini == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47716-12|&#126;2026-47716-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47716-12|talk]]) 08:57, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Yar abbanta == al ummata [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:25, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == مريم بنت سراج == Allah y karawa annabi daraja [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:30, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) 6wvb06b0trafl5qhcog7ouwak9zf8uj 0 6305 915266 905559 2026-09-03T06:44:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Abịa State University Mountain.jpg|thumb|Jami'ar jihar abia.]] [[File:RoughPlay.jpg|thumb|mutanen abia a bukukuwan al'ada.]] [[File:Renovated Abia State House of Assembly.jpg|thumb|Majalissar dokokin jihar abia]] [[File:Abia State coat of arms.jpg|thumb|Tambarin jihar abia]] [[File:Abia state tower.jpg|thumb|Abia]] [[File:Retiring from all village involvement (Igboto mma) in Umuahia, Abia state 10.jpg|thumb|sarakunan gargajiya]] [[File:Retiring from all village involvement (Igboto mma) in Umuahia, Abia state 04.jpg|thumb|Al'adu]] [[File:Man pushing a wheelbarrow - Abia state.jpg|thumb|kasuwanni a wani karni]] '''Jihar Abiya''' [[Jiha]] ce wadake yankin Kudu maso Gabacin [[Najeriya|Najeriya,]] wacce ta hada iyaka daga arewa, da kuma arewa maso kudu da kuma jihohin [[Enugu (jiha)|Enugu]] da [[Ebonyi]]; sai kuma yamma da Jihar [[Imo]], Jihar [[Cross River]] daga gabas, [[Akwa Ibom]] daga kudu maso gabas, sai kuma [[Jihar Rivers]] daga kudu. Jihar ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga yankunan da suka fi kowanne yawan jama'a a garin: '''A'''ba, '''B'''ende, '''I'''suikwuato, da kuma '''A'''rochukwu.<ref>"History of Abia State Nigeria". Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref> Babban birnin jihar itace [[Umuahia]]<ref>Umuahia - Wikipedia </ref>, a yayin da [[Aba]]<ref>Aba, Nigeria - Wikipedia</ref> ta kasance mafi girma kuma cibiyar kasuwancin garin.<ref>"Aba | History & Facts | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</ref> [[File:Abia State coat of arms.jpg|thumb|Abia_State_coat_of_arms]] Acikin jihohi 36 na [[Najeriya]], [[Abia]] itace ta 32 a fadin kasa kuma na 27 a yawan jama'a da kiyasin mutane akalla '''3,720,000''' a bisa ƙidayar shekara ta [[2016]].<ref>"Figure 1. Map of abia State showing the 17 local government areas". ''ResearchGate''. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</ref> Dangane da yanayin kasa, jihar ta kasu zuwa kashi biyu, Niger Delta swamp forests daga karshen kudancin garin, da kuma busasshen yanayi na Cross–Niger transition forests da yanayi savanna a sauran sassan garin. Sauran muhimman yankunan garin sun hada da Rafukan [[Imo River|Imo]] and [[Aba River (Nigeria)|Aba]] wadanda ke kwarara ta yammaci da kudancin iyakar Abiya. Akwai yaruka da dama da suke zaune a Jihar Abiya a yau, musamman [[Inyamurai]]. A lokacin mulkin [[turawa]], yankin Jihar Abiya ta yau na daga cikin yankin mutanen [[Arochukwu]] na Daular Aro kafin a turawa su ci su da yaki a Yakin [[Yakin Anglo-Aro]] a farkon karni na 1900. Turawa sun mamaye yankin bayan yakin, kuma suka sanya ta cikin Yankin Kudancin Najeriya karkashin kariyar Turawa, wacce daga baya aka hadeta cikin yankin Najeriya ta Mulkin Burtaniya; bayan an hade ta, Jihar Abiya ta zamo cibiyar adawa ga mulkin mallaka turawa wanda ya janyo yakin mata da aka fara a [[Oloko]]. Bayan samun 'yancin a shekarata alif 1960, Jihar Abiya ta yau na daga cikin Yankin Kudancin Najeriya , har zuwa shekarar 1967 lokacin da aka rarraba yankin zuwa yankin Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya. Kasa da watanni biyu bayan faruwar hakan, tsohuwar yankin na Gashin Najeriya ta jawo yakin basasa na tsawon shekaru uku a Najeriya, tare da Abiya na daga cikin garuruwan tawaye na [[Biyafara]]. Bayan yakin ya kare kuma an sake hade yankunan a Najeriya, an mayar da Jihar Gabas ta Tsakiya har zuwa shekarar 1976 lokacin da [[Murtala Mohammed]] ya samar da sabuwar Jihar [[Imo]] (wacce ta hada da JIhar Abiya a cikin ta). Bayan shekaru sha biyar, an sake raba Jihar Imo inda aka cire gabashin Imo don samar da Jihar Abiya; amma a shekarar 1996, an sake raba jihar Abiya inda aka samar da Jihar [[Ebonyi]] ta yau.<ref>"This is how the 36 states were created". ''Pulse.ng''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref> Ta fuskar tattalin arziki, Jihar Abiya ta ta'allaka a samar da man-fetur da natural gas dadi da noma, musamman na doya, masara, taro, man-ja da rogo. Akwai kamfanoni sarrafe-sarrafe musamman a yankin Aba.<ref>"Abia". ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]''. Retrieved 14 December 2021.</ref> Dangane da saurin habakar ta a fuskar yawan jama'a da masanaantu, Abiya ta shiga na 8 daga cikin jerin cigaban al'umma a Najeriya.<ref>"Human Development Indices". ''Global Data Lab''. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</ref> [[Fayil:Abia State coat of arms.jpg|thumb|Abiya state coat of arm]] Tana da yawan fili kimani na kilomita arabba’i 6,320 da yawan jama’a milyan biyu da dubu dari takwas da talatin da uku da dari tara da tisa'in da tara (kidayar yawan jama'a shekara 2006). Babban birnin tarayyar jahar ita ce [[Umuahia]]. [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] shi ne gwamnan jihar tun zaben shekara ta 2015 har zuwa yau. Mataimakin gwamnan shi ne [[Ude Okochukwu]]. Dattijan jihar sune: [[Eyinnaya Abaribe]], [[Theodore A. Orji]] da kuma [[Mao Ohuabunwa]]<ref>https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Abia/Brief-History-of-Abia-State.html</ref><ref>https://www.familysearch.org/wiki/en/Abia_State,_Nigeria_Genealogy</ref>. == Labarin kasa. == Jihar Abiya wacce ta mamaye fadin kasa kimanin 6,320sqkm, ta hada iyaka daga kudu da kudu maso gabas da jihohin [[Enugu]] da [[Ebonyi]]. Jihar [[Imo]] daga yamma, Jihar [[Cross River]] daga gabas da kuma Jihar [[Akwa Ibom]] daga kudu maso gabas, sai kuma [[Jihar Rivers]] daga kudu. Sashin kudancin garin na fuskantar ruwan sama mai karfi na kimanin 2,400 millimetres (94 in) a duk shekara, kuma yafi karfi a tsakanin watannin Aprelu zuwa Octoba.<ref>"abia". ''www.usafricaonline.com''. Retrieved 29 May 2020.</ref> Rafuka mafi muhimmanci a jihar sune; [[Imo River|Imo]] da Kogin [[Aba River (Nigeria)|Aba]] wanda ke kwarara acikin tekun Atlantic ta jihar Akwa Ibom.<ref>Nigeria, Media (22 March 2018). "Major Rivers In Abia state". ''Media Nigeria''. Retrieved 13 February2022.</ref> == Tarihi da yawan jama'a == Abiya na daga cikin jihohi 36 na Najeriya kuma tana da kananan hukumomi guda 17. An kafa jihar Abiya a ranar 27 ga watan Augustan shekara ta 1991, a lokacin mulkin General [[Ibrahim Babangida]]. Jihar na zaune a yankin kudu maso gabashin Najeriya. An samar da jihar Abiya daga cikin jihar Imo kuma jihohin biyu sun hada iyaka. Jihar Abiya na daga cikin garuruwan Niger Delta. Babba birnin jihar itace Abiya, sannan ana mata lakabi da '''''[[Abiya|GOD’s OWN STATE]]'''.'' Jihar Abiya ta samo asalin sunanta ne daga yankunan ta hudu da sukafi ko ina yawa wato: [[Aba, Abia|Aba]], [[Bende, Nigeria|Bende]], [[Isuikwuato]], da [[Afikpo]].<ref>"History of Abia State Nigeria | AllNigeriaInfo". Retrieved 18 September 2021.</ref><ref>"Abia State history". Abia-union.org. Archived from the original on 3 September 2011. Retrieved 28 October 2012.</ref> Jihar Abiya jiha ce ta Inyamurai kuma da yaren Igbonci ake magana a garin. Inyamurai ne suka cike kusan kaso '''95%''' na yawan mutanen garin.<ref>"Enugu State". Igbofocus.co.uk. 17 January 2012. Archived from the original on 13 November 2009. Retrieved 28 October 2012.</ref> Sannan haka zalika ana amfani da harshen turanci a garin, kuma shine matsayin yaren gwamnati da kuma cinikayya. A jihar Abiya, fiye da mutum miliyan 7 kiristoci ne.<ref>"Abia | state, Nigeria". ''Encyclopedia Britannica''. Retrieved 14 September 2021.</ref> == Tattalin arziki da ababen more rayuwa == Samar da man-fetur da gas sune muhimman tattalin arzikin Jihar Abiya, wanda yake wakiltan kaso 39% na kudaden shiga (GDP) na Jihar.<ref name=":0">Nigeria's 36 States and the FCT, Economic, societal and political profiles, World Bank Report</ref> Amma duk da haka kwararan kamfanonin gida na jihar dangane da shirin Marginal Fields Programme (MFP)- na samun karancin kudade da zai basu damar hakan mai a rijiyoyi kusan 50 dake jihar.<ref>"Channelstv, Nigeria (14 April 2013). "Harnessing Abia's oil and gas potentials". ''channelstv.com''. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref> Masana'antun kere-kere na wakiltar kudaden shiga kashi 2% kacal.<ref name=":0" /> Cibiyar masana'antun Jihar Abia na nan a birnin Aba, wanda suka hada da kamfanonin sarrafa magunguna, sabulai, robobi, siminti, takalma da kuma kayan kwalliya.<ref name=":1">Hoiberg, Dale H., ed. (2010). "Abia". ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. Vol. I (15th ed.). Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc. pp. 32. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]] [[Special:BookSources/978-1-59339-837-8|<bdi>978-1-59339-837-8</bdi>]].</ref> Bugu da kari, Jihar Abiya ta samar da wurin taro na kasa da kasa mai daukan mutum akalla 9000 a babban birnin Umuahia. Gwamna [[Theodore Orji|T.A Orji]] ya gina wannan katafaren wuri don bunkasa tattalin arziki ta hanyar tarar baki a tarukan kasa da kasa ko kuma na gida Najeriya da kuma masu yawan bude idanu a Jihar. Noma na wakiltar kaso 27% na kudaden shiga na Jihar (GDP), kuma ta samar da aiki ga kaso 70% na mutanen garin.<ref name=":0" /> Dangane da ruwan sama mai yawa a Jihar, Abiya na da kasar noma mai kyau kuma suna noman doya, masara, dankali shinkafa, kashuw, plantain, taro da kuma rogo.<ref name=":1" /> Kwakwan manja ya kasance muhimmin kayan masarufi na siyarwa a Jihar.<ref name=":1" /> === Hako Man-fetur da Gas === Akwai akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 100 da kuma masarrafu guda uku a jihar Abiya.<ref>"Channelstv, Nigeria (14 April 2013). "Harnessing Abia's oil and gas potentials". ''channelstv.com''. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref><ref name=":3">"Vanguard, Nigeria (7 August 2012). "Our problem is poor funding – ASOPADEC Chairman". ''vanguardngr.com''. Retrieved 30 November 2015.</ref> Akwai kuma masarrafar gas na "Abia/NNPC gas plant".<ref name=":3" /> Yi zuwa shekara ta 2012, cibiyar boundary C ta sanar da cewa ta maido da rijiyoyin mai 42 daga Jihar Rivers zuwa Abiya.<ref name=":3" /> Hakan na nufin cewa, Jihar Abiya ta zamo na hudu a samar da man fetur a Najeriya.<ref name=":3" /> Mashahuriyar kamfanin man fetur wato [[Shell Nigeria|Shell]], ke da mallakin mafiya yawan rijiyoyin man da ke Jihar, kuma ta ware kusan guda 50 wanda ake dauka a matsayin mafi muhimmanci. Jihar tana samar da 36,000 barrels na man-fetur a duk rana; "Imoturu na samar da barrel 23,000 a duk rana; a yayin da ita kuma tashar man-fetur na Isimili ke samar da fiye da ganga 8,000 a duk rana.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai rijiyoyin mai guda 4 a yankin mabubbugan Izaku zuwa Obigo. Akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 30 suna kwarara zuwa Umuri sannan kuma akalla rijiyoyin mai guda 8 suna kwarara daga Umurie zuwa Afam" kamar yadda Samuel Okezie Nwogu, Chairman na Abia State Oil Producing Development Area Commission (ASOPADEC). Amma duk da haka, jihar na kukan rashin isasshen kudi daga kudaden da ake samu na man fetur daga Gwamnatin Tarayya.<ref name=":3" /> == Matsalolin Muhalli == === Bola === Kungiyar kula da muhalli wato Municipal solid waste management (MSWM), ke da alhakin kwashe shara da tattara ta, da zubar da ita don tabbatar da cewa bata cutar da mutane ba. Akwai matsaloli da dama da suke jawo tara shara a yankuna birane, wanda suka hada da yanayin samun kudi, yanayin sararin samaniya, birane da kuma habakar tattalin arziki.<ref>Ezechi, Ezerie Henry; Nwabuko, Chima George; Enyinnaya, Ogbonna Chidi; Babington, Chibunna John (September 2017). "Municipal solid waste management in Aba, Nigeria: Challenges and prospects". ''Environmental Engineering Research''. '''22'''(3): 231–236. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:10.4491/eer.2017.100. [[ISSN (identifier)|ISSN]] 1226-1025.</ref> Ma'aikatar MSW a jihar Abiya ta kasu kashi uku; # Sharar gida (shara daga gidaje, wuraren cin abinci, kasuwanni da sauran wuraren cinikayya) # Sharar Masana'antu (wanda suka hada da abubuwa masu cutarwa wanda ke bukatar kulawa ta musamman) # Sharar Ma'aikatu (wannan sun hada da shara daga ma'aikatun gwamnati, makarantu, asibitoci da wuraren shakatawa) == Ma'adanan Jihar Abiya == * [[Zinari|Zinare]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2011-08-21 |title=Mineral Resources |url=https://abiastate.gov.ng/mineral-resources/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Official Website of Abia State Government |language=en-US |archive-date=2022-01-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124172412/https://abiastate.gov.ng/mineral-resources/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Zinare|Lead/Zinc]]<ref name=":0" /> * Limestone<ref name=":0" /> * Oil/gas<ref name=":0" /> * [[Salt]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Natural Resources – Welcome To The Embassy of Nigeria|url=https://nigerianembassythehague.nl/about-nigeria/natural-resources/|access-date=2022-02-12|language=en-US}}</ref> * Kaolin<ref name=":0" /> * Limestone<ref name=":0" /> == Jami'oi da Kwalejoji == Akwai jami'oi shida a jihar, akwai na gwamnatin tarayya wato Michael Okpara University of Agriculture a [[Umudike]],<ref>"List of GUU (Gregory University Uturu ) Degree Courses". ''www.myschoolgist.com''. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> Abia State University a [[Uturu]], akwai kuma ta 'yan kasuwa Gregory University dake Uturu,<ref>"List of GUU (Gregory University Uturu ) Degree Courses". ''www.myschoolgist.com''. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> Rhema University a [[Abia]],<ref>"List of Courses Offered by Rhema University". ''www.myschoolgist.com''. 9 December 2020. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> Spiritan University a Umu Nneochi da kuma Clifford University da ke [[Owerrinta]]. Akwai kuma kwalejin Ilimi na Abiya dake [[Arochukwu]], akwai kuma kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya dake Aba. [[Temple Gate Polytechnic]] dake a Aba, da kuma [[Abia State Polytechnic]].<ref>"List of Courses Offered at Abia State Polytechnic". ''Nigerian Scholars''. 20 March 2018. Retrieved 18 November 2021.</ref> == Sufuri == Tashar jirgin sama mafi kusa a Jihar Abiya itace tashar [[Sam Mbakwe Cargo Airport]] (Tashar Jirgin sama na Owerri), tafiyar sa'a daya na iya kai mutum i zuwa [[Umuahia]], [[Aba, Abia|Aba]] kuma tafiyar sa'a biyu ne zuwa Tashar jirgin saman [[Port Harcourt International Airport]]. Za'a iya ziyartar tashar jirgin sama na [[Akwa Ibom Airport]] (dake [[Akwa Ibom]]). Akwai nisan kimanin kilomita 73.28 (45.53 mi) a tsakanin Birnin Uyo (''Akwa Ibom'') da Birnin [[Umuahia]] (Abia). Har wayau, akwai kuma tashar jirgin kasa wacce ake zirga-zirga ta hanyoyinta, amma ana kan gyaranta a yanzu. Aba ta hade da jihar Porthacourt ta titin jirgin kasa. Birnin Umuahia ta hade da Aba da Enugu ta titin jirgin kasa. Ana iya zirga zirga ta yankunan ruwayen garin akan jirgin ruwa ko kwale-kwale. == Yaruka == A kasa akwai jerin harsuna da ake amfani dasu a Jihar Abiya dangane da kananan hukumominsu:<ref name=e22>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG|title=Nigeria|work=Ethnologue|edition=22|access-date=2020-01-10}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" ! LGA !! Languages |- | Arochukwu || Inyamuranci |- | Ini || Inyamuranci |- | Obi Ngwa || Inyamuranci |- | Umuahia South||Inyamuranci |- | Umuahia North||Inyamuranci |- |Ikwuano||Inyamuranci |- |Isiukwato||Inyamuranci |- |Ukwa West||Inyamuranci |- |Aba South||Inyamuranci |- |Aba North||Inyamuranci |- |Isiala Ngwa North||Inyamuranci |- |Isiala Ngwa South||Inyamuranci |- |Obingwa||Inyamuranci |- |Umunneochi||Inyamuranci |- | Ugwunagbo || Inyamuranci |- | Ukwa East || Inyamuranci |} == Siyasa == Gwamnan jihar shi ke gudanar da harkokin siyasa a jihar tare da taimakon mukarrabansa na majalisar dokokin jihar. Babban birnin Jihar itace [[Umuahia]].<ref>"Umuahia | Location, Facts, & Population | Britannica". ''www.britannica.com''. Retrieved 12 March 2022.</ref> Akwai kananan hukumomi 17 a jihar. A lokacin da ta zamo jiha a 1991, shugaban kasa [[Ibrahim Babangida]] ya nada jagoran yankin wato [[Frank Ajobena]] kafin a zabi [[Ogbonnaya Onu]] a matsayin gwamna a Tarayyar Najeriya ta uku. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, shugabankasa [[Sani Abacha]] ya kawo karshen Tarayyar Najeriya ta Uku (Third Republic) kuma ya tilasta mulkin soja a ko ina. A zamanin mulkin Abacha, an sake nada mutane uku ([[Chinyere Ike Nwosu]], [[Temi Ejoor]], da kuma [[Moses Fasanya]]) har zuwa lokacin da Abacha ya mutu shi kuma [[Abdulsalami Abubakar]] ya cigaba da mulki. Abubakar ya sake nada mai gudanarwa soja [[Anthony Obi]], kafin a fara aiki da dimukradiyya a shekarar 1998. A 1999, [[Najeriya]] ta cigaba da bin tsarin dimukradiyya kuma an zabi [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] a matsayin gwamna a karkashin jam'iyyar PDP. An rantsar dashi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 1999. A sabon zabe a shekara ta 2003, Kalu ya sake fitowa takarar gwamna kuma an sake zabar sa har zuwa shekara ta 2007 inda wa'adinsa na wa'adi biyu suka zo karshe. [[Theodore Orji]] ([[Progressive Peoples Alliance|PPA]]) yayi nasarar kayar da [[Onyema Ugochukwu]] (PDP) a zaben gwmanan jihar Abiya a 2007. A zaben shekara ta 2011, Theodore Orji ya fice daga jam'iyyar PPA zuwa jam'iyyar PDP bayan nan a sake zaben shi don komawa wa'adi na biyu a matsayin gwamna. A zaben shekara ta 2015, an zabi [[Okezie Ikpeazu]] (PDP) a matsayin gwamnan jihar Abiya na tara.<ref>INEC Declares Ikpeazu Winner Of Abia Governorship Election</ref> Ya sake yin nasara a zaben shekara ta 2015, inda ya kayar da [[Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah|Uche Ogah]] na jam'iyyar APC da [[Alex Otti]] na jam'iyyar [[All Progressives Grand Alliance|APGA]] kuma an rantsar dashi a ranar 29 ga watan Mayun 2019. == Kananan Hukumomi == Jihar Abia nada [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|Kananan Hukumomi]] guda goma sha bakwai (17), Sune: #[[Aba ta Arewa]] #[[Aba ta Kudu]] #[[Arochukwu]] #[[Bende, Nijeriya|Bende]] #[[Ikwuano]] #[[Isiala Ngwa ta Arewa]] #[[Isiala Ngwa ta Kudu]] #[[Isuikwuato]] #[[Obi Ngwa]] #[[Ohafia]] #[[Osisioma Ngwa]] #[[Ugwunagbo]] #[[Ukwa ta Gabas]] #[[Ukwa ta Yamma]] #[[Umuahia ta Arewa]] #[[Umuahia ta Kudu]] #[[Umu Nneochi]] == Sarakunan Jihar == {| class="wikitable" style="width:80%;" |- ! Mukami || Ethnic Group || Suna || Class || Karamar Hukuma || Fada |- | ''Enyi'' (''Eze'') na Aba || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / Eziama Aba || Eze Issac Ikonne || 1 || Aba ta Arewa || Osusu Aba |- | ''Ochiudo 1 na Aba Ukwu'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Aba, Abia|Aba]] || Jonathan U. oguejiofor (JP): Alkalin Zaman Lafiya na Tarayyar Nijeriya, Jihar Abia || || || |- | ''Osimiri III na Aba || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Aba, Abia|Aba]] || Eze (Barrister) Sunday Emejiaka || 1 || [[Aba ta Kudu]] || Aba |- | ''Eze Aro'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Arochukwu]] || Mazi Ogbonnaya Vincent Okoro (Eze Aro III) || 1 || [[Arochukwu]] || Oro Arochukwu |- | ''Ugwumba 1 na Ndida Ozaar'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / Asa || Eze Samuel Chukwuemeka Agu || || [[Ukwa ta Yamma]] || Umuebulungwu, Ndida Ozaar |- | ''Ike 1 na Ikeisu'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Isu people|Isu]] || Augustine O. Igwe (Ike I) || ? || [[Arochukwu]] || Ikeisu (Utugiyi) |- | ''Ezeala III na Aro Ngwa'' || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Aro people|Aro Ngwa]] || Eze Edward Enwereji || ? || [[Osisioma Ngwa]] || |- | ''Ugo Oha'' (''Eze'') na Etiti Mgboko Umuanunu || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / Etiti || Ngozi Ibekwe || 1 || Obi ngwa || ? | |- '' | ''Eze'' 1 na ovukwu abam onyerubi || [[Harshen Ibo|Igbo]] / [[Ndi oji Abam]] || Oriji Ojembe || 1 || [[Isuikwuato]] || ? |- | ''Eze Ukwu 1'' of Ngwa-Ukwu || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Ngwa || Benard Enweremadu || 1 ||Isiala Ngwa || Ngwa Ukwu Kingdom. The ancestral home of Ngwa Land. |- | Nya 1 of Nunya || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Oguduasaa || M.E. Ihevume || ? || Isuikwuato ||Nunya Autonomous Community |- | ''Ossah-Ibeku'' (''Eze'') of Umuahia<ref name=":2">Chairman of the Abia State Council of Traditional Rulers</ref>|| [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Osaa ||HRH Nze Hope Onuigbo || X || X || Umuahia Amibo, Nsukwe |- | ''Eze'' of Uturu || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Uturu]] || A.E. Ude || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area|Isuikwuato]] || Uturu |- | ''Igbojiakuru'' (Eze) of Alayi || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Alayi]] || Ukeje Philip || ? || [[Bende, Nigeria|Bende]] || [[Alayi|Ndi Elendu, Amaeke Alayi]] |- | ''Awu'' (''Eze'')of Isuamawu || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Isuikwuato]] || Surveyor Chris E Aboh,FNIS || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area|Isuikwuato]] || Eluama Isuama |- Eze of Obun || ? || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Isuikwuato]] ||Ndubuisi N. Alatta || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area]] || Eluama |- ''Enyi'' (''Eze'') of Aba || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / ? || Eze Issac Ikonne || || || |- |- Eze of Obunebere || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Isuikwuato]] ||Ndubuisi N. Alatta || ? || [[Isuikwuato Local Government Area]] || Eluama |- | ''Enachioken'' Of Abiriba || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Abiriba]] ||Kalu Kalu Ogbu || 1 || [[Ohafia]] || Abiriba |- | ''Ohanyere I'' Of Ohiya || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Umuahia]] ||Eze Abel E. Uhuegbue || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- | ''Eze Ohanyere I'' Of Ahiaba Ubi || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Isiala Ngwa ||Eze D.O. Ogbuisi || ? || [[Isiala Ngwa North]] || Abia |- | ''EZE TOWE 1 of umutowe. || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Ohiya]] ||Eze G. C Onwuka || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- | ''Ome Udo II'' Of Umueze, Ohiya || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Ohiya]] ||Uche Nwamarah || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- | ''Okaa Omee I'' of Amaikwu, Abia || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Ohiya]] ||Uche Nwamarah || ? || [[Umuahia South]] || Abia |- |"Ehi II" of Ehi na Uguru Auto. Comm, Umuguru || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / Umuguru ||Eze E. E. Eluwa || 1 || [[Isiala Ngwa South]] || |- |"Ochi 1" of Ochi na Isuochi. Comm, Umunneochi || [[Igbo language|Igbo]] / [[Umu Nneochi]] ||HRM EZEKWESIRI || 1 || [[Umu Nneochi]] || Abia |} == Al'adu da wuraren bude idanu == * [[Arochukwu]] wacce ke da alaka da cinikayyar bayi * Azumini Blue River waterside * The Amakama wooden cave; wani rami a jikin bishiya dake iya daukan mutum 20 * Kogo da ke arewa, sun hada da Umu – Neochi zuwa Arochukwu. * Rawar al'ada da gargajiya * [[National War Museum, Umuahia]] da [[C. Odumegwu Ojukwu|Ojukwu]] Bunker a Umuahia * Wurin tarihin mulkin mallakan turawa na ABiya * Akwete” wuri saqa kaya a karamar hukumar Ukwu ta gabas * Masu rawar yakin [[Ohafia]] * Bikin tunawa da AmaforIsingwu biannual Iza aha * Bikin Akpe Festival a Umuahia == Sanannun mutane == <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> * [[Abai Ikwechegh]] - Jurist * [[Acho Nwakanma]] - Politician, and Former Deputy Governor of Abia State * [[Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani]] – novelist and essayist<ref>{{Cite web|date=2014-02-05|title=The Power of a Name, By Adaobi Tricia Nwaubani {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/opinion/154689-power-name-adaobi-tricia-nwaubani.html|access-date=2021-06-29|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Adolphus Wabara]] - Former Senate President of Nigeria. * [[Akwaeke Emezi]] – novelist<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-07-21|title=Young Nigerian writers shaping the world|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/young-nigerian-writers-shaping-the-world/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Alex Mascot Ikwechegh]], politician, businessman and philanthropist<ref>{{Cite web|title=Nigeria Politician and Philanthropist Chief Alex Ikwechegh Marks Birthday, Receives Global Accolades|url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/35839/nigeria-politician-and-philanthropist-chief-alex.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Modern Ghana|language=en}}</ref> * [[Alexx Ekubo]], Nollywood actor and Top Model<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-10|title=Where Is Alexx Ekubo From? – Biography And Ethnicity Of The Nollywood Big Boy|url=https://buzznigeria.com/where-is-alexx-ekubo-from-biography-and-ethnicity-of-the-nollywood-big-boy/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Alex Otti]] - Former Group Managing Director of Diamond Bank PLC. * [[Alvan Ikoku]], OBE educationist (1900–1971)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Chris|date=2021-06-12|title=Abia College Names Library After Alvan Ikoku|url=https://leadership.ng/abia-college-names-library-after-alvan-ikoku/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Leadership News - Nigeria News, Breaking News, Politics and more|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210629140011/https://leadership.ng/abia-college-names-library-after-alvan-ikoku/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Anthony Eze Enwereuzor]] - Politician Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Anya Oko Anya]], technocrat and academic<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-21|title=The sun awards 2016: …The winners|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/the-sun-awards-2016-the-winners/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ashley Nwosu]] - Former Nigerian Actor * [[Arunma Oteh]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/people/arunma-oteh/|title=Arunma Oteh|website=World Economic Forum|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thecable.ng/after-leaving-world-bank-arunma-oteh-appointed-into-ecobank-board|title=After leaving World Bank, Arunma Oteh appointed into Ecobank board|date=2019-01-18|website=TheCable|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> – Former World Bank Vice President and Treasurer. * [[Azubuike Ihejirika]] – Lt. General and former Chief of Army Staff<ref>{{Cite web|last=Akinola|first=Wale|date=2021-01-27|title=Buratai, 9 former Nigeria Chief of Army Staff who served between 1999 and 2021|url=https://www.legit.ng/1400012-meet-10-nigeria-chief-army-staff-served-1999-2021.html|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-27|title=Meet Nigeria Chief of Army Staff since 1999 {{!}} The Nation Nigeria|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/meet-nigeria-chief-of-army-staff-since-1999/|access-date=2021-06-29|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Azubuko Udah]] - Former Deputy-Inspector General of the Nigerian Police Force * [[Basketmouth]] – comedian<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-03-11|title=Nigerians blast Basketmouth for defending Buhari|url=https://www.thecable.ng/nigerians-blasts-basketmouth-for-defending-buhari|access-date=2021-06-30|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayoola|first=Simbiat|date=2019-08-23|title=Comedian Basketmouth shares adorable photo of his kids as they have fun in US|url=https://www.legit.ng/1255947-comedian-basketmouth-shares-adorable-photo-kids.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> * [[Benjamin Kalu]] – politician and member of the House of Representatives<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-28|title=Nigeria's security situation 'alarming', we're having sleepless nights - Reps|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/374761-nigerias-security-situation-alarming-were-having-sleepless-nights-reps.html|access-date=2021-06-30|language=en-GB}}</ref> * [[Blessing Nwagba]] - Female Politician * [[Bob Nwannunu]] - Politician * [[Bright Chimezie]] – Highlife Musician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-15|title=Bright Chimezie, Former Church Instrumentalist Who Originated Zigima|url=https://thenet.ng/bright-chimezie-the-former-church-instrumentalist-who-originated-zigima-music/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-30|title=People said I was dead after I relocated from Lagos to Igboland - Bright Chimezie|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/people-said-i-was-dead-after-i-relocated-from-lagos-to-igboland-bright-chimezie/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Buchi Atuonwu]] - Gospel Artiste * [[Chelsea Eze]] – award-winning Nollywood actress<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-24|title=Chelsea Eze's Biography and The Works That Brought Her To Fame|url=https://buzznigeria.com/chelsea-eze-biography-and-the-works-that-brought-her-to-fame/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chidi Imoh]] - Athlete * [[Chijioke Nwakodo]] - Politician * [[Chika Chukwumerije]] – Olympic Taekwondo Medalist (Beijing 2008); 3-time Olympian; first Black African Olympic Medalist in the Martial Arts.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-24 |title=Taekwondo Day 4 Review: Debutants crowned in an eventful day - The Official Website of the Beijing 2008 Olympic Games |url=http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/taekwondo/n214580486.shtml |access-date=2022-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824143108/http://en.beijing2008.cn/news/sports/headlines/taekwondo/n214580486.shtml |archive-date=24 August 2008 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Taekwondo Olympic Medal Winners List - Men & Women |url=http://olympics.sporting99.com/olympic-records/taekwondo.html |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=olympics.sporting99.com |archive-date=2022-06-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220628193036/https://olympics.sporting99.com/olympic-records/taekwondo.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Chika Okeke-Agulu]] - Art historian. * [[Chinedu Ikedieze]] – award-winning Nollywood actor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-05-03|title=The 20 Richest Actors in Nigeria and Their Net Worths|url=https://buzznigeria.com/the-20-richest-actors-in-nigeria-and-their-net-worths/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=BuzzNigeria - Famous People, Celebrity Bios, Updates and Trendy News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Ayoola|first=Simbiat|date=2020-01-10|title=Actor Chinedu Ikedieze shares photos of his multi-million naira mansion|url=https://www.legit.ng/1291943-nollywood-actor-chinedu-ikedieze-builds-a-multi-million-naira-mansion-video.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> * [[Chinedum Enyinnaya Orji]] - Speaker of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Chinweizu Ibekwe]] - Renowned essayist, poet, and journalist. * [[Chinyere Almona]] – business executive<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ezugwu|first=Obinna|title=Chinyere Almona Emerges New LCCI Director General - Business Hallmark|url=https://hallmarknews.com/56097-2/|access-date=2021-09-14|website=hallmarknews.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chinyere Kalu]] – Nigeria's first female pilot.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-11|title=I'm happy not sacrificing my family for career — Chinyere Kalu|url=https://punchng.com/im-happy-not-sacrificing-my-family-for-career-chinyere-kalu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-27|title=Captain Chinyere Kalu; Nigeria's first female who flew a plane with water in the engine|url=https://face2faceafrica.com/article/captain-chinyere-kalu-nigerias-first-female-who-flew-a-plane-with-water-in-the-engine|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Face2Face Africa|language=en}}</ref> * [[Chioma Agomo]] - Academician and a Professor of Law. * [[Chioma Onyekwere]] – Nigeria's Discus Champion.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-30|title=Eze Brume wins Long Jump, Onyekwere bags gold in Discuss|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/eze-brume-wins-long-jump-onyekwere-bags-gold-in-discuss/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Chioma Toplis]] - Nollywood Actress. * [[Chisom Chikatara]] - Professional Footballer * [[Christy Ucheibe]] - Female Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Chuku Wachuku]] – Statesman and former Director-General of Nigeria's NDE: National Directorate of Employment<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-16|title=Abia Gov. inaugurates 23 commissioners {{!}} Premium Times Nigeria|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/ssouth-east/358044-abia-gov-inaugurates-23-commissioners.html|access-date=2021-06-30|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-15|title=Gov. swears in 17 LG chairmen in Abia|url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/ikpeazu-gov-swears-in-17-lg-chairmen-in-abia/06phsl2|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184521/https://www.pulse.ng/news/local/ikpeazu-gov-swears-in-17-lg-chairmen-in-abia/06phsl2|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Christopher Kanu]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer. * [[Christopher Osondu]] - Former Navy Captain and Military Administrator of Cross River State * [[Chukwuemeka Ngozichineke Wogu]] - Former Minister of Labour and Productivity * [[Clifford Ohiagu]] - Politician * [[Daniel Kanu]] - Nigerian-American Politician. * [[Dike Chukwumerije]] – Award-winning Novelist, Poet, Public Speaker and Spoken-word artiste.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BBC Radio 4 - Writing a New Nigeria - Meet the authors |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/3H7X6d46c9JgnWQH7pMNw2m/meet-the-authors |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=BBC |language=en-GB}}</ref> Listed on 100 most influential Africans.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The NWA Lists Their 100 Most Influential Nigerian Writers Under 40 |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2017/01/nigerian-writers-awards-100-influential-nigerian-writers-list/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=brittlepaper.com}}</ref> * [[Ebitu Ukiwe]] – former Military Vice President; Former Governor of Niger and Lagos States.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-04|title=Ukiwe: The Last Original at 80 -|url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2020/11/04/ukiwe-the-last-original-at-80/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The NEWS}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-03-29|title=Kalu, Ukiwe, former MILADs pay tribute to late officer|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/kalu-ukiwe-former-milads-pay-tribute-to-late-officer/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ejike Asiegbu]]- Nollywood Veteran actor<ref><nowiki>https://blueprint.ng/ejike-asiegbu-turner-isuon-where-are-they-now/</nowiki></ref> * [[Ejikeme Ikwunze]] - Sports Journalist * [[Emma Ugolee]] - Media Personality and Author * [[Emmanuel Acho]] - Former American Football Player; Analyst at Fox Sports 1 * [[Emeka Ananaba]] - Former Deputy Governor of Abia State * [[Eni Njoku]] – pioneer Vice Chancellor, [[University of Lagos]] and first black Vice Chancellor, [[University of Nigeria]] Nsukka.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-10-24|title=How crisis in UNILAG accelerated 1966 coup — Ben Nwabueze|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2016/10/how-crisis-in-unilag-accelerated-1966-coup/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Enyinnaya Abaribe]] – Senator and former Deputy Governor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-02|title=Ikpeazu replies Adeyemi on 'drunk' taunt, hails Abaribe|url=https://guardian.ng/news/ikpeazu-replies-adeyemi-on-drunk-taunt-hails-abaribe/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-01|title=Abaribe to Buhari: Stop giving excuses for failures|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/abaribe-to-buhari-stop-giving-excuses-for-failures/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Eucharia Oluchi Nwaichi]] - Environmental biochemist, Soil Scientist, and Toxicologist * [[Ezinne Kalu]], Female Basketballer * [[Eziuche Ubani]] - Female Politician * [[Felix Nmecha]] - Professional Football Player * [[Fortunatus Nwachukwu]] - Catholic Prelate * [[Francis Ezeh]] - Professional Football Player * [[Godswill Obioma]] - Former National Examination Council Registrar * [[Ifu Ennada]] - Actress, Fashion Designer, and Former Big Brother Naija Housemate. * [[Iheanacho Obioma]] - Politician * [[IK Ogbonna]], Nollywood Actor and Top Model<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-01-11|title=Sonia celebrates hubby, Ik Ogbonna on his birthday|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/01/sonia-celebrates-hubby-ik-ogbonna-birthday/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-12-01|title=IK Ogbonna Breaks Silence On Alleged Break-up With Wife|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/ik-ogbonna-breaks-silence-on-alleged-break-up-with-wife/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard Allure|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ike Ibeabuchi]], Professional Boxer. * [[Ike Nwachukwu]], military officer, former state governor, diplomat, former senator and former chairman of the governing board of [[Nigerian Institute of International Affairs]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-08|title=Ike Nwachukwu: A bulging past with a long shadow|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/09/ike-nwachukwu-a-bulging-past-with-a-long-shadow/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-03|title=Ike Nwachukwu @ 80 - The Nation Nigeria|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/ike-nwachukwu-80/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ikechi Uko]]- Renowned travel consultant * [[Ikechukwu Uche]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Ikeogu Oke]] - Author, Journalist, and Award-winning Poet * [[Isaac Nwaobia]] - Anglican Bishop * [[Ivy Uche Okoronkwo]] - First Female Deputy Inspector General of Police<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-04-04|title=Worthy Sons and Daughters of the Great Arochukwu Kingdom – Past and Present — AbaCityBlog|url=https://abacityblog.com/worthy-sons-and-daughters-of-the-great-arochukwu-kingdom-past-and-present/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=abacityblog.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-01-25|title=Jonathan fires IGP, Abubakar steps in|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/01/jonathan-fires-igp-abubakar-steps-in/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[J. Martins]], Afro-pop artiste<ref>{{Cite web|date=2012-08-17|title=J. Martins acquires Rolls Royce Phantom, G-Wagon 550|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2012/08/j-martins-acquires-rolls-royce-phantom-g-wagon-550/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='My father attempted to kill me thrice for becoming a musician' – J.Martins {{!}} Encomium Magazine|url=https://encomium.ng/my-father-attempted-to-kill-me-thrice-for-becoming-a-musician-j-martins/|access-date=2021-06-30|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Jaja Wachuku]] – First Minister of Foreign Affairs in Nigeria, First indigenous Speaker of the House of Representatives of Nigeria and first Nigerian Permanent representative to the UN.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-01|title=Heroes of the struggle for Nigeria's independence/pioneer political|url=https://guardian.ng/?p=1230220|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-05-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525075901/https://guardian.ng/?p=1230220|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Joe Irukwu]] - Nigeria's First Professor of Insurance. * [[Joel Kachi Benson]], documentary film maker.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-10-11|title=My agenda for making Daughters of Chibok –Joel 'Kachi Benson|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/my-agenda-for-making-daughters-of-chibok-joel-kachi-benson/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[John Godson]] – Polish lawmaker and philanthropist.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Wyborcza.pl|url=https://lodz.wyborcza.pl/lodz/7,35136,21814379,john-godson-wrocil-do-afryki-hoduje-swinie-i-owce-chce-sciagnac.html?disableRedirects=true|access-date=2021-06-30|website=lodz.wyborcza.pl}}</ref> * [[Johnson Aguiyi-Ironsi]] – Nigeria's Military Officer and former Head of State.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Department|first=Abia State (Nigeria) Ministry of Information, Culture, and Sports Information|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VARSAQAAMAAJ&q=Johnson+Aguiyi-Ironsi+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Abia State Official Handbook: 1991-1997|date=1997|publisher=the Ministry|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Yakubu|first=Yusufu Abdullahi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=j3OPHhQ_HLsC&q=Johnson+Aguiyi-Ironsi+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Nigeria's Foreign Policy: A Basic Text|date=2014|publisher=Ahmadu Bello University Press Limited|isbn=978-978-125-467-3|language=en}}</ref> * [[Josaiah Ndubuisi Wachuku]] - Former Eze of Ngwa land. * [[Joyce Kalu]] - Nollywood Actress * [[Kalu Uche]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Kalu Idika Kalu]] – former Finance Minister and politician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-12-05|title=Why I joined APC -Idika Kalu|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/why-i-joined-apc-idika-kalu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-08-02|title=Kalu Idika's mum dies at 100|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/kalu-idikas-mum-dies-at-100/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Kalu Ikeagwu]] - Movie Actor and Writer. * [[Kalu Ndukwe Kalu]] - Political scientist and Distinguished Research Professor of Political Science and National Security Policy at Auburn University * [[Kelechi Emeteole]] - Former Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Kenneth Omeruo]] - Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Larry Gaaga]] - Renowned Songwriter and Music Producer * [[Linda Ejiofor]] - Nollywood Actress * [[Lukas Nmecha]] - Professional Football Player * [[Mao Ohuabunwa]], industrialist and politician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-18|title=Ohuabunwa tasks National Assembly on people's constitution|url=https://guardian.ng/news/ohuabunwa-tasks-national-assembly-on-peoples-constitution/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184248/https://guardian.ng/news/ohuabunwa-tasks-national-assembly-on-peoples-constitution/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Mary Ikoku]] - Development Consultant * [[Mary Lazarus]] - Nollywood Actress * [[Martins Azubuike]] - Former Speaker of Abia State House of Assembly. * [[Michael Okpara]] – premier of Nigeria's Eastern Region from 1959 to 1966<ref>{{Cite web|last=Report|first=Agency|date=2021-06-02|title=Michael Okpara Centenary Holds Tomorrow|url=https://leadership.ng/michael-okpara-centenary-holds-tomorrow/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Leadership News - Nigeria News, Breaking News, Politics and more|language=en-GB|archive-date=2021-06-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602023213/https://leadership.ng/michael-okpara-centenary-holds-tomorrow/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=Ogah Eulogises Late Dr. Michael Okpara's Leadership Style|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/06/05/ogah-eulogises-late-dr-michael-okparas-leadership-style/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Mr Raw]] – [[Igbo rap]] music pioneer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-02-25|title=Where Are They Now - Mr Raw|url=https://thenet.ng/now-mr-raw/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Nigerian Entertainment Today|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-07-11|title=Why I changed my name from 'Nigga Raw' to 'Mr Raw' - Ukeje Edward|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/07/why-i-changed-my-name-from-nigga-raw-to-mr-raw-ukeje-edward/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Nathan Kanu]] - Anglican Bishop * [[Ndubuisi Kanu]] – Former Governor of Lagos State and old Imo State.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Rear Admiral Ndubuisi Kanu life and times|work=BBC News Pidgin|url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-55646741|access-date=2021-06-30}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-13|title=Update: Former Military Administrator of Lagos, Rear Admiral Ndubuisi Kanu is dead|url=https://nairametrics.com/2021/01/13/breaking-former-military-administrator-of-lagos-rear-admiral-ndubuisi-kanu-is-dead/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Nairametrics|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-18|title=Ndubuisi Kanu: Thinker, Soldier, Sailor, Activist|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2021/01/18/ndubuisi-kanu-thinker-soldier-sailor-activist/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> *[[Njoku Nnamdi]] - Former Member of the Abia State House of Assembly *[[Nkechi Blessing Sunday]] - Nollywood actress *[[Nkechi Justina Nwaogu]] – Two Time Senator Abia Central Senatorial District and Immediate Past Pro Chancellor University of Calabar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Abiola|first=Rahaman|date=2021-05-29|title=Senator Nkechi Nwaogu: Celebrating a mentor and great leader by Onyendi Victor|url=https://www.legit.ng/1417933-opinion-senator-nkechi-nwaogu-celebrating-mother-mentor-great-leader-her-new-age.html|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Legit.ng - Nigeria news.|language=en}}</ref> * [[Nkiru Sylvanus]] - Awarding winning Nollywood actress * [[Nnamdi Kanu]] – founder of the [[Indigenous People of Biafra]] (IPOB), a separatist group.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-01|title=Be prepared to welcome independence of Biafra... - Nnamdi Kanu|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/be-prepared-to-welcome-independence-of-biafra-in-no-distance-future-nnamdi-kanu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Sunday|first=Ochogwu|date=2021-06-08|title=I want to sit, talk with Nnamdi Kanu - Abia Gov, Ikpeazu|url=https://dailypost.ng/2021/06/08/i-want-to-sit-talk-with-nnamdi-kanu-abia-gov-ikpeazu/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Daily Post Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Nnamdi Udoh]] - Aeronautical Engineer * [[Ndubuisi Ekekwe]] - Notable Inventor * [[Nnenna Elendu Ukeje]] - Female Politician * [[Nwabueze Nwokolo]] - British Lawyer * [[Nwankwo Kanu]] – Two time African Footballer of the year and [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal FC]] legend.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kanu: The lanky boy who shook the world at Atlanta '96 {{!}} Goal.com|url=https://www.goal.com/en-ng/news/17742/olympics/2016/08/04/26213082/kanu-the-lanky-boy-who-shook-the-world-at-atlanta-96|access-date=2021-06-30|website=www.goal.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-01-13|title=Kanu Nwankwo confirms sale of Papilo FC|url=https://www.thecable.ng/kanu-nwankwo-confirms-selling-papilo-fc|access-date=2021-06-30|website=TheCable|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[OC Ukeje]] – Lagos-based Multiple Award Winning Nollywood actor<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-01|title=The Top 50 Ultimate Nigerian Gentlemen of 2018|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2019/03/01/the-top-50-ultimate-nigerian-gentlemen-of-2018/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Within Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Ogbugo Kalu]] - Renowned Army Officer. * [[Oji Umozurike]], professor of law<ref>{{cite web |last1=Umozurike |first1=U.O. |title=The African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: Suggestions for More Effectiveness |url=https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=annlsurvey |website=digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu |publisher=Annual Survey of International & Comparative Law |access-date=19 September 2021 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920211905/https://digitalcommons.law.ggu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1116&context=annlsurvey |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Ojo Maduekwe]] - Former Nigerian Politician. * [[Okechukwu Enelamah]] – former Minister for Trade and Investment (2015–2019)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nationalwire.com.ng/nigerian-exporters-must-benefit-from-agoa-before-2025-minister/|title=Nigerian Exporters Must Benefit From AGOA Before 2025—Minister|last=Emmanuel|first=Dayo|date=2018-06-29|website=National Wire|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-20|archive-date=2020-02-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200220042013/https://nationalwire.com.ng/nigerian-exporters-must-benefit-from-agoa-before-2025-minister/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Okezie Ikpeazu]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://punchng.com/gov-ikpeazu-gives-recipe-for-national-development/|title=Gov Ikpeazu gives recipe for national development|website=Punch Newspapers|date=6 July 2019|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/371749-breaking-supreme-court-affirms-ikpeazus-election-as-abia-governor.html|title=Supreme Court affirms Ikpeazu's election as Abia governor|date=2020-01-08|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-02-20}}</ref> – Abia State Governor * [[Olu Oguibe]] - Professor of art at the University of Connecticut and senior fellow at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, DC * [[Oluchi Onweagba]] - International model and first winner of M-Net Face of Africa * [[Onwuka Kalu]] - Business Mogul and co-founder of Fidelity Union Merchant Bank * [[Onyema Ogbuagu]] - Medical Researcher * [[Onyema Ugochukwu]] - First Executive Chairman of the Niger Delta Development Commission(NDDC) * [[Orji Uzor Kalu]] – chairman, [[SLOK Group]]; Former State Governor and one time Founder of [[Progressive Peoples Alliance|Progressive People's Alliance (PPA)]]; Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-06-09|title=Kalu resumes duty at Senate after release from Kuje Correctional Centre|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/06/kalu-resumes-duty-at-senate-after-release-from-kuje-correctional-centre/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Pascal Atuma]] – Canadian-Nigerian actor, screenwriter, film producer, director and CEO/Chairman TABIC Record Label. born in Ikwuano Umuahia, Abia State, Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-06-05|title=INTERVIEW: It took two years to produce 'Clash', says Pascal Atuma|url=http://lifestyle.thecable.ng/interview-it-took-two-years-to-produce-clash-says-pascal-atuma/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=TheCable Lifestyle|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-12|title=#EndSARS: Filmmaker Pascal Atuma hails Nigerian youths, pens open letter to Buhari|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/endsars-filmmaker-pascal-atuma-hails-nigerian-youths-pens-open-letter-to-buhari/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Pascal Ojigwe]] - Nigerian former professional footballer and Abia State Commissioner of Sports. * [[Paul Agbai Ogwuma]] – former Governor of Nigeria's Central Bank<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5XwuAQAAIAAJ&q=Paul+Agbai+Ogwuma+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Newswatch|date=2008|publisher=Newswatch Communications Limited|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cWEuAQAAIAAJ&q=Paul+Agbai+Ogwuma+Abia+-wikipedia|title=The News|date=1998|publisher=Independent Communications Network Limited|language=en}}</ref> * [[Randy Onuoha]], Professional Footballer. * [[Rosemary Inyama]] - Female Politician * [[Ruggedman]], Afro-Rap artiste.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-08-29|title=Ruggedman… Conscious vibes of rap apostle|url=https://guardian.ng/life/music/ruggedman-conscious-vibes-of-rap-apostle/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709182744/https://guardian.ng/life/music/ruggedman-conscious-vibes-of-rap-apostle/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-02-17|title=Why I declined being running mate to Abia gov candidate, says Ruggedman|url=https://punchng.com/why-i-declined-being-running-mate-to-abia-gov-candidate-says-ruggedman/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[2Shotz]], AfroRap Artiste<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Alim|first1=H. Samy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9xWOAgAAQBAJ&dq=2Shotz+Abia+-wikipedia&pg=PA120|title=Global Linguistic Flows: Hip Hop Cultures, Youth Identities, and the Politics of Language|last2=Ibrahim|first2=Awad|last3=Pennycook|first3=Alastair|author3-link=Alastair Pennycook|date=October 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-59299-8|language=en}}</ref> * [[Sam Acho]] - ESPN Sports Analyst and Veteran American Football Player. * [[Sam Ohuabunwa]] - Founder of Neimeth Pharmaceutical and Former President of the Pharmaceutical Society of Nigeria * [[Samuel Achilefu]] – Notable Inventor<ref>{{Cite book|last=Holmes|first=Keith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EoQvforsFZsC&q=Samuel+Achilefu+Abia+-wikipedia|title=Black Inventors: Crafting Over 200 Years of Success|date=May 2012|publisher=Global Black Inventor Resea|isbn=978-0-9799573-1-4|language=en}}</ref> * [[Samuel Chukwueze]] – Nigeria National Team football player<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-05|title=Samuel Chukwueze: Profile, Expert Analysis, Tactical Overview & Video|url=https://www.101greatgoals.com/news/samuel-chukwueze-profile-expert-analysis-tactical-overview-video/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Football (soccer) greatest goals and highlights {{!}} 101 Great Goals|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Adedayo|first=Tolu|date=2021-04-06|title=Top 5 Nigerian Footballers Playing in Europe's finest Leagues|url=https://www.brila.net/top-5-nigerian-footballers-playing-in-europes-finest-leagues/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Sports News In Nigeria|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181338/https://www.brila.net/top-5-nigerian-footballers-playing-in-europes-finest-leagues/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Samuel Kalu]] - Nigerian Professional Footballer.<ref><nowiki>https://guardian.ng/samuel-kalu-is-latest-nigerian-in-watford-fc/</nowiki></ref> * [[Sunday Mba]] - Nigerian Professional Footballer *[[Theodore Orji]] – former State Governor and a serving Senator of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-29|title=Senator T.A Orji Emerges Best Performing Lawmaker In the National Assembly — AbaCityBlog|url=https://abacityblog.com/senator-t-a-orji-emerges-best-performing-lawmaker-in-the-national-assembly/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=abacityblog.com|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uche Jombo]], award-winning Nollywood actress.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-03|title=Uche Jombo Glows @40|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2020/01/04/uche-jombo-glows-40/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Macebuh Chinonyerem]] - Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Mike Ezuruonye]] – Award-winning Nollywood actor.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-10|title=Brother Jekwu: Mike Ezuruonye's first fruit as a producer|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/brother-jekwu-mike-ezuruonyes-first-fruit-as-a-producer/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184252/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/brother-jekwu-mike-ezuruonyes-first-fruit-as-a-producer/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Nwakanwa Chimaobi]] - Former member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Uche Chukwumerije]] – 3-time Senator of Fed Rep of Nigeria; Former Nigerian Minister of Information and Culture; Former Biafran Minister of Information; Publisher Afriscope Magazine.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-05-22 |title=Uche Chukwumerije (1939-2015) |url=https://guardian.ng/opinion/uche-chukwumerije-1939-2015-2/ |access-date=2022-06-05 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uche Elendu]] - Nollywood actress * [[Uche Okechukwu]] – former Nigerian Team footballer<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-02-21|title=Uche Okechukwu, Ifejiagwa launch football academy|url=https://guardian.ng/sport/uche-okechukwu-ifejiagwa-launch-football-academy/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181522/https://guardian.ng/sport/uche-okechukwu-ifejiagwa-launch-football-academy/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Uchechukwu N. Maduako]] - Former Member of the Abia State House of Assembly * [[Uchechukwu Sampson Ogah]] – Businessman and Politician<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-11-18|title=Why Abians Yearn for Uche Ogah|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/11/18/why-abians-yearn-for-uche-ogah-2/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=THISDAYLIVE|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uchenna Ikonne]] – Academic and Public Administrator<ref>{{Cite web|title=Administration – Abia State University Uturu|url=https://absuu.net/?page_id=78|access-date=2021-09-14|website=absuu.net|archive-date=2021-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914103446/https://absuu.net/?page_id=78|url-status=dead}}</ref> * [[Uchenna Kanu]] - Female Nigerian Professional Footballer * [[Ude Oko Chukwu]] - Deputy Governor of Abia State * [[Uko Nkole]] - Politician<ref><nowiki>https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uko_Nkole#:~:text=Uko%20Ndukwe%20Nkole%20(born%2020,of%20the%20Nigerian%20National%20Assembly</nowiki>.</ref> * [[Uma Ukpai]] – evangelist.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-10-07|title=Biafra agitators are mad people, says Uma Ukpai|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/biafra-agitators-are-mad-people-says-uma-ukpai/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Latest Nigeria News, Nigerian Newspapers, Politics|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Umeh Kalu]] - Former Commissioner of Justice for Abia State. * [[Uzo Asonye]] - Partner at Davis Polk & Wardwell * [[Uzodinma Iweala]] – US-based medical doctor and author of the book ''[[Beasts of No Nation]]''.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Egbedi|first=Hadassah|date=2015-10-16|title=Exclusive interview with Uzodinma Iweala, author, Beasts of No Nation|url=https://venturesafrica.com/exclusive-interview-with-uzodinma-iweala-author-beasts-of-no-nation/|access-date=2021-06-30|website=Ventures Africa|language=en-US}}</ref> * [[Uzoma Emenike]]- Nigeria's Ambassador to the United States of America. * [[Victoria Inyama]] - Nollywood Actress. * [[Vincent Eze Ogbulafor]] - Former National Chairman of the People's Democratic Party * [[Waconzy]] - Musician * [[Yagazie Emezi]] - Award-winning photojournalist<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-04-19 |title=Yagazie Emezi |url=https://invisible-borders.com/artist/yagazie-emezi/ |access-date=2022-03-24 |website=Invisible Borders |archive-date=2022-01-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127025157/https://invisible-borders.com/artist/yagazie-emezi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> *[[Yvonne Okoro]] - Ghanaian-Nigerian actress <!---♦♦♦ Only add a person to this list if they already have their own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{Jihohin Najeriya}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abia}} [[Category:Jihohin Nijeriya]] ek91ymoi4eihxfbijryoa9agso2j4t4 0 6547 914911 914645 2026-09-02T15:17:24Z Baby juuu 38856 914911 wikitext text/x-wiki Mallam '''Aminu Kano''' Listen ⓘ GCON (9 ga Agusta 1920 &#x2014; 17 ga watan Afrilu 1983) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, malami, mawaƙi, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago daga [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] . Daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin [[Najeriya|gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai ta Najeriya]] da kuma tarihin siyasar bayan samun 'yancin kai, an san shi da adawa da mulkin mallaka, rinjayen sarakunan gargajiya, da kuma rashin daidaito a zamantakewa a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] . Ya kasance mutum na farko da ya kafa [[Northern Elements Progressive Union]] (NEPU) daga baya kuma ya jagoranci People's Redemption Party (PRP), dukkansu jam'iyyun gurguzu ne waɗanda suka yi fafutukar 'yantar da ''talakawa'' a Najeriya. Aminu ya fara aikinsa na malami kuma ya fito a matsayin mai sukar [[Mallakar Najeriya|gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya]], kuma ya kalubalanci sarakunan gargajiya a bainar jama'a, yana mai sukar tsarin mulkin mallaka na [[Tsarin mulki na kai tsaye|mulkin kai tsaye]] a matsayin mai zalunci da cin zarafin ''talakawa'' . A shekarar 1948, ya kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Arewa, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta farko a Arewacin Najeriya, kuma ya zama memba na kafa [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|ƙungiyar jama'ar Arewa]] (NPC), wadda daga baya ya bar ta saboda ra'ayin mazan jiya. A matsayinsa na shugaban NEPU daga 1953, ya yi fafutukar gurguzu ta dimokuradiyya, haƙƙin mata, da kuma ƙarfafa ''talakawa'', yana ƙoƙarin daidaita ƙa'idodin Musulunci da adalci na zamantakewa. Ya yi aiki a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]] daga 1959 kuma ya yi nadin ministoci a lokacin [[Mulkin Soja a Najeriya|mulkin soja na Najeriya]], ciki har da Kwamishinan Tarayya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Yakubu Gowon]] . A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa kuma wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Aminu Kano ya goyi bayan [[Ƴantar da Afirka daga Mulkin Mallaka|ƙungiyoyin 'yantar da jama'a a Afirka]] kuma ya haɓaka manufar ƙasashen waje mara haɗin kai . Daga baya ya koma harkokin siyasa na jam'iyya a [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriya ta Biyu]] a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar PRP Ana yi wa Aminu Kano kallon mai hangen nesa mai hangen nesa, wanda ya bar tarihi mai ɗorewa a cikin tunanin siyasar Najeriya. Cibiyoyin da aka ambata a matsayin girmamawa sun haɗa da [[Filin jirgin sama na Mallam Aminu Kano|Filin Jirgin Sama na Duniya na Mallam Aminu Kano]], [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Aminu Kano]], da kuma kwalejoji da cibiyoyin bincike da dama. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin da suka kafa Najeriya ta zamani kuma har yanzu alama ce ta adalci a zamantakewa da fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Aminu Kano a gundumar Sudawa ta [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1920 ga Rakaiya da Malam Yusufu na Gyanawa, wata ƙabilar [[Fulani]] da aka san ta da ƙwarewa a fannin [[Fiƙihu|shari'ar Musulunci]] . : 274 Daga cikin haihuwar mahaifiyarsa shida, shi kaɗai ne ya kai shekara 15. Iyayensa biyu sun yi karatu sosai a addinin Musulunci, kuma daga baya mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban ''Alkali'' na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . An bai wa kakarsa lakabin Fulani na ''Modibbo'', wanda aka fi sani da shi ga malaman Musulunci masu daraja. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book}}</ref> : 330 A bisa ga al'adar mutanen yankin, [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], wanda ya kafa [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]], da kansa ya naɗa wani dangi na Aminu a matsayin babban Alkali na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . Tun daga lokacin, ana neman Gyanawa don su riƙe muƙamai na shari'a kamar alkalis, walis da muftis . : 27  : 329  : 100 <ref name=":14" /> : 274  [[Fayil:ETH-BIB-Kano-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-0084.tif|left|thumb|225x225px| Kallon Kano ta sama a farkon shekarun 1930.]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 24jc5q6romx9ws8z3vc2g0nyxknzg26 914912 914911 2026-09-02T15:17:56Z Baby juuu 38856 914912 wikitext text/x-wiki Mallam '''Aminu Kano''' Listen GCON (9 ga Agusta 1920 &#x2014; 17 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta1983) ɗan siyasa ne na Najeriya, malami, mawaƙi, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, kuma ɗan ƙungiyar kwadago daga [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] . Daya daga cikin fitattun mutane a cikin [[Najeriya|gwagwarmayar 'yancin kai ta Najeriya]] da kuma tarihin siyasar bayan samun 'yancin kai, an san shi da adawa da mulkin mallaka, rinjayen sarakunan gargajiya, da kuma rashin daidaito a zamantakewa a [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|Arewacin Najeriya]] . Ya kasance mutum na farko da ya kafa [[Northern Elements Progressive Union]] (NEPU) daga baya kuma ya jagoranci People's Redemption Party (PRP), dukkansu jam'iyyun gurguzu ne waɗanda suka yi fafutukar 'yantar da ''talakawa'' a Najeriya. Aminu ya fara aikinsa na malami kuma ya fito a matsayin mai sukar [[Mallakar Najeriya|gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya]], kuma ya kalubalanci sarakunan gargajiya a bainar jama'a, yana mai sukar tsarin mulkin mallaka na [[Tsarin mulki na kai tsaye|mulkin kai tsaye]] a matsayin mai zalunci da cin zarafin ''talakawa'' . A shekarar 1948, ya kafa ƙungiyar malamai ta Arewa, ƙungiyar ma'aikata ta farko a Arewacin Najeriya, kuma ya zama memba na kafa [[Majalisar Jama'ar Arewa|ƙungiyar jama'ar Arewa]] (NPC), wadda daga baya ya bar ta saboda ra'ayin mazan jiya. A matsayinsa na shugaban NEPU daga 1953, ya yi fafutukar gurguzu ta dimokuradiyya, haƙƙin mata, da kuma ƙarfafa ''talakawa'', yana ƙoƙarin daidaita ƙa'idodin Musulunci da adalci na zamantakewa. Ya yi aiki a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|Majalisar Wakilai ta Tarayya]] daga 1959 kuma ya yi nadin ministoci a lokacin [[Mulkin Soja a Najeriya|mulkin soja na Najeriya]], ciki har da Kwamishinan Tarayya a ƙarƙashin gwamnatin [[Yakubu Gowon]] . A matsayinsa na ɗan majalisa kuma wakilin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Aminu Kano ya goyi bayan [[Ƴantar da Afirka daga Mulkin Mallaka|ƙungiyoyin 'yantar da jama'a a Afirka]] kuma ya haɓaka manufar ƙasashen waje mara haɗin kai . Daga baya ya koma harkokin siyasa na jam'iyya a [[Jamhuriyar Najeriya ta biyu|Jamhuriya ta Biyu]] a matsayin ɗan takarar shugaban ƙasa na jam'iyyar PRP Ana yi wa Aminu Kano kallon mai hangen nesa mai hangen nesa, wanda ya bar tarihi mai ɗorewa a cikin tunanin siyasar Najeriya. Cibiyoyin da aka ambata a matsayin girmamawa sun haɗa da [[Filin jirgin sama na Mallam Aminu Kano|Filin Jirgin Sama na Duniya na Mallam Aminu Kano]], [[Asibitin Koyarwa na Aminu Kano]], da kuma kwalejoji da cibiyoyin bincike da dama. Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin da suka kafa Najeriya ta zamani kuma har yanzu alama ce ta adalci a zamantakewa da fafutukar kare haƙƙin jama'a . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Aminu Kano a gundumar Sudawa ta [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] a ranar 9 ga Agusta, 1920 ga Rakaiya da Malam Yusufu na Gyanawa, wata ƙabilar [[Fulani]] da aka san ta da ƙwarewa a fannin [[Fiƙihu|shari'ar Musulunci]] . : 274 Daga cikin haihuwar mahaifiyarsa shida, shi kaɗai ne ya kai shekara 15. Iyayensa biyu sun yi karatu sosai a addinin Musulunci, kuma daga baya mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban ''Alkali'' na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . An bai wa kakarsa lakabin Fulani na ''Modibbo'', wanda aka fi sani da shi ga malaman Musulunci masu daraja. <ref name=":4">{{Cite book}}</ref> : 330 A bisa ga al'adar mutanen yankin, [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman dan Fodio]], wanda ya kafa [[Daular Sokoto|Khalifancin Sakkwato]], da kansa ya naɗa wani dangi na Aminu a matsayin babban Alkali na [[Masarautar Kano|Kano]] . Tun daga lokacin, ana neman Gyanawa don su riƙe muƙamai na shari'a kamar alkalis, walis da muftis . : 27  : 329  : 100 <ref name=":14" /> : 274  [[Fayil:ETH-BIB-Kano-Tschadseeflug_1930-31-LBS_MH02-08-0084.tif|left|thumb|225x225px| Kallon Kano ta sama a farkon shekarun 1930.]] [[Rukuni:Musulman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1983]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] fd1571n39fmfbh22x5eggecar9w8zon 0 8427 914929 914667 2026-09-02T15:57:34Z Baby juuu 38856 914929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Allenby_delivering_speech,_Jerusalem,_May_1918.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Allenby delivering speech, Jerusalem, May 1918]] [[File:فندق فلسطين في الخليل.jpg|thumb]] [[Fayil:Freedom For Palestine.jpg|thumb|Masu zanga zangar neman yancin palasɗin]] '''Falasdinu''' ([[Turanci]] Palestine), ([[Larabci]] فلسطين) دولةفلسطين '''Daular Falastin''' ƙasa ce da ake rigima a kanta a nahiyar [[Asiya]]. Ƙasar na ikirarin mallakar yankin gabar tekun yammacin ta kwato (iyaka da ƙasar [[Isra'ila]] da [[Jordan]]) sai kuma yankin Gaza (iyaka da Israila da [[Masar]]) da kuma gabashin birnin Jerusalem wanda shi ne ƙasar take dauka a matsayin babban birnin ta, duk da yake kuma a birnin Ramallah ne ake tafiyar da mafi yawan aiyukan gwamnati. Mafi yawancin yankunan ƙasar Falasɗinu na karkashin Yahudawan Israila 'yan kama guri zauna da suka kwace tun daga shekarar 1967. Yawan mutanen asar ya kai 4,560,368 ƙidayar shekarar 2014, ita ce ƙasa ta 123 a yawan jama'a a [[duniya]]. Bayan kammala yakin duniya na biyu a 1947, [[Majalisar dinkin duniya]] ta yi kokarin kafa ƙasar ta Falasɗinu wadda ta kumshi [[Larabawa]] Musulmai, da kuma Yahudawa da ƙasar su ta Israila a shekara ta 1948. Bayan kafa ƙasar ta Falasɗinu ne sai larabawa Musulmai suka dauki makamai domin nuna adawa da yin hakan tare da yakar Yahudawa. Tun daga nan yankin ya yi ta cigaba tare da canza salo kala-kala har zuwa ranar 15 [[Nuwamba|Nuwamba,]] a shekarar 1988, inda shugaban Falsdinawa Yaseer Arafat, ya ayyana kafa ƙasar ta Falasdinu a birnin <nowiki>[[Aljas]]</nowiki> na ƙasar [[Aljeriya]]Shekara daya kuma bayan sa hannun kan yarjejeniyar ''Osla Accords'' a shekara ta 1993 gwamnati ta kafu a ƙasar Falsɗinu. Ƙasashe guda 136 daga cikin mambobi a majalisar ɗinkin duniya ne suka amince da Falasɗinu a matsayin ƙasa. Ƙasar har yanzu ba mamba ba ce ba a [[Majalisar dinkin duniya|Majalisar dinkin Duniya]], amma kuma mamba ce a ƙungiyar ƙasashen larabawa wato '''G77''', da kuma Hukumar wasanni ta '''Olympic''' da sauran manyan ƙungiyoyin duniya. === Tarihi === == Manazarta == {{reflist}} {{Asiya}} {{stub}} [[Category:Asiya]] [[Category:Falasɗinu]] p4bw8kn47xuguaokxgdhm9lenw0emo7 0 8628 914834 914673 2026-09-02T13:07:15Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 914834 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Hashalom interchange.jpg|thumb|hoton garin tel abib]] [[File:Skyline of Tel Aviv (34324506705).jpg|thumb|Skyline_of_Tel_Aviv_(34324506705)]] [[File:Tel-Aviv InstitutFrancais 8116a.jpg|thumb| Tel- [[File:Tel Aviv-Yafo (12275871006).jpg|thumb|Tel_Aviv-Yafo_(12275871006)]]Aviv_InstitutFrancais_8116a]] [[File:Part of Tel Aviv's hotel district the old town of Tel Aviv (FL50355462).jpg|thumb |Part_of_Tel_Aviv's_hotel_district_the_old_town_of_Tel_Aviv_(FL50355462)]] '''Tel Abib''' ko '''Tel Aviv''' birni ne a [[Isra'ila]]. '''Tel Aviv''' (''Hebrew'': תֵּל אָבִיב, da ''Larabci'': تل أَبيب) ita ce ta biyu cikin birane masu yawan al'ummah a ƙasar Isra'la bayan [[Jerusalem]]— kuma ita ce birni mafi yawan al'ummah daga yankin [[Gush Dan]]. Tana nan ne a yankin gabar [[Tekun Mediterranean]] dake ƙasar. Ita ce cibiyar hada-hadar tattalin arziƙi da fasahar ƙasar. Gwamnatin garin Tel Aviv [[Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality]], Wanda shugaban ta shi ne [[Ron Huldai]], juma nan mazaunin hukumomin ƙasashe daban-daban dake hulɗa da ƙasar suke. Nan ne Babban birnin ƙasar Isra'ila kamar yadda dokar da ƙasar ta yi na [[Jerusalem Law]] a shekarar 1980. Fadar shugaban kasar, hukumomin gwamnati da Kotun Koli na ƙasar, da kuma Majalisar ƙasar ([[Knesset]]) duk suna garin ne. Ammah kuma [[Hukumomin Falasdinu]] suna daukan gabashin Jerusalem a matsayin babban birnin ƙasarsu idan suka samu yanci. Sai dai Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ba ta yarda da cewar Jerusalem ita ce Babban birnin Isra'ila ba, duk da cewar Israilar da wasu ƙasashe ƙawayenta suna cewa babban birnin tace, kamar ƙasar [[Taiwan]], [[Czech republic]] da [[Amurika]]. Ammah dai Majalisar tana ganin abinda zai tabbatar wa Israila birnin shi ne idan ta sasanta tattaunawa tsakanin ta da hukumomin ƙasar Falasdinu. <ref>cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel &nbsp;{{small|(319&nbsp;KB)}}</ref>. Kasashe sun cigaba da tafiyar Ofishin Jakancinsu a birnin Tel Abib, ko a kusa da birnin Kudus, kamar a [[Mevaseret Zion]]. (see [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html CIA Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211321/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html |date=2018-12-24 }}). Birnin Tel Abib shi ne na 25th acikin biranen Duniya wadanda ake kallonsu a matsayin cibiyoyin hada hadar kuɗaɗe. Kuma itace na uku na GDP cikin birane masu tattalin arziki sannan kuma mafi arziki akan GDP a yankin gabas ta tsakiya.<ref>Cite journal|last=|first=|date=22 August 2018|title=Global Financial Centres Index #23|url=https://www.longfinance.net/documents/1318/GFCI23.pdf|journal=longfinance.net|volume=|pages=|via=</ref><ref>cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|title=Global|title=City GDP 2014|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|accessdate=8 May 2015</ref> The city has the 31st highest cost of living in the world.<ref>Samarcite web|author=Ami Sedghi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jun/12/city-cost-of-living-2012-tokyo |title=Which is the world's most expensive city? Cost of living survey 2012 &#124; News &#124; guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date=12 June 2012 |accessdate=6 November 2012</ref> Tel Aviv receives over 2.5 million international visitors annually.<ref name="MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa">cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/mastercard-ranks-tel-aviv-as-fifth-most-visited-city-in-middle-east-and-africa/%7Ctitle=MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa |accessdate=12 June 2012|publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |first=Yoel|last=Goldman |date=12 June 2012</ref><ref name="Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit">cite. news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |title=Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit |accessdate=19 July 2011 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |first=Tanya |last=Sapty |date=19 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112145431/http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |archivedate=12 November 2011 </ref> A "party capital" in the Middle East, it has a lively [[nightlife]] and 24-hour culture.<ref name="Top 10 party towns">cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |title=The world's top 10 party towns |publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald|Sydney Morning Herald]]<nowiki> |date=19 November 2009 |accessdate=19 November 2009}}</nowiki></ref><ref name="lonelyplanet.com">cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-york-city/travel-tips-and-articles/76165|title=Lonely{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Planet's top 10 cities for 2011 |accessdate=31 October 2010</ref> A Tel Aviv ne [[Jami'ar Tel Aviv]] take, kuma mafi girman Jami'a a kasar Isra'ila, Wanda keda dalibai sama da dubu talatin (30,000). An kirkira birnin ne a shekarar 1909 kuma [[Yishuv]] ([[Yahudu|Bayahude]] mazaunin garin yafara samar da ita, a matsayin wani Sabon rukunin gidaje da akayi a yankin gabar kasar dake tsohuwar garin [[port|port city]] dake [[Jaffa]] , sannan yazama bangaren [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Jerusalem province]] na [[Ottoman Syria]]. Da farko ana kiranta da 'Ahuzat Bayit' amma saidai a shekarar data zagayo ne aka canja sunan zuwa 'Tel Aviv' wanda ke nufin "Ancient Hill of Spring". Other Jewish suburbs of Jaffa established outside Jaffa's Old City even before Tel Aviv, eventually became part of Tel Aviv, the oldest among them being [[Neve Tzedek]] (est. 1886).<ref name=":0">Cite book |title=Yafo – Neve-Tzedek, Rashita shel Tel-Aviv |last= Elkayam |first= Mordechai |publisher= Ministry of Defence |year=1990 |isbn= |location= |page=199 |language= Hebrew</ref> Yancirani wadanda yawancinsu yahudawa ne, sune suka cika garin, Wanda hakan yasa garin yafi yawan al'ummah akan garin Jaffa, wanda yawancin al'umman nan [[Larabawan falasdinu]] ne a waccan lokacin.<ref>85% in 1922, 92% in 1931 (Census reports)</ref> an hada garuruwan Tel Aviv da Jaffa suka zama daya a shekarar 1950, shekara biyu bayan nan Israila ta tattabar da yancin kanta a wannan garin. [[Farin Birni]] na Tel Aviv, an Santa sa cikin wuraren tarihin Duniya ta [[UNESCO]] a Shekarar 2003, ta tattara samfarin zane zanen gine gine na duniya Wanda yahada da [[Bauhaus]] da wasu ire-iren samfarin zanen gidaje na zamani.<ref name="UNESCO">cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1096.pdf |title=The White City of Tel Aviv |accessdate=29 March 2008 |publisher=[[UNESCO]]|format=PDF</ref><ref name="times">cite news |url=http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719184519/http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece |date=2008-07-19 }} |title=Hip and happening in Tel Aviv |work=The Times |date=16 February 2008 |accessdate=16 February 2008 |last=Strimpel |first=Zoe |location=London</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Old_yaffo_3.JPG|Tsohon birnin Yaffo, Tel Abib File:Tel-aviv-003.jpg|Gan Ha-eir: Tel Aviv File:Telaviv-beach.jpg|Tel Aviv beach File:Azriely1.jpg|Hasumiyar Azriely, Tel Aviv File:NokiaArena.jpg|Maccabi Tel Aviv's Nokia Arena File:Yonayafo.jpg|Yaffo, Tel Abib File:TelAviv-Beach1.jpg|Bakin ruwa na Tel Aviv </gallery> {{Asiya}} == Anazarci == ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Isra'ila]] 4isejzjguuxp3xrhzh9dxngq7y4lcsc 914836 914834 2026-09-02T13:08:16Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 914836 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Hashalom interchange.jpg|thumb|hoton garin tel abib]] [[File:Skyline of Tel Aviv (34324506705).jpg|thumb|Skyline_of_Tel_Aviv_(34324506705)]] [[File:Tel-Aviv InstitutFrancais 8116a.jpg|thumb| Tel- [[File:Tel Aviv-Yafo (12275871006).jpg|thumb|Tel_Aviv-Yafo_(12275871006)]]Aviv_InstitutFrancais_8116a]] [[File:Part of Tel Aviv's hotel district the old town of Tel Aviv (FL50355462).jpg|thumb |Part_of_Tel_Aviv's_hotel_district_the_old_town_of_Tel_Aviv_(FL50355462)]] '''Tel Abib''' ko '''Tel Aviv''' birni ne a [[Isra'ila]]. '''Tel Aviv''' (''Hebrew'': תֵּל אָבִיב, da ''Larabci'': تل أَبيب) ita ce ta biyu cikin birane masu yawan al'ummah a ƙasar Isra'la bayan [[Jerusalem]]— kuma ita ce birni mafi yawan al'ummah daga yankin [[Gush Dan]]. Tana nan ne a yankin gabar [[Tekun Mediterranean]] dake ƙasar. Ita ce cibiyar hada-hadar tattalin arziƙi da fasahar ƙasar. Gwamnatin garin Tel Aviv [[Tel Aviv-Yafo Municipality]], Wanda shugaban ta shi ne [[Ron Huldai]], juma nan mazaunin hukumomin ƙasashe daban-daban dake hulɗa da ƙasar suke. Nan ne Babban birnin ƙasar Isra'ila kamar yadda dokar da ƙasar ta yi na [[Jerusalem Law]] a shekarar 1980. Fadar shugaban kasar, hukumomin gwamnati da Kotun Koli na ƙasar, da kuma Majalisar ƙasar ([[Knesset]]) duk suna garin ne. Ammah kuma [[Hukumomin Falasdinu]] suna daukan gabashin Jerusalem a matsayin babban birnin ƙasarsu idan suka samu yanci. Sai dai Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ba ta yarda da cewar Jerusalem ita ce Babban birnin Isra'ila ba, duk da cewar Israilar da wasu ƙasashe ƙawayenta suna cewa babban birnin tace, kamar ƙasar [[Taiwan]], [[Czech republic]] da [[Amurika]]. Ammah dai Majalisar tana ganin abinda zai tabbatar wa Israila birnin shi ne idan ta sasanta tattaunawa tsakanin ta da hukumomin ƙasar Falasdinu. <ref>cite web|url= https://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/israel.pdf |title=Map of Israel &nbsp;{{small|(319&nbsp;KB)}}</ref>. Kasashe sun cigaba da tafiyar Ofishin Jakancinsu a birnin Tel Abib, ko a kusa da birnin Kudus, kamar a [[Mevaseret Zion]]. (see [https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html CIA Factbook] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224211321/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/is.html |date=2018-12-24 }}). Birnin Tel Abib shi ne na 25th acikin biranen Duniya wadanda ake kallonsu a matsayin cibiyoyin hada hadar kuɗaɗe. Kuma itace na uku na GDP cikin birane masu tattalin arziki sannan kuma mafi arziki akan GDP a yankin gabas ta tsakiya.<ref>Cite journal|last=|first=|date=22 August 2018|title=Global Financial Centres Index #23|url=https://www.longfinance.net/documents/1318/GFCI23.pdf|journal=longfinance.net|volume=|pages=|via=</ref><ref>cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/research/global-metro-monitor/|title=Global|title=City GDP 2014|publisher=[[Brookings Institution]]|accessdate=8 May 2015</ref> The city has the 31st highest cost of living in the world.<ref>Samarcite web|author=Ami Sedghi |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jun/12/city-cost-of-living-2012-tokyo |title=Which is the world's most expensive city? Cost of living survey 2012 &#124; News &#124; guardian.co.uk |publisher=Guardian |date=12 June 2012 |accessdate=6 November 2012</ref> Tel Aviv receives over 2.5 million international visitors annually.<ref name="MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa">cite news |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/mastercard-ranks-tel-aviv-as-fifth-most-visited-city-in-middle-east-and-africa/%7Ctitle=MasterCard ranks Tel Aviv as fifth most visited city in Middle East and Africa |accessdate=12 June 2012|publisher=[[The Times of Israel]] |first=Yoel|last=Goldman |date=12 June 2012</ref><ref name="Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit">cite. news|url=http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |title=Tourists rank Jerusalem and Tel Aviv among top cities to visit |accessdate=19 July 2011 |publisher=[[Haaretz]] |first=Tanya |last=Sapty |date=19 July 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112145431/http://www.haaretz.com/travel/travel-news/tourists-rank-jerusalem-and-tel-aviv-among-top-cities-to-visit-1.374032 |archivedate=12 November 2011 </ref> A "party capital" in the Middle East, it has a lively [[nightlife]] and 24-hour culture.<ref name="Top 10 party towns">cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/travel/the-worlds-top-10-party-towns-20091118-im4q.html |title=The world's top 10 party towns |publisher=[[The Sydney Morning Herald|Sydney Morning Herald]]<nowiki> |date=19 November 2009 |accessdate=19 November 2009}}</nowiki></ref><ref name="lonelyplanet.com">cite web|url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/usa/new-york-city/travel-tips-and-articles/76165|title=Lonely{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Planet's top 10 cities for 2011 |accessdate=31 October 2010</ref> A Tel Aviv ne [[Jami'ar Tel Aviv]] take, kuma mafi girman Jami'a a kasar Isra'ila, Wanda keda dalibai sama da dubu talatin (30,000). An kirkira birnin ne a shekarar 1909 kuma [[Yishuv]] ([[Yahudu|Bayahude]] mazaunin garin yafara samar da ita, a matsayin wani Sabon rukunin gidaje da akayi a yankin gabar kasar dake tsohuwar garin [[port|port city]] dake [[Jaffa]] , sannan yazama bangaren [[Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem|Jerusalem province]] na [[Ottoman Syria]]. Da farko ana kiranta da 'Ahuzat Bayit' amma saidai a shekarar data zagayo ne aka canja sunan zuwa 'Tel Aviv' wanda ke nufin "Ancient Hill of Spring". Other Jewish suburbs of Jaffa established outside Jaffa's Old City even before Tel Aviv, eventually became part of Tel Aviv, the oldest among them being [[Neve Tzedek]] (est. 1886).<ref name=":0">Cite book |title=Yafo – Neve-Tzedek, Rashita shel Tel-Aviv |last= Elkayam |first= Mordechai |publisher= Ministry of Defence |year=1990 |isbn= |location= |page=199 |language= Hebrew</ref> Yancirani wadanda yawancinsu yahudawa ne, sune suka cika garin, Wanda hakan yasa garin yafi yawan al'ummah akan garin Jaffa, wanda yawancin al'umman nan [[Larabawan falasdinu]] ne a waccan lokacin.<ref>85% in 1922, 92% in 1931 (Census reports)</ref> an hada garuruwan Tel Aviv da Jaffa suka zama daya a shekarar 1950, shekara biyu bayan nan Israila ta tattabar da yancin kanta a wannan garin. [[Farin Birni]] na Tel Aviv, an Santa sa cikin wuraren tarihin Duniya ta [[UNESCO]] a Shekarar 2003, ta tattara samfarin zane zanen gine gine na duniya Wanda yahaɗa da [[Bauhaus]] da wasu ire-iren samfarin zanen gidaje na zamani.<ref name="UNESCO">cite web|url=http://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1096.pdf |title=The White City of Tel Aviv |accessdate=29 March 2008 |publisher=[[UNESCO]]|format=PDF</ref><ref name="times">cite news |url=http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080719184519/http://travel.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/travel/holiday_type/breaks/article3370349.ece |date=2008-07-19 }} |title=Hip and happening in Tel Aviv |work=The Times |date=16 February 2008 |accessdate=16 February 2008 |last=Strimpel |first=Zoe |location=London</ref> ==Hotuna== <gallery> File:Old_yaffo_3.JPG|Tsohon birnin Yaffo, Tel Abib File:Tel-aviv-003.jpg|Gan Ha-eir: Tel Aviv File:Telaviv-beach.jpg|Tel Aviv beach File:Azriely1.jpg|Hasumiyar Azriely, Tel Aviv File:NokiaArena.jpg|Maccabi Tel Aviv's Nokia Arena File:Yonayafo.jpg|Yaffo, Tel Abib File:TelAviv-Beach1.jpg|Bakin ruwa na Tel Aviv </gallery> {{Asiya}} == Anazarci == ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Biranen Isra'ila]] njyb21y82eicuk2nf4fieg4oilpush0 0 10354 914838 722916 2026-09-02T13:09:11Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 914838 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Secretary_Kerry_Meets_with_Egyptian_President_Al-Sisi_in_Sharm_el-Sheikh.jpg|200px|right|thumbnail|Sakatariya Kerry Meets tare da shugaban ƙasar Misira, Al-Sisi a Sharm el-Sheikh.]] '''Abdul Fattah Saeed Hussein Khalil El-Sisi''' (da larabci|'''عبد الفتاح سعيد حسين خليل السيسى''', ''lafazi|'''ʿAbdel-Fattāḥ Saʿīd Ḥesēn Khalīl es-Sīsi''''' furucci|'''''ʕæbdel.fætˈtæːħ sæˈʕiːd ħeˈseːn xæˈliːl ɪsˈsiːsi'''''|: an haife shi a ranar 19 ga watan Nuwamba, shekara ta alif 1954) ɗan siyasar ƙasar [[Misra]] ne, wanda shi ne [[Jerin shugabannin ƙasar Misra|shugaban ƙasar Misra na shida]] ya kama aiki tun a shekara ta, 2014. Ya kuma fara shugabanci a ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar, 2019,<ref name=afpyahoo>cite news|url=https://www.yahoo.com/news/kagame-steps-down-egypt-takes-helm-african-union-043943631.html|title=Kagame {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128051933/https://www.yahoo.com/news/kagame-steps-down-egypt-takes-helm-african-union-043943631.html%7Ctitle=Kagame |date=2022-11-28 }} steps down, Egypt's Sisi takes helm at African Union|author=Nicolas Delauney, [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|publisher=[[Yahoo News]]|date=February 10, 2019|accessdate=February 10, 2019</ref><ref name=nationspeaks>cite news|url=https://www.nation.co.ke/news/africa/Kagame-hands-over-AU-chair-Sisi/1066-4975658-125x86/index.html|title=As{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Kagame steps down, Egypt takes helm at African Union|author=Charles Omondi|publisher=[[Daily Nation]]|date=February 10, 2019|accessdate=February 10, 2019</ref><ref>cite news|url=http://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/64156/AU-official-African-countries-keen-on-promoting-cooperation-with-Egypt|title=AU official: African countries keen on promoting cooperation with Egypt|publisher=Egypt Today|date=2 February 2019|access-date=8 February 2019</ref><ref>cite news|url=http://www.zbc.co.zw/just-in-pres-mnangagwa-leaves-for-au-summit/|title=Pres{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Mnangagwa leaves for AU Summit|publisher=Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation|date=February 8, 2019|accessdate=February 8, 2019</ref> na [[Shugaban Kungiyar Afirka]].<ref>cite news|url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/325225/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-Sisi-to-travel-to-Ethiopia-on-Saturday-to-a.aspx|title=Egypt's{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Sisi to travel to Ethiopia on Saturday to assume 2019 AU chairmanship|publisher=Ahram Online|date=February 8, 2019|accessdate=February 8, 2019</ref><ref>cite web|url=https://sputniknews.com/africa/201801291061144778-egypt-sisi-chair-african-union/ |title=Egypt's President to Chair African Union in 2019 |website=[[Sputnik (news agency)|Sputnik]] |date=January 29, 2018 |accessdate=February 8, 2019</ref> [[Field Marshal]] Sisi an haife shi ne a birnin [[Cairo]], sannan bayan ya shiga aikin soja, ya rike mukami a ƙasar [[Saudiya]] kafin ya shiga makarantar Egyptian Army's Command and Staff College. A shekarar alif 1992, Sisi ya samu horo a [[Joint Services Command and Staff College]] a [[Watchfield]], [[Oxfordshire]], a [[United Kingdom]], sannan a shekarar, 2006, ya kara samun horo a [[United States Army War College]] dake Carlisle, [[Pennsylvania]]. Sisi ya yi aiki a matsayin kwamanda na mechanized infantry sannan kuma ya zama darekta na [[military intelligence]]. Bayan [[Juyin-juya halin Misra na shekarar 2011]] da zaben [[Mohamed Morsi]] a matsayin shugaban kasar Misra, ya nada Sisi [[Jerin Mistocin Tsaro na Misra|Ministan tsaro]] a ranar 12 ga watan Augusta, shekarar, 2012, da sake fasalin Mubarak-era [[Mohamed Hussein Tantawi|Hussein Tantawi]]. [[Fayil:Secretary Kerry Meets With King Abdullah, President Al-Sisi, President Abbas on Sidelines of Economic Conference in Egypt.jpg|thumb|Abdul Fatah el-Sisi]] [[Fayil:Melania Trump, Abdel Fattah El-Sisi and Entissar El-Sisi 3.jpg|thumb|Abdul Fatah el-Sisi]] A matsayinsa na Ministan tsaro, kuma shugaban kwamandoji na [[Egyptian Armed Forces]], Sisi ya shiga cikin [[2013 Egyptian coup d'état|juyin mulki]]n da aka tunbuke Morsi daga shugabanci a ranar 3 ga watan Yuni, shekarar, 2013, don mayar da martani a kan zanga-zangar Misra a watan Yuni shekara ta, 2013, wanda ya kira a matsayin juyin gwamnati daga 'yan cikinta. Ya rushe [[Kundin Dokar Misra na shekarar 2012]], sannan ya sabunta, tare da wasu manyan 'yan adawa da malaman addini, wata sabuwar dokar gudanar da siyasar ƙasar, wadda ya hada da yin zaɓe game da sabon kundin ƙasar, da zaɓen 'yan majalisa da gwamnoni. An maye Morsi da shugaba [[Adly Mansour]], wanda ya zabi [[Beblawi Cabinet|sabbin kabinet]]. Gwamnatin ta afkawa [[Muslim Brotherhood]] da mabiyansu a watan da ya biyo baya, sannan kuma da wasu yan'adawa a kan tunbuke gwamnatin Morsi. A ranar 14 ga watan Augusta, shekarar, 2013, yan'sanda sun gudanar da [[August 2013 Kisan Rabaa]], da kashe da ruruwan fararen hula da jikkata dubbai, wanda ya janyo suka daga kasashen duniya.<ref name=bbc2014election>cite news|last1=Bowen |first1=Jeremy |title=Egypt election: Sisi secures landslide win |url=https://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:3TdSxtUojegJ:www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-27614776&hl=en&gl=us&strip=1&vwsrc=0 |accessdate=31 August 2015 |publisher=BBC News |date=29 May 2014</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Maris, shekarar, 2014, don amsa wa masu son ya nemi shugabancin kasar, sai Sisi ya yi ritaya daga aikin soji, kuma ya bayyana cewar zai yi takarar shugabancin kasar a shekarar, [[Zaben Shugaban kasar Misra, 2014|2014]].<ref name=ao26mar>cite web |url=http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/97612/Egypt/Politics-/Egypts-ElSisi-bids-military-farewell,-says-he-will.aspx|title=Egypt's{{Dead link|date=August 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} El-Sisi bids military farewell, says he will run for presidency|publisher=Ahram Online|date=26 March 2014|accessdate=26 March 2014</ref> Zaben, ya gudana daga ranar 26 zuwa ranar 28 ga watan Mayu, da Dan hamayya daya, [[Hamdeen Sabahi]],<ref name="bbc.com">cite web|title=Egypt election: Sisi secures landslide win|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-27614776|publisher=BBC|date=29{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} May 2014|accessdate=29 July 2014</ref> inda aka samu kashi arba'in da bakwai daga cikin dari (47%) na masu kada kuri'u, wanda Sisi ya yi nasara da fiye da kashi 97% na kuri'un da aka kada.<ref name="bbc.com"/><ref name="EgyptianElection">cite news|title=Former army chief scores landslide victory in Egypt presidential polls|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/may/29/abdel-fatah-al-sisi-sweeps-victory-egyptian-election|accessdate=29 May 2014|work=The Guardian</ref><ref>Cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20140529-poll-egypt-sisi-landslide-win-president/|title=Egypt's Sisi set for landslide win in presidential vote|agency=France24|date=29 May 2014|accessdate=2 June 2014</ref> An rantsar da Sisi amatsayin [[Shugaban kasan Misra]] a ranar 8 ga watan Yuni, shekarar, 2014. Gwamnatin Sisi ta baiwa hukumar sojin Misra karfin da bata bincike,<ref name="foreignpolicy">cite web |url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2015/05/22/egypts-sisi-is-getting-pretty-good-at-being-a-dictator/ |title=Egypt's Sisi Is Getting Pretty Good … at Being a Dictator |last=Cambanis |first=Thanassis |date=22 May 2015 |website=Foreign Policy |access-date=2017-07-25</ref> hakan yasa wasu jaridu suka kira shi da [[dictator]] kuma [[Mutum Mai-karfi (siyasa)|mai karfa-karfa]], da danganta shi da tsoffin dictators din kasar.<ref name="foreignpolicy" /><ref name="theanondic">cite news |url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pwh&AN=89930743&site=pov-live |title=The Anonymous Dictator |last=Giglio |first=Mike |date=16 August 2013 |work=Newsweek Global |access-date=25 July 2015 |last2=Dickey |first2=Christopher |issue=29 |volume=161 |issn=0028-9604 |last3=Atef |first3=Maged |last4=Jones |first4=Sophia |author-link2=Christopher Dickey |via=EBSCOhost |url-access=subscription |quote=That Egypt has a new strongman is no longer in doubt. Since the Egyptian military ousted the democratically elected President Mohamed Morsi last month following protests across the country, posters of Egypt's ''de facto'' leader, Gen. Abdel Fattah al-Sisi, have become more ubiquitous on Cairo streets than Sphinx souvenirs. The head of the Army stares out from café walls and the windows of government buildings, the red and the gold of his uniform remaining bright, even as the features of his face fade under the relentless sun. "He is the one we can trust," read some of the posters. Others call him "the eagle of the Arabs."</ref> [[Fayil:Melania Trump, Abdel Fattah El-Sisi and Entissar El-Sisi 2.jpg|thumb|Abdul Fatah el-Sisi]] A [[Zaben Shugaban kasar Misra 2018|zaben shugaban kasar Misra na shekarar, 2018]], Sisi yayi hamayya ne kawai a wurin tsaida dan'takara (wanda tare suka kafa gwamnati dashi, wato [[Moussa Mostafa Moussa]]) bayan sojoji sun kama [[Sami Anan]] da kuma guduwarsa bayan nan,<ref>cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/23/former-egyptian-general-arrested-by-military-after-announcing-presidential-bid-sami-anan|title=Egypt arrests ex-general who stood for election against Sisi|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=</ref><ref>cite web|url=http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/egypts-brotherhood-offers-support-presidential-hopeful-52542489|title=Egypt's military arrests ex-general running for president|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=</ref><ref>cite web|url=https://www.madamasr.com/en/2018/01/24/news/u/sami-anans-whereabouts-unknown-son/|title=Sami Anan's whereabouts unknown: Son|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date= </ref> da tsoratar da [[Ahmed Shafik]] da tsohon tuhumarsa da akayi masa na cin-hanci da kuma [[sex tape]],<ref>Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-egypt-politics/egyptian-ex-pm-ahmed-shafik-says-wont-run-for-presidency-idUSKBN1EW0MV|title=Egyptian{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} ex-PM Ahmed Shafik says won't run for presidency|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>cite web|url=http://www.middleeasteye.net/news/egypt-ahmed-shafiq-sisi-smear-campaign-772732588|title=Shafiq quit Egypt election bid after threats of 'sex tape' and corruption slurs: Sources|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/07/world/middleeast/egypt-ahmed-shafik.html|title=Egypt's Presidential Race Loses Popular Candidate|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date= </ref> da kuma janyewar [[Khaled Ali]] da Mohamed Anwar El-Sadat a dalilin karuwar matsaloli da kinbin tsari da masu gudanar da zaben kasar sukayi.<ref>cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/24/khaled-ali-withdraws-egyptian-presidential-race-abdel-fatah-al-sissi|title=Khaled Ali withdraws from Egyptian presidential race|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date= </ref><ref>cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/egypt-presidential-elections-latest-abdel-fattah-al-sisi-challengers-khaled-ali-saddam-hussein-a8177681.html|title=Egypt elections: Abdel Fattah al-Sisi's challengers liken President to Saddam Hussein as they drop out of race|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date= </ref><ref>cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/15/anwar-sadats-nephew-backs-egypt-presidential-election/|title=Anwar Sadat's nephew backs out of Egypt presidential election|last=|first=|date=|website=|access-date=</ref>. == Manazarta == <references/> {{DEFAULTSORT:el-Sisi, Abdul Fatah}} [[Category:Shugabannin ƙasar_Misra]] [[Category:Shugabannin_Afirka]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:'Yan siyasan ƙasar Misra]] [[Category:Shugabanni Musulmai]] lxh1nes1ma53opa8l4m6cc4bv3win2u 0 10416 914839 550436 2026-09-02T13:10:21Z Hon.Mubarak 45736 914839 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nigerian Public Domain Files 46.jpg|thumb|Iya Abubakar]] '''Iya Abubakar''' (An haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba, shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da huɗu 1934) ya kasance [[Dan Nijeriya]] ne, [[Dan'siyasa|Dan siyasa]] kuma kwararren malamin [[lissafi]], [[farfesa]] me mafi karanci shekarun da aka yi. Kuma yana cikin tsofaffin shugabannin jami'ar [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|ABU Zaria]], ya kuma riƙe mukaman gwamnati da dama ([[Ministan Tsaro na Nijeriya|Ministan tsaron Nijeriya]] da [[Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida (Nijeriya)|Ministan Harkokin cikin gida]]) lokacin [[Tarayyar Nijeriya ta Biyu]], ya kuma zama Sanata mai wakiltar [[Adamawa]] ta Arewa daga watan Mayu, shekarar alif 1999, zuwa watan Mayun shekarar 2007.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/senator-iya-abubakar-at-84</ref><ref name=":0">Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianbiography.com/2015/11/biography-of-iya-abubakar.html|title=Biography{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} of Iya Abubakar|website=www.nigerianbiography.com|access-date=2017-10-20</ref> ==Haihuwa da Aikin Karatu== An haife Abubakar a Ranar 14 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1934. Yayi karatu a [[Kwalejin Barewa]], [[Jami'ar Kwalejin Ibadan]] (wanda tazama ayanzu [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]) ya samu yin [[Ph.D]] a [[Jami'ar Cambridge]]. Yayi aiki amatsayin ferfesa mai kai kawo a [[Jami'ar Michigan]] daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekarar 1966, sannan aka naɗa shi farfesan lissafi a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] yana da shekara 28, a shekarar 1967.<ref>Cite web |url=http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/abubakar_iya.html |title=Iya Abubakar |work=Mathematicians of the African Diaspora |accessdate=2010-06-23</ref> Ya riƙe matsayin har shekarar 1975, da kuma farfesa mai kai kawo a [[City University of New York]] daga shekarar 1971 zuwa shekarar 1972. A shekarar 1975, an naɗa shi Vice-Chancellor na jami'ar [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello]], mukamin ne ya riƙe har shekarar 1978. Abubakar yazama darekta a [[Babban Bankin Nijeriya]] daga shekarar 1972 zuwa shekarar 1975.<ref name=whoswho>Cite book |title=Who's Who 2006 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |year=2006 |isbn=1-59691-218-9</ref><ref name=":0" /> ==Siyasa== Bayan ƙarewar mulkin Lt-Gen. [[Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ]] bayan ya mika mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa na dimokraɗiyya a shekarar 1979, an naɗa Abubakar Ministan Tsaro na Tarayyar, inda yarike mukamin har shekarar 1982. Daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekarar 2005, shine Pro-Chancellor kuma Chairman na Majalisar [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]. A karshen shekara ta 1990, ya rike mukamin darekta na National Mathematical Centre dake [[Abuja]] da kuma rike National Manpower Commission of Nigeria dana non-governmental Africa International Foundation for Science and Technology.<ref name=whoswho/><ref name=":0" /> Abubakar Iya yazama sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta Arewa a [[Jihar Adamawa]], [[Nigeria]] a farkon dawowar [[Nigerian Fourth Republic]], yanema a karkashin jam'iyyar [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP). Ya shiga ofis a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1999.<ref>cite web |url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/nigeria/nigerialeg2.txt |title=FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 20 FEBRUARY AND 7 MARCH 1999 |work=Psephos |accessdate=2010-06-23</ref> An sake zaɓen sa a watan Afrilu shekara ta 2003.<ref>cite web |url=http://www.dawodu.com/senator.htm |title=Senators |work=Dawodu |accessdate=2010-06-23</ref> Bayan samun nasarar sa zuwa majalisar dattawa a watan Yuni shekarar 1999 an bashi rikon mukamai na kwamiti akan Public Accounts, da Banking & Currency (chairman), da Commerce and Finance & Approprition.<ref>Cite web |url=http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |title=Congressional Committees |publisher=Nigeria Congress |accessdate=2010-06-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151316/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |archivedate=2009-11-18 |df= </ref> Abubakar ya kuma rike shugaban kwamiti na Finance and Appropriation<ref>citation|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200304160468.html|title=Nigeria{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: Iya Abubakar Predicts Boom for Adamawa|newspaper=Daily Trust|first=Tashikalmah|last=Hallah|date=April 16, 2003.</ref> da kwamiti na Science and Technology.<ref>citation|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200309100548.html|title=Nigeria{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: Senate to Sign IT Policy Bill Soon - Prof. Abubakar|newspaper=Daily Trust|first=Hassan|last=Idris|date=September 10, 2003.</ref><ref name=":0" />. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abubakar, Iya}} [[Category:Yan'siyasan Najeriya]]. nnqa1y7pvdcjsx033zo2lucnhbf46z3 914898 914839 2026-09-02T14:25:20Z Baby juuu 38856 914898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Nigerian Public Domain Files 46.jpg|thumb|Iya Abubakar]] '''Iya Abubakar''' (An haife shi a ranar 14 ga watan Disamba,a shekarar alif ɗari tara da talatin da huɗu 1934) ya kasance [[Dan Nijeriya]] ne, [[Dan'siyasa|Dan siyasa]] kuma kwararren malamin [[lissafi]], [[farfesa]] me mafi karanci shekarun da aka yi. Kuma yana cikin tsofaffin shugabannin jami'ar [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|ABU Zaria]], ya kuma riƙe mukaman gwamnati da dama ([[Ministan Tsaro na Nijeriya|Ministan tsaron Nijeriya]] da [[Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida (Nijeriya)|Ministan Harkokin cikin gida]]) lokacin [[Tarayyar Nijeriya ta Biyu]], ya kuma zama Sanata mai wakiltar [[Adamawa]] ta Arewa daga watan Mayu, a shekarar alif 1999, zuwa watan Mayun shekarar 2007.<ref>https://dailytrust.com/senator-iya-abubakar-at-84</ref><ref name=":0">Cite web|url=http://www.nigerianbiography.com/2015/11/biography-of-iya-abubakar.html|title=Biography{{Dead link|date=December 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} of Iya Abubakar|website=www.nigerianbiography.com|access-date=2017-10-20</ref> ==Haihuwa da Aikin Karatu== An haife Abubakar a Ranar 14 ga watan Disamban shekarar 1934. Yayi karatu a [[Kwalejin Barewa]], [[Jami'ar Kwalejin Ibadan]] (wanda tazama ayanzu [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]) ya samu yin [[Ph.D]] a [[Jami'ar Cambridge]]. Yayi aiki amatsayin ferfesa mai kai kawo a [[Jami'ar Michigan]] daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekarar 1966, sannan aka naɗa shi farfesan lissafi a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] yana da shekara 28, a shekarar 1967.<ref>Cite web |url=http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/abubakar_iya.html |title=Iya Abubakar |work=Mathematicians of the African Diaspora |accessdate=2010-06-23</ref> Ya riƙe matsayin har shekarar 1975, da kuma farfesa mai kai kawo a [[City University of New York]] daga shekarar 1971 zuwa shekarar 1972. A shekarar 1975, an naɗa shi Vice-Chancellor na jami'ar [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Ahmadu Bello]], mukamin ne ya riƙe har shekarar 1978. Abubakar yazama darekta a [[Babban Bankin Nijeriya]] daga shekarar 1972 zuwa shekarar 1975.<ref name=whoswho>Cite book |title=Who's Who 2006 |publisher=Bloomsbury USA |year=2006 |isbn=1-59691-218-9</ref><ref name=":0" /> ==Siyasa== Bayan ƙarewar mulkin Lt-Gen. [[Olusẹgun Ọbasanjọ]] bayan ya mika mulki ga zaɓaɓɓen shugaban ƙasa na dimokraɗiyya a shekarar 1979, an naɗa Abubakar Ministan Tsaro na Tarayyar, inda yarike mukamin har shekarar 1982. Daga shekarar 1993 zuwa shekarar 2005, shine Pro-Chancellor kuma Chairman na Majalisar [[Jami'ar Ibadan]]. A karshen shekara ta 1990, ya rike mukamin darekta na National Mathematical Centre dake [[Abuja]] da kuma rike National Manpower Commission of Nigeria dana non-governmental Africa International Foundation for Science and Technology.<ref name=whoswho/><ref name=":0" /> Abubakar Iya yazama sanata mai wakiltar Adamawa ta Arewa a [[Jihar Adamawa]], [[Nigeria]] a farkon dawowar [[Nigerian Fourth Republic]], yanema a karkashin jam'iyyar [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (PDP). Ya shiga ofis a ranar 29 ga watan Mayu shekara ta 1999.<ref>cite web |url=http://psephos.adam-carr.net/countries/n/nigeria/nigerialeg2.txt |title=FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF NIGERIA LEGISLATIVE ELECTION OF 20 FEBRUARY AND 7 MARCH 1999 |work=Psephos |accessdate=2010-06-23</ref> An sake zaɓen sa a watan Afrilu shekara ta 2003.<ref>cite web |url=http://www.dawodu.com/senator.htm |title=Senators |work=Dawodu |accessdate=2010-06-23</ref> Bayan samun nasarar sa zuwa majalisar dattawa a watan Yuni shekarar 1999 an bashi rikon mukamai na kwamiti akan Public Accounts, da Banking & Currency (chairman), da Commerce and Finance & Approprition.<ref>Cite web |url=http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |title=Congressional Committees |publisher=Nigeria Congress |accessdate=2010-06-23 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091118151316/http://www.nigeriacongress.org/assembly/committees1.htm |archivedate=2009-11-18 |df= </ref> Abubakar ya kuma rike shugaban kwamiti na Finance and Appropriation<ref>citation|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200304160468.html|title=Nigeria{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: Iya Abubakar Predicts Boom for Adamawa|newspaper=Daily Trust|first=Tashikalmah|last=Hallah|date=April 16, 2003.</ref> da kwamiti na Science and Technology.<ref>citation|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200309100548.html|title=Nigeria{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}: Senate to Sign IT Policy Bill Soon - Prof. Abubakar|newspaper=Daily Trust|first=Hassan|last=Idris|date=September 10, 2003.</ref><ref name=":0" />. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Abubakar, Iya}} [[Category:Yan'siyasan Najeriya]]. f5l6n68n8dp6hc04ojk7mgqadhxz1zc 0 12220 915194 549092 2026-09-03T00:08:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Germany Ghana Locator.png|thumb|yankin jamani]] [[Fayil:Regions of Ghana by HDI (2017).svg|thumb|yankin ghana]] [[Fayil:Ghana (orthographic projection).svg|thumb|Yankin ghana]] [[Fayil:Regions of Ghana by HDI (2017).svg|thumb|Ƙaura daga Ghana zuwa Jamus]] [[Fayil:Regions of Ghana by HDI (2017).svg|thumb|Ƙaura daga Ghana zuwa Jamus]] '''Hijira daga Ghana zuwa Jamus''' ya fara a farkon shekarun 1950 a lokacin da wata manufa ta yammacin Jamus ta ba da izinin tafiya tsakanin ɗalibai daga wasu kasashen Afirka zuwa Jamus don cigaba da karatunsu. Wannan manufar ita ce samar wa daliban ilimi da za su yi amfani a kasarsu ta asali lokacin da suka dawo. Kamar yadda yake a shekarar 2009, akwai 'yan kasar Ghana kimani 40,000 wadanda ke da asalin kaura a Jamus; Inda 'yan kasar ta Ghana da ke kaura ta Ghana 'da kuma' karni na biyu da na uku na 'yan Ghana da aka hakura a Jamus da yaran daga kawancen hadin gwirar da ba su yi kaura ba da kansu<nowiki>''</nowiki> , a cewar ''Deutsche Gesellschaft fur Technische Zusammenarbeit'' (GTZ). A cewar (GTZ), akwai adadi mai yawa na baki ba tare da izini ba, yawancinsu sun isa Jamus tare da takardar izinin shiga amma suna zama ba tare da izinin zama ba bayan lokacin da aka ba su. == Sanadi da Dalilai na Kaura == [[File:Palm Beach Qld Surf Life Saving Club - Members visiting a surf carnival 1950s - Photo Robert McPherson IMG 0008 - Copy (6).jpg|thumb|hijira domin zuwa turai saboda rashin abinyi ]] Matsalar tattalin arziki, yake-yake, rikice-rikice na kabilanci da gwagwarmaya na rayuwa sune dalilin mutane da yawa sun bar kasarsu ta asali. Matsayin 'yan gudun hijira a cikin duniya ya hadu da karancin tsoro kuma yana karuwa kowace shekara. Dalilan tattalin arziki, yawaitar talauci da kuma yawan jama'a suna daga wasu dalilan da ke tasiri ga mutane su bar gidajensu ko kuma asalinsu. == Nau'ikan Hijira daga Ghana zuwa Jamus == Za'a iya ganin nau'ikan kaura guda uku a cikin tarihin mutanen Ghana da ke kaura zuwa Jamus. Sun hada da kaura don ilimi, kaura neman mafaka, da kaura don haduwa da iyali. Ba kasafai aka ba wa bakin hauren 'yan kasar ta Ghana takardar izinin shiga ba. === Hijira ta Neman Ilimi === Yawancin baki masu neman ilimi suna kaura zuwa kasashe na uku bayan sun kammala karatunsu a Jamus. === Hijirar mai Neman Mafaka === Baki daga wannan lema sun zama wadanda ke dawwama a cikin Jamus a yau. Tun daga shekarun 1970, mawuyacin halin tattalin arziki da rikice-rikice siyasa a lokacin gwamnatocin sojoji a Ghana sun fadada adadin 'yan gudun hijirar Ghana da suka nemi mafaka a kasashen Turai da na Afirka. Takaddar karbar 'yan gudun hijirar siyasa daga Ghana ta cigaba da kasancewa kasa da kashi daya, yayin da hukumomi ke nuna yawancin Ghanaan gudun hijirar Ghana a matsayin yan gudun hijirar tattalin arziki. Mutane 112 ne kacal tsakanin 1983 da 2007 aka karba a matsayin a yan gudun hijirar siyasa.. === Haduwa ta Iyali === Baƙi a cikin wannan lema suna ɗaukar matsayin waɗanda ke dawwama a cikin Jamus a yau. Sama da kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na yan ƙasar Ghana na ƙaura suna zuwa Jamus ta hanyar haɗuwa da dangi. == Hijirar yau da Kullum da kan Lokaci zuwa Jamus == Kungiyar kasashen Duniya don Hijira ta fassara kaura ta yau da kullum a matsayin kaura wanda ke faruwa a cikin bin ka'idodi na kasar asalin, kaura, da makoma. (IOM) ta kuma bayyana kaura ta al'ada kamar motsin mutane wadanda ke faruwa a waje da dokoki, ka'idoji, ko yarjejeniyar kasa da kasa da ke jagorantar shigowa ko fita daga asalin, jigilar kaya, ko makoma. Akwai hanyoyi don kaura don duka motsi na yau da kullum. === Hanyoyi na Yau da Kullum === Ofishin harkokin waje na tarayyar Jamus ya ba da shawarar hanyoyi daban-daban don aminci da kaura bisa doka dangane da dalilin kaura. Hanyan yau da kullum ana nufin samun visa. ==== Samun Visa ==== ===== '''Gajeran zaman visa''' ===== Ofishin jakadancin na Jamus ya ba da izinin karbar takardar visa ta Schengen na dan gajeran lokacin (har zuwa 90 kwanakin a tsakanin tsawon kwanaki 180) a cikin Jamus (da kasashen Turai a cikin yankin Schengen) don yawon shakatawa, ziyarar ko kuma dalilai na kasuwanci. Ana bukatar masu neman izini don cike fom, sanya alkawura. Ofishin jakadancin dake Accra ya ba da jerin abubuwan da ake bukata na takaddar visa. ===== '''Visa na Tsawon Lokaci''' ===== Ofishin jakadancin ya kuma ba da takardar izinin zama na dalibai ga dalibi, haduwa da iyali, takardar neman aiki a tsakanin wasu, da bayar da bukatunsu. === Hijira na Lokaci === [[File:LE_Eithne_Operation_Triton_(18645098829).jpg|alt=A boat with migrants, off the Libyan coast.|thumb| Jirgin ruwa tare da baki, a gefen tekun Libya. ]] Shiga da fice Afirka zuwa Turai ta hanyoyin da ba bisa doka ba yana da muhimmanci. Yawancin baki da ke yin irin wadannan tafiye-tafiye sun fito ne daga kasashen [[Afirka]] masu tasowa da ke neman ingancin rayuwa a Turai. Baki yawanci sukan je Arewacin Afirka, musamman [[Libya]], wanda ya zama farkon tashi kaura zuwa Turai ba bisa ka'ida ba. Daga Libya, suna tafiya cikin jirgi a tekun Bahar Rum. Wadansu bakin haure kuma suna bi ta kasa ta hanyar ''Enutawan na Ceuta da Melilla'', suna fuskantar mummunan rauni har ma da mutuwa. Masu fataucin mutane da masu fataucin mutane sun yi amfani da halin da ake ciki don samun kudi a ciki, galibi suna yin wa baki kawancen game da dama a Turai. A watan Yuni na shekarar 2019, IOM kididdiga ta nuna cewa mutuwar da aka yi wa lakabi da manyan hanyoyin uku na Tekun Bahar Rum zuwa Italiya, [[Malta]] da [[Cyprus]] a watan Yumi na 2019 sun kai mutane 555. Zuwa watan Disamba na 2019, adadin ya haura zuwa 738 tare da nutsar da ruwa, cin zarafi ta jiki, cin zarafin jima'i, matsananciyar yunwa, rashin lafiya da rashin damar kiwon lafiya da rashin ruwa a jiki sune manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da mutuwa. An bayar da rahoton cewa 'yan kasar Ghana na kan gaba sosai a tsakanin bakin haure da ke fatan zuwa Turai duk da cewa kasar ta aminta da kwanciyar hankali ta fuskar siyasa fiye da sauran kasashen da bakin haure suke. Kimanin 'yan kasar Ghana 5,636 ne suka isa Italiya ta jirgin ruwa a shekarar 2016. A cikin 2017, yankin Brong-Ahafo, wanda yanzu ya kasu kashi uku na Ahafo, Brong da Bono Gabas, suna da mafi yawan kaura. Cikin mutane 4,092 da suka dawo daga Libya, mafi yawan 1,562, wanda ke wakiltar kaso 38.17 bisa dari, sun fito ne daga Brong Ahafo. Yankin Ashanti yana da 601, wanda ke nuna kashi 13.63. == Amincewa da Hijira na yasar Jamus == Yawancin mutanen da suka zo neman zama a Jamus ana tura su gudun hijira saboda da'awar su na neman mafaka, da 'yancin sake saduwa da dangi, ba su yi nasara ba. Masu neman mafaka kawai wadanda suka karbi dayan nau'ikan kariya hudu an ba su ikon zama. Siffofin guda hudu sun hada da Kariyar 'Yan Gudun Hijira, Shigarwa zuwa Mafaka, Kariyar Tallafi, da kuma dokar hana fitar dangi. Yawancin lokaci, masu neman nasara sune wadanda ba za su iya ba da shaidar zalunci a kasarsu ta asali da sauran manyan kalubalen gida ba. Mutanen da suka zo Jamus don inganta yanayin tattalin arzikin su ba 'yan gudun hijira bane. Bugu da kari, kaura daga wannan kasar ta EU zuwa wancan baya izinin sake neman izinin zama a wata kasar EU. Hakanan Jamus tana ba da taimako don dawo da son rai na wasu bakin haure. == Hanyoyin sadarwa na waje == [https://www.daad-ghana.org/en/study-research-in-germany/ghanaians-in-germany/ 'Yan Ghana a Jamus - DAAD] [https://www.iom.int/global-compact-migration Yarjejeniyar Duniya don Hijira] [https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180713_agreed_outcome_global_compact_for_migration.pdf PDF] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190612184004/https://refugeesmigrants.un.org/sites/default/files/180713_agreed_outcome_global_compact_for_migration.pdf |date=2019-06-12 }} [https://accra.diplo.de/gh-en/service/05-VisaEinreise Visa da Tafiya zuwa Jamus] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525063204/https://accra.diplo.de/gh-en/service/05-VisaEinreise |date=2019-05-25 }} [https://missingmigrants.iom.int/region/africa Mutuwar Hijira] == Tunani == epcsc4qtynhs6ytnk44jhjojmaj5we6 0 15295 915103 445490 2026-09-02T19:50:08Z Zahrah0 14848 915103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Falilat Ogunkoya''' (an haife ta a ranar 5 ga watan Disamba shekara ta alif 1968 a Ode Lemo, Jihar Ogun Nigeria ) <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20100912011759/http://www.falilatogunkoya.com/biography.html Biography]. Official website. Retrieved on 2014-01-12.</ref> tsohuwar ƴar wasan tsere ce a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Ogunkoya ta lashe gasar zakarun ƙasa da dama, ciki har da lambar zinare a shekara ta alif 1996 a mita 400, zinari a mita 200 da 400 a shekara ta alib 1998, da kuma zinare a a shekara ta alib 1999 da 2001 a mita 400. A Wasannin shekara ta alib 1987 na Duk Afirka a [[Nairobi]] ta sami lambar azurfa a cikin 200 m. A shekara ta alib 1995 a wasannin All Africa a [[Harare]] ta lashe azurfa a mita 400, sannan a Wasannin shekarar 1999 a [[Johannesburg]] ta sami lambar zinare a mita 400. A Gasar Olympics ta lokacin bazara ta shekarar alif y1996 ta ci tagulla a tseren mita 400, a bayan Marie-José Pérec ta [[Faransa]] da Cathy Freeman ta [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]], a matsayin gwarzo mafi kyau da tarihin Afirka na 49.10, wanda a yanzu ita ce ta goma sha biyu mafi sauri a kowane lokaci. == Nasarori == {| {{AchievementTable|Event=yes}} |- !colspan="6"|Representing {{NGR}} |- |rowspan=2|1986 |rowspan=2|[[1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics|World Junior Championships]] |rowspan=2|[[Athens]], [[Greece]] |bgcolor=gold|1st |200m |[[1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 200 metres|23.11]] <small>(wind: +0.6&nbsp;m/s)</small> |- |bgcolor="cc9966"|3rd |4 × 100 m relay |[[1986 World Junior Championships in Athletics – Women's 4 × 100 metres relay|44.13]] |- |rowspan=2|1987 |rowspan=2|[[1987 All-Africa Games|All-Africa Games]] |rowspan=2|[[Nairobi, Kenya]] |bgcolor="silver" | 2nd |100 m |[[Athletics at the 1987 All-Africa Games|11.43]] |- |bgcolor="silver" | 2nd |200 m |[[Athletics at the 1987 All-Africa Games|22.95]] |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan tsere a Najeriya]] 939bzz0qh19rjn2u2hz9wx6iipteg27 0 15516 915237 493715 2026-09-03T05:16:07Z Ummeeterh 31568 915237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:NIGERIAN BOOKS (FOURTH COMMONWEALTH EDUCATIONAL CONFERENCE).pdf|thumb|litaffin Nigeria mai dauke da bayanan ta]] '''Elizabeth Balogun''' (An haife ta ranar 9 ga watan [[Satumba]], 2000) ƴar wasan ƙwallon kwando ce ta ƙasar [[Najeriya]]. Tana buga wasan ƙwallon kwando na ƙungiyar mata ta [[Louisville Cardinal Women Team]] da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallon kafa ta [[Najeriya]] . <ref>http://www.fiba.basketball/oqtwomen/serbia/2020/player/Elizabeth-Balogun</ref> == Makaranta == Balogun ta koma Hamilton Heights High School [[Tennessee]] a aji takwas daga [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Tana da matsakaicin maki 15.1, rama 4.6, bulo 2.7 kuma taimaka 2.1. Ta zama ƙungiyar Farko ta Baswallon Kwando ta -an mata ALL-USA a ƙarshen zama a Highschool. == Kwalejin aiki == Balogun ta fara ne a matsayin sabon shiga a Georgia Tech a shekarar 2018, Ta bar ƙungiyar ne zuwa Louisville Cardinal bayan an sanya mata sunan sabuwar shekarar 2018-19 ACC bayan da ta samu matsakaicin maki 14.64 a kowane wasa a shekarar ta ta farko. A cikin shekararta ta biyu a Louisville, an ba ta suna preseason All-ACC ta masu horarwa da Blue Ribbon Panel kuma an sanya ta cikin Jerin Kula da Naismith na Citizen. == Ƙungiyar Ƙwallon Kwando ta Mata ta Nijeriya == An kira Balogun don ta wakilci D'Tigress da kuma shiga cikin gasar share fagen shiga gasar Olympics ta shekarar 2019 a Mozambique amma Louisville bai sake ta ba. An kuma kira ta don ta halarci Tokyo 2020 Cancantar Cancanta a Belgrade. <ref>http://www.fiba.basketball/oqtwomen/serbia/2020/team/Nigeria</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Balogun itace ta biyu a cikin yara 3, babban wanta Ezekiel, yana wasa a The Citadel a South Carolina. Kanwarta Ruth, tana wasa a Hamilton Heights. Mahaifiyarta ''Justina'' ta yi latti yayin da mahaifinta ''Mark '' yake zaune a Najeriya inda yake Ƙwallon Kwando da ɗan Sanda. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Ƴan Ƙwallon Kwando a Najeriya]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] 6uy4lvzmklajebf8kq1xv13d010dipr 0 15641 915099 509737 2026-09-02T19:42:45Z Johnsoniensis 30621 spelling 915099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Ig-Maureen Solomon.ogg|thumb|Yanda ake fadin sunan]] [[Fayil:Ig-Maureen Solomon.ogg|thumb|Furucin Maureen Solomon]] [[Fayil:Library Staff , c1980s (4400577779).jpg|thumb|Solomon]] '''Maureen Solomon''' (An haife tane a watan disamba, a ranar 23, a cikin shekara ta alif ɗari tara da tamanin da uku 1983) 'yar fim ce' yar Nijeriya wacce a lokacin da ta yi aiki a masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, ta fito a fina-finai sama da 80<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm2041813/|title=Maureen Solomon|website=IMDb|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> Najeriya. yawanci fina-finan da'aka saka ta a ciki sun samar mata da daukaka da shahara.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/life-arts/nollywood-actress-maureen-solomon-is-pregnant-after-12-years-flaunts-baby-bump/ar-BBVJ4cV|title=Nollywood actress Maureen Solomon is pregnant after 12 years, flaunts baby bump|website=www.msn.com|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/04/09/maureen-solomon-welcomes-2nd-child-after-12-years/|title=Maureen Solomon welcomes 2nd child after 12 years|last=Okundia|first=Jennifer|date=2019-04-09|website=P.M. News|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> == Rayuwan farko da ilimii == Solomon aka haife ta a [[Abiya|Jihar Abiya]], [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] a Isuochi gari inda ta samu duka biyu makarantun firamare da sakandare da ilimi da kuma samu duka biyu ta ''farko School Barin Certificate,'' kuma ''yammacin Afrika Senior School Certificate'' daga Isuochi makarantun firamare da sakandare a [[Abiya|jihar Abia]] . == Kariyan ta == [[Fayil:Southern campus (IA southerncampus1977univ).pdf|thumb|Maureen Solomon]] Solomon ya bayyana a wata hira cewa ta fara wasan kwaikwayo ne a lokacin da take makarantar firamare kuma tana da burin kasancewa yar wasa a gaba. Solomon ya fara aiki a harkar fim a Najeriya tana da shekara 17<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.legit.ng/1203679-6-nollywood-actress-maureen-solomon.html|title=6 things to know about Nollywood actress Maureen Solomon|last=Owolawi|first=Taiwo|date=2018-11-14|website=www.legit.ng|language=en|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-date=2019-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207084917/https://www.legit.ng/1203679-6-nollywood-actress-maureen-solomon.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> tare da fim din mai suna ''Alternative'' wanda Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen ya jagoranta. Solomon ya bayyana fim dinta na farko wanda ya kasance na fim din ''Alternative'' a matsayin kuskure daga bangaren daraktan fina-finai na Najeriya Lancelot Oduwa Imasuen wanda ya bata ta da daya daga cikin wadanda aka yi wa rijistar kuma ya ba ta rubutun da za ta haddace sannan daga baya ta yi / ta yi. Sulemanu ya bayyana cewa a zahiri ta faru ne kawai ba tare da bata lokaci ba ta kasance a wurin sauraren kallo a lokacin. Sulaiman ya samu kiran waya washegari kuma aka sanya mata wani aiki wanda aka biya ta ₦ 2000 akan ($ 20, a kowace musayar 2001) <ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/after-almost-12-years-actress-maureen-solomon-welcomes-another-child-2/|title=After almost 12 years, actress Maureen Solomon welcomes another child|last=RITA|date=2019-04-09|website=Vanguard Allure|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.withinnigeria.com/2018/11/14/6-things-to-know-about-nollywood-actress-maureen-solomon/|title=6 things to know about Nollywood actress Maureen Solomon|date=2018-11-14|website=Within Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> Solomon ya bar masana'antar fim din Najeriya a 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/celebrity/in-search-of-these-acting-celebrities/|title=In Search Of These Acting Celebrities|website=guardian.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-07|archive-date=2019-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207093421/https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/celebrity/in-search-of-these-acting-celebrities/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar ta == Solomon a shekara ta 2005 ya auri Mista Okereke, wani likita ne kuma suna da yara biyu tare.<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2019/04/after-almost-12-years-actress-maureen-solomon-welcomes-another-child-2/|title=After almost 12 years, actress Maureen Solomon welcomes another child|last=RITA|date=2019-04-09|website=Vanguard Allure|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/why-i-stopped-acting-for-7-years-maureen-solomon-actress/|title=Why I stopped acting for 7 years –Maureen Solomon, actress|last=Rapheal|date=2018-04-21|website=The Sun Nigeria|language=en-US|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/242921/actress-maureen-solomon-shows-off-aged-mother-with-great-sw.html|title=Actress, Maureen Solomon Shows off Aged Mother with Great Swag|website=Nigerian Voice|access-date=2019-12-07}}</ref> == Fina finan da aka zaɓa == * ''Zuciya na Dutse (2010)'' * ''Sumbatar Dura (2008)'' * ''Mala'ikan Rayuwata (2007)'' * ''Ruhin Kulawa (2007)'' * ''Yaƙin Karshe (2007)'' * ''Taimaka min Na fita (2007)'' * ''Maza A Hanyar Hard (2007)'' * ''Jimlar Yaƙi (2007)'' * ''Leap Of Faith (2006)'' * ''Loan da aka (ata (2006)'' * ''Yarinyar Maciji (2006)'' * ''Gobe Ya Sake Rayuwa'' ''(2006)'' * ''Ba tare da Neman Afuwa ba (2006)'' * ''Yarinya (2005)'' * ''Yaƙin Jini (2005)'' * ''CID (2005)'' * ''Loveaunar perateauna (2005)'' * ''Diamond Har abada (2005)'' * ''Gafara (2005)'' * ''Isauna Ce Wasa (2005)'' * ''Gida Baya (2005)'' * ''Auri Ni (2005)'' * ''Mahaifiyata ta Makaranta (2005)'' * ''Red Light (2005)'' * ''Hawan Wata (2005)'' * ''Waƙoƙin baƙin ciki (2005)'' * ''Masoyan Kashe Kansu (2005)'' * ''Gwajin Mutum (2005)'' * ''Wasan Tsada (2005)'' * ''Sarauta (2005)'' == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Maureen Solomon on IMDb [[Category:Mata]] [[Category:Ƴan Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutane]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1983]] 4fwhh18wrpqyyhnae22nn2t4v1qkd8k 0 17155 915334 514239 2026-09-03T09:40:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox||Ahamadiyya A Najeriya=}} '''Ahmadiyya''' reshen [[Musulunci]] ne a [[Nijeriya|Najeriya]] a ƙarƙashin khalifa a [[Landan]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title="Achievements of Ahmadiyya Muslim Jamaat in Nigeria |url=https://ahmadiyya.ng/achievements-of-ahmadiyya-muslim-jamaat-in-nigeria/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2021-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916193623/https://ahmadiyya.ng/achievements-of-ahmadiyya-muslim-jamaat-in-nigeria/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=" Ahmadiyya movement nigeria |url=https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/ahmadiyya-movement-nigeria |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2020-03-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323220715/https://rlp.hds.harvard.edu/faq/ahmadiyya-movement-nigeria |url-status=dead }}</ref> Membobin kungiyar galibi sun fito ne daga Yammacin Najeriya. A wani bangare na shirinta na taimakon jama'a, ƙungiyar ta gina makarantu goma da asibitoci biyu a cikin [[Apapa]] da Ojokoro, Jihar Lagos. == Tarihi == === Kafuwa === [[Ahmadiyya|Ƙaungiyar Ahmadiyya]] an kafa ta a Biritaniya ta [[Indiya]] ta hannun Mirza Ghulam Ahmad, wani mai kawo sauyi a cikin addinin Islama da kuma sufi, wanda a cikin 1891 ya yi iƙirarin cewa shi annabi ne, mujaddid ("mai sabuntawa"), kuma Masihi ko Mahadi da Musulmai suke tsammani. Harkar Ahmadiyya an tsara ta ne a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] a cikin shekara ta 1916 amma akwai da yawa, duk da cewa ba masu sabani ba ne, yadda Ahmadiyya ta zo Najeriya. Wani bayani ya nuna cewa a cikin 1913, wani malamin makaranta da ake kira Hamid ya yi tuntuɓe na yaɗuwa da kwafin "Review of Religion", wata mujalla da ƙungiyar Ahmadiyya ta kafa a Qadian kuma ta fara tattaunawa da su. Wata sigar kuma ta nuna cewa wani ɗan kasuwar Legas, Alhaji Ali Fahm ya tafi [[Misra|Misira]] a shekarar 1914 kuma ya samu kwafin adabin Ahmadiyya da ya kawo Najeriya, bayan ya yi nazari wanda shi da wasu abokansa suka rubuta wa hedikwatar Harkar a Kadian don bayyana niyyar zama membobin ƙungiyar. Alhaji Imran Adewuyi Onibudo yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka yi ikirarin cewa sun dauki bi’ah (bai’a) a shekarar 1914. <ref>{{Cite web |title="About us, Khuddam |url=https://khuddam.ng/about-us/ |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2020-10-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029071354/https://khuddam.ng/about-us/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dawahnigeria.com/dawahcast/other-tags/ahmadiyya |title="About us, Dawah Nigeria |access-date=2021-01-23 |archive-date=2019-11-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191119024956/https://dawahnigeria.com/dawahcast/other-tags/ahmadiyya |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yawancin membobin al'umma sun kasance suna da alaƙa da ƙungiyar Adabin Musulmai a Legas, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Muhammed Basil Agusto, wani ɗan asalin Lagos ɗan asalin Afro-Brazil . Agusto ya kafa ƙaramar makaranta don musulmai kuma yana da sha'awar samar da wayewar kai game da ilimin Yammacin Turai a tsakanin Jama'ar Musulmai. Tsakanin 1916 da 1919, Agusto shi ne cibiyar kungiyar, {{Sfn|Humphrey|1963}} ya buga kasidarsa don ya cika waɗanda ya nema daga Qadian kuma galibi ana gudanar da taron ƙungiyar a gidansa na ƙashin kansa. Agusto iya yi kuma ya rinjayi shigarwa na da yawa Afro-Brazil a cikin motsi a cikin 1919. A shekara ta 1919, ya aka naɗa ta farko shugaba da kuma aka yi nasara da Jibril Martin idan Agusto tafiya zuwa London aikatãwa wani dokar mataki. A Landan, ya saba da bangaren Lahore kuma ya balle daga Qadiani Ahmadis. Lokacin da ya dawo Nijeriya a 1924, ya kafa ƙungiyarsa, Islamic Society of Nigeria. {{Sfn|Humphrey|1963}} === 1920 - 1940 === A farkon, Musulman Ahmadi sun fuskanci kalubalance daga musulmai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi, wani malami, Adamu Animashaun ya yi amfani da kayan bugawarsa don kai hari ga ƙungiyar, wani ci gaba mai dorewa da aka nufa ga mabiya ahmadi ana zargin ya haifar da cin zarafin mambobi a cikin 1921. An sami Animashaun da sauran Musulmai da alhakin haifar da tashin hankali a kan Ahmis kuma an yanke musu hukuncin watanni uku a kurkuku, daga nan aka tsayar da fito na fito da mambobin. Daga cikin membobin da ke rufe gibin ilimi tsakanin Kirista da Musulmai a Legas na daga cikin abubuwan da suke kawo hadin kai. Mabiya harkar sun kasance daga cikin mutanen Legas na farko da suka rungumi ilimin Yammacin Turai, manyan mambobi biyu, Jibril Martin da Mohammed Agusto su ne manyan lauyoyi Musulmai daga Nijeriya yayin da wani memba, Abdul Hamid Saka Tinubu ya kasance farkon likita Musulmi da aka horar a kasar. Don inganta sha'awar ilimi, a cikin 1922, ƙungiyar ta kafa makarantar firamare a Elegbeta, [[Lagos Island]], Lagos. Kafin kafuwar makarantar, an gabatar da bukatar wani malamin Ahmadi daga Indiya a 1921, an aika Maulana Abdur Rahim Nayyar, wakilin kungiyar Ahmadiyya a mulkin mallaka na Indiya kuma wanda ya kasance abokin Ghulam Ahmad zuwa Najeriya. a matsayin mishan mai kula. Da farko hukumomin mulkin mallaka sun yi shakku game da kasancewar Nayyar a cikin musulmin da ke da rauni a Legas wanda ya kasu zuwa kungiyoyi biyar, kungiyar Lemomu, kungiyar Al-Qur'ani, Ahmadis, jam'iyyar Jamaat, da kuma kungiyar Ogunro. An kawo shakku bayan Nayyar ya yi hira da cewa yana Legas don yin wa'azin bin al'adun da aka rubuta a cikin Alqurani da kuma dokokin gwamnatin mulkin mallaka. {{Sfn|Humphrey|1963}} Ya gabatar da [[Masallacin Shitta-Bey|laccarsa ta]] farko a masallacin da ba Ahmadi [[Masallacin Shitta-Bey|Shitta Bey ba]] kuma yana da himma wajen kawo sabbin membobin kungiyar. Nayyar bata kutsa kai tsakanin sauran bangarorin ba in banda rukunin Al-Qur'ani, wadanda suka fara zama a Okepopo da Aroloya. Bayan yarjejeniyar hadewa da Ahmadiyya, an zabi Imam Dabiri na kungiyar Al-Qur'ani a matsayin Babban Limami. Imam Ajose ne ya gaji Dabiri a shekarun 1930. Zaman Nayyar a Legas ya yi daidai da kafa ƙarin rassa a Ebutte-Meta da [[Epe]] . Ayyukan motsa jiki sun fara a Yaba a cikin 1921, kuma a cikin shekaru biyu, mambobi sun kafa manufa a [[Ibadan]], Kano da Zariya. Fadada cikin [[Ado-Odo/Ota|Ado-Odo]], Otta, Ijede da [[Ondo (birni)|Ondo]] an kammala ta a tsakiyar 1930s. Tsakanin 1933 da 1940, rikice-rikicen cikin gida ya haifar da rarrabuwar kawuna tsakanin ƙungiyar zuwa ɓangarori biyu. Wata kungiya ta kasance mai biyayya ga Imam Ajose sannan wata kungiyar ta kasance mai biyayya ga FR Hakeem dan Pakistan kuma wakilin Khalifa wanda ya nemi maye gurbin Imam Ajose a matsayin jagoran Imam. Ba kamar haka ba, halin ɗabi'a na Nayyar, Hakim ya kasance yana da hannu cikin lamuran Ahmadi kuma kasancewar sa ya haifar da rashin jituwa a cikin ƙungiyar. {{Sfn|Humphrey|1963}} Wani bangare sun kewaye Imam Ajose kuma sun nemi wani nau'i na ikon cin gashin kai yayin da Hakeem ke son tsananin bin koyarwar Ahmadi. Khalifa ya janye amincewarsa da kungiyar Ajose kuma a cikin 1940, Hakeem ya jagoranci Ofishin Jakadancin Musulmi na Ahmadiyya an kafa shi a hukumance a cikin kasar tare da goyon bayan Khalifa. Kungiyar Ajose ta ci gaba da rike suna, kungiyar Ahmadiyya a Musulunci kuma an kaddamar da kungiyar Hakeem da sunan Ahmadiyya Muslim Mission. Ofishin Jakadancin Musulmi na Ahmadiyya daga baya ya zo ya wakilci ainihin Ahmadi na Najeriya. === 1940 - 1970 === Bayan rabuwar, kungiyoyin biyu sun sami mambobi a tsakanin [[Yarbawa|Yarabawan]] Musulmai da kuma tsakanin Musulmi a Etsako, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]] da Nasarawa. A cikin rarrabuwar Egbado, goyon bayan dan kasuwa mai kera kayayyakin gona ya haifar da kafa wata manufa a Ilaro . An sami fili a yankin Sabo na garin kuma a kan filin an gina masallaci don gudanar da hidimomin jumat da karatun al-Qur'ani ga yara. Yinga ayyukan wannan rukunin ya ƙarfafa wani matashin mishan a cikin Abeokuta. Gidan gidan mishan wanda yake a Idumagbo an kammala shi a cikin 1945 kuma a cikin 1951, aikin ya fara rarraba jaridar mako-mako, Gaskiya, don yada manufofin motsi. === 1970 - yanzu === A shekarar 1970, Mirza Nazir Ahmad, Khalifa na uku ya ziyarci kasar, [[Yakubu Gowon|Janar Gowon]] ne ya karɓi iƙunkuncinsa a Legas. Ahmad ya ƙaddamar da shirin sabis na zamantakewar jama'a don faɗaɗa cibiyoyin ilimi da na likita don kulawa da motsi. Ya dawo a 1980, a wannan karon ba kawai ya hadu da mambobi a Legas, Ilaro da Ibadan ba amma membobin a wasu rassa kamar na Benin da Kano. A cikin shekarun 1970, kungiyar Imam Ajose ta kara rabewa tare da wani bangare da aka sauya wa suna Anwar ul Islam. Tun bayan rabuwar, akasarin Ahmadiyya a Najeriya galibi mambobi ne na Ofishin Jakadancin Musulmi na Ahmadiyya, bangaren da ke biyayya ga zabin Khalifa na Hakeem a matsayin amir a 1940. A cikin 1988, Khalifa na huɗu ya ziyarci ƙasar, ya naɗa Abdul Rasheed Agboola a matsayin Mishan na Missionan Nijeriya na aryasa. == Tsarin kungiya == Amir wanda aka fi sani da mishan a caji yana jagorantar tsarin tafiyarwar motsi, mataimakin Amir shida ya taimaka masa, baya ga haka, akwai kwamitin zartarwa na ƙasa wanda aka sake yin saiti a cikin da'irorin yankin. Nayyar, amir na farko kuma mishan mai kula da shi ya kafa kwamitin zartarwa na kasa a cikin 1921. Kwamitin zartarwa na kasa ya kunshi Sakatare-Janar, sakatare mai kula da Tabligh, mai binciken kudi, mai binciken kudi da wakilan rassa a cikin wannan motsi. === Mataimaka a Najeriya === * Majalissar Ansarullah * Lajna Imaillah * Majlis Khuddam * Majalisi Atfal * Nasirat * Kungiyar Daliban Musulman Ahmadi == Duba kuma == * [[Musulunci a Najeriya]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Musulunci]] [[Category:Addini]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 66tzfg4419rrlz3r7rdwmfmlgrk7isk 0 17582 915346 472239 2026-09-03T09:55:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915346 wikitext text/x-wiki À{{databox}} '''Ahmed Joda'''{{Audio|Ha-Ahmed Joda.ogg|Ahmed Joda}} (an haifeshi a shekarar 1930- ya rasu a shekarar 2021)<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=f3746d265ce844c1JmltdHM9MTcxOTAxNDQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTIwNw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=Ahmed+Joda+permanent+secretary&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly93d3cudmFuZ3VhcmRuZ3IuY29tLzIwMjEvMDgvc3VwZXItcGVybS1zZWN0LWFobWVkLWpvZGEtZGllcy8&ntb=1</ref> shugaba ne a gwamnatin yankin [[Arewa (Najeriya)|Arewa]] sannan ma'aikacin gwamnatin tarayya. Ya yi ritaya a matsayin Babban Sakatare a Ma’aikatar Masana’antu<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=23e72ea4772bd5b0JmltdHM9MTcxOTAxNDQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTE5MQ&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=Ahmed+Joda+permanent+secretary+retires&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9idXNpbmVzc2RheS5uZy9jb2x1bW5pc3QvYXJ0aWNsZS9haG1lZC1qb2RhLXN1cGVyLXBlcm1hbmVudC1zZWNyZXRhcnktYW5kLWVsZGVyLXN0YXRlc21hbi1pbmRlZWQv&ntb=1</ref> ==Tarihi== Ahmed Joda haifaffen garin [[Yola]] ne daga gidan [[Fulani]] a shekara ta 1930, babban kakansa shine Modibbo Raji, malamin [[Addinin musulunci|addinin musulinci]] a karni na 19 kuma yayi zamani da Sheikh [[Usman Dan Fodiyo|Usman Dan Fodio]]. Ahmed Joda ya halarci makarantar firamare ta [[Yola]] da Yola Middle kafin ya zarce zuwa [[kwalejin Barewa]] dadaga shekarar 1945 zuwa shekarar 1948. Ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a Moor Plantation da ke [[Ibadan]], sannan daga baya ya zama jami’in aikin [[gona]] a Yola kafin ya shiga fannin aikin jarida a Gaskiya Corporation da ke Zariya. Sannan ya halarci kwalejin Pitmans, [[Landan]] daga shekarar 1954 zuwa shekarar 1956. Bayan dawowarsa ya zama wakili a Gidan Rediyon [[Najeriya]] daga shekarar 1956 zuwa shekarar 1960<ref>https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=94edce8c3491b1eaJmltdHM9MTcxOTAxNDQwMCZpZ3VpZD0yNDE5NGEyMS03NTBiLTZiYjItMzNmMi01ZTg1NzRhMTZhMTkmaW5zaWQ9NTI2Mw&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=3&fclid=24194a21-750b-6bb2-33f2-5e8574a16a19&psq=ahmed+joda+permanent+secretary+biography&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9wdW5jaG5nLmNvbS9haG1lZC1qb2RhLWNvdXJhZ2VvdXMtYW5kLWZlYXJsZXNzLWFkbWluaXN0cmF0b3Iv&ntb=1</ref>. [[Fayil:Nigerian Public Domain 560.jpg|thumb|Ahmed Joda]] Ya kuma kasance memba na Majalisar Dokoki ta shekarar 1988 wacce ta tsara mika mulki ga Jamhuriyar kasar Najeriya ta Uku. A shekarar 1999, aka nada shi kwamiti mai ba da shawara ga fadar shugaban kasa kan kawar da talauci kuma a shekarar 2015, ya jagoranci sauya shekar shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]]. ==Manazarta== https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/joda-alh-ahmed-mohammed/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021165744/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/joda-alh-ahmed-mohammed/ |date=2020-10-21 }} https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/from-kaduna-mafia-to-caliphate.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200126032814/https://www.dailytrust.com.ng/from-kaduna-mafia-to-caliphate.html |date=2020-01-26 }} http://yaraduafoundation.org/biafra50/alhaji-ahmed-joda-speech.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200721000446/http://yaraduafoundation.org/biafra50/alhaji-ahmed-joda-speech.html |date=2020-07-21 }} https://www.bloomberg.com/profile/person/1959622 3y7wor3vojth7dtas01f71waf1oejsz 0 18321 915221 478528 2026-09-03T04:58:59Z Ummeeterh 31568 915221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Bischoy_Kloster_BW_3.jpg|thumb| Sufi na Saint Pishoy]] [[Fayil:Monastery of Saint Pishoy 01.JPG|thumb|masallaci]] Sanin '''sufi na Saint Pishoy''' (Wanda aka rubuta har da Bishoy, Paliyo, ko Bishoi<ref>{{cite web|last1=Dunn|first1=Jimmy|title=Egypt: Monastery of Saint Bishoy (Pshoi, Bishoi)|url=http://www.touregypt.net/featurestories/bishoy.htm|website=Tour Egypt|publisher=Tour Egypt|accessdate=20 August 2015}}</ref>) a Wadi El Natrun, Beheira Governorate, Misira, sanannen gidan sufi ne na Cocin Orthodox na Coptic na Alexandria wanda ake kira da Pishoy. Wannan shine gabas mafi girma daga gidajen ibada guda huɗu na Wadi el Natrun. == Gidauniya da tsohon tarihi == Pishoy ya kafa wannan gidan sufi a ƙarni na huɗu.<ref>{{cite web|title=Coptic Orthodox Monastery of St. Bishoy the Great|url=http://www.coptic.net/lessons/StBishoy.txt|website=The Coptic Network|publisher=Copt-Net|accessdate=20 August 2015}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 841 (4 Koiak, 557 AM), Paparoma Joseph I na Alexandria ya cika burin Pishoy kuma ya motsa jikinsa da na Paul na Tammah zuwa wannan gidan zuhudu, waɗanda duka biyun an haɗa su da farko a Monastery na Pishoy a Deir. el-Bersha . A yau, gawawwakin biyu suna kwance a cikin babban cocin gidan sufi. == Tarihin zamani == [[File:Bischoy_Kloster_BW_1.jpg|left|thumb| Sufi na Saint Pishoy]] A yau, gidan sufi na Saint Pishoy ya ƙunshi abubuwan tarihi na Pishoy, Paul na Tammah, da kayan tarihi na sauran tsarkaka. Shaidun gani da ido sun faɗi cewa jikin Pishoy ya kasance ba mai lalacewa ba . Paparoma Shenouda III na Iskandariya shima ya shiga tsakani. Gidan bautar yana da majami'u guda biyar, babban ana kiran shi da sunan Pishoy. Sauran majami'un ana kiran su ne da [[Maryamu, mahaifiyar Yesu|Maryamu]], Abaskhiron the Soldier, Saint George, da kuma shugaban mala'iku Michael . Gidan surar yana kewaye da abin adanawa, wanda aka gina a karni na biyar don kare gidan surar daga hare-haren [[Abzinawa|Berber]] . An gina katafaren gida a farkon karni na ashirin, amma daga baya aka maye gurbinsa da katafaren gida hudu da Paparoma Shenouda III ya gina. Bugu da kari, gidan sufi yana dauke da sanannen ''rijiya da Shuhadah'' . Al’adar ‘yan Koftik ta ce Berber sun wanke takubbansu a cikin wannan rijiyar bayan sun kashe Shahidai Arba’in da Tara na Sifis sannan kuma suka jefa gawarwakinsu a cikin rijiyar kafin [[Kirista|Kiristoci su]] tsamo gawarwakin kuma suka binne su a kusa da gidan sufi na Saint Macarius Mai Girma . A karkashin Shenouda III, Paparoma na Cocin Orthodox na Coptic na Alexandria daga 1971 zuwa 2012, an sayi kuma an inganta shi sabon yanki kusa da gidan sufi. An bunkasa kiwon kaji, kiwon shanu da wuraren kiwo. An sake ginin tsoffin gine-gine da coci-coci, kuma an gina ɗakuna don sufaye, gidajen baya, gidan papal, ƙarin abubuwa don wurin karɓar baƙi, babban ɗakin taro, ɗakunan taro, shinge da ƙofofi. An binne Shenouda III a nan bayan rasuwarsa a cikin Maris 2012. == Popes daga gidan sufi na St. Pishoy == # Paparoma Gabriel VIII (1525-1570) # Paparoma Macarius III (1942–1945) == Abbot == {{As of|2015}} the bishop and abbot of the Monastery of Saint Pishoy was Sarapamon (Vacant as of 2020 as of his departure) == Sauran gidajen ibada da aka ambata bayan Saint Pishoy == [[File:Bischoy_Kloster_BW_9.jpg|thumb| Sufi na Saint Pishoy]] * Gidan gidan sufi na Saint Pishoy a Deir El Barsha, kusa da Mallawi * Gidan gidan sufi na Saint Pishoy a Armant, gabashin Armant == Sauran gidajen ibada na Wadi el Natrun ("Scete") == * Gidan sufi na Saint Macarius Mai Girma * Gidan Sufi na Siriya, Misira * Gidan Paromos == Duba kuma == * Ubannin Hamada == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [http://www.avabishoy.org Gidan yanar gizon hukuma na gidan sufi na Saint Pishoy (a larabci)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121072648/http://www.avabishoy.org/ |date=2016-11-21 }} f7rnmfvimq5m740j6wnayqwpym0zx4b 0 19149 915076 874334 2026-09-02T18:37:13Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 915076 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sunan Abu Dawood''' ( larabci : سنن أبي داود) ɗayan [[Kutub al-Sittah]] (manyan litattafan hadisai shida ). [[Abu Dawood]] ne ya tattara shi. [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlussunna]] suna ɗaukar wannan tarin a matsayin na hudu a[[Mabiya Sunnah|ƙ]]<nowiki/>karfin manyan tarin hadisai shida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud|title=Sunan Abi Dawud - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nyMKDEAb4GsC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Canonization of Al-Bukh?r? and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunn? ?ad?th Canon|first=Jonathan|last=Brown|date=5 June 2007|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.se/~m9783/n/vih_e.html|title=Various Issues About Hadiths|website=www.abc.se}}</ref> == Cikakkun bayanai == Abu Dawud ya tattara hadisi (500,000), amma ya haɗa da (4,800) kawai a cikin wannan tarin. Abu Dawood ya kwashe shekaru ashirin 20 yana tattara hadisan. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Litattafan Hadisi]] [[Category:Littafi]] oluvnxlnm9dv2xpka37018qxqowxu8x 915077 915076 2026-09-02T18:37:28Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 915077 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sunan Abu Dawood''' ( larabci : سنن أبي داود) ɗayan [[Kutub al-Sittah]] (manyan litattafan hadisai shida ). [[Abu Dawood]] ne ya tattara shi. [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlussunna]] suna ɗaukar wannan tarin a matsayin na hudu a[[Mabiya Sunnah|ƙ]]<nowiki/>karfin manyan tarin hadisai shida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud|title=Sunan Abi Dawud - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nyMKDEAb4GsC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Canonization of Al-Bukh?r? and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunn? ?ad?th Canon|first=Jonathan|last=Brown|date=5 June 2007|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.se/~m9783/n/vih_e.html|title=Various Issues About Hadiths|website=www.abc.se}}</ref> == Cikakkun bayanai == Abu Dawud ya tattara hadisi (500,000), amma ya haɗa da (4,800) kawai a cikin wannan tarin. Abu Dawood ya kwashe shekaru ashirin (20 yana tattara hadisan. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Litattafan Hadisi]] [[Category:Littafi]] 93elxf6zsqhwcrzzp2xc5sv6vnwydia 915078 915077 2026-09-02T18:37:44Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 915078 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Sunan Abu Dawood''' ( larabci : سنن أبي داود) ɗayan [[Kutub al-Sittah]] (manyan litattafan hadisai shida ). [[Abu Dawood]] ne ya tattara shi. [[Mabiya Sunnah|Ahlussunna]] suna ɗaukar wannan tarin a matsayin na hudu a[[Mabiya Sunnah|ƙ]]<nowiki/>karfin manyan tarin hadisai shida.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://sunnah.com/abudawud|title=Sunan Abi Dawud - Sunnah.com - Sayings and Teachings of Prophet Muhammad (صلى الله عليه و سلم)|website=sunnah.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=nyMKDEAb4GsC&lpg=PP1&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=The Canonization of Al-Bukh?r? and Muslim: The Formation and Function of the Sunn? ?ad?th Canon|first=Jonathan|last=Brown|date=5 June 2007|publisher=BRILL|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.se/~m9783/n/vih_e.html|title=Various Issues About Hadiths|website=www.abc.se}}</ref> == Cikakkun bayanai == Abu Dawud ya tattara hadisi (500,000), amma ya haɗa da (4,800) kawai a cikin wannan tarin. Abu Dawood ya kwashe shekaru ashirin (20) yana tattara hadisan. {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Litattafan Hadisi]] [[Category:Littafi]] 40tzhzamke11l7u23ttlr8zvdrjsgtr 0 19439 914884 873733 2026-09-02T14:17:19Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Kiwo */ 914884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Abubuwan maƙera.jpg|thumb|sana ar gargajiyan na kera]] [[Fayil:Cattle and sheep.jpg|thumb|sana ar kiwo]] '''Sana'o'in [[Hausawa]] na gargajiya''' na nufin sana'o'inena asalin mutanen [[Hausa Bakwai|Hausa]] na farko wanda aka san su da shu. Wadannan sana'oin sun kasance tushen tattalin arzikin kasashen Hausa tun a farkon, tarihe tarihensu. Daga ciki akwai noma da rini da jima da kira da dai sauransu. == Asalin Sana'a == Sana’a kalma ce da aka aro ta daga harshen [[Larabci]], kuma tana ɗaukar ma’ana ta samar da wani abin amfani ta hanyar hikima a Hausance. Misali, sana’ar ƙira. A gargajiyance, [[Hausawa|Bahaushe]] yana da sana’o’in da yawansu ke da wahalar ƙirguwawa. Daga cikin irin waɗannan sana’o’i akwai manya, akwai kuma ƙanana, akwai na maza, haka zalika akwai kuma na mata, sannan kuma akwai na gama-gari. Sannan kuma masana sun kasa su zuwa kashi uku wadanda suka haɗa da sana’o’in maza da sana’o’in mata da kuma sana’o’in haɗaka ko na gamayya wan da Maza da kuma mata sukeyi. Sana'a na nufin duk wani nema ko hanyar da [[Dan Adam]] zai nemi abinci ta hanyar halak, ko kuma sana'a ita ce duk abinda mutun zai sarrafa domin ya sami wata lada, ya samu ya rayu, rayuwa mai kyau ba tare da wani matsala ba. Ko kuma a takaice mu ce sana'a na nufin dogaro da kai. Sana'ar mutum ita ce a bar alfaharinsa ko ina ya je da ita zai tinkaho. Akwai wasu mawakan Hausa da dama da suka yi tsokaci a kan Sana'a, har wata daga cikinsu tana cewa a lokacin da take zaburar da mata a kan sana'a "Kai ku tashi ku koyi sana'a mata, macen da ba ta sana'a aura ce" kalmar aura a nan tana nufin jaka. Sana’o’in maza su ne sana’o’in da maza zalla ne suka fi yawan yin su. Koda an samu mata a ciki to yawansu bai kai a misalta ba. Misali, sana’ar ƙira da sauransu. Ire- Iren wadannan sanao’in gargajiya na Hausawa sun hada da: # [[Noma]] # [[saƙa]] # [[Fawa]] # [[Sassaka]] # [[Sussuka]] # [[Fatauci]] # [[Su]](Kamun kifi) # [[Dukanci]] # [[Wanzanci]] # [[Kiwo]] # [[Rini]] # [[Jima]] # [[Ƙira]] # [[Farauta]] # [[Kasuwanci]] # Jima == Bayanin su == Bayan mun ga Ire-iren su bari mu tafi zuwa bayaninsu daya bayan daya da kuma abubuwan da suka kunsa. == Noma == "Noma na duke tsohon ciniki shine kirarin noma da Hausawa suke masa da dadewa". A ƙasar hausa dacan babu wata babbar sana’a wadda zance maka kusan kowa yana yinta da ta wuce noma. Inda mafi yawancin Kakanni suke amfani da noma domin cida iyalansu ta hanyar shuka abun da zasu ci da kuma saidawa. Shi noma ya kasu ne zuwa gida biyu ga su kamar haka: #Noma domin cida gida: Mafi yawancin noman da hausawa suke yi a ƙasar hausa a da can musamman talakawan wanda zasu cida iyalinsu ne kawai, wanda zaka ga mutum ya noma abunda zasu ci da iyalinsa kadai. Misalin irin wannan shine wanda yake shuka hatsi irinsu [[masara]], [[dawa]], [[gero]] da ma sauransu waɗanda ake sarrafawa zuwa abincin gargajiya. #Noman Kasuwanci: Nau’i na biyu kuma shine wanda domin sai dawa kaɗai ake yinsa wanda ba a iya ci ya tsaya ba kamar waɗanda suke noma shukoki irin auduga da kuma irinsu ridi da sauransu. Duk da cewa daga baya an runguma noman Masara da Shinkafa da sauransu a matsayin noman kasuwanci. == Kiwo == Kiwo dai shi ne babbar sana'ar [[Fulani]] kuma sunfi kowace Ƙabila iya kiwo da yawan dabbobi, kamar yadda Noma yake babbar sana'ar Hausawa haka suma Fulani kiwo shine babbar sana'ar su. Sai dai kuma Kiwo na daga cikin sana’oi wanda suka shahara a wajen hausawa wanda suke yi tun kaka da kakanni. Hausawa sun daɗe suna kiwata dabbobi daban-daban kama tun daga mayan dabbobi zuwa ƙananan dabbobi. Misalan wasu daga cikin dabbobin da hausawa suka daɗe suna kiwatawa sun haɗa da [[kaza]], fannin raguna, [[shanu]] rakuma da sauransu. Yawancin dalilin da yake sa ana kiwo shine domin a sai da a samu kuɗi don biyan wasu buƙatun yau-da-kullum, wani lokacin kuma domin a yi aikin noma da su Misali shanun Noma (Ga'in huɗa). ==Rini== Sana’ar hannu ce wadda ake yi, yadda take shine ana canza ma kaya launi ko kuma kala ta hanyar rina su da sinadarai. Da dadewa hausawa sun dade suna rina kayansu wanda wadanda ke rini a hausa ana kiransu da marina. Dalilin yinsa shine don a samu kudi da wanda rini har yanzu ana yinsa a yankunan hausawa daban daban a fadin duniya. == Jima == Tunda daɗewa an daɗe duniya ana jima bama a ƙasar hausa kawai ba, inda ake saida abubuwan da ake haɗa sanadiyyar jima a kasuwa. Jima tana nufin samun fata ta dabbobi a tsaftace ta yadda za’a sarrafa ta zuwa abubuwan amfani. Misalin abubuwan da ake haɗawa daga jima sun haɗa da sulke, takalma, buzu da saurandsu. == DUKANCI == Sana’ar Dukanci, sana’a ce da ake sarrafa fata a mayar da ita wani abu mai amfani kamar takalmi, guga, riga da sauransu domin samun abin masarufi. Baduku shi ne sunan mai yin sana’ar Dukanci. Fatar da masu jima ke samarwa, ita dukawa ke sarrafawa. Akwai unguwar da ta yi fice a kan wannan sana’a a cikin birnin Kano da ake kira Dukawa. -Kayan Aiki Dukawa sukan gudanar da sana’arsu ta dukanci ta hanyar amfani da kayayyakin da suka haɗa da: fata, almakashi, guduma, da sauransu -Kayayyakin da Dukawa ke Yi Matashi (fulo), majingini, buzu, laya, guru, daga, kambu, salka, garkuwa, maratayi, taraha/tintimi, rigar sirdi, ragama, kube, gafaka, zabira, linzami, takalmi, kwari, tandu, burgami, warki, guga, dagumi, sulkami, zugazugi (abin da masu sana'ar ƙira ke hura wuta da shi), taiki, da sauransu. == KIRA == Ko shakka babu kira na daya daga cikin sanaoin gargajiya na hausawa wanda suke yi tun zamanin kaka da kakanni. Yadda ake kira shine za’a samu karfe a sa shi cikin wuta yayi ja yadda za’a sarrafa shi zuwa abubuwan amfani. Wanda yake kira ana kiranshi da makeri shikuma wajen da ake kirar ana kiranta da makera. Misalan abubuwan da ake kerawa sun hada da abubuwan aikin gona akamar su lauje, hauya, gatari, mijagara da sauransu. Akwai kuma abuwan yaki wanda suma a makera ake hada su kamar su Takobi, adda, makari mashi, kibiya da sauransu. == FARAUTA == Farauta na nufin kamo dabbobin daji ta hanyar halbo su ko kuma yi masu tarko yadda za’a kamasu. Farauta ana yinta ne musamman don kamo nama daga daji domin a ci ko kuma a sai da a kasuwa ga wanda suka dauke ta a matsayin kasuwanci. Wanda ya dauki farauta a matsayin kasuwanci ana kiranshi da mafarauci a kasar hausa. ==== Sana'a ==== '''GA JERIN SANA'O'IN HAUSAWA''' 1. ''''''[[Kafinta]]''''' shi Kafinta kala biyu ne akwai na sama akwai kuma na kasa, Kafinta sama shine wanda yake bugun kwano wato rafta da dai sauran su. Shi kuma Kafinta kasa shine mai hada kujeru da gadaje ds. 2. '''''Su/Masunci/Mai kamun kifi''''' Su sana'a ce mai zaman kanta wadda itama akan dogara da ita, tunda zaka ga da yawa masu yin su har bada maganin sanyi suke saboda alakar su da ruwa. Su na daga sana'a da ake gado tun daga iyaye har kakanni. 3. '''''Qira''''' Qira ita sana'a ce mai zaman kanta wadda itama akan dogara da ita wato qira na nufin sana'a ce da ake sanin yadda ake sarrafa karfe da wuta. Itama akan gade ta iyaye da kakanni masu qira na bada maganin wuta.<ref> https://aminiya.dailytrust.com/sanaoi-a-kasar-hausa-wanzanci</ref> 4. '''''[[Kiɗa]]''''' kida itama sana'a ce da akanyi ta a kasar Hausa tun zamanin da, itama akan dogara da ita. Makada sun kasu daban daban akwai makadin noma, na fada, na yan'bori da kuma makadi game gari shi kam kowa yana wa kids sarki, yan'bori manoma ds. 5. '''''[[Sassaka]]''''' itama sana'a ce da mai zaman kanta wadda masassaka keyin ta misali suna sassaka [[turmi]] [[tabarya]], Kota/fartanya ds. 6. '''''Dukanci''''' ita dai sana'a baduku sana'a ce ta sanin yadda ake sarrafa fata da irin guru da layun nan gargajiya wato masu dinka laya. 7. '''''[[Wanzan]]ci''''' itama sana'a wanzaci sana'a wadda Hausawa keyin ta misali sune sukeyin [[aski]], [[kaciya]] ds.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/HausaSanaa.html#gsc.tab=0 |access-date=2021-04-07 |archive-date=2021-01-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128105859/https://www.rumbunilimi.com.ng/HausaSanaa.html#gsc.tab=0 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 8. '''''Dinki'''' sana'a dinki sana'a ce da akeyi don dogaro da kai madunka suna dunka riguna sawa na maza da mata iri daban daban. 9. '''''[[Noma]]''''' shima noma sana'a ce mai mutukar amfani wadda itama da itace wasu suka dogara. 10. '''''[[Kiwo]]''''' sana'a kiwo sana'a ce wadda fulani suka fi shahara a cikin ta, tunba kiwon shanu ba, kusan dukan Annabawa sunyi kiwo. 11. '''''[[Kasuwa]]nci/Fatauci''''' kasuwanci sana'a ce wadda ta samo asali tun daga fiyayyen halittu (S A W) yayin da itace sana'a da aka fi shahara akanta kusan acikin ko wace Al-ummah. 12. '''''Gina/Gini''''' Gina itama ta kasu kashi biyu akwai masu ginin gidaje sai kuma masu ginin tukwane ds. 13. '''''Ɗori''''' itama sana'a ce da mafi yawan ta gadon ta ake daga iyaye da kakanni. Wato madora sune masu dora mutum idan ya karye har ma dabbobi. Da dai sauran sana'o'in Hausawa da bamu ambata ba. Wadannan sune a takaice. Amma akwaisu da yawa bazasu ƙirgu ba. ==== Sana'o'in Mata ==== Suma dai [[mata]]n [[Hausawa]] ba'a barsu a baya ba domin kuwa tun zamanin da suna yin sana'a ballantana wannan zamani 1. ''''[[Kitso]]'''' sana'ar [[Kitso]] sana'a ce da [[mata]] sukeyin ta domin samun yan kwabbai kuma domin su taimaka ma junansu. wasu tun suna yara suke koyo wasu kuma sai sun girma. Amma yanzu sukan bude saloon na zamani. 2. '''''[[Fura]]''''' itama sana'a ce ta [[Mata]] wadda akeyin ta don sai fura wani lokacin ma hada [[Nono]]. 3. '''''[[Tuwo]]''''' itama sana'a ce ta saida tuwo wadda aka fi sani da tuwo-tuwo, mafi yawa [[Mata]] keyin ta. 4. '''''Kaɗi''''' kaɗi sana'a ce ta [[Mata]] wato masu sarrafa [[Auduga]]/kaɗa don yin wasu abubuwa tunba mazari da kuma kayan sawa. Amma yanzu ba'a yi sana'a ta koma ta zamani. 5. '''''Koda''''' itama sana'a ce da mata keyi musamman tsofaffi, sana'a Koda na nufin sussukau mata masu sussukau hatsi musamman gero dawa ds. Amma anfi yin wannan sana'a a kauyuka. Yanzu ma dai ta kusa komawa ta zamani da inji akeyin sussuka. 6. '''''[[Lalle]]/kwalliya''''' itama sana'a ce wadda Mata keyi musamman idan za'a kai sabuwa amarya. Wato lallen Amare. 7. ''''Reda'''' Reda sana'a ce da mata keyi amma a da can lokacin da babu wadatuwar injina musamman kauye. Anayin reda ne wata Nika hatsi masara,dawa, gero da dai sauran su don yin tuwo. Duwatsu ne guda biyu daya sama daya kasa sai adinga zuba hatsi ana gogawa har ya zamo gari. == Amfanin Sana'a == Sana'a tana da amfani sosai don akasar Hausa idan mutum baida sana'a ko aure ba'a bashi babban amfani sana'a tana sa a samu Al-ummah managarciya watau ingantacciya. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} ggmxqevf9b9n1udjq3h33om9cpuatz3 0 20099 915262 735894 2026-09-03T06:16:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915262 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Vital records of Washington, Massachusetts, to the year 1850 (IA cu31924028839608).pdf|thumb|kundi mask mahinmaci]] '''Abigail Dillen,'''lauya ce kuma mai zartarwa a ƙungiyar kare muhalli ta Earth justice.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Using litigation and the courts to protect human health and our planet (interview with Abbie Dillen of Earthjustice)|url=https://greendreamer.com/podcast/abigail-dillen-earthjustice|access-date=2020-12-24|website=GREEN DREAMER|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=|title=The Environmental Effects of Social Distancing w/ Abigail Dillen|url=https://www.welcometomannys.com/e/the-environmental-effects-of-social-distancing-w-abigail-dillen-100501370304/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930210748/https://www.welcometomannys.com/e/the-environmental-effects-of-social-distancing-w-abigail-dillen-100501370304/|archive-date=2020-09-30|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Manny's|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=How Much Does the President Matter for the Climate? {{!}} How to Save a Planet|url=https://gimletmedia.com/shows/howtosaveaplanet/dvhlrgv|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Gimlet|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417005604/https://gimletmedia.com/shows/howtosaveaplanet/dvhlrgv|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-04-30|title=Trump Administration Rolls Back Environmental Rules During COVID-19|url=https://www.wbez.org/stories/trump-administration-rolls-back-environmental-rules-during-covid-19/33cbc362-be04-4e46-95cb-9b3a6fdeb33d|access-date=2020-12-24|website=WBEZ Chicago|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=New Earthjustice Prez's Game Plan: Fight Feds, Coax States - Law360|url=https://www.law360.com/articles/1057910/new-earthjustice-prez-s-game-plan-fight-feds-coax-states|access-date=2020-12-24|website=www.law360.com|language=en}}</ref> Organizationsungiyoyin yanayi masu yawa sun kira aikin nata "tsari na farko".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Green Dreamer: Sustainability and Regeneration From Ideas to Life: 143) Using litigation and the courts to protect human health and our planet with Earthjustice's Abbie Dillen on Apple Podcasts|url=https://podcasts.apple.com/is/podcast/143-using-litigation-courts-to-protect-human-health/id1382371884?i=1000440568392|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Apple Podcasts|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref name="rachelsnetwork.org">{{Cite web|title=Earthjustice President Abigail Dillen Joins Rachel's Network as Liaison {{!}} Rachel's Network|url=https://rachelsnetwork.org/abigaildillen/|access-date=2020-12-24|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|last=Magazine|first=E.-The Environmental|date=2018-06-14|title=Earthjustice Names Abigail Dillen as New President|url=https://emagazine.com/earthjustice-names-abigail-dillen-as-new-president/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Emagazine.com|language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ya hada da, misali, kare dokar mara hanya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Turner|first=Tom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PG3aRFgQ3Z0C&q=Abigail+Dillen+-site%3Ahttps%3A%2F%2Fearthjustice.org%2F&pg=PR14|title=Roadless Rules: The Struggle for the Last Wild Forests|date=2010-04-14|publisher=Island Press|isbn=978-1-59726-797-7|location=|pages=xiv|language=en}}</ref> An bayyana ta a matsayin mai canza canjin 2020 ta Marie Claire.<ref>{{Cite web|author=The Editors|date=2020-04-13|title=The Women Fighting to Save the World|url=https://www.marieclaire.com/career-advice/a31097928/female-environmentalists-2020/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Marie Claire|language=en-US}}</ref> Dillen tana da digiri na Juris Doctor (doka) daga Makarantar Shari'a ta UC Berkeley kuma ta shiga cikin Earthjustice a 2000.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|date=2017-07-07|title=Litigator, Mother and Climate Champion: Abbie Dillen Is a Name You Should Know|url=https://earthjustice.org/blog/2017-july/litigator-mother-and-climate-champion-abbie-dillen-is-a-name-you-should-know|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Earthjustice|language=en}}</ref> Ta jagoranci duka tsabtace makamashi da shirye-shiryen kwal a Earthjustice.<ref name="rachelsnetwork.org"/><ref name=":2">{{Cite web|date=2018-10-22|title=Insider Briefing: Meet Abigail Dillen|url=https://earthjustice.org/features/insider-briefing-meet-abigail-dillen|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Earthjustice|language=en|archive-date=2021-04-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417005612/https://earthjustice.org/features/insider-briefing-meet-abigail-dillen|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=McKibben|first=Bill|title=There's Nothing Sacred about Nine Justices; a Livable Planet, on the Other Hand . . .|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/annals-of-a-warming-planet/theres-nothing-sacred-about-nine-justices-a-livable-planet-on-the-other-hand|access-date=2020-12-24|website=The New Yorker|language=en-us}}</ref> Ta zama shugabar zartarwa a 2018 maye gurbin Trip Van Noppen.<ref name="eenews.net">{{Cite web|title=OFF TOPIC: Earthjustice chief: 'Basic norms are getting blown up'|url=https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060086185|access-date=2020-12-24|website=www.eenews.net|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":2" /> Dillen ta kuma kasance mai ba da gudummawa a cikin tarihin ''All We Can Save''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Contributors|url=https://www.allwecansave.earth/contributors|access-date=2020-12-24|website=All We Can Save|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-02-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207191928/https://www.allwecansave.earth/contributors|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last1=Neidl|first1=Phoebe|date=2020-09-21|title=Why 'All We Can Save' Will Make You Feel Hopeful About the Climate Crisis|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/culture/culture-news/all-we-can-save-book-climate-ayana-johnson-katharine-wilkinson-1062310/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=Rolling Stone|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kuma wallafa sassan ra'ayoyi ga USA Today,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Dillen|first=Abigail|title=States can lead the way on climate change policy as Trump rolls back protections|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2018/10/12/states-key-fighting-climate-change-column/1593176002/|access-date=2020-12-24|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}</ref> Huffington Post, The Hill, EcoWatch da sauran kafofin labarai<ref>{{Cite web|title=Abigail Dillen {{!}} USA Today, The Huffington Post, The Hill Journalist {{!}} Muck Rack|url=https://muckrack.com/abigail-dillen-1|access-date=2020-12-24|website=muckrack.com|language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Dillen ta girma ne a New Mexico.<ref name=":1"/> Ta yi aure ga mai tsara gine-gine Jasmit Rangr,<ref name="eenews.net"/><ref>{{Cite news|last=Viladas|first=Pilar|date=2019-03-07|title=Steady as She Glows (Published 2019)|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/03/07/style/jasmit-singh-rangr-berkeley.html|access-date=2020-12-24|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> kuma tana da ɗa.<ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == {{DEFAULTSORT:Dillen, Abigail}} mld136vdtfbg8n3eo6d2lkycvnqc2nt 0 20101 915270 334213 2026-09-03T07:22:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abram Ilcisin''' ɗan ƙasar Kanada ne mai fafutukar sauyin yanayi. Ya kasance mai ba da shawara ga matasa na UNICEF na 2020.<ref>{{Cite web|title=UNICEF Youth Advocates 2020|url=https://www.unicef.org/world-childrens-day/unicef-youth-advocates-2020|access-date=2021-04-27|website=www.unicef.org|language=en|archive-date=2021-01-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125195325/https://www.unicef.org/world-childrens-day/unicef-youth-advocates-2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2020-11-20|title=Presidents, Prime Ministers, UNICEF Goodwill Ambassadors and global businesses unite with children and young people on World Ch|language=en|work=Bloomberg.com|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/press-releases/2020-11-20/presidents-prime-ministers-unicef-goodwill-ambassadors-and-global-businesses-unite-with-children-and-young-people-on-world-ch|access-date=2021-04-27}}</ref> == Rayuwa == Ya girma a Edmonton. A cikin 2019, ya taimaka tsara Tsarin Tattalin Arzikin Edmonton.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Young Alberta activists join global climate strikes|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/edmonton/young-alberta-activists-join-global-climate-strikes-1.5300203|url-status=live|website=CBC}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Young Edmontonians join global 'climate strike' to demand action on global warming|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5932061/edmonton-climate-change-march-protest-strike-students/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-03-15|title=Meet the Alberta students joining the global strike for action on climate change|url=https://www.thestar.com/edmonton/2019/03/15/meet-the-edmonton-students-joining-the-global-strike-for-action-on-climate-change.html|access-date=2021-04-27|website=thestar.com|language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2019, ya jagoranci zanga-zangar baƙar fata ta ranar juma'a a cibiyar kasuwancin Southgate.<ref name="Ejournal">{{Cite web|title='We're fighting against it': Climate activists stage Black Friday mall protest|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/climate-activists-stage-black-friday-mall-protest|access-date=2021-04-27|website=edmontonjournal|language=en-CA}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title='We're fighting against it': Climate activists stage Black Friday mall protest|url=https://edmontonjournal.com/news/local-news/climate-activists-stage-black-friday-mall-protest|access-date=2021-05-07|website=edmontonsun|language=en-CA}}</ref> A cikin 2019, ya kasance mai gabatar da kara a Taron na Matasan Kanada.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Media Advisory – What do Canadian youth want? Our rights! When do we want them? 30 years ago!|url=https://on.nationtalk.ca/story/media-advisory-what-do-canadian-youth-want-our-rights-when-do-we-want-them-30-years-ago/|access-date=2021-04-27|website=on.nationtalk.ca|archive-date=2021-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427210247/https://on.nationtalk.ca/story/media-advisory-what-do-canadian-youth-want-our-rights-when-do-we-want-them-30-years-ago/|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2019, ya jagoranci haskaka fitilu da ''die-in''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Candlelight climate vigil held at Alberta Legislature Sunday night|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5936305/climate-justice-candlelight-vigil-alberta-legislature/|access-date=2021-05-07|website=Global News|language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2020, ya taimaka shirya jerin gwanon ''#EyesOpenCanada'' zuwa Majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Nay|first=Isaac Phan|title=Youth climate activists demand to be heard amid COVID-19 {{!}} The Charlatan, Carleton's independent newspaper|url=https://charlatan.ca/2020/08/youth-climate-activists-demand-to-be-heard-amid-covid-19/|access-date=2021-04-27|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-04-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429174125/https://charlatan.ca/2020/08/youth-climate-activists-demand-to-be-heard-amid-covid-19/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://www.telescoop.tv/2020/01/23/3071332/3071332_20_Envoye-special-les-30-ans.html Envoye special les 30 ans.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210427205004/https://www.telescoop.tv/2020/01/23/3071332/3071332_20_Envoye-special-les-30-ans.html |date=2021-04-27 }} telescoop.tv, 23 janvier 2020 962id2i7gvmry4zfqg6zv7pthy1qkg8 4 21908 915152 914444 2026-09-02T21:25:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 915152 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:HoloSlamengSuarez|HoloSlamengSuarez]] |[[Special:Contributions/HoloSlamengSuarez|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |2 |[[User:CDPorter|CDPorter]] |[[Special:Contributions/CDPorter|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Realzeeboy|Realzeeboy]] |[[Special:Contributions/Realzeeboy|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Yusuf bin shuaib|Yusuf bin shuaib]] |[[Special:Contributions/Yusuf bin shuaib|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Aminu Lawan Sulaiman|Aminu Lawan Sulaiman]] |[[Special:Contributions/Aminu Lawan Sulaiman|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |6 |[[User:BurbenboyTurin|BurbenboyTurin]] |[[Special:Contributions/BurbenboyTurin|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |7 |[[User:KaragouniS|KaragouniS]] |[[Special:Contributions/KaragouniS|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |8 |[[User:BABANMURJA|BABANMURJA]] |[[Special:Contributions/BABANMURJA|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |9 |[[User:PaskaSemmen113|PaskaSemmen113]] |[[Special:Contributions/PaskaSemmen113|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |10 |[[User:Ezardwizard|Ezardwizard]] |[[Special:Contributions/Ezardwizard|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |11 |[[User:Abiodun Ayobami|Abiodun Ayobami]] |[[Special:Contributions/Abiodun Ayobami|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |12 |[[User:Jcabbe3|Jcabbe3]] |[[Special:Contributions/Jcabbe3|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |13 |[[User:BerylTurin|BerylTurin]] |[[Special:Contributions/BerylTurin|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |14 |[[User:Mubson25|Mubson25]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mubson25|Gudummuwa]] |Laraba, 2 ga Satumba 2026 |- |} rjoiz7gjtiy8h3rio8zt5c3pbbzw22n 0 23690 914903 903227 2026-09-02T14:40:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Wendy Addo.jpg|thumb|Wendy Shay]] '''Wendy Asiamah Addo''' (an haife ta a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 1996),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://profileability.com/tag/wendy-shay-biography/|title=ProfileAbility – Tag: Wendy Shay biography|website=ProfileAbility|language=en-GB|access-date=13 April 2019}}</ref> wada aka fisani da sunan mataki Wendy Shay, mawakiyar Afropop ce ta Ghana kuma mawakiyar Afrobeats ce.<ref name="muzikhyte">{{cite web|url=https://www.muzikhyte.com/entertainment/wendy-shay-biography-net-worth/|website=Muzikhyte.com|date=14 October 2018|title=Wendy Shay Biography & Net Worth|accessdate=15 November 2018|archive-date=28 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328192459/https://www.muzikhyte.com/entertainment/wendy-shay-biography-net-worth/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="afrikalyrics">{{cite web|url=https://afrikalyrics.com/en/artist/wendy-shay|title=WENDY SHAY|website=Afrikalyrics.com|accessdate=15 November 2018|archive-date=24 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190724030644/https://afrikalyrics.com/en/artist/wendy-shay|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/September-13th/i-was-not-allowed-to-prove-myself-wendy-shay.php|title=I was not allowed to prove myself – Wendy Shay. His boyfriend is|website=myjoyonline.com|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=13 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190913212750/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/September-13th/i-was-not-allowed-to-prove-myself-wendy-shay.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin watan Maris na shekara ta 2021, tana daga cikin Manyan Mata 30 Mafi Shahara a cikin Kiɗa ta 3Music Awards Brunch na Mata.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amaarae, Cina Soul, Gyakie, Adina, Theresa Ayoade, others named in 3Music Awards' Top 30 Women in Music list - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/amaarae-cina-soul-gyakie-adina-theresa-ayoade-others-named-in-3music-awards-top-30-women-in-music-list/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Farkon ƙuruciya == An haifi Wendy Shay ga Mr & Mrs Addo a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu na shekara ta 1996 a Accra, wani yanki na Babban yankin a cikin kasar Ghana da kena Africa.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://profileability.com/wendy-shay/|title=Wendy Shay {{!}} ProfileAbility|website=profileability.com|language=en-GB|access-date=8 October 2018}}</ref><ref name="Mutuku">{{Cite web|last=Mutuku|first=Ryan|date=2020-11-03|title=Wendy Shay biography: real name, early life, family, hometown, net worth|url=https://yen.com.gh/113709-who-wendy-shay.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref> Bayan mutuwar mahaifinta, ta koma Stuttgart, Jamus tare da 'yan uwanta uku. Sha'awar Wendy ga kiɗa ta ɓullo jim kaɗan bayan rasa mahaifinta na ɗan shekara 4. [[File:EDOpen.jpg|thumb|Wendy Shay]] Ta halarci Makarantar Morning Star da St Martin de Porres<ref name="auto"/><ref name="vibelens.com">{{cite web|url=https://vibelens.com/about-wendy-shay-biography/|title=7 Things You Didn’t Know About Wendy Shay Biography|website=vibelens.com|accessdate=12 November 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045650/https://vibelens.com/about-wendy-shay-biography/|url-status=dead}}</ref> a Accra kafin ta koma Stuttgart inda ta ci gaba da karatunta daga aji 7 (JHS 1).<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/wendy-shay-reveals-the-origin-of-her-name/|title=Wendy Shay Reveals The Origin Of Her Name|date=2 July 2018|website=Ghgossip.com|access-date=8 October 2018|language=en-AU|archive-date=2 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202234954/https://www.ghgossip.com/wendy-shay-reveals-the-origin-of-her-name/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta kuma halarci makarantar kida a Bernhausen a Jamus.<ref name="Mutuku"/> == Aiki == Wendy Shay ƙwararriyar Nurse ce ta ƙwararru, ta yi aiki a matsayin ungozoma a fagen asibiti. Ta kasance mai aikin ungozoma har sai da ta koma Ghana don ci gaba da harkar waka.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Lamptey|first=Edwin|date=2021-02-15|title=Wendy Shay set to drop music career and go back to nursing due to COVID-19|url=https://yen.com.gh/182445-wendy-shay-set-drop-music-career-nursing-due-covid-19.html|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-10-01|title=From A Nurse To A Music Star; The Wendy Shay Story|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/from-a-nurse-to-a-music-star-the-wendy-shay-story/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=GhGossip|language=en-AU|archive-date=2023-10-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002214926/https://www.ghgossip.com/from-a-nurse-to-a-music-star-the-wendy-shay-story/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bullet Manager Rufftown ne ya gabatar da ita ga kiɗa kuma an sanya hannu a cikin watan Janairu na shekara ta 2018<ref>{{cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/113452-latest-wendy-shay-songs-2018.html#113452|title=Latest Wendy Shay songs in 2018|website=yen.com.gh|accessdate=12 November 2018}}</ref> bayan rasuwar abokin aikin [[Ebony Reigns]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/January-30th/bullet-explains-why-wendy-shay-ebonys-songs-are-alike.php|title=Bullet explains why Wendy Shay, Ebony's songs are alike|website=myjoyonline.com|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=5 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190905163349/https://www.myjoyonline.com/entertainment/2019/january-30th/bullet-explains-why-wendy-shay-ebonys-songs-are-alike.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Ebony-is-a-legend-Wendy-Shay-721011|title=Ebony is a legend – Wendy Shay|website=ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni na shekara ta 2018, Wendy Shay ta fito da fitowar ta ta farko "Uber Driver", wanda MOG Beatz ya samar.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/50377/music-wendy-shay-uber-driver-prod-by-mog-beatz.html|title=Music: Wendy Shay – Uber Driver (Prod. by MOG Beatz)|via=YouTube|accessdate=12 November 2018}}</ref> An fitar da waƙar tare da bidiyon hukuma a rana ɗaya.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GbRxYrTyqfg|title=Wendy Shay – Uber Driver (Official Video)|via=YouTube|accessdate=12 November 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://yen.com.gh/113709-who-wendy-shay.html#113709|title=Who is Wendy Shay?|last=Gracia|first=Zindzy|work=Yen.com.gh – Ghana news.|access-date=8 October 2018|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/entertainment/showbiz-news/here-comes-wendy-shay.html|title=Here comes Wendy Shay|last=Owusu-Amoah|first=Gifty|work=Graphic Online|access-date=8 October 2018|language=en-gb}}</ref> Wendy Shay kwanan nan an rufe shi a matsayin ''Ahenemba Hemaa''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eonlinegh.com/shaykingdom-wendy-shay-enstooled-as-queen-mother-of-gomoa-afranse/|title=Wendy Shay Enstooled As Queen Mother Of Gomoa Afranse|date=2 December 2019|website=EOnlineGH.Com|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203010534/https://eonlinegh.com/shaykingdom-wendy-shay-enstooled-as-queen-mother-of-gomoa-afranse/|archive-date=3 February 2022|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> na Gomoa Afransi a Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana) tare da sunan kujerar ''Sarauniya Ewurabena Ofosuhemaa Shay 1''.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/wendy-shay-is-officially-a-queen-heres-her-stool-name/x8cqcqh|title=Wendy Shay is officially a Queen – here’s her stool name|date=3 December 2019|website=Entertainment|language=en-US|access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> == Jakadan alama == Wendy Shay ita ce jakadiyar alama ga Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Matasa (YEA) a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201907/386482.php|title=Wendy Shay Remains Our Ambassador – YEA|last=Online|first=Peace FM|website=peacefmonline.com|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=10 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710185150/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201907/386482.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-03-05|title=3Music Awards organisers name Top 30 Women in Music|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/3music-awards-organisers-name-top-30-women-in-music/|access-date=2021-03-24|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-08|title=Wendy Shay sacked as YEA Ambassador|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Wendy-Shay-sacked-as-YEA-Ambassador-761482|access-date=2021-03-25|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> === Rigima === An samu cece -kuce game da korar Wendy a matsayin Jakadan Brand na Hukumar Kula da Ayyukan Matasa (YEA) amma daga baya aka tabbatar da cewa har yanzu ita ce Jakadiyar.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Online|first=Peace FM|title=Wendy Shay Still Our Ambassador - YEA|url=https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201907/386476.php|access-date=2021-03-25|website=Peacefmonline.com - Ghana news|archive-date=2022-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203004955/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/news/201907/386476.php|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Wendy Shay dropped as ‘Youth Employment Agency’ ambassador – Glitz Africa Magazine|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/wendy-shay-dropped-as-youth-employment-agency-ambassador/|access-date=2021-03-25|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203004957/https://www.glitzafrica.com/wendy-shay-dropped-as-youth-employment-agency-ambassador/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-07-08|title=YEA: Wendy Shay still our ambassador|url=https://www.abcnewsgh.com/yea-wendy-shay-still-our-ambassador/|access-date=2021-03-25|website=ABC News Ghana|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-08-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145716/https://www.abcnewsgh.com/yea-wendy-shay-still-our-ambassador/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yin == Wendy Shay ta yi wasanni da dama a cikin abubuwan da suka hada da Miss Ghana a shekara ta 2018 Finals, RTP Awards Africa 2018, BF Suma Ghana Connect 18 concert.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/events/wendy-shay-performs-at-bf-suma-ghana-connect-18-concert-id9042577.html|title=Watch Wendy Shay's stunning performance at BF Suma Ghana Connect 18 concert|website=Pulse.com.gh|accessdate=12 November 2018|archive-date=7 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207045652/https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/events/wendy-shay-performs-at-bf-suma-ghana-connect-18-concert-id9042577.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://dailyguideafrica.com/wendy-shay-joins-artistes-for-miss-ghana-2018/|title=Wendy Shay Joins Artistes For Miss Ghana 2018|website=Dailyguideafrica.com|accessdate=12 November 2018|archive-date=27 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180927141209/http://dailyguideafrica.com/wendy-shay-joins-artistes-for-miss-ghana-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/pageants/201809/364096.php|title=Ambolley, Wendy Shay, Others To Perform At Miss Ghana 2018 Finals|website=Peacefmonline.com|accessdate=12 November 2018|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203034933/https://www.peacefmonline.com/pages/showbiz/pageants/201809/364096.php|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta kuma yi waka a Afronation Music Festival Ghana a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://museafrica.com/burna-boy-a-day-1-review-from-yaw-boadu-ayeboafoh/|title=Burna Boy & Stonebwoy steal show at Afro Nation Ghana; A day 1 review from Yaw Boadu-Ayeboafoh – Muse Africa|last=Yaw|first=Nana|date=2 December 2019|website=museafrica.com/|language=en-US|access-date=20 January 2020}}</ref> == Binciken hoto == === Singles === * "Uber Driver"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghxclusives.com/wendy-shay-uber-driver-prod-by-mog-beatz/|title=Wendy Shay – Uber Driver (Prod. By MOG Beatz)|date=3 June 2018|website=GhXclusives.Com|language=en-GB|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323222315/https://www.ghxclusives.com/wendy-shay-uber-driver-prod-by-mog-beatz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "Bedroom Commando"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghxclusives.com/wendy-shay-bedroom-commando-prod-by-mog/|title=Wendy Shay – Bedroom Commando (Prod By MOG)|date=1 July 2018|website=GhXclusives.Com|language=en-GB|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323222408/https://www.ghxclusives.com/wendy-shay-bedroom-commando-prod-by-mog/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "Astalavista"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-astalavista-prod-by-mog-beatz/|title=Wendy Shay – Astalavista (Prod. by MOG Beatz)|last=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=7 September 2018|website=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203011409/https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-astalavista-prod-by-mog-beatz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "Psalm 35"<small>(featuring Kuami Eugene, Sarkodie )</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://plugtimes.com/2018/10/music-download-wendy-shay-psalm-35-sarkodie-kuami-eugene/|title=MUSIC DOWNLOAD: Wendy Shay – Psalm 35 ft Sarkodie, Kuami Eugene|date=6 October 2018|website=PlugTimes.Com|language=en-GB|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203011407/https://plugtimes.com/2018/10/music-download-wendy-shay-psalm-35-sarkodie-kuami-eugene/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "The Boy Is Mine" <small>(da Eno Barony)</small><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-the-boy-is-mine-ft-eno-barony-prod-by-mog-beatz/|title=Wendy Shay – The Boy Is Mine ft. ENo Barony (Prod. by MOG Beatz)|last=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=1 October 2018|website=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203011406/https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-the-boy-is-mine-ft-eno-barony-prod-by-mog-beatz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "Masakra" (da Ray James)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghxclusives.com/wendy-shay-masakra-feat-ray-james-prod-by-danny-beatz/|title=Wendy Shay – Masakra (Feat Ray James) (Prod by Danny Beatz)|date=2 November 2018|website=GhXclusives.Com|language=en-GB|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=23 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323222315/https://www.ghxclusives.com/wendy-shay-masakra-feat-ray-james-prod-by-danny-beatz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "All For You"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-all-for-you-prod-by-mog-beatz/|title=Wendy Shay – All For You (Prod. by Mog Beatz)|last=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=2 January 2019|website=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203011409/https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-all-for-you-prod-by-mog-beatz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * "Shay On You"<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.celebritiesbuzz.com.gh/download-mp3-wendy-shay-shay-on-you/|title=Download Mp3: Wendy Shay – Shay On You|website=celebritiesbuzz.com.gh|access-date=23 March 2019|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203011407/https://www.celebritiesbuzz.com.gh/download-mp3-wendy-shay-shay-on-you/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Stevie Wonder da Shatta Wale<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tooxclusive.com/west/download-mp3/wendy-shay-stevie-wonder-ft-shatta-wale/|title=Wendy Shay – "Stevie Wonder" ft. Shatta Wale Gh Music {{!}} MP3|date=6 May 2019|website=Gh Music|language=en-US|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=9 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210809145728/https://tooxclusive.com/west/download-mp3/wendy-shay-stevie-wonder-ft-shatta-wale/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * All For You<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-all-for-you-prod-by-mog-beatz/|title=Wendy Shay – All For You (Prod. by Mog Beatz)|last=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=2 January 2019|website=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203011409/https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-all-for-you-prod-by-mog-beatz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * Kut It<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.jbklutse.com/wendy-shay-kut-it-mp3-official-video/|title=Wendy Shay – Kut It – Mp3, Official video and more|last=Music|first=JBKlutse|website=JBKlutse|language=en-GB|access-date=20 January 2020}}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> * CTD<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-c-t-d-prod-by-kasapa-beatz/|title=Wendy Shay – C. T. D (Prod. By Kasapa Beatz)|last=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=2 November 2019|website=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=26 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191226195439/https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-c-t-d-prod-by-kasapa-beatz/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eonlinegh.com/yen-tie-obiaa-wendy-shay-features-mmebusem-video-watch/|title=Wendy Shay Features Mmebusem In New C.T.D Video|date=2 November 2019|website=EOnlineGH.Com|language=en-US|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200205230813/https://www.eonlinegh.com/yen-tie-obiaa-wendy-shay-features-mmebusem-video-watch/|archive-date=5 February 2020|access-date=5 February 2020}}</ref> * Tuff Skin Girl<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-tuff-skin-girl-prod-by-mog-beatz/|title=Wendy Shay – Tuff Skin Girl (Prod By Mog Beatz)|last=NytMare|first=Blogger's|date=1 January 2020|website=Ghanamotion.com|language=en-US|access-date=20 January 2020|archive-date=3 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203011407/https://www.ghanamotion.com/wendy-shay-tuff-skin-girl-prod-by-mog-beatz/|url-status=dead}}</ref> === Album === * Shay On You<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Wendy-Shay-launches-Shay-on-You-album-710509|title=Wendy Shay launches ‘Shay on You’ album|website=ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=23 March 2019}}</ref> * Shayning Star<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naomi|first=Sefa|date=2021-05-28|title=Wendy Shay – Shayning Star (Full Album) {{!}} Zip File Download|url=https://ghcountdown.net/wendy-shay-shayning-star-full-album/|access-date=2021-08-09|website=GhCountdown.Net|language=en-US|archive-date=2022-02-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203011406/https://ghcountdown.net/wendy-shay-shayning-star-full-album/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == mhnz7g02ebq8iz2cjulwgawncj9jxsu 0 25475 915075 911347 2026-09-02T18:35:23Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 915075 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Logo hi legs.png|thumb|Tambarin Hi]] '''HI''' ko '''Hi na''' iya nufin to:   == Zane, zane da nishaɗi == * ''Barka da Intanet'', kwasfan fayiloli wanda CGP Gray da Brady Haran suka shirya * <nowiki><i id="mwEg">Barka dai</i></nowiki> (mujallar), littafin rayuwar matasa * "Sannu" (waƙa), waƙar Ofra Haza, shigar Isra'ila cikin Gasar Waƙar Eurovision shekara ta ta 1983 * Barka dai, hali a cikin zane mai ban dariya ''Hi da Lois'' * Hi Records, a cikin kiɗa, ruhun Memphis da alamar rockabilly * <nowiki><i id="mwHA">Barka dai</i></nowiki> (kundi), kundi na 2021 ta ƙungiyar Scottish band Texas ** "Hi" (Waƙar Texas), waƙar taken * ''Barka da ~'', sake fasalin shekarar 2015 na ƙungiyar ' ''yan matan Koriya ta Kudu Lovelyz' Kunɗin 'Yan Mata na 2014'' == Harshe == * Barka dai (cuneiform), alamar cuneiform * Barka dai (kana), rubutaccen halin Jafananci * [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]], yaren Indo-Aryan (ISO 639-1 lambar harshen HI) * ''Hi,'' da gaisuwa a cikin harshen Turanci kama da ''sannu'' == Ƙungiyoyi da abubuwan da suka faru == * Harlem International Film Festival, bikin fina-finai na kwana biyar 5 na shekara-shekara * Hostelling International, ƙungiyar ƙungiyoyin ɗakunan kwanan dalibai * Kamfanin Houston Industries Incorporated, tsohon sunan GenOn Energy * Jami'ar Iceland, taƙaice "HÍ", daga ''{{Lang|is|Háskóli Íslands}}'' == Wurare == * Hi River, wanda kuma aka sani da Kogin Ili, a arewa maso yammacin Chaina * Hainan, lardin China (Guobiao taƙaice HI) * [[Hawaii]], Amurka * Hotel Indonesia, otal a Jakarta, Indonesia == Kimiyya da fasaha == * Hydrogen iodide, a cikin sunadarai, kwayoyin diatomic * Informatics na kiwon lafiya, horo ne a tsaka -tsakin kimiyyar bayanai, kimiyyar kwamfuta, da kula da lafiya * Tsarin tsarin tarihi, a cikin ilimin zamantakewa, hanyar kimiyyar zamantakewa * Ruwan Hormonal, sabon yanayin halitta * Haɓakar haɓakar ƙwayar cuta, hanya don ƙididdige adadin dangi na ƙwayoyin cuta, ƙwayoyin cuta, ko ƙwayoyin cuta == Sauran amfani == * Hi Brigham Shekara ta (1892 zuwa 1987), ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na Amurka * Fassarar Barkwanci, wani taron a wasannin gasa na ƙwararrun masana ilimin sakandare == Duba kuma == * Yankin HI, a cikin ilmin taurari, wani girgije mai nisa wanda ya ƙunshi hydrogen atomic mai tsaka tsaki * H&amp;amp;I (rarrabuwa) * Babban (disambiguation) * HY (rashin fahimta) * Hydrogen-1, a kimiyyar lissafi, isotope na hydrogen tare da proton guda ɗaya da neutron zero (wanda kuma aka sani da ''protium'' ) {{Disambig}} == Arts and entertainment == * Hello Internet, wani kwasfan fayiloli da CGP Grey da Brady Haran suka shirya * Hi (mujallar), littafin salon matasa * "Hi" (Ofra Haza song), waƙar Ofra Haza, shigar Isra'ila a cikin Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 1983 * Hi, wani hali a cikin zane-zane mai ban dariya ''Hi da Lois'' * Hi Records, a cikin kiɗa, alamar Memphis da laƙabin rockabilly * <nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Hi</i></nowiki> (album) , wani kundi na 2021 na ƙungiyar Scotland Texas ** "Hi" (Waƙar Texas) , waƙar taken * <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Hi</i></nowiki> (EP) , EP na 2006 na Psapp * Hi~, sakewa na Shekarar 2015 na ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Koriya ta Kudu Lovelyz' 2014 Girls' Invasion''Harin 'yan mata'' * "Hi", waƙar daga kundin Xiu Xiu Always ''Ko da yaushe'' * Hello Internet, wani kwasfan fayiloli da CGP Grey da Brady Haran suka shirya * Hi (mujallar), littafin salon matasa * "Hi" (Ofra Haza song), waƙar Ofra Haza, shigar Isra'ila a cikin Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 1983 * Hi, wani hali a cikin zane-zane mai ban dariya ''Hi da Lois'' * Hi Records, a cikin kiɗa, alamar Memphis da lakabin rockabilly * <nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Hi</i></nowiki> (album) , wani kundi na 2021 na ƙungiyar Scotland Texas ** "Hi" (Waƙar Texas) , waƙar taken * <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Hi</i></nowiki> (EP) , EP na 2006 na Psapp * Hi~, sakewa na 2015 na ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Koriya ta Kudu Lovelyz' 2014 Girls' Invasion''Harin 'yan mata'' * "Hi", waƙar daga kundin Xiu Xiu Always ''Ko da yaushe'' == Arts and entertainment == * Hello Internet, wani kwasfan fayiloli da CGP Grey da Brady Haran suka shirya * Hi (mujallar), littafin salon matasa * "Hi" (Ofra Haza song), waƙar Ofra Haza, shigar Isra'ila a cikin Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 1983 * Hi, wani hali a cikin zane-zane mai ban dariya ''Hi da Lois'' * Hi Records, a cikin kiɗa, alamar Memphis da laƙabin rockabilly * <nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Hi</i></nowiki> (album) , wani kundi na 2021 na ƙungiyar Scotland Texas ** "Hi" (Waƙar Texas) , waƙar taken * <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Hi</i></nowiki> (EP) , EP na 2006 na Psapp * Hi~, sakewa na 2015 na ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Koriya ta Kudu Lovelyz' 2014 Girls' Invasion''Harin 'yan mata'' * "Hi", waƙar daga kundin Xiu Xiu Always ''Ko da yaushe'' * Hello Internet, wani kwasfan fayiloli da CGP Grey da Brady Haran suka shirya * Hi (mujallar), littafin salon matasa * "Hi" (Ofra Haza song), waƙar Ofra Haza, shigar Isra'ila a cikin Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 1983. * Hi, wani hali a cikin zane-zane mai ban dariya ''Hi da Lois,.'' * Hi Records, a cikin kiɗa, alamar Memphis da lakabin rockabilly * <nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Hi</i></nowiki> (album) , wani kundi na 2021 na ƙungiyar Scotland Texas. ** "Hi" (Waƙar Texas) , waƙar taken * <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Hi</i></nowiki> (EP) , EP na 2006 na Psapp * Hi~, sakewa na 2015 na ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Koriya ta Kudu Lovelyz' 2014 Girls' Invasion''Harin 'yan mata'' * "Hi", waƙar daga kundin Xiu Xiu Always ''Ko da yaushe.'' == Arts and entertainment == * Hello Internet, wani kwasfan fayiloli da CGP Grey da Brady Haran suka shirya. * Hi (mujallar), littafin salon matasa * "Hi" (Ofra Haza song), waƙar Ofra Haza, shigar Isra'ila a cikin Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 1983. * Hi, wani hali a cikin zane-zane mai ban dariya ''Hi da Lois'' * Hi Records, a cikin kiɗa, alamar Memphis da lakabin rockabilly * <nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Hi</i></nowiki> (album) , wani kundi na 2021 na ƙungiyar Scotland Texas ** "Hi" (Waƙar Texas) , waƙar taken * <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Hi</i></nowiki> (EP) , EP na 2006 na Psapp * Hi~, sakewa na shekarar 2015 na ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Koriya ta Kudu Lovelyz' 2014 Girls' Invasion''Harin 'yan mata'' * "Hi", waƙar daga kundin Xiu Xiu Always ''Ko da yaushe'' * Hello Internet, wani kwasfan fayiloli da CGP Grey da Brady Haran suka shirya. * Hi (mujallar), littafin salon matasa * "Hi" (Ofra Haza song), waƙar Ofra Haza, shigar Isra'ila a cikin Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 1983. * Hi, wani hali a cikin zane-zane mai ban dariya ''Hi da Lois,.'' * Hi Records, a cikin kiɗa, alamar Memphis da lakabin rockabilly * <nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Hi</i></nowiki> (album) , wani kundi na 2021 na ƙungiyar Scotland Texas. ** "Hi" (Waƙar Texas) , waƙar taken * <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Hi</i></nowiki> (EP) , EP na 2006 na Psapp * Hi~, sakewa na 2015 na ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Koriya ta Kudu Lovelyz' 2014 Girls' Invasion''Harin 'yan mata'' * "Hi", waƙar daga kundin Xiu Xiu Always ''Ko da yaushe.'' == Arts and entertainment == * Hello Internet, wani kwasfan fayiloli da CGP Grey da Brady Haran suka shirya. * Hi (mujallar), littafin salon matasa * "Hi" (Ofra Haza song), waƙar Ofra Haza, shigar Isra'ila a cikin Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 1983. * Hi, wani hali a cikin zane-zane mai ban dariya ''Hi da Lois'' * Hi Records, a cikin kiɗa, alamar Memphis da lakabin rockabilly * <nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Hi</i></nowiki> (album) , wani kundi na 2021 na ƙungiyar Scotland Texas ** "Hi" (Waƙar Texas) , waƙar taken * <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Hi</i></nowiki> (EP) ,EP na 2006 na Psapp * Hi~, sakewa na 2015 na ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Koriya ta Kudu Lovelyz' 2014 Girls' Invasion''Harin 'yan mata'' * "Hi", waƙar daga kundin Xiu Xiu Always ''Ko da yaushe'' * Hello Internet, wani kwasfan fayiloli da CGP Grey da Brady Haran suka shirya. * Hi (mujallar), littafin salon matasa * "Hi" (Ofra Haza song), waƙar Ofra Haza, shigar Isra'ila a cikin Gasar Waƙoƙin Eurovision ta 1983. * Hi, wani hali a cikin zane-zane mai ban dariya ''Hi da Lois,.'' * Hi Records, a cikin kiɗa, alamar Memphis da lakabin rockabilly * <nowiki><i id="mwIQ">Hi</i></nowiki> (album) , wani kundi na 2021 na ƙungiyar Scotland Texas. ** "Hi" (Waƙar Texas) , waƙar taken * <nowiki><i id="mwJw">Hi</i></nowiki> (EP) , EP na 2006 na Psapp * Hi~, sakewa na shekarar 2015 na ƙungiyar 'yan mata ta Koriya ta Kudu Lovelyz' 2014 Girls' Invasion''Harin 'yan mata'' * "Hi", waƙar daga kundin Xiu Xiu Always ''Ko da yaushe.'' gyg3w7ebmj5x7g7mmxw66bcxc9ro6yp 0 28187 915284 911899 2026-09-03T07:51:01Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life and career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355351217|Sunday Omobolanle]]" 915284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Sunday Omobolanle aka Papi Luwe // i, [[Order of the Niger|MON]] (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1954) [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, kuma furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroic Quest for Love and Unity, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221014547/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic |archive-date=2015-02-21 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |access-date=2021-12-23 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Latestnigeriannews|title=RMD, Aluwe, 32 others in Glo new campaign |url=http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/702302/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Latest Nigerian News |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunday Omobolanle Archives |url=https://motherhoodinstyle.net/tag/sunday-omobolanle/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Motherhood In-Style Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426133004/https://motherhoodinstyle.net/tag/sunday-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairun shekarar 1954, a Ilora, wani gari a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALUWE SUNDAY OMOBOLANLE |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1437/aluwe-sunday-omobolanle.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne mahaifin [[Sunkanmi Omobolanle]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na fim na Najeriya kuma darektan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive interview with Papi Luwe's First Son, ACTOR SUNKANMI OMOBOLANLE |url=http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141623/http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2015-02-20 }}</ref> Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma yafito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya kamar ''Adun Ewuro'', fim din Najeriya na 2011 wanda ya nuna [[Oga Bello|Adebayo Salami]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ALUWE ESCAPES DEATH |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/3376/aluwe-escapes-death.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]],tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, MON.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood/ Nigeria No.1 movies/ films resources online |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=www.nigeriafilms.com |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627000901/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Ƙaunar Rayuwata (2002) '' * ''Green Snake (2003) a matsayin Udenwa'' * ''Olorire (2003) a matsayin Oluso'' * ''Perosoko (2003) a matsayin Cif'' * ''Lanleyin (2004) '' * ''Eewo orun (2005) '' * ''Adun ewuro (2006) '' * ''Asoko ya fito (2008) '' * ''Adun Ewuro (2011) '' * ''Konkobilo'' * ''Oba Alatise'' * ''Shugaban ya tafi (2014) '' * ''Rayuwar Jelili (2019) a matsayin Papi Luwe'' * ''Anikulapo (2022) a matsayin Babban Oyo'' = Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life and career == Mahaifinsa shi ne [[Sunkanmi Omobolanle]], wani jarumin fina-finai kuma darakta a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive interview with Papi Luwe's First Son, ACTOR SUNKANMI OMOBOLANLE |url=http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141623/http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2015-02-20}}</ref>Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya kuma ba da umarni, sannan ya shirya kuma ya fito a cikin wasu fina-finai na Najeriya kamar ''Adun Ewuro'', wani fim na Najeriya na shekarar 2011 wanda ya ƙunshi [[Oga Bello|Adebayo Salami]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ALUWE ESCAPES DEATH |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/3376/aluwe-escapes-death.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref>Domin yaba wa gudunmawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya, tsohon shugaban [[Najeriya|tarayyar Najeriya]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya ba shi lambar yabo wato lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa, MON. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood/ Nigeria No.1 movies/ films resources online |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=www.nigeriafilms.com |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627000901/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fina-finai == * ''Soyayyar Rayuwata (2002)'' * ''Green Snake (2003) a matsayin Udenwa'' * ''Olorire (2003) a matsayin Oluso'' * ''Perosoko (2003) a matsayin Shugaba'' * ''Lanleyin (2004)'' * ''Eewo orun (2005)'' * ''Adun ewuro (2006)'' * ''Asoko peye (2008)'' * ''Adun Ewuro (2011)'' * ''Konkobilo'' * ''Oba Alatise'' * ''Kai Ya Gone (2014)'' * ''Tsira da Jelili (2019) kamar yadda Papi Luwe'' * ''Anikulapo (2022) a matsayin Shugaban Oyo'' == InFarkon rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1954, a Ilora, wani gari a Jihar Oyo kudu maso yammacin Najeriya.[1] Shi ne mahaifin Sunkanmi Omobolanle, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na fim na Najeriya kuma darektan.[2][3] Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya kamar Adun Ewuro, fim din Najeriya na 2011 wanda ya nuna Adebayo Salami . [4] Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, Olusegun Obasanjo, tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, MON.[5] j6e9pefvjyxl4d01dshw6mzs8v2vm22 915285 915284 2026-09-03T07:52:52Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life and career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355351217|Sunday Omobolanle]]" 915285 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  Sunday Omobolanle aka Papi Luwe // i, [[Order of the Niger|MON]] (an haife shi a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1954) [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, marubucin wasan kwaikwayo, darektan fim, kuma furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Heroic Quest for Love and Unity, Articles {{!}} THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic-quest-for-love-and-unity/110736/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221014547/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/heroic |archive-date=2015-02-21 |website=www.thisdaylive.com |access-date=2021-12-23 }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Latestnigeriannews|title=RMD, Aluwe, 32 others in Glo new campaign |url=http://www.latestnigeriannews.com/news/702302/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Latest Nigerian News |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sunday Omobolanle Archives |url=https://motherhoodinstyle.net/tag/sunday-omobolanle/ |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=Motherhood In-Style Magazine |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-04-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426133004/https://motherhoodinstyle.net/tag/sunday-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairun shekarar 1954, a Ilora, wani gari a [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]] kudu maso yammacin [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ALUWE SUNDAY OMOBOLANLE |url=https://www.modernghana.com/nollywood/1437/aluwe-sunday-omobolanle.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> Shi ne mahaifin [[Sunkanmi Omobolanle]], ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na fim na Najeriya kuma darektan.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive interview with Papi Luwe's First Son, ACTOR SUNKANMI OMOBOLANLE |url=http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141623/http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2015-02-20 }}</ref> Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma yafito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya kamar ''Adun Ewuro'', fim din Najeriya na 2011 wanda ya nuna [[Oga Bello|Adebayo Salami]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ALUWE ESCAPES DEATH |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/3376/aluwe-escapes-death.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, [[Olusegun Obasanjo]],tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, MON.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood/ Nigeria No.1 movies/ films resources online |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=www.nigeriafilms.com |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627000901/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Ƙaunar Rayuwata (2002) '' * ''Green Snake (2003) a matsayin Udenwa'' * ''Olorire (2003) a matsayin Oluso'' * ''Perosoko (2003) a matsayin Cif'' * ''Lanleyin (2004) '' * ''Eewo orun (2005) '' * ''Adun ewuro (2006) '' * ''Asoko ya fito (2008) '' * ''Adun Ewuro (2011) '' * ''Konkobilo'' * ''Oba Alatise'' * ''Shugaban ya tafi (2014) '' * ''Rayuwar Jelili (2019) a matsayin Papi Luwe'' * ''Anikulapo (2022) a matsayin Babban Oyo'' = Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] == Early life and career == Mahaifinsa shi ne [[Sunkanmi Omobolanle]], wani jarumin fina-finai kuma darakta a Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Exclusive interview with Papi Luwe's First Son, ACTOR SUNKANMI OMOBOLANLE |url=http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161011141623/http://ireporterstv.co/exclusive-interview-with-papi-luwes-first-son-actor-sunkanmi-omobolanle/ |archive-date=2016-10-11 |access-date=2015-02-20}}</ref>Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya kuma ba da umarni, sannan ya shirya kuma ya fito a cikin wasu fina-finai na Najeriya kamar ''Adun Ewuro'', wani fim na Najeriya na shekarar 2011 wanda ya ƙunshi [[Oga Bello|Adebayo Salami]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ALUWE ESCAPES DEATH |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/movie/3376/aluwe-escapes-death.html |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=Nigerian Voice}}</ref>Domin yaba wa gudunmawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finan Najeriya, tsohon shugaban [[Najeriya|tarayyar Najeriya]] [[Olusegun Obasanjo]] ya ba shi lambar yabo wato lambar girmamawa ta ƙasa, MON. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nollywood/ Nigeria No.1 movies/ films resources online |url=https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |access-date=2021-08-23 |website=www.nigeriafilms.com |archive-date=2023-06-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230627000901/https://www.nigeriafilms.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fina-finai == * ''Soyayyar Rayuwata (2002)'' * ''Green Snake (2003) a matsayin Udenwa'' * ''Olorire (2003) a matsayin Oluso'' * ''Perosoko (2003) a matsayin Shugaba'' * ''Lanleyin (2004)'' * ''Eewo orun (2005)'' * ''Adun ewuro (2006)'' * ''Asoko peye (2008)'' * ''Adun Ewuro (2011)'' * ''Konkobilo'' * ''Oba Alatise'' * ''Kai Ya Gone (2014)'' * ''Tsira da Jelili (2019) kamar yadda Papi Luwe'' * ''Anikulapo (2022) a matsayin Shugaban Oyo'' == InFarkon rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1954, a Ilora, wani gari a Jihar Oyo kudu maso yammacin Najeriya.[1] Shi ne mahaifin Sunkanmi Omobolanle, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na fim na Najeriya kuma darektan.[2][3] Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya kamar Adun Ewuro, fim din Najeriya na 2011 wanda ya nuna Adebayo Salami . [4] Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, Olusegun Obasanjo, tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, MON.[5] == InFarkon rayuwa da aiki == An haife shi a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1954, a Ilora, wani gari a Jihar Oyo kudu maso yammacin Najeriya.[1] Shi ne mahaifin Sunkanmi Omobolanle, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na fim na Najeriya kuma darektan.[2][3] Sunday Omobolanle ya rubuta, ya ba da umarni, ya samar kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Najeriya kamar Adun Ewuro, fim din Najeriya na 2011 wanda ya nuna Adebayo Salami . [4] Don nuna godiya ga gudummawar da ya bayar ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Najeriya, Olusegun Obasanjo, tsohon shugaban Jamhuriyar Tarayyar Najeriya ya ba shi lambar yabo ta kasa, MON.[5] tblrd7xfk4gqum6f3faxesr8dhl55no 0 29830 914937 504247 2026-09-02T16:09:38Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:AJM_065_Habana_Vieja_street.JPG |thumb| Sharar bakin titi]] [[File:063_Solar_al_c._Pujades,_cantonada_c._Badajoz,_al_Poblenou_(Barcelona),_amb_xemeneia_al_fons.jpg |thumb| Shara]] [[File:Construction_garbage.jpg|right|thumb| Abubuwan insulator na polyurethane da aka yiwa alama don cire wurin ginin (na ginin gida).]] '''Sharar gida''' ko '''[[tarkace]],''' kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin “ tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.” [[Fayil:Shredded solid waste.jpg|thumb|inda akesa Sharma]] Ana kuma kirkiran kayan gini da rushewa yayin aikin Kirkirar sabon gini ko tsari ko lokacin gyarawa ko rushe wani ginin da ake da shi. Wadannan kayan yawanci kayan aiki ne masu nauyi da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan kundin gini na zamani, kamar simgypsum. Karfe, [[Katako|itace]], kwalta da gypsum Daga cikin jimillar sharar gida a Amurka, kimanin kashi 90% na fitowa ne daga rugujewar gine-gine, yayin da kuma sharar da ake samu a lokacin gini ya kai kasa da kashi 10%. Sharar gida akai-akai ya hada da kananan abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke buƙatar a zubar da su daban-daban fiye da yawancin sharar gini, kamar fitillu, batura, da sauran kayan lantarki. Lokacin da aka kirkiri wadannan samfuran sharar gida, ana magance su ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa wurin zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|kasa]], kayan sake amfani da su don sabon amfani, kona sharar gida, ko sake amfani da su kai tsaye a wurin, ta hanyar hadawa cikin gini ko kuma cika datti. A cikin ma'amala da kayan sharar gini da rushewa, galibi yana kuma da wahala a sake yin amfani da su da sake yin amfani da su saboda tsadar sarrafawa. Kasuwancin sake amfani da kayan aikin dole ne suyi gogayya da sau da yawa karancin farashi na wuraren shara da sabbin kayan gini. A cikin wani rahoto da ya hada da bayanai daga jihohi 24 da ke shiga cikin Amurka, adadin dattin dattin da aka samu a Amurka wanda ya haifar da sharar gini da rushewar (C&D) ya kai kusan kashi 23%. Wannan shi ne kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na jimlar dattin da Amurka ke samarwa, kuma ba ya hada da gurbataccen ruwan da iska da ake yi a lokacin gini da kuma lokacin da yawancin wannan sharar ke kashewa a cikin wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba cikin muhallin da ke kewaye. == Nau'in sharar gida == Yawancin sharar gine-gine sun kunshi abubuwa kamar tubali, siminti da itace da suka lalace ko ba a yi amfani da su ba yayin ginin. Bincike na lura ya nuna cewa wannan zai iya kaiwa kashi 10 zuwa 15% na kayan da ke shiga cikin gini, kashi mafi girma fiye da kashi 2.5-5% yawanci masu bincike da masana'antar gini ke dauka. Tun da akwai babban canji tsakanin wuraren gine-gine, akwai dama mai yawa don rage wannan sharar gida. An kuma sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sharar gine-gine da rushewar da aka haifar a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata a Amurka. A cikin shekarata 1990, an kirkiri tan miliyan 135 na gine-gine da tarkacen rugujewa da nauyi kuma sun haura zuwa tan miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018. Wannan habaka 300% ne, Sai Dai amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tun shekarar 2015 EPA ta adana bayanan yadda ake zubar da sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 600 na sharar gida saboda gine-gine da rugujewa, kuma tan miliyan 143 na cikin sharar gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 76% na sharar yanzu ana kiyayewa kuma ana sake dawo dasu a cikin masana'antar, amma har yanzu akwai sauran sharar da ake fitarwa zuwa wuraren sharar kasa fiye da adadin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarar 1990. Wannan rashin cigaba da amfani da albarkatun kasa yana haifar da habaka hadarin kasuwanci. Wannan ya hada da Karin farashin kayan abu ko rushewa a cikin sarkokin samarwa . A cikin shekarata 2010, EPA ta kirkiri Tsarin Dabarun Shirin Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Kayayyaki Mai Dorewa (SMM) wanda ke nuna canjin dabarun EPA don matsar da fifiko daga babban shirin dawo da albarkatu zuwa sarrafa kayan dorewa. Tunda ka'idojin sarrafa kayan sun kasance galibi a matakin jiha da na gida, wannan ba ainihin daidaitaccen aiki ba ne a duk fadin kasar don alhakin dabarun rage sharar kayan gini . EPA na nufin Kara samun damar tattarawa, sarrafawa, da sake amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa don cimma wannan batu gaba ɗaya. === Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sharar gida === ==== Karfe karfafa ==== Ana kuma amfani da karfe azaman karfafawa da amincin tsari a mafi yawan ayyukan gini. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da ɓarna da karfe a kan wani wuri shine saboda rashin alhaki na yanke katako da al'amurran kirkira. Mafi munin rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna karewa wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai na kira da ka'idodi, wanda zai iya haifar da barna saboda gajeriyar karshen sanduna da ake zubar da su bisa rashin tsarin yankewa. Kamfanoni da yawa yanzu sun zabi siyan kayan karfafa karfe da aka hada. Wannan yana rage sharar gida ta hanyar fitar da shinge ga kamfanonin da ke ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan aiki. [[File:Hanson_Concrete_Truck.jpg|thumb| Concrete Mixer]] ==== Simintin da aka riga aka gama ==== Simintin da aka gama da shi yana da dayan mafi kankanta ma'auni idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan gini. Yawancin manajojin rukunin yanar gizon suna warware matsalolin sarrafa adadin isar da sako a matsayin babban batu wajen kididdige kankare dai-dai da ake bukata don rukunin yanar gizo. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi daga ainihin ginshikan siminti da katako da kirar kira da ake bukata sun kasance a cikin 5.4% da 2.7% girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani, bi da bi, yayin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga shafukan [[Brazil]] 30. Yawancin wadannan batutuwa an danganta su da rashin isassun sigar tsari ko rashin daidaito wajen tono tulin tushe . Bugu da kari, manajojin rukunin yanar gizon sun san cewa ana iya bukatar Karin siminti, kuma sau da yawa za su ba da umarnin wuce gona da iri don kada su katse simintin. ==== Bututu da wayoyi ==== Sau da yawa kuma yana da wahala a tsara da kuma lura da duk bututu da wayoyi da ke wurin saboda ana amfani da su a wurare daban-daban na aikin, musamman ma lokacin da ake yin aikin lantarki da na famfo akai-akai. Yawancin al'amurra na sharar gida sun taso a wannan fanni na aikin gine-gine saboda rashin tsari da cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanke bututu da wayoyi marasa nauyi da ke barin gajerun bututu da wayoyi. == Sake amfani da su, zubarwa da tasirin muhalli == === Sake amfani da abu da sake amfani da su === [[File:Recycling_Management.jpg|thumb| Motocin sake yin amfani da su]] Yawancin jagororin kan sarrafa sharar C&D suna bin tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi saitin hanyoyin magance sharar gida da aka tsara cikin tsarin fifiko. Matsayin sharar ra'ayi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da shi da ake amfani da shi don fifiko da jagorar ƙoƙarin sarrafa sharar gida. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da rigakafi, taƙaituwa, sake amfani da s, dawo da makamashi, (maganin) da zubarwa. Yana yiwuwa a sake sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na sharar gini. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kwantena na jujjuya don jigilar sharar gida. Ana iya murkushe tarkace kuma a sake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan gine-gine. Hakanan za'a iya dawo da itacen sharar gida da sake yin fa'idar ta. === Kisan ƙasa === Wasu abubuwa na sharar gini kamar allon filasta suna da haɗari da zarar an [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika ƙasa]] . Plasterboard yana rushewa a cikin yanayin zubar da ƙasa yana sakin hydrogen sulfide, iskar gas mai guba. Hanyar da aka saba zubar da sharar gine-gine ita ce a aika zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Aika sharar kai tsaye zuwa rumbun shara yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa: [[File:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb| Filayen ƙasa]] * Almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa * Yana haɓaka farashin gini, musamman tsarin sufuri * Ya mamaye babban yanki na ƙasa * Yana rage ingancin ƙasa * Yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa ( Leachate ) * Yana haddasa gurbacewar iska * Yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro da sauransu. === Konewa da haɗarin lafiya === Idan sake yin amfani da shi ba zaɓi ba ne, zubar da sharar gini da kayan haɗari dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ga dokokin majalisu da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukunce-hukuncen zubar da sharar gine-gine da rashin dacewa, gami da asbestos, na iya kaiwa ga dubun-dubatan daloli ga kasuwanci da dai-daikun mutane. Dama masu lura da yanayin [[File:Rugenberger_Damm_incinerator,_WPAhoi,_Hamburg_(P1080546).jpg|thumb|301x301px| Incinerator na sharar gida]] Wuraren sharar gida da kuzari suna ƙone sama da kashi 13% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari. Tushen mai guba da tsire-tsire na WTE ke fitarwa zai iya ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar su mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da dioxins . An kuma yi amfani da Dioxin azaman mai mai a cikin Times Beach, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . Kwanaki bayan shigar da sinadarai ga al'umma dabbobi sun fara mutuwa. A lokacin da EPA ta ɗauka cewa dioxins na da guba sosai a cikin shekarata 1980s, CDC ta ba da shawarar a bar garin gaba ɗaya saboda gurɓataccen kayan sharar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1985, an ƙaura da dukan jama'ar Times Beach, wanda ya sa Missouri ta gina sabon incinerator a kan gurbataccen ƙasar. Sun ci gaba da kona tan 265,000 na gurbataccen gurbataccen dioxin har zuwa shekarata 1997. Dioxins dangi ne na sinadarai da aka samar azaman samfuri yayin kera magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gini da yawa kamar carpeting da PVC . Dukkan Wadannan sinadarai suna wanzuwa a muhallin da ke makale da kasa ko tarkacen kura wadanda ido tsirara ba ya iya gani. Dioxins suna rushewa a hankali. Har yanzu yana barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a ƙananan matakan. Tun da masana'antu sun daina samar da dioxins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawar sakin dioxins masu cutarwa da suka rage a cikin Amurka shine ƙonewa. An tabbatar da Dioxins don haifar da ciwon daji, al'amurran haifuwa da ci gaba, da lalacewar tsarin rigakafi. Adadin ciwon daji irin su lymphoma wanda ba Hodgkin ba da sarcoma mai laushi ya tashi sosai yayin da mutum ya kusanci tushen gurɓataccen abu. == Dabarun gudanarwa == === Kudaden sarrafa shara === Kuɗaɗe kula da sharar gida, a ƙarƙashin 'ƙa'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli', na iya taimakawa rage matakan sharar gini. Akwai kaɗan kaɗan game da ƙayyadaddun kuɗin sarrafa shara don sharar gini da aka ƙirƙira. Yawancin samfura don wannan an ƙirƙira su a baya, to amma kuma suna da na yau da kullun kuma suna da lahani. A cikin shekarata 2019, an gabatar da hanyar nazari don inganta kuɗin sarrafa sharar gini. Sabon tsarin ya fadada kan na baya ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsadar rayuwa ta sharar gine-gine tare da auna shi da niyyar inganta sharar gine-gine. An gudanar da binciken ne daga ƙasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da babban batu na sarrafa sharar gida, kuma wuraren da ake zubar da shara a cikin su na cike da yawa a birane. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sarrafa sharar gida na ƙarfe, itace, da sharar gida kamar $9.30, $5.92, da $4.25, bi da bi. Kudin sarrafa sharar gida a kowace murabba'in mita, ko kuma ƙasa da murabba'in ƙafa 11, a matsakaita an sami $0.12. Irin wannan tsarin kula da sharar yana buƙatar aiwatar da aikin majalisa sama-sama. Ba zabi bane dan kwangilar yana da alatu na yin shi da kansa. === Turai === A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU), yanzu an ba da fifiko sosai kan sake amfani da kayan gini da ɗaukar akidar shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari idan ana maganar ƙira, gini, da rushewa. Shawarwarinsu sun fi bayyana da sauki a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ko yanki, ya danganta da tsarin gwamnati. A cikin shekarata 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, sun jaddada fa'idodin da suka wuce ribar kuɗi don sake amfani da su kamar samar da ayyukan yi da rage shara. Har ila yau, sun jaddada la'akari da wadata da buƙatun yanayin ƙasa ; idan tsire-tsire masu sake yin amfani da su sun fi kusa da yankunan birane fiye da jimlar quaries wannan zai iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su yi amfani da wannan samfurin da aka sake sarrafa koda kuwa ba a fara araha ba. A [[Austriya|Ostiriya]], an sami sabbin ci gaba a sake yin amfani da kayan itace da ba za a iya amfani da su ba da za a ƙone a cikin ƙirƙirar siminti wanda ke daidaita sawun carbon na samfuran biyu. Ƙungiyar ta EU ta bukaci hukumomin yankin da ke ba da izinin rushewa da sake gyarawa da su tabbatar da cewa ana bin tsarin kula da sharar gida mai inganci, sannan sun jaddada bukatar bin diddigin rugujewar domin sanin ko ana bin tsare-tsaren da aka aiwatar. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da haraji don rage fa'idar tattalin arziƙin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don haifar da yanayin da sake yin amfani da su ya zama zaɓi mai ma'ana ta kuɗi. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa harajin ya kamata ya shafi kayan sharar da za a sake amfani da su kawai. Babban abin da ya shafi yadda Turawa ke zabar magance wannan al’amari na sarrafa sharar gida shi ne ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da aka bai wa wata hukuma domin kare al’ummarta. Ba kamar a Amurka ba, falsafar EU game da sarrafa sharar gida ba wai abu ne mai kyau na zaɓi a yi ba lokacin da za ku iya sai dai wani yanki na tilas na gine-gine a ƙarni na 21 don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Harajin ajiyar shara ya kasance mafi inganci a Belgium, Denmark da Ostiriya, waɗanda duk sun rage yawan zubar da shara da sama da kashi 30% tun bayan ƙaddamar da harajin. Denmark ta yi nasarar yanke amfani da sharar gida da sama da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100, inda ta kai adadin sake yin amfani da shi sama da kashi 60%. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, duk ma'aikatan da ke yin gine-gine ko share sharar gini ana buƙatar doka don yin aiki don kasuwanci mai rijista na CIS. Koyaya, samar da sharar gida a Burtaniya na ci gaba da girma, amma adadin karuwar ya ragu. {{Wide image|D30 5495 stitch2.jpg|500px|A panorama of construction waste in Horton, Norway}} === Amurka === Amurka ba ta da haraji ko kuɗaɗen shara na ƙasa, amma yawancin jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar haraji da kudade kan zubar da shara. An ƙirƙiri Sashen Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Albarkatun California ( CalRecycle ) a cikin shekarata 2010 don magance haɓakar matsalar sharar C&D a Amurka. CalRecycle yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar tsarin karkatar da sharar C&D a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Hakanan suna ba da bayanai da sauran abubuwan ilimi akan madadin wuraren sharar C&D. Suna haɓaka waɗannan farillai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa kamfanoni su shiga cikin ayyukan karkatar da sharar gida. Hakanan akwai tallafi da lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin agaji a dabarun rage sharar gida. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Sharar rushewa * Sake yin amfani da su * Kankare sake yin amfani da su * Gudanar da sharar gida * COSHH * Carbon da aka haɗa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bayanai na [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114210943/http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php Gudanar da Sharar Gina] daga Gabaɗayan Jagoran Ƙira na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Ƙasa * https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090714/https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx |date=2022-03-17 }} [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Majalissar dokokin duniya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hse4l8y7b7st9hko21bi84zglqacygf 914938 914937 2026-09-02T16:09:51Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:AJM_065_Habana_Vieja_street.JPG |thumb| Sharar bakin titi]] [[File:063_Solar_al_c._Pujades,_cantonada_c._Badajoz,_al_Poblenou_(Barcelona),_amb_xemeneia_al_fons.jpg |thumb| Shara]] [[File:Construction_garbage.jpg|right|thumb| Abubuwan insulator na polyurethane da aka yiwa alama don cire wurin ginin (na ginin gida).]] '''Sharar gida''' ko '''[[tarkace]],''' kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin “ tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.” [[Fayil:Shredded solid waste.jpg|thumb|inda akesa Sharma]] Ana kuma kirkiran kayan gini da rushewa yayin aikin Kirkirar sabon gini ko tsari ko lokacin gyarawa ko rushe wani ginin da ake da shi. Wadannan kayan yawanci kayan aiki ne masu nauyi da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan kundin gini na zamani, kamar simgypsum. Karfe, [[Katako|itace]], kwalta da gypsum Daga cikin jimillar sharar gida a Amurka, kimanin kashi 90% na fitowa ne daga rugujewar gine-gine, yayin da kuma sharar da ake samu a lokacin gini ya kai kasa da kashi 10%. Sharar gida akai-akai ya hada da kananan abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke buƙatar a zubar da su daban-daban fiye da yawancin sharar gini, kamar fitillu, batura, da sauran kayan lantarki. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran sharar gida, ana magance su ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa wurin zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|kasa]], kayan sake amfani da su don sabon amfani, kona sharar gida, ko sake amfani da su kai tsaye a wurin, ta hanyar hadawa cikin gini ko kuma cika datti. A cikin ma'amala da kayan sharar gini da rushewa, galibi yana kuma da wahala a sake yin amfani da su da sake yin amfani da su saboda tsadar sarrafawa. Kasuwancin sake amfani da kayan aikin dole ne suyi gogayya da sau da yawa karancin farashi na wuraren shara da sabbin kayan gini. A cikin wani rahoto da ya hada da bayanai daga jihohi 24 da ke shiga cikin Amurka, adadin dattin dattin da aka samu a Amurka wanda ya haifar da sharar gini da rushewar (C&D) ya kai kusan kashi 23%. Wannan shi ne kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na jimlar dattin da Amurka ke samarwa, kuma ba ya hada da gurbataccen ruwan da iska da ake yi a lokacin gini da kuma lokacin da yawancin wannan sharar ke kashewa a cikin wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba cikin muhallin da ke kewaye. == Nau'in sharar gida == Yawancin sharar gine-gine sun kunshi abubuwa kamar tubali, siminti da itace da suka lalace ko ba a yi amfani da su ba yayin ginin. Bincike na lura ya nuna cewa wannan zai iya kaiwa kashi 10 zuwa 15% na kayan da ke shiga cikin gini, kashi mafi girma fiye da kashi 2.5-5% yawanci masu bincike da masana'antar gini ke dauka. Tun da akwai babban canji tsakanin wuraren gine-gine, akwai dama mai yawa don rage wannan sharar gida. An kuma sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sharar gine-gine da rushewar da aka haifar a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata a Amurka. A cikin shekarata 1990, an kirkiri tan miliyan 135 na gine-gine da tarkacen rugujewa da nauyi kuma sun haura zuwa tan miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018. Wannan habaka 300% ne, Sai Dai amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tun shekarar 2015 EPA ta adana bayanan yadda ake zubar da sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 600 na sharar gida saboda gine-gine da rugujewa, kuma tan miliyan 143 na cikin sharar gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 76% na sharar yanzu ana kiyayewa kuma ana sake dawo dasu a cikin masana'antar, amma har yanzu akwai sauran sharar da ake fitarwa zuwa wuraren sharar kasa fiye da adadin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarar 1990. Wannan rashin cigaba da amfani da albarkatun kasa yana haifar da habaka hadarin kasuwanci. Wannan ya hada da Karin farashin kayan abu ko rushewa a cikin sarkokin samarwa . A cikin shekarata 2010, EPA ta kirkiri Tsarin Dabarun Shirin Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Kayayyaki Mai Dorewa (SMM) wanda ke nuna canjin dabarun EPA don matsar da fifiko daga babban shirin dawo da albarkatu zuwa sarrafa kayan dorewa. Tunda ka'idojin sarrafa kayan sun kasance galibi a matakin jiha da na gida, wannan ba ainihin daidaitaccen aiki ba ne a duk fadin kasar don alhakin dabarun rage sharar kayan gini . EPA na nufin Kara samun damar tattarawa, sarrafawa, da sake amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa don cimma wannan batu gaba ɗaya. === Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sharar gida === ==== Karfe karfafa ==== Ana kuma amfani da karfe azaman karfafawa da amincin tsari a mafi yawan ayyukan gini. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da ɓarna da karfe a kan wani wuri shine saboda rashin alhaki na yanke katako da al'amurran kirkira. Mafi munin rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna karewa wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai na kira da ka'idodi, wanda zai iya haifar da barna saboda gajeriyar karshen sanduna da ake zubar da su bisa rashin tsarin yankewa. Kamfanoni da yawa yanzu sun zabi siyan kayan karfafa karfe da aka hada. Wannan yana rage sharar gida ta hanyar fitar da shinge ga kamfanonin da ke ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan aiki. [[File:Hanson_Concrete_Truck.jpg|thumb| Concrete Mixer]] ==== Simintin da aka riga aka gama ==== Simintin da aka gama da shi yana da dayan mafi kankanta ma'auni idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan gini. Yawancin manajojin rukunin yanar gizon suna warware matsalolin sarrafa adadin isar da sako a matsayin babban batu wajen kididdige kankare dai-dai da ake bukata don rukunin yanar gizo. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi daga ainihin ginshikan siminti da katako da kirar kira da ake bukata sun kasance a cikin 5.4% da 2.7% girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani, bi da bi, yayin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga shafukan [[Brazil]] 30. Yawancin wadannan batutuwa an danganta su da rashin isassun sigar tsari ko rashin daidaito wajen tono tulin tushe . Bugu da kari, manajojin rukunin yanar gizon sun san cewa ana iya bukatar Karin siminti, kuma sau da yawa za su ba da umarnin wuce gona da iri don kada su katse simintin. ==== Bututu da wayoyi ==== Sau da yawa kuma yana da wahala a tsara da kuma lura da duk bututu da wayoyi da ke wurin saboda ana amfani da su a wurare daban-daban na aikin, musamman ma lokacin da ake yin aikin lantarki da na famfo akai-akai. Yawancin al'amurra na sharar gida sun taso a wannan fanni na aikin gine-gine saboda rashin tsari da cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanke bututu da wayoyi marasa nauyi da ke barin gajerun bututu da wayoyi. == Sake amfani da su, zubarwa da tasirin muhalli == === Sake amfani da abu da sake amfani da su === [[File:Recycling_Management.jpg|thumb| Motocin sake yin amfani da su]] Yawancin jagororin kan sarrafa sharar C&D suna bin tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi saitin hanyoyin magance sharar gida da aka tsara cikin tsarin fifiko. Matsayin sharar ra'ayi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da shi da ake amfani da shi don fifiko da jagorar ƙoƙarin sarrafa sharar gida. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da rigakafi, taƙaituwa, sake amfani da s, dawo da makamashi, (maganin) da zubarwa. Yana yiwuwa a sake sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na sharar gini. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kwantena na jujjuya don jigilar sharar gida. Ana iya murkushe tarkace kuma a sake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan gine-gine. Hakanan za'a iya dawo da itacen sharar gida da sake yin fa'idar ta. === Kisan ƙasa === Wasu abubuwa na sharar gini kamar allon filasta suna da haɗari da zarar an [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika ƙasa]] . Plasterboard yana rushewa a cikin yanayin zubar da ƙasa yana sakin hydrogen sulfide, iskar gas mai guba. Hanyar da aka saba zubar da sharar gine-gine ita ce a aika zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Aika sharar kai tsaye zuwa rumbun shara yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa: [[File:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb| Filayen ƙasa]] * Almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa * Yana haɓaka farashin gini, musamman tsarin sufuri * Ya mamaye babban yanki na ƙasa * Yana rage ingancin ƙasa * Yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa ( Leachate ) * Yana haddasa gurbacewar iska * Yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro da sauransu. === Konewa da haɗarin lafiya === Idan sake yin amfani da shi ba zaɓi ba ne, zubar da sharar gini da kayan haɗari dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ga dokokin majalisu da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukunce-hukuncen zubar da sharar gine-gine da rashin dacewa, gami da asbestos, na iya kaiwa ga dubun-dubatan daloli ga kasuwanci da dai-daikun mutane. Dama masu lura da yanayin [[File:Rugenberger_Damm_incinerator,_WPAhoi,_Hamburg_(P1080546).jpg|thumb|301x301px| Incinerator na sharar gida]] Wuraren sharar gida da kuzari suna ƙone sama da kashi 13% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari. Tushen mai guba da tsire-tsire na WTE ke fitarwa zai iya ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar su mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da dioxins . An kuma yi amfani da Dioxin azaman mai mai a cikin Times Beach, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . Kwanaki bayan shigar da sinadarai ga al'umma dabbobi sun fara mutuwa. A lokacin da EPA ta ɗauka cewa dioxins na da guba sosai a cikin shekarata 1980s, CDC ta ba da shawarar a bar garin gaba ɗaya saboda gurɓataccen kayan sharar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1985, an ƙaura da dukan jama'ar Times Beach, wanda ya sa Missouri ta gina sabon incinerator a kan gurbataccen ƙasar. Sun ci gaba da kona tan 265,000 na gurbataccen gurbataccen dioxin har zuwa shekarata 1997. Dioxins dangi ne na sinadarai da aka samar azaman samfuri yayin kera magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gini da yawa kamar carpeting da PVC . Dukkan Wadannan sinadarai suna wanzuwa a muhallin da ke makale da kasa ko tarkacen kura wadanda ido tsirara ba ya iya gani. Dioxins suna rushewa a hankali. Har yanzu yana barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a ƙananan matakan. Tun da masana'antu sun daina samar da dioxins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawar sakin dioxins masu cutarwa da suka rage a cikin Amurka shine ƙonewa. An tabbatar da Dioxins don haifar da ciwon daji, al'amurran haifuwa da ci gaba, da lalacewar tsarin rigakafi. Adadin ciwon daji irin su lymphoma wanda ba Hodgkin ba da sarcoma mai laushi ya tashi sosai yayin da mutum ya kusanci tushen gurɓataccen abu. == Dabarun gudanarwa == === Kudaden sarrafa shara === Kuɗaɗe kula da sharar gida, a ƙarƙashin 'ƙa'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli', na iya taimakawa rage matakan sharar gini. Akwai kaɗan kaɗan game da ƙayyadaddun kuɗin sarrafa shara don sharar gini da aka ƙirƙira. Yawancin samfura don wannan an ƙirƙira su a baya, to amma kuma suna da na yau da kullun kuma suna da lahani. A cikin shekarata 2019, an gabatar da hanyar nazari don inganta kuɗin sarrafa sharar gini. Sabon tsarin ya fadada kan na baya ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsadar rayuwa ta sharar gine-gine tare da auna shi da niyyar inganta sharar gine-gine. An gudanar da binciken ne daga ƙasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da babban batu na sarrafa sharar gida, kuma wuraren da ake zubar da shara a cikin su na cike da yawa a birane. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sarrafa sharar gida na ƙarfe, itace, da sharar gida kamar $9.30, $5.92, da $4.25, bi da bi. Kudin sarrafa sharar gida a kowace murabba'in mita, ko kuma ƙasa da murabba'in ƙafa 11, a matsakaita an sami $0.12. Irin wannan tsarin kula da sharar yana buƙatar aiwatar da aikin majalisa sama-sama. Ba zabi bane dan kwangilar yana da alatu na yin shi da kansa. === Turai === A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU), yanzu an ba da fifiko sosai kan sake amfani da kayan gini da ɗaukar akidar shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari idan ana maganar ƙira, gini, da rushewa. Shawarwarinsu sun fi bayyana da sauki a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ko yanki, ya danganta da tsarin gwamnati. A cikin shekarata 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, sun jaddada fa'idodin da suka wuce ribar kuɗi don sake amfani da su kamar samar da ayyukan yi da rage shara. Har ila yau, sun jaddada la'akari da wadata da buƙatun yanayin ƙasa ; idan tsire-tsire masu sake yin amfani da su sun fi kusa da yankunan birane fiye da jimlar quaries wannan zai iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su yi amfani da wannan samfurin da aka sake sarrafa koda kuwa ba a fara araha ba. A [[Austriya|Ostiriya]], an sami sabbin ci gaba a sake yin amfani da kayan itace da ba za a iya amfani da su ba da za a ƙone a cikin ƙirƙirar siminti wanda ke daidaita sawun carbon na samfuran biyu. Ƙungiyar ta EU ta bukaci hukumomin yankin da ke ba da izinin rushewa da sake gyarawa da su tabbatar da cewa ana bin tsarin kula da sharar gida mai inganci, sannan sun jaddada bukatar bin diddigin rugujewar domin sanin ko ana bin tsare-tsaren da aka aiwatar. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da haraji don rage fa'idar tattalin arziƙin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don haifar da yanayin da sake yin amfani da su ya zama zaɓi mai ma'ana ta kuɗi. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa harajin ya kamata ya shafi kayan sharar da za a sake amfani da su kawai. Babban abin da ya shafi yadda Turawa ke zabar magance wannan al’amari na sarrafa sharar gida shi ne ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da aka bai wa wata hukuma domin kare al’ummarta. Ba kamar a Amurka ba, falsafar EU game da sarrafa sharar gida ba wai abu ne mai kyau na zaɓi a yi ba lokacin da za ku iya sai dai wani yanki na tilas na gine-gine a ƙarni na 21 don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Harajin ajiyar shara ya kasance mafi inganci a Belgium, Denmark da Ostiriya, waɗanda duk sun rage yawan zubar da shara da sama da kashi 30% tun bayan ƙaddamar da harajin. Denmark ta yi nasarar yanke amfani da sharar gida da sama da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100, inda ta kai adadin sake yin amfani da shi sama da kashi 60%. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, duk ma'aikatan da ke yin gine-gine ko share sharar gini ana buƙatar doka don yin aiki don kasuwanci mai rijista na CIS. Koyaya, samar da sharar gida a Burtaniya na ci gaba da girma, amma adadin karuwar ya ragu. {{Wide image|D30 5495 stitch2.jpg|500px|A panorama of construction waste in Horton, Norway}} === Amurka === Amurka ba ta da haraji ko kuɗaɗen shara na ƙasa, amma yawancin jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar haraji da kudade kan zubar da shara. An ƙirƙiri Sashen Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Albarkatun California ( CalRecycle ) a cikin shekarata 2010 don magance haɓakar matsalar sharar C&D a Amurka. CalRecycle yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar tsarin karkatar da sharar C&D a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Hakanan suna ba da bayanai da sauran abubuwan ilimi akan madadin wuraren sharar C&D. Suna haɓaka waɗannan farillai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa kamfanoni su shiga cikin ayyukan karkatar da sharar gida. Hakanan akwai tallafi da lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin agaji a dabarun rage sharar gida. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Sharar rushewa * Sake yin amfani da su * Kankare sake yin amfani da su * Gudanar da sharar gida * COSHH * Carbon da aka haɗa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bayanai na [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114210943/http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php Gudanar da Sharar Gina] daga Gabaɗayan Jagoran Ƙira na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Ƙasa * https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090714/https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx |date=2022-03-17 }} [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Majalissar dokokin duniya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2qic0qa1yl6655dm2sh1dpqmdbov8hs 914939 914938 2026-09-02T16:10:12Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914939 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:AJM_065_Habana_Vieja_street.JPG |thumb| Sharar bakin titi]] [[File:063_Solar_al_c._Pujades,_cantonada_c._Badajoz,_al_Poblenou_(Barcelona),_amb_xemeneia_al_fons.jpg |thumb| Shara]] [[File:Construction_garbage.jpg|right|thumb| Abubuwan insulator na polyurethane da aka yiwa alama don cire wurin ginin (na ginin gida).]] '''Sharar gida''' ko '''[[tarkace]],''' kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin “ tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.” [[Fayil:Shredded solid waste.jpg|thumb|inda akesa Sharma]] Ana kuma kirkiran kayan gini da rushewa yayin aikin Kirkirar sabon gini ko tsari ko lokacin gyarawa ko rushe wani ginin da ake da shi. Wadannan kayan yawanci kayan aiki ne masu nauyi da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan kundin gini na zamani, kamar simgypsum. Karfe, [[Katako|itace]], kwalta da gypsum Daga cikin jimillar sharar gida a Amurka, kimanin kashi 90% na fitowa ne daga rugujewar gine-gine, yayin da kuma sharar da ake samu a lokacin gini ya kai kasa da kashi 10%. Sharar gida akai-akai ya hada da kananan abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke buƙatar a zubar da su daban-daban fiye da yawancin sharar gini, kamar fitillu, batura, da sauran kayan lantarki. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran sharar gida, ana magance su ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa wurin zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|kasa]], kayan sake amfani da su don sabon amfani, kona sharar gida, ko sake amfani da su kai tsaye a wurin, ta hanyar hadawa cikin gini ko kuma cika datti. A cikin ma'amala da kayan sharar gini da rushewa, galibi yana kuma da wahala a sake yin amfani da su da sake yin amfani da su saboda tsadar sarrafawa. Kasuwancin sake amfani da kayan aikin dole ne suyi gogayya da sau da yawa karancin farashi na wuraren shara da sabbin kayan gini. A cikin wani rahoto da ya hada da bayanai daga jihohi 24 da ke shiga cikin Amurka, adadin dattin dattin da aka samu a Amurka wanda ya haifar da sharar gini da rushewar (C&D) ya kai kusan kashi 23%. Wannan shi ne kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na jimlar dattin da Amurka ke samarwa, kuma ba ya hada da gurbataccen ruwan da iska da ake yi a lokacin gini da kuma lokacin da yawancin wannan sharar ke kashewa a cikin wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba cikin muhallin da ke kewaye. == Nau'in sharar gida == Yawancin sharar gine-gine sun ƙunshi abubuwa kamar tubali, siminti da itace da suka lalace ko ba a yi amfani da su ba yayin ginin. Bincike na lura ya nuna cewa wannan zai iya kaiwa kashi 10 zuwa 15% na kayan da ke shiga cikin gini, kashi mafi girma fiye da kashi 2.5-5% yawanci masu bincike da masana'antar gini ke dauka. Tun da akwai babban canji tsakanin wuraren gine-gine, akwai dama mai yawa don rage wannan sharar gida. An kuma sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sharar gine-gine da rushewar da aka haifar a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata a Amurka. A cikin shekarata 1990, an kirkiri tan miliyan 135 na gine-gine da tarkacen rugujewa da nauyi kuma sun haura zuwa tan miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018. Wannan habaka 300% ne, Sai Dai amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tun shekarar 2015 EPA ta adana bayanan yadda ake zubar da sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 600 na sharar gida saboda gine-gine da rugujewa, kuma tan miliyan 143 na cikin sharar gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 76% na sharar yanzu ana kiyayewa kuma ana sake dawo dasu a cikin masana'antar, amma har yanzu akwai sauran sharar da ake fitarwa zuwa wuraren sharar kasa fiye da adadin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarar 1990. Wannan rashin cigaba da amfani da albarkatun kasa yana haifar da habaka hadarin kasuwanci. Wannan ya hada da Karin farashin kayan abu ko rushewa a cikin sarkokin samarwa . A cikin shekarata 2010, EPA ta kirkiri Tsarin Dabarun Shirin Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Kayayyaki Mai Dorewa (SMM) wanda ke nuna canjin dabarun EPA don matsar da fifiko daga babban shirin dawo da albarkatu zuwa sarrafa kayan dorewa. Tunda ka'idojin sarrafa kayan sun kasance galibi a matakin jiha da na gida, wannan ba ainihin daidaitaccen aiki ba ne a duk fadin kasar don alhakin dabarun rage sharar kayan gini . EPA na nufin Kara samun damar tattarawa, sarrafawa, da sake amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa don cimma wannan batu gaba ɗaya. === Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sharar gida === ==== Karfe karfafa ==== Ana kuma amfani da karfe azaman karfafawa da amincin tsari a mafi yawan ayyukan gini. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da ɓarna da karfe a kan wani wuri shine saboda rashin alhaki na yanke katako da al'amurran kirkira. Mafi munin rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna karewa wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai na kira da ka'idodi, wanda zai iya haifar da barna saboda gajeriyar karshen sanduna da ake zubar da su bisa rashin tsarin yankewa. Kamfanoni da yawa yanzu sun zabi siyan kayan karfafa karfe da aka hada. Wannan yana rage sharar gida ta hanyar fitar da shinge ga kamfanonin da ke ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan aiki. [[File:Hanson_Concrete_Truck.jpg|thumb| Concrete Mixer]] ==== Simintin da aka riga aka gama ==== Simintin da aka gama da shi yana da dayan mafi kankanta ma'auni idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan gini. Yawancin manajojin rukunin yanar gizon suna warware matsalolin sarrafa adadin isar da sako a matsayin babban batu wajen kididdige kankare dai-dai da ake bukata don rukunin yanar gizo. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi daga ainihin ginshikan siminti da katako da kirar kira da ake bukata sun kasance a cikin 5.4% da 2.7% girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani, bi da bi, yayin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga shafukan [[Brazil]] 30. Yawancin wadannan batutuwa an danganta su da rashin isassun sigar tsari ko rashin daidaito wajen tono tulin tushe . Bugu da kari, manajojin rukunin yanar gizon sun san cewa ana iya bukatar Karin siminti, kuma sau da yawa za su ba da umarnin wuce gona da iri don kada su katse simintin. ==== Bututu da wayoyi ==== Sau da yawa kuma yana da wahala a tsara da kuma lura da duk bututu da wayoyi da ke wurin saboda ana amfani da su a wurare daban-daban na aikin, musamman ma lokacin da ake yin aikin lantarki da na famfo akai-akai. Yawancin al'amurra na sharar gida sun taso a wannan fanni na aikin gine-gine saboda rashin tsari da cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanke bututu da wayoyi marasa nauyi da ke barin gajerun bututu da wayoyi. == Sake amfani da su, zubarwa da tasirin muhalli == === Sake amfani da abu da sake amfani da su === [[File:Recycling_Management.jpg|thumb| Motocin sake yin amfani da su]] Yawancin jagororin kan sarrafa sharar C&D suna bin tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi saitin hanyoyin magance sharar gida da aka tsara cikin tsarin fifiko. Matsayin sharar ra'ayi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da shi da ake amfani da shi don fifiko da jagorar ƙoƙarin sarrafa sharar gida. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da rigakafi, taƙaituwa, sake amfani da s, dawo da makamashi, (maganin) da zubarwa. Yana yiwuwa a sake sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na sharar gini. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kwantena na jujjuya don jigilar sharar gida. Ana iya murkushe tarkace kuma a sake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan gine-gine. Hakanan za'a iya dawo da itacen sharar gida da sake yin fa'idar ta. === Kisan ƙasa === Wasu abubuwa na sharar gini kamar allon filasta suna da haɗari da zarar an [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika ƙasa]] . Plasterboard yana rushewa a cikin yanayin zubar da ƙasa yana sakin hydrogen sulfide, iskar gas mai guba. Hanyar da aka saba zubar da sharar gine-gine ita ce a aika zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Aika sharar kai tsaye zuwa rumbun shara yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa: [[File:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb| Filayen ƙasa]] * Almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa * Yana haɓaka farashin gini, musamman tsarin sufuri * Ya mamaye babban yanki na ƙasa * Yana rage ingancin ƙasa * Yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa ( Leachate ) * Yana haddasa gurbacewar iska * Yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro da sauransu. === Konewa da haɗarin lafiya === Idan sake yin amfani da shi ba zaɓi ba ne, zubar da sharar gini da kayan haɗari dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ga dokokin majalisu da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukunce-hukuncen zubar da sharar gine-gine da rashin dacewa, gami da asbestos, na iya kaiwa ga dubun-dubatan daloli ga kasuwanci da dai-daikun mutane. Dama masu lura da yanayin [[File:Rugenberger_Damm_incinerator,_WPAhoi,_Hamburg_(P1080546).jpg|thumb|301x301px| Incinerator na sharar gida]] Wuraren sharar gida da kuzari suna ƙone sama da kashi 13% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari. Tushen mai guba da tsire-tsire na WTE ke fitarwa zai iya ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar su mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da dioxins . An kuma yi amfani da Dioxin azaman mai mai a cikin Times Beach, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . Kwanaki bayan shigar da sinadarai ga al'umma dabbobi sun fara mutuwa. A lokacin da EPA ta ɗauka cewa dioxins na da guba sosai a cikin shekarata 1980s, CDC ta ba da shawarar a bar garin gaba ɗaya saboda gurɓataccen kayan sharar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1985, an ƙaura da dukan jama'ar Times Beach, wanda ya sa Missouri ta gina sabon incinerator a kan gurbataccen ƙasar. Sun ci gaba da kona tan 265,000 na gurbataccen gurbataccen dioxin har zuwa shekarata 1997. Dioxins dangi ne na sinadarai da aka samar azaman samfuri yayin kera magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gini da yawa kamar carpeting da PVC . Dukkan Wadannan sinadarai suna wanzuwa a muhallin da ke makale da kasa ko tarkacen kura wadanda ido tsirara ba ya iya gani. Dioxins suna rushewa a hankali. Har yanzu yana barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a ƙananan matakan. Tun da masana'antu sun daina samar da dioxins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawar sakin dioxins masu cutarwa da suka rage a cikin Amurka shine ƙonewa. An tabbatar da Dioxins don haifar da ciwon daji, al'amurran haifuwa da ci gaba, da lalacewar tsarin rigakafi. Adadin ciwon daji irin su lymphoma wanda ba Hodgkin ba da sarcoma mai laushi ya tashi sosai yayin da mutum ya kusanci tushen gurɓataccen abu. == Dabarun gudanarwa == === Kudaden sarrafa shara === Kuɗaɗe kula da sharar gida, a ƙarƙashin 'ƙa'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli', na iya taimakawa rage matakan sharar gini. Akwai kaɗan kaɗan game da ƙayyadaddun kuɗin sarrafa shara don sharar gini da aka ƙirƙira. Yawancin samfura don wannan an ƙirƙira su a baya, to amma kuma suna da na yau da kullun kuma suna da lahani. A cikin shekarata 2019, an gabatar da hanyar nazari don inganta kuɗin sarrafa sharar gini. Sabon tsarin ya fadada kan na baya ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsadar rayuwa ta sharar gine-gine tare da auna shi da niyyar inganta sharar gine-gine. An gudanar da binciken ne daga ƙasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da babban batu na sarrafa sharar gida, kuma wuraren da ake zubar da shara a cikin su na cike da yawa a birane. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sarrafa sharar gida na ƙarfe, itace, da sharar gida kamar $9.30, $5.92, da $4.25, bi da bi. Kudin sarrafa sharar gida a kowace murabba'in mita, ko kuma ƙasa da murabba'in ƙafa 11, a matsakaita an sami $0.12. Irin wannan tsarin kula da sharar yana buƙatar aiwatar da aikin majalisa sama-sama. Ba zabi bane dan kwangilar yana da alatu na yin shi da kansa. === Turai === A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU), yanzu an ba da fifiko sosai kan sake amfani da kayan gini da ɗaukar akidar shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari idan ana maganar ƙira, gini, da rushewa. Shawarwarinsu sun fi bayyana da sauki a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ko yanki, ya danganta da tsarin gwamnati. A cikin shekarata 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, sun jaddada fa'idodin da suka wuce ribar kuɗi don sake amfani da su kamar samar da ayyukan yi da rage shara. Har ila yau, sun jaddada la'akari da wadata da buƙatun yanayin ƙasa ; idan tsire-tsire masu sake yin amfani da su sun fi kusa da yankunan birane fiye da jimlar quaries wannan zai iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su yi amfani da wannan samfurin da aka sake sarrafa koda kuwa ba a fara araha ba. A [[Austriya|Ostiriya]], an sami sabbin ci gaba a sake yin amfani da kayan itace da ba za a iya amfani da su ba da za a ƙone a cikin ƙirƙirar siminti wanda ke daidaita sawun carbon na samfuran biyu. Ƙungiyar ta EU ta bukaci hukumomin yankin da ke ba da izinin rushewa da sake gyarawa da su tabbatar da cewa ana bin tsarin kula da sharar gida mai inganci, sannan sun jaddada bukatar bin diddigin rugujewar domin sanin ko ana bin tsare-tsaren da aka aiwatar. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da haraji don rage fa'idar tattalin arziƙin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don haifar da yanayin da sake yin amfani da su ya zama zaɓi mai ma'ana ta kuɗi. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa harajin ya kamata ya shafi kayan sharar da za a sake amfani da su kawai. Babban abin da ya shafi yadda Turawa ke zabar magance wannan al’amari na sarrafa sharar gida shi ne ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da aka bai wa wata hukuma domin kare al’ummarta. Ba kamar a Amurka ba, falsafar EU game da sarrafa sharar gida ba wai abu ne mai kyau na zaɓi a yi ba lokacin da za ku iya sai dai wani yanki na tilas na gine-gine a ƙarni na 21 don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Harajin ajiyar shara ya kasance mafi inganci a Belgium, Denmark da Ostiriya, waɗanda duk sun rage yawan zubar da shara da sama da kashi 30% tun bayan ƙaddamar da harajin. Denmark ta yi nasarar yanke amfani da sharar gida da sama da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100, inda ta kai adadin sake yin amfani da shi sama da kashi 60%. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, duk ma'aikatan da ke yin gine-gine ko share sharar gini ana buƙatar doka don yin aiki don kasuwanci mai rijista na CIS. Koyaya, samar da sharar gida a Burtaniya na ci gaba da girma, amma adadin karuwar ya ragu. {{Wide image|D30 5495 stitch2.jpg|500px|A panorama of construction waste in Horton, Norway}} === Amurka === Amurka ba ta da haraji ko kuɗaɗen shara na ƙasa, amma yawancin jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar haraji da kudade kan zubar da shara. An ƙirƙiri Sashen Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Albarkatun California ( CalRecycle ) a cikin shekarata 2010 don magance haɓakar matsalar sharar C&D a Amurka. CalRecycle yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar tsarin karkatar da sharar C&D a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Hakanan suna ba da bayanai da sauran abubuwan ilimi akan madadin wuraren sharar C&D. Suna haɓaka waɗannan farillai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa kamfanoni su shiga cikin ayyukan karkatar da sharar gida. Hakanan akwai tallafi da lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin agaji a dabarun rage sharar gida. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Sharar rushewa * Sake yin amfani da su * Kankare sake yin amfani da su * Gudanar da sharar gida * COSHH * Carbon da aka haɗa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bayanai na [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114210943/http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php Gudanar da Sharar Gina] daga Gabaɗayan Jagoran Ƙira na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Ƙasa * https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090714/https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx |date=2022-03-17 }} [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Majalissar dokokin duniya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t1y6zzkzhp5egqhjcpvncpr18x17gn5 914940 914939 2026-09-02T16:10:27Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:AJM_065_Habana_Vieja_street.JPG |thumb| Sharar bakin titi]] [[File:063_Solar_al_c._Pujades,_cantonada_c._Badajoz,_al_Poblenou_(Barcelona),_amb_xemeneia_al_fons.jpg |thumb| Shara]] [[File:Construction_garbage.jpg|right|thumb| Abubuwan insulator na polyurethane da aka yiwa alama don cire wurin ginin (na ginin gida).]] '''Sharar gida''' ko '''[[tarkace]],''' kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin “ tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.” [[Fayil:Shredded solid waste.jpg|thumb|inda akesa Sharma]] Ana kuma kirkiran kayan gini da rushewa yayin aikin Kirkirar sabon gini ko tsari ko lokacin gyarawa ko rushe wani ginin da ake da shi. Wadannan kayan yawanci kayan aiki ne masu nauyi da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan kundin gini na zamani, kamar simgypsum. Karfe, [[Katako|itace]], kwalta da gypsum Daga cikin jimillar sharar gida a Amurka, kimanin kashi 90% na fitowa ne daga rugujewar gine-gine, yayin da kuma sharar da ake samu a lokacin gini ya kai kasa da kashi 10%. Sharar gida akai-akai ya hada da kananan abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke buƙatar a zubar da su daban-daban fiye da yawancin sharar gini, kamar fitillu, batura, da sauran kayan lantarki. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran sharar gida, ana magance su ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa wurin zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|kasa]], kayan sake amfani da su don sabon amfani, kona sharar gida, ko sake amfani da su kai tsaye a wurin, ta hanyar hadawa cikin gini ko kuma cika datti. A cikin ma'amala da kayan sharar gini da rushewa, galibi yana kuma da wahala a sake yin amfani da su da sake yin amfani da su saboda tsadar sarrafawa. Kasuwancin sake amfani da kayan aikin dole ne suyi gogayya da sau da yawa karancin farashi na wuraren shara da sabbin kayan gini. A cikin wani rahoto da ya hada da bayanai daga jihohi 24 da ke shiga cikin Amurka, adadin dattin dattin da aka samu a Amurka wanda ya haifar da sharar gini da rushewar (C&D) ya kai kusan kashi 23%. Wannan shi ne kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na jimlar dattin da Amurka ke samarwa, kuma ba ya hada da gurbataccen ruwan da iska da ake yi a lokacin gini da kuma lokacin da yawancin wannan sharar ke kashewa a cikin wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba cikin muhallin da ke kewaye. == Nau'in sharar gida == Yawancin sharar gine-gine sun ƙunshi abubuwa kamar tubali, siminti da itace da suka lalace ko ba a yi amfani da su ba yayin ginin. Bincike na lura ya nuna cewa wannan zai iya kaiwa kashi 10 zuwa 15% na kayan da ke shiga cikin gini, kashi mafi girma fiye da kashi 2.5-5% yawanci masu bincike da masana'antar gini ke dauka. Tun da akwai babban canji tsakanin wuraren gine-gine, akwai dama mai yawa don rage wannan sharar gida. An kuma sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sharar gine-gine da rushewar da aka haifar a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata a Amurka. A cikin shekarata 1990, an ƙirƙiri tan miliyan 135 na gine-gine da tarkacen rugujewa da nauyi kuma sun haura zuwa tan miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018. Wannan habaka 300% ne, Sai Dai amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tun shekarar 2015 EPA ta adana bayanan yadda ake zubar da sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 600 na sharar gida saboda gine-gine da rugujewa, kuma tan miliyan 143 na cikin sharar gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 76% na sharar yanzu ana kiyayewa kuma ana sake dawo dasu a cikin masana'antar, amma har yanzu akwai sauran sharar da ake fitarwa zuwa wuraren sharar kasa fiye da adadin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarar 1990. Wannan rashin cigaba da amfani da albarkatun kasa yana haifar da habaka hadarin kasuwanci. Wannan ya hada da Karin farashin kayan abu ko rushewa a cikin sarkokin samarwa . A cikin shekarata 2010, EPA ta kirkiri Tsarin Dabarun Shirin Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Kayayyaki Mai Dorewa (SMM) wanda ke nuna canjin dabarun EPA don matsar da fifiko daga babban shirin dawo da albarkatu zuwa sarrafa kayan dorewa. Tunda ka'idojin sarrafa kayan sun kasance galibi a matakin jiha da na gida, wannan ba ainihin daidaitaccen aiki ba ne a duk fadin kasar don alhakin dabarun rage sharar kayan gini . EPA na nufin Kara samun damar tattarawa, sarrafawa, da sake amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa don cimma wannan batu gaba ɗaya. === Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sharar gida === ==== Karfe karfafa ==== Ana kuma amfani da karfe azaman karfafawa da amincin tsari a mafi yawan ayyukan gini. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da ɓarna da karfe a kan wani wuri shine saboda rashin alhaki na yanke katako da al'amurran kirkira. Mafi munin rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna karewa wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai na kira da ka'idodi, wanda zai iya haifar da barna saboda gajeriyar karshen sanduna da ake zubar da su bisa rashin tsarin yankewa. Kamfanoni da yawa yanzu sun zabi siyan kayan karfafa karfe da aka hada. Wannan yana rage sharar gida ta hanyar fitar da shinge ga kamfanonin da ke ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan aiki. [[File:Hanson_Concrete_Truck.jpg|thumb| Concrete Mixer]] ==== Simintin da aka riga aka gama ==== Simintin da aka gama da shi yana da dayan mafi kankanta ma'auni idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan gini. Yawancin manajojin rukunin yanar gizon suna warware matsalolin sarrafa adadin isar da sako a matsayin babban batu wajen kididdige kankare dai-dai da ake bukata don rukunin yanar gizo. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi daga ainihin ginshikan siminti da katako da kirar kira da ake bukata sun kasance a cikin 5.4% da 2.7% girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani, bi da bi, yayin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga shafukan [[Brazil]] 30. Yawancin wadannan batutuwa an danganta su da rashin isassun sigar tsari ko rashin daidaito wajen tono tulin tushe . Bugu da kari, manajojin rukunin yanar gizon sun san cewa ana iya bukatar Karin siminti, kuma sau da yawa za su ba da umarnin wuce gona da iri don kada su katse simintin. ==== Bututu da wayoyi ==== Sau da yawa kuma yana da wahala a tsara da kuma lura da duk bututu da wayoyi da ke wurin saboda ana amfani da su a wurare daban-daban na aikin, musamman ma lokacin da ake yin aikin lantarki da na famfo akai-akai. Yawancin al'amurra na sharar gida sun taso a wannan fanni na aikin gine-gine saboda rashin tsari da cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanke bututu da wayoyi marasa nauyi da ke barin gajerun bututu da wayoyi. == Sake amfani da su, zubarwa da tasirin muhalli == === Sake amfani da abu da sake amfani da su === [[File:Recycling_Management.jpg|thumb| Motocin sake yin amfani da su]] Yawancin jagororin kan sarrafa sharar C&D suna bin tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi saitin hanyoyin magance sharar gida da aka tsara cikin tsarin fifiko. Matsayin sharar ra'ayi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da shi da ake amfani da shi don fifiko da jagorar ƙoƙarin sarrafa sharar gida. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da rigakafi, taƙaituwa, sake amfani da s, dawo da makamashi, (maganin) da zubarwa. Yana yiwuwa a sake sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na sharar gini. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kwantena na jujjuya don jigilar sharar gida. Ana iya murkushe tarkace kuma a sake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan gine-gine. Hakanan za'a iya dawo da itacen sharar gida da sake yin fa'idar ta. === Kisan ƙasa === Wasu abubuwa na sharar gini kamar allon filasta suna da haɗari da zarar an [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika ƙasa]] . Plasterboard yana rushewa a cikin yanayin zubar da ƙasa yana sakin hydrogen sulfide, iskar gas mai guba. Hanyar da aka saba zubar da sharar gine-gine ita ce a aika zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Aika sharar kai tsaye zuwa rumbun shara yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa: [[File:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb| Filayen ƙasa]] * Almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa * Yana haɓaka farashin gini, musamman tsarin sufuri * Ya mamaye babban yanki na ƙasa * Yana rage ingancin ƙasa * Yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa ( Leachate ) * Yana haddasa gurbacewar iska * Yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro da sauransu. === Konewa da haɗarin lafiya === Idan sake yin amfani da shi ba zaɓi ba ne, zubar da sharar gini da kayan haɗari dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ga dokokin majalisu da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukunce-hukuncen zubar da sharar gine-gine da rashin dacewa, gami da asbestos, na iya kaiwa ga dubun-dubatan daloli ga kasuwanci da dai-daikun mutane. Dama masu lura da yanayin [[File:Rugenberger_Damm_incinerator,_WPAhoi,_Hamburg_(P1080546).jpg|thumb|301x301px| Incinerator na sharar gida]] Wuraren sharar gida da kuzari suna ƙone sama da kashi 13% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari. Tushen mai guba da tsire-tsire na WTE ke fitarwa zai iya ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar su mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da dioxins . An kuma yi amfani da Dioxin azaman mai mai a cikin Times Beach, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . Kwanaki bayan shigar da sinadarai ga al'umma dabbobi sun fara mutuwa. A lokacin da EPA ta ɗauka cewa dioxins na da guba sosai a cikin shekarata 1980s, CDC ta ba da shawarar a bar garin gaba ɗaya saboda gurɓataccen kayan sharar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1985, an ƙaura da dukan jama'ar Times Beach, wanda ya sa Missouri ta gina sabon incinerator a kan gurbataccen ƙasar. Sun ci gaba da kona tan 265,000 na gurbataccen gurbataccen dioxin har zuwa shekarata 1997. Dioxins dangi ne na sinadarai da aka samar azaman samfuri yayin kera magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gini da yawa kamar carpeting da PVC . Dukkan Wadannan sinadarai suna wanzuwa a muhallin da ke makale da kasa ko tarkacen kura wadanda ido tsirara ba ya iya gani. Dioxins suna rushewa a hankali. Har yanzu yana barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a ƙananan matakan. Tun da masana'antu sun daina samar da dioxins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawar sakin dioxins masu cutarwa da suka rage a cikin Amurka shine ƙonewa. An tabbatar da Dioxins don haifar da ciwon daji, al'amurran haifuwa da ci gaba, da lalacewar tsarin rigakafi. Adadin ciwon daji irin su lymphoma wanda ba Hodgkin ba da sarcoma mai laushi ya tashi sosai yayin da mutum ya kusanci tushen gurɓataccen abu. == Dabarun gudanarwa == === Kudaden sarrafa shara === Kuɗaɗe kula da sharar gida, a ƙarƙashin 'ƙa'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli', na iya taimakawa rage matakan sharar gini. Akwai kaɗan kaɗan game da ƙayyadaddun kuɗin sarrafa shara don sharar gini da aka ƙirƙira. Yawancin samfura don wannan an ƙirƙira su a baya, to amma kuma suna da na yau da kullun kuma suna da lahani. A cikin shekarata 2019, an gabatar da hanyar nazari don inganta kuɗin sarrafa sharar gini. Sabon tsarin ya fadada kan na baya ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsadar rayuwa ta sharar gine-gine tare da auna shi da niyyar inganta sharar gine-gine. An gudanar da binciken ne daga ƙasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da babban batu na sarrafa sharar gida, kuma wuraren da ake zubar da shara a cikin su na cike da yawa a birane. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sarrafa sharar gida na ƙarfe, itace, da sharar gida kamar $9.30, $5.92, da $4.25, bi da bi. Kudin sarrafa sharar gida a kowace murabba'in mita, ko kuma ƙasa da murabba'in ƙafa 11, a matsakaita an sami $0.12. Irin wannan tsarin kula da sharar yana buƙatar aiwatar da aikin majalisa sama-sama. Ba zabi bane dan kwangilar yana da alatu na yin shi da kansa. === Turai === A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU), yanzu an ba da fifiko sosai kan sake amfani da kayan gini da ɗaukar akidar shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari idan ana maganar ƙira, gini, da rushewa. Shawarwarinsu sun fi bayyana da sauki a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ko yanki, ya danganta da tsarin gwamnati. A cikin shekarata 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, sun jaddada fa'idodin da suka wuce ribar kuɗi don sake amfani da su kamar samar da ayyukan yi da rage shara. Har ila yau, sun jaddada la'akari da wadata da buƙatun yanayin ƙasa ; idan tsire-tsire masu sake yin amfani da su sun fi kusa da yankunan birane fiye da jimlar quaries wannan zai iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su yi amfani da wannan samfurin da aka sake sarrafa koda kuwa ba a fara araha ba. A [[Austriya|Ostiriya]], an sami sabbin ci gaba a sake yin amfani da kayan itace da ba za a iya amfani da su ba da za a ƙone a cikin ƙirƙirar siminti wanda ke daidaita sawun carbon na samfuran biyu. Ƙungiyar ta EU ta bukaci hukumomin yankin da ke ba da izinin rushewa da sake gyarawa da su tabbatar da cewa ana bin tsarin kula da sharar gida mai inganci, sannan sun jaddada bukatar bin diddigin rugujewar domin sanin ko ana bin tsare-tsaren da aka aiwatar. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da haraji don rage fa'idar tattalin arziƙin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don haifar da yanayin da sake yin amfani da su ya zama zaɓi mai ma'ana ta kuɗi. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa harajin ya kamata ya shafi kayan sharar da za a sake amfani da su kawai. Babban abin da ya shafi yadda Turawa ke zabar magance wannan al’amari na sarrafa sharar gida shi ne ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da aka bai wa wata hukuma domin kare al’ummarta. Ba kamar a Amurka ba, falsafar EU game da sarrafa sharar gida ba wai abu ne mai kyau na zaɓi a yi ba lokacin da za ku iya sai dai wani yanki na tilas na gine-gine a ƙarni na 21 don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Harajin ajiyar shara ya kasance mafi inganci a Belgium, Denmark da Ostiriya, waɗanda duk sun rage yawan zubar da shara da sama da kashi 30% tun bayan ƙaddamar da harajin. Denmark ta yi nasarar yanke amfani da sharar gida da sama da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100, inda ta kai adadin sake yin amfani da shi sama da kashi 60%. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, duk ma'aikatan da ke yin gine-gine ko share sharar gini ana buƙatar doka don yin aiki don kasuwanci mai rijista na CIS. Koyaya, samar da sharar gida a Burtaniya na ci gaba da girma, amma adadin karuwar ya ragu. {{Wide image|D30 5495 stitch2.jpg|500px|A panorama of construction waste in Horton, Norway}} === Amurka === Amurka ba ta da haraji ko kuɗaɗen shara na ƙasa, amma yawancin jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar haraji da kudade kan zubar da shara. An ƙirƙiri Sashen Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Albarkatun California ( CalRecycle ) a cikin shekarata 2010 don magance haɓakar matsalar sharar C&D a Amurka. CalRecycle yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar tsarin karkatar da sharar C&D a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Hakanan suna ba da bayanai da sauran abubuwan ilimi akan madadin wuraren sharar C&D. Suna haɓaka waɗannan farillai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa kamfanoni su shiga cikin ayyukan karkatar da sharar gida. Hakanan akwai tallafi da lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin agaji a dabarun rage sharar gida. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Sharar rushewa * Sake yin amfani da su * Kankare sake yin amfani da su * Gudanar da sharar gida * COSHH * Carbon da aka haɗa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bayanai na [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114210943/http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php Gudanar da Sharar Gina] daga Gabaɗayan Jagoran Ƙira na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Ƙasa * https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090714/https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx |date=2022-03-17 }} [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Majalissar dokokin duniya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qx6x5c861s59wdycn0l2ythljp42lhj 914941 914940 2026-09-02T16:10:41Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914941 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:AJM_065_Habana_Vieja_street.JPG |thumb| Sharar bakin titi]] [[File:063_Solar_al_c._Pujades,_cantonada_c._Badajoz,_al_Poblenou_(Barcelona),_amb_xemeneia_al_fons.jpg |thumb| Shara]] [[File:Construction_garbage.jpg|right|thumb| Abubuwan insulator na polyurethane da aka yiwa alama don cire wurin ginin (na ginin gida).]] '''Sharar gida''' ko '''[[tarkace]],''' kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin “ tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.” [[Fayil:Shredded solid waste.jpg|thumb|inda akesa Sharma]] Ana kuma kirkiran kayan gini da rushewa yayin aikin Kirkirar sabon gini ko tsari ko lokacin gyarawa ko rushe wani ginin da ake da shi. Wadannan kayan yawanci kayan aiki ne masu nauyi da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan kundin gini na zamani, kamar simgypsum. Karfe, [[Katako|itace]], kwalta da gypsum Daga cikin jimillar sharar gida a Amurka, kimanin kashi 90% na fitowa ne daga rugujewar gine-gine, yayin da kuma sharar da ake samu a lokacin gini ya kai kasa da kashi 10%. Sharar gida akai-akai ya hada da kananan abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke buƙatar a zubar da su daban-daban fiye da yawancin sharar gini, kamar fitillu, batura, da sauran kayan lantarki. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran sharar gida, ana magance su ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa wurin zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|kasa]], kayan sake amfani da su don sabon amfani, kona sharar gida, ko sake amfani da su kai tsaye a wurin, ta hanyar hadawa cikin gini ko kuma cika datti. A cikin ma'amala da kayan sharar gini da rushewa, galibi yana kuma da wahala a sake yin amfani da su da sake yin amfani da su saboda tsadar sarrafawa. Kasuwancin sake amfani da kayan aikin dole ne suyi gogayya da sau da yawa karancin farashi na wuraren shara da sabbin kayan gini. A cikin wani rahoto da ya hada da bayanai daga jihohi 24 da ke shiga cikin Amurka, adadin dattin dattin da aka samu a Amurka wanda ya haifar da sharar gini da rushewar (C&D) ya kai kusan kashi 23%. Wannan shi ne kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na jimlar dattin da Amurka ke samarwa, kuma ba ya hada da gurbataccen ruwan da iska da ake yi a lokacin gini da kuma lokacin da yawancin wannan sharar ke kashewa a cikin wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba cikin muhallin da ke kewaye. == Nau'in sharar gida == Yawancin sharar gine-gine sun ƙunshi abubuwa kamar tubali, siminti da itace da suka lalace ko ba a yi amfani da su ba yayin ginin. Bincike na lura ya nuna cewa wannan zai iya kaiwa kashi 10 zuwa 15% na kayan da ke shiga cikin gini, kashi mafi girma fiye da kashi 2.5-5% yawanci masu bincike da masana'antar gini ke dauka. Tun da akwai babban canji tsakanin wuraren gine-gine, akwai dama mai yawa don rage wannan sharar gida. An kuma sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sharar gine-gine da rushewar da aka haifar a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata a Amurka. A cikin shekarata 1990, an ƙirƙiri tan miliyan 135 na gine-gine da tarkacen rugujewa da nauyi kuma sun haura zuwa tan miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018. Wannan habaka 300% ne, Sai Dai amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tun shekarar 2015 EPA ta adana bayanan yadda ake zubar da sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 600 na sharar gida saboda gine-gine da rugujewa, kuma tan miliyan 143 na cikin sharar gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 76% na sharar yanzu ana kiyayewa kuma ana sake dawo dasu a cikin masana'antar, amma har yanzu akwai sauran sharar da ake fitarwa zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa fiye da adadin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarar 1990. Wannan rashin cigaba da amfani da albarkatun kasa yana haifar da habaka hadarin kasuwanci. Wannan ya hada da Karin farashin kayan abu ko rushewa a cikin sarkokin samarwa . A cikin shekarata 2010, EPA ta kirkiri Tsarin Dabarun Shirin Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Kayayyaki Mai Dorewa (SMM) wanda ke nuna canjin dabarun EPA don matsar da fifiko daga babban shirin dawo da albarkatu zuwa sarrafa kayan dorewa. Tunda ka'idojin sarrafa kayan sun kasance galibi a matakin jiha da na gida, wannan ba ainihin daidaitaccen aiki ba ne a duk fadin kasar don alhakin dabarun rage sharar kayan gini . EPA na nufin Kara samun damar tattarawa, sarrafawa, da sake amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa don cimma wannan batu gaba ɗaya. === Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sharar gida === ==== Karfe karfafa ==== Ana kuma amfani da karfe azaman karfafawa da amincin tsari a mafi yawan ayyukan gini. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da ɓarna da karfe a kan wani wuri shine saboda rashin alhaki na yanke katako da al'amurran kirkira. Mafi munin rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna karewa wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai na kira da ka'idodi, wanda zai iya haifar da barna saboda gajeriyar karshen sanduna da ake zubar da su bisa rashin tsarin yankewa. Kamfanoni da yawa yanzu sun zabi siyan kayan karfafa karfe da aka hada. Wannan yana rage sharar gida ta hanyar fitar da shinge ga kamfanonin da ke ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan aiki. [[File:Hanson_Concrete_Truck.jpg|thumb| Concrete Mixer]] ==== Simintin da aka riga aka gama ==== Simintin da aka gama da shi yana da dayan mafi kankanta ma'auni idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan gini. Yawancin manajojin rukunin yanar gizon suna warware matsalolin sarrafa adadin isar da sako a matsayin babban batu wajen kididdige kankare dai-dai da ake bukata don rukunin yanar gizo. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi daga ainihin ginshikan siminti da katako da kirar kira da ake bukata sun kasance a cikin 5.4% da 2.7% girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani, bi da bi, yayin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga shafukan [[Brazil]] 30. Yawancin wadannan batutuwa an danganta su da rashin isassun sigar tsari ko rashin daidaito wajen tono tulin tushe . Bugu da kari, manajojin rukunin yanar gizon sun san cewa ana iya bukatar Karin siminti, kuma sau da yawa za su ba da umarnin wuce gona da iri don kada su katse simintin. ==== Bututu da wayoyi ==== Sau da yawa kuma yana da wahala a tsara da kuma lura da duk bututu da wayoyi da ke wurin saboda ana amfani da su a wurare daban-daban na aikin, musamman ma lokacin da ake yin aikin lantarki da na famfo akai-akai. Yawancin al'amurra na sharar gida sun taso a wannan fanni na aikin gine-gine saboda rashin tsari da cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanke bututu da wayoyi marasa nauyi da ke barin gajerun bututu da wayoyi. == Sake amfani da su, zubarwa da tasirin muhalli == === Sake amfani da abu da sake amfani da su === [[File:Recycling_Management.jpg|thumb| Motocin sake yin amfani da su]] Yawancin jagororin kan sarrafa sharar C&D suna bin tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi saitin hanyoyin magance sharar gida da aka tsara cikin tsarin fifiko. Matsayin sharar ra'ayi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da shi da ake amfani da shi don fifiko da jagorar ƙoƙarin sarrafa sharar gida. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da rigakafi, taƙaituwa, sake amfani da s, dawo da makamashi, (maganin) da zubarwa. Yana yiwuwa a sake sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na sharar gini. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kwantena na jujjuya don jigilar sharar gida. Ana iya murkushe tarkace kuma a sake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan gine-gine. Hakanan za'a iya dawo da itacen sharar gida da sake yin fa'idar ta. === Kisan ƙasa === Wasu abubuwa na sharar gini kamar allon filasta suna da haɗari da zarar an [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika ƙasa]] . Plasterboard yana rushewa a cikin yanayin zubar da ƙasa yana sakin hydrogen sulfide, iskar gas mai guba. Hanyar da aka saba zubar da sharar gine-gine ita ce a aika zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Aika sharar kai tsaye zuwa rumbun shara yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa: [[File:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb| Filayen ƙasa]] * Almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa * Yana haɓaka farashin gini, musamman tsarin sufuri * Ya mamaye babban yanki na ƙasa * Yana rage ingancin ƙasa * Yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa ( Leachate ) * Yana haddasa gurbacewar iska * Yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro da sauransu. === Konewa da haɗarin lafiya === Idan sake yin amfani da shi ba zaɓi ba ne, zubar da sharar gini da kayan haɗari dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ga dokokin majalisu da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukunce-hukuncen zubar da sharar gine-gine da rashin dacewa, gami da asbestos, na iya kaiwa ga dubun-dubatan daloli ga kasuwanci da dai-daikun mutane. Dama masu lura da yanayin [[File:Rugenberger_Damm_incinerator,_WPAhoi,_Hamburg_(P1080546).jpg|thumb|301x301px| Incinerator na sharar gida]] Wuraren sharar gida da kuzari suna ƙone sama da kashi 13% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari. Tushen mai guba da tsire-tsire na WTE ke fitarwa zai iya ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar su mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da dioxins . An kuma yi amfani da Dioxin azaman mai mai a cikin Times Beach, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . Kwanaki bayan shigar da sinadarai ga al'umma dabbobi sun fara mutuwa. A lokacin da EPA ta ɗauka cewa dioxins na da guba sosai a cikin shekarata 1980s, CDC ta ba da shawarar a bar garin gaba ɗaya saboda gurɓataccen kayan sharar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1985, an ƙaura da dukan jama'ar Times Beach, wanda ya sa Missouri ta gina sabon incinerator a kan gurbataccen ƙasar. Sun ci gaba da kona tan 265,000 na gurbataccen gurbataccen dioxin har zuwa shekarata 1997. Dioxins dangi ne na sinadarai da aka samar azaman samfuri yayin kera magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gini da yawa kamar carpeting da PVC . Dukkan Wadannan sinadarai suna wanzuwa a muhallin da ke makale da kasa ko tarkacen kura wadanda ido tsirara ba ya iya gani. Dioxins suna rushewa a hankali. Har yanzu yana barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a ƙananan matakan. Tun da masana'antu sun daina samar da dioxins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawar sakin dioxins masu cutarwa da suka rage a cikin Amurka shine ƙonewa. An tabbatar da Dioxins don haifar da ciwon daji, al'amurran haifuwa da ci gaba, da lalacewar tsarin rigakafi. Adadin ciwon daji irin su lymphoma wanda ba Hodgkin ba da sarcoma mai laushi ya tashi sosai yayin da mutum ya kusanci tushen gurɓataccen abu. == Dabarun gudanarwa == === Kudaden sarrafa shara === Kuɗaɗe kula da sharar gida, a ƙarƙashin 'ƙa'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli', na iya taimakawa rage matakan sharar gini. Akwai kaɗan kaɗan game da ƙayyadaddun kuɗin sarrafa shara don sharar gini da aka ƙirƙira. Yawancin samfura don wannan an ƙirƙira su a baya, to amma kuma suna da na yau da kullun kuma suna da lahani. A cikin shekarata 2019, an gabatar da hanyar nazari don inganta kuɗin sarrafa sharar gini. Sabon tsarin ya fadada kan na baya ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsadar rayuwa ta sharar gine-gine tare da auna shi da niyyar inganta sharar gine-gine. An gudanar da binciken ne daga ƙasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da babban batu na sarrafa sharar gida, kuma wuraren da ake zubar da shara a cikin su na cike da yawa a birane. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sarrafa sharar gida na ƙarfe, itace, da sharar gida kamar $9.30, $5.92, da $4.25, bi da bi. Kudin sarrafa sharar gida a kowace murabba'in mita, ko kuma ƙasa da murabba'in ƙafa 11, a matsakaita an sami $0.12. Irin wannan tsarin kula da sharar yana buƙatar aiwatar da aikin majalisa sama-sama. Ba zabi bane dan kwangilar yana da alatu na yin shi da kansa. === Turai === A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU), yanzu an ba da fifiko sosai kan sake amfani da kayan gini da ɗaukar akidar shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari idan ana maganar ƙira, gini, da rushewa. Shawarwarinsu sun fi bayyana da sauki a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ko yanki, ya danganta da tsarin gwamnati. A cikin shekarata 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, sun jaddada fa'idodin da suka wuce ribar kuɗi don sake amfani da su kamar samar da ayyukan yi da rage shara. Har ila yau, sun jaddada la'akari da wadata da buƙatun yanayin ƙasa ; idan tsire-tsire masu sake yin amfani da su sun fi kusa da yankunan birane fiye da jimlar quaries wannan zai iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su yi amfani da wannan samfurin da aka sake sarrafa koda kuwa ba a fara araha ba. A [[Austriya|Ostiriya]], an sami sabbin ci gaba a sake yin amfani da kayan itace da ba za a iya amfani da su ba da za a ƙone a cikin ƙirƙirar siminti wanda ke daidaita sawun carbon na samfuran biyu. Ƙungiyar ta EU ta bukaci hukumomin yankin da ke ba da izinin rushewa da sake gyarawa da su tabbatar da cewa ana bin tsarin kula da sharar gida mai inganci, sannan sun jaddada bukatar bin diddigin rugujewar domin sanin ko ana bin tsare-tsaren da aka aiwatar. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da haraji don rage fa'idar tattalin arziƙin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don haifar da yanayin da sake yin amfani da su ya zama zaɓi mai ma'ana ta kuɗi. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa harajin ya kamata ya shafi kayan sharar da za a sake amfani da su kawai. Babban abin da ya shafi yadda Turawa ke zabar magance wannan al’amari na sarrafa sharar gida shi ne ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da aka bai wa wata hukuma domin kare al’ummarta. Ba kamar a Amurka ba, falsafar EU game da sarrafa sharar gida ba wai abu ne mai kyau na zaɓi a yi ba lokacin da za ku iya sai dai wani yanki na tilas na gine-gine a ƙarni na 21 don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Harajin ajiyar shara ya kasance mafi inganci a Belgium, Denmark da Ostiriya, waɗanda duk sun rage yawan zubar da shara da sama da kashi 30% tun bayan ƙaddamar da harajin. Denmark ta yi nasarar yanke amfani da sharar gida da sama da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100, inda ta kai adadin sake yin amfani da shi sama da kashi 60%. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, duk ma'aikatan da ke yin gine-gine ko share sharar gini ana buƙatar doka don yin aiki don kasuwanci mai rijista na CIS. Koyaya, samar da sharar gida a Burtaniya na ci gaba da girma, amma adadin karuwar ya ragu. {{Wide image|D30 5495 stitch2.jpg|500px|A panorama of construction waste in Horton, Norway}} === Amurka === Amurka ba ta da haraji ko kuɗaɗen shara na ƙasa, amma yawancin jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar haraji da kudade kan zubar da shara. An ƙirƙiri Sashen Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Albarkatun California ( CalRecycle ) a cikin shekarata 2010 don magance haɓakar matsalar sharar C&D a Amurka. CalRecycle yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar tsarin karkatar da sharar C&D a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Hakanan suna ba da bayanai da sauran abubuwan ilimi akan madadin wuraren sharar C&D. Suna haɓaka waɗannan farillai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa kamfanoni su shiga cikin ayyukan karkatar da sharar gida. Hakanan akwai tallafi da lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin agaji a dabarun rage sharar gida. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Sharar rushewa * Sake yin amfani da su * Kankare sake yin amfani da su * Gudanar da sharar gida * COSHH * Carbon da aka haɗa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bayanai na [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114210943/http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php Gudanar da Sharar Gina] daga Gabaɗayan Jagoran Ƙira na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Ƙasa * https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090714/https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx |date=2022-03-17 }} [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Majalissar dokokin duniya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3qrxa71j8mjxwzrncg2wt7odzrnnsab 914943 914941 2026-09-02T16:10:59Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914943 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:AJM_065_Habana_Vieja_street.JPG |thumb| Sharar bakin titi]] [[File:063_Solar_al_c._Pujades,_cantonada_c._Badajoz,_al_Poblenou_(Barcelona),_amb_xemeneia_al_fons.jpg |thumb| Shara]] [[File:Construction_garbage.jpg|right|thumb| Abubuwan insulator na polyurethane da aka yiwa alama don cire wurin ginin (na ginin gida).]] '''Sharar gida''' ko '''[[tarkace]],''' kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin “ tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.” [[Fayil:Shredded solid waste.jpg|thumb|inda akesa Sharma]] Ana kuma kirkiran kayan gini da rushewa yayin aikin Kirkirar sabon gini ko tsari ko lokacin gyarawa ko rushe wani ginin da ake da shi. Wadannan kayan yawanci kayan aiki ne masu nauyi da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan kundin gini na zamani, kamar simgypsum. Karfe, [[Katako|itace]], kwalta da gypsum Daga cikin jimillar sharar gida a Amurka, kimanin kashi 90% na fitowa ne daga rugujewar gine-gine, yayin da kuma sharar da ake samu a lokacin gini ya kai kasa da kashi 10%. Sharar gida akai-akai ya hada da kananan abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke buƙatar a zubar da su daban-daban fiye da yawancin sharar gini, kamar fitillu, batura, da sauran kayan lantarki. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran sharar gida, ana magance su ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa wurin zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|kasa]], kayan sake amfani da su don sabon amfani, kona sharar gida, ko sake amfani da su kai tsaye a wurin, ta hanyar hadawa cikin gini ko kuma cika datti. A cikin ma'amala da kayan sharar gini da rushewa, galibi yana kuma da wahala a sake yin amfani da su da sake yin amfani da su saboda tsadar sarrafawa. Kasuwancin sake amfani da kayan aikin dole ne suyi gogayya da sau da yawa karancin farashi na wuraren shara da sabbin kayan gini. A cikin wani rahoto da ya hada da bayanai daga jihohi 24 da ke shiga cikin Amurka, adadin dattin dattin da aka samu a Amurka wanda ya haifar da sharar gini da rushewar (C&D) ya kai kusan kashi 23%. Wannan shi ne kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na jimlar dattin da Amurka ke samarwa, kuma ba ya hada da gurbataccen ruwan da iska da ake yi a lokacin gini da kuma lokacin da yawancin wannan sharar ke kashewa a cikin wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba cikin muhallin da ke kewaye. == Nau'in sharar gida == Yawancin sharar gine-gine sun ƙunshi abubuwa kamar tubali, siminti da itace da suka lalace ko ba a yi amfani da su ba yayin ginin. Bincike na lura ya nuna cewa wannan zai iya kaiwa kashi 10 zuwa 15% na kayan da ke shiga cikin gini, kashi mafi girma fiye da kashi 2.5-5% yawanci masu bincike da masana'antar gini ke dauka. Tun da akwai babban canji tsakanin wuraren gine-gine, akwai dama mai yawa don rage wannan sharar gida. An kuma sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sharar gine-gine da rushewar da aka haifar a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata a Amurka. A cikin shekarata 1990, an ƙirƙiri tan miliyan 135 na gine-gine da tarkacen rugujewa da nauyi kuma sun haura zuwa tan miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018. Wannan habaka 300% ne, Sai Dai amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tun shekarar 2015 EPA ta adana bayanan yadda ake zubar da sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 600 na sharar gida saboda gine-gine da rugujewa, kuma tan miliyan 143 na cikin sharar gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 76% na sharar yanzu ana kiyayewa kuma ana sake dawo dasu a cikin masana'antar, amma har yanzu akwai sauran sharar da ake fitarwa zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa fiye da adadin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarar 1990. Wannan rashin cigaba da amfani da albarkatun kasa yana haifar da habaka hadarin kasuwanci. Wannan ya haɗa da Karin farashin kayan abu ko rushewa a cikin sarkokin samarwa . A cikin shekarata 2010, EPA ta ƙirƙiri Tsarin Dabarun Shirin Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Kayayyaki Mai Dorewa (SMM) wanda ke nuna canjin dabarun EPA don matsar da fifiko daga babban shirin dawo da albarkatu zuwa sarrafa kayan dorewa. Tunda ka'idojin sarrafa kayan sun kasance galibi a matakin jiha da na gida, wannan ba ainihin daidaitaccen aiki ba ne a duk fadin kasar don alhakin dabarun rage sharar kayan gini . EPA na nufin Kara samun damar tattarawa, sarrafawa, da sake amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa don cimma wannan batu gaba ɗaya. === Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sharar gida === ==== Karfe karfafa ==== Ana kuma amfani da karfe azaman karfafawa da amincin tsari a mafi yawan ayyukan gini. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da ɓarna da karfe a kan wani wuri shine saboda rashin alhaki na yanke katako da al'amurran kirkira. Mafi munin rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna karewa wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai na kira da ka'idodi, wanda zai iya haifar da barna saboda gajeriyar karshen sanduna da ake zubar da su bisa rashin tsarin yankewa. Kamfanoni da yawa yanzu sun zabi siyan kayan karfafa karfe da aka hada. Wannan yana rage sharar gida ta hanyar fitar da shinge ga kamfanonin da ke ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan aiki. [[File:Hanson_Concrete_Truck.jpg|thumb| Concrete Mixer]] ==== Simintin da aka riga aka gama ==== Simintin da aka gama da shi yana da dayan mafi kankanta ma'auni idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan gini. Yawancin manajojin rukunin yanar gizon suna warware matsalolin sarrafa adadin isar da sako a matsayin babban batu wajen kididdige kankare dai-dai da ake bukata don rukunin yanar gizo. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi daga ainihin ginshikan siminti da katako da kirar kira da ake bukata sun kasance a cikin 5.4% da 2.7% girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani, bi da bi, yayin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga shafukan [[Brazil]] 30. Yawancin wadannan batutuwa an danganta su da rashin isassun sigar tsari ko rashin daidaito wajen tono tulin tushe . Bugu da kari, manajojin rukunin yanar gizon sun san cewa ana iya bukatar Karin siminti, kuma sau da yawa za su ba da umarnin wuce gona da iri don kada su katse simintin. ==== Bututu da wayoyi ==== Sau da yawa kuma yana da wahala a tsara da kuma lura da duk bututu da wayoyi da ke wurin saboda ana amfani da su a wurare daban-daban na aikin, musamman ma lokacin da ake yin aikin lantarki da na famfo akai-akai. Yawancin al'amurra na sharar gida sun taso a wannan fanni na aikin gine-gine saboda rashin tsari da cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanke bututu da wayoyi marasa nauyi da ke barin gajerun bututu da wayoyi. == Sake amfani da su, zubarwa da tasirin muhalli == === Sake amfani da abu da sake amfani da su === [[File:Recycling_Management.jpg|thumb| Motocin sake yin amfani da su]] Yawancin jagororin kan sarrafa sharar C&D suna bin tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi saitin hanyoyin magance sharar gida da aka tsara cikin tsarin fifiko. Matsayin sharar ra'ayi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da shi da ake amfani da shi don fifiko da jagorar ƙoƙarin sarrafa sharar gida. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da rigakafi, taƙaituwa, sake amfani da s, dawo da makamashi, (maganin) da zubarwa. Yana yiwuwa a sake sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na sharar gini. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kwantena na jujjuya don jigilar sharar gida. Ana iya murkushe tarkace kuma a sake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan gine-gine. Hakanan za'a iya dawo da itacen sharar gida da sake yin fa'idar ta. === Kisan ƙasa === Wasu abubuwa na sharar gini kamar allon filasta suna da haɗari da zarar an [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika ƙasa]] . Plasterboard yana rushewa a cikin yanayin zubar da ƙasa yana sakin hydrogen sulfide, iskar gas mai guba. Hanyar da aka saba zubar da sharar gine-gine ita ce a aika zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Aika sharar kai tsaye zuwa rumbun shara yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa: [[File:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb| Filayen ƙasa]] * Almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa * Yana haɓaka farashin gini, musamman tsarin sufuri * Ya mamaye babban yanki na ƙasa * Yana rage ingancin ƙasa * Yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa ( Leachate ) * Yana haddasa gurbacewar iska * Yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro da sauransu. === Konewa da haɗarin lafiya === Idan sake yin amfani da shi ba zaɓi ba ne, zubar da sharar gini da kayan haɗari dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ga dokokin majalisu da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukunce-hukuncen zubar da sharar gine-gine da rashin dacewa, gami da asbestos, na iya kaiwa ga dubun-dubatan daloli ga kasuwanci da dai-daikun mutane. Dama masu lura da yanayin [[File:Rugenberger_Damm_incinerator,_WPAhoi,_Hamburg_(P1080546).jpg|thumb|301x301px| Incinerator na sharar gida]] Wuraren sharar gida da kuzari suna ƙone sama da kashi 13% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari. Tushen mai guba da tsire-tsire na WTE ke fitarwa zai iya ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar su mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da dioxins . An kuma yi amfani da Dioxin azaman mai mai a cikin Times Beach, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . Kwanaki bayan shigar da sinadarai ga al'umma dabbobi sun fara mutuwa. A lokacin da EPA ta ɗauka cewa dioxins na da guba sosai a cikin shekarata 1980s, CDC ta ba da shawarar a bar garin gaba ɗaya saboda gurɓataccen kayan sharar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1985, an ƙaura da dukan jama'ar Times Beach, wanda ya sa Missouri ta gina sabon incinerator a kan gurbataccen ƙasar. Sun ci gaba da kona tan 265,000 na gurbataccen gurbataccen dioxin har zuwa shekarata 1997. Dioxins dangi ne na sinadarai da aka samar azaman samfuri yayin kera magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gini da yawa kamar carpeting da PVC . Dukkan Wadannan sinadarai suna wanzuwa a muhallin da ke makale da kasa ko tarkacen kura wadanda ido tsirara ba ya iya gani. Dioxins suna rushewa a hankali. Har yanzu yana barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a ƙananan matakan. Tun da masana'antu sun daina samar da dioxins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawar sakin dioxins masu cutarwa da suka rage a cikin Amurka shine ƙonewa. An tabbatar da Dioxins don haifar da ciwon daji, al'amurran haifuwa da ci gaba, da lalacewar tsarin rigakafi. Adadin ciwon daji irin su lymphoma wanda ba Hodgkin ba da sarcoma mai laushi ya tashi sosai yayin da mutum ya kusanci tushen gurɓataccen abu. == Dabarun gudanarwa == === Kudaden sarrafa shara === Kuɗaɗe kula da sharar gida, a ƙarƙashin 'ƙa'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli', na iya taimakawa rage matakan sharar gini. Akwai kaɗan kaɗan game da ƙayyadaddun kuɗin sarrafa shara don sharar gini da aka ƙirƙira. Yawancin samfura don wannan an ƙirƙira su a baya, to amma kuma suna da na yau da kullun kuma suna da lahani. A cikin shekarata 2019, an gabatar da hanyar nazari don inganta kuɗin sarrafa sharar gini. Sabon tsarin ya fadada kan na baya ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsadar rayuwa ta sharar gine-gine tare da auna shi da niyyar inganta sharar gine-gine. An gudanar da binciken ne daga ƙasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da babban batu na sarrafa sharar gida, kuma wuraren da ake zubar da shara a cikin su na cike da yawa a birane. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sarrafa sharar gida na ƙarfe, itace, da sharar gida kamar $9.30, $5.92, da $4.25, bi da bi. Kudin sarrafa sharar gida a kowace murabba'in mita, ko kuma ƙasa da murabba'in ƙafa 11, a matsakaita an sami $0.12. Irin wannan tsarin kula da sharar yana buƙatar aiwatar da aikin majalisa sama-sama. Ba zabi bane dan kwangilar yana da alatu na yin shi da kansa. === Turai === A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU), yanzu an ba da fifiko sosai kan sake amfani da kayan gini da ɗaukar akidar shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari idan ana maganar ƙira, gini, da rushewa. Shawarwarinsu sun fi bayyana da sauki a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ko yanki, ya danganta da tsarin gwamnati. A cikin shekarata 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, sun jaddada fa'idodin da suka wuce ribar kuɗi don sake amfani da su kamar samar da ayyukan yi da rage shara. Har ila yau, sun jaddada la'akari da wadata da buƙatun yanayin ƙasa ; idan tsire-tsire masu sake yin amfani da su sun fi kusa da yankunan birane fiye da jimlar quaries wannan zai iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su yi amfani da wannan samfurin da aka sake sarrafa koda kuwa ba a fara araha ba. A [[Austriya|Ostiriya]], an sami sabbin ci gaba a sake yin amfani da kayan itace da ba za a iya amfani da su ba da za a ƙone a cikin ƙirƙirar siminti wanda ke daidaita sawun carbon na samfuran biyu. Ƙungiyar ta EU ta bukaci hukumomin yankin da ke ba da izinin rushewa da sake gyarawa da su tabbatar da cewa ana bin tsarin kula da sharar gida mai inganci, sannan sun jaddada bukatar bin diddigin rugujewar domin sanin ko ana bin tsare-tsaren da aka aiwatar. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da haraji don rage fa'idar tattalin arziƙin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don haifar da yanayin da sake yin amfani da su ya zama zaɓi mai ma'ana ta kuɗi. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa harajin ya kamata ya shafi kayan sharar da za a sake amfani da su kawai. Babban abin da ya shafi yadda Turawa ke zabar magance wannan al’amari na sarrafa sharar gida shi ne ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da aka bai wa wata hukuma domin kare al’ummarta. Ba kamar a Amurka ba, falsafar EU game da sarrafa sharar gida ba wai abu ne mai kyau na zaɓi a yi ba lokacin da za ku iya sai dai wani yanki na tilas na gine-gine a ƙarni na 21 don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Harajin ajiyar shara ya kasance mafi inganci a Belgium, Denmark da Ostiriya, waɗanda duk sun rage yawan zubar da shara da sama da kashi 30% tun bayan ƙaddamar da harajin. Denmark ta yi nasarar yanke amfani da sharar gida da sama da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100, inda ta kai adadin sake yin amfani da shi sama da kashi 60%. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, duk ma'aikatan da ke yin gine-gine ko share sharar gini ana buƙatar doka don yin aiki don kasuwanci mai rijista na CIS. Koyaya, samar da sharar gida a Burtaniya na ci gaba da girma, amma adadin karuwar ya ragu. {{Wide image|D30 5495 stitch2.jpg|500px|A panorama of construction waste in Horton, Norway}} === Amurka === Amurka ba ta da haraji ko kuɗaɗen shara na ƙasa, amma yawancin jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar haraji da kudade kan zubar da shara. An ƙirƙiri Sashen Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Albarkatun California ( CalRecycle ) a cikin shekarata 2010 don magance haɓakar matsalar sharar C&D a Amurka. CalRecycle yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar tsarin karkatar da sharar C&D a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Hakanan suna ba da bayanai da sauran abubuwan ilimi akan madadin wuraren sharar C&D. Suna haɓaka waɗannan farillai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa kamfanoni su shiga cikin ayyukan karkatar da sharar gida. Hakanan akwai tallafi da lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin agaji a dabarun rage sharar gida. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Sharar rushewa * Sake yin amfani da su * Kankare sake yin amfani da su * Gudanar da sharar gida * COSHH * Carbon da aka haɗa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bayanai na [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114210943/http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php Gudanar da Sharar Gina] daga Gabaɗayan Jagoran Ƙira na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Ƙasa * https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090714/https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx |date=2022-03-17 }} [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Majalissar dokokin duniya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c0v4eenm1367yi8f1cd07jgiy7kdqxp 914944 914943 2026-09-02T16:11:13Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:AJM_065_Habana_Vieja_street.JPG |thumb| Sharar bakin titi]] [[File:063_Solar_al_c._Pujades,_cantonada_c._Badajoz,_al_Poblenou_(Barcelona),_amb_xemeneia_al_fons.jpg |thumb| Shara]] [[File:Construction_garbage.jpg|right|thumb| Abubuwan insulator na polyurethane da aka yiwa alama don cire wurin ginin (na ginin gida).]] '''Sharar gida''' ko '''[[tarkace]],''' kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin “ tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.” [[Fayil:Shredded solid waste.jpg|thumb|inda akesa Sharma]] Ana kuma kirkiran kayan gini da rushewa yayin aikin Kirkirar sabon gini ko tsari ko lokacin gyarawa ko rushe wani ginin da ake da shi. Wadannan kayan yawanci kayan aiki ne masu nauyi da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan kundin gini na zamani, kamar simgypsum. Karfe, [[Katako|itace]], kwalta da gypsum Daga cikin jimillar sharar gida a Amurka, kimanin kashi 90% na fitowa ne daga rugujewar gine-gine, yayin da kuma sharar da ake samu a lokacin gini ya kai kasa da kashi 10%. Sharar gida akai-akai ya hada da kananan abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke buƙatar a zubar da su daban-daban fiye da yawancin sharar gini, kamar fitillu, batura, da sauran kayan lantarki. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran sharar gida, ana magance su ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa wurin zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|kasa]], kayan sake amfani da su don sabon amfani, kona sharar gida, ko sake amfani da su kai tsaye a wurin, ta hanyar hadawa cikin gini ko kuma cika datti. A cikin ma'amala da kayan sharar gini da rushewa, galibi yana kuma da wahala a sake yin amfani da su da sake yin amfani da su saboda tsadar sarrafawa. Kasuwancin sake amfani da kayan aikin dole ne suyi gogayya da sau da yawa karancin farashi na wuraren shara da sabbin kayan gini. A cikin wani rahoto da ya hada da bayanai daga jihohi 24 da ke shiga cikin Amurka, adadin dattin dattin da aka samu a Amurka wanda ya haifar da sharar gini da rushewar (C&D) ya kai kusan kashi 23%. Wannan shi ne kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na jimlar dattin da Amurka ke samarwa, kuma ba ya hada da gurbataccen ruwan da iska da ake yi a lokacin gini da kuma lokacin da yawancin wannan sharar ke kashewa a cikin wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba cikin muhallin da ke kewaye. == Nau'in sharar gida == Yawancin sharar gine-gine sun ƙunshi abubuwa kamar tubali, siminti da itace da suka lalace ko ba a yi amfani da su ba yayin ginin. Bincike na lura ya nuna cewa wannan zai iya kaiwa kashi 10 zuwa 15% na kayan da ke shiga cikin gini, kashi mafi girma fiye da kashi 2.5-5% yawanci masu bincike da masana'antar gini ke dauka. Tun da akwai babban canji tsakanin wuraren gine-gine, akwai dama mai yawa don rage wannan sharar gida. An kuma sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sharar gine-gine da rushewar da aka haifar a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata a Amurka. A cikin shekarata 1990, an ƙirƙiri tan miliyan 135 na gine-gine da tarkacen rugujewa da nauyi kuma sun haura zuwa tan miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018. Wannan habaka 300% ne, Sai Dai amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tun shekarar 2015 EPA ta adana bayanan yadda ake zubar da sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 600 na sharar gida saboda gine-gine da rugujewa, kuma tan miliyan 143 na cikin sharar gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 76% na sharar yanzu ana kiyayewa kuma ana sake dawo dasu a cikin masana'antar, amma har yanzu akwai sauran sharar da ake fitarwa zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa fiye da adadin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarar 1990. Wannan rashin cigaba da amfani da albarkatun kasa yana haifar da habaka hadarin kasuwanci. Wannan ya haɗa da Karin farashin kayan abu ko rushewa a cikin sarkokin samarwa . A cikin shekarata 2010, EPA ta ƙirƙiri Tsarin Dabarun Shirin Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Kayayyaki Mai Dorewa (SMM) wanda ke nuna canjin dabarun EPA don matsar da fifiko daga babban shirin dawo da albarkatu zuwa sarrafa kayan dorewa. Tunda ka'idojin sarrafa kayan sun kasance galibi a matakin jiha da na gida, wannan ba ainihin daidaitaccen aiki ba ne a duk faɗin ƙasar don alhakin dabarun rage sharar kayan gini . EPA na nufin Kara samun damar tattarawa, sarrafawa, da sake amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa don cimma wannan batu gaba ɗaya. === Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sharar gida === ==== Karfe karfafa ==== Ana kuma amfani da karfe azaman karfafawa da amincin tsari a mafi yawan ayyukan gini. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da ɓarna da karfe a kan wani wuri shine saboda rashin alhaki na yanke katako da al'amurran kirkira. Mafi munin rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna karewa wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai na kira da ka'idodi, wanda zai iya haifar da barna saboda gajeriyar karshen sanduna da ake zubar da su bisa rashin tsarin yankewa. Kamfanoni da yawa yanzu sun zabi siyan kayan karfafa karfe da aka hada. Wannan yana rage sharar gida ta hanyar fitar da shinge ga kamfanonin da ke ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan aiki. [[File:Hanson_Concrete_Truck.jpg|thumb| Concrete Mixer]] ==== Simintin da aka riga aka gama ==== Simintin da aka gama da shi yana da dayan mafi kankanta ma'auni idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan gini. Yawancin manajojin rukunin yanar gizon suna warware matsalolin sarrafa adadin isar da sako a matsayin babban batu wajen kididdige kankare dai-dai da ake bukata don rukunin yanar gizo. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi daga ainihin ginshikan siminti da katako da kirar kira da ake bukata sun kasance a cikin 5.4% da 2.7% girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani, bi da bi, yayin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga shafukan [[Brazil]] 30. Yawancin wadannan batutuwa an danganta su da rashin isassun sigar tsari ko rashin daidaito wajen tono tulin tushe . Bugu da kari, manajojin rukunin yanar gizon sun san cewa ana iya bukatar Karin siminti, kuma sau da yawa za su ba da umarnin wuce gona da iri don kada su katse simintin. ==== Bututu da wayoyi ==== Sau da yawa kuma yana da wahala a tsara da kuma lura da duk bututu da wayoyi da ke wurin saboda ana amfani da su a wurare daban-daban na aikin, musamman ma lokacin da ake yin aikin lantarki da na famfo akai-akai. Yawancin al'amurra na sharar gida sun taso a wannan fanni na aikin gine-gine saboda rashin tsari da cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanke bututu da wayoyi marasa nauyi da ke barin gajerun bututu da wayoyi. == Sake amfani da su, zubarwa da tasirin muhalli == === Sake amfani da abu da sake amfani da su === [[File:Recycling_Management.jpg|thumb| Motocin sake yin amfani da su]] Yawancin jagororin kan sarrafa sharar C&D suna bin tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi saitin hanyoyin magance sharar gida da aka tsara cikin tsarin fifiko. Matsayin sharar ra'ayi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da shi da ake amfani da shi don fifiko da jagorar ƙoƙarin sarrafa sharar gida. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da rigakafi, taƙaituwa, sake amfani da s, dawo da makamashi, (maganin) da zubarwa. Yana yiwuwa a sake sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na sharar gini. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kwantena na jujjuya don jigilar sharar gida. Ana iya murkushe tarkace kuma a sake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan gine-gine. Hakanan za'a iya dawo da itacen sharar gida da sake yin fa'idar ta. === Kisan ƙasa === Wasu abubuwa na sharar gini kamar allon filasta suna da haɗari da zarar an [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika ƙasa]] . Plasterboard yana rushewa a cikin yanayin zubar da ƙasa yana sakin hydrogen sulfide, iskar gas mai guba. Hanyar da aka saba zubar da sharar gine-gine ita ce a aika zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Aika sharar kai tsaye zuwa rumbun shara yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa: [[File:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb| Filayen ƙasa]] * Almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa * Yana haɓaka farashin gini, musamman tsarin sufuri * Ya mamaye babban yanki na ƙasa * Yana rage ingancin ƙasa * Yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa ( Leachate ) * Yana haddasa gurbacewar iska * Yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro da sauransu. === Konewa da haɗarin lafiya === Idan sake yin amfani da shi ba zaɓi ba ne, zubar da sharar gini da kayan haɗari dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ga dokokin majalisu da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukunce-hukuncen zubar da sharar gine-gine da rashin dacewa, gami da asbestos, na iya kaiwa ga dubun-dubatan daloli ga kasuwanci da dai-daikun mutane. Dama masu lura da yanayin [[File:Rugenberger_Damm_incinerator,_WPAhoi,_Hamburg_(P1080546).jpg|thumb|301x301px| Incinerator na sharar gida]] Wuraren sharar gida da kuzari suna ƙone sama da kashi 13% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari. Tushen mai guba da tsire-tsire na WTE ke fitarwa zai iya ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar su mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da dioxins . An kuma yi amfani da Dioxin azaman mai mai a cikin Times Beach, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . Kwanaki bayan shigar da sinadarai ga al'umma dabbobi sun fara mutuwa. A lokacin da EPA ta ɗauka cewa dioxins na da guba sosai a cikin shekarata 1980s, CDC ta ba da shawarar a bar garin gaba ɗaya saboda gurɓataccen kayan sharar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1985, an ƙaura da dukan jama'ar Times Beach, wanda ya sa Missouri ta gina sabon incinerator a kan gurbataccen ƙasar. Sun ci gaba da kona tan 265,000 na gurbataccen gurbataccen dioxin har zuwa shekarata 1997. Dioxins dangi ne na sinadarai da aka samar azaman samfuri yayin kera magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gini da yawa kamar carpeting da PVC . Dukkan Wadannan sinadarai suna wanzuwa a muhallin da ke makale da kasa ko tarkacen kura wadanda ido tsirara ba ya iya gani. Dioxins suna rushewa a hankali. Har yanzu yana barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a ƙananan matakan. Tun da masana'antu sun daina samar da dioxins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawar sakin dioxins masu cutarwa da suka rage a cikin Amurka shine ƙonewa. An tabbatar da Dioxins don haifar da ciwon daji, al'amurran haifuwa da ci gaba, da lalacewar tsarin rigakafi. Adadin ciwon daji irin su lymphoma wanda ba Hodgkin ba da sarcoma mai laushi ya tashi sosai yayin da mutum ya kusanci tushen gurɓataccen abu. == Dabarun gudanarwa == === Kudaden sarrafa shara === Kuɗaɗe kula da sharar gida, a ƙarƙashin 'ƙa'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli', na iya taimakawa rage matakan sharar gini. Akwai kaɗan kaɗan game da ƙayyadaddun kuɗin sarrafa shara don sharar gini da aka ƙirƙira. Yawancin samfura don wannan an ƙirƙira su a baya, to amma kuma suna da na yau da kullun kuma suna da lahani. A cikin shekarata 2019, an gabatar da hanyar nazari don inganta kuɗin sarrafa sharar gini. Sabon tsarin ya fadada kan na baya ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsadar rayuwa ta sharar gine-gine tare da auna shi da niyyar inganta sharar gine-gine. An gudanar da binciken ne daga ƙasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da babban batu na sarrafa sharar gida, kuma wuraren da ake zubar da shara a cikin su na cike da yawa a birane. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sarrafa sharar gida na ƙarfe, itace, da sharar gida kamar $9.30, $5.92, da $4.25, bi da bi. Kudin sarrafa sharar gida a kowace murabba'in mita, ko kuma ƙasa da murabba'in ƙafa 11, a matsakaita an sami $0.12. Irin wannan tsarin kula da sharar yana buƙatar aiwatar da aikin majalisa sama-sama. Ba zabi bane dan kwangilar yana da alatu na yin shi da kansa. === Turai === A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU), yanzu an ba da fifiko sosai kan sake amfani da kayan gini da ɗaukar akidar shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari idan ana maganar ƙira, gini, da rushewa. Shawarwarinsu sun fi bayyana da sauki a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ko yanki, ya danganta da tsarin gwamnati. A cikin shekarata 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, sun jaddada fa'idodin da suka wuce ribar kuɗi don sake amfani da su kamar samar da ayyukan yi da rage shara. Har ila yau, sun jaddada la'akari da wadata da buƙatun yanayin ƙasa ; idan tsire-tsire masu sake yin amfani da su sun fi kusa da yankunan birane fiye da jimlar quaries wannan zai iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su yi amfani da wannan samfurin da aka sake sarrafa koda kuwa ba a fara araha ba. A [[Austriya|Ostiriya]], an sami sabbin ci gaba a sake yin amfani da kayan itace da ba za a iya amfani da su ba da za a ƙone a cikin ƙirƙirar siminti wanda ke daidaita sawun carbon na samfuran biyu. Ƙungiyar ta EU ta bukaci hukumomin yankin da ke ba da izinin rushewa da sake gyarawa da su tabbatar da cewa ana bin tsarin kula da sharar gida mai inganci, sannan sun jaddada bukatar bin diddigin rugujewar domin sanin ko ana bin tsare-tsaren da aka aiwatar. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da haraji don rage fa'idar tattalin arziƙin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don haifar da yanayin da sake yin amfani da su ya zama zaɓi mai ma'ana ta kuɗi. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa harajin ya kamata ya shafi kayan sharar da za a sake amfani da su kawai. Babban abin da ya shafi yadda Turawa ke zabar magance wannan al’amari na sarrafa sharar gida shi ne ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da aka bai wa wata hukuma domin kare al’ummarta. Ba kamar a Amurka ba, falsafar EU game da sarrafa sharar gida ba wai abu ne mai kyau na zaɓi a yi ba lokacin da za ku iya sai dai wani yanki na tilas na gine-gine a ƙarni na 21 don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Harajin ajiyar shara ya kasance mafi inganci a Belgium, Denmark da Ostiriya, waɗanda duk sun rage yawan zubar da shara da sama da kashi 30% tun bayan ƙaddamar da harajin. Denmark ta yi nasarar yanke amfani da sharar gida da sama da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100, inda ta kai adadin sake yin amfani da shi sama da kashi 60%. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, duk ma'aikatan da ke yin gine-gine ko share sharar gini ana buƙatar doka don yin aiki don kasuwanci mai rijista na CIS. Koyaya, samar da sharar gida a Burtaniya na ci gaba da girma, amma adadin karuwar ya ragu. {{Wide image|D30 5495 stitch2.jpg|500px|A panorama of construction waste in Horton, Norway}} === Amurka === Amurka ba ta da haraji ko kuɗaɗen shara na ƙasa, amma yawancin jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar haraji da kudade kan zubar da shara. An ƙirƙiri Sashen Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Albarkatun California ( CalRecycle ) a cikin shekarata 2010 don magance haɓakar matsalar sharar C&D a Amurka. CalRecycle yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar tsarin karkatar da sharar C&D a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Hakanan suna ba da bayanai da sauran abubuwan ilimi akan madadin wuraren sharar C&D. Suna haɓaka waɗannan farillai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa kamfanoni su shiga cikin ayyukan karkatar da sharar gida. Hakanan akwai tallafi da lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin agaji a dabarun rage sharar gida. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Sharar rushewa * Sake yin amfani da su * Kankare sake yin amfani da su * Gudanar da sharar gida * COSHH * Carbon da aka haɗa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bayanai na [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114210943/http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php Gudanar da Sharar Gina] daga Gabaɗayan Jagoran Ƙira na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Ƙasa * https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090714/https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx |date=2022-03-17 }} [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Majalissar dokokin duniya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gizhh0bjq4jfelk5zbaqwkb92cbll9g 914945 914944 2026-09-02T16:11:29Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914945 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:AJM_065_Habana_Vieja_street.JPG |thumb| Sharar bakin titi]] [[File:063_Solar_al_c._Pujades,_cantonada_c._Badajoz,_al_Poblenou_(Barcelona),_amb_xemeneia_al_fons.jpg |thumb| Shara]] [[File:Construction_garbage.jpg|right|thumb| Abubuwan insulator na polyurethane da aka yiwa alama don cire wurin ginin (na ginin gida).]] '''Sharar gida''' ko '''[[tarkace]],''' kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin “ tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.” [[Fayil:Shredded solid waste.jpg|thumb|inda akesa Sharma]] Ana kuma kirkiran kayan gini da rushewa yayin aikin Kirkirar sabon gini ko tsari ko lokacin gyarawa ko rushe wani ginin da ake da shi. Wadannan kayan yawanci kayan aiki ne masu nauyi da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan kundin gini na zamani, kamar simgypsum. Karfe, [[Katako|itace]], kwalta da gypsum Daga cikin jimillar sharar gida a Amurka, kimanin kashi 90% na fitowa ne daga rugujewar gine-gine, yayin da kuma sharar da ake samu a lokacin gini ya kai kasa da kashi 10%. Sharar gida akai-akai ya hada da kananan abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke buƙatar a zubar da su daban-daban fiye da yawancin sharar gini, kamar fitillu, batura, da sauran kayan lantarki. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran sharar gida, ana magance su ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa wurin zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|kasa]], kayan sake amfani da su don sabon amfani, kona sharar gida, ko sake amfani da su kai tsaye a wurin, ta hanyar hadawa cikin gini ko kuma cika datti. A cikin ma'amala da kayan sharar gini da rushewa, galibi yana kuma da wahala a sake yin amfani da su da sake yin amfani da su saboda tsadar sarrafawa. Kasuwancin sake amfani da kayan aikin dole ne suyi gogayya da sau da yawa karancin farashi na wuraren shara da sabbin kayan gini. A cikin wani rahoto da ya hada da bayanai daga jihohi 24 da ke shiga cikin Amurka, adadin dattin dattin da aka samu a Amurka wanda ya haifar da sharar gini da rushewar (C&D) ya kai kusan kashi 23%. Wannan shi ne kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na jimlar dattin da Amurka ke samarwa, kuma ba ya hada da gurbataccen ruwan da iska da ake yi a lokacin gini da kuma lokacin da yawancin wannan sharar ke kashewa a cikin wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba cikin muhallin da ke kewaye. == Nau'in sharar gida == Yawancin sharar gine-gine sun ƙunshi abubuwa kamar tubali, siminti da itace da suka lalace ko ba a yi amfani da su ba yayin ginin. Bincike na lura ya nuna cewa wannan zai iya kaiwa kashi 10 zuwa 15% na kayan da ke shiga cikin gini, kashi mafi girma fiye da kashi 2.5-5% yawanci masu bincike da masana'antar gini ke dauka. Tun da akwai babban canji tsakanin wuraren gine-gine, akwai dama mai yawa don rage wannan sharar gida. An kuma sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sharar gine-gine da rushewar da aka haifar a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata a Amurka. A cikin shekarata 1990, an ƙirƙiri tan miliyan 135 na gine-gine da tarkacen rugujewa da nauyi kuma sun haura zuwa tan miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018. Wannan habaka 300% ne, Sai Dai amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tun shekarar 2015 EPA ta adana bayanan yadda ake zubar da sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 600 na sharar gida saboda gine-gine da rugujewa, kuma tan miliyan 143 na cikin sharar gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 76% na sharar yanzu ana kiyayewa kuma ana sake dawo dasu a cikin masana'antar, amma har yanzu akwai sauran sharar da ake fitarwa zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa fiye da adadin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarar 1990. Wannan rashin cigaba da amfani da albarkatun kasa yana haifar da habaka hadarin kasuwanci. Wannan ya haɗa da Karin farashin kayan abu ko rushewa a cikin sarkokin samarwa . A cikin shekarata 2010, EPA ta ƙirƙiri Tsarin Dabarun Shirin Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Kayayyaki Mai Dorewa (SMM) wanda ke nuna canjin dabarun EPA don matsar da fifiko daga babban shirin dawo da albarkatu zuwa sarrafa kayan dorewa. Tunda ka'idojin sarrafa kayan sun kasance galibi a matakin jiha da na gida, wannan ba ainihin daidaitaccen aiki ba ne a duk faɗin ƙasar don alhakin dabarun rage sharar kayan gini . EPA na nufin Kara samun damar tattarawa, sarrafawa, da sake amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa don cimma wannan batu gaba ɗaya. === Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sharar gida === ==== Karfe karfafa ==== Ana kuma amfani da karfe azaman karfafawa da amincin tsari a mafi yawan ayyukan gini. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da ɓarna da karfe a kan wani wuri shine saboda rashin alhaki na yanke katako da al'amurran kirkira. Mafi munin rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna karewa wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai na kira da ƙa'idodi, wanda zai iya haifar da barna saboda gajeriyar karshen sanduna da ake zubar da su bisa rashin tsarin yankewa. Kamfanoni da yawa yanzu sun zabi siyan kayan karfafa karfe da aka hada. Wannan yana rage sharar gida ta hanyar fitar da shinge ga kamfanonin da ke ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan aiki. [[File:Hanson_Concrete_Truck.jpg|thumb| Concrete Mixer]] ==== Simintin da aka riga aka gama ==== Simintin da aka gama da shi yana da dayan mafi kankanta ma'auni idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan gini. Yawancin manajojin rukunin yanar gizon suna warware matsalolin sarrafa adadin isar da sako a matsayin babban batu wajen kididdige kankare dai-dai da ake bukata don rukunin yanar gizo. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi daga ainihin ginshikan siminti da katako da kirar kira da ake bukata sun kasance a cikin 5.4% da 2.7% girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani, bi da bi, yayin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga shafukan [[Brazil]] 30. Yawancin wadannan batutuwa an danganta su da rashin isassun sigar tsari ko rashin daidaito wajen tono tulin tushe . Bugu da kari, manajojin rukunin yanar gizon sun san cewa ana iya bukatar Karin siminti, kuma sau da yawa za su ba da umarnin wuce gona da iri don kada su katse simintin. ==== Bututu da wayoyi ==== Sau da yawa kuma yana da wahala a tsara da kuma lura da duk bututu da wayoyi da ke wurin saboda ana amfani da su a wurare daban-daban na aikin, musamman ma lokacin da ake yin aikin lantarki da na famfo akai-akai. Yawancin al'amurra na sharar gida sun taso a wannan fanni na aikin gine-gine saboda rashin tsari da cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanke bututu da wayoyi marasa nauyi da ke barin gajerun bututu da wayoyi. == Sake amfani da su, zubarwa da tasirin muhalli == === Sake amfani da abu da sake amfani da su === [[File:Recycling_Management.jpg|thumb| Motocin sake yin amfani da su]] Yawancin jagororin kan sarrafa sharar C&D suna bin tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi saitin hanyoyin magance sharar gida da aka tsara cikin tsarin fifiko. Matsayin sharar ra'ayi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da shi da ake amfani da shi don fifiko da jagorar ƙoƙarin sarrafa sharar gida. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da rigakafi, taƙaituwa, sake amfani da s, dawo da makamashi, (maganin) da zubarwa. Yana yiwuwa a sake sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na sharar gini. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kwantena na jujjuya don jigilar sharar gida. Ana iya murkushe tarkace kuma a sake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan gine-gine. Hakanan za'a iya dawo da itacen sharar gida da sake yin fa'idar ta. === Kisan ƙasa === Wasu abubuwa na sharar gini kamar allon filasta suna da haɗari da zarar an [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika ƙasa]] . Plasterboard yana rushewa a cikin yanayin zubar da ƙasa yana sakin hydrogen sulfide, iskar gas mai guba. Hanyar da aka saba zubar da sharar gine-gine ita ce a aika zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Aika sharar kai tsaye zuwa rumbun shara yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa: [[File:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb| Filayen ƙasa]] * Almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa * Yana haɓaka farashin gini, musamman tsarin sufuri * Ya mamaye babban yanki na ƙasa * Yana rage ingancin ƙasa * Yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa ( Leachate ) * Yana haddasa gurbacewar iska * Yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro da sauransu. === Konewa da haɗarin lafiya === Idan sake yin amfani da shi ba zaɓi ba ne, zubar da sharar gini da kayan haɗari dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ga dokokin majalisu da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukunce-hukuncen zubar da sharar gine-gine da rashin dacewa, gami da asbestos, na iya kaiwa ga dubun-dubatan daloli ga kasuwanci da dai-daikun mutane. Dama masu lura da yanayin [[File:Rugenberger_Damm_incinerator,_WPAhoi,_Hamburg_(P1080546).jpg|thumb|301x301px| Incinerator na sharar gida]] Wuraren sharar gida da kuzari suna ƙone sama da kashi 13% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari. Tushen mai guba da tsire-tsire na WTE ke fitarwa zai iya ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar su mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da dioxins . An kuma yi amfani da Dioxin azaman mai mai a cikin Times Beach, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . Kwanaki bayan shigar da sinadarai ga al'umma dabbobi sun fara mutuwa. A lokacin da EPA ta ɗauka cewa dioxins na da guba sosai a cikin shekarata 1980s, CDC ta ba da shawarar a bar garin gaba ɗaya saboda gurɓataccen kayan sharar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1985, an ƙaura da dukan jama'ar Times Beach, wanda ya sa Missouri ta gina sabon incinerator a kan gurbataccen ƙasar. Sun ci gaba da kona tan 265,000 na gurbataccen gurbataccen dioxin har zuwa shekarata 1997. Dioxins dangi ne na sinadarai da aka samar azaman samfuri yayin kera magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gini da yawa kamar carpeting da PVC . Dukkan Wadannan sinadarai suna wanzuwa a muhallin da ke makale da kasa ko tarkacen kura wadanda ido tsirara ba ya iya gani. Dioxins suna rushewa a hankali. Har yanzu yana barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a ƙananan matakan. Tun da masana'antu sun daina samar da dioxins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawar sakin dioxins masu cutarwa da suka rage a cikin Amurka shine ƙonewa. An tabbatar da Dioxins don haifar da ciwon daji, al'amurran haifuwa da ci gaba, da lalacewar tsarin rigakafi. Adadin ciwon daji irin su lymphoma wanda ba Hodgkin ba da sarcoma mai laushi ya tashi sosai yayin da mutum ya kusanci tushen gurɓataccen abu. == Dabarun gudanarwa == === Kudaden sarrafa shara === Kuɗaɗe kula da sharar gida, a ƙarƙashin 'ƙa'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli', na iya taimakawa rage matakan sharar gini. Akwai kaɗan kaɗan game da ƙayyadaddun kuɗin sarrafa shara don sharar gini da aka ƙirƙira. Yawancin samfura don wannan an ƙirƙira su a baya, to amma kuma suna da na yau da kullun kuma suna da lahani. A cikin shekarata 2019, an gabatar da hanyar nazari don inganta kuɗin sarrafa sharar gini. Sabon tsarin ya fadada kan na baya ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsadar rayuwa ta sharar gine-gine tare da auna shi da niyyar inganta sharar gine-gine. An gudanar da binciken ne daga ƙasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da babban batu na sarrafa sharar gida, kuma wuraren da ake zubar da shara a cikin su na cike da yawa a birane. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sarrafa sharar gida na ƙarfe, itace, da sharar gida kamar $9.30, $5.92, da $4.25, bi da bi. Kudin sarrafa sharar gida a kowace murabba'in mita, ko kuma ƙasa da murabba'in ƙafa 11, a matsakaita an sami $0.12. Irin wannan tsarin kula da sharar yana buƙatar aiwatar da aikin majalisa sama-sama. Ba zabi bane dan kwangilar yana da alatu na yin shi da kansa. === Turai === A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU), yanzu an ba da fifiko sosai kan sake amfani da kayan gini da ɗaukar akidar shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari idan ana maganar ƙira, gini, da rushewa. Shawarwarinsu sun fi bayyana da sauki a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ko yanki, ya danganta da tsarin gwamnati. A cikin shekarata 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, sun jaddada fa'idodin da suka wuce ribar kuɗi don sake amfani da su kamar samar da ayyukan yi da rage shara. Har ila yau, sun jaddada la'akari da wadata da buƙatun yanayin ƙasa ; idan tsire-tsire masu sake yin amfani da su sun fi kusa da yankunan birane fiye da jimlar quaries wannan zai iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su yi amfani da wannan samfurin da aka sake sarrafa koda kuwa ba a fara araha ba. A [[Austriya|Ostiriya]], an sami sabbin ci gaba a sake yin amfani da kayan itace da ba za a iya amfani da su ba da za a ƙone a cikin ƙirƙirar siminti wanda ke daidaita sawun carbon na samfuran biyu. Ƙungiyar ta EU ta bukaci hukumomin yankin da ke ba da izinin rushewa da sake gyarawa da su tabbatar da cewa ana bin tsarin kula da sharar gida mai inganci, sannan sun jaddada bukatar bin diddigin rugujewar domin sanin ko ana bin tsare-tsaren da aka aiwatar. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da haraji don rage fa'idar tattalin arziƙin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don haifar da yanayin da sake yin amfani da su ya zama zaɓi mai ma'ana ta kuɗi. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa harajin ya kamata ya shafi kayan sharar da za a sake amfani da su kawai. Babban abin da ya shafi yadda Turawa ke zabar magance wannan al’amari na sarrafa sharar gida shi ne ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da aka bai wa wata hukuma domin kare al’ummarta. Ba kamar a Amurka ba, falsafar EU game da sarrafa sharar gida ba wai abu ne mai kyau na zaɓi a yi ba lokacin da za ku iya sai dai wani yanki na tilas na gine-gine a ƙarni na 21 don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Harajin ajiyar shara ya kasance mafi inganci a Belgium, Denmark da Ostiriya, waɗanda duk sun rage yawan zubar da shara da sama da kashi 30% tun bayan ƙaddamar da harajin. Denmark ta yi nasarar yanke amfani da sharar gida da sama da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100, inda ta kai adadin sake yin amfani da shi sama da kashi 60%. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, duk ma'aikatan da ke yin gine-gine ko share sharar gini ana buƙatar doka don yin aiki don kasuwanci mai rijista na CIS. Koyaya, samar da sharar gida a Burtaniya na ci gaba da girma, amma adadin karuwar ya ragu. {{Wide image|D30 5495 stitch2.jpg|500px|A panorama of construction waste in Horton, Norway}} === Amurka === Amurka ba ta da haraji ko kuɗaɗen shara na ƙasa, amma yawancin jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar haraji da kudade kan zubar da shara. An ƙirƙiri Sashen Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Albarkatun California ( CalRecycle ) a cikin shekarata 2010 don magance haɓakar matsalar sharar C&D a Amurka. CalRecycle yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar tsarin karkatar da sharar C&D a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Hakanan suna ba da bayanai da sauran abubuwan ilimi akan madadin wuraren sharar C&D. Suna haɓaka waɗannan farillai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa kamfanoni su shiga cikin ayyukan karkatar da sharar gida. Hakanan akwai tallafi da lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin agaji a dabarun rage sharar gida. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Sharar rushewa * Sake yin amfani da su * Kankare sake yin amfani da su * Gudanar da sharar gida * COSHH * Carbon da aka haɗa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bayanai na [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114210943/http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php Gudanar da Sharar Gina] daga Gabaɗayan Jagoran Ƙira na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Ƙasa * https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090714/https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx |date=2022-03-17 }} [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Majalissar dokokin duniya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] gc01zmvax8db9nt3g4zuj7jijmuj9mo 914946 914945 2026-09-02T16:12:14Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914946 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:AJM_065_Habana_Vieja_street.JPG |thumb| Sharar bakin titi]] [[File:063_Solar_al_c._Pujades,_cantonada_c._Badajoz,_al_Poblenou_(Barcelona),_amb_xemeneia_al_fons.jpg |thumb| Shara]] [[File:Construction_garbage.jpg|right|thumb| Abubuwan insulator na polyurethane da aka yiwa alama don cire wurin ginin (na ginin gida).]] '''Sharar gida''' ko '''[[tarkace]],''' kowane irin tarkace ne daga tsarin gini. Hukumomin gwamnati daban-daban suna da bayyanannun ma'anoni. Misali, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka EPA ta bayyana kayan gini da rugujewa a matsayin “ tarkacen da aka samu yayin gini, gyarawa da rushe gine-gine, hanyoyi da gadoji.” [[Fayil:Shredded solid waste.jpg|thumb|inda akesa Sharma]] Ana kuma kirkiran kayan gini da rushewa yayin aikin Kirkirar sabon gini ko tsari ko lokacin gyarawa ko rushe wani ginin da ake da shi. Wadannan kayan yawanci kayan aiki ne masu nauyi da ake amfani da su a cikin manyan kundin gini na zamani, kamar simgypsum. Karfe, [[Katako|itace]], kwalta da gypsum Daga cikin jimillar sharar gida a Amurka, kimanin kashi 90% na fitowa ne daga rugujewar gine-gine, yayin da kuma sharar da ake samu a lokacin gini ya kai kasa da kashi 10%. Sharar gida akai-akai ya hada da kananan abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda ke buƙatar a zubar da su daban-daban fiye da yawancin sharar gini, kamar fitillu, batura, da sauran kayan lantarki. Lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri waɗannan samfuran sharar gida, ana magance su ta hanyar fitar da su zuwa wurin zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|kasa]], kayan sake amfani da su don sabon amfani, kona sharar gida, ko sake amfani da su kai tsaye a wurin, ta hanyar hadawa cikin gini ko kuma cika datti. A cikin ma'amala da kayan sharar gini da rushewa, galibi yana kuma da wahala a sake yin amfani da su da sake yin amfani da su saboda tsadar sarrafawa. Kasuwancin sake amfani da kayan aikin dole ne suyi gogayya da sau da yawa karancin farashi na wuraren shara da sabbin kayan gini. A cikin wani rahoto da ya hada da bayanai daga jihohi 24 da ke shiga cikin Amurka, adadin dattin dattin da aka samu a Amurka wanda ya haifar da sharar gini da rushewar (C&D) ya kai kusan kashi 23%. Wannan shi ne kusan kashi daya bisa hudu na jimlar dattin da Amurka ke samarwa, kuma ba ya hada da gurbataccen ruwan da iska da ake yi a lokacin gini da kuma lokacin da yawancin wannan sharar ke kashewa a cikin wurin da ake zubar da sinadarai masu guba cikin muhallin da ke kewaye. == Nau'in sharar gida == Yawancin sharar gine-gine sun ƙunshi abubuwa kamar tubali, siminti da itace da suka lalace ko ba a yi amfani da su ba yayin ginin. Bincike na lura ya nuna cewa wannan zai iya kaiwa kashi 10 zuwa 15% na kayan da ke shiga cikin gini, kashi mafi girma fiye da kashi 2.5-5% yawanci masu bincike da masana'antar gini ke dauka. Tun da akwai babban canji tsakanin wuraren gine-gine, akwai dama mai yawa don rage wannan sharar gida. An kuma sami karuwa mai yawa a cikin sharar gine-gine da rushewar da aka haifar a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata a Amurka. A cikin shekarata 1990, an ƙirƙiri tan miliyan 135 na gine-gine da tarkacen rugujewa da nauyi kuma sun haura zuwa tan miliyan 600 a shekarar 2018. Wannan habaka 300% ne, Sai Dai amma yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa tun shekarar 2015 EPA ta adana bayanan yadda ake zubar da sharar gida. A cikin shekarata 2018, an samar da tan miliyan 600 na sharar gida saboda gine-gine da rugujewa, kuma tan miliyan 143 na cikin sharar gida. Wannan yana nufin cewa kusan kashi 76% na sharar yanzu ana kiyayewa kuma ana sake dawo dasu a cikin masana'antar, amma har yanzu akwai sauran sharar da ake fitarwa zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa fiye da adadin da aka kirkira a cikin shekarar 1990. Wannan rashin cigaba da amfani da albarkatun kasa yana haifar da habaka hadarin kasuwanci. Wannan ya haɗa da Karin farashin kayan abu ko rushewa a cikin sarkokin samarwa . A cikin shekarata 2010, EPA ta ƙirƙiri Tsarin Dabarun Shirin Shirye-shiryen Gudanar da Kayayyaki Mai Dorewa (SMM) wanda ke nuna canjin dabarun EPA don matsar da fifiko daga babban shirin dawo da albarkatu zuwa sarrafa kayan dorewa. Tunda ka'idojin sarrafa kayan sun kasance galibi a matakin jiha da na gida, wannan ba ainihin daidaitaccen aiki ba ne a duk faɗin ƙasar don alhakin dabarun rage sharar kayan gini . EPA na nufin Kara samun damar tattarawa, sarrafawa, da sake amfani da kayayyakin more rayuwa don cimma wannan batu gaba ɗaya. === Manyan abubuwan da ke haifar da sharar gida === ==== Karfe karfafa ==== Ana kuma amfani da karfe azaman karfafawa da amincin tsari a mafi yawan ayyukan gini. Babban dalilan da ke haifar da ɓarna da karfe a kan wani wuri shine saboda rashin alhaki na yanke katako da al'amurran kirkira. Mafi munin rukunin yanar gizon galibi suna karewa wadanda ba su da cikakkun bayanai na kira da ƙa'idodi, wanda zai iya haifar da barna saboda gajeriyar karshen sanduna da ake zubar da su bisa rashin tsarin yankewa. Kamfanoni da yawa yanzu sun zabi siyan kayan karfafa karfe da aka hada. Wannan yana rage sharar gida ta hanyar fitar da shinge ga kamfanonin da ke ba da fifiko ga amfani da kayan aiki. [[File:Hanson_Concrete_Truck.jpg|thumb| Concrete Mixer]] ==== Simintin da aka riga aka gama ==== Simintin da aka gama da shi yana da dayan mafi kankanta ma'auni idan aka kwatanta da sauran kayan gini. Yawancin manajojin rukunin yanar gizon suna warware matsalolin sarrafa adadin isar da sako a matsayin babban batu wajen kididdige kankare dai-dai da ake bukata don rukunin yanar gizo. Bambance-bambancen da aka yi daga ainihin ginshikan siminti da katako da kirar kira da ake bukata sun kasance a cikin 5.4% da 2.7% girma fiye da yadda ake tsammani, bi da bi, yayin da aka kwatanta bayanan daga shafukan [[Brazil]] 30. Yawancin wadannan batutuwa an danganta su da rashin isassun sigar tsari ko rashin daidaito wajen tono tulin tushe . Bugu da kari, manajojin rukunin yanar gizon sun san cewa ana iya bukatar Karin siminti, kuma sau da yawa za su ba da umarnin wuce gona da iri don kada su katse simintin. ==== Bututu da wayoyi ==== Sau da yawa kuma yana da wahala a tsara da kuma lura da duk bututu da wayoyi da ke wurin saboda ana amfani da su a wurare daban-daban na aikin, musamman ma lokacin da ake yin aikin lantarki da na famfo akai-akai. Yawancin al'amurra na sharar gida sun taso a wannan fanni na aikin gine-gine saboda rashin tsari da cikakkun bayanai da kuma yanke bututu da wayoyi marasa nauyi da ke barin gajerun bututu da wayoyi. == Sake amfani da su, zubarwa da tasirin muhalli == === Sake amfani da abu da sake amfani da su === [[File:Recycling_Management.jpg|thumb| Motocin sake yin amfani da su]] Yawancin jagororin kan sarrafa sharar C&D suna bin tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Wannan tsarin ya ƙunshi saitin hanyoyin magance sharar gida da aka tsara cikin tsarin fifiko. Matsayin sharar ra'ayi ne na ƙasa da ƙasa da aka yarda da shi da ake amfani da shi don fifiko da jagorar ƙoƙarin sarrafa sharar gida. Zaɓuɓɓukan sun haɗa da rigakafi, taƙaituwa, sake amfani da s, dawo da makamashi, (maganin) da zubarwa. Yana yiwuwa a sake sarrafa abubuwa da yawa na sharar gini. Yawancin lokaci ana amfani da kwantena na jujjuya don jigilar sharar gida. Ana iya murkushe tarkace kuma a sake amfani da shi wajen ayyukan gine-gine. Hakanan za'a iya dawo da itacen sharar gida da sake yin fa'idar ta. === Kisan ƙasa === Wasu abubuwa na sharar gini kamar allon filasta suna da haɗari da zarar an [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika ƙasa]] . Plasterboard yana rushewa a cikin yanayin zubar da ƙasa yana sakin hydrogen sulfide, iskar gas mai guba. Hanyar da aka saba zubar da sharar gine-gine ita ce a aika zuwa wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Aika sharar kai tsaye zuwa rumbun shara yana haifar da matsaloli da yawa: [[File:Landfill_compactor.jpg|thumb| Filayen ƙasa]] * Almubazzaranci da albarkatun kasa * Yana haɓaka farashin gini, musamman tsarin sufuri * Ya mamaye babban yanki na ƙasa * Yana rage ingancin ƙasa * Yana haifar da gurbatar ruwa ( Leachate ) * Yana haddasa gurbacewar iska * Yana haifar da haɗarin tsaro da sauransu. === Konewa da haɗarin lafiya === Idan sake yin amfani da shi ba zaɓi ba ne, zubar da sharar gini da kayan haɗari dole ne a aiwatar da su bisa ga dokokin majalisu da hukumomin da suka dace. Hukunce-hukuncen zubar da sharar gine-gine da rashin dacewa, gami da asbestos, na iya kaiwa ga dubun-dubatan daloli ga kasuwanci da dai-daikun mutane. Dama masu lura da yanayin [[File:Rugenberger_Damm_incinerator,_WPAhoi,_Hamburg_(P1080546).jpg|thumb|301x301px| Incinerator na sharar gida]] Wuraren sharar gida da kuzari suna ƙone sama da kashi 13% na ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari. Tushen mai guba da tsire-tsire na WTE ke fitarwa zai iya ƙunshi sinadarai masu cutarwa kamar su mercury da sauran ƙarfe masu nauyi, carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, da dioxins . An kuma yi amfani da Dioxin azaman mai mai a cikin Times Beach, [[Missouri (jiha)|Missouri]] . Kwanaki bayan shigar da sinadarai ga al'umma dabbobi sun fara mutuwa. A lokacin da EPA ta ɗauka cewa dioxins na da guba sosai a cikin shekarata 1980s, CDC ta ba da shawarar a bar garin gaba ɗaya saboda gurɓataccen kayan sharar da ke yankin. A shekara ta 1985, an ƙaura da dukan jama'ar Times Beach, wanda ya sa Missouri ta gina sabon incinerator a kan gurbataccen ƙasar. Sun ci gaba da kona tan 265,000 na gurbataccen gurbataccen dioxin har zuwa shekarata 1997. Dioxins dangi ne na sinadarai da aka samar azaman samfuri yayin kera magungunan kashe qwari da kayan gini da yawa kamar carpeting da PVC . Dukkan Waɗannan sinadarai suna wanzuwa a muhallin da ke makale da kasa ko tarkacen kura wadanda ido tsirara ba ya iya gani. Dioxins suna rushewa a hankali. Har yanzu yana barazana ga lafiyar jama'a a ƙananan matakan. Tun da masana'antu sun daina samar da dioxins, ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawar sakin dioxins masu cutarwa da suka rage a cikin Amurka shine ƙonewa. An tabbatar da Dioxins don haifar da ciwon daji, al'amurran haifuwa da ci gaba, da lalacewar tsarin rigakafi. Adadin ciwon daji irin su lymphoma wanda ba Hodgkin ba da sarcoma mai laushi ya tashi sosai yayin da mutum ya kusanci tushen gurɓataccen abu. == Dabarun gudanarwa == === Kudaden sarrafa shara === Kuɗaɗe kula da sharar gida, a ƙarƙashin 'ƙa'idar biya mai gurbata muhalli', na iya taimakawa rage matakan sharar gini. Akwai kaɗan kaɗan game da ƙayyadaddun kuɗin sarrafa shara don sharar gini da aka ƙirƙira. Yawancin samfura don wannan an ƙirƙira su a baya, to amma kuma suna da na yau da kullun kuma suna da lahani. A cikin shekarata 2019, an gabatar da hanyar nazari don inganta kuɗin sarrafa sharar gini. Sabon tsarin ya fadada kan na baya ta hanyar yin la'akari da tsadar rayuwa ta sharar gine-gine tare da auna shi da niyyar inganta sharar gine-gine. An gudanar da binciken ne daga ƙasar Sin. Kasar Sin tana da babban batu na sarrafa sharar gida, kuma wuraren da ake zubar da shara a cikin su na cike da yawa a birane. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna nau'ikan kuɗaɗen sarrafa sharar gida na ƙarfe, itace, da sharar gida kamar $9.30, $5.92, da $4.25, bi da bi. Kudin sarrafa sharar gida a kowace murabba'in mita, ko kuma ƙasa da murabba'in ƙafa 11, a matsakaita an sami $0.12. Irin wannan tsarin kula da sharar yana buƙatar aiwatar da aikin majalisa sama-sama. Ba zabi bane dan kwangilar yana da alatu na yin shi da kansa. === Turai === A cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU), yanzu an ba da fifiko sosai kan sake amfani da kayan gini da ɗaukar akidar shimfiɗar jariri zuwa kabari idan ana maganar ƙira, gini, da rushewa. Shawarwarinsu sun fi bayyana da sauki a matakin [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] ko yanki, ya danganta da tsarin gwamnati. A cikin shekarata 2016 EU Construction & Demolition Waste Management Protocol, sun jaddada fa'idodin da suka wuce ribar kuɗi don sake amfani da su kamar samar da ayyukan yi da rage shara. Har ila yau, sun jaddada la'akari da wadata da buƙatun yanayin ƙasa ; idan tsire-tsire masu sake yin amfani da su sun fi kusa da yankunan birane fiye da jimlar quaries wannan zai iya ƙarfafa kamfanoni su yi amfani da wannan samfurin da aka sake sarrafa koda kuwa ba a fara araha ba. A [[Austriya|Ostiriya]], an sami sabbin ci gaba a sake yin amfani da kayan itace da ba za a iya amfani da su ba da za a ƙone a cikin ƙirƙirar siminti wanda ke daidaita sawun carbon na samfuran biyu. Ƙungiyar ta EU ta bukaci hukumomin yankin da ke ba da izinin rushewa da sake gyarawa da su tabbatar da cewa ana bin tsarin kula da sharar gida mai inganci, sannan sun jaddada bukatar bin diddigin rugujewar domin sanin ko ana bin tsare-tsaren da aka aiwatar. Har ila yau, sun ba da shawarar yin amfani da haraji don rage fa'idar tattalin arziƙin wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don haifar da yanayin da sake yin amfani da su ya zama zaɓi mai ma'ana ta kuɗi. Duk da haka, sun haɗa da gaskiyar cewa harajin ya kamata ya shafi kayan sharar da za a sake amfani da su kawai. Babban abin da ya shafi yadda Turawa ke zabar magance wannan al’amari na sarrafa sharar gida shi ne ta hanyar amfani da kayan aikin da aka bai wa wata hukuma domin kare al’ummarta. Ba kamar a Amurka ba, falsafar EU game da sarrafa sharar gida ba wai abu ne mai kyau na zaɓi a yi ba lokacin da za ku iya sai dai wani yanki na tilas na gine-gine a ƙarni na 21 don tabbatar da kyakkyawar makoma ga tsararraki masu zuwa. Harajin ajiyar shara ya kasance mafi inganci a Belgium, Denmark da Ostiriya, waɗanda duk sun rage yawan zubar da shara da sama da kashi 30% tun bayan ƙaddamar da harajin. Denmark ta yi nasarar yanke amfani da sharar gida da sama da kusan kashi 80 cikin 100, inda ta kai adadin sake yin amfani da shi sama da kashi 60%. A cikin Ƙasar Ingila, duk ma'aikatan da ke yin gine-gine ko share sharar gini ana buƙatar doka don yin aiki don kasuwanci mai rijista na CIS. Koyaya, samar da sharar gida a Burtaniya na ci gaba da girma, amma adadin karuwar ya ragu. {{Wide image|D30 5495 stitch2.jpg|500px|A panorama of construction waste in Horton, Norway}} === Amurka === Amurka ba ta da haraji ko kuɗaɗen shara na ƙasa, amma yawancin jahohi da ƙananan hukumomi suna karɓar haraji da kudade kan zubar da shara. An ƙirƙiri Sashen Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Albarkatun California ( CalRecycle ) a cikin shekarata 2010 don magance haɓakar matsalar sharar C&D a Amurka. CalRecycle yana taimakawa wajen ƙirƙirar ƙa'idar tsarin karkatar da sharar C&D a cikin ƙananan hukumomi. Hakanan suna ba da bayanai da sauran abubuwan ilimi akan madadin wuraren sharar C&D. Suna haɓaka waɗannan farillai ta hanyar ƙirƙirar shirye-shirye masu ƙarfafawa don ƙarfafa kamfanoni su shiga cikin ayyukan karkatar da sharar gida. Hakanan akwai tallafi da lamuni ga ƙungiyoyin agaji a dabarun rage sharar gida. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Sharar rushewa * Sake yin amfani da su * Kankare sake yin amfani da su * Gudanar da sharar gida * COSHH * Carbon da aka haɗa == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Bayanai na [https://web.archive.org/web/20161114210943/http://www.wbdg.org/tools/cwm.php Gudanar da Sharar Gina] daga Gabaɗayan Jagoran Ƙira na Cibiyar Nazarin Gine-gine ta Ƙasa * https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317090714/https://www.rmf-services.co.uk/recycled_raised_flooring/construction_waste_facts.aspx |date=2022-03-17 }} [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Majalissar dokokin duniya]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 93j26a4z7ubgrrw4332qo2alcw134ig 0 29833 914955 846820 2026-09-02T16:16:42Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914955 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Shara|sharar gida]] mai haɗari sharar gida ce da za ta iya lalata lafiyar ɗan adam ko muhalli. Sharar gida na iya zama haɗari saboda yana da guba, mai amsawa, ko Mai lalatawa, da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hazardous-waste management {{!}} Types, Examples, Treatment, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/technology/hazardous-waste-management |access-date=2024-03-27 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2022, bil'adama yana samar da tan miliyan 300-500 na sharar gida mai haɗari a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Martínez |first=Johann H. |last2=Romero |first2=Sergi |last3=Ramasco |first3=José J. |last4=Estrada |first4=Ernesto |date=2022-03-29 |title=The world-wide waste web |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1615 |arxiv=2104.05711 |bibcode=2022NatCo..13.1615M |doi=10.1038/s41467-022-28810-x |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=8964736 |pmid=35351874}}</ref> Wasu tushen da aka saba amfani da su na sharar gida masu haɗari sune masu narkewa, batura, da kayan [[Metal refining|gyaran ƙarfe]]. Ana tsara sharar gida mai haɗari a kan ma'auni na gida, na ƙasa, da na duniya. == Nau'o'in == === Rushewar duniya === Rushewar duniya wani nau'i ne na musamman na sharar gida mai haɗari wanda (a cikin Amurka) gabaɗaya yana haifar da ƙaramin barazana dangane da sauran sharar gida masu haɗari, suna ko'ina kuma ana samar da su da yawa ta hanyar janareto mai yawa. Wasu daga cikin "sharar gida" na yau da kullun sune: fitila mai haske, wasu [[Batirin lantarki|batir]] na musamman (misali lithium ko gubar da ke dauke da batir), bututun cathode-ray, da na'urorin da ke dauke le mercury. Rushewar duniya tana ƙarƙashin buƙatun ƙa'idodi marasa ƙarfi. Ƙananan janareto masu yawa na sharar duniya za a iya rarraba su a matsayin "ƙananan janaritoci masu yawa" (CESQGs) waɗanda ke sakin su daga wasu buƙatun ƙa'idodi don sarrafawa da adana sharar gida masu haɗari. Dole ne a zubar da sharar duniya yadda ya kamata. Ƙungiyoyin cikin gida da masana'antu suna cinye lubricants da yawa. An kiyasta cewa rabin wannan kayan ne kawai aka dawo da shi, sauran sharar gida ne. Lubricants da aka dawo da su suna buƙatar magani, kuma samfurin da aka yi amfani da shi ba shi da mahimmanci fiye da na asali.<ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1002/14356007.o15_o12}}</ref> A tarihi, an zubar da wasu sharar gida masu haɗari a cikin [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren zubar da shara]] na yau da kullun. Dole ne a daidaita sharar gida mai haɗari kuma a ƙarfafa shi don shiga cikin shara kuma dole ne a yi jiyya daban-daban don daidaitawa da zubar da su. Yawancin kayan wuta za a iya sake amfani da su cikin man fetur na masana'antu. Wasu kayan da ke da haɗari za a iya sake amfani da su, kamar batir na gubar. Yawancin wuraren zubar da shara suna buƙatar matakan hana gurɓataccen ruwa. Misali, dole ne a shigar da shingen tare da tushe na zubar da shara don ƙunshe da abubuwa masu haɗari waɗanda zasu iya kasancewa a cikin sharar da aka zubar.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Malviya |first=Rachana |last2=Chaudhary |first2=Rubina |year=2006 |title=Factors affecting hazardous waste solidification/Stabilization: A review |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=137 |issue=1 |pages=267–276 |bibcode=2006JHzM..137..267M |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.01.065 |pmid=16530943}}</ref> Wasu sharar gida masu haɗari za a iya sake amfani da su cikin sababbin kayayyaki.[1] Misalan na iya haɗawa da batirin gubar-acid ko allon kewayon lantarki. Lokacin da karafa masu nauyi a cikin waɗannan nau'ikan toka suka wuce ta hanyar magani mai kyau, za su iya ɗaure su da wasu gurbatawa kuma su canza su zuwa abubuwa masu sauƙin zubar, ko kuma za a iya amfani da su azaman cikawa. Irin waɗannan jiyya suna rage matakin barazanar sunadarai masu cutarwa, kamar tashi da toka na ƙasa, yayin da suke sake amfani da samfurin mai aminci.[2] Incinerators suna ƙone sharar gida mai haɗari a yanayin zafi mai girma (1600-2500 ° F, 870-1400 ° C), suna rage yawan sa sosai ta hanyar rushe shi cikin toka da iskar gas.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=September 2012 |title=A Citizen's Guide to Incineration |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/a_citizens_guide_to_incineration.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427054114/https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/a_citizens_guide_to_incineration.pdf |archive-date=April 27, 2022 |access-date=2024-04-02 |website=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> Incineration yana aiki tare da nau'ikan sharar gida [[Toka|ash]] haɗari, gami da gurbataccen ƙasa, laka, ruwa, da iskar gas. Ana iya gina incinerator kai tsaye a wani wuri mai haɗari, ko kuma mafi yawanci, ana iya jigilar sharar gida daga wani shafin zuwa wurin ƙonewa na dindindin.<ref name=":2" /> 2xjvtezc4uvar4hvvlb7lkhzccds3qe 0 29840 914936 914051 2026-09-02T16:08:44Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Waste in Sierra Leone.jpg|thumb|Dattin rafi]] [[File:Mixed_municipal_waste. JPG|right|thumb| Mixed sharar gida, Hiriya]] [[File:Uptown21NovPacmanNBATrashfurniture.jpg |thumb|Sharar gefen Gidaje ]] [[Fayil:Mixed municipal waste.JPG|thumb|Datti da sharar gida]] '''Sharar gida''' ('''MSW)''', wanda aka fi sani da '''sharar gida''' ko [[Fayil:Letter from Acting Secretary of State Robert Bacon to U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom Whitelaw Reid (page 5 of 8).jpg|thumb]] '''Dattin Gida''' a [[Amurka]] da kuma '''shara''' a [[Birtaniya|Biritaniya]], nau'in sharar gida ne dake kunshe da abubuwan yau da kullum, da jama'a ke zubarwa. "Sharar" kuma na iya nufin musamman ga sharar abinci, kamar yadda a cikin zubar da datti ; su biyun wani lokaci ana tattara su daban.<ref>https://hausa.english-dictionary.help/english-to-hausa-meaning-waste</ref> A cikin Tarayyar Turai, ma'anar ita ce 'haɗe-haɗe da sharar gari,' da aka ba da lambar sharar gida mai lamba 20 03 01 a cikin ƙasidar shara ta turai.<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/articles/Sharar_gida_dake_sarrafa_iskar_gas</ref> Ko da yake sharar na iya samo asali ne daga wurare da yawa waɗanda ba su da alaƙa da gundumomi, rawar da ƙananan hukumomi ke takawa wajen tattarawa da sarrafa irin waɗannan sharar sun haifar da ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idoji na birni.<ref>https://www.hyhhecosolutions.com/ha/industrial-wastewater-treatment/</ref> [[Fayil:Aterro Sanitario.jpg|thumb|Kalan abubuwan dake cikin shara]] == Abun ciki == Abubuwan da ke tattare da sharar gida sun bambanta sosai daga gundumomi zuwa gundumomi, kuma yana canzawa sosai da lokaci. A cikin ƙananan hukumomi waɗanda ke da ingantaccen tsarin sake amfani da sharar, ruwan sharar ya ƙunshi sharar da ba za a iya jurewa ba kamar fim ɗin filastik da kayan marufi da ba za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba. A farkon ƙarni na 20, yawancin sharar gida (53%) a cikin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] sun ƙunshi tokar kwal daga bude wuta. A cikin yankunan da suka ci gaba ba tare da gagarumin aikin sake yin amfani da su ba, galibi sun haɗa da sharar abinci, sharar kasuwa, sharar gida, kwantena na filastik da kayan marufi, da sauran tarkace daban-daban daga wuraren zama, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi, da masana'antu. <ref>[http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/ Non-hazardous Waste] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Municipal Solid Waste</ref> Yawancin ma'anar ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gari ba su haɗa da [[sharar masana'antu]], sharar aikin gona, sharar aikin gona, sharar rediyo, sharar rediyo ko sludge na najasa. Gundumar tana gudanar da tattara shara a cikin wani yanki da aka bayar<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/media-60223642.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536423301978&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Fmedia-60223642</ref>. Kalmar ''sharar gida'' tana da alaƙa da sharar da aka bari daga tushen gida mai ɗauke da kayan da ba a raba ko aika don sarrafa su ba. [[Shara|Ana]] iya rarraba sharar gida ta hanyoyi da yawa, to amma jeri mai zuwa yana wakiltar rarrabuwa na yau da kullun: Kamar haka * Sharar da za a iya lalacewa : abinci da sharar kicin, sharar kore, takarda (mafi yawan za a iya sake yin fa'ida, kodayake ana iya cire wasu abubuwan da ke da wuyar takin [[shuka]] ) * Recyclable kayan: takarda, kwali, gilashin, kwalabe, kwalba, gwangwani gwangwani, aluminum gwangwani, aluminum tsare, [[Ƙarfe|karafa]], wasu robobi, textiles, tufafi, taya, batura, da dai sauransu. * Sharar gida mara aiki: sharar [[Tarkacen sharar gida|gini da rushewa]], [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|datti]], duwatsu, tarkace * Sharar gida da lantarki ( WEEE ) - kayayyaki, fitilu, injin wanki, [[Talabijin|TV]], [[Komfuta|kwamfuta]], fuska, wayar hannu, agogon ƙararrawa, agogo , da dai sauransu. * Sharar gida: kayan sharar gida, Tetra Kunshin abinci da kwandunan sha, robobin sharar gida kamar kayan wasan yara da kayan lambu na filastik * [[Sharar gida mai haɗari]] ciki har da mafi yawan fenti, sinadarai, taya, batura, kwararan fitila, na'urorin lantarki, fitilu masu kyalli, gwangwani aerosol, da taki . * [[Sharar gida mai guba]] ciki har da magungunan kashe qwari, herbicides, da fungicides * Sharar lafiyar kwayoyin halitta, magungunan magunguna da suka ƙare, da sauransu. Misali, sharar gida na yau da kullun a cikin ƙasar Sin yana ƙunshe da ragowar abinci kimanin 55.9%, takarda 8.5%, robobi 11.2%, yadi 3.2%, sharar itace 2.9%, roba 0.8%, da 18.4% wadanda ba sa konewa. == Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na sarrafa shara == [[File:Tri_des_déchets_(cropped).jpg|thumb| Bins don tattara takarda, aluminum, gilashin, kwalabe na PET da sharar da ba za a iya cinyewa ba.]] Masana'antar datti na birni tana da abubuwa huɗu: sake yin amfani da su, takin gargajiya, [[Wajen zubar da shara|zubarwa]], da sharar-zuwa makamashi ta hanyar ƙonewa. Babu wata hanya ɗaya da za a iya amfani da ita wajen sarrafa duk magudanan sharar gida, don haka Hukumar Kare Muhalli, wata hukumar gwamnatin tarayya ta Amurka, ta ƙirƙiro dabarun matsayi na manyan sharar gida. Matsayin kula da sharar ya ƙunshi matakai huɗu da aka ba da umarnin daga mafi fifiko zuwa mafi ƙarancin hanyoyin da aka fi so dangane da ingancin muhallinsu: Rage tushe da sake amfani da su, ko sauya su; sannan su sake yin amfani da su ko takin gargajiya; dawo da makamashi, magani da zubarwa. === Tarin === Abubuwan da ke aiki na tarin sun haɗa da ba wai kawai tattara datti da kayan da za a iya sake yin amfani da su ba, har ma da jigilar waɗannan kayan, bayan tattarawa, zuwa wurin da aka kwashe abin hawa. Wannan wurin yana iya zama wurin sarrafa kayan, tashar canja wuri ko wurin zubar da shara ko tarkace. === Gudanar da sharar gida da rabuwa, ajiya da sarrafawa a tushen === Gudanar da sharar gida da rabuwa sun haɗa da ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da sarrafa sharar har sai an sanya sharar a cikin kwantena don tarawa. Har ila yau, kulawa ya ƙunshi motsin kwantena masu lodi zuwa wurin tattarawa. Rarraba nau'ikan abubuwan sharar gida daban-daban wani muhimmin mataki ne a cikin kulawa da adana datti a tushen tarin. === Rarrabewa da sarrafawa da kuma canza shekar datti === Nau'o'in hanyoyi da wuraren da ake amfani da su a yanzu don dawo da kayan sharar da aka raba a tushen sun haɗa da wuraren tattarawa ('kerbyside' a cikin Burtaniya), wuraren ajiyewa da kuma sayayya. Rabewa da sarrafa sharar da aka raba a madogararsa da kuma raba dazuzzuka yakan faru ne a wurin dawo da kayan aiki, tashoshin canja wuri, wuraren kone-kone da kuma cibiyoyin magani. === Canja wuri da sufuri === Wannan kashi ya ƙunshi manyan matakai guda biyu (2). Na farko, ana canja wurin sharar daga ƙaramin abin hawa zuwa manyan kayan sufuri. Daga nan ana jigilar sharar, yawanci ta nisa mai nisa, zuwa wurin sarrafawa ko zubarwa. === zubarwa === A yau, zubar da sharar gida ta hanyar cika ƙasa ko shimfida ƙasa shine ƙarshen ƙarshen duk ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, ko sharar gida ne da aka tattara kuma ana kai su kai tsaye zuwa wurin sharar gida, ragowar kayan daga wuraren dawo da kayan (MRFs), ragowar daga konewar datti, takin, ko wasu abubuwa daga wurare daban-daban na sarrafa shara. Wurin tsafta na zamani ba juji ba ne; wani injin injiniya ne da ake amfani da shi don zubar da datti a cikin ƙasa ba tare da haifar da lahani ko haɗari ga lafiyar jama'a ko aminci ba, kamar matsalolin kwari da gurɓataccen ruwan ƙasa . === Sake amfani da shi === A cikin 'yan shekarun nan ƙungiyoyi masu fafutukar muhalli, irin su Freegle ko Freecycle Network, suna samun karɓuwa don sake amfani da hanyoyin sadarwar su na kan layi. Waɗannan cibiyoyin sadarwa suna ba da rajistar kan layi na abubuwan da ba a so waɗanda ba za a jefar da su ba, don daidaikun mutane da ƙungiyoyin sa-kai don sake amfani da su ko sake yin fa'ida. Don haka, wannan sabis na tushen Intanet kyauta yana rage gurɓataccen ƙasa kuma yana haɓaka tattalin arzikin kyauta . === Wuraren shara === [[Wajen zubar da shara|Ana]] yin zubar da ƙasa ta hanyar zubar da ƙasa. Hanyoyin zubar da ƙasa sun bambanta, galibi ya haɗa da zubar da shara da yawa zuwa wani wuri da aka keɓe, yawanci rami ko tudu. Bayan an zubar da sharar, sai a hada shi da manyan injuna. Lokacin da tantanin da ake zubarwa ya cika, sai a “rufe shi” da takardar filastik kuma a rufe shi da datti da yawa. Wannan ita ce hanyar farko ta jibgewa a cikin Amurka saboda ƙarancin farashi da yalwar ƙasar da ba a yi amfani da ita a Arewacin ƙasar Amurka. Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta ke tsara wuraren kissar ƙasa a cikin Amurka, wanda ke aiwatar da ƙa'idodin da aka bayar a cikin Dokar Kula da Albarkatun Albarkatun ƙasa, kamar buƙatun layin da ruwa na ƙasa. <ref>Horinko, Marianne, Cathryn Courtin. [http://www.epaalumni.org/hcp/rcra.pdf “Waste Management: A Half Century of Progress.”] EPA Alumni Association. March 2016.</ref> Wannan shi ne saboda zubar da ƙasa yana haifar da barazanar ƙazanta kuma yana iya gurɓata ruwan ƙasa. Kamfanoni masu zubar da ruwa suna rufe alamun gurɓatawa yadda ya kamata kuma galibi yana da wuya a ga wata shaida. Galibi wuraren zubar da ƙasa suna kewaye da manyan bango ko shingen da ke ɓoye tudun tarkace. Ana fesa adadin warin sinadari mai yawa a cikin iskar da ke kewaye da wuraren ajiyar ƙasa don ɓoye shaidar ruɓewar da ke cikin shukar. === Ƙarfafa makamashi === Za a iya amfani da dattin na birni don samar da makamashi saboda abun ciki na lipid da ke cikinsa. Yawancin samfuran MSW za a iya canza su zuwa makamashi mai tsabta idan ana iya isa ga abun ciki na lipid da amfani. An haɓaka fasahohi da yawa waɗanda ke sa aikin MSW don samar da makamashi ya zama mafi tsabta kuma mafi tattalin arziƙi fiye da kowane lokaci, gami da kama iskar gas, konewa, pyrolysis, gasification, da iskar gas <nowiki><i id="mwsw">na</i></nowiki> plasma .<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caircross |first1=Richard |title=Longitudinal Study of Wastewater Greases and Their Potential for the Production of Biofuels |journal=Energy and Fuels |date=1 January 2018 |volume=32 |page= |pages= |doi=10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03550 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03550 |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> Yayin da tsofaffin tsare-tsare masu ƙona sharar suka fitar da gurɓataccen abu, sauye-sauyen tsari na kwanan nan da sabbin fasahohi sun rage wannan damuwa sosai.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eesi.org/files/eesi_msw_issuebrief_072109.pdf|title=Environmental and Energy Study Institute Issue Brief|access-date=2022-04-05|archive-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133402/http://www.eesi.org/files/eesi_msw_issuebrief_072109.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Dokokin Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka (EPA) a cikin shekarun 1995 da 2000 karkashin Dokar Tsabtace Tsabtace sun yi nasarar rage fitar da dioxins daga wuraren sharar gida zuwa makamashi da fiye da kashi 99 cikin 100 a kasa da matakan a shekarata 1990, yayin da hayakin mercury ya ragu da sama da 90. kashi dari. web|url=http://www.eesi.org/files/eesi_msw_issuebrief_072109.pdf|title=Environmental{{Dead link|date=September 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} and Energy Study Institute Issue Brief}}</ref> EPA ta lura da waɗannan haɓakawa a cikin shekarar 2003, suna ambaton sharar gida-zuwa makamashi a matsayin tushen wutar lantarki "tare da ƙarancin tasirin muhalli fiye da kowane tushen wutar lantarki ". <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Caircross |first1=Richard |title=Longitudinal Study of Wastewater Greases and Their Potential for the Production of Biofuels |journal=Energy and Fuels |date=1 January 2018 |volume=32 |page= |pages= |doi=10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03550 |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b03550 |access-date=25 February 2022}}</ref> <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.eesi.org/files/eesi_msw_issuebrief_072109.pdf|title=Environmental and Energy Study Institute Issue Brief|access-date=2022-04-05|archive-date=2011-07-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717133402/http://www.eesi.org/files/eesi_msw_issuebrief_072109.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2020-10-01|title=Economic analysis of waste-to-energy investment in the Philippines: A real options approach|journal=Applied Energy|language=en|volume=275|pages=115265|doi=10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.115265|issn=0306-2619|doi-access=free|last1=Agaton|first1=Casper Boongaling|last2=Guno|first2=Charmaine Samala|last3=Villanueva|first3=Resy Ordona|last4=Villanueva|first4=Riza Ordona}}</ref> <ref></ref> The EPA noted these improvements in 2003, citing waste-to-energy as a power source "with less environmental impact than almost any other source of [[electricity]]".<ref>[http://www.wte.org/userfiles/file/epaletter.pdf U.S. EPA Letter to Maria Zannes, President, Integrated Waste Services Association] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928085741/http://www.wte.org/userfiles/file/epaletter.pdf |date=2011-09-28 }}</ref> == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Category: Sharar gida * Garbology (nazarin sharar zamani da shara) * Jerin gajerun sarrafa shara * MSW/LFG (sharar gida da iskar gas ) * Methanol man #Tarihi da samarwa * Najasa * Gudanar da sharar gida * Rage sharar gida * Kasuwancin sharar duniya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   *   [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Datti]] [[Category:America]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7gar1176oghrd5k8o9onpclca7c22gx 0 29841 914947 684416 2026-09-02T16:13:15Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914947 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Valleyofdrums.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Valley of Drums, wurin sharar gida mai guba a cikin Kentucky, Amurka, 1980.]] '''Sharar gida mai guba,''' ita ce duk wani abun da ba a so ta kowane nau'i wanda zai iya haifar da lahani ko Illa, (misali ta hanyar shaka, hadiye, ko sha ta cikin fata)<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/search?q=Sharar+gida+mai+ha%C9%97ari</ref>. Yawancin kayayyakin gida na yau kamar su talabijin, kwamfuta da wayoyi suna ɗauke da [[Sinadarin shara|sinadarai]] masu guba waɗanda za su iya gurɓata iska da gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa. Zubar da irin wannan sharar matsala ce babba ga [[Lafiyar muhalli|lafiyar]] al'umma. == Rarraba abubuwa masu guba == Kayayyaki masu guba sune samfuran guba sakamakon masana'antu kamar masana'antu, noma, gini, motoci, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da asibitoci waɗanda zasu iya ƙunsar ƙarfe mai nauyi, radiation, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ko wasu gubobi. Sharar gida mai guba ta zama mafi yawa tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yana haifar da manyan batutuwan duniya. Zubar da irin wannan sharar ya zama mafi mahimmanci tare da ƙarin ci gaban fasaha da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan sinadarai masu guba. Kayayyaki irin su wayar salula, kwamfuta, talabijin, da na'urorin hasken rana sun ƙunshi sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya cutar da muhalli idan ba a zubar da su yadda ya kamata ba don hana gurɓacewar iska da gurɓatar ƙasa da ruwa. Ana ɗaukar abu mai guba lokacin da yake haifar da mutuwa ko lahani ta hanyar shaƙa, hadiye, ko sha ta cikin fata Ko Wani nau'in jiki. Sharar gida na iya ƙunsar sinadarai, ƙarfe masu nauyi, radiation, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ko wasu gubobi<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-59907794.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17535185167992&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Frahotanni-59907794</ref>. Hatta gidaje suna haifar [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|da datti mai haɗari]] daga abubuwa kamar batura, kayan aikin kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da su, da ragowar fenti ko magungunan kashe qwari. Abu mai guba na iya zama ko dai na ɗan adam kuma wasu suna faruwa ta halitta a cikin muhalli. Ba duk abubuwa masu haɗari ba ne ake ɗaukar masu guba. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta gano wasu muhimman abubuwa kimanin guda 11 da ke kawo hadari ga lafiyar dan Adam: * '''Arsenic :''' ana amfani da shi wajen yin da'irori na lantarki, a matsayin sinadari a cikin magungunan kashe qwari, kuma azaman mai kiyaye itace . An rarraba shi azaman carcinogen . * '''Asbestos :''' wani abu ne da aka taɓa amfani da shi don rufe gine-gine, kuma har yanzu wasu kasuwancin suna amfani da wannan kayan don kera kayan rufi da birki . Shakar asbestos fibers na iya haifar da ciwon huhu da asbestosis . * '''Cadmium :''' ana samunsa a cikin batura da robobi . Ana iya shakar ta ta hanyar hayakin sigari, ko kuma a narkar da shi idan an haɗa shi azaman launi a cikin abinci . Bayyanawa yana haifar da lalacewar huhu, fushi na tsarin narkewa, da cutar koda . * '''Chromium :''' ana amfani da shi azaman rufin bulo don murhun masana'antu masu zafin jiki, azaman ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da ake amfani da shi don yin ƙarfe, kuma a cikin plating na chrome, dyes da pigments, adana itace, da tanning fata . An san yana haifar da ciwon daji, kuma tsawon lokaci yana iya haifar da mashako mai tsanani da kuma lalata ƙwayar huhu. * '''Sharar gida :''' irin su sirinji da kwalabe na magani na iya yada ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka iri-iri. * '''Cyanide :''' guba da ake samu a wasu magungunan kashe qwari da rodenticides . A cikin manya-manyan allurai zai iya haifar da gurguzu, girgiza, da damuwa na numfashi. * '''Gubar :''' ana samunsa a cikin batura, fenti, da harsashi . Lokacin da aka sha ko shaka na iya haifar da lahani ga tsarin juyayi da tsarin haihuwa, da koda. * '''Mercury :''' Ana amfani da shi don cika hakori da batura. Ana kuma amfani dashi wajen samar da iskar chlorine . Bayyanar cututtuka na iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa da lalacewar koda da kwakwalwa * '''PCBs''', ko polychlorinated biphenyls, ana amfani da su a yawancin tsarin masana'antu, ta masana'antar mai amfani, da kuma a cikin fenti da masu rufewa . Lalacewa na iya faruwa ta hanyar fallasa, yana shafar tsarin juyayi, haifuwa, da tsarin rigakafi, da hanta. * '''POPs''', masu gurɓatawar kwayoyin halitta . Ana samun su a cikin sinadarai da magungunan kashe qwari, kuma suna iya haifar da lahani mai juyayi da tsarin haihuwa. Za su iya tarawa a cikin sarkar abinci ko kuma su dawwama a cikin muhalli kuma a motsa su da nisa cikin yanayi. * '''Ƙarfin acid da alkalis da''' ake amfani da su a masana'antu da samar da masana'antu. Suna iya lalata nama kuma su haifar da lahani na ciki ga jiki. Mafi yawan sharar gida mai guba da haɗari su ne samfuran [[Datti da sharar gida|gida]] a cikin gidajen yau da kullun waɗanda ba a zubar da su ba daidai ba kamar tsoffin batura, magungunan kashe qwari, fenti, da man mota. Sharar gida mai guba na iya zama mai kunnawa, kunnawa, da lalata. A cikin Amurka, ana tsara waɗannan sharar gida a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare albarkatun da farfaɗowa (RCRA). * Sharar da aka yi amfani da su su ne waɗanda za su iya haifar da fashewa lokacin zafi, gauraye da ruwa ko matsawa. Suna iya sakin iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska. Ba su da kwanciyar hankali ko da a yanayin al'ada. Misali shine baturan lithium-sulfur . * Sharar da ba za a iya kunna wuta ba suna da wuraren walƙiya na ƙasa da ma'aunin Celsius 60. Suna iya ƙonewa sosai kuma suna iya haifar da gobara. Misalai su ne masu kaushi da mai. * Lalata sharar gida ruwa ne masu iya lalata kwantena na ƙarfe. Waɗannan su ne acid ko tushe waɗanda ke da matakan pH na ƙasa da ko daidai da 2, ko mafi girma ko daidai da 12.5. Misali shine acid acid . Tare da karuwar fasaha a duniya, an sami karin abubuwa da ake kira masu guba da cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ci gaban fasaha a wannan ƙimar yana da matuƙar ban tsoro ga wayewa kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin lahani / sakamako mara kyau. Wasu daga cikin wannan fasaha sun haɗa da wayoyin hannu da kwamfutoci. Irin waɗannan abubuwan an ba su sunan e-waste ko EEE, wanda ke tsaye ga Kayan Wutar Lantarki da Lantarki. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan kalmar don kayayyaki kamar firiji, kayan wasan yara, da injin wanki. Waɗannan abubuwa na iya ƙunsar abubuwa masu guba waɗanda za su iya rushe tsarin ruwa lokacin da aka jefar da su. Rage farashin waɗannan kayayyaki ya ba da damar rarraba waɗannan kayayyaki a duniya ba tare da tunani ko la'akari da sarrafa kayan da zarar sun yi tasiri ko karya ba. A cikin ƙasar Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) da hukumomin muhalli na jihohi suna haɓaka da aiwatar da ka'idoji kan ajiya, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. EPA na buƙatar a kula da sharar mai guba tare da taka tsantsan na musamman kuma a zubar da su a wuraren da aka keɓe a cikin ƙasar. Har ila yau, yawancin biranen Amurka suna da kwanakin tattarawa inda ake tattara sharar gida mai guba. Wasu kayan da ƙila ba za a karɓa ba a wuraren sharar gida na yau da kullun sune harsashi, sharar da aka samar da kasuwanci, abubuwa masu fashewa/ firgita, [[allura]] / sirinji, sharar magani, kayan rediyo, da gano hayaki. == Tasirin lafiya == Sharar gida mai guba sau da yawa suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogen, kuma fallasa ga waɗannan ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar yayyafawa ko ƙafewa daga ma'ajiya, yana haifar da cutar kansa a ƙara yawan mutane da aka fallasa. Misali, an gano wani gungu na cutar kansar jini da ba kasafai ake samun cutar sankara ba a kusa da wurin zubar da shara mai guba a arewa maso gabashin Pennsylvania a shekara ta 2008. Jaridar Human & Ecological Risk Assessment Journal ta gudanar da wani bincike da ya mayar da hankali kan lafiyar mutanen da ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] don ganin ko hakan zai yi illa kamar zama kusa da matsugunan kasa masu hadari. Sun gudanar da bincike na tsawon shekaru a ƙalla bakwai (7) wanda aka gwada musamman don nau'ikan cutar kansa guda 18 don ganin ko mahalartan suna da ƙimar girma fiye da waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a kusa da wuraren shara. Sun gudanar da wannan binciken ne a yammacin Massachusetts a cikin radius mai nisan mil 1 na yankin North Hampton Landfill. Mutane suna saduwa da waɗannan gubar da aka binne a ƙasa, a cikin magudanar ruwa, a cikin ruwan ƙasa da ke ba da ruwan sha, ko kuma a cikin ruwan ambaliya, kamar yadda ya faru bayan guguwar Katrina. Wasu guba, irin su mercury, suna dawwama a cikin muhalli kuma suna taruwa. Sakamakon tarin tarin mercury a cikin ruwa mai dadi da na ruwa, kifayen kifaye sune muhimmin tushen mercury a cikin abincin mutum da na dabba. <ref name="environment.nationalgeographic.com">"Toxic Waste." National Geographic. National Geographic, 2010. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/toxic-waste-overview.html.</ref> Sharar gida mai guba." National Geographic. National Geographic, 2010. Yanar Gizo. Afrilu 26, shekarata 2010. == Gudanarwa da zubarwa == Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da kayan yau da kullun masu guba shine yadda ake zubar da shi yadda ya kamata. Kafin zartar da dokokin muhalli na zamani (a cikin Amurka, wannan ya kasance a cikin shekarar 1970s), ya kasance doka don zubar da irin wannan sharar gida cikin rafuka, koguna da tekuna, ko binne shi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren share ƙasa]] . Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabta ta Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1972, da RCRA, da aka kafa a 1976, sun ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye na ƙasa baki ɗaya don daidaitawa da zubar da sharar gida masu haɗari. Masana'antar noma tana amfani da fiye da ton 800,000 na maganin kashe kwari a duk duniya a duk shekara wanda ke gurɓata ƙasa, kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda zai iya gurɓata ruwan sha. Teku kuma na iya gurɓata daga guguwar ruwa na waɗannan sinadarai kuma. Sharar gida mai guba a cikin nau'in man fetur na iya ko dai ya kwarara cikin tekuna daga ruwan bututu ko manyan jiragen ruwa,DA wasu abubuwan makamantan Hakan, amma kuma yana iya shiga cikin tekun daga 'yan kasa na yau da kullum suna zubar da man mota a cikin magudanar ruwan sama. Zubarwa shine sanya sharar gida ko a cikin ƙasa. Yawanci ana tsara wuraren zubar da shara don ɗaukar sharar har abada da kuma hana fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu cutarwa ga muhalli.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}} Mafi yawan al'adar zubar da shara mai haɗari shine sanyawa a cikin sashin jujjuya ƙasa kamar wurin zubar da ƙasa, tarkacen ƙasa, tari, sashin kula da ƙasa, ko rijiyar allura. Zubar da ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin buƙatu ƙarƙashin Shirin Ƙuntataccen zubar da ƙasa na EPA. Ana sarrafa rijiyoyin allura a ƙarƙashin shirin Kula da allurar ƙarƙashin ƙasa na tarayya. Ana iya lalata dattin halitta ta hanyar ƙonewa a yanayin zafi mai zafi. Koyaya, idan sharar ta ƙunshi ƙarfe mai nauyi ko isotopes na rediyoaktif, dole ne a ware waɗannan kuma a adana su, saboda ba za a iya lalata su ba. Hanyar ajiya za ta nemi hana abubuwan da ke cikin sharar gida mai guba, mai yiyuwa ta hanyar ajiya a cikin kwantena da aka rufe, haɗawa a cikin tsayayyen matsakaici kamar gilashi ko cakuda siminti, ko binne a ƙarƙashin hular yumɓu mai yuwuwa. Masu jigilar sharar gida da wuraren sharar gida na iya cajin kudade; saboda haka, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin da ba daidai ba na zubarwa don guje wa biyan waɗannan kudade. Inda aka tsara yadda ake tafiyar da sharar guba, zubar da sharar mai guba ba daidai ba na iya zama tarar tara <ref name="environment.nationalgeographic.com"/> ko kuma zaman gidan yari. Wuraren binne ga sharar gida mai guba da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ana iya amfani da su azaman kore ko sake haɓakawa don amfanin kasuwanci ko masana'antu dama Ma'adanai. === Tarihin ka'idojin sharar guba na Amurka === RCRA tana mulkin tsara, sufuri, jiyya, ajiya, da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. Dokar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba (TSCA), wacce kuma aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1976, ta ba da izini ga EPA don tattara bayanai kan duk sabbin abubuwa masu sinadarai da ake da su, da kuma sarrafa duk wani abu da aka ƙaddara don haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana ga lafiyar jama'a ko muhalli. Dokar Superfund, wacce aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1980, ta ƙirƙiri shirin tsaftacewa don wuraren sharar da aka yi watsi da su ko marasa sarrafa su. An daɗe ana gwabzawa tsakanin al'ummomi da masana muhalli tare da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni game da tsantsa da kuma yadda aka rubuta ƙa'idodi da dokoki da kuma aiwatar da su. Yaƙin ya fara ne a Arewacin Carolina a ƙarshen lokacin rani na shekarata 1979, yayin da ake aiwatar da ka'idodin TSCA na EPA. A Arewacin Carolina, da gangan PCB - gurɓataccen mai an diga akan manyan titunan karkarar Piedmont, wanda ya haifar da mafi girma na PCB a tarihin Amurka da rikicin lafiyar jama'a wanda zai haifar da sakamako ga tsararraki masu zuwa. An tattara kayan gurɓataccen abu na PCB kuma an binne shi a cikin wani yanki na Warren County, amma 'yan adawar 'yan ƙasa, ciki har da manyan zanga-zangar jama'a, sun fallasa haɗarin sharar gida mai guba, rashin kuskuren wuraren da ake amfani da su a lokacin amfani da su, da kuma dokokin EPA da ke ba da izinin gina wuraren da aka gina. a gefe, amma a siyasance m shafukan. Jama'ar gundumar Warren sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙa'idodin zubar da shara mai guba sun dogara ne akan ainihin zato cewa busasshen kabari na EPA na ra'ayi zai ƙunshi sharar mai guba. Wannan zato ya sanar da wurin wuraren zubar da shara mai guba da kuma watsi da ƙa'idodin da aka haɗa a cikin ''Rijistar Tarayya'' ta EPA. Alal misali, a cikin shekarata 1978, tushen babban sharar gida mai guba ba zai iya zama kusa da ƙafa biyar daga ruwan karkashin kasa ba, amma wannan tsari da sauran za a iya yafe. Haɓaka ƙa'idar game da nisa tsakanin tushe na shara mai guba da ruwan ƙasa ya ba da damar tushe ya zama ƙafa ɗaya kawai a saman ruwan ƙasa idan mai / mai gudanar da ginin zai iya nunawa ma'aikacin yankin EPA cewa tsarin tattara leachat zai iya. a shigar da kuma cewa ba za a sami haɗin ruwa tsakanin tushe na ƙasƙanci da ruwan ƙasa ba. 'Yan kasar sun yi zargin cewa watsi da ka'idojin wurin zama wata hanya ce ta nuna wariya da ke taimakawa wajen sauya sheka daga kimiyya zuwa la'akari da siyasa game da yanke shawara da kuma cewa a Kudancin wannan yana nufin nuna wariya ga wuraren kula da sharar gida masu haɗari a cikin talakawa baƙar fata da sauran tsirarun al'ummomin. Sun kuma bayar da hujjar cewa yarjejeniya ta kimiyya ita ce ba za a iya tabbatar da kamewa ta dindindin ba. Yayin da aka ci gaba da jure harabar wurin ajiyar PCB a gundumar Warren kuma bincike ya nuna cewa EPA busasshen busasshen kabari ya gaza, EPA ta bayyana a cikin ''Rijistar ta Tarayya'' cewa duk abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa za su yoyo a ƙarshe kuma yakamata a yi amfani da su azaman ma'auni kawai. Shekaru da yawa na bincike da ƙwaƙƙwaran ilimin gazawar Warren County PCB mai cike da ƙasa ya sa 'yan ƙasar Warren County su kammala cewa ƙirar busasshen kabari na EPA da ƙa'idodin da ke tafiyar da zubar da shara mai guba da haɗari ba su dogara ne akan ingantaccen kimiyya da isasshiyar fasaha ba. Jama'ar Warren County sun kuma yanke shawarar cewa ''Dokar Kula da Sharar gida ta shekarar 1981'' ta Arewacin Carolina ba a yarda da ita a kimiyance da tsarin mulki ba saboda ta ba da izinin sanya wuraren sharar gida mai guba, masu haɗari da [[makaman nukiliya]] kafin sauraron jama'a, ta ba da izini ga ikon yanki kan wurin wuraren, kuma ta ba da izinin yin amfani da kayan aikin. tilastawa idan an buƙace ta. Bayan zanga-zangar Warren County, 1984 Babban Haɗaɗɗiyar Tarayya da Ƙaƙƙarfan gyare-gyare ga Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa ta mayar da hankali kan rage sharar gida da kawar da zubar da sharar ƙasa da kuma matakin gyara don fitar da abubuwa masu haɗari. Sauran matakan da aka haɗa a cikin gyare-gyaren a shekarata 1984 sun haɗa da ƙarin ikon tilasta wa EPA, ƙarin ƙa'idodin sarrafa shara masu haɗari, da cikakken shirin tankin ajiyar ƙasa. Zubar da shara mai guba na ci gaba da zama tushen rikici a Amurka Saboda hatsarorin da ke tattare da sarrafa shara da zubar da guba, al'ummomi sukan ki amincewa da wurin zubar da shara mai guba da sauran wuraren sarrafa shara; duk da haka, tantance inda da kuma yadda za a zubar da sharar wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki da muhalli. Batun kula da sharar guba ya zama matsala a duniya yayin da cinikayyar kasa da kasa ta taso daga karuwar abubuwan guba da ake samarwa tare da mika su zuwa kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba. A cikin 1995, Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta fara lura da yadda ake zubar da barasa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta ba da Wakilin Musamman don yin nazari game da batun 'yancin ɗan adam game da wannan batu (Hukumar a cikin shekarun 1995/81). A cikin watan Satumban shekarata 2011, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta yanke shawarar ƙarfafa wa'adin na haɗa dukkan tsarin rayuwa na kayayyaki masu haɗari tun daga masana'anta zuwa makoma ta ƙarshe (aka jariri zuwa kabari ), sabanin motsi kawai da zubar da sharar gida. An canza taken mai ba da rahoto na musamman zuwa "Mai rahoto na musamman kan abubuwan da ke tattare da haƙƙin ɗan adam na kula da ingantaccen muhalli da zubar da abubuwa masu haɗari da sharar gida." (Human Rights Council 18/11). Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta kara tsawaita wa'adin aikinta tun daga watan Satumbar 2012 saboda sakamakon illolin da ke tattare da hatsarin da ke faruwa ga mutanen da ke ba da shawarar kyawawan dabi'u game da tsarawa, gudanarwa, sarrafawa, rarrabawa da zubar da abubuwa masu haɗari da masu guba don haɗawa da su. batun kare kare hakkin dan Adam na muhalli. === Taswirar datti mai guba a cikin Amurka === TOXMAP tsarin bayanan yanki ne (GIS) daga Sashen Sabis na Sabis na Musamman na Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) wacce ta yi amfani da taswirar Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanan gani daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. 's (EPA) Superfund da Shirye-shiryen Sakin Kayan Kayan Kayan Kwai . An samo bayanan sinadarai da lafiyar muhalli daga NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) da PubMed, kuma daga wasu tushe masu iko. Gwamnatin Trump ta cire bayanan daga intanet a cikin Disamba shekarata 2019. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Jerin rukunin yanar gizo na Superfund a cikin Amurka * Gurbacewa * Sharar rediyo * Gyaran muhalli * Agent Orange * Red laka, wani caustic ta hanyar samar da alumina * Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli * zubar da muhalli * Mulkin mallaka mai guba == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == == Manazarta == * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/05list.html Bayani kan sharar gida mai guba daga CDC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214181250/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/05list.html |date=2006-02-14 }} * [http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/ TOXMAP: Maps e-maps na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli daga Laburaren Magunguna na Amurka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215050104/https://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/ |date=2019-12-15 }} * [http://www.gconciencia.com/24051 Sharar gida mai guba Dokokin Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011953/http://www.gconciencia.com/24051/ |date=2022-01-17 }} [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] g2kjkz8l5gxppz838wwhsx0iftb1a14 914948 914947 2026-09-02T16:13:41Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Valleyofdrums.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Valley of Drums, wurin sharar gida mai guba a cikin Kentucky, Amurka, 1980.]] '''Sharar gida mai guba,''' ita ce duk wani abun da ba a so ta kowane nau'i wanda zai iya haifar da lahani ko Illa, (misali ta hanyar shaka, hadiye, ko sha ta cikin fata)<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/search?q=Sharar+gida+mai+ha%C9%97ari</ref>. Yawancin kayayyakin gida na yau kamar su talabijin, kwamfuta da wayoyi suna ɗauke da [[Sinadarin shara|sinadarai]] masu guba waɗanda za su iya gurɓata iska da gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa. Zubar da irin wannan sharar matsala ce babba ga [[Lafiyar muhalli|lafiyar]] al'umma. == Rarraba abubuwa masu guba == Kayayyaki masu guba sune samfuran guba sakamakon masana'antu kamar masana'antu, noma, gini, motoci, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da asibitoci waɗanda zasu iya ƙunsar ƙarfe mai nauyi, radiation, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ko wasu gubobi. Sharar gida mai guba ta zama mafi yawa tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yana haifar da manyan batutuwan duniya. Zubar da irin wannan sharar ya zama mafi mahimmanci tare da ƙarin ci gaban fasaha da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan sinadarai masu guba. Kayayyaki irin su wayar salula, kwamfuta, talabijin, da na'urorin hasken rana sun ƙunshi sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya cutar da muhalli idan ba a zubar da su yadda ya kamata ba don hana gurɓacewar iska da gurɓatar ƙasa da ruwa. Ana ɗaukar abu mai guba lokacin da yake haifar da mutuwa ko lahani ta hanyar shaƙa, hadiye, ko sha ta cikin fata Ko Wani nau'in jiki. Sharar gida na iya ƙunsar sinadarai, ƙarfe masu nauyi, radiation, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ko wasu gubobi<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-59907794.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17535185167992&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Frahotanni-59907794</ref>. Hatta gidaje suna haifar [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|da datti mai haɗari]] daga abubuwa kamar batura, kayan aikin kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da su, da ragowar fenti ko magungunan kashe qwari. Abu mai guba na iya zama ko dai na ɗan adam kuma wasu suna faruwa ta halitta a cikin muhalli. Ba duk abubuwa masu haɗari ba ne ake ɗaukar masu guba. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta gano wasu muhimman abubuwa kimanin guda 11 da ke kawo hadari ga lafiyar dan Adam: * '''Arsenic :''' ana amfani da shi wajen yin da'irori na lantarki, a matsayin sinadari a cikin magungunan kashe qwari, kuma azaman mai kiyaye itace . An rarraba shi azaman carcinogen . * '''Asbestos :''' wani abu ne da aka taɓa amfani da shi don rufe gine-gine, kuma har yanzu wasu kasuwancin suna amfani da wannan kayan don kera kayan rufi da birki . Shakar asbestos fibers na iya haifar da ciwon huhu da asbestosis . * '''Cadmium :''' ana samunsa a cikin batura da robobi . Ana iya shakar ta ta hanyar hayakin sigari, ko kuma a narkar da shi idan an haɗa shi azaman launi a cikin abinci . Bayyanawa yana haifar da lalacewar huhu, fushi na tsarin narkewa, da cutar koda . * '''Chromium :''' ana amfani da shi azaman rufin bulo don murhun masana'antu masu zafin jiki, azaman ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da ake amfani da shi don yin ƙarfe, kuma a cikin plating na chrome, dyes da pigments, adana itace, da tanning fata . An san yana haifar da ciwon daji, kuma tsawon lokaci yana iya haifar da mashako mai tsanani da kuma lalata ƙwayar huhu. * '''Sharar gida :''' irin su sirinji da kwalabe na magani na iya yada ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka iri-iri. * '''Cyanide :''' guba da ake samu a wasu magungunan kashe qwari da rodenticides . A cikin manya-manyan allurai zai iya haifar da gurguzu, girgiza, da damuwa na numfashi. * '''Gubar :''' ana samunsa a cikin batura, fenti, da harsashi . Lokacin da aka sha ko shaka na iya haifar da lahani ga tsarin juyayi da tsarin haihuwa, da koda. * '''Mercury :''' Ana amfani da shi don cika hakori da batura. Ana kuma amfani dashi wajen samar da iskar chlorine . Bayyanar cututtuka na iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa da lalacewar koda da kwakwalwa * '''PCBs''', ko polychlorinated biphenyls, ana amfani da su a yawancin tsarin masana'antu, ta masana'antar mai amfani, da kuma a cikin fenti da masu rufewa . Lalacewa na iya faruwa ta hanyar fallasa, yana shafar tsarin juyayi, haifuwa, da tsarin rigakafi, da hanta. * '''POPs''', masu gurɓatawar kwayoyin halitta . Ana samun su a cikin sinadarai da magungunan kashe qwari, kuma suna iya haifar da lahani mai juyayi da tsarin haihuwa. Za su iya tarawa a cikin sarkar abinci ko kuma su dawwama a cikin muhalli kuma a motsa su da nisa cikin yanayi. * '''Ƙarfin acid da alkalis da''' ake amfani da su a masana'antu da samar da masana'antu. Suna iya lalata nama kuma su haifar da lahani na ciki ga jiki. Mafi yawan sharar gida mai guba da haɗari su ne samfuran [[Datti da sharar gida|gida]] a cikin gidajen yau da kullun waɗanda ba a zubar da su ba daidai ba kamar tsoffin batura, magungunan kashe qwari, fenti, da man mota. Sharar gida mai guba na iya zama mai kunnawa, kunnawa, da lalata. A cikin ƙasar Amurka, ana tsara waɗannan sharar gida a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare albarkatun da farfaɗowa (RCRA). * Sharar da aka yi amfani da su su ne waɗanda za su iya haifar da fashewa lokacin zafi, gauraye da ruwa ko matsawa. Suna iya sakin iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska. Ba su da kwanciyar hankali ko da a yanayin al'ada. Misali shine baturan lithium-sulfur . * Sharar da ba za a iya kunna wuta ba suna da wuraren walƙiya na ƙasa da ma'aunin Celsius 60. Suna iya ƙonewa sosai kuma suna iya haifar da gobara. Misalai su ne masu kaushi da mai. * Lalata sharar gida ruwa ne masu iya lalata kwantena na ƙarfe. Waɗannan su ne acid ko tushe waɗanda ke da matakan pH na ƙasa da ko daidai da 2, ko mafi girma ko daidai da 12.5. Misali shine acid acid . Tare da karuwar fasaha a duniya, an sami karin abubuwa da ake kira masu guba da cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ci gaban fasaha a wannan ƙimar yana da matuƙar ban tsoro ga wayewa kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin lahani / sakamako mara kyau. Wasu daga cikin wannan fasaha sun haɗa da wayoyin hannu da kwamfutoci. Irin waɗannan abubuwan an ba su sunan e-waste ko EEE, wanda ke tsaye ga Kayan Wutar Lantarki da Lantarki. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan kalmar don kayayyaki kamar firiji, kayan wasan yara, da injin wanki. Waɗannan abubuwa na iya ƙunsar abubuwa masu guba waɗanda za su iya rushe tsarin ruwa lokacin da aka jefar da su. Rage farashin waɗannan kayayyaki ya ba da damar rarraba waɗannan kayayyaki a duniya ba tare da tunani ko la'akari da sarrafa kayan da zarar sun yi tasiri ko karya ba. A cikin ƙasar Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) da hukumomin muhalli na jihohi suna haɓaka da aiwatar da ka'idoji kan ajiya, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. EPA na buƙatar a kula da sharar mai guba tare da taka tsantsan na musamman kuma a zubar da su a wuraren da aka keɓe a cikin ƙasar. Har ila yau, yawancin biranen Amurka suna da kwanakin tattarawa inda ake tattara sharar gida mai guba. Wasu kayan da ƙila ba za a karɓa ba a wuraren sharar gida na yau da kullun sune harsashi, sharar da aka samar da kasuwanci, abubuwa masu fashewa/ firgita, [[allura]] / sirinji, sharar magani, kayan rediyo, da gano hayaki. == Tasirin lafiya == Sharar gida mai guba sau da yawa suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogen, kuma fallasa ga waɗannan ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar yayyafawa ko ƙafewa daga ma'ajiya, yana haifar da cutar kansa a ƙara yawan mutane da aka fallasa. Misali, an gano wani gungu na cutar kansar jini da ba kasafai ake samun cutar sankara ba a kusa da wurin zubar da shara mai guba a arewa maso gabashin Pennsylvania a shekara ta 2008. Jaridar Human & Ecological Risk Assessment Journal ta gudanar da wani bincike da ya mayar da hankali kan lafiyar mutanen da ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] don ganin ko hakan zai yi illa kamar zama kusa da matsugunan kasa masu hadari. Sun gudanar da bincike na tsawon shekaru a ƙalla bakwai (7) wanda aka gwada musamman don nau'ikan cutar kansa guda 18 don ganin ko mahalartan suna da ƙimar girma fiye da waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a kusa da wuraren shara. Sun gudanar da wannan binciken ne a yammacin Massachusetts a cikin radius mai nisan mil 1 na yankin North Hampton Landfill. Mutane suna saduwa da waɗannan gubar da aka binne a ƙasa, a cikin magudanar ruwa, a cikin ruwan ƙasa da ke ba da ruwan sha, ko kuma a cikin ruwan ambaliya, kamar yadda ya faru bayan guguwar Katrina. Wasu guba, irin su mercury, suna dawwama a cikin muhalli kuma suna taruwa. Sakamakon tarin tarin mercury a cikin ruwa mai dadi da na ruwa, kifayen kifaye sune muhimmin tushen mercury a cikin abincin mutum da na dabba. <ref name="environment.nationalgeographic.com">"Toxic Waste." National Geographic. National Geographic, 2010. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/toxic-waste-overview.html.</ref> Sharar gida mai guba." National Geographic. National Geographic, 2010. Yanar Gizo. Afrilu 26, shekarata 2010. == Gudanarwa da zubarwa == Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da kayan yau da kullun masu guba shine yadda ake zubar da shi yadda ya kamata. Kafin zartar da dokokin muhalli na zamani (a cikin Amurka, wannan ya kasance a cikin shekarar 1970s), ya kasance doka don zubar da irin wannan sharar gida cikin rafuka, koguna da tekuna, ko binne shi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren share ƙasa]] . Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabta ta Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1972, da RCRA, da aka kafa a 1976, sun ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye na ƙasa baki ɗaya don daidaitawa da zubar da sharar gida masu haɗari. Masana'antar noma tana amfani da fiye da ton 800,000 na maganin kashe kwari a duk duniya a duk shekara wanda ke gurɓata ƙasa, kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda zai iya gurɓata ruwan sha. Teku kuma na iya gurɓata daga guguwar ruwa na waɗannan sinadarai kuma. Sharar gida mai guba a cikin nau'in man fetur na iya ko dai ya kwarara cikin tekuna daga ruwan bututu ko manyan jiragen ruwa,DA wasu abubuwan makamantan Hakan, amma kuma yana iya shiga cikin tekun daga 'yan kasa na yau da kullum suna zubar da man mota a cikin magudanar ruwan sama. Zubarwa shine sanya sharar gida ko a cikin ƙasa. Yawanci ana tsara wuraren zubar da shara don ɗaukar sharar har abada da kuma hana fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu cutarwa ga muhalli.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}} Mafi yawan al'adar zubar da shara mai haɗari shine sanyawa a cikin sashin jujjuya ƙasa kamar wurin zubar da ƙasa, tarkacen ƙasa, tari, sashin kula da ƙasa, ko rijiyar allura. Zubar da ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin buƙatu ƙarƙashin Shirin Ƙuntataccen zubar da ƙasa na EPA. Ana sarrafa rijiyoyin allura a ƙarƙashin shirin Kula da allurar ƙarƙashin ƙasa na tarayya. Ana iya lalata dattin halitta ta hanyar ƙonewa a yanayin zafi mai zafi. Koyaya, idan sharar ta ƙunshi ƙarfe mai nauyi ko isotopes na rediyoaktif, dole ne a ware waɗannan kuma a adana su, saboda ba za a iya lalata su ba. Hanyar ajiya za ta nemi hana abubuwan da ke cikin sharar gida mai guba, mai yiyuwa ta hanyar ajiya a cikin kwantena da aka rufe, haɗawa a cikin tsayayyen matsakaici kamar gilashi ko cakuda siminti, ko binne a ƙarƙashin hular yumɓu mai yuwuwa. Masu jigilar sharar gida da wuraren sharar gida na iya cajin kudade; saboda haka, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin da ba daidai ba na zubarwa don guje wa biyan waɗannan kudade. Inda aka tsara yadda ake tafiyar da sharar guba, zubar da sharar mai guba ba daidai ba na iya zama tarar tara <ref name="environment.nationalgeographic.com"/> ko kuma zaman gidan yari. Wuraren binne ga sharar gida mai guba da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ana iya amfani da su azaman kore ko sake haɓakawa don amfanin kasuwanci ko masana'antu dama Ma'adanai. === Tarihin ka'idojin sharar guba na Amurka === RCRA tana mulkin tsara, sufuri, jiyya, ajiya, da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. Dokar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba (TSCA), wacce kuma aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1976, ta ba da izini ga EPA don tattara bayanai kan duk sabbin abubuwa masu sinadarai da ake da su, da kuma sarrafa duk wani abu da aka ƙaddara don haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana ga lafiyar jama'a ko muhalli. Dokar Superfund, wacce aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1980, ta ƙirƙiri shirin tsaftacewa don wuraren sharar da aka yi watsi da su ko marasa sarrafa su. An daɗe ana gwabzawa tsakanin al'ummomi da masana muhalli tare da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni game da tsantsa da kuma yadda aka rubuta ƙa'idodi da dokoki da kuma aiwatar da su. Yaƙin ya fara ne a Arewacin Carolina a ƙarshen lokacin rani na shekarata 1979, yayin da ake aiwatar da ka'idodin TSCA na EPA. A Arewacin Carolina, da gangan PCB - gurɓataccen mai an diga akan manyan titunan karkarar Piedmont, wanda ya haifar da mafi girma na PCB a tarihin Amurka da rikicin lafiyar jama'a wanda zai haifar da sakamako ga tsararraki masu zuwa. An tattara kayan gurɓataccen abu na PCB kuma an binne shi a cikin wani yanki na Warren County, amma 'yan adawar 'yan ƙasa, ciki har da manyan zanga-zangar jama'a, sun fallasa haɗarin sharar gida mai guba, rashin kuskuren wuraren da ake amfani da su a lokacin amfani da su, da kuma dokokin EPA da ke ba da izinin gina wuraren da aka gina. a gefe, amma a siyasance m shafukan. Jama'ar gundumar Warren sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙa'idodin zubar da shara mai guba sun dogara ne akan ainihin zato cewa busasshen kabari na EPA na ra'ayi zai ƙunshi sharar mai guba. Wannan zato ya sanar da wurin wuraren zubar da shara mai guba da kuma watsi da ƙa'idodin da aka haɗa a cikin ''Rijistar Tarayya'' ta EPA. Alal misali, a cikin shekarata 1978, tushen babban sharar gida mai guba ba zai iya zama kusa da ƙafa biyar daga ruwan karkashin kasa ba, amma wannan tsari da sauran za a iya yafe. Haɓaka ƙa'idar game da nisa tsakanin tushe na shara mai guba da ruwan ƙasa ya ba da damar tushe ya zama ƙafa ɗaya kawai a saman ruwan ƙasa idan mai / mai gudanar da ginin zai iya nunawa ma'aikacin yankin EPA cewa tsarin tattara leachat zai iya. a shigar da kuma cewa ba za a sami haɗin ruwa tsakanin tushe na ƙasƙanci da ruwan ƙasa ba. 'Yan kasar sun yi zargin cewa watsi da ka'idojin wurin zama wata hanya ce ta nuna wariya da ke taimakawa wajen sauya sheka daga kimiyya zuwa la'akari da siyasa game da yanke shawara da kuma cewa a Kudancin wannan yana nufin nuna wariya ga wuraren kula da sharar gida masu haɗari a cikin talakawa baƙar fata da sauran tsirarun al'ummomin. Sun kuma bayar da hujjar cewa yarjejeniya ta kimiyya ita ce ba za a iya tabbatar da kamewa ta dindindin ba. Yayin da aka ci gaba da jure harabar wurin ajiyar PCB a gundumar Warren kuma bincike ya nuna cewa EPA busasshen busasshen kabari ya gaza, EPA ta bayyana a cikin ''Rijistar ta Tarayya'' cewa duk abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa za su yoyo a ƙarshe kuma yakamata a yi amfani da su azaman ma'auni kawai. Shekaru da yawa na bincike da ƙwaƙƙwaran ilimin gazawar Warren County PCB mai cike da ƙasa ya sa 'yan ƙasar Warren County su kammala cewa ƙirar busasshen kabari na EPA da ƙa'idodin da ke tafiyar da zubar da shara mai guba da haɗari ba su dogara ne akan ingantaccen kimiyya da isasshiyar fasaha ba. Jama'ar Warren County sun kuma yanke shawarar cewa ''Dokar Kula da Sharar gida ta shekarar 1981'' ta Arewacin Carolina ba a yarda da ita a kimiyance da tsarin mulki ba saboda ta ba da izinin sanya wuraren sharar gida mai guba, masu haɗari da [[makaman nukiliya]] kafin sauraron jama'a, ta ba da izini ga ikon yanki kan wurin wuraren, kuma ta ba da izinin yin amfani da kayan aikin. tilastawa idan an buƙace ta. Bayan zanga-zangar Warren County, 1984 Babban Haɗaɗɗiyar Tarayya da Ƙaƙƙarfan gyare-gyare ga Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa ta mayar da hankali kan rage sharar gida da kawar da zubar da sharar ƙasa da kuma matakin gyara don fitar da abubuwa masu haɗari. Sauran matakan da aka haɗa a cikin gyare-gyaren a shekarata 1984 sun haɗa da ƙarin ikon tilasta wa EPA, ƙarin ƙa'idodin sarrafa shara masu haɗari, da cikakken shirin tankin ajiyar ƙasa. Zubar da shara mai guba na ci gaba da zama tushen rikici a Amurka Saboda hatsarorin da ke tattare da sarrafa shara da zubar da guba, al'ummomi sukan ki amincewa da wurin zubar da shara mai guba da sauran wuraren sarrafa shara; duk da haka, tantance inda da kuma yadda za a zubar da sharar wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki da muhalli. Batun kula da sharar guba ya zama matsala a duniya yayin da cinikayyar kasa da kasa ta taso daga karuwar abubuwan guba da ake samarwa tare da mika su zuwa kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba. A cikin 1995, Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta fara lura da yadda ake zubar da barasa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta ba da Wakilin Musamman don yin nazari game da batun 'yancin ɗan adam game da wannan batu (Hukumar a cikin shekarun 1995/81). A cikin watan Satumban shekarata 2011, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta yanke shawarar ƙarfafa wa'adin na haɗa dukkan tsarin rayuwa na kayayyaki masu haɗari tun daga masana'anta zuwa makoma ta ƙarshe (aka jariri zuwa kabari ), sabanin motsi kawai da zubar da sharar gida. An canza taken mai ba da rahoto na musamman zuwa "Mai rahoto na musamman kan abubuwan da ke tattare da haƙƙin ɗan adam na kula da ingantaccen muhalli da zubar da abubuwa masu haɗari da sharar gida." (Human Rights Council 18/11). Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta kara tsawaita wa'adin aikinta tun daga watan Satumbar 2012 saboda sakamakon illolin da ke tattare da hatsarin da ke faruwa ga mutanen da ke ba da shawarar kyawawan dabi'u game da tsarawa, gudanarwa, sarrafawa, rarrabawa da zubar da abubuwa masu haɗari da masu guba don haɗawa da su. batun kare kare hakkin dan Adam na muhalli. === Taswirar datti mai guba a cikin Amurka === TOXMAP tsarin bayanan yanki ne (GIS) daga Sashen Sabis na Sabis na Musamman na Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) wacce ta yi amfani da taswirar Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanan gani daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. 's (EPA) Superfund da Shirye-shiryen Sakin Kayan Kayan Kayan Kwai . An samo bayanan sinadarai da lafiyar muhalli daga NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) da PubMed, kuma daga wasu tushe masu iko. Gwamnatin Trump ta cire bayanan daga intanet a cikin Disamba shekarata 2019. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Jerin rukunin yanar gizo na Superfund a cikin Amurka * Gurbacewa * Sharar rediyo * Gyaran muhalli * Agent Orange * Red laka, wani caustic ta hanyar samar da alumina * Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli * zubar da muhalli * Mulkin mallaka mai guba == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == == Manazarta == * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/05list.html Bayani kan sharar gida mai guba daga CDC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214181250/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/05list.html |date=2006-02-14 }} * [http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/ TOXMAP: Maps e-maps na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli daga Laburaren Magunguna na Amurka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215050104/https://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/ |date=2019-12-15 }} * [http://www.gconciencia.com/24051 Sharar gida mai guba Dokokin Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011953/http://www.gconciencia.com/24051/ |date=2022-01-17 }} [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bnd10qg8cc8b9ddbwn4znttj67pfm8g 914949 914948 2026-09-02T16:14:01Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Valleyofdrums.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Valley of Drums, wurin sharar gida mai guba a cikin Kentucky, Amurka, 1980.]] '''Sharar gida mai guba,''' ita ce duk wani abun da ba a so ta kowane nau'i wanda zai iya haifar da lahani ko Illa, (misali ta hanyar shaka, hadiye, ko sha ta cikin fata)<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/search?q=Sharar+gida+mai+ha%C9%97ari</ref>. Yawancin kayayyakin gida na yau kamar su talabijin, kwamfuta da wayoyi suna ɗauke da [[Sinadarin shara|sinadarai]] masu guba waɗanda za su iya gurɓata iska da gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa. Zubar da irin wannan sharar matsala ce babba ga [[Lafiyar muhalli|lafiyar]] al'umma. == Rarraba abubuwa masu guba == Kayayyaki masu guba sune samfuran guba sakamakon masana'antu kamar masana'antu, noma, gini, motoci, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da asibitoci waɗanda zasu iya ƙunsar ƙarfe mai nauyi, radiation, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ko wasu gubobi. Sharar gida mai guba ta zama mafi yawa tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yana haifar da manyan batutuwan duniya. Zubar da irin wannan sharar ya zama mafi mahimmanci tare da ƙarin ci gaban fasaha da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan sinadarai masu guba. Kayayyaki irin su wayar salula, kwamfuta, talabijin, da na'urorin hasken rana sun ƙunshi sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya cutar da muhalli idan ba a zubar da su yadda ya kamata ba don hana gurɓacewar iska da gurɓatar ƙasa da ruwa. Ana ɗaukar abu mai guba lokacin da yake haifar da mutuwa ko lahani ta hanyar shaƙa, hadiye, ko sha ta cikin fata Ko Wani nau'in jiki. Sharar gida na iya ƙunsar sinadarai, ƙarfe masu nauyi, radiation, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ko wasu gubobi<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-59907794.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17535185167992&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Frahotanni-59907794</ref>. Hatta gidaje suna haifar [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|da datti mai haɗari]] daga abubuwa kamar batura, kayan aikin kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da su, da ragowar fenti ko magungunan kashe qwari. Abu mai guba na iya zama ko dai na ɗan adam kuma wasu suna faruwa ta halitta a cikin muhalli. Ba duk abubuwa masu haɗari ba ne ake ɗaukar masu guba. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta gano wasu muhimman abubuwa kimanin guda 11 da ke kawo hadari ga lafiyar dan Adam: * '''Arsenic :''' ana amfani da shi wajen yin da'irori na lantarki, a matsayin sinadari a cikin magungunan kashe qwari, kuma azaman mai kiyaye itace . An rarraba shi azaman carcinogen . * '''Asbestos :''' wani abu ne da aka taɓa amfani da shi don rufe gine-gine, kuma har yanzu wasu kasuwancin suna amfani da wannan kayan don kera kayan rufi da birki . Shakar asbestos fibers na iya haifar da ciwon huhu da asbestosis . * '''Cadmium :''' ana samunsa a cikin batura da robobi . Ana iya shakar ta ta hanyar hayakin sigari, ko kuma a narkar da shi idan an haɗa shi azaman launi a cikin abinci . Bayyanawa yana haifar da lalacewar huhu, fushi na tsarin narkewa, da cutar koda . * '''Chromium :''' ana amfani da shi azaman rufin bulo don murhun masana'antu masu zafin jiki, azaman ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da ake amfani da shi don yin ƙarfe, kuma a cikin plating na chrome, dyes da pigments, adana itace, da tanning fata . An san yana haifar da ciwon daji, kuma tsawon lokaci yana iya haifar da mashako mai tsanani da kuma lalata ƙwayar huhu. * '''Sharar gida :''' irin su sirinji da kwalabe na magani na iya yada ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka iri-iri. * '''Cyanide :''' guba da ake samu a wasu magungunan kashe qwari da rodenticides . A cikin manya-manyan allurai zai iya haifar da gurguzu, girgiza, da damuwa na numfashi. * '''Gubar :''' ana samunsa a cikin batura, fenti, da harsashi . Lokacin da aka sha ko shaka na iya haifar da lahani ga tsarin juyayi da tsarin haihuwa, da koda. * '''Mercury :''' Ana amfani da shi don cika hakori da batura. Ana kuma amfani dashi wajen samar da iskar chlorine . Bayyanar cututtuka na iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa da lalacewar koda da kwakwalwa * '''PCBs''', ko polychlorinated biphenyls, ana amfani da su a yawancin tsarin masana'antu, ta masana'antar mai amfani, da kuma a cikin fenti da masu rufewa . Lalacewa na iya faruwa ta hanyar fallasa, yana shafar tsarin juyayi, haifuwa, da tsarin rigakafi, da hanta. * '''POPs''', masu gurɓatawar kwayoyin halitta . Ana samun su a cikin sinadarai da magungunan kashe qwari, kuma suna iya haifar da lahani mai juyayi da tsarin haihuwa. Za su iya tarawa a cikin sarkar abinci ko kuma su dawwama a cikin muhalli kuma a motsa su da nisa cikin yanayi. * '''Ƙarfin acid da alkalis da''' ake amfani da su a masana'antu da samar da masana'antu. Suna iya lalata nama kuma su haifar da lahani na ciki ga jiki. Mafi yawan sharar gida mai guba da haɗari su ne samfuran [[Datti da sharar gida|gida]] a cikin gidajen yau da kullun waɗanda ba a zubar da su ba daidai ba kamar tsoffin batura, magungunan kashe qwari, fenti, da man mota. Sharar gida mai guba na iya zama mai kunnawa, kunnawa, da lalata. A cikin ƙasar Amurka, ana tsara waɗannan sharar gida a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare albarkatun da farfaɗowa (RCRA). * Sharar da aka yi amfani da su su ne waɗanda za su iya haifar da fashewa lokacin zafi, gauraye da ruwa ko matsawa. Suna iya sakin iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska. Ba su da kwanciyar hankali ko da a yanayin al'ada. Misali shine baturan lithium-sulfur . * Sharar da ba za a iya kunna wuta ba suna da wuraren walƙiya na ƙasa da ma'aunin Celsius 60. Suna iya ƙonewa sosai kuma suna iya haifar da gobara. Misalai su ne masu kaushi da mai. * Lalata sharar gida ruwa ne masu iya lalata kwantena na ƙarfe. Waɗannan su ne acid ko tushe waɗanda ke da matakan pH na ƙasa da ko daidai da 2, ko mafi girma ko dai-dai da 12.5. Misali shine acid acid . Tare da karuwar fasaha a duniya, an sami karin abubuwa da ake kira masu guba da cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ci gaban fasaha a wannan ƙimar yana da matuƙar ban tsoro ga wayewa kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin lahani / sakamako mara kyau. Wasu daga cikin wannan fasaha sun haɗa da wayoyin hannu da kwamfutoci. Irin waɗannan abubuwan an ba su sunan e-waste ko EEE, wanda ke tsaye ga Kayan Wutar Lantarki da Lantarki. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan kalmar don kayayyaki kamar firiji, kayan wasan yara, da injin wanki. Waɗannan abubuwa na iya ƙunsar abubuwa masu guba waɗanda za su iya rushe tsarin ruwa lokacin da aka jefar da su. Rage farashin waɗannan kayayyaki ya ba da damar rarraba waɗannan kayayyaki a duniya ba tare da tunani ko la'akari da sarrafa kayan da zarar sun yi tasiri ko karya ba. A cikin ƙasar Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) da hukumomin muhalli na jihohi suna haɓaka da aiwatar da ka'idoji kan ajiya, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. EPA na buƙatar a kula da sharar mai guba tare da taka tsantsan na musamman kuma a zubar da su a wuraren da aka keɓe a cikin ƙasar. Har ila yau, yawancin biranen Amurka suna da kwanakin tattarawa inda ake tattara sharar gida mai guba. Wasu kayan da ƙila ba za a karɓa ba a wuraren sharar gida na yau da kullun sune harsashi, sharar da aka samar da kasuwanci, abubuwa masu fashewa/ firgita, [[allura]] / sirinji, sharar magani, kayan rediyo, da gano hayaki. == Tasirin lafiya == Sharar gida mai guba sau da yawa suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogen, kuma fallasa ga waɗannan ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar yayyafawa ko ƙafewa daga ma'ajiya, yana haifar da cutar kansa a ƙara yawan mutane da aka fallasa. Misali, an gano wani gungu na cutar kansar jini da ba kasafai ake samun cutar sankara ba a kusa da wurin zubar da shara mai guba a arewa maso gabashin Pennsylvania a shekara ta 2008. Jaridar Human & Ecological Risk Assessment Journal ta gudanar da wani bincike da ya mayar da hankali kan lafiyar mutanen da ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] don ganin ko hakan zai yi illa kamar zama kusa da matsugunan kasa masu hadari. Sun gudanar da bincike na tsawon shekaru a ƙalla bakwai (7) wanda aka gwada musamman don nau'ikan cutar kansa guda 18 don ganin ko mahalartan suna da ƙimar girma fiye da waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a kusa da wuraren shara. Sun gudanar da wannan binciken ne a yammacin Massachusetts a cikin radius mai nisan mil 1 na yankin North Hampton Landfill. Mutane suna saduwa da waɗannan gubar da aka binne a ƙasa, a cikin magudanar ruwa, a cikin ruwan ƙasa da ke ba da ruwan sha, ko kuma a cikin ruwan ambaliya, kamar yadda ya faru bayan guguwar Katrina. Wasu guba, irin su mercury, suna dawwama a cikin muhalli kuma suna taruwa. Sakamakon tarin tarin mercury a cikin ruwa mai dadi da na ruwa, kifayen kifaye sune muhimmin tushen mercury a cikin abincin mutum da na dabba. <ref name="environment.nationalgeographic.com">"Toxic Waste." National Geographic. National Geographic, 2010. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/toxic-waste-overview.html.</ref> Sharar gida mai guba." National Geographic. National Geographic, 2010. Yanar Gizo. Afrilu 26, shekarata 2010. == Gudanarwa da zubarwa == Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da kayan yau da kullun masu guba shine yadda ake zubar da shi yadda ya kamata. Kafin zartar da dokokin muhalli na zamani (a cikin Amurka, wannan ya kasance a cikin shekarar 1970s), ya kasance doka don zubar da irin wannan sharar gida cikin rafuka, koguna da tekuna, ko binne shi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren share ƙasa]] . Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabta ta Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1972, da RCRA, da aka kafa a 1976, sun ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye na ƙasa baki ɗaya don daidaitawa da zubar da sharar gida masu haɗari. Masana'antar noma tana amfani da fiye da ton 800,000 na maganin kashe kwari a duk duniya a duk shekara wanda ke gurɓata ƙasa, kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda zai iya gurɓata ruwan sha. Teku kuma na iya gurɓata daga guguwar ruwa na waɗannan sinadarai kuma. Sharar gida mai guba a cikin nau'in man fetur na iya ko dai ya kwarara cikin tekuna daga ruwan bututu ko manyan jiragen ruwa,DA wasu abubuwan makamantan Hakan, amma kuma yana iya shiga cikin tekun daga 'yan kasa na yau da kullum suna zubar da man mota a cikin magudanar ruwan sama. Zubarwa shine sanya sharar gida ko a cikin ƙasa. Yawanci ana tsara wuraren zubar da shara don ɗaukar sharar har abada da kuma hana fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu cutarwa ga muhalli.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}} Mafi yawan al'adar zubar da shara mai haɗari shine sanyawa a cikin sashin jujjuya ƙasa kamar wurin zubar da ƙasa, tarkacen ƙasa, tari, sashin kula da ƙasa, ko rijiyar allura. Zubar da ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin buƙatu ƙarƙashin Shirin Ƙuntataccen zubar da ƙasa na EPA. Ana sarrafa rijiyoyin allura a ƙarƙashin shirin Kula da allurar ƙarƙashin ƙasa na tarayya. Ana iya lalata dattin halitta ta hanyar ƙonewa a yanayin zafi mai zafi. Koyaya, idan sharar ta ƙunshi ƙarfe mai nauyi ko isotopes na rediyoaktif, dole ne a ware waɗannan kuma a adana su, saboda ba za a iya lalata su ba. Hanyar ajiya za ta nemi hana abubuwan da ke cikin sharar gida mai guba, mai yiyuwa ta hanyar ajiya a cikin kwantena da aka rufe, haɗawa a cikin tsayayyen matsakaici kamar gilashi ko cakuda siminti, ko binne a ƙarƙashin hular yumɓu mai yuwuwa. Masu jigilar sharar gida da wuraren sharar gida na iya cajin kudade; saboda haka, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin da ba daidai ba na zubarwa don guje wa biyan waɗannan kudade. Inda aka tsara yadda ake tafiyar da sharar guba, zubar da sharar mai guba ba daidai ba na iya zama tarar tara <ref name="environment.nationalgeographic.com"/> ko kuma zaman gidan yari. Wuraren binne ga sharar gida mai guba da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ana iya amfani da su azaman kore ko sake haɓakawa don amfanin kasuwanci ko masana'antu dama Ma'adanai. === Tarihin ka'idojin sharar guba na Amurka === RCRA tana mulkin tsara, sufuri, jiyya, ajiya, da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. Dokar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba (TSCA), wacce kuma aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1976, ta ba da izini ga EPA don tattara bayanai kan duk sabbin abubuwa masu sinadarai da ake da su, da kuma sarrafa duk wani abu da aka ƙaddara don haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana ga lafiyar jama'a ko muhalli. Dokar Superfund, wacce aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1980, ta ƙirƙiri shirin tsaftacewa don wuraren sharar da aka yi watsi da su ko marasa sarrafa su. An daɗe ana gwabzawa tsakanin al'ummomi da masana muhalli tare da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni game da tsantsa da kuma yadda aka rubuta ƙa'idodi da dokoki da kuma aiwatar da su. Yaƙin ya fara ne a Arewacin Carolina a ƙarshen lokacin rani na shekarata 1979, yayin da ake aiwatar da ka'idodin TSCA na EPA. A Arewacin Carolina, da gangan PCB - gurɓataccen mai an diga akan manyan titunan karkarar Piedmont, wanda ya haifar da mafi girma na PCB a tarihin Amurka da rikicin lafiyar jama'a wanda zai haifar da sakamako ga tsararraki masu zuwa. An tattara kayan gurɓataccen abu na PCB kuma an binne shi a cikin wani yanki na Warren County, amma 'yan adawar 'yan ƙasa, ciki har da manyan zanga-zangar jama'a, sun fallasa haɗarin sharar gida mai guba, rashin kuskuren wuraren da ake amfani da su a lokacin amfani da su, da kuma dokokin EPA da ke ba da izinin gina wuraren da aka gina. a gefe, amma a siyasance m shafukan. Jama'ar gundumar Warren sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙa'idodin zubar da shara mai guba sun dogara ne akan ainihin zato cewa busasshen kabari na EPA na ra'ayi zai ƙunshi sharar mai guba. Wannan zato ya sanar da wurin wuraren zubar da shara mai guba da kuma watsi da ƙa'idodin da aka haɗa a cikin ''Rijistar Tarayya'' ta EPA. Alal misali, a cikin shekarata 1978, tushen babban sharar gida mai guba ba zai iya zama kusa da ƙafa biyar daga ruwan karkashin kasa ba, amma wannan tsari da sauran za a iya yafe. Haɓaka ƙa'idar game da nisa tsakanin tushe na shara mai guba da ruwan ƙasa ya ba da damar tushe ya zama ƙafa ɗaya kawai a saman ruwan ƙasa idan mai / mai gudanar da ginin zai iya nunawa ma'aikacin yankin EPA cewa tsarin tattara leachat zai iya. a shigar da kuma cewa ba za a sami haɗin ruwa tsakanin tushe na ƙasƙanci da ruwan ƙasa ba. 'Yan kasar sun yi zargin cewa watsi da ka'idojin wurin zama wata hanya ce ta nuna wariya da ke taimakawa wajen sauya sheka daga kimiyya zuwa la'akari da siyasa game da yanke shawara da kuma cewa a Kudancin wannan yana nufin nuna wariya ga wuraren kula da sharar gida masu haɗari a cikin talakawa baƙar fata da sauran tsirarun al'ummomin. Sun kuma bayar da hujjar cewa yarjejeniya ta kimiyya ita ce ba za a iya tabbatar da kamewa ta dindindin ba. Yayin da aka ci gaba da jure harabar wurin ajiyar PCB a gundumar Warren kuma bincike ya nuna cewa EPA busasshen busasshen kabari ya gaza, EPA ta bayyana a cikin ''Rijistar ta Tarayya'' cewa duk abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa za su yoyo a ƙarshe kuma yakamata a yi amfani da su azaman ma'auni kawai. Shekaru da yawa na bincike da ƙwaƙƙwaran ilimin gazawar Warren County PCB mai cike da ƙasa ya sa 'yan ƙasar Warren County su kammala cewa ƙirar busasshen kabari na EPA da ƙa'idodin da ke tafiyar da zubar da shara mai guba da haɗari ba su dogara ne akan ingantaccen kimiyya da isasshiyar fasaha ba. Jama'ar Warren County sun kuma yanke shawarar cewa ''Dokar Kula da Sharar gida ta shekarar 1981'' ta Arewacin Carolina ba a yarda da ita a kimiyance da tsarin mulki ba saboda ta ba da izinin sanya wuraren sharar gida mai guba, masu haɗari da [[makaman nukiliya]] kafin sauraron jama'a, ta ba da izini ga ikon yanki kan wurin wuraren, kuma ta ba da izinin yin amfani da kayan aikin. tilastawa idan an buƙace ta. Bayan zanga-zangar Warren County, 1984 Babban Haɗaɗɗiyar Tarayya da Ƙaƙƙarfan gyare-gyare ga Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa ta mayar da hankali kan rage sharar gida da kawar da zubar da sharar ƙasa da kuma matakin gyara don fitar da abubuwa masu haɗari. Sauran matakan da aka haɗa a cikin gyare-gyaren a shekarata 1984 sun haɗa da ƙarin ikon tilasta wa EPA, ƙarin ƙa'idodin sarrafa shara masu haɗari, da cikakken shirin tankin ajiyar ƙasa. Zubar da shara mai guba na ci gaba da zama tushen rikici a Amurka Saboda hatsarorin da ke tattare da sarrafa shara da zubar da guba, al'ummomi sukan ki amincewa da wurin zubar da shara mai guba da sauran wuraren sarrafa shara; duk da haka, tantance inda da kuma yadda za a zubar da sharar wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki da muhalli. Batun kula da sharar guba ya zama matsala a duniya yayin da cinikayyar kasa da kasa ta taso daga karuwar abubuwan guba da ake samarwa tare da mika su zuwa kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba. A cikin 1995, Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta fara lura da yadda ake zubar da barasa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta ba da Wakilin Musamman don yin nazari game da batun 'yancin ɗan adam game da wannan batu (Hukumar a cikin shekarun 1995/81). A cikin watan Satumban shekarata 2011, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta yanke shawarar ƙarfafa wa'adin na haɗa dukkan tsarin rayuwa na kayayyaki masu haɗari tun daga masana'anta zuwa makoma ta ƙarshe (aka jariri zuwa kabari ), sabanin motsi kawai da zubar da sharar gida. An canza taken mai ba da rahoto na musamman zuwa "Mai rahoto na musamman kan abubuwan da ke tattare da haƙƙin ɗan adam na kula da ingantaccen muhalli da zubar da abubuwa masu haɗari da sharar gida." (Human Rights Council 18/11). Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta kara tsawaita wa'adin aikinta tun daga watan Satumbar 2012 saboda sakamakon illolin da ke tattare da hatsarin da ke faruwa ga mutanen da ke ba da shawarar kyawawan dabi'u game da tsarawa, gudanarwa, sarrafawa, rarrabawa da zubar da abubuwa masu haɗari da masu guba don haɗawa da su. batun kare kare hakkin dan Adam na muhalli. === Taswirar datti mai guba a cikin Amurka === TOXMAP tsarin bayanan yanki ne (GIS) daga Sashen Sabis na Sabis na Musamman na Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) wacce ta yi amfani da taswirar Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanan gani daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. 's (EPA) Superfund da Shirye-shiryen Sakin Kayan Kayan Kayan Kwai . An samo bayanan sinadarai da lafiyar muhalli daga NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) da PubMed, kuma daga wasu tushe masu iko. Gwamnatin Trump ta cire bayanan daga intanet a cikin Disamba shekarata 2019. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Jerin rukunin yanar gizo na Superfund a cikin Amurka * Gurbacewa * Sharar rediyo * Gyaran muhalli * Agent Orange * Red laka, wani caustic ta hanyar samar da alumina * Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli * zubar da muhalli * Mulkin mallaka mai guba == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == == Manazarta == * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/05list.html Bayani kan sharar gida mai guba daga CDC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214181250/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/05list.html |date=2006-02-14 }} * [http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/ TOXMAP: Maps e-maps na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli daga Laburaren Magunguna na Amurka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215050104/https://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/ |date=2019-12-15 }} * [http://www.gconciencia.com/24051 Sharar gida mai guba Dokokin Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011953/http://www.gconciencia.com/24051/ |date=2022-01-17 }} [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 449ky4nwzf9a4u7mmtu6ihzdq013kag 914950 914949 2026-09-02T16:14:11Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914950 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Valleyofdrums.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px| Valley of Drums, wurin sharar gida mai guba a cikin Kentucky, Amurka, 1980.]] '''Sharar gida mai guba,''' ita ce duk wani abun da ba a so ta kowane nau'i wanda zai iya haifar da lahani ko Illa, (misali ta hanyar shaka, hadiye, ko sha ta cikin fata)<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/search?q=Sharar+gida+mai+ha%C9%97ari</ref>. Yawancin kayayyakin gida na yau kamar su talabijin, kwamfuta da wayoyi suna ɗauke da [[Sinadarin shara|sinadarai]] masu guba waɗanda za su iya gurɓata iska da gurɓata ƙasa da ruwa. Zubar da irin wannan sharar matsala ce babba ga [[Lafiyar muhalli|lafiyar]] al'umma. == Rarraba abubuwa masu guba == Kayayyaki masu guba sune samfuran guba sakamakon masana'antu kamar masana'antu, noma, gini, motoci, dakunan gwaje-gwaje, da asibitoci waɗanda zasu iya ƙunsar ƙarfe mai nauyi, radiation, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ko wasu gubobi. Sharar gida mai guba ta zama mafi yawa tun bayan juyin juya halin masana'antu, yana haifar da manyan batutuwan duniya. Zubar da irin wannan sharar ya zama mafi mahimmanci tare da ƙarin ci gaban fasaha da yawa waɗanda ke ɗauke da abubuwan sinadarai masu guba. Kayayyaki irin su wayar salula, kwamfuta, talabijin, da na'urorin hasken rana sun ƙunshi sinadarai masu guba waɗanda za su iya cutar da muhalli idan ba a zubar da su yadda ya kamata ba don hana gurɓacewar iska da gurɓatar ƙasa da ruwa. Ana ɗaukar abu mai guba lokacin da yake haifar da mutuwa ko lahani ta hanyar shaƙa, hadiye, ko sha ta cikin fata Ko Wani nau'in jiki. Sharar gida na iya ƙunsar sinadarai, ƙarfe masu nauyi, radiation, ƙwayoyin cuta masu haɗari, ko wasu gubobi<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/rahotanni-59907794.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17535185167992&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Frahotanni-59907794</ref>. Hatta gidaje suna haifar [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|da datti mai haɗari]] daga abubuwa kamar batura, kayan aikin kwamfuta da aka yi amfani da su, da ragowar fenti ko magungunan kashe qwari. Abu mai guba na iya zama ko dai na ɗan adam kuma wasu suna faruwa ta halitta a cikin muhalli. Ba duk abubuwa masu haɗari ba ne ake ɗaukar masu guba. Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNEP) ta gano wasu muhimman abubuwa kimanin guda 11 da ke kawo hadari ga lafiyar dan Adam: * '''Arsenic :''' ana amfani da shi wajen yin da'irori na lantarki, a matsayin sinadari a cikin magungunan kashe qwari, kuma azaman mai kiyaye itace . An rarraba shi azaman carcinogen . * '''Asbestos :''' wani abu ne da aka taɓa amfani da shi don rufe gine-gine, kuma har yanzu wasu kasuwancin suna amfani da wannan kayan don kera kayan rufi da birki . Shakar asbestos fibers na iya haifar da ciwon huhu da asbestosis . * '''Cadmium :''' ana samunsa a cikin batura da robobi . Ana iya shakar ta ta hanyar hayakin sigari, ko kuma a narkar da shi idan an haɗa shi azaman launi a cikin abinci . Bayyanawa yana haifar da lalacewar huhu, fushi na tsarin narkewa, da cutar koda . * '''Chromium :''' ana amfani da shi azaman rufin bulo don murhun masana'antu masu zafin jiki, azaman ƙarfe mai ƙarfi da ake amfani da shi don yin ƙarfe, kuma a cikin plating na chrome, dyes da pigments, adana itace, da tanning fata . An san yana haifar da ciwon daji, kuma tsawon lokaci yana iya haifar da mashako mai tsanani da kuma lalata ƙwayar huhu. * '''Sharar gida :''' irin su sirinji da kwalabe na magani na iya yada ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu cutarwa, waɗanda ke haifar da cututtuka iri-iri. * '''Cyanide :''' guba da ake samu a wasu magungunan kashe qwari da rodenticides . A cikin manya-manyan allurai zai iya haifar da gurguzu, girgiza, da damuwa na numfashi. * '''Gubar :''' ana samunsa a cikin batura, fenti, da harsashi . Lokacin da aka sha ko shaka na iya haifar da lahani ga tsarin juyayi da tsarin haihuwa, da koda. * '''Mercury :''' Ana amfani da shi don cika hakori da batura. Ana kuma amfani dashi wajen samar da iskar chlorine . Bayyanar cututtuka na iya haifar da lahani na haihuwa da lalacewar koda da kwakwalwa * '''PCBs''', ko polychlorinated biphenyls, ana amfani da su a yawancin tsarin masana'antu, ta masana'antar mai amfani, da kuma a cikin fenti da masu rufewa . Lalacewa na iya faruwa ta hanyar fallasa, yana shafar tsarin juyayi, haifuwa, da tsarin rigakafi, da hanta. * '''POPs''', masu gurɓatawar kwayoyin halitta . Ana samun su a cikin sinadarai da magungunan kashe qwari, kuma suna iya haifar da lahani mai juyayi da tsarin haihuwa. Za su iya tarawa a cikin sarkar abinci ko kuma su dawwama a cikin muhalli kuma a motsa su da nisa cikin yanayi. * '''Ƙarfin acid da alkalis da''' ake amfani da su a masana'antu da samar da masana'antu. Suna iya lalata nama kuma su haifar da lahani na ciki ga jiki. Mafi yawan sharar gida mai guba da haɗari su ne samfuran [[Datti da sharar gida|gida]] a cikin gidajen yau da kullun waɗanda ba a zubar da su ba daidai ba kamar tsoffin batura, magungunan kashe qwari, fenti, da man mota. Sharar gida mai guba na iya zama mai kunnawa, kunnawa, da lalata. A cikin ƙasar Amurka, ana tsara waɗannan sharar gida a ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare albarkatun da farfaɗowa (RCRA). * Sharar da aka yi amfani da su su ne waɗanda za su iya haifar da fashewa lokacin zafi, gauraye da ruwa ko matsawa. Suna iya sakin iskar gas mai guba a cikin iska. Ba su da kwanciyar hankali ko da a yanayin al'ada. Misali shine baturan lithium-sulfur . * Sharar da ba za a iya kunna wuta ba suna da wuraren walƙiya na ƙasa da ma'aunin Celsius 60. Suna iya ƙonewa sosai kuma suna iya haifar da gobara. Misalai su ne masu kaushi da mai. * Lalata sharar gida ruwa ne masu iya lalata kwantena na ƙarfe. Waɗannan su ne acid ko tushe waɗanda ke da matakan pH na ƙasa da ko daidai da 2, ko mafi girma ko dai-dai da 12.5. Misali shine acid acid . Tare da ƙaruwar fasaha a duniya, an sami karin abubuwa da ake kira masu guba da cutarwa ga lafiyar ɗan adam. Ci gaban fasaha a wannan ƙimar yana da matuƙar ban tsoro ga wayewa kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin lahani / sakamako mara kyau. Wasu daga cikin wannan fasaha sun haɗa da wayoyin hannu da kwamfutoci. Irin waɗannan abubuwan an ba su sunan e-waste ko EEE, wanda ke tsaye ga Kayan Wutar Lantarki da Lantarki. Hakanan ana amfani da wannan kalmar don kayayyaki kamar firiji, kayan wasan yara, da injin wanki. Waɗannan abubuwa na iya ƙunsar abubuwa masu guba waɗanda za su iya rushe tsarin ruwa lokacin da aka jefar da su. Rage farashin waɗannan kayayyaki ya ba da damar rarraba waɗannan kayayyaki a duniya ba tare da tunani ko la'akari da sarrafa kayan da zarar sun yi tasiri ko karya ba. A cikin ƙasar Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli (EPA) da hukumomin muhalli na jihohi suna haɓaka da aiwatar da ka'idoji kan ajiya, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. EPA na buƙatar a kula da sharar mai guba tare da taka tsantsan na musamman kuma a zubar da su a wuraren da aka keɓe a cikin ƙasar. Har ila yau, yawancin biranen Amurka suna da kwanakin tattarawa inda ake tattara sharar gida mai guba. Wasu kayan da ƙila ba za a karɓa ba a wuraren sharar gida na yau da kullun sune harsashi, sharar da aka samar da kasuwanci, abubuwa masu fashewa/ firgita, [[allura]] / sirinji, sharar magani, kayan rediyo, da gano hayaki. == Tasirin lafiya == Sharar gida mai guba sau da yawa suna ɗauke da ƙwayoyin cuta na carcinogen, kuma fallasa ga waɗannan ta wasu hanyoyi, kamar yayyafawa ko ƙafewa daga ma'ajiya, yana haifar da cutar kansa a ƙara yawan mutane da aka fallasa. Misali, an gano wani gungu na cutar kansar jini da ba kasafai ake samun cutar sankara ba a kusa da wurin zubar da shara mai guba a arewa maso gabashin Pennsylvania a shekara ta 2008. Jaridar Human & Ecological Risk Assessment Journal ta gudanar da wani bincike da ya mayar da hankali kan lafiyar mutanen da ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]] don ganin ko hakan zai yi illa kamar zama kusa da matsugunan kasa masu hadari. Sun gudanar da bincike na tsawon shekaru a ƙalla bakwai (7) wanda aka gwada musamman don nau'ikan cutar kansa guda 18 don ganin ko mahalartan suna da ƙimar girma fiye da waɗanda ba sa rayuwa a kusa da wuraren shara. Sun gudanar da wannan binciken ne a yammacin Massachusetts a cikin radius mai nisan mil 1 na yankin North Hampton Landfill. Mutane suna saduwa da waɗannan gubar da aka binne a ƙasa, a cikin magudanar ruwa, a cikin ruwan ƙasa da ke ba da ruwan sha, ko kuma a cikin ruwan ambaliya, kamar yadda ya faru bayan guguwar Katrina. Wasu guba, irin su mercury, suna dawwama a cikin muhalli kuma suna taruwa. Sakamakon tarin tarin mercury a cikin ruwa mai dadi da na ruwa, kifayen kifaye sune muhimmin tushen mercury a cikin abincin mutum da na dabba. <ref name="environment.nationalgeographic.com">"Toxic Waste." National Geographic. National Geographic, 2010. Web. 26 Apr 2010. http://environment.nationalgeographic.com/environment/global-warming/toxic-waste-overview.html.</ref> Sharar gida mai guba." National Geographic. National Geographic, 2010. Yanar Gizo. Afrilu 26, shekarata 2010. == Gudanarwa da zubarwa == Daya daga cikin manyan matsalolin da kayan yau da kullun masu guba shine yadda ake zubar da shi yadda ya kamata. Kafin zartar da dokokin muhalli na zamani (a cikin Amurka, wannan ya kasance a cikin shekarar 1970s), ya kasance doka don zubar da irin wannan sharar gida cikin rafuka, koguna da tekuna, ko binne shi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa a cikin [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren share ƙasa]] . Dokar Ruwa mai Tsabta ta Amurka, wacce aka kafa a 1972, da RCRA, da aka kafa a 1976, sun ƙirƙiri shirye-shirye na ƙasa baki ɗaya don daidaitawa da zubar da sharar gida masu haɗari. Masana'antar noma tana amfani da fiye da ton 800,000 na maganin kashe kwari a duk duniya a duk shekara wanda ke gurɓata ƙasa, kuma daga ƙarshe ya shiga cikin ruwan ƙasa, wanda zai iya gurɓata ruwan sha. Teku kuma na iya gurɓata daga guguwar ruwa na waɗannan sinadarai kuma. Sharar gida mai guba a cikin nau'in man fetur na iya ko dai ya kwarara cikin tekuna daga ruwan bututu ko manyan jiragen ruwa,DA wasu abubuwan makamantan Hakan, amma kuma yana iya shiga cikin tekun daga 'yan kasa na yau da kullum suna zubar da man mota a cikin magudanar ruwan sama. Zubarwa shine sanya sharar gida ko a cikin ƙasa. Yawanci ana tsara wuraren zubar da shara don ɗaukar sharar har abada da kuma hana fitar da gurɓatattun abubuwa masu cutarwa ga muhalli.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2017}} Mafi yawan al'adar zubar da shara mai haɗari shine sanyawa a cikin sashin jujjuya ƙasa kamar wurin zubar da ƙasa, tarkacen ƙasa, tari, sashin kula da ƙasa, ko rijiyar allura. Zubar da ƙasa yana ƙarƙashin buƙatu ƙarƙashin Shirin Ƙuntataccen zubar da ƙasa na EPA. Ana sarrafa rijiyoyin allura a ƙarƙashin shirin Kula da allurar ƙarƙashin ƙasa na tarayya. Ana iya lalata dattin halitta ta hanyar ƙonewa a yanayin zafi mai zafi. Koyaya, idan sharar ta ƙunshi ƙarfe mai nauyi ko isotopes na rediyoaktif, dole ne a ware waɗannan kuma a adana su, saboda ba za a iya lalata su ba. Hanyar ajiya za ta nemi hana abubuwan da ke cikin sharar gida mai guba, mai yiyuwa ta hanyar ajiya a cikin kwantena da aka rufe, haɗawa a cikin tsayayyen matsakaici kamar gilashi ko cakuda siminti, ko binne a ƙarƙashin hular yumɓu mai yuwuwa. Masu jigilar sharar gida da wuraren sharar gida na iya cajin kudade; saboda haka, ana iya amfani da hanyoyin da ba daidai ba na zubarwa don guje wa biyan waɗannan kudade. Inda aka tsara yadda ake tafiyar da sharar guba, zubar da sharar mai guba ba daidai ba na iya zama tarar tara <ref name="environment.nationalgeographic.com"/> ko kuma zaman gidan yari. Wuraren binne ga sharar gida mai guba da sauran gurɓataccen ƙasa mai launin ruwan kasa ana iya amfani da su azaman kore ko sake haɓakawa don amfanin kasuwanci ko masana'antu dama Ma'adanai. === Tarihin ka'idojin sharar guba na Amurka === RCRA tana mulkin tsara, sufuri, jiyya, ajiya, da zubar da sharar gida mai haɗari. Dokar Kula da Abubuwa masu guba (TSCA), wacce kuma aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1976, ta ba da izini ga EPA don tattara bayanai kan duk sabbin abubuwa masu sinadarai da ake da su, da kuma sarrafa duk wani abu da aka ƙaddara don haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana ga lafiyar jama'a ko muhalli. Dokar Superfund, wacce aka zartar a cikin shekarata 1980, ta ƙirƙiri shirin tsaftacewa don wuraren sharar da aka yi watsi da su ko marasa sarrafa su. An daɗe ana gwabzawa tsakanin al'ummomi da masana muhalli tare da gwamnatoci da kamfanoni game da tsantsa da kuma yadda aka rubuta ƙa'idodi da dokoki da kuma aiwatar da su. Yaƙin ya fara ne a Arewacin Carolina a ƙarshen lokacin rani na shekarata 1979, yayin da ake aiwatar da ka'idodin TSCA na EPA. A Arewacin Carolina, da gangan PCB - gurɓataccen mai an diga akan manyan titunan karkarar Piedmont, wanda ya haifar da mafi girma na PCB a tarihin Amurka da rikicin lafiyar jama'a wanda zai haifar da sakamako ga tsararraki masu zuwa. An tattara kayan gurɓataccen abu na PCB kuma an binne shi a cikin wani yanki na Warren County, amma 'yan adawar 'yan ƙasa, ciki har da manyan zanga-zangar jama'a, sun fallasa haɗarin sharar gida mai guba, rashin kuskuren wuraren da ake amfani da su a lokacin amfani da su, da kuma dokokin EPA da ke ba da izinin gina wuraren da aka gina. a gefe, amma a siyasance m shafukan. Jama'ar gundumar Warren sun yi iƙirarin cewa ƙa'idodin zubar da shara mai guba sun dogara ne akan ainihin zato cewa busasshen kabari na EPA na ra'ayi zai ƙunshi sharar mai guba. Wannan zato ya sanar da wurin wuraren zubar da shara mai guba da kuma watsi da ƙa'idodin da aka haɗa a cikin ''Rijistar Tarayya'' ta EPA. Alal misali, a cikin shekarata 1978, tushen babban sharar gida mai guba ba zai iya zama kusa da ƙafa biyar daga ruwan karkashin kasa ba, amma wannan tsari da sauran za a iya yafe. Haɓaka ƙa'idar game da nisa tsakanin tushe na shara mai guba da ruwan ƙasa ya ba da damar tushe ya zama ƙafa ɗaya kawai a saman ruwan ƙasa idan mai / mai gudanar da ginin zai iya nunawa ma'aikacin yankin EPA cewa tsarin tattara leachat zai iya. a shigar da kuma cewa ba za a sami haɗin ruwa tsakanin tushe na ƙasƙanci da ruwan ƙasa ba. 'Yan kasar sun yi zargin cewa watsi da ka'idojin wurin zama wata hanya ce ta nuna wariya da ke taimakawa wajen sauya sheka daga kimiyya zuwa la'akari da siyasa game da yanke shawara da kuma cewa a Kudancin wannan yana nufin nuna wariya ga wuraren kula da sharar gida masu haɗari a cikin talakawa baƙar fata da sauran tsirarun al'ummomin. Sun kuma bayar da hujjar cewa yarjejeniya ta kimiyya ita ce ba za a iya tabbatar da kamewa ta dindindin ba. Yayin da aka ci gaba da jure harabar wurin ajiyar PCB a gundumar Warren kuma bincike ya nuna cewa EPA busasshen busasshen kabari ya gaza, EPA ta bayyana a cikin ''Rijistar ta Tarayya'' cewa duk abubuwan da ke cikin ƙasa za su yoyo a ƙarshe kuma yakamata a yi amfani da su azaman ma'auni kawai. Shekaru da yawa na bincike da ƙwaƙƙwaran ilimin gazawar Warren County PCB mai cike da ƙasa ya sa 'yan ƙasar Warren County su kammala cewa ƙirar busasshen kabari na EPA da ƙa'idodin da ke tafiyar da zubar da shara mai guba da haɗari ba su dogara ne akan ingantaccen kimiyya da isasshiyar fasaha ba. Jama'ar Warren County sun kuma yanke shawarar cewa ''Dokar Kula da Sharar gida ta shekarar 1981'' ta Arewacin Carolina ba a yarda da ita a kimiyance da tsarin mulki ba saboda ta ba da izinin sanya wuraren sharar gida mai guba, masu haɗari da [[makaman nukiliya]] kafin sauraron jama'a, ta ba da izini ga ikon yanki kan wurin wuraren, kuma ta ba da izinin yin amfani da kayan aikin. tilastawa idan an buƙace ta. Bayan zanga-zangar Warren County, 1984 Babban Haɗaɗɗiyar Tarayya da Ƙaƙƙarfan gyare-gyare ga Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗowa ta mayar da hankali kan rage sharar gida da kawar da zubar da sharar ƙasa da kuma matakin gyara don fitar da abubuwa masu haɗari. Sauran matakan da aka haɗa a cikin gyare-gyaren a shekarata 1984 sun haɗa da ƙarin ikon tilasta wa EPA, ƙarin ƙa'idodin sarrafa shara masu haɗari, da cikakken shirin tankin ajiyar ƙasa. Zubar da shara mai guba na ci gaba da zama tushen rikici a Amurka Saboda hatsarorin da ke tattare da sarrafa shara da zubar da guba, al'ummomi sukan ki amincewa da wurin zubar da shara mai guba da sauran wuraren sarrafa shara; duk da haka, tantance inda da kuma yadda za a zubar da sharar wani bangare ne na tattalin arziki da muhalli. Batun kula da sharar guba ya zama matsala a duniya yayin da cinikayyar kasa da kasa ta taso daga karuwar abubuwan guba da ake samarwa tare da mika su zuwa kasashen da ba su ci gaba ba. A cikin 1995, Hukumar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta fara lura da yadda ake zubar da barasa ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma ta ba da Wakilin Musamman don yin nazari game da batun 'yancin ɗan adam game da wannan batu (Hukumar a cikin shekarun 1995/81). A cikin watan Satumban shekarata 2011, Majalisar Kare Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta yanke shawarar ƙarfafa wa'adin na haɗa dukkan tsarin rayuwa na kayayyaki masu haɗari tun daga masana'anta zuwa makoma ta ƙarshe (aka jariri zuwa kabari ), sabanin motsi kawai da zubar da sharar gida. An canza taken mai ba da rahoto na musamman zuwa "Mai rahoto na musamman kan abubuwan da ke tattare da haƙƙin ɗan adam na kula da ingantaccen muhalli da zubar da abubuwa masu haɗari da sharar gida." (Human Rights Council 18/11). Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Dan Adam ta kara tsawaita wa'adin aikinta tun daga watan Satumbar 2012 saboda sakamakon illolin da ke tattare da hatsarin da ke faruwa ga mutanen da ke ba da shawarar kyawawan dabi'u game da tsarawa, gudanarwa, sarrafawa, rarrabawa da zubar da abubuwa masu haɗari da masu guba don haɗawa da su. batun kare kare hakkin dan Adam na muhalli. === Taswirar datti mai guba a cikin Amurka === TOXMAP tsarin bayanan yanki ne (GIS) daga Sashen Sabis na Sabis na Musamman na Cibiyar Nazarin Magunguna ta Amurka (NLM) wacce ta yi amfani da taswirar Amurka don taimakawa masu amfani su gano bayanan gani daga Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka. 's (EPA) Superfund da Shirye-shiryen Sakin Kayan Kayan Kayan Kwai . An samo bayanan sinadarai da lafiyar muhalli daga NLM's Toxicology Data Network (TOXNET) da PubMed, kuma daga wasu tushe masu iko. Gwamnatin Trump ta cire bayanan daga intanet a cikin Disamba shekarata 2019. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Jerin rukunin yanar gizo na Superfund a cikin Amurka * Gurbacewa * Sharar rediyo * Gyaran muhalli * Agent Orange * Red laka, wani caustic ta hanyar samar da alumina * Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli * zubar da muhalli * Mulkin mallaka mai guba == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == == Manazarta == * [http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/05list.html Bayani kan sharar gida mai guba daga CDC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060214181250/http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/cercla/05list.html |date=2006-02-14 }} * [http://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/ TOXMAP: Maps e-maps na Kiwon Lafiyar Muhalli daga Laburaren Magunguna na Amurka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215050104/https://toxmap.nlm.nih.gov/ |date=2019-12-15 }} * [http://www.gconciencia.com/24051 Sharar gida mai guba Dokokin Argentina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220117011953/http://www.gconciencia.com/24051/ |date=2022-01-17 }} [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cdbnjwmlj4zzr3h3923ovk2qsddwudu 0 29846 914935 677811 2026-09-02T16:07:46Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914935 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Green_kitchen_waste_containers_at_Meiheyuan,_Qinghe_(20211221144359).jpg |thumb| Green waste]] [[File:A_Green_colored_large_of_waste_container_in_Yuen_Long.jpg |thumb| Green waste]] [[Fayil:Organic waste - Déchets organiques (3267239830).jpg|thumb|Kadan daga Sharar hallitu kenam tare da nagida]] '''Koren Sharar Gida''', wanda kuma aka sani da "'''''sharar halittu'''"'', shine duk wani sharar kwayoyin halitta da za'a iya tadawa. Yawanci ya ƙunshi sharar gonaki kamar ciyawa ko ganyaye, da sharar abinci na gida ko . Koren sharar gida baya haɗa da abubuwa kamar busassun ganye, bambaro, ko ciyawa.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c28xve81jy3o.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17535084951127&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com</ref> Irin waɗannan kayan suna da wadata a cikin carbon kuma ana ɗaukarsu " [[Sharar ciyayi|sharar ruwan kasa]] ," yayin da sharar koren ya ƙunshi mai yawa na nitrogen. Ana iya amfani da sharar koren don ƙara haɓaka ayyukan takin zamani da yawa kuma ana iya ƙarawa cikin ƙasa don ci gaba da hawan keken abinci na gida. == Tarin sharar kore == Ana kuma iya tattara koren sharar gida ta hanyar tsare-tsaren tattara shinge na birni ko ta hanyar kasuwancin sarrafa sharar masu zaman kansu. Yawancin al'ummomi, musamman a cikin Ƙasar Ingila, sun ƙaddamar da sake yin amfani da sharar kore da shirye-shiryen tattarawa don rage adadin abubuwan da za a iya lalata su a wuraren sharar ƙasa. An tanadar wa al’umma, ko kuma za su iya samar da nasu, rumbunan takin da suka cika da tsiro da ragowar abinci, sannan sai a kwashe su akai-akai. Shirye-shirye irin wannan suna ba da damar al'ummomi su zama wani ɓangare na takin dattin kore wanda ke ba su damar taka rawa wajen rage yawan abincin da ake jibgewa a cikin gida da [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren sharar gida]]. <ref name=":0" /> [[File:Compost_bin_image.jpg|thumb| Wannan kwandon shara ne mai cike da kayan da suka kunshi koren sharar gida, kamar sharar kicin da gyaran shuke-shuke.]] == Amfani == Ana iya amfani da sharar kore don inganta inganci da dorewa na saman da ake ƙera masana'antu da tsafta da ingancin zubar da ruwa. === Ƙasashen da aka kera === Koren sharar gida wani ɓangare ne na yawancin ƙera saman ƙasa, kamar yadda yake samar da abubuwan gina jiki guda biyu don shuka tsire-tsire kuma yana ƙara yawan ƙera saman ƙasa. Abubuwan da ke cikin katako ba sa raguwa da sauri, don haka suna ba da mafi yawan abin da ya dace don ƙarin ƙasa. <ref name=":1" /> Hada sharar masana'antu kamar tokar kuda ko kurar kwal tare da koren sharar don ƙirƙirar ƙasa mai wucin gadi ba kawai yana sauƙaƙe sake dawo da tarkacen masana'antu ba da kuma kiyaye shi daga wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa, amma yana ba da damar abubuwan gina jiki da ke cikin kayan sharar kore su koma cikin mahalli. Ta hanyar amfani da tokar gardawa tare da koren sharar gida, ƙasan da aka ƙera za su iya ƙara ƙarfin riƙe ruwa yayin da suke sake yin amfani da kayan ƙirƙira a lokaci guda wanda zai iya ɗaukar sarari a cikin rumbun ƙasa. <ref name=":1" /> Wannan yana ba da damar tokar gardama da sharar kore don haɓaka matakan gina jiki na ƙasa kuma yana haɓaka hanyoyin hawan keke na halitta na gina jikin. === Zubar da ruwa === Hakanan ana iya haɗa sharar koren tare da sharar gida da takin, samar da amintaccen zaɓi mai dorewa na muhalli don zubar da najasa . Haɗin haɗaɗɗen kore da najasa yana kawar da haɗarin da ƙwayoyin cuta da ƙazantar da ke cikin sharar najasa za su iya haifar da muhalli. <ref name=":2" /> Yin amfani da koren sharar gida don zubar da shara ba wai yana rage yawan najasa da ake konawa da zubarwa a kowace shekara ba, har ila yau yana saukaka hawan keken dattin najasa zuwa cikin muhalli. Sannan Za a iya amfani da ragowar da aka haɗa tare da waɗannan sharar gida don amfanin [[Noma|gona]]. <ref name=":2" /> Wannan tsari yana rage yawan sharar da ake zubarwa cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa da sauran wuraren ajiyar shara kuma yana ba da damar yin hawan keke na sinadarai masu gina jiki gaba ɗaya ta cikin yanayi. === Makamashi mai sabuntawa === [[File:Veg_waste_Hyd_Market.jpg|right|thumb| Ana zubar da sharar kayan lambu a kasuwa a [[Hyderabad|Hyderabad, Indiya]]]] Ana iya amfani da iskar gas da aka kama daga sharar koren da za a iya amfani da ita azaman mai. Koren sharar gida na iya hada da amfanin gona mara abinci, wanda ke rube don samar da ethanol cellulosic. Sanna Kuma Hakanan zai iya taimakawa rage buƙatun iskar gas, wanda ke samar da iskar gas mai yawa, kamar carbon dioxide, lokacin da aka ƙone. === Lafiyar ƙasa === Har ila yau, an danganta takin dattin koren da ke da nasaba da dakile cututtuka da ke haifar da ƙasa kamar daskarewa da ruɓewar saiwar da ke shafar manyan ayyukan noma kamar gidajen gonaki da [[Gona|manyan gonaki]]. Wannan ingancin na hana cutar yana da tasiri mai kyau ga ƙasashe masu tasowa waɗanda ba su da fasaha ko albarkatun don siyan taki mai Matuƙar tsada. Ƙara takin da ke ɗauke da rago da ɓangarori na karafa masu nauyi zuwa ƙasa na iya ɗaga ƙarfe mai nauyi na ƙasa kuma yana ƙara yuwuwar waɗannan karafa don canzawa zuwa tsire-tsire. Lokacin da aka ƙara sharar halitta, ko Kuma a kore a cikin waɗannan samfuran ƙasa, an nuna ɗaukar ƙarfe mai nauyi na shuka yana rage yawan amfani da karafa idan aka kwatanta da sauran nau'ikan takin da ya ƙunshi abubuwa kamar sludge na najasa. <ref name=":3" /> Wannan na iya kare masu amfani da muhalli daga haɓakar halitta wanda ke haifar da dogon lokaci na tarin ƙwayoyin ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin ƙasa da rayuwar shuka na yanki. <ref name=":3" /> == Duba sauran abubuwa == * zubar da sharar lambu * Biomass * Biomass zuwa ruwa * Biomass dumama tsarin == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Kore]] [[Category:Mutum]] 04lk3ll1v50jykbzjxr5u55v7fuv8du 0 29867 914967 683594 2026-09-02T16:22:55Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mixed_municipal_waste.JPG |thumb| Bola]] [[Fayil:A_Green_colored_large_of_waste_container_in_Yuen_Long.jpg |thumb| Shara a Kwando]] [[Fayil:Household waste on a wheelbarrow.jpg|thumb|wannan it's ce shara '''cikin gida''']] '''Amfanin da sharar gida''' nau'in sharar gida ne da mai amfani da ƙarshen rafi ya samar; wato, inda amfani da sharar gida bai ƙunshi samar da wani samfur ba. Ba a bayyana sharuɗɗan riga-kafi da kayan da aka sake yin fa'ida ba a cikin ma'auni na ISO a shekarun 14021 (1999) amma kayan da aka riga aka yi amfani da su da kuma bayan masu amfani sune. Waɗannan ma'anoni su ne mafi yaɗuwar sanannun kuma tabbatar da ma'anar kamar yadda [[masana'anta]] da jami'an saye ke amfani da su a duk [[duniya]]. Yawanci, sharar gida ne kawai mutane ke zubar da su akai-akai, ko dai a cikin rumbun shara ko juji, ko ta hanyar zubar da shara, kona wuta, ko zubar da magudanar ruwa, ko wankewa a cikin magudanar ruwa. An kuma bambanta sharar gida na bayan-mabuƙaci daga sharar da aka riga aka yi amfani da su, wanda shi ne sake dawo da juzu'in masana'anta (kamar trimming daga samar da takarda, gwangwani na aluminum mara kyau, da sauransu) baya cikin tsarin masana'anta. Sharar da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita a masana'antun masana'antu, kuma galibi ba a la'akari da sake yin amfani da su ta hanyar gargajiya. == Nau'ukan == [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (3).jpg|thumb]] Sharar gida bayan cin abinci ta ƙunshi: * marufi * sassan da ba a bukata, kamar fatar 'ya'yan itace, kasusuwa a cikin nama, da dai sauransu. * abubuwan da ba'a so da aka karɓa, misali: ** kayan talla a cikin akwatin wasiku ** foda da aka samu a titi ba tare da samun damar ƙi ba ** kura, ciyawa, faduwa ganyen da sauransu. * Abubuwan da mutum baya buƙata, misali mujallar da aka karanta, abubuwan da aka maye gurbinsu da sabbin nau'ikan, tufafin da ba su da kyau, sauran abincin da ba za a iya adanawa ba ko kuma ba ya son adanawa. * abubuwan karya, abubuwan da ba sa aiki, abinci mara kyau, tsofaffin tufafi, tufafin da ba su dace ba * kayan wasan yara masu girma, tufafi, littattafai, aikin makaranta * abubuwan da ake iya zubarwa kamar Kleenex da batura da aka gama * sharar mutum, sharar gida, sharar gida daga nau'ikan tsaftacewa daban-daban * "sharar rayuwa bayan rayuwa" ** jikin mutum ko toka ** abubuwan da mutane ba sa so kuma ba za su iya siyarwa ba ** motocin da ba a yi amfani da su ba ** abubuwan da ba za a iya amfani da su ba == Matsalolin shari'a == A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, irin su [[Tarayyar Amurka|ƙasar Amurka]], babu wani kyakkyawan fata na keɓantawa a cikin sharar bayan cin kasuwa da zarar ya bar gidan mabukaci. Kowa na iya bincika ta, gami da [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]], kuma duk wata shaida da aka gano za a iya amfani da ita a gaban shari'a. An kafa wannan koyaswar a cikin The ''California v.'' Shari'ar ''Greenwood'', wanda [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke]] hukuncin cewa babu wata doka ta gama gari ta tsammanin keɓantawa ga kayan da aka jefar. Hakan ya sa mutane ke jayayya da halaccin shan sharar bayan fage don kimar ceto. == Almubazzaranci mai yawa == Musamman a cikin tsarin abinci, akwai sharar gida da yawa da ke faruwa a ƙarshen mabukaci. Sharar gida bayan mai amfani da ita ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na abincin da aka zubar. Ana iya danganta wannan da dalilai da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine hanyar da ake yiwa lakabin abinci. Dangane da wani binciken da aka buga a cikin shekarata 2020, rikicewar da aka yiwa lakabin amfani da, cinyewa, ko siyarwa ta kwanan wata shine babban dalilin da yasa ake asarar abinci a irin wannan girman yayin da abincin ya kasance gabaɗaya. Wata hanya kuma ita ce yadda ake amfani da abinci da zarar ya kai ga talakawan mabukaci saboda dalilai da yawa, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, halaye, da halaye na siye. Bugu da ƙari, kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan suna shafar juna kuma suna shafar adadin abincin da ke ɓarna ga kowane mutum. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Kasuwanci mai haɗari mai haɗari == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Amfani]] rlqr361z207pqol7kiak56ui610xktt 914968 914967 2026-09-02T16:23:11Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mixed_municipal_waste.JPG |thumb| Bola]] [[Fayil:A_Green_colored_large_of_waste_container_in_Yuen_Long.jpg |thumb| Shara a Kwando]] [[Fayil:Household waste on a wheelbarrow.jpg|thumb|wannan it's ce shara '''cikin gida''']] '''Amfanin da sharar gida''' nau'in sharar gida ne da mai amfani da ƙarshen rafi ya samar; wato, inda amfani da sharar gida bai ƙunshi samar da wani samfur ba. Ba a bayyana sharuɗɗan riga-kafi da kayan da aka sake yin fa'ida ba a cikin ma'auni na ISO a shekarun 14021 (1999) amma kayan da aka riga aka yi amfani da su da kuma bayan masu amfani sune. Waɗannan ma'anoni su ne mafi yaɗuwar sanannun kuma tabbatar da ma'anar kamar yadda [[masana'anta]] da jami'an saye ke amfani da su a duk [[duniya]]. Yawanci, sharar gida ne kawai mutane ke zubar da su akai-akai, ko dai a cikin rumbun shara ko juji, ko ta hanyar zubar da shara, kona wuta, ko zubar da magudanar ruwa, ko wankewa a cikin magudanar ruwa. An kuma bambanta sharar gida na bayan-mabuƙaci daga sharar da aka riga aka yi amfani da su, wanda shi ne sake dawo da juzu'in masana'anta (kamar trimming daga samar da takarda, gwangwani na aluminum mara kyau, da sauransu) baya cikin tsarin masana'anta. Sharar da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita a masana'antun masana'antu, kuma galibi ba a la'akari da sake yin amfani da su ta hanyar gargajiya. == Nau'ukan == [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (3).jpg|thumb]] Sharar gida bayan cin abinci ta ƙunshi: * marufi * sassan da ba a bukata, kamar fatar 'ya'yan itace, kasusuwa a cikin nama, da dai sauransu. * abubuwan da ba'a so da aka karɓa, misali: ** kayan talla a cikin akwatin wasiku ** foda da aka samu a titi ba tare da samun damar ƙi ba ** kura, ciyawa, faduwa ganyen da sauransu. * Abubuwan da mutum baya buƙata, misali mujallar da aka karanta, abubuwan da aka maye gurbinsu da sabbin nau'ikan, tufafin da ba su da kyau, sauran abincin da ba za a iya adanawa ba ko kuma ba ya son adanawa. * abubuwan karya, abubuwan da ba sa aiki, abinci mara kyau, tsofaffin tufafi, tufafin da ba su dace ba * kayan wasan yara masu girma, tufafi, littattafai, aikin makaranta * abubuwan da ake iya zubarwa kamar Kleenex da batura da aka gama * sharar mutum, sharar gida, sharar gida daga nau'ikan tsaftacewa daban-daban * "sharar rayuwa bayan rayuwa" ** jikin mutum ko toka ** abubuwan da mutane ba sa so kuma ba za su iya siyarwa ba ** motocin da ba a yi amfani da su ba ** abubuwan da ba za a iya amfani da su ba == Matsalolin shari'a == A cikin ƙasashe da yawa, irin su [[Tarayyar Amurka|ƙasar Amurka]], babu wani kyakkyawan fata na keɓantawa a cikin sharar bayan cin kasuwa da zarar ya bar gidan mabukaci. Kowa na iya bincika ta, gami da [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]], kuma duk wata shaida da aka gano za a iya amfani da ita a gaban shari'a. An kuma kafa wannan koyaswar a cikin The ''California v.'' Shari'ar ''Greenwood'', wanda [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka ta yanke]] hukuncin cewa babu wata doka ta gama gari ta tsammanin keɓantawa ga kayan da aka jefar. Hakan ya sa mutane ke jayayya da halaccin shan sharar bayan fage don kimar ceto. == Almubazzaranci mai yawa == Musamman a cikin tsarin abinci, akwai sharar gida da yawa da ke faruwa a ƙarshen mabukaci. Sharar gida bayan mai amfani da ita ya haifar da adadi mai yawa na abincin da aka zubar. Ana iya danganta wannan da dalilai da yawa, ɗaya daga cikinsu shine hanyar da ake yiwa lakabin abinci. Dangane da wani binciken da aka buga a cikin shekarata 2020, rikicewar da aka yiwa lakabin amfani da, cinyewa, ko siyarwa ta kwanan wata shine babban dalilin da yasa ake asarar abinci a irin wannan girman yayin da abincin ya kasance gabaɗaya. Wata hanya kuma ita ce yadda ake amfani da abinci da zarar ya kai ga talakawan mabukaci saboda dalilai da yawa, tare da manyan abubuwan da suka shafi zamantakewa, halaye, da halaye na siye. Bugu da ƙari, kowane ɗayan waɗannan abubuwan suna shafar juna kuma suna shafar adadin abincin da ke ɓarna ga kowane mutum. == Duba sauran abubuwa == * Kasuwanci mai haɗari mai haɗari == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Gida]] [[Category:Amfani]] 9hglmawf0idqdt24d96mmqmutiw3dj9 0 29870 914932 723889 2026-09-02T16:06:34Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914932 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Umweltbelastung_durch_Industrie%C3%B6le_in_Industriebrache_2.jpg|thumb|Shara]] [[File:Industrial_discharge.jpg|thumb|Sharar masana'antu]] [[File:Berkeley_Pit_-_Butte,_Montana_(7998261366).jpg|thumb| Ramin hakar ma'adinan tagulla a [[Montana]]]] '''Sharar masana'antu,''' ita ce sharar da masana'antu ke samarwa wanda ya haɗa da duk wani abu da ya zama mara amfani yayin aikin [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]], kamar na masana'antu da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Nau'in sharar masana'antu sun haɗa da datti da tsakuwa, '''[[katako]]''' da siminti, tarkacen ƙarfe mai kaushi, sinadarai, guntun katako, har ma da kayan lambu daga gidajen abinci<ref>https://www.fixdex.com/ha/industrial-wastewater-treatment/</ref>. Sharar gida na masana'antu na iya zama mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi ko ruwa a cikin tsari. Yana iya zama [[sharar gida mai haɗari]] (wasu nau'ikan masu guba ne), ko sharar da ba ta da haɗari. A wadansu lokuta har da ragowar ayyukan nukiliya. Sharar da [[masana'antu]] na iya gurɓata ƙasan dake kusa ko raƙuman ruwa da ke kusa, kuma suna iya gurɓata ruwan ƙasa, [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|tafkuna]], koguna, koguna ko ruwan bakin teku. Sharar da masana'antu galibi ana haɗa su cikin sharar gari, yana sa ingantacciyar ƙima mai wahala. Ƙididdiga na Amurka ya kai ten biliyan 7.6 na sharar masana'antu da ake samarwa kowace shekara, kamar na shekarar 2017. Yawancin ƙasashe sun kafa doka don magance matsalar sharar masana'antu, amma tsauraran dokoki da bin ka'idoji sun bambanta.<ref>https://www.hyhhecosolutions.com/ha/industrial-wastewater-treatment/</ref>Tilastawa ko da yaushe batu ne. == Rarraba sharar masana'antu da maganinta == [[File:(Earlier_photo)_August_2004,_Early_Housatonic_cleanup_'1.5_Mile_Reach',_Pittsfield,_MA_(7984297476).jpg|thumb| Tsaftace gadon kogin [[Massachusetts]] wanda aka gurbata da PCBs]] Sharar gida mai haɗari, sharar [[Sinadarin shara|sinadarai]], dattin masana'antu da [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]] sune rarrabuwa na sharar gida da gwamnatoci ke amfani da su a ƙasashe daban-daban. Cibiyoyin kula da najasa na iya magance wasu sharar masana'antu, watau waɗanda suka ƙunshi gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kamar buƙatun oxygen na biochemical (BOD)<ref>https://www-voahausa-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.voahausa.com/amp/7960618.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539570629609&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voahausa.com%2Fa%2F7960618.html</ref>. Shararrun masana'antu da ke ɗauke da kuma gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ko yawan abubuwan ƙazanta (kamar ammonia ) suna buƙatar tsarin kulawa na musamman. ( ''Duba'' maganin sharar gida na masana'antu ). Ana kuma iya rarraba sharar masana'antu bisa ga halayensu kamar haka: * Sharar gida mai ƙarfi, amma wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa a ciki suna cikin ruwa ko ruwa, misali masana'antar crockery ko wankin ma'adanai ko gawayi. * Sharar gida a cikin narkar da kuma gurbataccen yanayi yana cikin nau'in ruwa, misali masana'antar kiwo. == Tasirin muhalli == Yawancin masana'antu da yawancin masana'antar wutar lantarki suna kusa da jikunan ruwa don samun ruwa mai yawa don ayyukan masana'antu ko don sanyaya kayan aiki. A ƙasar Amurka, tashoshin wutar lantarki sune mafi yawan masu amfani da ruwa. Sauran masana'antun da ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa sun hada da masana'anta da masana'antar takarda, masana'antar sinadarai, masana'antar ƙarfe da ƙarfe, matatun man fetur, masana'antar sarrafa abinci da kuma na'urar aluminium . [[File:Lixão_Altamira_Pará.JPG|thumb| Gidan kwanon kwandon shara a Pará, Brazil]] Yawancin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba waɗanda ke zama masu cigaban masana'antu har yanzu ba su da albarkatun ko fasahar da za su zubar da sharar su tare da ƙarancin tasiri ga muhalli. Dukansu ruwan sharar da ba a kula da su ba da wani sashi ana mayar da su cikin wani ruwa na kusa da shi. Karfe, sinadarai da najasa da ake fitarwa a cikin ruwa kai tsaye suna shafar yanayin halittun teku da kuma lafiyar wadanda suka dogara da ruwa a matsayin tushen abinci ko ruwan sha. Guba daga cikin ruwan datti na iya kashe rayuwar ruwa ko kuma haifar da rashin lafiya iri-iri ga waɗanda ke cinye waɗannan dabbobin ruwa, dangane da gurɓataccen abu. Da Karfe da sinadarai da ake fitarwa a jikin ruwa suna shafar yanayin yanayin ruwa. Ruwan da ke ɗauke da sinadirai (nitrates da phosphates) sukan haifar da eutrophication wanda zai iya kashe rayuwar da ke cikin ruwa. Wani bincike da aka yi a Thailand wanda ke mai da hankali kan asalin gurɓacewar ruwa ya gano cewa mafi girman yawan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin U-tapao yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da fitar da ruwan sharar masana'antu. [[Gurbacewar]] yanayi— fitar da ruwa a matsanancin zafin jiki bayan an yi amfani da shi don sanyaya—yana iya haifar da kuma gurɓataccen ruwa. Ruwan daɗaɗɗen yanayin zafi yana rage matakan iskar oxygen, wanda zai iya kashe kifin da canza tsarin sarkar abinci, rage bambancin halittu, da haɓaka mamayewar sabbin nau'ikan thermophilic. === Sharar gida mai ƙarfi da haɗari === Sharar gida mai ƙarfi, galibi ana kiranta [[Datti da sharar gida|datti na birni]], yawanci tana nufin kayan da ba su da haɗari. Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da sharar gida, sharar gida da sharar gida; kuma yana iya haɗawa da kayayyaki kamar tarkacen gini da sharar gida. [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|Sharar gida mai haɗari galibi]] kuma tana da ƙayyadaddun ma'anoni, saboda ƙarin kulawa da sarƙaƙƙiya da ake buƙatar irin wannan sharar. A ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka, ana iya rarraba sharar gida a matsayin mai haɗari bisa wasu halaye: ƙonewa, sake kunnawa, lalata da [[Dafi|guba]]. Wasu nau'ikan sharar gida masu haɗari an jera su musamman cikin ƙa'idodi. === Gurbacewar ruwa === [[File:Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG|thumb| Gurbacewar ruwa a Wairarapa, New Zealand]] Daya daga cikin mafi munin illar sharar masana'antu shine gurbatar ruwa. Don yawancin hanyoyin masana'antu, ana amfani da ruwa wanda ke haɗuwa da sinadarai masu cutarwa. Waɗannan sinadarai na iya haɗawa da mahadi na halitta (kamar ƙauye), ƙarfe, abubuwan gina jiki ko kayan rediyo. Idan aka fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da magani ba, ruwan karkashin kasa da na saman ruwa - tabkuna, koguna, koguna da ruwan bakin teku - DA Duk hanyoyin ruwa na iya zama gurbatacce, tare da yin illa ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha da ruwan ban ruwa da ake amfani da su don noma na iya shafar su. Kuma abubuwan gurɓata na iya ƙasƙanta ko lalata mazaunin dabbobi da tsirrai. A yankunan bakin teku, kifaye da sauran rayuwar ruwa za su iya gurɓata da sharar da ba a kula da su ba; rairayin bakin teku masu da sauran wuraren shakatawa na iya lalacewa ko rufe. {{Rp|273–309}} == Gudanarwa == === Tailandia ===   A [[Tailan|Tailandia]] ayyukan sarrafa datti na [[Datti da sharar gida|birni]] (MSW) da sarrafa sharar masana'antu ana yin su ne daga Gwamnatin Royal Thai, wacce aka tsara a matsayin gwamnatin tsakiya (ƙasa), gwamnatin yanki, da ƙaramar hukuma. Kowace gwamnati tana da alhakin ayyuka daban-daban. Gwamnatin tsakiya ce ke da alhakin haɓaka ƙa'idodi, manufofi, da ƙa'idodi. Gwamnonin yanki ne ke da alhakin daidaita tsakanin gwamnatocin tsakiya da na kananan hukumomi. [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|Kananan hukumomi]] ne ke da alhakin sarrafa sharar gida a yankin da suke gudanar da mulki. Duk da haka, ƙananan hukumomi ba sa zubar da sharar da kansu amma a maimakon haka suna hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba su hakki daga Sashen Kula da Gurɓatawa (PCD) a Thailand. Manyan kamfanoni sune Cibiyar Gudanar da sharar masana'antu ta Bangpoo, ''General Environmental Conservation Public Company Limited (GENCO), SGS Thailand, Waste Management Siam LTD (WMS), da Better World Green Public Company Limited (BWG''). Wadannan kamfanoni ne ke da alhakin barnar da suka samu daga abokan cinikinsu kafin su fitar da shi ga muhalli, su binne shi gaba ɗaya. === Amurka === Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfadowa ta a shekarata 1976 (RCRA) ta tanadi dokokin tarayya na masana'antu, gida, da kera ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida da haɗari a cikin Amurka. RCRA na nufin adana albarkatun ƙasa da makamashi, kare lafiyar ɗan adam, kawar da ko rage sharar gida, da tsaftace sharar gida lokacin da ake buƙata. <ref name=":0" /> RCRA da farko ta fara ne a matsayin gyara ga Dokar Sharar Sharar ta shekarar 1965, kuma a cikin shekarata 1984, Majalisa ta zartar da gyare-gyare masu haɗari da ƙazamin shara (HSWA) wanda ya ƙarfafa RCRA ta: * Kawar da zubar da ƙasa - zubar da ƙasa yana nufin sanya sharar gida ko a cikin ƙasa (misali rijiyoyin [[allura]], wuraren zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]], da dai sauransu), kuma shirin hana zubar da ƙasa (LDR) (ƙarƙashin HSWA) ya hana sharar da ba a kula da ita ba daga zubar da ƙasa, kuma tana buƙatar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Amurka. Hukumar Kariya (EPA) don saita ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin jiyya waɗanda dole ne a cika su kafin a iya zubar da ƙasa mai haɗari. Hakanan shirin na LDR yana da haramcin dilution, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa mai ɗaukar kaya ba zai iya narke datti mai haɗari a matsayin hanyar gujewa gamsar da jiyya ba. * Rage sharar gida-manufa na rage sharar gida shine a tabbatar da cewa adadin dattin da ake samarwa, da matakan gubarsa, sun ragu sosai kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma EPA tana yin hakan ta hanyar rage tushe da sake amfani da su. Rage tushe (ko rigakafin gurɓatawa (P2) ) yana rage samar da sharar gida masu haɗari daidai a tushen sa, kuma shine matakin farko na EPA a sarrafa kayan tare da sake yin amfani da shi shine na biyu. <ref name=":1" /> * Ƙaddamar da ikon EPA game da aikin gyara-matakin gyara shine lokacin da magani, ajiya, da wuraren zubar da ciki (TSDFs) dole ne ya wajabta tare da neman sakewa masu haɗari a cikin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙasa, da iska, da share shi. Ƙarƙashin HSWA, EPA na iya buƙatar yin gyara a TSDFs masu izini da marasa izini. <ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, EPA tana amfani da Superfund don nemo wuraren gurɓatawa, gano ɓangarori da ke da alhakin, kuma a cikin abubuwan da suka faru inda aka ce jam'iyyun ba a san ko iya ba, shirin yana ba da kuɗin tsaftacewa. Superfund kuma yana aiki akan ganowa da amfani da magunguna na ƙarshe don tsaftacewa. Tsarin Superfund shine: 1) tattara mahimman bayanai (wanda aka sani da lokacin Binciken Gyara (RI); 2) tantance hanyoyin da za a magance duk wani haɗari mai haɗari ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam (wanda aka sani da matakin Ƙarfafawa (FS)); 3) ƙayyade magunguna mafi dacewa waɗanda zasu iya rage haɗarin zuwa ƙarin isassun matakan. <ref name=":2" /> Wasu rukunin yanar gizon sun gurɓata sosai saboda zubar da sharar da aka yi a baya wanda yakan ɗauki shekaru da yawa don tsaftace su, ko kuma saukar da gurɓacewar zuwa matakan karɓuwa, don haka yana buƙatar kulawa na dogon lokaci akan waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon. Don haka, wani lokacin gano magani na ƙarshe ba zai yiwu ba, don haka, EPA ta haɓaka shirin Gudanar da Daidaitawa. <ref name=":2" /> EPA ta fitar da ƙa'idodin ƙasa game da kulawa, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida. EPA ta ba wa kowane hukumomin muhalli izinin aiwatarwa da aiwatar da ka'idojin RCRA ta hanyar shirye-shiryen wajen sarrafa shara da aka yarda. State compliance is monitored by EPA inspections. In the case that waste management guideline standards are not met, action against the site{{which|date=April 2019}} will be taken. Compliance errors may be corrected by enforced cleanup directly by the site responsible for the waste or by a third party hired by that site. Prior to the enactment of the Clean Water At (1972) and RCRA, open dumping or releasing wastewater into nearby bodies of water were common waste disposal methods. The negative effects on human health and environmental health led to the need for such regulations. The RCRA framework provides specified subsections defining nonhazardous and hazardous waste materials and how each should be properly managed and disposed of. Guidelines for the disposal of nonhazardous solid waste includes the banning of open dumping. Hazardous waste is monitored in a "cradle to grave" fashion; each step in the process of waste generation, transport and disposal is tracked. The EPA now{{When}} manages 2.96 million tons of solid, hazardous and industrial waste. Since establishment, the RCRA program has undergone reforms as inefficiencies arise and as waste management processes evolve.<ref name="RCRA overview" /> Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 1972 babbar doka ce ta doka don kare ruwan saman (koguna, tafkuna da gaɓar ruwa). Wata doka ta shekarar 1948 ta ba da izinin bincike da haɓaka ƙa'idodin ruwa na son rai, kuma ta ba da ƙarancin kuɗi don ƙoƙarin gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙananan hukumomi. Dokar 1972 ta haramta, a karon farko, fitar da sharar masana'antu ba tare da kulawa ba, da kuma najasa na birni, cikin ruwa na Amurka. Ana buƙatar EPA don haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasa don wuraren masana'antu da ƙa'idodi na masana'antar kula da najasa na birni. Ana buƙatar jihohi su haɓaka ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa ga ƙungiyoyin ruwa ɗaya. Ana ba da aikin aiwatarwa galibi ga hukumomin jiha. An zartar da manyan gyare-gyare ga dokar a shekarun 1977 da 1987. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * [[Sinadarin shara|Sharar sinadarai]] * Gyaran muhalli * Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli * [[Sharar gida mai haɗari]] * Jerin fasahohin maganin datti * Jerin kamfanonin sarrafa shara * Jerin batutuwan sarrafa shara * Sake yin amfani da su * Gurbacewar kasa * Tailings (sharar ma'adinai) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:America]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ec7rjokjt9sb2ljm8arvafzimqlqnj0 914933 914932 2026-09-02T16:07:05Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914933 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Umweltbelastung_durch_Industrie%C3%B6le_in_Industriebrache_2.jpg|thumb|Shara]] [[File:Industrial_discharge.jpg|thumb|Sharar masana'antu]] [[File:Berkeley_Pit_-_Butte,_Montana_(7998261366).jpg|thumb| Ramin hakar ma'adinan tagulla a [[Montana]]]] '''Sharar masana'antu,''' ita ce sharar da masana'antu ke samarwa wanda ya haɗa da duk wani abu da ya zama mara amfani yayin aikin [[Masana'anta|masana'antu]], kamar na masana'antu da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai. Nau'in sharar masana'antu sun haɗa da datti da tsakuwa, '''[[katako]]''' da siminti, tarkacen ƙarfe mai kaushi, sinadarai, guntun katako, har ma da kayan lambu daga gidajen abinci<ref>https://www.fixdex.com/ha/industrial-wastewater-treatment/</ref>. Sharar gida na masana'antu na iya zama mai ƙarfi, mai ƙarfi ko ruwa a cikin tsari. Yana iya zama [[sharar gida mai haɗari]] (wasu nau'ikan masu guba ne), ko sharar da ba ta da haɗari. A wadansu lokuta har da ragowar ayyukan nukiliya. Sharar da [[masana'antu]] na iya gurɓata ƙasan dake kusa ko raƙuman ruwa da ke kusa, kuma suna iya gurɓata ruwan ƙasa, [[Tafkin Albert (Africa)|tafkuna]], koguna, koguna ko ruwan bakin teku. Sharar da masana'antu galibi ana haɗa su cikin sharar gari, yana sa ingantacciyar ƙima mai wahala. Ƙididdiga na Amurka ya kai ten biliyan 7.6 na sharar masana'antu da ake samarwa kowace shekara, kamar na shekarar 2017. Yawancin ƙasashe sun kafa doka don magance matsalar sharar masana'antu, amma tsauraran dokoki da bin ka'idoji sun bambanta.<ref>https://www.hyhhecosolutions.com/ha/industrial-wastewater-treatment/</ref>Tilastawa ko da yaushe batu ne. == Rarraba sharar masana'antu da maganinta == [[File:(Earlier_photo)_August_2004,_Early_Housatonic_cleanup_'1.5_Mile_Reach',_Pittsfield,_MA_(7984297476).jpg|thumb| Tsaftace gadon kogin [[Massachusetts]] wanda aka gurbata da PCBs]] Sharar gida mai haɗari, sharar [[Sinadarin shara|sinadarai]], dattin masana'antu da [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]] sune rarrabuwa na sharar gida da gwamnatoci ke amfani da su a ƙasashe daban-daban. Cibiyoyin kula da najasa na iya magance wasu sharar masana'antu, watau waɗanda suka ƙunshi gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu kamar buƙatun oxygen na biochemical (BOD)<ref>https://www-voahausa-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.voahausa.com/amp/7960618.html?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17539570629609&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voahausa.com%2Fa%2F7960618.html</ref>. Shararrun masana'antu da ke ɗauke da kuma gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu ko yawan abubuwan ƙazanta (kamar ammonia ) suna buƙatar tsarin kulawa na musamman. ( ''Duba'' maganin sharar gida na masana'antu ). Ana kuma iya rarraba sharar masana'antu bisa ga halayensu kamar haka: * Sharar gida mai ƙarfi, amma wasu gurɓatattun abubuwa a ciki suna cikin ruwa ko ruwa, misali masana'antar crockery ko wankin ma'adanai ko gawayi. * Sharar gida a cikin narkar da kuma gurbataccen yanayi yana cikin nau'in ruwa, misali masana'antar kiwo. == Tasirin muhalli == Yawancin masana'antu da yawancin masana'antar wutar lantarki suna kusa da jikunan ruwa don samun ruwa mai yawa don ayyukan masana'antu ko don sanyaya kayan aiki. A ƙasar Amurka, tashoshin wutar lantarki sune mafi yawan masu amfani da ruwa. Sauran masana'antun da ke amfani da ruwa mai yawa sun haɗa da masana'anta da masana'antar takarda, masana'antar sinadarai, masana'antar ƙarfe da ƙarfe, matatun man fetur, masana'antar sarrafa abinci da kuma na'urar aluminium . [[File:Lixão_Altamira_Pará.JPG|thumb| Gidan kwanon kwandon shara a Pará, Brazil]] Yawancin ƙasashe masu ƙarancin ci gaba waɗanda ke zama masu cigaban masana'antu har yanzu ba su da albarkatun ko fasahar da za su zubar da sharar su tare da ƙarancin tasiri ga muhalli. Dukansu ruwan sharar da ba a kula da su ba da wani sashi ana mayar da su cikin wani ruwa na kusa da shi. Karfe, sinadarai da najasa da ake fitarwa a cikin ruwa kai tsaye suna shafar yanayin halittun teku da kuma lafiyar wadanda suka dogara da ruwa a matsayin tushen abinci ko ruwan sha. Guba daga cikin ruwan datti na iya kashe rayuwar ruwa ko kuma haifar da rashin lafiya iri-iri ga waɗanda ke cinye waɗannan dabbobin ruwa, dangane da gurɓataccen abu. Da Karfe da sinadarai da ake fitarwa a jikin ruwa suna shafar yanayin yanayin ruwa. Ruwan da ke ɗauke da sinadirai (nitrates da phosphates) sukan haifar da eutrophication wanda zai iya kashe rayuwar da ke cikin ruwa. Wani bincike da aka yi a Thailand wanda ke mai da hankali kan asalin gurɓacewar ruwa ya gano cewa mafi girman yawan gurɓataccen ruwa a cikin kogin U-tapao yana da alaƙa kai tsaye da fitar da ruwan sharar masana'antu. [[Gurbacewar]] yanayi— fitar da ruwa a matsanancin zafin jiki bayan an yi amfani da shi don sanyaya—yana iya haifar da kuma gurɓataccen ruwa. Ruwan daɗaɗɗen yanayin zafi yana rage matakan iskar oxygen, wanda zai iya kashe kifin da canza tsarin sarkar abinci, rage bambancin halittu, da haɓaka mamayewar sabbin nau'ikan thermophilic. === Sharar gida mai ƙarfi da haɗari === Sharar gida mai ƙarfi, galibi ana kiranta [[Datti da sharar gida|datti na birni]], yawanci tana nufin kayan da ba su da haɗari. Wannan rukunin ya haɗa da sharar gida, sharar gida da sharar gida; kuma yana iya haɗawa da kayayyaki kamar tarkacen gini da sharar gida. [[Sharar gida mai haɗari|Sharar gida mai haɗari galibi]] kuma tana da ƙayyadaddun ma'anoni, saboda ƙarin kulawa da sarƙaƙƙiya da ake buƙatar irin wannan sharar. A ƙarƙashin dokar Amurka, ana iya rarraba sharar gida a matsayin mai haɗari bisa wasu halaye: ƙonewa, sake kunnawa, lalata da [[Dafi|guba]]. Wasu nau'ikan sharar gida masu haɗari an jera su musamman cikin ƙa'idodi. === Gurbacewar ruwa === [[File:Water_pollution_in_the_Wairarapa.JPG|thumb| Gurbacewar ruwa a Wairarapa, New Zealand]] Daya daga cikin mafi munin illar sharar masana'antu shine gurbatar ruwa. Don yawancin hanyoyin masana'antu, ana amfani da ruwa wanda ke haɗuwa da sinadarai masu cutarwa. Waɗannan sinadarai na iya haɗawa da mahadi na halitta (kamar ƙauye), ƙarfe, abubuwan gina jiki ko kayan rediyo. Idan aka fitar da ruwan datti ba tare da magani ba, ruwan karkashin kasa da na saman ruwa - tabkuna, koguna, koguna da ruwan bakin teku - DA Duk hanyoyin ruwa na iya zama gurbatacce, tare da yin illa ga lafiyar dan adam da muhalli. Maɓuɓɓugar ruwan sha da ruwan ban ruwa da ake amfani da su don noma na iya shafar su. Kuma abubuwan gurɓata na iya ƙasƙanta ko lalata mazaunin dabbobi da tsirrai. A yankunan bakin teku, kifaye da sauran rayuwar ruwa za su iya gurɓata da sharar da ba a kula da su ba; rairayin bakin teku masu da sauran wuraren shakatawa na iya lalacewa ko rufe. {{Rp|273–309}} == Gudanarwa == === Tailandia ===   A [[Tailan|Tailandia]] ayyukan sarrafa datti na [[Datti da sharar gida|birni]] (MSW) da sarrafa sharar masana'antu ana yin su ne daga Gwamnatin Royal Thai, wacce aka tsara a matsayin gwamnatin tsakiya (ƙasa), gwamnatin yanki, da ƙaramar hukuma. Kowace gwamnati tana da alhakin ayyuka daban-daban. Gwamnatin tsakiya ce ke da alhakin haɓaka ƙa'idodi, manufofi, da ƙa'idodi. Gwamnonin yanki ne ke da alhakin daidaita tsakanin gwamnatocin tsakiya da na kananan hukumomi. [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|Kananan hukumomi]] ne ke da alhakin sarrafa sharar gida a yankin da suke gudanar da mulki. Duk da haka, ƙananan hukumomi ba sa zubar da sharar da kansu amma a maimakon haka suna hayar kamfanoni masu zaman kansu waɗanda aka ba su hakki daga Sashen Kula da Gurɓatawa (PCD) a Thailand. Manyan kamfanoni sune Cibiyar Gudanar da sharar masana'antu ta Bangpoo, ''General Environmental Conservation Public Company Limited (GENCO), SGS Thailand, Waste Management Siam LTD (WMS), da Better World Green Public Company Limited (BWG''). Wadannan kamfanoni ne ke da alhakin barnar da suka samu daga abokan cinikinsu kafin su fitar da shi ga muhalli, su binne shi gaba ɗaya. === Amurka === Dokar Kare Albarkatu da Farfadowa ta a shekarata 1976 (RCRA) ta tanadi dokokin tarayya na masana'antu, gida, da kera ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida da haɗari a cikin Amurka. RCRA na nufin adana albarkatun ƙasa da makamashi, kare lafiyar ɗan adam, kawar da ko rage sharar gida, da tsaftace sharar gida lokacin da ake buƙata. <ref name=":0" /> RCRA da farko ta fara ne a matsayin gyara ga Dokar Sharar Sharar ta shekarar 1965, kuma a cikin shekarata 1984, Majalisa ta zartar da gyare-gyare masu haɗari da ƙazamin shara (HSWA) wanda ya ƙarfafa RCRA ta: * Kawar da zubar da ƙasa - zubar da ƙasa yana nufin sanya sharar gida ko a cikin ƙasa (misali rijiyoyin [[allura]], wuraren zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]], da dai sauransu), kuma shirin hana zubar da ƙasa (LDR) (ƙarƙashin HSWA) ya hana sharar da ba a kula da ita ba daga zubar da ƙasa, kuma tana buƙatar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Amurka. Hukumar Kariya (EPA) don saita ƙayyadaddun ƙa'idodin jiyya waɗanda dole ne a cika su kafin a iya zubar da ƙasa mai haɗari. Hakanan shirin na LDR yana da haramcin dilution, wanda ke tabbatar da cewa mai ɗaukar kaya ba zai iya narke datti mai haɗari a matsayin hanyar gujewa gamsar da jiyya ba. * Rage sharar gida-manufa na rage sharar gida shine a tabbatar da cewa adadin dattin da ake samarwa, da matakan gubarsa, sun ragu sosai kamar yadda zai yiwu, kuma EPA tana yin hakan ta hanyar rage tushe da sake amfani da su. Rage tushe (ko rigakafin gurɓatawa (P2) ) yana rage samar da sharar gida masu haɗari daidai a tushen sa, kuma shine matakin farko na EPA a sarrafa kayan tare da sake yin amfani da shi shine na biyu. <ref name=":1" /> * Ƙaddamar da ikon EPA game da aikin gyara-matakin gyara shine lokacin da magani, ajiya, da wuraren zubar da ciki (TSDFs) dole ne ya wajabta tare da neman sakewa masu haɗari a cikin ruwa na ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙasa, da iska, da share shi. Ƙarƙashin HSWA, EPA na iya buƙatar yin gyara a TSDFs masu izini da marasa izini. <ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, EPA tana amfani da Superfund don nemo wuraren gurɓatawa, gano ɓangarori da ke da alhakin, kuma a cikin abubuwan da suka faru inda aka ce jam'iyyun ba a san ko iya ba, shirin yana ba da kuɗin tsaftacewa. Superfund kuma yana aiki akan ganowa da amfani da magunguna na ƙarshe don tsaftacewa. Tsarin Superfund shine: 1) tattara mahimman bayanai (wanda aka sani da lokacin Binciken Gyara (RI); 2) tantance hanyoyin da za a magance duk wani haɗari mai haɗari ga muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam (wanda aka sani da matakin Ƙarfafawa (FS)); 3) ƙayyade magunguna mafi dacewa waɗanda zasu iya rage haɗarin zuwa ƙarin isassun matakan. <ref name=":2" /> Wasu rukunin yanar gizon sun gurɓata sosai saboda zubar da sharar da aka yi a baya wanda yakan ɗauki shekaru da yawa don tsaftace su, ko kuma saukar da gurɓacewar zuwa matakan karɓuwa, don haka yana buƙatar kulawa na dogon lokaci akan waɗannan rukunin yanar gizon. Don haka, wani lokacin gano magani na ƙarshe ba zai yiwu ba, don haka, EPA ta haɓaka shirin Gudanar da Daidaitawa. <ref name=":2" /> EPA ta fitar da ƙa'idodin ƙasa game da kulawa, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida. EPA ta ba wa kowane hukumomin muhalli izinin aiwatarwa da aiwatar da ka'idojin RCRA ta hanyar shirye-shiryen wajen sarrafa shara da aka yarda. State compliance is monitored by EPA inspections. In the case that waste management guideline standards are not met, action against the site{{which|date=April 2019}} will be taken. Compliance errors may be corrected by enforced cleanup directly by the site responsible for the waste or by a third party hired by that site. Prior to the enactment of the Clean Water At (1972) and RCRA, open dumping or releasing wastewater into nearby bodies of water were common waste disposal methods. The negative effects on human health and environmental health led to the need for such regulations. The RCRA framework provides specified subsections defining nonhazardous and hazardous waste materials and how each should be properly managed and disposed of. Guidelines for the disposal of nonhazardous solid waste includes the banning of open dumping. Hazardous waste is monitored in a "cradle to grave" fashion; each step in the process of waste generation, transport and disposal is tracked. The EPA now{{When}} manages 2.96 million tons of solid, hazardous and industrial waste. Since establishment, the RCRA program has undergone reforms as inefficiencies arise and as waste management processes evolve.<ref name="RCRA overview" /> Dokar Tsabtace Ruwa ta 1972 babbar doka ce ta doka don kare ruwan saman (koguna, tafkuna da gaɓar ruwa). Wata doka ta shekarar 1948 ta ba da izinin bincike da haɓaka ƙa'idodin ruwa na son rai, kuma ta ba da ƙarancin kuɗi don ƙoƙarin gwamnatocin jihohi da na ƙananan hukumomi. Dokar 1972 ta haramta, a karon farko, fitar da sharar masana'antu ba tare da kulawa ba, da kuma najasa na birni, cikin ruwa na Amurka. Ana buƙatar EPA don haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasa don wuraren masana'antu da ƙa'idodi na masana'antar kula da najasa na birni. Ana buƙatar jihohi su haɓaka ƙa'idodin ingancin ruwa ga ƙungiyoyin ruwa ɗaya. Ana ba da aikin aiwatarwa galibi ga hukumomin jiha. An zartar da manyan gyare-gyare ga dokar a shekarun 1977 da 1987. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * [[Sinadarin shara|Sharar sinadarai]] * Gyaran muhalli * Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli * [[Sharar gida mai haɗari]] * Jerin fasahohin maganin datti * Jerin kamfanonin sarrafa shara * Jerin batutuwan sarrafa shara * Sake yin amfani da su * Gurbacewar kasa * Tailings (sharar ma'adinai) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:America]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] klui4b4rvwm516dwzdtym61qvo2cigp 0 29878 915338 901168 2026-09-03T09:51:47Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915338 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Solid_Wastes_from_Slaughterhouse.jpg |thumb| Solid Wastes from Slaughterhouse]] [[File:Artist_rendition_of_a_Gate_5_Energy_System_at_a_wastewater_treatment_plant.jpg |thumb|Artist rendition of a Gate 5 Energy System at a wastewater treatment plant ]] [[File:District_heating_plant_spittelau_ssw_crop1.png|right|thumb| Kamfanin ƙonawa na Spittelau ɗaya ne daga cikin tsire-tsire da yawa waɗanda ke ba da dumama gundumomi a [[Vienna]] .]] '''Waste-to-makamashi''' ( '''WtE''' ) ko '''makamashi-daga-sharar gida''' ( '''EfW''' ) shi ne tsarin samar da [[makamashi]] ta hanyar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]] da / ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na [[Sharar gida da ba'a so|sharar gida]], ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c153j8x4jxlo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536161992658&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc153j8x4jxlo</ref> Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar [[lantarki]] da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. == Tarihi == An kuma gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a [[Nottingham]], UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. <ref>Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.</ref> An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a [[New York (birni)|New York, New York]]. An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a [[Denmark]] a cikin 1903 a [[Frederiksberg]]. <blockquote>Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin 'yan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfadowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) </blockquote> == Hanyoyin == === Konawa ===   Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da n, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( [[Datti da sharar gida|MSW]] saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins. Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar karafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi <ref name="dmu2006">[http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/FR442.pdf Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme], Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker, [[Ministry of the Environment of Denmark]] 2006 (in Danish)</ref> daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su. Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]] . Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida). Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Wadannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid . Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki. Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. " A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. === Man fetur daga robobi === Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis . Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. <ref>"Beginners guide" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1F5eT9NTbc "Introduction to Fuel from plastics"].</ref> === Sauran === Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin . Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: [[File:TyrePyrolysisplant.jpg|thumb| Pyrolysis Shuka]] Fasahar jiyya na thermal : * Gasification : yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba * Thermal depolymerization : yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi * Pyrolysis : yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa / bioil da chars * Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur. [[File:Landfill_gas_collection_system.JPG|thumb| Tarin iskar Gas]] Fasaha mara zafi: * Anaerobic narkewa : Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane * Samar da fermentation : misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen * Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT) ** MBT + Anaerobic narkewa ** MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu == Ci gaban duniya == A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara &#x2013; Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado . A kasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Kasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV . An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta . A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba. Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel . Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai. == Carbon dioxide watsi == A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). [[Datti da sharar gida|Dattin datti na birni]] (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW yana samar da kusan {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO . Idan aka [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika sharar]], {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW zai samar da kusan {{Convert|62|m3|cuft}} methane ta hanyar bazuwar [[wiktionary:anaerobic|anaerobic]] na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO , wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar. Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass . Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1). Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326073442/http://www.r-e-a.net/power/biomass-bioenergy/energy-from-waste], from the homepage of the UK Renewable Energy Association</ref> Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . === Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass === MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS '''15440''' ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da '''zaɓin hanyar rushewa''' . An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1000022X ''The biogenic content of process streams from mechanical–biological treatment plants producing solid recovered fuel. Do the manual sorting and selective dissolution determination methods correlate?''] by Mélanie Séverin, Costas A. Velis, Phil J. Longhurst and Simon J.T. Pollard., 2010. In: ''Waste Management'' 30(7): 1171-1182</ref> Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon . Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866. Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira '''hanyar daidaitawa''' ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. <ref>''A New Method to Determine the Ratio of Electricity Production from Fossil and Biogenic Sources in Waste-to-Energy Plants.'' by Fellner, J., Cencic, O. and Rechberger, H., 2007. In: ''Environmental Science & Technology,'' 41(7): 2579-2586. </ref> A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish. Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. <ref>''Determination of biogenic and fossil CO₂ emitted by waste incineration based on ¹⁴CO₂ and mass balances.'' by Mohn, J., Szidat, S., Fellner, J., Rechberger, H., Quartier, R., Buchmann, B. and Emmenegger, L., 2008. In: ''Bioresource Technology,'' 99: 6471-6479. </ref> Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. == Sanannen misalai == A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). <ref>[http://www.iswa.org/index.php?eID=tx_iswaknowledgebase_download&documentUid=1649 Energy from Waste] State-of-the-Art Report, Statistics 5th Edition August 2006. International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)</ref> Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE. === Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE === * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey * Wurin [http://www.leegov.com/solidwaste/facilities/rrf/wte Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County], Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) * Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995) * Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria ( [http://www.wienenergie.at/ Wien Energie] ) * Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden * Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada * Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989) * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] * Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998) * Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974) * Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, [[Kanada]] (1988) * Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, [[New Delhi]], [[Indiya]] * East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India === Tsirrai masu samar da mai === A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya: * Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process, wanda RDF ya haɓaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} === Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire === Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara. Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling . === Ostiraliya === Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Ci gaba da karatu == == Manazarta == * Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427. * Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 < http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033731/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} >. * Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210. * "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. . FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009. < [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5350/is_200808/ai_n28083407]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  > [[Category:Makamashi]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5opqc5tcg3cq3nzi1ungc64cnxrb3gj 915339 915338 2026-09-03T09:52:23Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915339 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Solid_Wastes_from_Slaughterhouse.jpg |thumb| Solid Wastes from Slaughterhouse]] [[File:Artist_rendition_of_a_Gate_5_Energy_System_at_a_wastewater_treatment_plant.jpg |thumb|Artist rendition of a Gate 5 Energy System at a wastewater treatment plant ]] [[File:District_heating_plant_spittelau_ssw_crop1.png|right|thumb| Kamfanin ƙonawa na Spittelau ɗaya ne daga cikin tsire-tsire da yawa waɗanda ke ba da dumama gundumomi a [[Vienna]] .]] '''Waste-to-makamashi''' ( '''WtE''' ) ko '''makamashi-daga-sharar gida''' ( '''EfW''' ) shi ne tsarin samar da [[makamashi]] ta hanyar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]] da / ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na [[Sharar gida da ba'a so|sharar gida]], ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c153j8x4jxlo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536161992658&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc153j8x4jxlo</ref> Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar [[lantarki]] da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. == Tarihi == An kuma gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a [[Nottingham]], UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. <ref>Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.</ref> An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a [[New York (birni)|New York, New York]]. An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a [[Denmark]] a cikin 1903 a [[Frederiksberg]]. <blockquote>Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin ƴan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfaɗowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) </blockquote> == Hanyoyin == === Konawa ===   Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da n, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( [[Datti da sharar gida|MSW]] saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins. Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar karafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi <ref name="dmu2006">[http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/FR442.pdf Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme], Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker, [[Ministry of the Environment of Denmark]] 2006 (in Danish)</ref> daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su. Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]] . Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida). Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Wadannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid . Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki. Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. " A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. === Man fetur daga robobi === Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis . Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. <ref>"Beginners guide" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1F5eT9NTbc "Introduction to Fuel from plastics"].</ref> === Sauran === Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin . Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: [[File:TyrePyrolysisplant.jpg|thumb| Pyrolysis Shuka]] Fasahar jiyya na thermal : * Gasification : yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba * Thermal depolymerization : yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi * Pyrolysis : yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa / bioil da chars * Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur. [[File:Landfill_gas_collection_system.JPG|thumb| Tarin iskar Gas]] Fasaha mara zafi: * Anaerobic narkewa : Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane * Samar da fermentation : misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen * Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT) ** MBT + Anaerobic narkewa ** MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu == Ci gaban duniya == A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara &#x2013; Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado . A kasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Kasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV . An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta . A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba. Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel . Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai. == Carbon dioxide watsi == A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). [[Datti da sharar gida|Dattin datti na birni]] (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW yana samar da kusan {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO . Idan aka [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika sharar]], {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW zai samar da kusan {{Convert|62|m3|cuft}} methane ta hanyar bazuwar [[wiktionary:anaerobic|anaerobic]] na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO , wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar. Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass . Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1). Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326073442/http://www.r-e-a.net/power/biomass-bioenergy/energy-from-waste], from the homepage of the UK Renewable Energy Association</ref> Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . === Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass === MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS '''15440''' ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da '''zaɓin hanyar rushewa''' . An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1000022X ''The biogenic content of process streams from mechanical–biological treatment plants producing solid recovered fuel. Do the manual sorting and selective dissolution determination methods correlate?''] by Mélanie Séverin, Costas A. Velis, Phil J. Longhurst and Simon J.T. Pollard., 2010. In: ''Waste Management'' 30(7): 1171-1182</ref> Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon . Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866. Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira '''hanyar daidaitawa''' ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. <ref>''A New Method to Determine the Ratio of Electricity Production from Fossil and Biogenic Sources in Waste-to-Energy Plants.'' by Fellner, J., Cencic, O. and Rechberger, H., 2007. In: ''Environmental Science & Technology,'' 41(7): 2579-2586. </ref> A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish. Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. <ref>''Determination of biogenic and fossil CO₂ emitted by waste incineration based on ¹⁴CO₂ and mass balances.'' by Mohn, J., Szidat, S., Fellner, J., Rechberger, H., Quartier, R., Buchmann, B. and Emmenegger, L., 2008. In: ''Bioresource Technology,'' 99: 6471-6479. </ref> Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. == Sanannen misalai == A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). <ref>[http://www.iswa.org/index.php?eID=tx_iswaknowledgebase_download&documentUid=1649 Energy from Waste] State-of-the-Art Report, Statistics 5th Edition August 2006. International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)</ref> Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE. === Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE === * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey * Wurin [http://www.leegov.com/solidwaste/facilities/rrf/wte Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County], Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) * Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995) * Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria ( [http://www.wienenergie.at/ Wien Energie] ) * Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden * Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada * Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989) * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] * Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998) * Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974) * Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, [[Kanada]] (1988) * Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, [[New Delhi]], [[Indiya]] * East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India === Tsirrai masu samar da mai === A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya: * Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process, wanda RDF ya haɓaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} === Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire === Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara. Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling . === Ostiraliya === Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Ci gaba da karatu == == Manazarta == * Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427. * Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 < http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033731/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} >. * Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210. * "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. . FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009. < [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5350/is_200808/ai_n28083407]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  > [[Category:Makamashi]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qpby1f6h8i2owyfirksr99drku1l0mh 915340 915339 2026-09-03T09:52:57Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915340 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Solid_Wastes_from_Slaughterhouse.jpg |thumb| Solid Wastes from Slaughterhouse]] [[File:Artist_rendition_of_a_Gate_5_Energy_System_at_a_wastewater_treatment_plant.jpg |thumb|Artist rendition of a Gate 5 Energy System at a wastewater treatment plant ]] [[File:District_heating_plant_spittelau_ssw_crop1.png|right|thumb| Kamfanin ƙonawa na Spittelau ɗaya ne daga cikin tsire-tsire da yawa waɗanda ke ba da dumama gundumomi a [[Vienna]] .]] '''Waste-to-makamashi''' ( '''WtE''' ) ko '''makamashi-daga-sharar gida''' ( '''EfW''' ) shi ne tsarin samar da [[makamashi]] ta hanyar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]] da / ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na [[Sharar gida da ba'a so|sharar gida]], ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c153j8x4jxlo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536161992658&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc153j8x4jxlo</ref> Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar [[lantarki]] da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. == Tarihi == An kuma gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a [[Nottingham]], UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. <ref>Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.</ref> An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a [[New York (birni)|New York, New York]]. An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a [[Denmark]] a cikin 1903 a [[Frederiksberg]]. <blockquote>Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin ƴan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfaɗowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) </blockquote> == Hanyoyin == === Konawa ===   Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da n, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( [[Datti da sharar gida|MSW]] saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins. Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar ƙarafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi <ref name="dmu2006">[http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/FR442.pdf Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme], Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker, [[Ministry of the Environment of Denmark]] 2006 (in Danish)</ref> daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su. Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]] . Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida). Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Wadannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid . Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki. Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. " A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. === Man fetur daga robobi === Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis . Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. <ref>"Beginners guide" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1F5eT9NTbc "Introduction to Fuel from plastics"].</ref> === Sauran === Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin . Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: [[File:TyrePyrolysisplant.jpg|thumb| Pyrolysis Shuka]] Fasahar jiyya na thermal : * Gasification : yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba * Thermal depolymerization : yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi * Pyrolysis : yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa / bioil da chars * Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur. [[File:Landfill_gas_collection_system.JPG|thumb| Tarin iskar Gas]] Fasaha mara zafi: * Anaerobic narkewa : Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane * Samar da fermentation : misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen * Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT) ** MBT + Anaerobic narkewa ** MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu == Ci gaban duniya == A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara &#x2013; Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado . A kasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Kasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV . An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta . A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba. Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel . Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai. == Carbon dioxide watsi == A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). [[Datti da sharar gida|Dattin datti na birni]] (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW yana samar da kusan {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO . Idan aka [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika sharar]], {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW zai samar da kusan {{Convert|62|m3|cuft}} methane ta hanyar bazuwar [[wiktionary:anaerobic|anaerobic]] na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO , wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar. Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass . Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1). Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326073442/http://www.r-e-a.net/power/biomass-bioenergy/energy-from-waste], from the homepage of the UK Renewable Energy Association</ref> Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . === Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass === MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS '''15440''' ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da '''zaɓin hanyar rushewa''' . An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1000022X ''The biogenic content of process streams from mechanical–biological treatment plants producing solid recovered fuel. Do the manual sorting and selective dissolution determination methods correlate?''] by Mélanie Séverin, Costas A. Velis, Phil J. Longhurst and Simon J.T. Pollard., 2010. In: ''Waste Management'' 30(7): 1171-1182</ref> Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon . Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866. Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira '''hanyar daidaitawa''' ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. <ref>''A New Method to Determine the Ratio of Electricity Production from Fossil and Biogenic Sources in Waste-to-Energy Plants.'' by Fellner, J., Cencic, O. and Rechberger, H., 2007. In: ''Environmental Science & Technology,'' 41(7): 2579-2586. </ref> A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish. Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. <ref>''Determination of biogenic and fossil CO₂ emitted by waste incineration based on ¹⁴CO₂ and mass balances.'' by Mohn, J., Szidat, S., Fellner, J., Rechberger, H., Quartier, R., Buchmann, B. and Emmenegger, L., 2008. In: ''Bioresource Technology,'' 99: 6471-6479. </ref> Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. == Sanannen misalai == A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). <ref>[http://www.iswa.org/index.php?eID=tx_iswaknowledgebase_download&documentUid=1649 Energy from Waste] State-of-the-Art Report, Statistics 5th Edition August 2006. International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)</ref> Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE. === Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE === * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey * Wurin [http://www.leegov.com/solidwaste/facilities/rrf/wte Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County], Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) * Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995) * Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria ( [http://www.wienenergie.at/ Wien Energie] ) * Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden * Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada * Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989) * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] * Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998) * Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974) * Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, [[Kanada]] (1988) * Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, [[New Delhi]], [[Indiya]] * East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India === Tsirrai masu samar da mai === A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya: * Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process, wanda RDF ya haɓaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} === Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire === Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara. Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling . === Ostiraliya === Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Ci gaba da karatu == == Manazarta == * Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427. * Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 < http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033731/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} >. * Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210. * "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. . FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009. < [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5350/is_200808/ai_n28083407]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  > [[Category:Makamashi]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kqc2k8fdr1pr85s5l0wjysimn6tiw2q 915341 915340 2026-09-03T09:53:09Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915341 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Solid_Wastes_from_Slaughterhouse.jpg |thumb| Solid Wastes from Slaughterhouse]] [[File:Artist_rendition_of_a_Gate_5_Energy_System_at_a_wastewater_treatment_plant.jpg |thumb|Artist rendition of a Gate 5 Energy System at a wastewater treatment plant ]] [[File:District_heating_plant_spittelau_ssw_crop1.png|right|thumb| Kamfanin ƙonawa na Spittelau ɗaya ne daga cikin tsire-tsire da yawa waɗanda ke ba da dumama gundumomi a [[Vienna]] .]] '''Waste-to-makamashi''' ( '''WtE''' ) ko '''makamashi-daga-sharar gida''' ( '''EfW''' ) shi ne tsarin samar da [[makamashi]] ta hanyar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]] da / ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na [[Sharar gida da ba'a so|sharar gida]], ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c153j8x4jxlo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536161992658&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc153j8x4jxlo</ref> Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar [[lantarki]] da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. == Tarihi == An kuma gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a [[Nottingham]], UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. <ref>Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.</ref> An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a [[New York (birni)|New York, New York]]. An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a [[Denmark]] a cikin 1903 a [[Frederiksberg]]. <blockquote>Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin ƴan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfaɗowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) </blockquote> == Hanyoyin == === Konawa ===   Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da n, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( [[Datti da sharar gida|MSW]] saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins. Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar ƙarafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi <ref name="dmu2006">[http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/FR442.pdf Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme], Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker, [[Ministry of the Environment of Denmark]] 2006 (in Danish)</ref> daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda kuma dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su. Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]] . Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida). Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Wadannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid . Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki. Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. " A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. === Man fetur daga robobi === Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis . Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. <ref>"Beginners guide" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1F5eT9NTbc "Introduction to Fuel from plastics"].</ref> === Sauran === Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin . Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: [[File:TyrePyrolysisplant.jpg|thumb| Pyrolysis Shuka]] Fasahar jiyya na thermal : * Gasification : yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba * Thermal depolymerization : yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi * Pyrolysis : yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa / bioil da chars * Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur. [[File:Landfill_gas_collection_system.JPG|thumb| Tarin iskar Gas]] Fasaha mara zafi: * Anaerobic narkewa : Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane * Samar da fermentation : misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen * Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT) ** MBT + Anaerobic narkewa ** MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu == Ci gaban duniya == A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara &#x2013; Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado . A kasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Kasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV . An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta . A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba. Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel . Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai. == Carbon dioxide watsi == A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). [[Datti da sharar gida|Dattin datti na birni]] (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW yana samar da kusan {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO . Idan aka [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika sharar]], {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW zai samar da kusan {{Convert|62|m3|cuft}} methane ta hanyar bazuwar [[wiktionary:anaerobic|anaerobic]] na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO , wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar. Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass . Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1). Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326073442/http://www.r-e-a.net/power/biomass-bioenergy/energy-from-waste], from the homepage of the UK Renewable Energy Association</ref> Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . === Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass === MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS '''15440''' ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da '''zaɓin hanyar rushewa''' . An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1000022X ''The biogenic content of process streams from mechanical–biological treatment plants producing solid recovered fuel. Do the manual sorting and selective dissolution determination methods correlate?''] by Mélanie Séverin, Costas A. Velis, Phil J. Longhurst and Simon J.T. Pollard., 2010. In: ''Waste Management'' 30(7): 1171-1182</ref> Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon . Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866. Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira '''hanyar daidaitawa''' ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. <ref>''A New Method to Determine the Ratio of Electricity Production from Fossil and Biogenic Sources in Waste-to-Energy Plants.'' by Fellner, J., Cencic, O. and Rechberger, H., 2007. In: ''Environmental Science & Technology,'' 41(7): 2579-2586. </ref> A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish. Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. <ref>''Determination of biogenic and fossil CO₂ emitted by waste incineration based on ¹⁴CO₂ and mass balances.'' by Mohn, J., Szidat, S., Fellner, J., Rechberger, H., Quartier, R., Buchmann, B. and Emmenegger, L., 2008. In: ''Bioresource Technology,'' 99: 6471-6479. </ref> Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. == Sanannen misalai == A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). <ref>[http://www.iswa.org/index.php?eID=tx_iswaknowledgebase_download&documentUid=1649 Energy from Waste] State-of-the-Art Report, Statistics 5th Edition August 2006. International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)</ref> Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE. === Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE === * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey * Wurin [http://www.leegov.com/solidwaste/facilities/rrf/wte Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County], Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) * Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995) * Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria ( [http://www.wienenergie.at/ Wien Energie] ) * Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden * Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada * Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989) * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] * Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998) * Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974) * Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, [[Kanada]] (1988) * Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, [[New Delhi]], [[Indiya]] * East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India === Tsirrai masu samar da mai === A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya: * Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process, wanda RDF ya haɓaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} === Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire === Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara. Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling . === Ostiraliya === Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Ci gaba da karatu == == Manazarta == * Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427. * Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 < http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033731/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} >. * Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210. * "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. . FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009. < [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5350/is_200808/ai_n28083407]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  > [[Category:Makamashi]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p40xusb1px99g4166q73punud1ms0x0 915342 915341 2026-09-03T09:53:25Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915342 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Solid_Wastes_from_Slaughterhouse.jpg |thumb| Solid Wastes from Slaughterhouse]] [[File:Artist_rendition_of_a_Gate_5_Energy_System_at_a_wastewater_treatment_plant.jpg |thumb|Artist rendition of a Gate 5 Energy System at a wastewater treatment plant ]] [[File:District_heating_plant_spittelau_ssw_crop1.png|right|thumb| Kamfanin ƙonawa na Spittelau ɗaya ne daga cikin tsire-tsire da yawa waɗanda ke ba da dumama gundumomi a [[Vienna]] .]] '''Waste-to-makamashi''' ( '''WtE''' ) ko '''makamashi-daga-sharar gida''' ( '''EfW''' ) shi ne tsarin samar da [[makamashi]] ta hanyar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]] da / ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na [[Sharar gida da ba'a so|sharar gida]], ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c153j8x4jxlo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536161992658&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc153j8x4jxlo</ref> Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar [[lantarki]] da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. == Tarihi == An kuma gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a [[Nottingham]], UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. <ref>Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.</ref> An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a [[New York (birni)|New York, New York]]. An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a [[Denmark]] a cikin 1903 a [[Frederiksberg]]. <blockquote>Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin ƴan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfaɗowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) </blockquote> == Hanyoyin == === Konawa ===   Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da n, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( [[Datti da sharar gida|MSW]] saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins. Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar ƙarafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi <ref name="dmu2006">[http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/FR442.pdf Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme], Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker, [[Ministry of the Environment of Denmark]] 2006 (in Danish)</ref> daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda kuma dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su. Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]] . Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida). Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid . Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki. Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. " A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. === Man fetur daga robobi === Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis . Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. <ref>"Beginners guide" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1F5eT9NTbc "Introduction to Fuel from plastics"].</ref> === Sauran === Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin . Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: [[File:TyrePyrolysisplant.jpg|thumb| Pyrolysis Shuka]] Fasahar jiyya na thermal : * Gasification : yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba * Thermal depolymerization : yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi * Pyrolysis : yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa / bioil da chars * Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur. [[File:Landfill_gas_collection_system.JPG|thumb| Tarin iskar Gas]] Fasaha mara zafi: * Anaerobic narkewa : Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane * Samar da fermentation : misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen * Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT) ** MBT + Anaerobic narkewa ** MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu == Ci gaban duniya == A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara &#x2013; Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado . A kasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Kasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV . An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta . A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba. Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel . Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai. == Carbon dioxide watsi == A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). [[Datti da sharar gida|Dattin datti na birni]] (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW yana samar da kusan {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO . Idan aka [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika sharar]], {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW zai samar da kusan {{Convert|62|m3|cuft}} methane ta hanyar bazuwar [[wiktionary:anaerobic|anaerobic]] na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO , wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar. Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass . Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1). Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326073442/http://www.r-e-a.net/power/biomass-bioenergy/energy-from-waste], from the homepage of the UK Renewable Energy Association</ref> Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . === Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass === MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS '''15440''' ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da '''zaɓin hanyar rushewa''' . An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1000022X ''The biogenic content of process streams from mechanical–biological treatment plants producing solid recovered fuel. Do the manual sorting and selective dissolution determination methods correlate?''] by Mélanie Séverin, Costas A. Velis, Phil J. Longhurst and Simon J.T. Pollard., 2010. In: ''Waste Management'' 30(7): 1171-1182</ref> Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon . Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866. Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira '''hanyar daidaitawa''' ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. <ref>''A New Method to Determine the Ratio of Electricity Production from Fossil and Biogenic Sources in Waste-to-Energy Plants.'' by Fellner, J., Cencic, O. and Rechberger, H., 2007. In: ''Environmental Science & Technology,'' 41(7): 2579-2586. </ref> A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish. Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. <ref>''Determination of biogenic and fossil CO₂ emitted by waste incineration based on ¹⁴CO₂ and mass balances.'' by Mohn, J., Szidat, S., Fellner, J., Rechberger, H., Quartier, R., Buchmann, B. and Emmenegger, L., 2008. In: ''Bioresource Technology,'' 99: 6471-6479. </ref> Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. == Sanannen misalai == A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). <ref>[http://www.iswa.org/index.php?eID=tx_iswaknowledgebase_download&documentUid=1649 Energy from Waste] State-of-the-Art Report, Statistics 5th Edition August 2006. International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)</ref> Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE. === Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE === * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey * Wurin [http://www.leegov.com/solidwaste/facilities/rrf/wte Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County], Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) * Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995) * Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria ( [http://www.wienenergie.at/ Wien Energie] ) * Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden * Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada * Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989) * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] * Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998) * Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974) * Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, [[Kanada]] (1988) * Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, [[New Delhi]], [[Indiya]] * East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India === Tsirrai masu samar da mai === A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya: * Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process, wanda RDF ya haɓaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} === Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire === Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara. Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling . === Ostiraliya === Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Ci gaba da karatu == == Manazarta == * Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427. * Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 < http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033731/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} >. * Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210. * "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. . FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009. < [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5350/is_200808/ai_n28083407]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  > [[Category:Makamashi]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t34znizelit44t2uekrr1pur3xe66wm 915343 915342 2026-09-03T09:54:14Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Solid_Wastes_from_Slaughterhouse.jpg |thumb| Solid Wastes from Slaughterhouse]] [[File:Artist_rendition_of_a_Gate_5_Energy_System_at_a_wastewater_treatment_plant.jpg |thumb|Artist rendition of a Gate 5 Energy System at a wastewater treatment plant ]] [[File:District_heating_plant_spittelau_ssw_crop1.png|right|thumb| Kamfanin ƙonawa na Spittelau ɗaya ne daga cikin tsire-tsire da yawa waɗanda ke ba da dumama gundumomi a [[Vienna]] .]] '''Waste-to-makamashi''' ( '''WtE''' ) ko '''makamashi-daga-sharar gida''' ( '''EfW''' ) shi ne tsarin samar da [[makamashi]] ta hanyar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]] da / ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na [[Sharar gida da ba'a so|sharar gida]], ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c153j8x4jxlo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536161992658&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc153j8x4jxlo</ref> Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar [[lantarki]] da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. == Tarihi == An kuma gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a [[Nottingham]], UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. <ref>Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.</ref> An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a [[New York (birni)|New York, New York]]. An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a [[Denmark]] a cikin 1903 a [[Frederiksberg]]. <blockquote>Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin ƴan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfaɗowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) </blockquote> == Hanyoyin == === Konawa ===   Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da n, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( [[Datti da sharar gida|MSW]] saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins. Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar ƙarafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi <ref name="dmu2006">[http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/FR442.pdf Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme], Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker, [[Ministry of the Environment of Denmark]] 2006 (in Danish)</ref> daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda kuma dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su. Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]] . Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida). Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid . Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki. Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. " A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. === Man fetur daga robobi === Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis . Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. <ref>"Beginners guide" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1F5eT9NTbc "Introduction to Fuel from plastics"].</ref> === Sauran === Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin . Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: [[File:TyrePyrolysisplant.jpg|thumb| Pyrolysis Shuka]] Fasahar jiyya na thermal : * Gasification : yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba * Thermal depolymerization : yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi * Pyrolysis : yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa / bioil da chars * Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur. [[File:Landfill_gas_collection_system.JPG|thumb| Tarin iskar Gas]] Fasaha mara zafi: * Anaerobic narkewa : Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane * Samar da fermentation : misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen * Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT) ** MBT + Anaerobic narkewa ** MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu == Ci gaban duniya == A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara &#x2013; Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado . A ƙasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Ƙasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Wadannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV . An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta . A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba. Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel . Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai. == Carbon dioxide watsi == A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). [[Datti da sharar gida|Dattin datti na birni]] (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW yana samar da kusan {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO . Idan aka [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika sharar]], {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW zai samar da kusan {{Convert|62|m3|cuft}} methane ta hanyar bazuwar [[wiktionary:anaerobic|anaerobic]] na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO , wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar. Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass . Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1). Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326073442/http://www.r-e-a.net/power/biomass-bioenergy/energy-from-waste], from the homepage of the UK Renewable Energy Association</ref> Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . === Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass === MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS '''15440''' ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da '''zaɓin hanyar rushewa''' . An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1000022X ''The biogenic content of process streams from mechanical–biological treatment plants producing solid recovered fuel. Do the manual sorting and selective dissolution determination methods correlate?''] by Mélanie Séverin, Costas A. Velis, Phil J. Longhurst and Simon J.T. Pollard., 2010. In: ''Waste Management'' 30(7): 1171-1182</ref> Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon . Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866. Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira '''hanyar daidaitawa''' ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. <ref>''A New Method to Determine the Ratio of Electricity Production from Fossil and Biogenic Sources in Waste-to-Energy Plants.'' by Fellner, J., Cencic, O. and Rechberger, H., 2007. In: ''Environmental Science & Technology,'' 41(7): 2579-2586. </ref> A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish. Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. <ref>''Determination of biogenic and fossil CO₂ emitted by waste incineration based on ¹⁴CO₂ and mass balances.'' by Mohn, J., Szidat, S., Fellner, J., Rechberger, H., Quartier, R., Buchmann, B. and Emmenegger, L., 2008. In: ''Bioresource Technology,'' 99: 6471-6479. </ref> Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. == Sanannen misalai == A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). <ref>[http://www.iswa.org/index.php?eID=tx_iswaknowledgebase_download&documentUid=1649 Energy from Waste] State-of-the-Art Report, Statistics 5th Edition August 2006. International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)</ref> Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE. === Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE === * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey * Wurin [http://www.leegov.com/solidwaste/facilities/rrf/wte Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County], Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) * Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995) * Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria ( [http://www.wienenergie.at/ Wien Energie] ) * Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden * Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada * Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989) * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] * Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998) * Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974) * Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, [[Kanada]] (1988) * Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, [[New Delhi]], [[Indiya]] * East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India === Tsirrai masu samar da mai === A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya: * Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process, wanda RDF ya haɓaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} === Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire === Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara. Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling . === Ostiraliya === Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Ci gaba da karatu == == Manazarta == * Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427. * Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 < http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033731/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} >. * Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210. * "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. . FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009. < [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5350/is_200808/ai_n28083407]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  > [[Category:Makamashi]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5wda2fhel43nosdqt4vgvjkxqux0v7v 915344 915343 2026-09-03T09:54:25Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Solid_Wastes_from_Slaughterhouse.jpg |thumb| Solid Wastes from Slaughterhouse]] [[File:Artist_rendition_of_a_Gate_5_Energy_System_at_a_wastewater_treatment_plant.jpg |thumb|Artist rendition of a Gate 5 Energy System at a wastewater treatment plant ]] [[File:District_heating_plant_spittelau_ssw_crop1.png|right|thumb| Kamfanin ƙonawa na Spittelau ɗaya ne daga cikin tsire-tsire da yawa waɗanda ke ba da dumama gundumomi a [[Vienna]] .]] '''Waste-to-makamashi''' ( '''WtE''' ) ko '''makamashi-daga-sharar gida''' ( '''EfW''' ) shi ne tsarin samar da [[makamashi]] ta hanyar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]] da / ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na [[Sharar gida da ba'a so|sharar gida]], ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c153j8x4jxlo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536161992658&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc153j8x4jxlo</ref> Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar [[lantarki]] da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. == Tarihi == An kuma gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a [[Nottingham]], UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. <ref>Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.</ref> An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a [[New York (birni)|New York, New York]]. An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a [[Denmark]] a cikin 1903 a [[Frederiksberg]]. <blockquote>Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin ƴan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfaɗowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) </blockquote> == Hanyoyin == === Konawa ===   Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da n, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( [[Datti da sharar gida|MSW]] saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins. Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar ƙarafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi <ref name="dmu2006">[http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/FR442.pdf Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme], Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker, [[Ministry of the Environment of Denmark]] 2006 (in Danish)</ref> daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda kuma dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su. Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]] . Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida). Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid . Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki. Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. " A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. === Man fetur daga robobi === Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis . Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. <ref>"Beginners guide" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1F5eT9NTbc "Introduction to Fuel from plastics"].</ref> === Sauran === Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin . Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: [[File:TyrePyrolysisplant.jpg|thumb| Pyrolysis Shuka]] Fasahar jiyya na thermal : * Gasification : yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba * Thermal depolymerization : yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi * Pyrolysis : yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa / bioil da chars * Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur. [[File:Landfill_gas_collection_system.JPG|thumb| Tarin iskar Gas]] Fasaha mara zafi: * Anaerobic narkewa : Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane * Samar da fermentation : misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen * Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT) ** MBT + Anaerobic narkewa ** MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu == Ci gaban duniya == A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara &#x2013; Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado . A ƙasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Ƙasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Waɗannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV . An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta . A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba. Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel . Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai. == Carbon dioxide watsi == A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). [[Datti da sharar gida|Dattin datti na birni]] (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW yana samar da kusan {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO . Idan aka [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika sharar]], {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW zai samar da kusan {{Convert|62|m3|cuft}} methane ta hanyar bazuwar [[wiktionary:anaerobic|anaerobic]] na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO , wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar. Bugu da kari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass . Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1). Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326073442/http://www.r-e-a.net/power/biomass-bioenergy/energy-from-waste], from the homepage of the UK Renewable Energy Association</ref> Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . === Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass === MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS '''15440''' ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da '''zaɓin hanyar rushewa''' . An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1000022X ''The biogenic content of process streams from mechanical–biological treatment plants producing solid recovered fuel. Do the manual sorting and selective dissolution determination methods correlate?''] by Mélanie Séverin, Costas A. Velis, Phil J. Longhurst and Simon J.T. Pollard., 2010. In: ''Waste Management'' 30(7): 1171-1182</ref> Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon . Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866. Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira '''hanyar daidaitawa''' ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. <ref>''A New Method to Determine the Ratio of Electricity Production from Fossil and Biogenic Sources in Waste-to-Energy Plants.'' by Fellner, J., Cencic, O. and Rechberger, H., 2007. In: ''Environmental Science & Technology,'' 41(7): 2579-2586. </ref> A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish. Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. <ref>''Determination of biogenic and fossil CO₂ emitted by waste incineration based on ¹⁴CO₂ and mass balances.'' by Mohn, J., Szidat, S., Fellner, J., Rechberger, H., Quartier, R., Buchmann, B. and Emmenegger, L., 2008. In: ''Bioresource Technology,'' 99: 6471-6479. </ref> Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. == Sanannen misalai == A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). <ref>[http://www.iswa.org/index.php?eID=tx_iswaknowledgebase_download&documentUid=1649 Energy from Waste] State-of-the-Art Report, Statistics 5th Edition August 2006. International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)</ref> Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE. === Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE === * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey * Wurin [http://www.leegov.com/solidwaste/facilities/rrf/wte Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County], Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) * Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995) * Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria ( [http://www.wienenergie.at/ Wien Energie] ) * Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden * Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada * Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989) * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] * Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998) * Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974) * Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, [[Kanada]] (1988) * Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, [[New Delhi]], [[Indiya]] * East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India === Tsirrai masu samar da mai === A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya: * Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process, wanda RDF ya haɓaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} === Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire === Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara. Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling . === Ostiraliya === Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Ci gaba da karatu == == Manazarta == * Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427. * Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 < http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033731/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} >. * Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210. * "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. . FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009. < [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5350/is_200808/ai_n28083407]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  > [[Category:Makamashi]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kyy0nb4bs68hm5e3qt6w7njiptyarr1 915345 915344 2026-09-03T09:55:00Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915345 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Solid_Wastes_from_Slaughterhouse.jpg |thumb| Solid Wastes from Slaughterhouse]] [[File:Artist_rendition_of_a_Gate_5_Energy_System_at_a_wastewater_treatment_plant.jpg |thumb|Artist rendition of a Gate 5 Energy System at a wastewater treatment plant ]] [[File:District_heating_plant_spittelau_ssw_crop1.png|right|thumb| Kamfanin ƙonawa na Spittelau ɗaya ne daga cikin tsire-tsire da yawa waɗanda ke ba da dumama gundumomi a [[Vienna]] .]] '''Waste-to-makamashi''' ( '''WtE''' ) ko '''makamashi-daga-sharar gida''' ( '''EfW''' ) shi ne tsarin samar da [[makamashi]] ta hanyar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]] da / ko zafi daga jiyya na farko na [[Sharar gida da ba'a so|sharar gida]], ko sarrafa sharar gida zuwa tushen mai. WtE wani nau'i ne na dawo da makamashi.<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/articles/c153j8x4jxlo.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536161992658&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Farticles%2Fc153j8x4jxlo</ref> Yawancin hanyoyin WtE suna haifar da wutar [[lantarki]] da/ko zafi kai tsaye ta hanyar konewa, ko kuma samar da kayan mai mai konawa, kamar methane, methanol, ethanol ko mai. == Tarihi == An kuma gina Kamfanin farkon incinerator ko "Destructor" a [[Nottingham]], UK, a cikin shekarata 1874 ta Manlove, Alliott &amp;amp; Co. Ltd. zuwa ƙirar Alfred Fryer. <ref>Herbert, Lewis (2007). "Centenary History of Waste and Waste Managers in London and South East England" (PDF). Chartered Institution of Wastes Management.</ref> An gina innerator na farko na Amurka a cikin shekarar 1885 a Tsibirin Gwamna a [[New York (birni)|New York, New York]]. An gina injin incinetar sharar farko a [[Denmark]] a cikin 1903 a [[Frederiksberg]]. <blockquote>Gasification da tsarin pyrolysis an san su kuma an yi amfani da su tsawon ƙarni da kuma kwal a farkon karni na 18. . Fasahar haɓakawa don sarrafa [sauran daskararren gaurayawan sharar gida] ya zama abin mayar da hankali ne kawai a cikin ƴan shekarun nan waɗanda aka zaburar da su ta hanyar neman ingantacciyar farfaɗowar makamashi. A shekarata (2004) </blockquote> == Hanyoyin == === Konawa ===   Konewa, konewar kayan halitta kamar sharar gida tare da dawo da n, shine mafi yawan aiwatar da WtE. Duk sabbin tsire-tsire na WtE a cikin ƙasashen OECD masu ƙona sharar gida ( [[Datti da sharar gida|MSW]] saura, kasuwanci, masana'antu ko RDF ) dole ne su dace da ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun iska, gami da waɗanda ke kan nitrogen oxides (NO _x ), sulfur dioxide (SO ₂ ), ƙarfe mai nauyi da dioxins. Don haka, shuke-shuken ƙonawa na zamani sun bambanta sosai da tsofaffin nau'ikan, waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu ba su sami kuzari ko kayan aiki ba. Masu ƙona wuta na zamani suna rage ƙarar sharar asali da kashi 95-96, dangane da abun da ke ciki da matakin dawo da kayan kamar ƙarafa daga sashin toka don sake yin amfani da su. Masu ƙonewa na iya fitar da ƙyalli masu kyau, ƙarfe masu nauyi, gano dioxin da gas na acid, kodayake waɗannan hayaƙi ba su da ƙarancin ƙarfi <ref name="dmu2006">[http://www2.dmu.dk/1_viden/2_Publikationer/3_fagrapporter/rapporter/FR442.pdf Emissionsfaktorer og emissionsopgørelse for decentral kraftvarme], Kortlægning af emissioner fra decentrale kraftvarmeværker, [[Ministry of the Environment of Denmark]] 2006 (in Danish)</ref> daga injin incinerators na zamani. Sauran abubuwan da ke damun sun haɗa da sarrafa abubuwan da suka dace: tokar gardawa mai guba, wanda kuma dole ne a sarrafa shi a cikin shigar da shara mai haɗari da kuma incinerator na ƙasa ash ( IBA), wanda dole ne a sake amfani da shi yadda ya kamata. Masu suka suna jayayya cewa masu ƙonewa suna lalata albarkatu masu mahimmanci kuma suna iya rage abubuwan ƙarfafawa don sake amfani da su. Tambayar, duk da haka, ita ce bude ɗaya, kamar yadda ƙasashen Turai waɗanda suka fi maimaita (har zuwa Kashi 70%) suma suna ƙonewa don guje wa zubar da [[Wajen zubar da shara|ƙasa]] . Incinerators suna da ingancin wutar lantarki na 14-28%. Don guje wa asarar sauran makamashi, ana iya amfani da shi azaman dumama gundumomi ( cogeneration ). Jimlar ingancin incinerators na cogeneration yawanci sama da 80% (dangane da ƙarancin dumama ƙimar sharar gida). Hanyar ƙonawa don canza sharar gida (MSW) tsohuwar hanya ce ta ƙarni na WtE. Konewa gabaɗaya ya haɗa da kona sharar gida (Sauran MSW, kasuwanci, masana'antu da RDF) don tafasa ruwa wanda ke ba da ƙarfin injin tururi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki da zafi da za a yi amfani da shi a gidaje, kasuwanci, cibiyoyi da masana'antu. Matsala ɗaya da ke da alaƙa ita ce yuwuwar gurɓatattun abubuwa su shiga cikin yanayi tare da iskar hayaƙi daga tukunyar jirgi. Waɗannan gurɓatattun abubuwa na iya zama acidic kuma a cikin shekarata 1980s an ruwaito cewa suna haifar da lalacewar muhalli ta hanyar mayar da ruwan sama zuwa ruwan acid . Masu ƙona wuta na zamani sun haɗa da ɗakunan ƙonawa na farko da na sakandare na hankali, da na'urori masu sarrafa wuta waɗanda aka tsara don ƙonewa gaba ɗaya tare da mafi ƙarancin hayaki, kawar da, a wasu lokuta, buƙatun na'urar goge lemun tsami da masu hana ruwa na lantarki a kan wuraren hayaki. Ta hanyar wucewa da hayaki ta cikin kayan shafa na lemun tsami, duk wani acid da zai iya kasancewa a cikin hayakin an kawar da shi wanda ke hana acid ɗin isa ga yanayi da cutar da muhalli. Wasu na'urori da yawa, kamar masu tace masana'anta, reactors, da masu kara kuzari suna lalata ko kama wasu gurɓataccen gurɓataccen abu. A cewar jaridar New York Times, tsire-tsire masu ƙonawa na zamani suna da tsabta sosai har “sau da yawa ana fitar da dioxin daga murhu na gida da barbecues na bayan gida fiye da konawa. " A cewar Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta ƙasar Jamus, "saboda tsauraran ka'idoji, tsire-tsire masu ƙonewa na sharar gida ba su da mahimmanci ta fuskar fitar da dioxins, ƙura, da karafa masu nauyi" Idan aka kwatanta da sauran sharar gida zuwa fasahohin makamashi, ƙonawa da alama shine mafi kyawun kyan gani saboda haɓakar samar da wutar lantarki mafi girma, ƙarancin saka hannun jari, da ƙarancin fitar da hayaki. Sannan kuma, ƙonewa yana haifar da mafi girman adadin wutar lantarki tare da mafi girman ƙarfin rage tarin sharar gida ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. === Man fetur daga robobi === Yana da nufin warware manyan batutuwan muhalli wato gurbatar yanayi da ake samu sakamakon tarin sharar robobi da kuma bukatar samun madadin hanyar man fetur. Tsarin da ake amfani dashi don canza filastik zuwa man fetur shine pyrolysis . Ita ce bazuwar yanayin zafi na kayan a yanayin zafi sosai a cikin yanayi mara kyau. Ya ƙunshi canjin sinadarai kuma ana amfani dashi galibi don kula da kayan halitta. A cikin babban sikelin samarwa, filastik sharar gida ne ƙasa kuma aika don narkewar ciyarwa sannan kuma aiwatar da pyrolysis yana faruwa, masu canzawa na catalytic suna taimakawa cikin aiwatarwa kuma ana aiwatar da tsarin sake tsara kwayoyin halitta na polymers, tururi suna murƙushe da mai ko man fetur kuma suna tarawa a cikin daidaitawa. tankuna da tacewa, ana samun man fetur bayan homogenation kuma ana iya amfani dashi don motoci da injina. Ana kiransa da yawa azaman thermofuel ko makamashi daga nau'in filastik. <ref>"Beginners guide" [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l1F5eT9NTbc "Introduction to Fuel from plastics"].</ref> === Sauran === Akwai wasu sabbin fasahohin zamani masu tasowa waɗanda ke iya samar da makamashi daga sharar gida da sauran albarkatun mai ba tare da konewa kai tsaye ba. Batare ra wani Yawancin waɗannan fasahohin suna da yuwuwar samar da wutar lantarki da yawa daga adadin man fetur fiye da yadda za a yi ta hanyar konewa kai tsaye. Wannan shi ne yafi saboda rabuwa da lalata aka gyara (ash) daga man fetur tuba, game da shi kyale mafi girma konewa yanayin zafi a misali tukunyar jirgi, gas turbines, ciki konewa injuna, man fetur Kwayoyin . Wasu suna iya juyar da makamashi yadda yakamata zuwa makamashin ruwa ko gaseous: [[File:TyrePyrolysisplant.jpg|thumb| Pyrolysis Shuka]] Fasahar jiyya na thermal : * Gasification : yana samar da iskar gas mai ƙonewa, hydrogen, man fetur na roba * Thermal depolymerization : yana samar da ɗanyen mai na roba, wanda za'a iya ƙara inganta shi * Pyrolysis : yana samar da kwalta mai ƙonewa / bioil da chars * Plasma Arc gasification ko Plasma gasification tsari (PGP): yana samar da wadataccen syngas ciki har da hydrogen da carbon monoxide da ake amfani da su don sel mai ko samar da wutar lantarki don fitar da baka na plasma, mai amfani da silicate da ƙarfe ingots, gishiri da sulfur. [[File:Landfill_gas_collection_system.JPG|thumb| Tarin iskar Gas]] Fasaha mara zafi: * Anaerobic narkewa : Biogas mai arziki a cikin methane * Samar da fermentation : misalai sune ethanol, lactic acid, hydrogen * Maganin nazarin halittu (MBT) ** MBT + Anaerobic narkewa ** MBT don Ƙin man da aka samu == Ci gaban duniya == A cikin lokacin shakarun 2001-2007, ƙarfin sharar-zuwa-makamashi ya ƙaru da kusan tan miliyan huɗu a kowace shekara &#x2013; Japan da China kowannensu ya gina tsire-tsire da yawa bisa ga narke kai tsaye ko kuma akan konewar dattin dattin gado . A ƙasar Sin akwai masana'antar sharar gida 434 a farkon shekarar 2016. Ƙasar Japan ita ce ta fi kowacce kasa amfani da yanayin zafi na sharar gida a duniya, tana da tan miliyan 40. Wasu sabbin tsire-tsire suna amfani da fasahar stoker wasu kuma suna amfani da fasahar haɓaka iskar oxygen ta ci gaba. Yawancin tsire-tsire masu magani suna wanzu a duk duniya ta amfani da ingantattun matakai kamar narkewar kai tsaye, tsarin ruwa na Ebara da tsarin gasification na Thermoselect JFE da fasahar narkewa. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2014, Indonesiya tana da adadin megawatt 93.5 da aka girka na sharar-zuwa makamashi, tare da bututun ayyuka a matakai daban-daban na shirye-shirye tare da adadin karfin megawatt 373. Kamfanin makamashi na Biofuel na Denver, Colorado, ya buɗe sabbin tsire-tsire na biofuel guda biyu a Kogin Wood, Nebraska, da Fairmont, Minnesota, a cikin Yuli shekarata 2008. Waɗannan tsire-tsire suna amfani da distillation don yin ethanol don amfani da su a cikin motoci da sauran injuna. A halin yanzu an ba da rahoton cewa duka tsire-tsire biyu suna aiki akan iya aiki sama da 90%. Fulcrum BioEnergy incorporated dake Pleasanton, California, yana gina WtE shuka kusa da Reno, NV . An shirya bude kamfanin a shekarar 2019 da sunan kamfanin Saliyo BioFuels. BioEnergy incorporated yayi hasashen cewa shuka zai samar da kusan galan miliyan 10.5 a kowace shekara na ethanol daga kusan kimanin tan 200,000 a kowace shekara na MSW. Sharar gida da fasahar makamashi ya haɗa da fermentation, wanda zai iya ɗaukar biomass kuma ya haifar da ethanol, ta amfani da sharar gida ko kayan halitta . A cikin tsari na fermentation, sukari a cikin sharar gida yana canzawa zuwa carbon dioxide da barasa, a cikin tsarin gaba ɗaya wanda ake amfani dashi don yin giya. Yawanci fermentation yana faruwa ba tare da babu iska ba. Hakanan za'a iya yin amfani da esterification ta amfani da sharar gida zuwa fasahar makamashi, kuma sakamakon wannan tsari shine biodiesel . Tasirin farashi na esterification zai dogara ne akan kayan abinci da ake amfani da su, da duk sauran abubuwan da suka dace kamar nisan sufuri, adadin mai da ke cikin kayan abinci, da sauransu. Gasification da pyrolysis a yanzu na iya kaiwa ga babban ƙarfin jujjuyawar thermal (man fetur zuwa gas) har zuwa Kashi 75%, duk da haka cikakken konewa ya fi girma dangane da ingantaccen canjin mai. Wasu matakai na pyrolysis suna buƙatar tushen zafi na waje wanda za'a iya ba da shi ta hanyar iskar gas, yana sa tsarin haɗin gwiwar ya kasance mai dogaro da kai. == Carbon dioxide watsi == A cikin fasahar WtE na thermal, kusan dukkanin abubuwan da ke cikin iskar carbon da ke cikin sharar ana fitar da su azaman carbon dioxide ( CO ) zuwa Har cikin sararin samaniya (lokacin da ya haɗa da konewar samfuran ƙarshe daga pyrolysis da gasification, sai dai lokacin samar da biochar don taki). [[Datti da sharar gida|Dattin datti na birni]] (MSW) yana ƙunshe da kusan juzu'i ɗaya na carbon kamar CO kanta (27%), don haka jiyya na {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW yana samar da kusan {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO . Idan aka [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika sharar]], {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na MSW zai samar da kusan {{Convert|62|m3|cuft}} methane ta hanyar bazuwar [[wiktionary:anaerobic|anaerobic]] na ɓarna na ɓarna. Wannan adadin methane yana da fiye da sau biyu na yuwuwar dumamar yanayi fiye da {{Convert|1|metric ton|short ton}} na CO , wanda da an samar da shi ta hanyar konewa. A wasu ƙasashe, ana tattara iskar gas mai yawa. Duk da haka, har yanzu akwai yuwuwar ɗumamar yanayi na iskar gas ɗin da ake fitarwa zuwa yanayi. Misali, a cikin Amurka a cikin shekarata 1999 iskar iskar gas ya kai kusan kashi 32% sama da adadin CO wanda da konewa ya fitar. Bugu da ƙari, kusan dukkan sharar da za a iya cirewa ba ta zama biomass . Wato tana da asalin halitta. Tsire-tsire ne suka samar da wannan abu ta hanyar amfani da yanayi CO yawanci a cikin lokacin girma na ƙarshe. Idan waɗannan tsire-tsire sun sake girma CO da ke fitowa daga konewar su za a sake fitar da su daga sararin samaniya sau ɗaya (1). Irin wannan la'akari shine babban dalilin da yasa ƙasashe da yawa ke gudanar da WtE na ɓangaren sharar gida a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa . <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090326073442/http://www.r-e-a.net/power/biomass-bioenergy/energy-from-waste], from the homepage of the UK Renewable Energy Association</ref> Sauran—mafi yawan robobi da sauran samfuran mai da iskar gas—an kula da su azaman waɗanda ba za a iya sabuntawa ba . === Ƙaddamar da juzu'in biomass === MSW zuwa babban matsayi na asalin halitta ne (biogenic), misali takarda, kwali, itace, zane, tarkacen abinci. Yawanci rabin abun ciki na makamashi a cikin MSW daga kayan halitta ne. Sabili da haka, ana gane wannan makamashi a matsayin makamashi mai sabuntawa bisa ga shigar da sharar gida. Ƙungiya mai aiki ta Turai CEN 343 ta ɓullo da hanyoyi da yawa don tantance ɓangarorin abubuwan da suka shafi sharar gida, kamar su Man Fetur da Aka Samu /Ƙarfin Mai. Hanyoyi biyu na farko da aka haɓaka (CEN/TS '''15440''' ) sune hanyar rarrabuwar kawuna da '''zaɓin hanyar rushewa''' . An buga cikakken kwatancen tsari na waɗannan hanyoyin guda biyu a cikin shekarata 2010. <ref>[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X1000022X ''The biogenic content of process streams from mechanical–biological treatment plants producing solid recovered fuel. Do the manual sorting and selective dissolution determination methods correlate?''] by Mélanie Séverin, Costas A. Velis, Phil J. Longhurst and Simon J.T. Pollard., 2010. In: ''Waste Management'' 30(7): 1171-1182</ref> Tun da kowace hanya ta sha fama da gazawa wajen siffanta juzu'in biomass yadda ya kamata, an ɓullo da madadin hanyoyi guda biyu. Hanya ta farko tana amfani da ka'idodin saduwa da radiocarbon . Wani bita na fasaha (CEN/TR 15591:2007) wanda ke bayyana hanyar carbon 14 an buga shi a cikin 2007. An buga mizanin fasaha na hanyar saduwa da carbon (CEN/TS 15747:2008) a cikin shekarar 2008. [ bukatar sabuntawa ] A cikin Amurka, an riga an sami daidaitacciyar hanyar carbon 14 ƙarƙashin madaidaicin hanyar ASTM D6866. Hanya ta biyu (wanda ake kira '''hanyar daidaitawa''' ) tana amfani da bayanan data kasance akan abubuwan da aka haɗa da yanayin aiki na WtE shuka kuma yana ƙididdige sakamako mafi yuwuwa dangane da ƙirar lissafi-ƙididdiga. <ref>''A New Method to Determine the Ratio of Electricity Production from Fossil and Biogenic Sources in Waste-to-Energy Plants.'' by Fellner, J., Cencic, O. and Rechberger, H., 2007. In: ''Environmental Science & Technology,'' 41(7): 2579-2586. </ref> A halin yanzu ana shigar da hanyar ma'auni a incinerators na Australiya guda uku da na Danish. Kwatanta tsakanin hanyoyin biyu da aka gudanar a manyan injina uku a Switzerland ya nuna cewa hanyoyin biyu sun zo ga sakamako iri daya. <ref>''Determination of biogenic and fossil CO₂ emitted by waste incineration based on ¹⁴CO₂ and mass balances.'' by Mohn, J., Szidat, S., Fellner, J., Rechberger, H., Quartier, R., Buchmann, B. and Emmenegger, L., 2008. In: ''Bioresource Technology,'' 99: 6471-6479. </ref> Dating na Carbon guda 14 na iya tantancewa da madaidaicin juzu'in sharar halittu, da kuma tantance ƙimar calorific na biomass. Ƙayyade ƙimar calorific yana da mahimmanci ga shirye-shiryen takardar shedar kore kamar shirin Takaddun Takaddar Sabuntawa a cikin Burtaniya. Waɗannan shirye-shiryen suna ba da takaddun shaida dangane da makamashin da aka samar daga biomass. An buga takardun bincike da yawa, ciki har da wanda Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙarfafawa a Birtaniya ta ba da izini, wanda ke nuna yadda za a iya amfani da sakamakon carbon 14 don ƙididdige darajar calorific na biomass. Hukumar da ke kula da kasuwannin iskar gas da wutar lantarki ta Burtaniya, Ofgem, ta fitar da sanarwa a shekarar 2011 ta amince da amfani da Carbon 14 a matsayin wata hanya ta tantance yawan makamashin da ke cikin sharar gida a karkashin gwamnatinsu na Wajabcin Sabuntawa. Tambayoyin Ma'aunin Man Fetur da Samfura (FMS) sun bayyana bayanan da suke nema yayin la'akari da irin waɗannan shawarwari. == Sanannen misalai == A cewar Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru ta Duniya (ISWA) akwai tsire-tsire na WtE 431 a Turai (2005) da 89 a ƙasar Amurka (2004). <ref>[http://www.iswa.org/index.php?eID=tx_iswaknowledgebase_download&documentUid=1649 Energy from Waste] State-of-the-Art Report, Statistics 5th Edition August 2006. International Solid Waste Association (ISWA)</ref> Shooshtarian da kwalejojinsa sun yi nazarin sharar da ayyukan makamashi a Ostiraliya. Waɗannan su ne wasu misalan tsire-tsire na WtE. === Sharar gida shuke-shuke WtE === * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun gundumar Essex, Newark, New Jersey * Wurin [http://www.leegov.com/solidwaste/facilities/rrf/wte Farfadowa Da Rushewar Darar Sharar Gida ta Lee County], Fort Myers, Florida, Amurka (1994) * Wurin Farfadowa da Albarkatun Gundumar Montgomery a Dickerson, Maryland, Amurka (1995) * Spittelau (1971), da Flötzersteig (1963), Vienna, Austria ( [http://www.wienenergie.at/ Wien Energie] ) * Kamfanin SYSAV mai sharar gida a Malmö (2003 da 2008), Sweden * Algonquin Power, Brampton, Ontario, Kanada * Incinerator Stoke, Stoke-on-Trent, UK (1989) * Wurin Farfadowa Da Albarkatun Kwarin Delaware, Chester, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] * Teesside EfW shuka kusa da Middlesbrough, North East England (1998) * Edmonton Ininerator a Babban London, Ingila (1974) * Burnaby Waste-to-Energy Facility, Metro Vancouver, [[Kanada]] (1988) * Timarpur-Okhla Sharar gida zuwa Shuka Makamashi, [[New Delhi]], [[Indiya]] * East Delhi Waste Processing Company Limited, New Delhi, India === Tsirrai masu samar da mai === A halin yanzu ana gina masana'anta guda ɗaya: * Enerkem Waste zuwa Biofuels da Chemicals Facility, wanda ke cikin [[Edmonton|Edmonton, Alberta]], Kanada bisa tsarin Enerkem -process, wanda RDF ya haɓaka.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2020}} === Plasma Gasification Sharar gida-zuwa-Makamashi tsire-tsire === Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Amurka ta taɓa gwada kayan aikin Plasma Waste zuwa Tsarin Makamashi (TPWES) (fasaha na PyroGenesis) a filin Hurlburt, Florida. Kamfanin, wanda ya kashe dala miliyan 7.4 don ginawa, an rufe shi kuma an sayar da shi a wani gwanjon ruwa na gwamnati a watan Mayun shekarata 2013, kasa da shekaru uku da kaddamar da shi. Kudin budewa shine $25. An rufe tayin nasara. Bayan manyan shuke-shuke, akwai kuma incinerators na sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Misali, Refuge de Sarenne yana da shukar sharar gida-zuwa makamashi. Ana yin ta ne ta hanyar haɗa tukunyar gas ɗin da aka kora da itace tare da motar Stirling . === Ostiraliya === Renergi za su haɓaka tsarinsu na mai da kayan sharar gida zuwa makamashin ruwa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin kula da zafi a Collie, Yammacin Ostiraliya. Tsarin zai sarrafa ton 1.5 na kwayoyin halitta a kowace awa. A kowace shekara ginin zai karkatar da tan 4000 na sharar gari daga sharar gida tare da samar da ƙarin kimanin tan 8000 na sharar kwayoyin daga ayyukan noma da gandun daji. Tsarin “nika pyrolysis” na Renergi yana da nufin canza kayan halitta zuwa biochar, iskar gas da kuma mai ta hanyar amfani da zafi a cikin mahalli mai iyakacin iskar oxygen. Wani aikin kuma a shiyyar masana'antu ta Rockingham, mai tazarar kilomita 45 kudu da Perth, zai ga wata tashar megawatts 29 da aka gina wacce za ta iya samar da wutar lantarkin a gidaje 40,000 daga kayan abinci na shekara-shekara na tan 300,000 na tarkacen birni, masana'antu da kasuwanci. Kazalika da samar da wutar lantarki ga tsarin haɗin gwiwar dake tsakanin yankin Kudu maso Yamma, an riga an aiwatar da 25 MW na abin da kamfanin ke samarwa a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar sayen wutar lantarki. == Duba wasu abubuwan == == Ci gaba da karatu == == Manazarta == * Field, Christopher B. "Hanyoyin fitar da hayaki, canjin yanayi, da tasiri." PNAS 101.34 (2004): 12422-12427. * Sudarsan, KG, da Mary P. Anupama. "Dacewar Biofuels." Kimiyya na Yanzu 90.6 (2006): 748. 18 Oct. 2009 < http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033731/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/mar252006/748a.pdf |date=2015-09-24 }} >. * Tilman, David. "Halin muhalli, tattalin arziki, da kuzari." PNAS 103.30 (2006): 11206-11210. * "Labaran Biofuels". Ci gaban Injiniyan Kimiyya. . FindArticles.com. 18 Oktoba 2009. < [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa5350/is_200808/ai_n28083407]{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}  > [[Category:Makamashi]] [[Category:Shara]] [[Category:Muhalli]] [[Category:Kamfani]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fhps7vpculrezu7fmux7ktarmdtbiya 0 30041 914958 914043 2026-09-02T16:18:45Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Varanasi_506_-_waiting_for_Swachh_Bharat_Abhiyaan_(34169064322).jpg |thumb| Sharar bakin Titi]] [[Fayil:Guy sadly dumpster diving outside my window.jpg|thumb|Bola]] [[Fayil:Mixed-waste-bg1.jpg|thumb|shara]] [[File:A Green colored large of waste container in Yuen Long.jpg|thumb|Abunda ake zuba shara a burane]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida a [[Indiya]]''' yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da [[Sauyin yanayi]] na kasar (MoEF&CC). ta 2016, wannan ma'aikatar ta fitar da Dokokin Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (SWM), wadanda aka maye gurbinsu da Dokokin Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling), kuma shekarar 2000 daga cikinsu ya kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 16. Wannan manufar ta ƙasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da shigar da sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba (masu sharar shara) cikin tsarin sarrafa shara a karon farko. Indiya na samar da tan miliyan 62 na sharar gida kowace shekara. Kimanin tan miliyan 43 (70%) ne aka tara wanda kuma kusan tan miliyan 12 ake yi wa magani sannan kuma ana zubar da tan miliyan 31 a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Tare da canza salon amfani da saurin bunkasa tattalin Arziƙin an kiyasce cewa samar da shara a cikin birni zai karu zuwa tan miliyan 165 a shekarar 2030. == Ƙirƙirar sharar gida da abun da ke ciki == [[File:Hills_have_eyes_use_us.jpg|thumb| Shirin raba shara na kananan gari a gundumar Idukki, Kerala]] Gudanar da sharar gida (SWM) babbar matsala ce ga ƙungiyoyin gida na birane da yawa (ULBs) a Indiya, inda habakar birane, masana'antu da habakar tattalin arziki suka haifar da habakar datti na birni (MSW) kowane mutum. Ingantacciyar SWM babban kalubale ne a biranen da ke da yawan jama'a. Samun ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin kasar da ke samun saurin habakar al'umma da inganta yanayin rayuwa yana dada wahala a Indiya saboda kasa ce daban-daban da ke da kungiyoyin addinai, al'adu daban-daban. Duk da cigaba a yankunan [[zamantakewa]], tattalin arziki da muhalli, tsarin SWM a Indiya ya kasance marasa canji. Sashin na yau da kullun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fitar da kima daga sharar gida, tare da kusan kashi 90% na sharar da ake zubarwa a halin yanzu maimakon cike da Kasa mai kyau [2]. To Akwai bukatar gaggawa don matsawa zuwa mafi dorewar SWM, wanda ke buƙatar sabbin tsarin gudanarwa da wuraren sarrafa shara. Kuma Tsarin SWM na yanzu ba su da inganci, tare da sharar gida yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da tattalin arziki [3]. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka (MoEF) ne ta gabatar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar da Sharar gida a Indiya duk da haka, yarda yana da canji kuma yana da iyaka. == E-sharar gida a Indiya == [[File:Waste_collection_truck.jpg|thumb| Motar tattara shara a [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]]] Cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta duniya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) da Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kiyasta cewa Indiya ta samar da tan miliyan 1.975 na e-sharar a cikin shekarar 2016 ko kuma kusan 1.5.&nbsp;kilogiram na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum. Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ( ASSOCHAM ) sun bayyana saurin bunkasa tattalin arziƙi da kuma canza halayen masu amfani da shi zai iya Kara yawan sharar gida a Indiya zuwa tan miliyan 5.2 a kowace shekara ta 2020. == ''Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida'' == An kaddamar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2016. Manyan abubuwan sun hada da: [[File:Sign._Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb| Kada ku ɓata alamar. Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu]] * Ware sharar gida ya zama tilas. Ana bukatar Yan gida su raba sharar gida zuwa koguna guda uku - Organic ko sharar da za a iya cirewa, da busassun sharar gida (kamar filastik, takarda, ƙarfe da itace), da sharar gida mai hadari (diapers, adibas, maganin sauro, abubuwan tsaftacewa). Bugu da ari, manyan janareta na sharar gida kamar otal-otal da asibitoci ana tsammanin za su yi maganin sharar gida ko dai a wurin ko ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da Yan birni. * An umurci ƙananan hukumomi da hukumomin birni da su hada da masu diban shara na yau da kullun da masu tsinke shara cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da manufofin kasa suka amince da kuma sanya bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Indiya tana da sama da masu diban shara kimanin miliyan 1.5 na rayuwa na yau da kullun kuma hada su cikin tsarin kula da sharar na yau da kullun na wakiltar wata dama ga hukumomin birni don daidaita ayyukansu, tare da samarwa masu sharar damar samun ingantacciyar damar shiga. * Ana bukatar masu kera kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya FMCG wadanda ke amfani da fakitin da ba za a iya lalata su ba ana bukatar su tsara tsarin tattara dattin marufi da aka samar saboda samar da su. <ref name="downtoearth.org.in" /> * An bai wa hukumomin birni tanadin cajin manyan janaretoci kudin masu amfani don tattarawa da sarrafa sharar su. Bugu da kari, ana iya biyan tara tabo kan mutanen da ke kona shara ko jefar da shi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. * Babu wani sharar da ba za a sake yin amfani da shi ba yana da kimar calorific na Har 1,500 Kcal/kg ko fiye da aka halatta a cikin wuraren shara. Ya kamata a yi amfani da wadannan sharar gida don samar da makamashi ko don shirya man da aka ki . Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don hada hadin gwiwa a cikin siminti ko masana'antar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]]. == Kasuwar sarrafa shara a Indiya == [[File:Business_case_into_Waste_Management_in_India.png|right|thumb| Shari'ar kasuwanci zuwa Gudanar da Sharar gida a Indiya]] Nan da shekarata 2025, ana hasashen girman kasuwar sarrafa sharar gida a Indiya zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15 tare da haɓaka kusan kashi 7 na shekara. Habaka tattalin arziki, habakar al'ummar birane, habakar rayuwa da habaka matakan amfani sune abubuwan gama gari a cikin bunkasa tattalin Arzikin a duk fadin duniya. Hakazalika, a Indiya, habakar daidaiton ikon siye ya haifar da Karin araha, samun dama ga amfani da albarkatu da kuma saurin habakar adadin sharar ma. Idan aka yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki yanzu zuwa birane a Indiya, ana sa ran adadin MSW zai ninka adadin da ake da shi a cikin shekaru goma. A kusan 80-85 MTs nan da shekarata 2030, yana ba da damar kasuwanci da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka biliyan 20. == Shirye-shiryen tushen birni == A cikin shekarata 2014 Indiya ta bude Ofishin Jakadancin Swachh Bharat, kokarin tsaftace kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kafin wannan yunkurin hadin gwiwa na kasa don tsari da sarrafa sharar gida gabadaya ya zo cikin fahimtar juna, birane da garuruwa da yawa a Indiya sun riga sun kaddamar da kokarin daidaikun mutane don tattara sharar gida na birni, ko dai bisa yunƙurin Yan kasa da / ko kokarin birni na kafa mai dorewa. tsarin. Wasu misalan su ne Swach tushen a Pune (wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1993), <ref>[https://swachcoop.com Swach Co-op]</ref> Tsabtace Gasar Ciniki a Warangal, <nowiki><i id="mwaw">Nirmal Bhavanam, Nirmal Nagaram</i></nowiki> ko Tsabtace Gidaje, Tsabtace Birni a Alappuzha, Shiga yaƙin neman zabe na 14 a Gangtok, Sharar gida na Zero a Bobbili, Andhra Pradesh, Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin Mysore da [[Bengaluru|Tabbataccen Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida, Bangalore]] (an kirkira a cikin shekarar 2009). Babban Kotun [[Karnataka]] ta umurci Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike na Bangalore da ya aiwatar da warewa na shara na tilas a matakin gida kafin tattarawa - na farko ga kasar. Yana da wakilci na gwagwarmayar tushen dan kasa a matakin yanki, kuma manyan masu fafutuka irin su Almitra Patel da Nalini Shekar ne suka jagoranci karar. Bayan wannan hukuncin na Babbar Kotun, wasu garuruwa a Indiya sun bi sawu don sanya wajabta wariya na sharar gida a matakin janareta, [[Mumbai]], yadda aka saba. Kamar yadda yake cikin Swachh Survekshan shekarata 2020 (Bincike Mai Tsafta, wanda aka fitar a watan Agusta, Na shekarar 2020) na Govt. na Indiya, jerin manyan biranen 20 mafi tsafta, tare da sunan jihohin da ke cikin mahaifa, a Indiya sune kamar haka: 1. Indore (Madhya Pradesh) na shekara ta huɗu a jere, 2. Suratul (Gujarat), 3. Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), 4. Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), 5. Mysuru (Karnataka), 6. Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), 7. Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 8. New Delhi (Delhi), 9. Chandrapur (Maharashtra), 10. Khargone (Madhya Pradesh), 11. Rajkot (Gujarat), 12. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), 13. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), 14. Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), 15. Gandhinagar (Gujarat), 16. Chandigarh (Yankin Tarayyar), 17. Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), 18. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), 19. Nashik (Maharashtra) da 20. Raigarh (Chhattisgarh). {| class="wikitable sortable" !Jiha ! Garin ! Sunan Kaddamarwar ! Hukumar aiwatarwa |- | Ladakh (UT) | Leh | Tsangda Project | Sashen Raya Karkara <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Durg | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Ambikapur | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | Mysuru | - | Kamfanin City <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Maharashtra]] | Nawi Mumbai | - | Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Andhra Pradesh]] | Visakhapatnam | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | [[Bengaluru]] | - | Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Madhya Pradesh]] | [[Indore]] | - | Indore Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Maharashtra]] | [[Pune]] | - | Pune Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | [[Bengaluru]] | Bettahalasur Project | HANYA |- | [[Tamil Nadu]] | Madurai | T Kallupatti | Garin panchayat |- | [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] | [[Kolkata]] | Aikin Habaka Karfafa Gudanar da Sharar Kolkata | Hukumar Raya Babban Birni ta Kolkata |} == Ayyukan fasahar sadarwa (IT). == MoEFCC ta kaddamar da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo a cikin shekarata 2016 don bin diddigin sarrafa shara a Indiya. Aikace-aikacen, ''Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar da aka hada'', yana tattara bayanai kuma yana taimakawa wajen daidaita masu samar da sharar gida, masu sake yin fa'ida, masu sarrafa wuraren zubar da ruwa da hukumomin jihohi.&nbsp; == Shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu == Gwamnatin Indiya ta habaka hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) don inganta ayyukan sarrafa sharar gida, duk da haka, sun kasance masu matsala. Kalubalen inganta ayyukan sarrafa shara a Indiya na haifar da rashin albarkatun kuɗi, sannan kima rashin kwarewar da suka dace da fasahar fasaha tare da sassan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun fara bincika PPPs a matsayin madadin. Ci gaban da ci gaban da aka samu ya kasance kasa kadan. Bincike kan wannan ya ba da shawarar shawarwari daidai da wasu batutuwa da aka gano. Misali, PPP a cikin MSW ana daukarsa bai balaga ba, duk da haka, an kafa manyan bukatun kafin cancanta. Kungiyoyin gida na birni (ULBs) sun sami matsala wajen ayyana iyakar da ta dace don wasu ayyukan PPP. Abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman batutuwan sun hada da matsananciyar bukatar sabis shine dalili na farko a bayan zabin yanayin PPP; <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> fahimtar cewa PPP yana ba da babbar fa'ida ga jama'a; na uku da hadin kai: PPPs suna guje wa matsalolin kudi a kuma bangaren jama'a; da na hudu, ana tunanin PPPs na hana farashin ciniki da ba da darajar kudin da aka saka. Binciken ya kuma bayyana wasu munanan batutuwa marasa kyau wadanda suka kutsa kai yayin amfani da yanayin PPP. <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> Sau da yawa ana sayo su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma sabanin yadda ake tsammani, sun haifar da hauhawar farashin ciniki da ayyukan da ba su da inganci. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna cin gajiyar fannin ba tare da wasu ayyuka masu amfani ba. <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> Akwai fuskoki da yawa wadanda har yanzu ba a fahimta ba yayin amfani da PPP a fannin sarrafa shara. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Muhalli na Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2x8e2ldmcqpj8hn21zdp22gpdxptqhb 914959 914958 2026-09-02T16:18:59Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914959 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Varanasi_506_-_waiting_for_Swachh_Bharat_Abhiyaan_(34169064322).jpg |thumb| Sharar bakin Titi]] [[Fayil:Guy sadly dumpster diving outside my window.jpg|thumb|Bola]] [[Fayil:Mixed-waste-bg1.jpg|thumb|shara]] [[File:A Green colored large of waste container in Yuen Long.jpg|thumb|Abunda ake zuba shara a burane]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida a [[Indiya]]''' yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da [[Sauyin yanayi]] na kasar (MoEF&CC). ta shekarar 2016, wannan ma'aikatar ta fitar da Dokokin Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (SWM), wadanda aka maye gurbinsu da Dokokin Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling), kuma shekarar 2000 daga cikinsu ya kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 16. Wannan manufar ta ƙasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da shigar da sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba (masu sharar shara) cikin tsarin sarrafa shara a karon farko. Indiya na samar da tan miliyan 62 na sharar gida kowace shekara. Kimanin tan miliyan 43 (70%) ne aka tara wanda kuma kusan tan miliyan 12 ake yi wa magani sannan kuma ana zubar da tan miliyan 31 a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Tare da canza salon amfani da saurin bunkasa tattalin Arziƙin an kiyasce cewa samar da shara a cikin birni zai karu zuwa tan miliyan 165 a shekarar 2030. == Ƙirƙirar sharar gida da abun da ke ciki == [[File:Hills_have_eyes_use_us.jpg|thumb| Shirin raba shara na kananan gari a gundumar Idukki, Kerala]] Gudanar da sharar gida (SWM) babbar matsala ce ga ƙungiyoyin gida na birane da yawa (ULBs) a Indiya, inda habakar birane, masana'antu da habakar tattalin arziki suka haifar da habakar datti na birni (MSW) kowane mutum. Ingantacciyar SWM babban kalubale ne a biranen da ke da yawan jama'a. Samun ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin kasar da ke samun saurin habakar al'umma da inganta yanayin rayuwa yana dada wahala a Indiya saboda kasa ce daban-daban da ke da kungiyoyin addinai, al'adu daban-daban. Duk da cigaba a yankunan [[zamantakewa]], tattalin arziki da muhalli, tsarin SWM a Indiya ya kasance marasa canji. Sashin na yau da kullun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fitar da kima daga sharar gida, tare da kusan kashi 90% na sharar da ake zubarwa a halin yanzu maimakon cike da Kasa mai kyau [2]. To Akwai bukatar gaggawa don matsawa zuwa mafi dorewar SWM, wanda ke buƙatar sabbin tsarin gudanarwa da wuraren sarrafa shara. Kuma Tsarin SWM na yanzu ba su da inganci, tare da sharar gida yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da tattalin arziki [3]. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka (MoEF) ne ta gabatar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar da Sharar gida a Indiya duk da haka, yarda yana da canji kuma yana da iyaka. == E-sharar gida a Indiya == [[File:Waste_collection_truck.jpg|thumb| Motar tattara shara a [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]]] Cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta duniya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) da Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kiyasta cewa Indiya ta samar da tan miliyan 1.975 na e-sharar a cikin shekarar 2016 ko kuma kusan 1.5.&nbsp;kilogiram na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum. Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ( ASSOCHAM ) sun bayyana saurin bunkasa tattalin arziƙi da kuma canza halayen masu amfani da shi zai iya Kara yawan sharar gida a Indiya zuwa tan miliyan 5.2 a kowace shekara ta 2020. == ''Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida'' == An kaddamar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2016. Manyan abubuwan sun hada da: [[File:Sign._Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb| Kada ku ɓata alamar. Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu]] * Ware sharar gida ya zama tilas. Ana bukatar Yan gida su raba sharar gida zuwa koguna guda uku - Organic ko sharar da za a iya cirewa, da busassun sharar gida (kamar filastik, takarda, ƙarfe da itace), da sharar gida mai hadari (diapers, adibas, maganin sauro, abubuwan tsaftacewa). Bugu da ari, manyan janareta na sharar gida kamar otal-otal da asibitoci ana tsammanin za su yi maganin sharar gida ko dai a wurin ko ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da Yan birni. * An umurci ƙananan hukumomi da hukumomin birni da su hada da masu diban shara na yau da kullun da masu tsinke shara cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da manufofin kasa suka amince da kuma sanya bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Indiya tana da sama da masu diban shara kimanin miliyan 1.5 na rayuwa na yau da kullun kuma hada su cikin tsarin kula da sharar na yau da kullun na wakiltar wata dama ga hukumomin birni don daidaita ayyukansu, tare da samarwa masu sharar damar samun ingantacciyar damar shiga. * Ana bukatar masu kera kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya FMCG wadanda ke amfani da fakitin da ba za a iya lalata su ba ana bukatar su tsara tsarin tattara dattin marufi da aka samar saboda samar da su. <ref name="downtoearth.org.in" /> * An bai wa hukumomin birni tanadin cajin manyan janaretoci kudin masu amfani don tattarawa da sarrafa sharar su. Bugu da kari, ana iya biyan tara tabo kan mutanen da ke kona shara ko jefar da shi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. * Babu wani sharar da ba za a sake yin amfani da shi ba yana da kimar calorific na Har 1,500 Kcal/kg ko fiye da aka halatta a cikin wuraren shara. Ya kamata a yi amfani da wadannan sharar gida don samar da makamashi ko don shirya man da aka ki . Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don hada hadin gwiwa a cikin siminti ko masana'antar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]]. == Kasuwar sarrafa shara a Indiya == [[File:Business_case_into_Waste_Management_in_India.png|right|thumb| Shari'ar kasuwanci zuwa Gudanar da Sharar gida a Indiya]] Nan da shekarata 2025, ana hasashen girman kasuwar sarrafa sharar gida a Indiya zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15 tare da haɓaka kusan kashi 7 na shekara. Habaka tattalin arziki, habakar al'ummar birane, habakar rayuwa da habaka matakan amfani sune abubuwan gama gari a cikin bunkasa tattalin Arzikin a duk fadin duniya. Hakazalika, a Indiya, habakar daidaiton ikon siye ya haifar da Karin araha, samun dama ga amfani da albarkatu da kuma saurin habakar adadin sharar ma. Idan aka yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki yanzu zuwa birane a Indiya, ana sa ran adadin MSW zai ninka adadin da ake da shi a cikin shekaru goma. A kusan 80-85 MTs nan da shekarata 2030, yana ba da damar kasuwanci da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka biliyan 20. == Shirye-shiryen tushen birni == A cikin shekarata 2014 Indiya ta bude Ofishin Jakadancin Swachh Bharat, kokarin tsaftace kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kafin wannan yunkurin hadin gwiwa na kasa don tsari da sarrafa sharar gida gabadaya ya zo cikin fahimtar juna, birane da garuruwa da yawa a Indiya sun riga sun kaddamar da kokarin daidaikun mutane don tattara sharar gida na birni, ko dai bisa yunƙurin Yan kasa da / ko kokarin birni na kafa mai dorewa. tsarin. Wasu misalan su ne Swach tushen a Pune (wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1993), <ref>[https://swachcoop.com Swach Co-op]</ref> Tsabtace Gasar Ciniki a Warangal, <nowiki><i id="mwaw">Nirmal Bhavanam, Nirmal Nagaram</i></nowiki> ko Tsabtace Gidaje, Tsabtace Birni a Alappuzha, Shiga yaƙin neman zabe na 14 a Gangtok, Sharar gida na Zero a Bobbili, Andhra Pradesh, Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin Mysore da [[Bengaluru|Tabbataccen Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida, Bangalore]] (an kirkira a cikin shekarar 2009). Babban Kotun [[Karnataka]] ta umurci Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike na Bangalore da ya aiwatar da warewa na shara na tilas a matakin gida kafin tattarawa - na farko ga kasar. Yana da wakilci na gwagwarmayar tushen dan kasa a matakin yanki, kuma manyan masu fafutuka irin su Almitra Patel da Nalini Shekar ne suka jagoranci karar. Bayan wannan hukuncin na Babbar Kotun, wasu garuruwa a Indiya sun bi sawu don sanya wajabta wariya na sharar gida a matakin janareta, [[Mumbai]], yadda aka saba. Kamar yadda yake cikin Swachh Survekshan shekarata 2020 (Bincike Mai Tsafta, wanda aka fitar a watan Agusta, Na shekarar 2020) na Govt. na Indiya, jerin manyan biranen 20 mafi tsafta, tare da sunan jihohin da ke cikin mahaifa, a Indiya sune kamar haka: 1. Indore (Madhya Pradesh) na shekara ta huɗu a jere, 2. Suratul (Gujarat), 3. Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), 4. Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), 5. Mysuru (Karnataka), 6. Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), 7. Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 8. New Delhi (Delhi), 9. Chandrapur (Maharashtra), 10. Khargone (Madhya Pradesh), 11. Rajkot (Gujarat), 12. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), 13. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), 14. Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), 15. Gandhinagar (Gujarat), 16. Chandigarh (Yankin Tarayyar), 17. Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), 18. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), 19. Nashik (Maharashtra) da 20. Raigarh (Chhattisgarh). {| class="wikitable sortable" !Jiha ! Garin ! Sunan Kaddamarwar ! Hukumar aiwatarwa |- | Ladakh (UT) | Leh | Tsangda Project | Sashen Raya Karkara <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Durg | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Ambikapur | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | Mysuru | - | Kamfanin City <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Maharashtra]] | Nawi Mumbai | - | Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Andhra Pradesh]] | Visakhapatnam | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | [[Bengaluru]] | - | Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Madhya Pradesh]] | [[Indore]] | - | Indore Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Maharashtra]] | [[Pune]] | - | Pune Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | [[Bengaluru]] | Bettahalasur Project | HANYA |- | [[Tamil Nadu]] | Madurai | T Kallupatti | Garin panchayat |- | [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] | [[Kolkata]] | Aikin Habaka Karfafa Gudanar da Sharar Kolkata | Hukumar Raya Babban Birni ta Kolkata |} == Ayyukan fasahar sadarwa (IT). == MoEFCC ta kaddamar da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo a cikin shekarata 2016 don bin diddigin sarrafa shara a Indiya. Aikace-aikacen, ''Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar da aka hada'', yana tattara bayanai kuma yana taimakawa wajen daidaita masu samar da sharar gida, masu sake yin fa'ida, masu sarrafa wuraren zubar da ruwa da hukumomin jihohi.&nbsp; == Shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu == Gwamnatin Indiya ta habaka hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) don inganta ayyukan sarrafa sharar gida, duk da haka, sun kasance masu matsala. Kalubalen inganta ayyukan sarrafa shara a Indiya na haifar da rashin albarkatun kuɗi, sannan kima rashin kwarewar da suka dace da fasahar fasaha tare da sassan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun fara bincika PPPs a matsayin madadin. Ci gaban da ci gaban da aka samu ya kasance kasa kadan. Bincike kan wannan ya ba da shawarar shawarwari daidai da wasu batutuwa da aka gano. Misali, PPP a cikin MSW ana daukarsa bai balaga ba, duk da haka, an kafa manyan bukatun kafin cancanta. Kungiyoyin gida na birni (ULBs) sun sami matsala wajen ayyana iyakar da ta dace don wasu ayyukan PPP. Abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman batutuwan sun hada da matsananciyar bukatar sabis shine dalili na farko a bayan zabin yanayin PPP; <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> fahimtar cewa PPP yana ba da babbar fa'ida ga jama'a; na uku da hadin kai: PPPs suna guje wa matsalolin kudi a kuma bangaren jama'a; da na hudu, ana tunanin PPPs na hana farashin ciniki da ba da darajar kudin da aka saka. Binciken ya kuma bayyana wasu munanan batutuwa marasa kyau wadanda suka kutsa kai yayin amfani da yanayin PPP. <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> Sau da yawa ana sayo su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma sabanin yadda ake tsammani, sun haifar da hauhawar farashin ciniki da ayyukan da ba su da inganci. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna cin gajiyar fannin ba tare da wasu ayyuka masu amfani ba. <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> Akwai fuskoki da yawa wadanda har yanzu ba a fahimta ba yayin amfani da PPP a fannin sarrafa shara. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Muhalli na Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7y5o0bwlz8yjz0r112c4wj19u8o0iu2 914960 914959 2026-09-02T16:19:34Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Varanasi_506_-_waiting_for_Swachh_Bharat_Abhiyaan_(34169064322).jpg |thumb| Sharar bakin Titi]] [[Fayil:Guy sadly dumpster diving outside my window.jpg|thumb|Bola]] [[Fayil:Mixed-waste-bg1.jpg|thumb|shara]] [[File:A Green colored large of waste container in Yuen Long.jpg|thumb|Abunda ake zuba shara a burane]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida a [[Indiya]]''' yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da [[Sauyin yanayi]] na kasar (MoEF&CC). ta shekarar 2016, wannan ma'aikatar ta fitar da Dokokin Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (SWM), wadanda aka maye gurbinsu da Dokokin Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling), kuma shekarar 2000 daga cikinsu ya kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 16. Wannan manufar ta ƙasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da shigar da sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba (masu sharar shara) cikin tsarin sarrafa shara a karon farko. Indiya na samar da tan miliyan 62 na sharar gida kowace shekara. Kimanin tan miliyan 43 (70%) ne aka tara wanda kuma kusan tan miliyan 12 ake yi wa magani sannan kuma ana zubar da tan miliyan 31 a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Tare da canza salon amfani da saurin bunkasa tattalin Arziƙin an kiyasce cewa samar da shara a cikin birni zai karu zuwa tan miliyan 165 a shekarar 2030. == Ƙirƙirar sharar gida da abun da ke ciki == [[File:Hills_have_eyes_use_us.jpg|thumb| Shirin raba shara na kananan gari a gundumar Idukki, Kerala]] Gudanar da sharar gida (SWM) babbar matsala ce ga ƙungiyoyin gida na birane da yawa (ULBs) a Indiya, inda habakar birane, masana'antu da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi suka haifar da habakar datti na birni (MSW) kowane mutum. Ingantacciyar SWM babban kalubale ne a biranen da ke da yawan jama'a. Samun ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin kasar da ke samun saurin habakar al'umma da inganta yanayin rayuwa yana dada wahala a Indiya saboda kasa ce daban-daban da ke da kungiyoyin addinai, al'adu daban-daban. Duk da cigaba a yankunan [[zamantakewa]], tattalin arziki da muhalli, tsarin SWM a Indiya ya kasance marasa canji. Sashin na yau da kullun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fitar da kima daga sharar gida, tare da kusan kashi 90% na sharar da ake zubarwa a halin yanzu maimakon cike da Kasa mai kyau [2]. To Akwai bukatar gaggawa don matsawa zuwa mafi dorewar SWM, wanda ke buƙatar sabbin tsarin gudanarwa da wuraren sarrafa shara. Kuma Tsarin SWM na yanzu ba su da inganci, tare da sharar gida yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da tattalin arziki [3]. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka (MoEF) ne ta gabatar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar da Sharar gida a Indiya duk da haka, yarda yana da canji kuma yana da iyaka. == E-sharar gida a Indiya == [[File:Waste_collection_truck.jpg|thumb| Motar tattara shara a [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]]] Cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta duniya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) da Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kiyasta cewa Indiya ta samar da tan miliyan 1.975 na e-sharar a cikin shekarar 2016 ko kuma kusan 1.5.&nbsp;kilogiram na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum. Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ( ASSOCHAM ) sun bayyana saurin bunkasa tattalin arziƙi da kuma canza halayen masu amfani da shi zai iya Kara yawan sharar gida a Indiya zuwa tan miliyan 5.2 a kowace shekara ta 2020. == ''Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida'' == An kaddamar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2016. Manyan abubuwan sun hada da: [[File:Sign._Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb| Kada ku ɓata alamar. Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu]] * Ware sharar gida ya zama tilas. Ana bukatar Yan gida su raba sharar gida zuwa koguna guda uku - Organic ko sharar da za a iya cirewa, da busassun sharar gida (kamar filastik, takarda, ƙarfe da itace), da sharar gida mai hadari (diapers, adibas, maganin sauro, abubuwan tsaftacewa). Bugu da ari, manyan janareta na sharar gida kamar otal-otal da asibitoci ana tsammanin za su yi maganin sharar gida ko dai a wurin ko ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da Yan birni. * An umurci ƙananan hukumomi da hukumomin birni da su hada da masu diban shara na yau da kullun da masu tsinke shara cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da manufofin kasa suka amince da kuma sanya bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Indiya tana da sama da masu diban shara kimanin miliyan 1.5 na rayuwa na yau da kullun kuma hada su cikin tsarin kula da sharar na yau da kullun na wakiltar wata dama ga hukumomin birni don daidaita ayyukansu, tare da samarwa masu sharar damar samun ingantacciyar damar shiga. * Ana bukatar masu kera kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya FMCG wadanda ke amfani da fakitin da ba za a iya lalata su ba ana bukatar su tsara tsarin tattara dattin marufi da aka samar saboda samar da su. <ref name="downtoearth.org.in" /> * An bai wa hukumomin birni tanadin cajin manyan janaretoci kudin masu amfani don tattarawa da sarrafa sharar su. Bugu da kari, ana iya biyan tara tabo kan mutanen da ke kona shara ko jefar da shi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. * Babu wani sharar da ba za a sake yin amfani da shi ba yana da kimar calorific na Har 1,500 Kcal/kg ko fiye da aka halatta a cikin wuraren shara. Ya kamata a yi amfani da wadannan sharar gida don samar da makamashi ko don shirya man da aka ki . Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don hada hadin gwiwa a cikin siminti ko masana'antar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]]. == Kasuwar sarrafa shara a Indiya == [[File:Business_case_into_Waste_Management_in_India.png|right|thumb| Shari'ar kasuwanci zuwa Gudanar da Sharar gida a Indiya]] Nan da shekarata 2025, ana hasashen girman kasuwar sarrafa sharar gida a Indiya zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15 tare da haɓaka kusan kashi 7 na shekara. Habaka tattalin arziki, habakar al'ummar birane, habakar rayuwa da habaka matakan amfani sune abubuwan gama gari a cikin bunkasa tattalin Arzikin a duk fadin duniya. Hakazalika, a Indiya, habakar daidaiton ikon siye ya haifar da Karin araha, samun dama ga amfani da albarkatu da kuma saurin habakar adadin sharar ma. Idan aka yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki yanzu zuwa birane a Indiya, ana sa ran adadin MSW zai ninka adadin da ake da shi a cikin shekaru goma. A kusan 80-85 MTs nan da shekarata 2030, yana ba da damar kasuwanci da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka biliyan 20. == Shirye-shiryen tushen birni == A cikin shekarata 2014 Indiya ta bude Ofishin Jakadancin Swachh Bharat, kokarin tsaftace kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kafin wannan yunkurin hadin gwiwa na kasa don tsari da sarrafa sharar gida gabadaya ya zo cikin fahimtar juna, birane da garuruwa da yawa a Indiya sun riga sun kaddamar da kokarin daidaikun mutane don tattara sharar gida na birni, ko dai bisa yunƙurin Yan kasa da / ko kokarin birni na kafa mai dorewa. tsarin. Wasu misalan su ne Swach tushen a Pune (wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1993), <ref>[https://swachcoop.com Swach Co-op]</ref> Tsabtace Gasar Ciniki a Warangal, <nowiki><i id="mwaw">Nirmal Bhavanam, Nirmal Nagaram</i></nowiki> ko Tsabtace Gidaje, Tsabtace Birni a Alappuzha, Shiga yaƙin neman zabe na 14 a Gangtok, Sharar gida na Zero a Bobbili, Andhra Pradesh, Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin Mysore da [[Bengaluru|Tabbataccen Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida, Bangalore]] (an kirkira a cikin shekarar 2009). Babban Kotun [[Karnataka]] ta umurci Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike na Bangalore da ya aiwatar da warewa na shara na tilas a matakin gida kafin tattarawa - na farko ga kasar. Yana da wakilci na gwagwarmayar tushen dan kasa a matakin yanki, kuma manyan masu fafutuka irin su Almitra Patel da Nalini Shekar ne suka jagoranci karar. Bayan wannan hukuncin na Babbar Kotun, wasu garuruwa a Indiya sun bi sawu don sanya wajabta wariya na sharar gida a matakin janareta, [[Mumbai]], yadda aka saba. Kamar yadda yake cikin Swachh Survekshan shekarata 2020 (Bincike Mai Tsafta, wanda aka fitar a watan Agusta, Na shekarar 2020) na Govt. na Indiya, jerin manyan biranen 20 mafi tsafta, tare da sunan jihohin da ke cikin mahaifa, a Indiya sune kamar haka: 1. Indore (Madhya Pradesh) na shekara ta huɗu a jere, 2. Suratul (Gujarat), 3. Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), 4. Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), 5. Mysuru (Karnataka), 6. Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), 7. Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 8. New Delhi (Delhi), 9. Chandrapur (Maharashtra), 10. Khargone (Madhya Pradesh), 11. Rajkot (Gujarat), 12. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), 13. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), 14. Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), 15. Gandhinagar (Gujarat), 16. Chandigarh (Yankin Tarayyar), 17. Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), 18. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), 19. Nashik (Maharashtra) da 20. Raigarh (Chhattisgarh). {| class="wikitable sortable" !Jiha ! Garin ! Sunan Kaddamarwar ! Hukumar aiwatarwa |- | Ladakh (UT) | Leh | Tsangda Project | Sashen Raya Karkara <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Durg | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Ambikapur | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | Mysuru | - | Kamfanin City <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Maharashtra]] | Nawi Mumbai | - | Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Andhra Pradesh]] | Visakhapatnam | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | [[Bengaluru]] | - | Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Madhya Pradesh]] | [[Indore]] | - | Indore Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Maharashtra]] | [[Pune]] | - | Pune Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | [[Bengaluru]] | Bettahalasur Project | HANYA |- | [[Tamil Nadu]] | Madurai | T Kallupatti | Garin panchayat |- | [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] | [[Kolkata]] | Aikin Habaka Karfafa Gudanar da Sharar Kolkata | Hukumar Raya Babban Birni ta Kolkata |} == Ayyukan fasahar sadarwa (IT). == MoEFCC ta kaddamar da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo a cikin shekarata 2016 don bin diddigin sarrafa shara a Indiya. Aikace-aikacen, ''Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar da aka hada'', yana tattara bayanai kuma yana taimakawa wajen daidaita masu samar da sharar gida, masu sake yin fa'ida, masu sarrafa wuraren zubar da ruwa da hukumomin jihohi.&nbsp; == Shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu == Gwamnatin Indiya ta habaka hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) don inganta ayyukan sarrafa sharar gida, duk da haka, sun kasance masu matsala. Kalubalen inganta ayyukan sarrafa shara a Indiya na haifar da rashin albarkatun kuɗi, sannan kima rashin kwarewar da suka dace da fasahar fasaha tare da sassan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun fara bincika PPPs a matsayin madadin. Ci gaban da ci gaban da aka samu ya kasance kasa kadan. Bincike kan wannan ya ba da shawarar shawarwari daidai da wasu batutuwa da aka gano. Misali, PPP a cikin MSW ana daukarsa bai balaga ba, duk da haka, an kafa manyan bukatun kafin cancanta. Kungiyoyin gida na birni (ULBs) sun sami matsala wajen ayyana iyakar da ta dace don wasu ayyukan PPP. Abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman batutuwan sun hada da matsananciyar bukatar sabis shine dalili na farko a bayan zabin yanayin PPP; <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> fahimtar cewa PPP yana ba da babbar fa'ida ga jama'a; na uku da hadin kai: PPPs suna guje wa matsalolin kudi a kuma bangaren jama'a; da na hudu, ana tunanin PPPs na hana farashin ciniki da ba da darajar kudin da aka saka. Binciken ya kuma bayyana wasu munanan batutuwa marasa kyau wadanda suka kutsa kai yayin amfani da yanayin PPP. <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> Sau da yawa ana sayo su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma sabanin yadda ake tsammani, sun haifar da hauhawar farashin ciniki da ayyukan da ba su da inganci. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna cin gajiyar fannin ba tare da wasu ayyuka masu amfani ba. <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> Akwai fuskoki da yawa wadanda har yanzu ba a fahimta ba yayin amfani da PPP a fannin sarrafa shara. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Muhalli na Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 001e3f6596x35z3zj6qxrj1979asi59 914961 914960 2026-09-02T16:19:49Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Varanasi_506_-_waiting_for_Swachh_Bharat_Abhiyaan_(34169064322).jpg |thumb| Sharar bakin Titi]] [[Fayil:Guy sadly dumpster diving outside my window.jpg|thumb|Bola]] [[Fayil:Mixed-waste-bg1.jpg|thumb|shara]] [[File:A Green colored large of waste container in Yuen Long.jpg|thumb|Abunda ake zuba shara a burane]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida a [[Indiya]]''' yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da [[Sauyin yanayi]] na kasar (MoEF&CC). ta shekarar 2016, wannan ma'aikatar ta fitar da Dokokin Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (SWM), wadanda aka maye gurbinsu da Dokokin Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling), kuma shekarar 2000 daga cikinsu ya kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 16. Wannan manufar ta ƙasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da shigar da sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba (masu sharar shara) cikin tsarin sarrafa shara a karon farko. Indiya na samar da tan miliyan 62 na sharar gida kowace shekara. Kimanin tan miliyan 43 (70%) ne aka tara wanda kuma kusan tan miliyan 12 ake yi wa magani sannan kuma ana zubar da tan miliyan 31 a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Tare da canza salon amfani da saurin bunkasa tattalin Arziƙin an kiyasce cewa samar da shara a cikin birni zai karu zuwa tan miliyan 165 a shekarar 2030. == Ƙirƙirar sharar gida da abun da ke ciki == [[File:Hills_have_eyes_use_us.jpg|thumb| Shirin raba shara na kananan gari a gundumar Idukki, Kerala]] Gudanar da sharar gida (SWM) babbar matsala ce ga ƙungiyoyin gida na birane da yawa (ULBs) a Indiya, inda habakar birane, masana'antu da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi suka haifar da habakar datti na birni (MSW) kowane mutum. Ingantacciyar SWM babban kalubale ne a biranen da ke da yawan jama'a. Samun ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin kasar da ke samun saurin habakar al'umma da inganta yanayin rayuwa yana dada wahala a Indiya saboda ƙasa ce daban-daban da ke da kungiyoyin addinai, al'adu daban-daban. Duk da cigaba a yankunan [[zamantakewa]], tattalin arziki da muhalli, tsarin SWM a Indiya ya kasance marasa canji. Sashin na yau da kullun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fitar da kima daga sharar gida, tare da kusan kashi 90% na sharar da ake zubarwa a halin yanzu maimakon cike da Kasa mai kyau [2]. To Akwai bukatar gaggawa don matsawa zuwa mafi dorewar SWM, wanda ke buƙatar sabbin tsarin gudanarwa da wuraren sarrafa shara. Kuma Tsarin SWM na yanzu ba su da inganci, tare da sharar gida yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da tattalin arziki [3]. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka (MoEF) ne ta gabatar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar da Sharar gida a Indiya duk da haka, yarda yana da canji kuma yana da iyaka. == E-sharar gida a Indiya == [[File:Waste_collection_truck.jpg|thumb| Motar tattara shara a [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]]] Cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta duniya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) da Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kiyasta cewa Indiya ta samar da tan miliyan 1.975 na e-sharar a cikin shekarar 2016 ko kuma kusan 1.5.&nbsp;kilogiram na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum. Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ( ASSOCHAM ) sun bayyana saurin bunkasa tattalin arziƙi da kuma canza halayen masu amfani da shi zai iya Kara yawan sharar gida a Indiya zuwa tan miliyan 5.2 a kowace shekara ta 2020. == ''Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida'' == An kaddamar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2016. Manyan abubuwan sun hada da: [[File:Sign._Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb| Kada ku ɓata alamar. Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu]] * Ware sharar gida ya zama tilas. Ana bukatar Yan gida su raba sharar gida zuwa koguna guda uku - Organic ko sharar da za a iya cirewa, da busassun sharar gida (kamar filastik, takarda, ƙarfe da itace), da sharar gida mai hadari (diapers, adibas, maganin sauro, abubuwan tsaftacewa). Bugu da ari, manyan janareta na sharar gida kamar otal-otal da asibitoci ana tsammanin za su yi maganin sharar gida ko dai a wurin ko ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da Yan birni. * An umurci ƙananan hukumomi da hukumomin birni da su hada da masu diban shara na yau da kullun da masu tsinke shara cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da manufofin kasa suka amince da kuma sanya bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Indiya tana da sama da masu diban shara kimanin miliyan 1.5 na rayuwa na yau da kullun kuma hada su cikin tsarin kula da sharar na yau da kullun na wakiltar wata dama ga hukumomin birni don daidaita ayyukansu, tare da samarwa masu sharar damar samun ingantacciyar damar shiga. * Ana bukatar masu kera kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya FMCG wadanda ke amfani da fakitin da ba za a iya lalata su ba ana bukatar su tsara tsarin tattara dattin marufi da aka samar saboda samar da su. <ref name="downtoearth.org.in" /> * An bai wa hukumomin birni tanadin cajin manyan janaretoci kudin masu amfani don tattarawa da sarrafa sharar su. Bugu da kari, ana iya biyan tara tabo kan mutanen da ke kona shara ko jefar da shi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. * Babu wani sharar da ba za a sake yin amfani da shi ba yana da kimar calorific na Har 1,500 Kcal/kg ko fiye da aka halatta a cikin wuraren shara. Ya kamata a yi amfani da wadannan sharar gida don samar da makamashi ko don shirya man da aka ki . Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don hada hadin gwiwa a cikin siminti ko masana'antar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]]. == Kasuwar sarrafa shara a Indiya == [[File:Business_case_into_Waste_Management_in_India.png|right|thumb| Shari'ar kasuwanci zuwa Gudanar da Sharar gida a Indiya]] Nan da shekarata 2025, ana hasashen girman kasuwar sarrafa sharar gida a Indiya zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15 tare da haɓaka kusan kashi 7 na shekara. Habaka tattalin arziki, habakar al'ummar birane, habakar rayuwa da habaka matakan amfani sune abubuwan gama gari a cikin bunkasa tattalin Arzikin a duk fadin duniya. Hakazalika, a Indiya, habakar daidaiton ikon siye ya haifar da Karin araha, samun dama ga amfani da albarkatu da kuma saurin habakar adadin sharar ma. Idan aka yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki yanzu zuwa birane a Indiya, ana sa ran adadin MSW zai ninka adadin da ake da shi a cikin shekaru goma. A kusan 80-85 MTs nan da shekarata 2030, yana ba da damar kasuwanci da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka biliyan 20. == Shirye-shiryen tushen birni == A cikin shekarata 2014 Indiya ta bude Ofishin Jakadancin Swachh Bharat, kokarin tsaftace kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kafin wannan yunkurin hadin gwiwa na kasa don tsari da sarrafa sharar gida gabadaya ya zo cikin fahimtar juna, birane da garuruwa da yawa a Indiya sun riga sun kaddamar da kokarin daidaikun mutane don tattara sharar gida na birni, ko dai bisa yunƙurin Yan kasa da / ko kokarin birni na kafa mai dorewa. tsarin. Wasu misalan su ne Swach tushen a Pune (wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1993), <ref>[https://swachcoop.com Swach Co-op]</ref> Tsabtace Gasar Ciniki a Warangal, <nowiki><i id="mwaw">Nirmal Bhavanam, Nirmal Nagaram</i></nowiki> ko Tsabtace Gidaje, Tsabtace Birni a Alappuzha, Shiga yaƙin neman zabe na 14 a Gangtok, Sharar gida na Zero a Bobbili, Andhra Pradesh, Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin Mysore da [[Bengaluru|Tabbataccen Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida, Bangalore]] (an kirkira a cikin shekarar 2009). Babban Kotun [[Karnataka]] ta umurci Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike na Bangalore da ya aiwatar da warewa na shara na tilas a matakin gida kafin tattarawa - na farko ga kasar. Yana da wakilci na gwagwarmayar tushen dan kasa a matakin yanki, kuma manyan masu fafutuka irin su Almitra Patel da Nalini Shekar ne suka jagoranci karar. Bayan wannan hukuncin na Babbar Kotun, wasu garuruwa a Indiya sun bi sawu don sanya wajabta wariya na sharar gida a matakin janareta, [[Mumbai]], yadda aka saba. Kamar yadda yake cikin Swachh Survekshan shekarata 2020 (Bincike Mai Tsafta, wanda aka fitar a watan Agusta, Na shekarar 2020) na Govt. na Indiya, jerin manyan biranen 20 mafi tsafta, tare da sunan jihohin da ke cikin mahaifa, a Indiya sune kamar haka: 1. Indore (Madhya Pradesh) na shekara ta huɗu a jere, 2. Suratul (Gujarat), 3. Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), 4. Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), 5. Mysuru (Karnataka), 6. Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), 7. Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 8. New Delhi (Delhi), 9. Chandrapur (Maharashtra), 10. Khargone (Madhya Pradesh), 11. Rajkot (Gujarat), 12. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), 13. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), 14. Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), 15. Gandhinagar (Gujarat), 16. Chandigarh (Yankin Tarayyar), 17. Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), 18. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), 19. Nashik (Maharashtra) da 20. Raigarh (Chhattisgarh). {| class="wikitable sortable" !Jiha ! Garin ! Sunan Kaddamarwar ! Hukumar aiwatarwa |- | Ladakh (UT) | Leh | Tsangda Project | Sashen Raya Karkara <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Durg | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Ambikapur | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | Mysuru | - | Kamfanin City <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Maharashtra]] | Nawi Mumbai | - | Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Andhra Pradesh]] | Visakhapatnam | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | [[Bengaluru]] | - | Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Madhya Pradesh]] | [[Indore]] | - | Indore Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Maharashtra]] | [[Pune]] | - | Pune Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | [[Bengaluru]] | Bettahalasur Project | HANYA |- | [[Tamil Nadu]] | Madurai | T Kallupatti | Garin panchayat |- | [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] | [[Kolkata]] | Aikin Habaka Karfafa Gudanar da Sharar Kolkata | Hukumar Raya Babban Birni ta Kolkata |} == Ayyukan fasahar sadarwa (IT). == MoEFCC ta kaddamar da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo a cikin shekarata 2016 don bin diddigin sarrafa shara a Indiya. Aikace-aikacen, ''Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar da aka hada'', yana tattara bayanai kuma yana taimakawa wajen daidaita masu samar da sharar gida, masu sake yin fa'ida, masu sarrafa wuraren zubar da ruwa da hukumomin jihohi.&nbsp; == Shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu == Gwamnatin Indiya ta habaka hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) don inganta ayyukan sarrafa sharar gida, duk da haka, sun kasance masu matsala. Kalubalen inganta ayyukan sarrafa shara a Indiya na haifar da rashin albarkatun kuɗi, sannan kima rashin kwarewar da suka dace da fasahar fasaha tare da sassan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun fara bincika PPPs a matsayin madadin. Ci gaban da ci gaban da aka samu ya kasance kasa kadan. Bincike kan wannan ya ba da shawarar shawarwari daidai da wasu batutuwa da aka gano. Misali, PPP a cikin MSW ana daukarsa bai balaga ba, duk da haka, an kafa manyan bukatun kafin cancanta. Kungiyoyin gida na birni (ULBs) sun sami matsala wajen ayyana iyakar da ta dace don wasu ayyukan PPP. Abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman batutuwan sun hada da matsananciyar bukatar sabis shine dalili na farko a bayan zabin yanayin PPP; <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> fahimtar cewa PPP yana ba da babbar fa'ida ga jama'a; na uku da hadin kai: PPPs suna guje wa matsalolin kudi a kuma bangaren jama'a; da na hudu, ana tunanin PPPs na hana farashin ciniki da ba da darajar kudin da aka saka. Binciken ya kuma bayyana wasu munanan batutuwa marasa kyau wadanda suka kutsa kai yayin amfani da yanayin PPP. <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> Sau da yawa ana sayo su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma sabanin yadda ake tsammani, sun haifar da hauhawar farashin ciniki da ayyukan da ba su da inganci. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna cin gajiyar fannin ba tare da wasu ayyuka masu amfani ba. <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> Akwai fuskoki da yawa wadanda har yanzu ba a fahimta ba yayin amfani da PPP a fannin sarrafa shara. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Muhalli na Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ssvgad28suzer2by62uv5pty69uqddj 914962 914961 2026-09-02T16:20:16Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Varanasi_506_-_waiting_for_Swachh_Bharat_Abhiyaan_(34169064322).jpg |thumb| Sharar bakin Titi]] [[Fayil:Guy sadly dumpster diving outside my window.jpg|thumb|Bola]] [[Fayil:Mixed-waste-bg1.jpg|thumb|shara]] [[File:A Green colored large of waste container in Yuen Long.jpg|thumb|Abunda ake zuba shara a burane]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida a [[Indiya]]''' yana ƙarƙashin ikon Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da [[Sauyin yanayi]] na kasar (MoEF&CC). ta shekarar 2016, wannan ma'aikatar ta fitar da Dokokin Gudanar da Watsa Labarai (SWM), wadanda aka maye gurbinsu da Dokokin Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling), kuma shekarar 2000 daga cikinsu ya kasance a wurin har tsawon shekaru 16. Wannan manufar ta ƙasa tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen amincewa da shigar da sassan da ba na yau da kullun ba (masu sharar shara) cikin tsarin sarrafa shara a karon farko. Indiya na samar da tan miliyan 62 na sharar gida kowace shekara. Kimanin tan miliyan 43 (70%) ne aka tara wanda kuma kusan tan miliyan 12 ake yi wa magani sannan kuma ana zubar da tan miliyan 31 a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Tare da canza salon amfani da saurin bunkasa tattalin Arziƙin an kiyasce cewa samar da shara a cikin birni zai karu zuwa tan miliyan 165 a shekarar 2030. == Ƙirƙirar sharar gida da abun da ke ciki == [[File:Hills_have_eyes_use_us.jpg|thumb| Shirin raba shara na kananan gari a gundumar Idukki, Kerala]] Gudanar da sharar gida (SWM) babbar matsala ce ga ƙungiyoyin gida na birane da yawa (ULBs) a Indiya, inda habakar birane, masana'antu da haɓakar tattalin arziƙi suka haifar da habakar datti na birni (MSW) kowane mutum. Ingantacciyar SWM babban kalubale ne a biranen da ke da yawan jama'a. Samun ci gaba mai dorewa a cikin kasar da ke samun saurin habakar al'umma da inganta yanayin rayuwa yana dada wahala a Indiya saboda ƙasa ce daban-daban da ke da kungiyoyin addinai, al'adu daban-daban. Duk da cigaba a yankunan [[zamantakewa]], tattalin arziki da muhalli, tsarin SWM a Indiya ya kasance marasa canji. Sashin na yau da kullun yana da muhimmiyar rawa wajen fitar da kima daga sharar gida, tare da kusan kashi 90% na sharar da ake zubarwa a halin yanzu maimakon cike da Kasa mai kyau [2]. To Akwai bukatar gaggawa don matsawa zuwa mafi dorewar SWM, wanda ke buƙatar sabbin tsarin gudanarwa da wuraren sarrafa shara. Kuma Tsarin SWM na yanzu ba su da inganci, tare da sharar gida yana da mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar jama'a, muhalli da tattalin arziki [3]. Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka (MoEF) ne ta gabatar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar da Sharar gida a Indiya duk da haka, yarda yana da canji kuma yana da iyaka. == E-sharar gida a Indiya == [[File:Waste_collection_truck.jpg|thumb| Motar tattara shara a [[Ahmedabad]], [[Gujarat]]]] Cibiyar kula da sharar gida ta duniya, haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Kungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) da Jami'ar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta kiyasta cewa Indiya ta samar da tan miliyan 1.975 na e-sharar a cikin shekarar 2016 ko kuma kusan 1.5.&nbsp;kilogiram na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum. Ƙungiyoyin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ( ASSOCHAM ) sun bayyana saurin bunkasa tattalin arziƙi da kuma canza halayen masu amfani da shi zai iya Kara yawan sharar gida a Indiya zuwa tan miliyan 5.2 a kowace shekara ta 2020. == ''Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida'' == An ƙaddamar da Dokokin Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2016. Manyan abubuwan sun hada da: [[File:Sign._Mahabalipuram.jpg|thumb| Kada ku ɓata alamar. Mahabalipuram, Tamil Nadu]] * Ware sharar gida ya zama tilas. Ana bukatar Yan gida su raba sharar gida zuwa koguna guda uku - Organic ko sharar da za a iya cirewa, da busassun sharar gida (kamar filastik, takarda, ƙarfe da itace), da sharar gida mai hadari (diapers, adibas, maganin sauro, abubuwan tsaftacewa). Bugu da ari, manyan janareta na sharar gida kamar otal-otal da asibitoci ana tsammanin za su yi maganin sharar gida ko dai a wurin ko ta hanyar hadin gwiwa tare da Yan birni. * An umurci ƙananan hukumomi da hukumomin birni da su hada da masu diban shara na yau da kullun da masu tsinke shara cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Wannan shi ne karo na farko da manufofin kasa suka amince da kuma sanya bangaren da ba na yau da kullun ba cikin tsarin sarrafa shara. Indiya tana da sama da masu diban shara kimanin miliyan 1.5 na rayuwa na yau da kullun kuma hada su cikin tsarin kula da sharar na yau da kullun na wakiltar wata dama ga hukumomin birni don daidaita ayyukansu, tare da samarwa masu sharar damar samun ingantacciyar damar shiga. * Ana bukatar masu kera kayan masarufi masu saurin tafiya FMCG wadanda ke amfani da fakitin da ba za a iya lalata su ba ana bukatar su tsara tsarin tattara dattin marufi da aka samar saboda samar da su. <ref name="downtoearth.org.in" /> * An bai wa hukumomin birni tanadin cajin manyan janaretoci kudin masu amfani don tattarawa da sarrafa sharar su. Bugu da kari, ana iya biyan tara tabo kan mutanen da ke kona shara ko jefar da shi a wuraren taruwar jama'a. * Babu wani sharar da ba za a sake yin amfani da shi ba yana da kimar calorific na Har 1,500 Kcal/kg ko fiye da aka halatta a cikin wuraren shara. Ya kamata a yi amfani da wadannan sharar gida don samar da makamashi ko don shirya man da aka ki . Hakanan ana iya amfani da shi don hada hadin gwiwa a cikin siminti ko masana'antar [[Lantarki|wutar lantarki]]. == Kasuwar sarrafa shara a Indiya == [[File:Business_case_into_Waste_Management_in_India.png|right|thumb| Shari'ar kasuwanci zuwa Gudanar da Sharar gida a Indiya]] Nan da shekarata 2025, ana hasashen girman kasuwar sarrafa sharar gida a Indiya zai kai dalar Amurka biliyan 15 tare da haɓaka kusan kashi 7 na shekara. Habaka tattalin arziki, habakar al'ummar birane, habakar rayuwa da habaka matakan amfani sune abubuwan gama gari a cikin bunkasa tattalin Arzikin a duk fadin duniya. Hakazalika, a Indiya, habakar daidaiton ikon siye ya haifar da Karin araha, samun dama ga amfani da albarkatu da kuma saurin habakar adadin sharar ma. Idan aka yi la'akari da halin da ake ciki yanzu zuwa birane a Indiya, ana sa ran adadin MSW zai ninka adadin da ake da shi a cikin shekaru goma. A kusan 80-85 MTs nan da shekarata 2030, yana ba da damar kasuwanci da aka kiyasta akan dalar Amurka biliyan 20. == Shirye-shiryen tushen birni == A cikin shekarata 2014 Indiya ta bude Ofishin Jakadancin Swachh Bharat, kokarin tsaftace kasa na tsawon shekaru biyar. Kafin wannan yunkurin hadin gwiwa na kasa don tsari da sarrafa sharar gida gabadaya ya zo cikin fahimtar juna, birane da garuruwa da yawa a Indiya sun riga sun kaddamar da kokarin daidaikun mutane don tattara sharar gida na birni, ko dai bisa yunƙurin Yan kasa da / ko kokarin birni na kafa mai dorewa. tsarin. Wasu misalan su ne Swach tushen a Pune (wanda aka kafa a cikin shekarata 1993), <ref>[https://swachcoop.com Swach Co-op]</ref> Tsabtace Gasar Ciniki a Warangal, <nowiki><i id="mwaw">Nirmal Bhavanam, Nirmal Nagaram</i></nowiki> ko Tsabtace Gidaje, Tsabtace Birni a Alappuzha, Shiga yaƙin neman zabe na 14 a Gangtok, Sharar gida na Zero a Bobbili, Andhra Pradesh, Gudanar da Sharar gida a cikin Mysore da [[Bengaluru|Tabbataccen Gudanar da Sharar Sharar gida, Bangalore]] (an kirkira a cikin shekarar 2009). Babban Kotun [[Karnataka]] ta umurci Bruhat Bangalore Mahanagara Palike na Bangalore da ya aiwatar da warewa na shara na tilas a matakin gida kafin tattarawa - na farko ga kasar. Yana da wakilci na gwagwarmayar tushen dan kasa a matakin yanki, kuma manyan masu fafutuka irin su Almitra Patel da Nalini Shekar ne suka jagoranci karar. Bayan wannan hukuncin na Babbar Kotun, wasu garuruwa a Indiya sun bi sawu don sanya wajabta wariya na sharar gida a matakin janareta, [[Mumbai]], yadda aka saba. Kamar yadda yake cikin Swachh Survekshan shekarata 2020 (Bincike Mai Tsafta, wanda aka fitar a watan Agusta, Na shekarar 2020) na Govt. na Indiya, jerin manyan biranen 20 mafi tsafta, tare da sunan jihohin da ke cikin mahaifa, a Indiya sune kamar haka: 1. Indore (Madhya Pradesh) na shekara ta huɗu a jere, 2. Suratul (Gujarat), 3. Navi Mumbai (Maharashtra), 4. Ambikapur (Chhattisgarh), 5. Mysuru (Karnataka), 6. Vijayawada (Andhra Pradesh), 7. Ahmedabad (Gujarat), 8. New Delhi (Delhi), 9. Chandrapur (Maharashtra), 10. Khargone (Madhya Pradesh), 11. Rajkot (Gujarat), 12. Tirupati (Andhra Pradesh), 13. Jamshedpur (Jharkhand), 14. Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), 15. Gandhinagar (Gujarat), 16. Chandigarh (Yankin Tarayyar), 17. Bilaspur (Chhattisgarh), 18. Ujjain (Madhya Pradesh), 19. Nashik (Maharashtra) da 20. Raigarh (Chhattisgarh). {| class="wikitable sortable" !Jiha ! Garin ! Sunan Kaddamarwar ! Hukumar aiwatarwa |- | Ladakh (UT) | Leh | Tsangda Project | Sashen Raya Karkara <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Durg | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Ambikapur | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | Mysuru | - | Kamfanin City <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Maharashtra]] | Nawi Mumbai | - | Navi Mumbai Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Andhra Pradesh]] | Visakhapatnam | - | Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | [[Bengaluru]] | - | Bruhat Bengaluru Mahanagara Palike <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Madhya Pradesh]] | [[Indore]] | - | Indore Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Maharashtra]] | [[Pune]] | - | Pune Municipal Corporation <ref name=":0" /> |- | [[Karnataka]] | [[Bengaluru]] | Bettahalasur Project | HANYA |- | [[Tamil Nadu]] | Madurai | T Kallupatti | Garin panchayat |- | [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] | [[Kolkata]] | Aikin Habaka Karfafa Gudanar da Sharar Kolkata | Hukumar Raya Babban Birni ta Kolkata |} == Ayyukan fasahar sadarwa (IT). == MoEFCC ta kaddamar da aikace-aikacen yanar gizo a cikin shekarata 2016 don bin diddigin sarrafa shara a Indiya. Aikace-aikacen, ''Tsarin Gudanar da Sharar da aka hada'', yana tattara bayanai kuma yana taimakawa wajen daidaita masu samar da sharar gida, masu sake yin fa'ida, masu sarrafa wuraren zubar da ruwa da hukumomin jihohi.&nbsp; == Shirye-shiryen hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu == Gwamnatin Indiya ta habaka hadin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) don inganta ayyukan sarrafa sharar gida, duk da haka, sun kasance masu matsala. Kalubalen inganta ayyukan sarrafa shara a Indiya na haifar da rashin albarkatun kuɗi, sannan kima rashin kwarewar da suka dace da fasahar fasaha tare da sassan jama'a. Gwamnatoci sun fara bincika PPPs a matsayin madadin. Ci gaban da ci gaban da aka samu ya kasance kasa kadan. Bincike kan wannan ya ba da shawarar shawarwari daidai da wasu batutuwa da aka gano. Misali, PPP a cikin MSW ana daukarsa bai balaga ba, duk da haka, an kafa manyan bukatun kafin cancanta. Kungiyoyin gida na birni (ULBs) sun sami matsala wajen ayyana iyakar da ta dace don wasu ayyukan PPP. Abubuwan da suka shafi takamaiman batutuwan sun hada da matsananciyar bukatar sabis shine dalili na farko a bayan zabin yanayin PPP; <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> fahimtar cewa PPP yana ba da babbar fa'ida ga jama'a; na uku da hadin kai: PPPs suna guje wa matsalolin kudi a kuma bangaren jama'a; da na hudu, ana tunanin PPPs na hana farashin ciniki da ba da darajar kudin da aka saka. Binciken ya kuma bayyana wasu munanan batutuwa marasa kyau wadanda suka kutsa kai yayin amfani da yanayin PPP. <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> Sau da yawa ana sayo su ta hanyar da ba ta dace ba, kuma sabanin yadda ake tsammani, sun haifar da hauhawar farashin ciniki da ayyukan da ba su da inganci. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu sun bayyana suna cin gajiyar fannin ba tare da wasu ayyuka masu amfani ba. <ref name="Factors affecting public-private pa" /> Akwai fuskoki da yawa wadanda har yanzu ba a fahimta ba yayin amfani da PPP a fannin sarrafa shara. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Muhalli na Indiya == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 75b6ahs4ea6tmdt15iy0936lv2i33sm 0 30043 914953 914050 2026-09-02T16:15:50Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914953 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Graffiti_about_waste,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.jpg |thumb|Graffiti about waste, Christchurch, New Zealand ]] [[Fayil:Mixed-waste-bg1.jpg|thumb|shara]] [[File:Rubbish_collection_truck_in_Mount_Albert.jpg|thumb| Motar da ke diban shara a Dutsen Albert, Auckland.]] [[Fayil:Satellite image of New Zealand in December 2002.jpg|thumb|yankunan New Zealand ]] [[Fayil:Satellite image of New Zealand in December 2002.jpg|thumb|New Zealand ]] Gudanar da '''[[Shara|sharar gida]]''' a '''[[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]],''' ya zama mafi tsari dan rage abubuwan dake tattare da [[Muhalli mai zurfi|muhalli]]. Dangane da bayanan OECD, ''[[New Zealand]]'' ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi ɓarna a cikin OECD. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb|mafiyawan ci shara yanda yake]] Har zuwa kwanan nan, an kwashe sharar gida a cikin jujjuyawar gida ba tare da sanin inda aka ajiye su ba. Sau da yawa [[Bola|juji]] suna kusa da hanyoyin ruwa. A cikin ƴan shekarun nan an ƙarfafa wuraren da ake zubar da juji Kuma yanzu an gina su a matsayin wuraren tsabtace [[Wajen zubar da shara|muhalli]] don hana zubar da abin cikin cikin [[ruwa]]. Tashoshin canja wuri, musamman a cikin birane, suna aiki ne a matsayin wurin da ake tarawa a cikin gida inda ake tattara sharar kafin a kai su zuwa wurin zubar da ƙasa mafi kkusa.<ref>https://www.clabel.org/ha/bilgiler/dongusel-ekonomide-atik-gida-anlamina-gelmektedir/</ref> A cikin shekarata 2007 Binciken Ayyukan [[Muhalli]] na OECD don sharar gida ya ba da shawarwari masu zuwa: * haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasa don sarrafa datti masu haɗari * fadadawa da haɓaka wuraren sharar gida da zubar da shara * ƙara goyon bayan tsari don farfadowa ko sake amfani da su * fayyace tsare-tsare na alhaki don gyara wuraren da suka gurbata == Mass == Ana kuma samar da kimanin tan miliyan 1.6 a kowace shekara daga masana'antar gine-gine da rugujewa wanda ke wakiltar kashi 50% na jimillar sharar gida. === Christchurch === [[File:Graffiti_about_waste,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.jpg|right|thumb| Graffiti game da sharar gida a ƙofar gareji a cikin Christchurch (2009).]] Adadin sharar gida daga tarin kerbside ya kusan tan 40,000 to amma an ragu bayan bullo da sake amfani da kerbside da raguwar adadin jakunkunan shara kyauta. A cikin shekarata 2009 Majalisar ta gabatar da kwalabe na wheelie mai lita 140 don tarin kerbside bayan haka adadin sharar ya fara tashi. == Nau'ukan == === Robobin noma === Noma yana daya daga cikin manyan sassan tattalin arziki a ƙasar New Zealand kuma saboda haka ana samar da adadi mai yawa na sharar gida dangane da sauran masana'antu. To Amman Ana gudanar da tattara kwantena masu dauke da sinadarai na noma a wasu yankuna. An haramta kona sharar robobi a shekarun baya bayan nan saboda fitar da gurbatacciyar iska. ; Sharar gida === Sharar gida === Sharar ta hanyar lantarki wani yanki ne na karuwa a cikin sharar kuma Ma'aikatar Muhalli tana binciken hanyoyin magance shi. EDay na shekara-shekara, wanda ya fara daga gwaji a shekarata 2006, ana amfani da shi azaman hanyar tattara sharar lantarki don sake amfani ko sake amfani da su. === Sharar abinci === Ba a san jimillar adadin abincin da aka zubar a New Zealand ba. An gudanar da bincike a cikin shekarar 2014, game da sharar abinci, wanda gidaje ke samarwa, wanda aka zubar da shi ta hanyar tara shara. Binciken ya gano cewa tan 229,022 na abinci ana aika gida ne a duk shekara. Daga cikin wannan kusan kashi 50% ko tan 122,547 sharar abinci ce da za a iya kaucewa. Kudin sharar abinci na gida da za'a iya kaucewa zubar da shi a cikin shekarun 2014/2105 ya kai dala miliyan 872. Cikakken rahoto da ake samu akan gidan yanar gizon WasteMINZ yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da sharar abinci na gida. Babu wani bincike da aka gudanar ya zuwa yau game da sharar abinci na kasuwanci ko sarkar samar da kayayyaki. == Rage sharar gida == [[File:Rubbish_bins_in_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.jpg|thumb| Sabbin kwandon shara a cikin Christchurch, New Zealand]] A shekara ta 1996, biranen New Zealand na [[Auckland]], Waitakere, North Shore da Lower Hutt sun sami akwatunan sake amfani da kerbside . A cikin New Plymouth, Wanganui da Upper Hutt an tattara kayan da za a sake yin amfani da su idan an sanya su cikin jakunkuna masu dacewa. A shekara ta 2007, 73% na New Zealanders sun sami damar sake amfani da kerbside. Majalisar gundumar Mackenzie <ref name="mfe">[http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/kerbside-collection-may05/html/page7.html]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925232017/https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/kerbside-collection-may05/html/page7.html|date=2020-09-25}}<span> Options for Kerbside Collection of Household Organic Wastes – Appendix 1: Kerbside Kitchen Waste Collections in New Zealand [Ministry for the Environment</span>&#x5D;</ref> da Majalisar gundumar Timaru ne ke gudanar da tarin sharar kwayoyin Kerbside. Majalisar birnin Christchurch ta bullo da tsarin tattara shara a matsayin wani bangare na sake amfani da kerbside. Wasu majalisu suna gudanar da gwaji. <ref name="mfe" /> === Sharar gida don ƙonewa makamashi === Kwanan nan, an sami karuwar sha'awar sharar-zuwa-makamashi, inda sharar ke zama makamashi don amfani da al'umma. Duk da haka, bincike ya gano cewa wannan hanya za ta iya haifar da ƙarin al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli, tare da kimanin ton 1.2 na CO ₂ da aka samar ga kowane tonne na sharar gida. Mai binciken gurbataccen robobi Trisia Farrelly ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan wata dabara ce mai ɓatacciya wacce "take lalata albarkatu masu kima da kuma ci gaba da yin sharar gida". == Dokokin sharar gida == New Zealand ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kariya da Gurbacewar Ruwa Daga Jiragen Ruwa, a shekarata 1973 kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar a shekarar 1978 ta gyara'', wanda akafi sani da MARPOL . Jam'iyyar Green Party ta gabatar da Dokar Rana Sharar Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2006. Ya zama doka a cikin shekarar 2008 azaman Dokar Rage Sharar gida . Manyan tanade-tanaden dokar sun hada da: haraji kan sharar shara, inganta tsare-tsare na kula da kayayyaki, wasu bayanan sharar da suka wajaba, da fayyace rawar da hukumomin yankin ke takawa dangane da rage sharar, da kafa hukumar ba da shawara ga sharar gida. == Sharar gida (sharar gida) == Adadin wuraren zubar da shara a New Zealand yana raguwa. A cikin shekarata 1995 akwai 327 da 115 a cikin shekarar 2002 tare da ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan da ke sanya adadin a ƙasa da 100. Fitattun wuraren zubar da shara suna nan a: * Redvale, Albany * Whitford, Auckland * Hampton Downs, Yankin Waikato - an buɗe 2005, * Kate Valley, Canterbury * Green Island, Dunedin == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Muhalli na New Zealand * Litter a New Zealand * Gudanar da sharar gida == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/waste/ Shafi na sharar gida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327060758/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/waste/ |date=2014-03-27 }} a ma'aikatar muhalli * [http://wasteminz.org.nz/ WasteMINZ] - Cibiyar Kula da Sharar New Zealand [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lj1ar6turwwtzdkzu3by2smygvw03b6 914954 914953 2026-09-02T16:16:14Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914954 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Graffiti_about_waste,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.jpg |thumb|Graffiti about waste, Christchurch, New Zealand ]] [[Fayil:Mixed-waste-bg1.jpg|thumb|shara]] [[File:Rubbish_collection_truck_in_Mount_Albert.jpg|thumb| Motar da ke diban shara a Dutsen Albert, Auckland.]] [[Fayil:Satellite image of New Zealand in December 2002.jpg|thumb|yankunan New Zealand ]] [[Fayil:Satellite image of New Zealand in December 2002.jpg|thumb|New Zealand ]] Gudanar da '''[[Shara|sharar gida]]''' a '''[[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]],''' ya zama mafi tsari dan rage abubuwan dake tattare da [[Muhalli mai zurfi|muhalli]]. Dangane da bayanan OECD, ''[[New Zealand]]'' ita ce ƙasa ta uku mafi ɓarna a cikin OECD. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb|mafiyawan ci shara yanda yake]] Har zuwa kwanan nan, an kwashe sharar gida a cikin jujjuyawar gida ba tare da sanin inda aka ajiye su ba. Sau da yawa [[Bola|juji]] suna kusa da hanyoyin ruwa. A cikin ƴan shekarun nan an ƙarfafa wuraren da ake zubar da juji Kuma yanzu an gina su a matsayin wuraren tsabtace [[Wajen zubar da shara|muhalli]] don hana zubar da abin cikin cikin [[ruwa]]. Tashoshin canja wuri, musamman a cikin birane, suna aiki ne a matsayin wurin da ake tarawa a cikin gida inda ake tattara sharar kafin a kai su zuwa wurin zubar da ƙasa mafi kkusa.<ref>https://www.clabel.org/ha/bilgiler/dongusel-ekonomide-atik-gida-anlamina-gelmektedir/</ref> A cikin shekarata 2007 Binciken Ayyukan [[Muhalli]] na OECD don sharar gida ya ba da shawarwari masu zuwa: * haɓaka ƙa'idodin ƙasa don sarrafa datti masu haɗari * fadadawa da haɓaka wuraren sharar gida da zubar da shara * ƙara goyon bayan tsari don farfadowa ko sake amfani da su * fayyace tsare-tsare na alhaki don gyara wuraren da suka gurbata == Mass == Ana kuma samar da kimanin tan miliyan 1.6 a kowace shekara daga masana'antar gine-gine da rugujewa wanda ke wakiltar kashi 50% na jimillar sharar gida. === Christchurch === [[File:Graffiti_about_waste,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.jpg|right|thumb| Graffiti game da sharar gida a ƙofar gareji a cikin Christchurch (2009).]] Adadin sharar gida daga tarin kerbside ya kusan tan 40,000 to amma an ragu bayan bullo da sake amfani da kerbside da raguwar adadin jakunkunan shara kyauta. A cikin shekarata 2009 Majalisar ta gabatar da kwalabe na wheelie mai lita 140 don tarin kerbside bayan haka adadin sharar ya fara tashi. == Nau'ukan == === Robobin noma === Noma yana daya daga cikin manyan sassan tattalin arziki a ƙasar New Zealand kuma saboda haka ana samar da adadi mai yawa na sharar gida dangane da sauran masana'antu. To Amman Ana gudanar da tattara kwantena masu dauke da sinadarai na noma a wasu yankuna. An haramta kona sharar robobi a shekarun baya bayan nan saboda fitar da gurbatacciyar iska. ; Sharar gida === Sharar gida === Sharar ta hanyar lantarki wani yanki ne na karuwa a cikin sharar kuma Ma'aikatar Muhalli tana binciken hanyoyin magance shi. EDay na shekara-shekara, wanda ya fara daga gwaji a shekarata 2006, ana kuma amfani da shi azaman hanyar tattara sharar lantarki don sake amfani ko sake amfani da su. === Sharar abinci === Ba a san jimillar adadin abincin da aka zubar a New Zealand ba. An gudanar da bincike a cikin shekarar 2014, game da sharar abinci, wanda gidaje ke samarwa, wanda aka zubar da shi ta hanyar tara shara. Binciken ya gano cewa tan 229,022 na abinci ana aika gida ne a duk shekara. Daga cikin wannan kusan kashi 50% ko tan 122,547 sharar abinci ce da za a iya kaucewa. Kudin sharar abinci na gida da za'a iya kaucewa zubar da shi a cikin shekarun 2014/2105 ya kai dala miliyan 872. Cikakken rahoto da ake samu akan gidan yanar gizon WasteMINZ yana ba da ƙarin bayani game da sharar abinci na gida. Babu wani bincike da aka gudanar ya zuwa yau game da sharar abinci na kasuwanci ko sarkar samar da kayayyaki. == Rage sharar gida == [[File:Rubbish_bins_in_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.jpg|thumb| Sabbin kwandon shara a cikin Christchurch, New Zealand]] A shekara ta 1996, biranen New Zealand na [[Auckland]], Waitakere, North Shore da Lower Hutt sun sami akwatunan sake amfani da kerbside . A cikin New Plymouth, Wanganui da Upper Hutt an tattara kayan da za a sake yin amfani da su idan an sanya su cikin jakunkuna masu dacewa. A shekara ta 2007, 73% na New Zealanders sun sami damar sake amfani da kerbside. Majalisar gundumar Mackenzie <ref name="mfe">[http://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/kerbside-collection-may05/html/page7.html]{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200925232017/https://www.mfe.govt.nz/publications/waste/kerbside-collection-may05/html/page7.html|date=2020-09-25}}<span> Options for Kerbside Collection of Household Organic Wastes – Appendix 1: Kerbside Kitchen Waste Collections in New Zealand [Ministry for the Environment</span>&#x5D;</ref> da Majalisar gundumar Timaru ne ke gudanar da tarin sharar kwayoyin Kerbside. Majalisar birnin Christchurch ta bullo da tsarin tattara shara a matsayin wani bangare na sake amfani da kerbside. Wasu majalisu suna gudanar da gwaji. <ref name="mfe" /> === Sharar gida don ƙonewa makamashi === Kwanan nan, an sami karuwar sha'awar sharar-zuwa-makamashi, inda sharar ke zama makamashi don amfani da al'umma. Duk da haka, bincike ya gano cewa wannan hanya za ta iya haifar da ƙarin al'amurran da suka shafi muhalli, tare da kimanin ton 1.2 na CO ₂ da aka samar ga kowane tonne na sharar gida. Mai binciken gurbataccen robobi Trisia Farrelly ya ba da shawarar cewa wannan wata dabara ce mai ɓatacciya wacce "take lalata albarkatu masu kima da kuma ci gaba da yin sharar gida". == Dokokin sharar gida == New Zealand ta kasance mai rattaba hannu kan ''Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa don Kariya da Gurbacewar Ruwa Daga Jiragen Ruwa, a shekarata 1973 kamar yadda Yarjejeniyar a shekarar 1978 ta gyara'', wanda akafi sani da MARPOL . Jam'iyyar Green Party ta gabatar da Dokar Rana Sharar Sharar gida a cikin shekarata 2006. Ya zama doka a cikin shekarar 2008 azaman Dokar Rage Sharar gida . Manyan tanade-tanaden dokar sun hada da: haraji kan sharar shara, inganta tsare-tsare na kula da kayayyaki, wasu bayanan sharar da suka wajaba, da fayyace rawar da hukumomin yankin ke takawa dangane da rage sharar, da kafa hukumar ba da shawara ga sharar gida. == Sharar gida (sharar gida) == Adadin wuraren zubar da shara a New Zealand yana raguwa. A cikin shekarata 1995 akwai 327 da 115 a cikin shekarar 2002 tare da ƙididdiga na baya-bayan nan da ke sanya adadin a ƙasa da 100. Fitattun wuraren zubar da shara suna nan a: * Redvale, Albany * Whitford, Auckland * Hampton Downs, Yankin Waikato - an buɗe 2005, * Kate Valley, Canterbury * Green Island, Dunedin == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Muhalli na New Zealand * Litter a New Zealand * Gudanar da sharar gida == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Ci gaba da karatu == *   *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/waste/ Shafi na sharar gida] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140327060758/http://www.mfe.govt.nz/issues/waste/ |date=2014-03-27 }} a ma'aikatar muhalli * [http://wasteminz.org.nz/ WasteMINZ] - Cibiyar Kula da Sharar New Zealand [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t8p7gyc78efq1irb0lrzbzm8hdcgh0d 0 30049 914956 817985 2026-09-02T16:17:46Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914956 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Uptown21NovPacmanNBATrashfurniture.jpg |thumb|Sharar gefen Hanya ]] [[File:FEMA_-_22161_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_01-26-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg |thumb|Bolar Amurika ]] [[File:Generation_of_Products_in_US_Solid_Waste,_1960-2014.jpg|thumb| Rukunin ƙaƙƙarfan sharar da aka samar a cikin Amurka, 1960 zuwa 2014]] A matsayin al'umma, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurkawa]] suna samar da [[Shara|sharar gida]] fiye da kowace al'umma a duniya, bisa hukuma tare da {{Convert|4.4|lbs}} na [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]] (MSW) kowane mutum kowace rana, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140312164437/http://www.epa.gov:80/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf EPA Fact Sheet, 2012] </ref> tare da wani binciken da aka kiyasta {{Convert|7.1|lbs}} a kowace rana. <ref>Humes, E. (2012) Garbology: Our dirty love affair with trash. Avery, 264 pp.</ref> Kashi kusan 55 cikin 100 na wannan sharar ana bayar da ita ne a matsayin sharar gida, yayin da sauran kashi arba'in da biyar na sharar gida a cikin 'rabobin sharar Amurka' sun fito ne daga masana'antu, tallace-tallace, da [[kasuwanci]] a cikin [[Arziƙi|tattalin arzikin Amurka]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045805/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/05/29/idUS108659+29-May-2008+PRN20080529 Reuters] March 2008, Cashing in on Climate Change, ''IBISWorld''</ref> Dangane da bayanan mallakar da aka fitar ga jama'a, an saka sunan [[Nevada]] a matsayin "Mafi ɓarnar Jiha" na Amurka na shekaru 2005-2010; Inda kowane mazaunin ya jefar da fiye da fam 14 na abubuwan daba a sake sarrafa su ba, ba a sake amfani da su ba, galibi suna ƙarewa zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa da incinerators a kowace rana, fam takwas sama da matsakaicin jifa na yau da kullun na jihar. Jihohin “Wasteful” [[Michigan]], [[New Mexico]], [[Wisconsin]] da [[Oregon]] da kuma [[Washington (jiha)|Washington suma]] sun mamaye jerin shekaru 5. == Ma'anoni == Ana kuma iya bayyana sharar gida dabam a cikin dokoki da ƙa'idodin gwamnatin tarayya ko jihohi ɗaya. Take 40 na kundin dokokin tarayya da ke kula da kare muhalli ya ƙunshi aƙalla ma'anoni daban-daban na sharar gida huɗu a sashe na 60.111b, 61.341, 191.12 da 704.83. Ma'anar ma'anar na iya yin amfani da su gabaɗaya zuwa ga [[Daskararre|ƙarfi]], ruwa, da sifofin gaseous ko ƙila su keɓance ga ɗaya ko juzu'i da aka gano ta sifa mai ƙima kamar guba ko aikin rediyo<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/media-60223642.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536423301978&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Fmedia-60223642</ref> . Kuma Yin watsi da, fitarwa, ko zubarwa (sabanin tallace-tallace ) sau da yawa buƙatu ne don ganowa azaman sharar gida, kodayake ana iya haɗa kayan da aka adana ko sake fa'ida a cikin wasu ma'anoni; kuma waɗannan ma'anoni na iya rage zaɓuɓɓukan sake yin amfani da su. Ƙididdigar ƙididdige sharar na iya zama da wahala idan kayan sharar an narke da gangan a cikin hanyar sarrafawa ko zubar da su (kamar shafe sharar tsafta da ruwa mai tsafta yayin aikin zubar da bayan gida . ) Dilution na iya cire abu daga ma'anar sharar gida ta hanyar rage yawan abubuwan da ke ƙasa da ƙayyadadden ma'anar guba ko kofa na aikin rediyo. == Sharar gida == Sharar gida ta zama matsala mai girma a Amurka. A kowace shekara, kusan sama da tan miliyan 3.2 na sharar lantarki ana sakawa a cikin wuraren sharar gida na Amurka. Babban yanki na wannan sharar lantarki shine kwamfutoci, na'urori, da talabijin. Sama da kwamfutoci miliyan 100, na'urorin saka idanu, da talabijin ana zubar da su kowace shekara a cikin Amurka Ko da yake akwai ɗimbin sharar lantarki a Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta gano cewa a cikin shekarar 2009 kusan kusan kashi 25% na duk sharar lantarki. ana sake yin fa'ida a Amurka. Kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na karafa da ake samu a matsugunan shara na Amurka sun fito ne daga na'urorin lantarki. Kashe duk wannan sharar lantarki yana da illa ga muhalli, da kuma tattalin arzikin duniya. === Tasirin muhalli === Sharar gida ta zama matsala mai tsanani ga zaman lafiyar muhalli a ƙasar Amurka. A tsawon shekaru, gwamnati ta kara shiga cikin wannan batu. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a Ofishin Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka na Rahoton Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗo na shekarata 2009, bayan an siya da amfani da samfuran lantarki, an raba su gida biyu. Ana tattara rukuni ɗaya na kayan lantarki don sake amfani da su, yayin da ɗayan kuma zubarwa ne. Bayan haka, samfuran da ake zubarwa galibi ana saka su a cikin [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren sharar ƙasa]], kuma sauran na'urorin lantarki waɗanda aka tattara don sake amfani da su ana sabunta su, sake amfani da su, ko amfani da su don kayan aiki. Hans Tammemagi, marubucin ''The Waste Crisis'', yayi magana game da mummunan tasirin da sharar gida ke da shi a kan muhalli. Kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na duk sharar da ake samu a Amurka ana kona shi, yayin da sauran kuma ake saka shi a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Wannan ya bar kusan kashi 80% na sharar da ake cinyewa a Amurka ana sanyawa cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa. Daga cikin wannan kashi 80% na sharar gida, yawancin wannan sharar gida ne na lantarki. Daga fitilun fitilu zuwa batura na gida na kowa, kowane yanki na lantarki da aka samu a cikin wuraren shara yana dauke da wani nau'in karfe. Daya daga cikin karafa da aka fi amfani da su wajen sharar lantarki shine gubar. Ana Kuma samun gubar a yawancin batura, a cikin nau'in gubar-acid, kuma ana samunta a cikin CRTs (cathode ray tube). Kuma Ana amfani da waɗannan bututu da farko a cikin allon talabijin, da kuma na'urorin kwamfuta. Tun da yawancin talabijin, na'urorin kula da kwamfuta, da batura suna sanya su a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa wanda ke nufin cewa yawancin wuraren da aka kwashe suna da adadin gubar dalma a cikinsu, wanda ke da haɗari ga yanayin gida. Wannan shi ne saboda gubar, kamar mafi yawan abubuwa masu haɗari sosai waɗanda ke cikin rumbun ƙasa, na iya shiga cikin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa. Kasancewa da babban matakin gubar na iya haifar da al'amuran kiwon lafiya daban-daban kamar su cutar jini da kwakwalwa, suma, da kuma a lokuta masu tsanani har ma da mutuwa. <ref name="EMPA" /> gubar ba ita ce kawai ƙarfe mai haɗari ba a cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa na Amurka. Misali, mercury, beryllium, da chromium wasu nau’in karafa ne da ke cikin matsugunan shara namu wadanda ke da matukar hadari ga muhalli, da kuma lafiyar dan Adam. === Ciniki === Maimaitawar ba shine kawai batun da ke tattare da illolin lantarki ba. Har ila yau, tattalin arziki da cinikayyar albarkatun kasa na taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arziki na sharar lantarki. Kuma A cikin mujallar yanar gizo ''Chemosphere'', Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer da Michael L. Clement sun yi iƙirarin a cikin labarinsu, "Leaded Electronic Waste is a Material Material for Lead-contaminated Jewelry" cewa yawancin sharar lantarki, wanda aka samar a Amurka. Ana [[Kasuwancin shara a duniya|fitar]] da shi zuwa ƙasashen Asiya da yawa, kuma musamman ƙasar [[Sin|China]], don dawo da kayan aiki . Wannan shi ne saboda tattalin arzikin kasar Sin yana karuwa cikin sauri, kuma sun haifar da bukatar albarkatun kasa, wadanda ke fitowa daga sharar lantarki da ƙasar Amurka ke samarwa. Bayan an aika da shi zuwa kasar Sin, ana cire sharar lantarki daga sassa a cikin kananan tarurruka na kasar Sin. Saboda yawancin sharar lantarki suna da abubuwa masu haɗari, musamman ma karafa masu haɗari, wannan yana haifar da yanayin aiki mai haɗari ga mutanen da ke aiki a kan cire kayan lantarki don kayan gyara. <ref name="WC" /> Kasar Sin ba ta da ka'idojin muhalli masu tsauri, don haka sharar lantarki da aka shigo da ita daga Amurka, wanda ba a cire shi don kayan gyara ba, yana ƙarewa a cikin manyan juji a yankunan jama'a. <ref name="WC" /> Wannan yana haifar da yanayi mai matukar haɗari ga mutanen da ke zaune kusa da waɗannan juji. Sannan Kuma An sami lokuta daban-daban da mutane, da farko yara, sun kamu da rashin lafiya, ko ma sun mutu saboda fallasa duk wani abu mai haɗari da aka samu a cikin sharar gida a China. <ref name="WC" /> Babban dalilin da ya sa Amurka ke sayar da mafi yawan sharar ta na lantarki zuwa wasu kasashe don girbi albarkatun kasa shi ne matsalar muhalli. Littafin, ''Lantarki Waste: EPA Yana Bukatar Yafi Sarrafa Harm Mummunan Fitar da Amurka ta hanyar Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa da Ƙa'idar Ƙarfafa'', na John B. Stephenson, ya Kuma tattauna batutuwan muhalli da tattalin arziki na sharar lantarki a Amurka. A cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, gwamnatin Amurka ta amince da batun muhalli da matsugunan shara ke haifarwa, sannan kuma ta kasance tana ƙirƙiro hani kan sharar ƙasar Amurka. Ko da yake wannan na iya haifar da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali a cikin ƙasar Amurka, ya zama babban batun muhalli da lafiya a cikin ƙasashen da ake jigilar dattin lantarki. <ref name="WC" /> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Sharar gida mai haɗari a Amurka * Sake amfani da su a Amurka * San Francisco Dole ne Sake yin amfani da Dokokin Taki * Sharar gida == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == == Manazarta == * [http://www.epa.gov/waste/ Sharar gida] a EPA * [http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/ Municipal Solid Sharar gida] a EPA * [https://www.trashdb.com/ Database Tarin Sharan Amurka]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | Trashdb.com l015hqjg2gddhknl6qni1o5kczx1mc7 914957 914956 2026-09-02T16:18:20Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914957 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Uptown21NovPacmanNBATrashfurniture.jpg |thumb|Sharar gefen Hanya ]] [[File:FEMA_-_22161_-_Photograph_by_Marvin_Nauman_taken_on_01-26-2006_in_Louisiana.jpg |thumb|Bolar Amurika ]] [[File:Generation_of_Products_in_US_Solid_Waste,_1960-2014.jpg|thumb| Rukunin ƙaƙƙarfan sharar da aka samar a cikin Amurka, 1960 zuwa 2014]] A matsayin al'umma, [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurkawa]] suna samar da [[Shara|sharar gida]] fiye da kowace al'umma a duniya, bisa hukuma tare da {{Convert|4.4|lbs}} na [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]] (MSW) kowane mutum kowace rana, <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140312164437/http://www.epa.gov:80/epawaste/nonhaz/municipal/pubs/2012_msw_fs.pdf EPA Fact Sheet, 2012] </ref> tare da wani binciken da aka kiyasta {{Convert|7.1|lbs}} a kowace rana. <ref>Humes, E. (2012) Garbology: Our dirty love affair with trash. Avery, 264 pp.</ref> Kashi kusan 55 cikin 100 na wannan sharar ana bayar da ita ne a matsayin sharar gida, yayin da sauran kashi arba'in da biyar na sharar gida a cikin 'rabobin sharar Amurka' sun fito ne daga masana'antu, tallace-tallace, da [[kasuwanci]] a cikin [[Arziƙi|tattalin arzikin Amurka]]. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140808045805/http://www.reuters.com/article/2008/05/29/idUS108659+29-May-2008+PRN20080529 Reuters] March 2008, Cashing in on Climate Change, ''IBISWorld''</ref> Dangane da bayanan mallakar da aka fitar ga jama'a, an saka sunan [[Nevada]] a matsayin "Mafi ɓarnar Jiha" na Amurka na shekaru 2005-2010; Inda kowane mazaunin ya jefar da fiye da fam 14 na abubuwan daba a sake sarrafa su ba, ba a sake amfani da su ba, galibi suna ƙarewa zuwa wuraren sharar ƙasa da incinerators a kowace rana, fam takwas sama da matsakaicin jifa na yau da kullun na jihar. Jihohin “Wasteful” [[Michigan]], [[New Mexico]], [[Wisconsin]] da [[Oregon]] da kuma [[Washington (jiha)|Washington suma]] sun mamaye jerin shekaru 5. == Ma'anoni == Ana kuma iya bayyana sharar gida dabam a cikin dokoki da ƙa'idodin gwamnatin tarayya ko jihohi ɗaya. Take 40 na kundin dokokin tarayya da ke kula da kare muhalli ya ƙunshi aƙalla ma'anoni daban-daban na sharar gida huɗu a sashe na 60.111b, 61.341, 191.12 da 704.83. Ma'anar ma'anar na iya yin amfani da su gabaɗaya zuwa ga [[Daskararre|ƙarfi]], ruwa, da sifofin gaseous ko ƙila su keɓance ga ɗaya ko juzu'i da aka gano ta sifa mai ƙima kamar guba ko aikin rediyo<ref>https://www-bbc-com.cdn.ampproject.org/v/s/www.bbc.com/hausa/media-60223642.amp?amp_gsa=1&amp_js_v=a9&usqp=mq331AQIUAKwASCAAgM%3D#amp_tf=From%20%251%24s&aoh=17536423301978&referrer=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com&ampshare=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fhausa%2Fmedia-60223642</ref> . Kuma Yin watsi da, fitarwa, ko zubarwa (sabanin tallace-tallace ) sau da yawa buƙatu ne don ganowa azaman sharar gida, kodayake ana iya haɗa kayan da aka adana ko sake fa'ida a cikin wasu ma'anoni; kuma waɗannan ma'anoni na iya rage zaɓuɓɓukan sake yin amfani da su. Ƙididdigar ƙididdige sharar na iya zama da wahala idan kayan sharar an narke da gangan a cikin hanyar sarrafawa ko zubar da su (kamar shafe sharar tsafta da ruwa mai tsafta yayin aikin zubar da bayan gida . ) Dilution na iya cire abu daga ma'anar sharar gida ta hanyar rage yawan abubuwan da ke ƙasa da ƙayyadadden ma'anar guba ko kofa na aikin rediyo. == Sharar gida == Sharar gida ta zama matsala mai girma a Amurka. A kowace shekara, kusan sama da tan miliyan 3.2 na sharar lantarki ana sakawa a cikin wuraren sharar gida na Amurka. Babban yanki na wannan sharar lantarki shine kwamfutoci, na'urori, da talabijin. Sama da kwamfutoci miliyan 100, na'urorin saka idanu, da talabijin ana zubar da su kowace shekara a cikin Amurka Ko da yake akwai ɗimbin sharar lantarki a Amurka, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta gano cewa a cikin shekarar 2009 kusan kusan kashi 25% na duk sharar lantarki. ana sake yin fa'ida a ƙasar Amurka. Kusan kashi 70 cikin 100 na karafa da ake samu a matsugunan shara na Amurka sun fito ne daga na'urorin lantarki. Kashe duk wannan sharar lantarki yana da illa ga muhalli, da kuma tattalin arzikin duniya. === Tasirin muhalli === Sharar gida ta zama matsala mai tsanani ga zaman lafiyar muhalli a ƙasar Amurka. A tsawon shekaru, gwamnati ta kara shiga cikin wannan batu. Kamar yadda aka bayyana a Ofishin Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka na Rahoton Kare Albarkatu da Farfaɗo na shekarata 2009, bayan an siya da amfani da samfuran lantarki, an raba su gida biyu. Ana tattara rukuni ɗaya na kayan lantarki don sake amfani da su, yayin da ɗayan kuma zubarwa ne. Bayan haka, samfuran da ake zubarwa galibi ana saka su a cikin [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren sharar ƙasa]], kuma sauran na'urorin lantarki waɗanda aka tattara don sake amfani da su ana sabunta su, sake amfani da su, ko amfani da su don kayan aiki. Hans Tammemagi, marubucin ''The Waste Crisis'', yayi magana game da mummunan tasirin da sharar gida ke da shi a kan muhalli. Kusan kashi 20 cikin 100 na duk sharar da ake samu a Amurka ana kona shi, yayin da sauran kuma ake saka shi a wuraren da ake zubar da shara. Wannan ya bar kusan kashi 80% na sharar da ake cinyewa a Amurka ana sanyawa cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa. Daga cikin wannan kashi 80% na sharar gida, yawancin wannan sharar gida ne na lantarki. Daga fitilun fitilu zuwa batura na gida na kowa, kowane yanki na lantarki da aka samu a cikin wuraren shara yana dauke da wani nau'in karfe. Daya daga cikin karafa da aka fi amfani da su wajen sharar lantarki shine gubar. Ana Kuma samun gubar a yawancin batura, a cikin nau'in gubar-acid, kuma ana samunta a cikin CRTs (cathode ray tube). Kuma Ana amfani da waɗannan bututu da farko a cikin allon talabijin, da kuma na'urorin kwamfuta. Tun da yawancin talabijin, na'urorin kula da kwamfuta, da batura suna sanya su a cikin wuraren da ake zubar da ƙasa wanda ke nufin cewa yawancin wuraren da aka kwashe suna da adadin gubar dalma a cikinsu, wanda ke da haɗari ga yanayin gida. Wannan shi ne saboda gubar, kamar mafi yawan abubuwa masu haɗari sosai waɗanda ke cikin rumbun ƙasa, na iya shiga cikin ƙasa da ruwan ƙasa. Kasancewa da babban matakin gubar na iya haifar da al'amuran kiwon lafiya daban-daban kamar su cutar jini da kwakwalwa, suma, da kuma a lokuta masu tsanani har ma da mutuwa. <ref name="EMPA" /> gubar ba ita ce kawai ƙarfe mai haɗari ba a cikin wuraren sharar ƙasa na Amurka. Misali, mercury, beryllium, da chromium wasu nau’in karafa ne da ke cikin matsugunan shara namu wadanda ke da matukar hadari ga muhalli, da kuma lafiyar dan Adam. === Ciniki === Maimaitawar ba shine kawai batun da ke tattare da illolin lantarki ba. Har ila yau, tattalin arziki da cinikayyar albarkatun kasa na taka muhimmiyar rawa a fannin tattalin arziki na sharar lantarki. Kuma A cikin mujallar yanar gizo ''Chemosphere'', Jeffrey D. Weidenhamer da Michael L. Clement sun yi iƙirarin a cikin labarinsu, "Leaded Electronic Waste is a Material Material for Lead-contaminated Jewelry" cewa yawancin sharar lantarki, wanda aka samar a Amurka. Ana [[Kasuwancin shara a duniya|fitar]] da shi zuwa ƙasashen Asiya da yawa, kuma musamman ƙasar [[Sin|China]], don dawo da kayan aiki . Wannan shi ne saboda tattalin arzikin kasar Sin yana karuwa cikin sauri, kuma sun haifar da bukatar albarkatun kasa, wadanda ke fitowa daga sharar lantarki da ƙasar Amurka ke samarwa. Bayan an aika da shi zuwa kasar Sin, ana cire sharar lantarki daga sassa a cikin kananan tarurruka na kasar Sin. Saboda yawancin sharar lantarki suna da abubuwa masu haɗari, musamman ma karafa masu haɗari, wannan yana haifar da yanayin aiki mai haɗari ga mutanen da ke aiki a kan cire kayan lantarki don kayan gyara. <ref name="WC" /> Kasar Sin ba ta da ka'idojin muhalli masu tsauri, don haka sharar lantarki da aka shigo da ita daga Amurka, wanda ba a cire shi don kayan gyara ba, yana ƙarewa a cikin manyan juji a yankunan jama'a. <ref name="WC" /> Wannan yana haifar da yanayi mai matukar haɗari ga mutanen da ke zaune kusa da waɗannan juji. Sannan Kuma An sami lokuta daban-daban da mutane, da farko yara, sun kamu da rashin lafiya, ko ma sun mutu saboda fallasa duk wani abu mai haɗari da aka samu a cikin sharar gida a China. <ref name="WC" /> Babban dalilin da ya sa Amurka ke sayar da mafi yawan sharar ta na lantarki zuwa wasu kasashe don girbi albarkatun kasa shi ne matsalar muhalli. Littafin, ''Lantarki Waste: EPA Yana Bukatar Yafi Sarrafa Harm Mummunan Fitar da Amurka ta hanyar Ƙarfafa Ƙarfafawa da Ƙa'idar Ƙarfafa'', na John B. Stephenson, ya Kuma tattauna batutuwan muhalli da tattalin arziki na sharar lantarki a Amurka. A cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata, gwamnatin Amurka ta amince da batun muhalli da matsugunan shara ke haifarwa, sannan kuma ta kasance tana ƙirƙiro hani kan sharar ƙasar Amurka. Ko da yake wannan na iya haifar da ƙarin kwanciyar hankali a cikin ƙasar Amurka, ya zama babban batun muhalli da lafiya a cikin ƙasashen da ake jigilar dattin lantarki. <ref name="WC" /> == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Sharar gida mai haɗari a Amurka * Sake amfani da su a Amurka * San Francisco Dole ne Sake yin amfani da Dokokin Taki * Sharar gida == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == == Manazarta == * [http://www.epa.gov/waste/ Sharar gida] a EPA * [http://www.epa.gov/osw/nonhaz/municipal/ Municipal Solid Sharar gida] a EPA * [https://www.trashdb.com/ Database Tarin Sharan Amurka]{{Dead link|date=April 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} | Trashdb.com 2s5jz1svvyoxc2g0d55xa8du3a89j3b 0 30053 914951 680989 2026-09-02T16:14:56Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Waste_Bins_at_the_corner_of_Dowsett_%26_Park_View_Roads.jpg |thumb| Kwandunan Shara]] [[File:Castle,_elderly_home_and_waste_containers,_2019_Devecser.jpg |thumb|Sharar gida da ba'a So]] [[Fayil:Public trash can.jpg|thumb|kalan sharar da ba aso]] '''[[Shara|Sharar gida]]''', kayan da ba'a so ko mara amfani, ya bambanta da nau'i da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban.<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/articles/Sharar_gida_dake_sarrafa_iskar_gas</ref> == Kasashen da suka ci gaba == Ƙasashen da suka cigaba suna samar da ƙarin sharar gida ga kowane mutum saboda suna da ƙimar yawan amfani. Akwai mafi girman adadin robobi da karafa da takarda a cikin [[Datti da sharar gida|magudanar shara na birni]] kuma akwai tsadar aiki. <ref name="Solid Waste Management">"Solid Waste Management." 2005. United Nations Environment Programme. Chapter III: Waste Quantities and Characteristics, 31-38. <http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/spc/Solid_Waste_Management/index.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022033521/http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/spc/Solid_Waste_Management/index.asp |date=2009-10-22 }}>.</ref> Yayin da ƙasashe ke cigaba da haɓakawa, ana samun raguwar [[Sharar halittu|datti]] da [[toka]] . <ref name="Diaz">Diaz, L. et al. ''Solid Waste Management, Volume 2.'' UNEP/Earthprint, 2006.</ref> Samar da sharar kan kowa da kowa a cikin kasashen OECD ya karu da kashi 14% tun daga shekarar 1990, da kashi 35% tun daga shekarata 1980. <ref name="Improving Recycling Markets">"Improving Recycling Markets." OECD Environment Program. Paris: OECD, 2006. <http://www.oecd.org/document/14/0,3343,en_2649_34395_37757966_1_1_1_1,00.html></ref> Haɓaka sharar gida gabaɗaya yana girma da ɗan ƙasa da GDP a waɗannan ƙasashe. Ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suna cinye fiye da kashi 60% na albarkatun masana'antu na duniya kuma sun ƙunshi kashi 22% na al'ummar duniya kawai. <ref name="Vital Waste Graphics">Baker, Elaine et al. “Vital Waste Graphics.” United Nations Environment Program and Grid-Arendal, 2004. < http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2853.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205001140/http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2853.aspx |date=2016-12-05 }} >.</ref> A matsayin al'umma, ƙasar Amurkawa suna samar da sharar gida fiye da kowace al'umma a duniya tare {{Convert|4.5|lbs}} na garin dattin sharar gida (MSW) kowane mutum a rana, kashi hamsin da biyar na abin da aka bayar a matsayin sharar gida. <ref>March 2008, Cashing in on Climate Change, IBISWorld</ref> == Ƙasashe masu tasowa == Ƙasashe masu tasowa suna samar da ƙananan matakan [[Shara|sharar]] gida ga kowane mutum tare da mafi girman adadin kayan halitta a cikin magudanar shara na birni. Idan an auna ta da nauyi, ragowar kwayoyin halitta (biodegradable) ya ƙunshi aƙalla kimanin kashi 50 na sharar gida a ƙasashe masu tasowa. <ref name="Solid Waste Management"/> Kudin ma'aikata ba su da yawa amma sarrafa sharar gida gabaɗaya shine mafi girman kaso na kashe kuɗin birni. Kuma Yayin da ake ci gaba da ci gaba da zama birni, [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida ta]] ƙaru da sauri fiye da na birane saboda karuwar amfani da rage tsawon rayuwar samfur <ref>https://www.clabel.org/ha/bilgiler/dongusel-ekonomide-atik-gida-anlamina-gelmektedir/</ref>. <ref name="Vital Waste Graphics"/> == Abubuwan da ke kan iyaka tare da sharar gida == [[Kasuwancin shara a duniya|Ana jigilar]] sharar gida tsakanin ƙasashe don zubarwa kuma hakan na iya haifar da matsala a cikin ƙasar da aka yi niyya. Sharar gida ana jigilar ta zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa don sake amfani da su ko zubarwa. Yarjejeniyar Basel yarjejeniya ce ta [[Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa|Muhalli]] da yawa don hana matsalar zubar da shara a cikin ƙasashen da ke da raunin dokokin kare muhalli. Yarjejeniyar ba ta hana kafa kauyukan sharar gida ba . == Sharar gida == * [[Ƙwashe sharar gida a New Zealand|Sharar gida a New Zealand]] * Sharar gida a Burtaniya * [[Sharar da akan samu a amurka|Sharar gida a Amurka]] * [[Gudanar da Sharar gida a India|Gudanar da sharar gida a Indiya]] == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Littattafai * Tashi-tashi * zubar da muhalli * gurbacewar ruwa * tarkacen ruwa * Gudanar da sharar gida == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == == Manazarta == * [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/env_mun_was_gen-environment-municipal-waste-generation Ƙarfafa sharar gida ta ƙasa] jenwctgel9z9p7q2ks781nqjyc329a9 914952 914951 2026-09-02T16:15:21Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914952 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Waste_Bins_at_the_corner_of_Dowsett_%26_Park_View_Roads.jpg |thumb| Kwandunan Shara]] [[File:Castle,_elderly_home_and_waste_containers,_2019_Devecser.jpg |thumb|Sharar gida da ba'a So]] [[Fayil:Public trash can.jpg|thumb|kalan sharar da ba aso]] '''[[Shara|Sharar gida]]''', kayan da ba'a so ko mara amfani, ya bambanta da nau'i da yawa a cikin ƙasashe daban-daban.<ref>https://www.wikiwand.com/ha/articles/Sharar_gida_dake_sarrafa_iskar_gas</ref> == Kasashen da suka ci gaba == Ƙasashen da suka cigaba suna samar da ƙarin sharar gida ga kowane mutum saboda suna da ƙimar yawan amfani. Akwai mafi girman adadin robobi da karafa da takarda a cikin [[Datti da sharar gida|magudanar shara na birni]] kuma akwai tsadar aiki. <ref name="Solid Waste Management">"Solid Waste Management." 2005. United Nations Environment Programme. Chapter III: Waste Quantities and Characteristics, 31-38. <http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/spc/Solid_Waste_Management/index.asp {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022033521/http://www.unep.or.jp/Ietc/Publications/spc/Solid_Waste_Management/index.asp |date=2009-10-22 }}>.</ref> Yayin da ƙasashe ke cigaba da haɓakawa, ana samun raguwar [[Sharar halittu|datti]] da [[toka]] . <ref name="Diaz">Diaz, L. et al. ''Solid Waste Management, Volume 2.'' UNEP/Earthprint, 2006.</ref> Samar da sharar kan kowa da kowa a cikin kasashen OECD ya karu da kashi 14% tun daga shekarar 1990, da kashi 35% tun daga shekarata 1980. <ref name="Improving Recycling Markets">"Improving Recycling Markets." OECD Environment Program. Paris: OECD, 2006. <http://www.oecd.org/document/14/0,3343,en_2649_34395_37757966_1_1_1_1,00.html></ref> Haɓaka sharar gida gabaɗaya yana girma da ɗan ƙasa da GDP a waɗannan ƙasashe. Ƙasashen da suka ci gaba suna cinye fiye da kashi 60% na albarkatun masana'antu na duniya kuma sun ƙunshi kashi 22% na al'ummar duniya kawai. <ref name="Vital Waste Graphics">Baker, Elaine et al. “Vital Waste Graphics.” United Nations Environment Program and Grid-Arendal, 2004. < http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2853.aspx {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161205001140/http://www.grida.no/publications/vg/waste/page/2853.aspx |date=2016-12-05 }} >.</ref> A matsayin al'umma, ƙasar Amurkawa suna samar da sharar gida fiye da kowace al'umma a duniya tare {{Convert|4.5|lbs}} na garin dattin sharar gida (MSW) kowane mutum a rana, kashi hamsin da biyar na abin da aka bayar a matsayin sharar gida. <ref>March 2008, Cashing in on Climate Change, IBISWorld</ref> == Ƙasashe masu tasowa == Ƙasashe masu tasowa suna samar da ƙananan matakan [[Shara|sharar]] gida ga kowane mutum tare da mafi girman adadin kayan halitta a cikin magudanar shara na birni. Idan an auna ta da nauyi, ragowar kwayoyin halitta (biodegradable) ya ƙunshi aƙalla kimanin kashi 50 na sharar gida a ƙasashe masu tasowa. <ref name="Solid Waste Management"/> Kudin ma'aikata ba su da yawa amma sarrafa sharar gida gabaɗaya shine mafi girman kaso na kashe kuɗin birni. Kuma Yayin da ake ci gaba da ci gaba da zama birni, [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida ta]] ƙaru da sauri fiye da na birane saboda karuwar amfani da rage tsawon rayuwar samfur <ref>https://www.clabel.org/ha/bilgiler/dongusel-ekonomide-atik-gida-anlamina-gelmektedir/</ref>. <ref name="Vital Waste Graphics"/> == Abubuwan da ke kan iyaka tare da sharar gida == [[Kasuwancin shara a duniya|Ana jigilar]] sharar gida tsakanin ƙasashe don zubarwa kuma hakan na iya haifar da matsala a cikin ƙasar da aka yi niyya. Sharar gida ana jigilar ta zuwa ƙasashe masu tasowa don sake amfani da su ko zubarwa. Yarjejeniyar Basel yarjejeniya ce ta [[Yarjejeniyar Muhalli ta Ƙasa da Ƙasa|Muhalli]] da yawa don hana matsalar zubar da shara a cikin ƙasashen da ke da raunin dokokin kare muhalli. Yarjejeniyar ba ta hana kafa ƙauyukan sharar gida ba . == Sharar gida == * [[Ƙwashe sharar gida a New Zealand|Sharar gida a New Zealand]] * Sharar gida a Burtaniya * [[Sharar da akan samu a amurka|Sharar gida a Amurka]] * [[Gudanar da Sharar gida a India|Gudanar da sharar gida a Indiya]] == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Littattafai * Tashi-tashi * zubar da muhalli * gurbacewar ruwa * tarkacen ruwa * Gudanar da sharar gida == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == == Manazarta == * [http://www.nationmaster.com/graph/env_mun_was_gen-environment-municipal-waste-generation Ƙarfafa sharar gida ta ƙasa] 2txczkbar0sd62jf3tdoqhseppgfpnu 0 30111 914971 914069 2026-09-02T16:24:43Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Disposable_cup_waste_only_container_at_Jangseungbaegi_station_01.jpg |thumb| Disposable cup waste only container at Jangseungbaegi station]] [[Fayil:새벽일.JPG|thumb|south Korea]] [[File:An_aged_Korean_woman_pauses_in_her_search_for_salvageable_materials_among_the_ruins_of_Seoul,_Korea._-_NARA_-_531387.tif |thumb|An aged Korean woman pauses in her search for salvageable materials among the ruins of Seoul, Korea ]] [[File:Constitutional Court of Korea building.jpg|thumb|Tsaftataccen muhalli]] [[Fayil:Disposable cup waste only container at Jangseungbaegi station 01.jpg|thumb|Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu]] [[Fayil:Disposable cup waste only container at Jangseungbaegi station 01.jpg|thumb|Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]''', ya kunshi rage samar da [[Shara|shara,]] da tabbatar da iyakar sake yin amfani da sharar. Wannan ya haɗa da dacewa da [[Maganin Kashe Kwari|magani]], jigilar kaya, da zubar da sharar da aka tattara. An kuma kafa dokar sarrafa shara ta [[Koriya]] ta Kudu a cikin shekara ta 1986, ta maye gurbin Dokar [[Kare Muhalli]] (1963), da Dokar Tsabtace da [[Tsaftace Mai Zurfi (COVID-19)|Tsaftacewa]] (1973).<ref>https://www.clabel.org/ha/bilgiler/dongusel-ekonomide-atik-gida-anlamina-gelmektedir/</ref> Wannan sabuwar dokar da nufin rage sharar gida gaba daya a karkashin tsarin sharar gida (ko 'R's uku) a Koriya ta Kudu. Wannan Dokar Gudanar da [[Sharar gida mai guba|Sharar]] ta dora tsarin biyan kudin sharar girma, mai tasiri ga sharar da ayyukan gida da masana'antu ke samarwa (ko [[Datti da sharar gida|kakkarfan sharar gari]]). Dokar Kula da Sharar ta fara tsara magudanan shara ta hanyar [[Ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na muhalli|ka'idoji]] na asali a cikin ayyukan [[Sarrafa giya a Odesa Oblast|sarrafa]] shara, daga raguwa zuwa zubar da shara. Wannan doka ta kuma ƙarfafa sake yin amfani da kayan aiki da kiyaye albarkatu ta hanyar tsarin ajiyar kuɗi da tsarin kula da shara bayan rufewa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://wastemanagementreview.com.au/south-korea-legislates-towards-a-zero-waste-society/|title=South Korea Legislates Towards a Zero Waste Society|date=Jul 17, 2015|website=Waste Management Review}}</ref><ref name="Yang 207–217">{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Won-Seok|last2=Park|first2=Jun-Kyung|last3=Park|first3=Se-Won|last4=Seo|first4=Yong-Chil|date=2015-04-01|title=Past, present and future of waste management in Korea|journal=Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=207–217|doi=10.1007/s10163-014-0301-7|issn=1611-8227}}</ref>   == Gudanar da sharar gida == === Gudanar da shara mai karfi === Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul (SMG) ta daidaita manufar ƙasa game da sarrafa shara don biyan bukatun ingantaccen tsarin zubar da shara a cikin shekara ta alif 1990. Domin gamsar da jama'a, [[Seoul]] ta mayar da hankali kan manufofinta na sarrafa shara kan [[Rage shara|rage sharar]] da amfani. Tun asali, kakkarfan sharar gida ba damuwa ba ce ta muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu. Babu damuwa game da hadarin muhalli tare da yawan sharar da ake samarwa kuma ana zubar da su a kasa[[Wajen zubar da shara|ren sharar kasa]] Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu kawai ta canza adadin ayyukan sharar gida don zubar da shara duk da yawan adadin da ake samarwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a lokacin habakar tattalin Arzikin Koriya wanda ya haifar da habakar samar da datti na birni. Tsakanin shekarar 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1990, adadin dattin dattin birni da ake samarwa ya karu daga ton 12,000 zuwa tan 84,000 a kowace rana. Wannan ya haifar da ƙaruwar batutuwan zubar da shara a Koriya ta Kudu. Ƙarƙashin sake yin amfani da su da Kara yawan samar da sharar gida sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurbatar muhalli . Yayin da aka dogara sosai da wuraren zubar da Ƙasa, ƙasa da ruwa sun kazantu. <ref name=":1" /> An kuma shafi ingancin iska yayin da matsugunan kasa ke taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai hadari tare da gobarar da ba a tantance ba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://susa.or.kr/en/content/solid-waste-management?ckattempt=1|title=Solid Waste Management|website=Seoul Solution|access-date=2022-03-14|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430075712/http://susa.or.kr/en/content/solid-waste-management?ckattempt=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hong|first=Seonghoon|date=September 1999|title=The effects of unit pricing system upon household solid waste management: The Korean experience|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=57|pages=1–10|doi=10.1006/jema.1999.0286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/Korea%27s%20GG%20report%20with%20OECD%20indicators.pdf|title=Korea's GG report with OECD indicators}}</ref> l<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@vinceau/dont-talk-trash-about-south-korea-s-waste-management-system-7a11e15ff0e1|title=Don't Trash Talk South Korea's Waste Management System|last=Au|first=Vincent|date=Nov 25, 2018|website=Medium}}</ref> === Gudanar da ruwa === ==== Gurbacewar ruwa ==== [[File:Korea-Andong-Nakdong_River-02.jpg|thumb| Kogin Nakdong a Koriya ta Kudu.]] Kogin Nakdong yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna a Koriya ta Kudu, babban tushen sha a lardin Gyeongsan. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, habakar yawan jama'a da habaka masana'antu a gefen kogin Nakdong sun haifar da gurbatar kogin. [[Sharar masana'antu]] da najasa, tare da magudanar ruwa a birane da noma, sun haifar da tabarbarewar kogin. A ranar 1 ga Maris na shekara ta 2008, fashewar masana'antar sinadarai ta haifar da kwararar phenol a cikin kogin Nakdong. Lamarin ya haifar da [[Dafi|kwararar abubuwa masu guba]], wanda ke haifar da babbar damuwa ga lafiyar jama'a. Hakazalika gwajin da aka yi ya nuna cewa formaldehyde shi ma ya zubo a cikin kogin, amma an tabbatar da cewa an narke abubuwa masu cutarwa yayin da adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa ya karu. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da kogin ke kamuwa da phenol. A cikin shekara ta 1991, digon phenol ya faru ne sakamakon fashewar bututun da ke karkashin kasa, wanda ya zubo zallar phenol a cikin kogin. Wannan mummunan yabo ya sa ruwan ba ya sha. A baya dai Koriya ta Kudu ta yi sakaci game da zubar da sharar da ta ke yi a cikin ruwa da iska, kuma jaridar Korea Times ta kuma gano yadda masana'antu guda 343 ke zubar da shara marasa guba a bakin kogin Nakdong. Halin ruwa da sauri ya zama fifiko, kuma ingancin ruwa ya inganta sannu a hankali tare da shigar da tsire-tsire na ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Park|first=Seok Soon|last2=Lee|first2=Yong Seok|date=June 2007|title=A water quality modeling study of the Nakdong River, Korea|journal=Ecological Modelling|volume=152|issue=1|pages=65–75|doi=10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00489-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Ki-Hyun|last2=Heo|first2=Woo-Myung|last3=Kim|first3=Bomchul|date=1998-02-01|title=Spatial and Temporal Variabilities in Nitrogen and Phosphorous (sic) in the Nakdong River System, Korea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-air-and-soil-pollution_1998-02_102_1-2/page/37|journal=Water, Air, and Soil Pollution|language=en|volume=102|issue=1|pages=37–60|doi=10.1023/A:1004973616860|issn=1573-2932}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2887217|title=The government tests the water, but ecologists say more must be done.|last=Ser|first=Myo-ja|date=Mar 11, 2008|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|access-date=March 14, 2022|archive-date=March 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314164707/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2887217|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/business/chemical-leak-in-korea-brings-forth-a-new-era.html|title=Chemical Leak in Korea Brings Forth a New Era|last=Sanger|first=David E.|date=1991-04-16|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180712100519.htm|title=South Korea's polluted river basin|date=July 12, 2018|website=Science Daily}}</ref> ==== Maganin ruwa ====   [[File:ARISU-SEOUL.svg|thumb| An tsara tambarin Arisu tare da digon ruwa.]] Arisu masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ce da aka samu a Seoul. An sanya shi azaman amintaccen ruwan famfo ga jama'ar Seoul. Arisu yana samo ruwansa daga kogin Han, kuma yana yin gwajin ruwa da yawa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwan sha kamar yadda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar. Abubuwan da aka gwada sun haɗa da chlorine, ƙarfe, da jan karfe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arisu.seoul.go.kr/sudo_eng/sub/arisu/arisu01.jsp|title=Arisu is - Arisu - Seoul's tap water, Arisu - The Office Of Waterworks Seoul Metropolitan Government|website=arisu.seoul.go.kr|access-date=2019-05-02|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051402/http://arisu.seoul.go.kr/sudo_eng/sub/arisu/arisu01.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://susa.or.kr/en/content/water-management|title=Water Management|website=Seoul Urban Solution Agency|access-date=2022-03-14|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103132914/http://susa.or.kr/en/content/water-management|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Seoul-Tap-Water-Arisu-English1.pdf|title=Seoul Tap Water Arisu|website=Seoul Metropolitan Government}}</ref> Arisu kuma yana sarrafa adadin ruwa a tsari, kuma yana sarrafa ingancin ruwa a cibiyoyin tsarkakewa. Baya ga haka, Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul tana sarrafa masana'antar sarrafa ruwa da Cibiyoyin Kula da Najasa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwa. <ref name=":0" /> === Tsarin kudin sharar kima na tushen ƙara === Gwamnatin Koriya ta aiwatar da tsarin kudin sharar kima (VBWF) a cikin shekara t 1995. Anyi hakan ne a kokarin rage sharar gida da karfafa sake yin amfani da su a tsakanin Yan kasa. Ana tattara sharar gari a cikin jakunkuna na roba, kuma ana raba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su kuma ana jera su a cikin kwandon sake amfani da su. Duk abubuwan da ake zubarwa, ban da na sake yin amfani da su, manyan abubuwa, da briquettes na kwal, ana zubar dasu bisa ga tsarin VBWF. Ana auna abubuwa da jakunkuna masu girman girma daban-daban, sannan ana cajin 'yan ƙasa bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seoulsolution.kr/en/content/6326|title=Volume Based Waste Fee(VBMF) System for Municipal Solid Waste|last=Yu|first=Ki-Yeong|website=Seoul Solution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seoulsolution.kr/en/content/municipal-solid-waste-management|title=Municipal Solid Waste Management|last=Yoo|first=Kee-Young|website=Seoul Solution|access-date=2022-03-14|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051338/https://seoulsolution.kr/en/content/municipal-solid-waste-management|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shekaru goma bayan gabatarwa da aiwatar da tsarin VBWF, an rage yawan samar da sharar gida, kuma adadin sake amfani da su ya inganta sosai. Sanin jama'a game da muhalli ya ƙaru kuma fasahar sake amfani da su ta inganta. An gabatar da jakunkuna masu lalacewa, kuma an rage yawan marufi na kayayyakin. Abubuwan da aka sake cikawa yanzu an fi son su rage habakar sharar gida. Tsarin VBWF ya Kara sha'awar 'yan kasar Koriya ta sake yin amfani da su, wanda ke haifar da raguwar nauyi akan ƙonewa ko zubar da Kasa. == Sake amfani da su a Koriya ta Kudu == [[File:Recycling_bins_at_Busan,_South_Korea.jpg|thumb| Akwatunan sake amfani da su a Koriya.]] Jongnyangje ( Hangul : 종량제) tsari ne na sarrafa shara don ingantaccen tattarawa da sake amfani da sharar gida da albarkatu a Koriya ta Kudu. Dole ne a raba duk sharar zuwa sharar gabadaya, sharar abinci, abubuwan da za a iya sake sarrafa su, ko manyan abubuwa. Kayayyaki masu girma sun kunshi sharar da suka yi girma da yawa ba za su iya shiga cikin buhunan da aka fitar ba, kamar kayan daki, kayan lantarki, da kayan ofis. Wadannan manyan abubuwa suna buƙatar lambobi na musamman wadanda ake iya samu daga ofisoshin gunduma. Sake yin amfani da shi ya zama dole a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma ana rarraba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su bisa ga nau'in kayan aiki, daga takarda zuwa robobi. [[File:Q18919_food_waste_box_A01.jpg|thumb| Wuraren tattara sharar abinci a Koriya ta Kudu.]] Ana tattara sharar abinci dabam daga sharar gida a cikin jakunkuna na musamman. Wadannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci ana kiransu da ''eumsingmul sseuregi bongtu'' ( Hangul : 음식물 쓰레기 봉투 ), kuma farashin waɗannan jakunkunan sun bambanta da girma da gundumomi. Sannan ana cajin kudaden kowane wata dangane da adadin abincin da aka batar ga kowane gida, ana kunna ta ta katin shaidar Mitar Rediyo ( RFD ). Baya ga cajin kudaden almubazzaranci da abinci, Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma rage sharar abinci ta hanyar sake sarrafa abincin da aka tattara zuwa abincin dabbobi. Tun lokacin da gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta hana zubar da sharar abinci a wuraren sharar gida a shekara ta 2005 tare da aiwatar da sake amfani da sharar abinci a shekarar 2013, adadin sharar abincin da ake sake sarrafa ya karu sosai. <ref name=":3" /> Ana karfafa 'yan kasa su hada da abin da dabbobi za su iya ci kawai a cikin waɗannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci; kasusuwa, ramukan 'ya'yan itatuwa, da tsaba, don haka ba za a iya la'akari da sharar abinci ba. Sharar da aka tattara sai a bushe sannan a mayar da ita zuwa abincin da ya dace da cin dabba. Wasu sharar abinci sai a mayar da su taki ko takin abinci a maimakon haka, bayan an gama sarrafa shi kuma an cire duk danshi. Wannan fermented abinci sharar taki zabi ne na muhalli da kuma kwayoyin zabin a cikin [[Noma|noman]] amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nextshark.com/south-korea-reduced-food-waste-300-tons-day/|title=How South Korea Reduced Food Waste By 300 TONS a Day|last=Samson|first=Carl|date=June 26, 2017|website=NextShark}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/south-korea-recycling-food-waste/|title=South Korea once recycled 2% of its food waste. Now it recycles 95%|website=World Economic Forum|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmwaste.com.au/australia-rank-recycling-efforts-can-learn/|title=Where Does Australia Rank For Recycling Efforts and What Can We Learn|date=2018-05-03|website=WM Waste Management Services|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-05-02|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502100502/https://www.wmwaste.com.au/australia-rank-recycling-efforts-can-learn/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/south-koreas-food-waste-reduction-plans-feature-urban/story?id=62480905|title=South Korea's food waste reduction plans feature urban farming and modern garbage bins|last=Cho|first=Joohee|date=April 20, 2019|website=abc News}}</ref> === Sharar gida === Koriya ta Kudu ita ce ta biyu a matsayi na gaba wajen samar da sharar gida a duniya, inda 'yan Koriya ta Kudu ke amfani da matsakaita na buhunan roba 420 a duk shekara. Domin tinkarar hakan, Koriya ta Kudu ta haramta duk wani buhunan robobi da ake amfani da su guda daya a manyan kantuna. Za a bayar da wasu Zabubbuka kamar jakunkuna na takarda, buhunan siyayya masu amfani da yawa ko kwantena da za a iya sake yin amfani da su a maimakon haka, kuma za a ba da kudin ribar don zubar da shara. An bullo da wannan doka ne da nufin kawo karshen sharar da ba za a iya lalacewa ba a duniya, da kuma sarrafa da adana albarkatun kasa da kuma sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su. Wannan matakin kuma ya samo asali ne sakamakon wata doka da aka yi wa kwaskwarima kan kiyaye albarkatu, da sake amfani da sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su. An aiwatar da dokar ne biyo bayan rikicin kula da sharar leda bayan [[Sin|China]] ta hana shigo da datti. Wannan rikicin sharar ya sa kamfanonin sake yin amfani da su na Koriya ta Kudu daina tattara datti saboda asarar kudi da suka yi sakamakon raguwar farashin robobi. Wannan ya haifar da sharar robobi da aka bar a kan tituna tsawon makonni. An tilastawa gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta fito da wasu hanyoyin da za su dorewa don sarrafa sharar robobi maimakon jigilar su zuwa ketare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2180247/south-korea-scraps-disposable-plastic-bags-after-waste-crisis|title=South Korea bans plastic bags but will it solve the waste crisis?|date=2019-01-01|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2180247/south-korea-scraps-disposable-plastic-bags-after-waste-crisis|title=South Korea bans plastic bags but will it solve the waste crisis?|date=2019-01-01|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/plastic-pollution-south-korea-shopping-bag-ban-a8707101.html|title=South Korea bans single-use plastic bags|date=2019-01-01|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> === e-sharar gida === e-sharar gida (ko sharar lantarki) ya haɗa da na'urorin lantarki ko na lantarki ko sharar gida. Sarrafa e-sharar gida ko sharar kayan wuta da lantarki (WEEE) babban abin damuwa ne saboda girman rafin da ke tattare da shi, da kuma sinadarai masu guba a cikin na'urorin. Sinadaran sun hada da barium, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury, nickel, da kuma abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta. Na'urorin da aka jefar kamar tsofaffin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu, da na'urorin lantarki, na iya zubar da sinadarai masu guba idan aka barsu a wuraren da ake zubar da Kasa. Abubuwa kamar batura da wayoyin hannu suna bukatar Karin kulawa a zubar. Don hana yaduwa, gwamnatin birnin Seoul ta hada gwiwa da Cibiyar SR don tattara e-sharar gida. Birnin Seoul yana watsar da ton 10 na sharar e-sharar gida kowace shekara, tare da kashi biyar na e-sharar da ke karewa a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su ta musamman. Ana daukar na'urori dabam a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su na musamman, inda za'a iya fitar da karfe masu mahimmanci kamar zinariya, jan karfe, ko albarkatun da ba kasafai ba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-korea-launches-initiative-recycle-ewaste/2497782.html|title=South Korea Launches Initiative to Recycle More E-Waste|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> Yawancin sassan duniya suna bincike kan hanyoyin da za a iya yiwuwa kuma masu dacewa da muhalli don zubar da sharar lantarki don tsarin gudanarwa na WEEE. An kafa hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su a kasashe da yawa, amma ba a kaddamar da tsarin sarrafa sharar WEEE ba a yawancin kasashe. Dangane da karuwar damuwa na sharar lantarki, an gabatar da 'Dokar Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Kayan Kayan Lantarki na Waste Electric Equipment (WEEE) da Motocin Karshen Rayuwa' a cikin shekara t 2007. Wannan aikin yana da nufin rage adadin e-sharar da ke karewa a wuraren sharar kasa da incinerators, da inganta aiki da tsawon rayuwar irin wadannan na'urorin lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ewit.site/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Korea_Recycling_Management_Electronic_Waste-2011.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-03-14 |archive-date=2023-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321144659/https://ewit.site/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Korea_Recycling_Management_Electronic_Waste-2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Doka == === Dokar sarrafa shara === An fara gabatar da dokar sarrafa shara a cikin shekara ta 1986. Ya ba da tsarin cewa sarrafa sharar ba kawai game da tsarewa ba ne, amma rage sharar kuma. Tun da aka gabatar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1986, akwai Karin al'adar sarrafa sharar gida da hade-hade a Koriya ta Kudu. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma ba da tallafin kudade don inganta wannan hanyar sarrafa sharar gida. Ya rufe dukkan magudanan ruwa, daga sharar gida zuwa taki, sharar [[Tarkacen sharar gida|gine-gine da rushewa]], da sharar da ke yaduwa. A cikin shekara ta 1991, Dokar Kula da Taki Dabbobi, Ruwan Shara da Najasa don sarrafa sharar taki daban. A cikin shekara ta 1992, an kafa dokar Ajiye Albarkatu da Inganta Sake amfani da su don daukar sharar gida a matsayin hanya. Dangane da wannan doka, an aiwatar da tsarin biyan kudin sharar karar tare da biyan kudi yayin da kuke jefa ra'ayi wanda ya ba da tallafin doka ga wadanda ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara. === Al'ummar da ba ta dace ba === Koriya ta Kudu tana aiki don zama al'ummar da ba ta da sharar gida, da nufin cimma kashi 3% na sharar gida da kuma kashi 87% na sake fa'ida nan da 2020. Ana shirin tsawaita wannan amincewa har zuwa shekara ta 2025 saboda rikice-rikice da koma baya tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki. === Manufar sharar gida-da-makamashi === Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya ta Kudu (MOE) ta inganta manufofin sharar gida da makamashi don habaka kimar dogaro da kai na Koriya ta Kudu. Manufar ita ce rage tsadar sharar da ake kashewa ta hanyar konawa da kuma zubar da shara. Don samar da wutar lantarki, man fetur, da dumama, ana amfani da iskar gas, tarkacen itace, sharar gida, da sauran sharar gida don jujjuya makamashi. Samar da makamashi ta hanyar sharar gida yana da 10% mai rahusa fiye da hasken rana, kuma 66% mai rahusa fiye da wutar lantarki Wannan ya tabbatar da ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samar da makamashi. A cikin 2012, kawai 3.18% na sabbin makamashi da sabuntawa aka samar, amma gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu na fatan Kara yawan kashi zuwa 20% nan da 2050. == Kalubalen kwanan nan == Kasar Sin ta kasance wurin zubar da robobi a duniya tsawon lokaci. A cikin shekara ta 1990, kasar Sin ta ga robobin da aka jefar a matsayin riba, kuma Sinawa sun sake kirkiro robobin zuwa kananan guda, da za a iya fitar da su daga waje. Har ila yau, ya kasance mai rahusa ga kasashe su fitar da robobin su zuwa China fiye da jefar da kansu. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, kasar Sin ta daina karbar gurbataccen robobi. Wannan robobin da aka ki ya zama makwabta kamar Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, da Koriya ta Kudu. Yanzu, kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun fara kin wannan sharar su ma. A watan Agustan 2018, Vietnam ta gabatar da tsauraran takunkumi kan shigo da tarkacen filastik. Kasar Thailand ta bi sahun kasar, inda ta sanar da haramta amfani da na'urorin lantarki. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, Malesiya ta kuma ba da sanarwar hana shigo da tarkacen leda. A farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, Philippines ta yi watsi da tan 1,200 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da ake ganin ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba. An mayar da shi Koriya ta Kudu a cikin kwantena guda 51 cike da shara. Bugu da kari, an gano ton 5,100 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines ta shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan sharar ta kunshi batura, kwararan fitila, bututun dextrose da aka yi amfani da su, kayan lantarki da nappies. Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines na tattaunawa kan yadda ya kamata a maido da sharar gida. == Manazarta == [[Category:Dokoki]] [[Category:Dokar Najeriya]] [[Category:Doka]] [[Category:Hakkin Dan Adam]] [[Category:Hakkoki]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4bx003qlc23lkql1khb3vxbh8nv360a 914972 914971 2026-09-02T16:25:03Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Disposable_cup_waste_only_container_at_Jangseungbaegi_station_01.jpg |thumb| Disposable cup waste only container at Jangseungbaegi station]] [[Fayil:새벽일.JPG|thumb|south Korea]] [[File:An_aged_Korean_woman_pauses_in_her_search_for_salvageable_materials_among_the_ruins_of_Seoul,_Korea._-_NARA_-_531387.tif |thumb|An aged Korean woman pauses in her search for salvageable materials among the ruins of Seoul, Korea ]] [[File:Constitutional Court of Korea building.jpg|thumb|Tsaftataccen muhalli]] [[Fayil:Disposable cup waste only container at Jangseungbaegi station 01.jpg|thumb|Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu]] [[Fayil:Disposable cup waste only container at Jangseungbaegi station 01.jpg|thumb|Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]''', ya kunshi rage samar da [[Shara|shara,]] da tabbatar da iyakar sake yin amfani da sharar. Wannan ya haɗa da dacewa da [[Maganin Kashe Kwari|magani]], jigilar kaya, da zubar da sharar da aka tattara. An kuma kafa dokar sarrafa shara ta [[Koriya]] ta Kudu a cikin shekara ta 1986, ta maye gurbin Dokar [[Kare Muhalli]] (1963), da Dokar Tsabtace da [[Tsaftace Mai Zurfi (COVID-19)|Tsaftacewa]] (1973).<ref>https://www.clabel.org/ha/bilgiler/dongusel-ekonomide-atik-gida-anlamina-gelmektedir/</ref> Wannan sabuwar dokar da nufin rage sharar gida gaba daya a karkashin tsarin sharar gida (ko 'R's uku) a Koriya ta Kudu. Wannan Dokar Gudanar da [[Sharar gida mai guba|Sharar]] ta dora tsarin biyan kudin sharar girma, mai tasiri ga sharar da ayyukan gida da masana'antu ke samarwa (ko [[Datti da sharar gida|kakkarfan sharar gari]]). Dokar Kula da Sharar ta fara tsara magudanan shara ta hanyar [[Ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na muhalli|ka'idoji]] na asali a cikin ayyukan [[Sarrafa giya a Odesa Oblast|sarrafa]] shara, daga raguwa zuwa zubar da shara. Wannan doka ta kuma ƙarfafa sake yin amfani da kayan aiki da kiyaye albarkatu ta hanyar tsarin ajiyar kuɗi da tsarin kula da shara bayan rufewa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://wastemanagementreview.com.au/south-korea-legislates-towards-a-zero-waste-society/|title=South Korea Legislates Towards a Zero Waste Society|date=Jul 17, 2015|website=Waste Management Review}}</ref><ref name="Yang 207–217">{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Won-Seok|last2=Park|first2=Jun-Kyung|last3=Park|first3=Se-Won|last4=Seo|first4=Yong-Chil|date=2015-04-01|title=Past, present and future of waste management in Korea|journal=Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=207–217|doi=10.1007/s10163-014-0301-7|issn=1611-8227}}</ref>   == Gudanar da sharar gida == === Gudanar da shara mai karfi === Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul (SMG) ta daidaita manufar ƙasa game da sarrafa shara don biyan bukatun ingantaccen tsarin zubar da shara a cikin shekara ta alif 1990. Domin gamsar da jama'a, [[Seoul]] ta mayar da hankali kan manufofinta na sarrafa shara kan [[Rage shara|rage sharar]] da amfani. Tun asali, kakkarfan sharar gida ba damuwa ba ce ta muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu. Babu damuwa game da haɗarin muhalli tare da yawan sharar da ake samarwa kuma ana zubar da su a kasa[[Wajen zubar da shara|ren sharar kasa]] Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu kawai ta canza adadin ayyukan sharar gida don zubar da shara duk da yawan adadin da ake samarwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a lokacin habakar tattalin Arzikin Koriya wanda ya haifar da habakar samar da datti na birni. Tsakanin shekarar 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1990, adadin dattin dattin birni da ake samarwa ya karu daga ton 12,000 zuwa tan 84,000 a kowace rana. Wannan ya haifar da ƙaruwar batutuwan zubar da shara a Koriya ta Kudu. Ƙarƙashin sake yin amfani da su da Kara yawan samar da sharar gida sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurbatar muhalli . Yayin da aka dogara sosai da wuraren zubar da Ƙasa, ƙasa da ruwa sun kazantu. <ref name=":1" /> An kuma shafi ingancin iska yayin da matsugunan kasa ke taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai hadari tare da gobarar da ba a tantance ba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://susa.or.kr/en/content/solid-waste-management?ckattempt=1|title=Solid Waste Management|website=Seoul Solution|access-date=2022-03-14|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430075712/http://susa.or.kr/en/content/solid-waste-management?ckattempt=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hong|first=Seonghoon|date=September 1999|title=The effects of unit pricing system upon household solid waste management: The Korean experience|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=57|pages=1–10|doi=10.1006/jema.1999.0286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/Korea%27s%20GG%20report%20with%20OECD%20indicators.pdf|title=Korea's GG report with OECD indicators}}</ref> l<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@vinceau/dont-talk-trash-about-south-korea-s-waste-management-system-7a11e15ff0e1|title=Don't Trash Talk South Korea's Waste Management System|last=Au|first=Vincent|date=Nov 25, 2018|website=Medium}}</ref> === Gudanar da ruwa === ==== Gurbacewar ruwa ==== [[File:Korea-Andong-Nakdong_River-02.jpg|thumb| Kogin Nakdong a Koriya ta Kudu.]] Kogin Nakdong yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna a Koriya ta Kudu, babban tushen sha a lardin Gyeongsan. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, habakar yawan jama'a da habaka masana'antu a gefen kogin Nakdong sun haifar da gurbatar kogin. [[Sharar masana'antu]] da najasa, tare da magudanar ruwa a birane da noma, sun haifar da tabarbarewar kogin. A ranar 1 ga Maris na shekara ta 2008, fashewar masana'antar sinadarai ta haifar da kwararar phenol a cikin kogin Nakdong. Lamarin ya haifar da [[Dafi|kwararar abubuwa masu guba]], wanda ke haifar da babbar damuwa ga lafiyar jama'a. Hakazalika gwajin da aka yi ya nuna cewa formaldehyde shi ma ya zubo a cikin kogin, amma an tabbatar da cewa an narke abubuwa masu cutarwa yayin da adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa ya karu. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da kogin ke kamuwa da phenol. A cikin shekara ta 1991, digon phenol ya faru ne sakamakon fashewar bututun da ke karkashin kasa, wanda ya zubo zallar phenol a cikin kogin. Wannan mummunan yabo ya sa ruwan ba ya sha. A baya dai Koriya ta Kudu ta yi sakaci game da zubar da sharar da ta ke yi a cikin ruwa da iska, kuma jaridar Korea Times ta kuma gano yadda masana'antu guda 343 ke zubar da shara marasa guba a bakin kogin Nakdong. Halin ruwa da sauri ya zama fifiko, kuma ingancin ruwa ya inganta sannu a hankali tare da shigar da tsire-tsire na ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Park|first=Seok Soon|last2=Lee|first2=Yong Seok|date=June 2007|title=A water quality modeling study of the Nakdong River, Korea|journal=Ecological Modelling|volume=152|issue=1|pages=65–75|doi=10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00489-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Ki-Hyun|last2=Heo|first2=Woo-Myung|last3=Kim|first3=Bomchul|date=1998-02-01|title=Spatial and Temporal Variabilities in Nitrogen and Phosphorous (sic) in the Nakdong River System, Korea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-air-and-soil-pollution_1998-02_102_1-2/page/37|journal=Water, Air, and Soil Pollution|language=en|volume=102|issue=1|pages=37–60|doi=10.1023/A:1004973616860|issn=1573-2932}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2887217|title=The government tests the water, but ecologists say more must be done.|last=Ser|first=Myo-ja|date=Mar 11, 2008|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|access-date=March 14, 2022|archive-date=March 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314164707/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2887217|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/business/chemical-leak-in-korea-brings-forth-a-new-era.html|title=Chemical Leak in Korea Brings Forth a New Era|last=Sanger|first=David E.|date=1991-04-16|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180712100519.htm|title=South Korea's polluted river basin|date=July 12, 2018|website=Science Daily}}</ref> ==== Maganin ruwa ====   [[File:ARISU-SEOUL.svg|thumb| An tsara tambarin Arisu tare da digon ruwa.]] Arisu masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ce da aka samu a Seoul. An sanya shi azaman amintaccen ruwan famfo ga jama'ar Seoul. Arisu yana samo ruwansa daga kogin Han, kuma yana yin gwajin ruwa da yawa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwan sha kamar yadda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar. Abubuwan da aka gwada sun haɗa da chlorine, ƙarfe, da jan karfe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arisu.seoul.go.kr/sudo_eng/sub/arisu/arisu01.jsp|title=Arisu is - Arisu - Seoul's tap water, Arisu - The Office Of Waterworks Seoul Metropolitan Government|website=arisu.seoul.go.kr|access-date=2019-05-02|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051402/http://arisu.seoul.go.kr/sudo_eng/sub/arisu/arisu01.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://susa.or.kr/en/content/water-management|title=Water Management|website=Seoul Urban Solution Agency|access-date=2022-03-14|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103132914/http://susa.or.kr/en/content/water-management|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Seoul-Tap-Water-Arisu-English1.pdf|title=Seoul Tap Water Arisu|website=Seoul Metropolitan Government}}</ref> Arisu kuma yana sarrafa adadin ruwa a tsari, kuma yana sarrafa ingancin ruwa a cibiyoyin tsarkakewa. Baya ga haka, Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul tana sarrafa masana'antar sarrafa ruwa da Cibiyoyin Kula da Najasa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwa. <ref name=":0" /> === Tsarin kudin sharar kima na tushen ƙara === Gwamnatin Koriya ta aiwatar da tsarin kudin sharar kima (VBWF) a cikin shekara t 1995. Anyi hakan ne a kokarin rage sharar gida da karfafa sake yin amfani da su a tsakanin Yan kasa. Ana tattara sharar gari a cikin jakunkuna na roba, kuma ana raba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su kuma ana jera su a cikin kwandon sake amfani da su. Duk abubuwan da ake zubarwa, ban da na sake yin amfani da su, manyan abubuwa, da briquettes na kwal, ana zubar dasu bisa ga tsarin VBWF. Ana auna abubuwa da jakunkuna masu girman girma daban-daban, sannan ana cajin 'yan ƙasa bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seoulsolution.kr/en/content/6326|title=Volume Based Waste Fee(VBMF) System for Municipal Solid Waste|last=Yu|first=Ki-Yeong|website=Seoul Solution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seoulsolution.kr/en/content/municipal-solid-waste-management|title=Municipal Solid Waste Management|last=Yoo|first=Kee-Young|website=Seoul Solution|access-date=2022-03-14|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051338/https://seoulsolution.kr/en/content/municipal-solid-waste-management|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shekaru goma bayan gabatarwa da aiwatar da tsarin VBWF, an rage yawan samar da sharar gida, kuma adadin sake amfani da su ya inganta sosai. Sanin jama'a game da muhalli ya ƙaru kuma fasahar sake amfani da su ta inganta. An gabatar da jakunkuna masu lalacewa, kuma an rage yawan marufi na kayayyakin. Abubuwan da aka sake cikawa yanzu an fi son su rage habakar sharar gida. Tsarin VBWF ya Kara sha'awar 'yan kasar Koriya ta sake yin amfani da su, wanda ke haifar da raguwar nauyi akan ƙonewa ko zubar da Kasa. == Sake amfani da su a Koriya ta Kudu == [[File:Recycling_bins_at_Busan,_South_Korea.jpg|thumb| Akwatunan sake amfani da su a Koriya.]] Jongnyangje ( Hangul : 종량제) tsari ne na sarrafa shara don ingantaccen tattarawa da sake amfani da sharar gida da albarkatu a Koriya ta Kudu. Dole ne a raba duk sharar zuwa sharar gabadaya, sharar abinci, abubuwan da za a iya sake sarrafa su, ko manyan abubuwa. Kayayyaki masu girma sun kunshi sharar da suka yi girma da yawa ba za su iya shiga cikin buhunan da aka fitar ba, kamar kayan daki, kayan lantarki, da kayan ofis. Wadannan manyan abubuwa suna buƙatar lambobi na musamman wadanda ake iya samu daga ofisoshin gunduma. Sake yin amfani da shi ya zama dole a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma ana rarraba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su bisa ga nau'in kayan aiki, daga takarda zuwa robobi. [[File:Q18919_food_waste_box_A01.jpg|thumb| Wuraren tattara sharar abinci a Koriya ta Kudu.]] Ana tattara sharar abinci dabam daga sharar gida a cikin jakunkuna na musamman. Wadannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci ana kiransu da ''eumsingmul sseuregi bongtu'' ( Hangul : 음식물 쓰레기 봉투 ), kuma farashin waɗannan jakunkunan sun bambanta da girma da gundumomi. Sannan ana cajin kudaden kowane wata dangane da adadin abincin da aka batar ga kowane gida, ana kunna ta ta katin shaidar Mitar Rediyo ( RFD ). Baya ga cajin kudaden almubazzaranci da abinci, Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma rage sharar abinci ta hanyar sake sarrafa abincin da aka tattara zuwa abincin dabbobi. Tun lokacin da gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta hana zubar da sharar abinci a wuraren sharar gida a shekara ta 2005 tare da aiwatar da sake amfani da sharar abinci a shekarar 2013, adadin sharar abincin da ake sake sarrafa ya karu sosai. <ref name=":3" /> Ana karfafa 'yan kasa su hada da abin da dabbobi za su iya ci kawai a cikin waɗannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci; kasusuwa, ramukan 'ya'yan itatuwa, da tsaba, don haka ba za a iya la'akari da sharar abinci ba. Sharar da aka tattara sai a bushe sannan a mayar da ita zuwa abincin da ya dace da cin dabba. Wasu sharar abinci sai a mayar da su taki ko takin abinci a maimakon haka, bayan an gama sarrafa shi kuma an cire duk danshi. Wannan fermented abinci sharar taki zabi ne na muhalli da kuma kwayoyin zabin a cikin [[Noma|noman]] amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nextshark.com/south-korea-reduced-food-waste-300-tons-day/|title=How South Korea Reduced Food Waste By 300 TONS a Day|last=Samson|first=Carl|date=June 26, 2017|website=NextShark}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/south-korea-recycling-food-waste/|title=South Korea once recycled 2% of its food waste. Now it recycles 95%|website=World Economic Forum|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmwaste.com.au/australia-rank-recycling-efforts-can-learn/|title=Where Does Australia Rank For Recycling Efforts and What Can We Learn|date=2018-05-03|website=WM Waste Management Services|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-05-02|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502100502/https://www.wmwaste.com.au/australia-rank-recycling-efforts-can-learn/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/south-koreas-food-waste-reduction-plans-feature-urban/story?id=62480905|title=South Korea's food waste reduction plans feature urban farming and modern garbage bins|last=Cho|first=Joohee|date=April 20, 2019|website=abc News}}</ref> === Sharar gida === Koriya ta Kudu ita ce ta biyu a matsayi na gaba wajen samar da sharar gida a duniya, inda 'yan Koriya ta Kudu ke amfani da matsakaita na buhunan roba 420 a duk shekara. Domin tinkarar hakan, Koriya ta Kudu ta haramta duk wani buhunan robobi da ake amfani da su guda daya a manyan kantuna. Za a bayar da wasu Zabubbuka kamar jakunkuna na takarda, buhunan siyayya masu amfani da yawa ko kwantena da za a iya sake yin amfani da su a maimakon haka, kuma za a ba da kudin ribar don zubar da shara. An bullo da wannan doka ne da nufin kawo karshen sharar da ba za a iya lalacewa ba a duniya, da kuma sarrafa da adana albarkatun kasa da kuma sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su. Wannan matakin kuma ya samo asali ne sakamakon wata doka da aka yi wa kwaskwarima kan kiyaye albarkatu, da sake amfani da sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su. An aiwatar da dokar ne biyo bayan rikicin kula da sharar leda bayan [[Sin|China]] ta hana shigo da datti. Wannan rikicin sharar ya sa kamfanonin sake yin amfani da su na Koriya ta Kudu daina tattara datti saboda asarar kudi da suka yi sakamakon raguwar farashin robobi. Wannan ya haifar da sharar robobi da aka bar a kan tituna tsawon makonni. An tilastawa gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta fito da wasu hanyoyin da za su dorewa don sarrafa sharar robobi maimakon jigilar su zuwa ketare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2180247/south-korea-scraps-disposable-plastic-bags-after-waste-crisis|title=South Korea bans plastic bags but will it solve the waste crisis?|date=2019-01-01|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2180247/south-korea-scraps-disposable-plastic-bags-after-waste-crisis|title=South Korea bans plastic bags but will it solve the waste crisis?|date=2019-01-01|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/plastic-pollution-south-korea-shopping-bag-ban-a8707101.html|title=South Korea bans single-use plastic bags|date=2019-01-01|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> === e-sharar gida === e-sharar gida (ko sharar lantarki) ya haɗa da na'urorin lantarki ko na lantarki ko sharar gida. Sarrafa e-sharar gida ko sharar kayan wuta da lantarki (WEEE) babban abin damuwa ne saboda girman rafin da ke tattare da shi, da kuma sinadarai masu guba a cikin na'urorin. Sinadaran sun hada da barium, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury, nickel, da kuma abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta. Na'urorin da aka jefar kamar tsofaffin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu, da na'urorin lantarki, na iya zubar da sinadarai masu guba idan aka barsu a wuraren da ake zubar da Kasa. Abubuwa kamar batura da wayoyin hannu suna bukatar Karin kulawa a zubar. Don hana yaduwa, gwamnatin birnin Seoul ta hada gwiwa da Cibiyar SR don tattara e-sharar gida. Birnin Seoul yana watsar da ton 10 na sharar e-sharar gida kowace shekara, tare da kashi biyar na e-sharar da ke karewa a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su ta musamman. Ana daukar na'urori dabam a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su na musamman, inda za'a iya fitar da karfe masu mahimmanci kamar zinariya, jan karfe, ko albarkatun da ba kasafai ba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-korea-launches-initiative-recycle-ewaste/2497782.html|title=South Korea Launches Initiative to Recycle More E-Waste|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> Yawancin sassan duniya suna bincike kan hanyoyin da za a iya yiwuwa kuma masu dacewa da muhalli don zubar da sharar lantarki don tsarin gudanarwa na WEEE. An kafa hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su a kasashe da yawa, amma ba a kaddamar da tsarin sarrafa sharar WEEE ba a yawancin kasashe. Dangane da karuwar damuwa na sharar lantarki, an gabatar da 'Dokar Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Kayan Kayan Lantarki na Waste Electric Equipment (WEEE) da Motocin Karshen Rayuwa' a cikin shekara t 2007. Wannan aikin yana da nufin rage adadin e-sharar da ke karewa a wuraren sharar kasa da incinerators, da inganta aiki da tsawon rayuwar irin wadannan na'urorin lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ewit.site/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Korea_Recycling_Management_Electronic_Waste-2011.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-03-14 |archive-date=2023-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321144659/https://ewit.site/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Korea_Recycling_Management_Electronic_Waste-2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Doka == === Dokar sarrafa shara === An fara gabatar da dokar sarrafa shara a cikin shekara ta 1986. Ya ba da tsarin cewa sarrafa sharar ba kawai game da tsarewa ba ne, amma rage sharar kuma. Tun da aka gabatar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1986, akwai Karin al'adar sarrafa sharar gida da hade-hade a Koriya ta Kudu. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma ba da tallafin kudade don inganta wannan hanyar sarrafa sharar gida. Ya rufe dukkan magudanan ruwa, daga sharar gida zuwa taki, sharar [[Tarkacen sharar gida|gine-gine da rushewa]], da sharar da ke yaduwa. A cikin shekara ta 1991, Dokar Kula da Taki Dabbobi, Ruwan Shara da Najasa don sarrafa sharar taki daban. A cikin shekara ta 1992, an kafa dokar Ajiye Albarkatu da Inganta Sake amfani da su don daukar sharar gida a matsayin hanya. Dangane da wannan doka, an aiwatar da tsarin biyan kudin sharar karar tare da biyan kudi yayin da kuke jefa ra'ayi wanda ya ba da tallafin doka ga wadanda ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara. === Al'ummar da ba ta dace ba === Koriya ta Kudu tana aiki don zama al'ummar da ba ta da sharar gida, da nufin cimma kashi 3% na sharar gida da kuma kashi 87% na sake fa'ida nan da 2020. Ana shirin tsawaita wannan amincewa har zuwa shekara ta 2025 saboda rikice-rikice da koma baya tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki. === Manufar sharar gida-da-makamashi === Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya ta Kudu (MOE) ta inganta manufofin sharar gida da makamashi don habaka kimar dogaro da kai na Koriya ta Kudu. Manufar ita ce rage tsadar sharar da ake kashewa ta hanyar konawa da kuma zubar da shara. Don samar da wutar lantarki, man fetur, da dumama, ana amfani da iskar gas, tarkacen itace, sharar gida, da sauran sharar gida don jujjuya makamashi. Samar da makamashi ta hanyar sharar gida yana da 10% mai rahusa fiye da hasken rana, kuma 66% mai rahusa fiye da wutar lantarki Wannan ya tabbatar da ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samar da makamashi. A cikin 2012, kawai 3.18% na sabbin makamashi da sabuntawa aka samar, amma gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu na fatan Kara yawan kashi zuwa 20% nan da 2050. == Kalubalen kwanan nan == Kasar Sin ta kasance wurin zubar da robobi a duniya tsawon lokaci. A cikin shekara ta 1990, kasar Sin ta ga robobin da aka jefar a matsayin riba, kuma Sinawa sun sake kirkiro robobin zuwa kananan guda, da za a iya fitar da su daga waje. Har ila yau, ya kasance mai rahusa ga kasashe su fitar da robobin su zuwa China fiye da jefar da kansu. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, kasar Sin ta daina karbar gurbataccen robobi. Wannan robobin da aka ki ya zama makwabta kamar Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, da Koriya ta Kudu. Yanzu, kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun fara kin wannan sharar su ma. A watan Agustan 2018, Vietnam ta gabatar da tsauraran takunkumi kan shigo da tarkacen filastik. Kasar Thailand ta bi sahun kasar, inda ta sanar da haramta amfani da na'urorin lantarki. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, Malesiya ta kuma ba da sanarwar hana shigo da tarkacen leda. A farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, Philippines ta yi watsi da tan 1,200 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da ake ganin ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba. An mayar da shi Koriya ta Kudu a cikin kwantena guda 51 cike da shara. Bugu da kari, an gano ton 5,100 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines ta shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan sharar ta kunshi batura, kwararan fitila, bututun dextrose da aka yi amfani da su, kayan lantarki da nappies. Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines na tattaunawa kan yadda ya kamata a maido da sharar gida. == Manazarta == [[Category:Dokoki]] [[Category:Dokar Najeriya]] [[Category:Doka]] [[Category:Hakkin Dan Adam]] [[Category:Hakkoki]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3jvcsz4i3wlqwj4wv9jqtt38mhfpqka 914973 914972 2026-09-02T16:25:24Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Disposable_cup_waste_only_container_at_Jangseungbaegi_station_01.jpg |thumb| Disposable cup waste only container at Jangseungbaegi station]] [[Fayil:새벽일.JPG|thumb|south Korea]] [[File:An_aged_Korean_woman_pauses_in_her_search_for_salvageable_materials_among_the_ruins_of_Seoul,_Korea._-_NARA_-_531387.tif |thumb|An aged Korean woman pauses in her search for salvageable materials among the ruins of Seoul, Korea ]] [[File:Constitutional Court of Korea building.jpg|thumb|Tsaftataccen muhalli]] [[Fayil:Disposable cup waste only container at Jangseungbaegi station 01.jpg|thumb|Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu]] [[Fayil:Disposable cup waste only container at Jangseungbaegi station 01.jpg|thumb|Gudanar da Sharar Gida a Koriya ta Kudu]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida a [[Koriya ta Kudu]]''', ya kunshi rage samar da [[Shara|shara,]] da tabbatar da iyakar sake yin amfani da sharar. Wannan ya haɗa da dacewa da [[Maganin Kashe Kwari|magani]], jigilar kaya, da zubar da sharar da aka tattara. An kuma kafa dokar sarrafa shara ta [[Koriya]] ta Kudu a cikin shekara ta 1986, ta maye gurbin Dokar [[Kare Muhalli]] (1963), da Dokar Tsabtace da [[Tsaftace Mai Zurfi (COVID-19)|Tsaftacewa]] (1973).<ref>https://www.clabel.org/ha/bilgiler/dongusel-ekonomide-atik-gida-anlamina-gelmektedir/</ref> Wannan sabuwar dokar da nufin rage sharar gida gaba daya a karkashin tsarin sharar gida (ko 'R's uku) a Koriya ta Kudu. Wannan Dokar Gudanar da [[Sharar gida mai guba|Sharar]] ta dora tsarin biyan kudin sharar girma, mai tasiri ga sharar da ayyukan gida da masana'antu ke samarwa (ko [[Datti da sharar gida|kakkarfan sharar gari]]). Dokar Kula da Sharar ta fara tsara magudanan shara ta hanyar [[Ka'idojin kiwon lafiya na muhalli|ka'idoji]] na asali a cikin ayyukan [[Sarrafa giya a Odesa Oblast|sarrafa]] shara, daga raguwa zuwa zubar da shara. Wannan doka ta kuma ƙarfafa sake yin amfani da kayan aiki da kiyaye albarkatu ta hanyar tsarin ajiyar kuɗi da tsarin kula da shara bayan rufewa.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://wastemanagementreview.com.au/south-korea-legislates-towards-a-zero-waste-society/|title=South Korea Legislates Towards a Zero Waste Society|date=Jul 17, 2015|website=Waste Management Review}}</ref><ref name="Yang 207–217">{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Won-Seok|last2=Park|first2=Jun-Kyung|last3=Park|first3=Se-Won|last4=Seo|first4=Yong-Chil|date=2015-04-01|title=Past, present and future of waste management in Korea|journal=Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management|language=en|volume=17|issue=2|pages=207–217|doi=10.1007/s10163-014-0301-7|issn=1611-8227}}</ref>   == Gudanar da sharar gida == === Gudanar da shara mai karfi === Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul (SMG) ta daidaita manufar ƙasa game da sarrafa shara don biyan bukatun ingantaccen tsarin zubar da shara a cikin shekara ta alif 1990. Domin gamsar da jama'a, [[Seoul]] ta mayar da hankali kan manufofinta na sarrafa shara kan [[Rage shara|rage sharar]] da amfani. Tun asali, kakkarfan sharar gida ba damuwa ba ce ta muhalli a Koriya ta Kudu. Babu damuwa game da haɗarin muhalli tare da yawan sharar da ake samarwa kuma ana zubar da su a ƙasa[[Wajen zubar da shara|ren sharar kasa]] Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu kawai ta canza adadin ayyukan sharar gida don zubar da shara duk da yawan adadin da ake samarwa. Wannan yana da mahimmanci a lokacin haɓakar tattalin Arziƙin Koriya wanda ya haifar da habakar samar da datti na birni. Tsakanin shekarar 1970 zuwa shekara ta 1990, adadin dattin dattin birni da ake samarwa ya karu daga ton 12,000 zuwa tan 84,000 a kowace rana. Wannan ya haifar da ƙaruwar batutuwan zubar da shara a Koriya ta Kudu. Ƙarƙashin sake yin amfani da su da Kara yawan samar da sharar gida sun ba da gudummawa sosai ga gurbatar muhalli . Yayin da aka dogara sosai da wuraren zubar da Ƙasa, ƙasa da ruwa sun kazantu. <ref name=":1" /> An kuma shafi ingancin iska yayin da matsugunan kasa ke taimakawa wajen fitar da iskar gas mai hadari tare da gobarar da ba a tantance ba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://susa.or.kr/en/content/solid-waste-management?ckattempt=1|title=Solid Waste Management|website=Seoul Solution|access-date=2022-03-14|archive-date=2019-04-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430075712/http://susa.or.kr/en/content/solid-waste-management?ckattempt=1|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hong|first=Seonghoon|date=September 1999|title=The effects of unit pricing system upon household solid waste management: The Korean experience|journal=Journal of Environmental Management|volume=57|pages=1–10|doi=10.1006/jema.1999.0286}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/Korea%27s%20GG%20report%20with%20OECD%20indicators.pdf|title=Korea's GG report with OECD indicators}}</ref> l<ref name=":1" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@vinceau/dont-talk-trash-about-south-korea-s-waste-management-system-7a11e15ff0e1|title=Don't Trash Talk South Korea's Waste Management System|last=Au|first=Vincent|date=Nov 25, 2018|website=Medium}}</ref> === Gudanar da ruwa === ==== Gurbacewar ruwa ==== [[File:Korea-Andong-Nakdong_River-02.jpg|thumb| Kogin Nakdong a Koriya ta Kudu.]] Kogin Nakdong yana daya daga cikin manyan koguna a Koriya ta Kudu, babban tushen sha a lardin Gyeongsan. A cikin shekarun da suka gabata, habakar yawan jama'a da habaka masana'antu a gefen kogin Nakdong sun haifar da gurbatar kogin. [[Sharar masana'antu]] da najasa, tare da magudanar ruwa a birane da noma, sun haifar da tabarbarewar kogin. A ranar 1 ga Maris na shekara ta 2008, fashewar masana'antar sinadarai ta haifar da kwararar phenol a cikin kogin Nakdong. Lamarin ya haifar da [[Dafi|kwararar abubuwa masu guba]], wanda ke haifar da babbar damuwa ga lafiyar jama'a. Hakazalika gwajin da aka yi ya nuna cewa formaldehyde shi ma ya zubo a cikin kogin, amma an tabbatar da cewa an narke abubuwa masu cutarwa yayin da adadin ruwan da ake fitarwa ya karu. Wannan shi ne karo na biyu da kogin ke kamuwa da phenol. A cikin shekara ta 1991, digon phenol ya faru ne sakamakon fashewar bututun da ke karkashin kasa, wanda ya zubo zallar phenol a cikin kogin. Wannan mummunan yabo ya sa ruwan ba ya sha. A baya dai Koriya ta Kudu ta yi sakaci game da zubar da sharar da ta ke yi a cikin ruwa da iska, kuma jaridar Korea Times ta kuma gano yadda masana'antu guda 343 ke zubar da shara marasa guba a bakin kogin Nakdong. Halin ruwa da sauri ya zama fifiko, kuma ingancin ruwa ya inganta sannu a hankali tare da shigar da tsire-tsire na ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Park|first=Seok Soon|last2=Lee|first2=Yong Seok|date=June 2007|title=A water quality modeling study of the Nakdong River, Korea|journal=Ecological Modelling|volume=152|issue=1|pages=65–75|doi=10.1016/S0304-3800(01)00489-6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kim|first=Ki-Hyun|last2=Heo|first2=Woo-Myung|last3=Kim|first3=Bomchul|date=1998-02-01|title=Spatial and Temporal Variabilities in Nitrogen and Phosphorous (sic) in the Nakdong River System, Korea|url=https://archive.org/details/sim_water-air-and-soil-pollution_1998-02_102_1-2/page/37|journal=Water, Air, and Soil Pollution|language=en|volume=102|issue=1|pages=37–60|doi=10.1023/A:1004973616860|issn=1573-2932}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2887217|title=The government tests the water, but ecologists say more must be done.|last=Ser|first=Myo-ja|date=Mar 11, 2008|website=Korea JoongAng Daily|access-date=March 14, 2022|archive-date=March 14, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220314164707/https://koreajoongangdaily.joins.com/news/article/article.aspx?aid=2887217|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1991/04/16/business/chemical-leak-in-korea-brings-forth-a-new-era.html|title=Chemical Leak in Korea Brings Forth a New Era|last=Sanger|first=David E.|date=1991-04-16|work=The New York Times|access-date=2019-05-02|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/07/180712100519.htm|title=South Korea's polluted river basin|date=July 12, 2018|website=Science Daily}}</ref> ==== Maganin ruwa ====   [[File:ARISU-SEOUL.svg|thumb| An tsara tambarin Arisu tare da digon ruwa.]] Arisu masana'antar sarrafa ruwa ce da aka samu a Seoul. An sanya shi azaman amintaccen ruwan famfo ga jama'ar Seoul. Arisu yana samo ruwansa daga kogin Han, kuma yana yin gwajin ruwa da yawa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwan sha kamar yadda [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta ba da shawarar. Abubuwan da aka gwada sun haɗa da chlorine, ƙarfe, da jan karfe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://arisu.seoul.go.kr/sudo_eng/sub/arisu/arisu01.jsp|title=Arisu is - Arisu - Seoul's tap water, Arisu - The Office Of Waterworks Seoul Metropolitan Government|website=arisu.seoul.go.kr|access-date=2019-05-02|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051402/http://arisu.seoul.go.kr/sudo_eng/sub/arisu/arisu01.jsp|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://susa.or.kr/en/content/water-management|title=Water Management|website=Seoul Urban Solution Agency|access-date=2022-03-14|archive-date=2019-11-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191103132914/http://susa.or.kr/en/content/water-management|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://english.seoul.go.kr/wp-content/uploads/2014/06/Seoul-Tap-Water-Arisu-English1.pdf|title=Seoul Tap Water Arisu|website=Seoul Metropolitan Government}}</ref> Arisu kuma yana sarrafa adadin ruwa a tsari, kuma yana sarrafa ingancin ruwa a cibiyoyin tsarkakewa. Baya ga haka, Gwamnatin Babban Birnin Seoul tana sarrafa masana'antar sarrafa ruwa da Cibiyoyin Kula da Najasa don tabbatar da ingancin ruwa. <ref name=":0" /> === Tsarin kudin sharar kima na tushen ƙara === Gwamnatin Koriya ta aiwatar da tsarin kudin sharar kima (VBWF) a cikin shekara t 1995. Anyi hakan ne a kokarin rage sharar gida da karfafa sake yin amfani da su a tsakanin Yan kasa. Ana tattara sharar gari a cikin jakunkuna na roba, kuma ana raba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su kuma ana jera su a cikin kwandon sake amfani da su. Duk abubuwan da ake zubarwa, ban da na sake yin amfani da su, manyan abubuwa, da briquettes na kwal, ana zubar dasu bisa ga tsarin VBWF. Ana auna abubuwa da jakunkuna masu girman girma daban-daban, sannan ana cajin 'yan ƙasa bi da bi.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.seoulsolution.kr/en/content/6326|title=Volume Based Waste Fee(VBMF) System for Municipal Solid Waste|last=Yu|first=Ki-Yeong|website=Seoul Solution}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://seoulsolution.kr/en/content/municipal-solid-waste-management|title=Municipal Solid Waste Management|last=Yoo|first=Kee-Young|website=Seoul Solution|access-date=2022-03-14|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502051338/https://seoulsolution.kr/en/content/municipal-solid-waste-management|url-status=dead}}</ref> Shekaru goma bayan gabatarwa da aiwatar da tsarin VBWF, an rage yawan samar da sharar gida, kuma adadin sake amfani da su ya inganta sosai. Sanin jama'a game da muhalli ya ƙaru kuma fasahar sake amfani da su ta inganta. An gabatar da jakunkuna masu lalacewa, kuma an rage yawan marufi na kayayyakin. Abubuwan da aka sake cikawa yanzu an fi son su rage habakar sharar gida. Tsarin VBWF ya Kara sha'awar 'yan kasar Koriya ta sake yin amfani da su, wanda ke haifar da raguwar nauyi akan ƙonewa ko zubar da Kasa. == Sake amfani da su a Koriya ta Kudu == [[File:Recycling_bins_at_Busan,_South_Korea.jpg|thumb| Akwatunan sake amfani da su a Koriya.]] Jongnyangje ( Hangul : 종량제) tsari ne na sarrafa shara don ingantaccen tattarawa da sake amfani da sharar gida da albarkatu a Koriya ta Kudu. Dole ne a raba duk sharar zuwa sharar gabadaya, sharar abinci, abubuwan da za a iya sake sarrafa su, ko manyan abubuwa. Kayayyaki masu girma sun kunshi sharar da suka yi girma da yawa ba za su iya shiga cikin buhunan da aka fitar ba, kamar kayan daki, kayan lantarki, da kayan ofis. Wadannan manyan abubuwa suna buƙatar lambobi na musamman wadanda ake iya samu daga ofisoshin gunduma. Sake yin amfani da shi ya zama dole a Koriya ta Kudu, kuma ana rarraba abubuwan da za a sake amfani da su bisa ga nau'in kayan aiki, daga takarda zuwa robobi. [[File:Q18919_food_waste_box_A01.jpg|thumb| Wuraren tattara sharar abinci a Koriya ta Kudu.]] Ana tattara sharar abinci dabam daga sharar gida a cikin jakunkuna na musamman. Wadannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci ana kiransu da ''eumsingmul sseuregi bongtu'' ( Hangul : 음식물 쓰레기 봉투 ), kuma farashin waɗannan jakunkunan sun bambanta da girma da gundumomi. Sannan ana cajin kudaden kowane wata dangane da adadin abincin da aka batar ga kowane gida, ana kunna ta ta katin shaidar Mitar Rediyo ( RFD ). Baya ga cajin kudaden almubazzaranci da abinci, Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma rage sharar abinci ta hanyar sake sarrafa abincin da aka tattara zuwa abincin dabbobi. Tun lokacin da gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta hana zubar da sharar abinci a wuraren sharar gida a shekara ta 2005 tare da aiwatar da sake amfani da sharar abinci a shekarar 2013, adadin sharar abincin da ake sake sarrafa ya karu sosai. <ref name=":3" /> Ana karfafa 'yan kasa su hada da abin da dabbobi za su iya ci kawai a cikin waɗannan jakunkuna na zubar da abinci; kasusuwa, ramukan 'ya'yan itatuwa, da tsaba, don haka ba za a iya la'akari da sharar abinci ba. Sharar da aka tattara sai a bushe sannan a mayar da ita zuwa abincin da ya dace da cin dabba. Wasu sharar abinci sai a mayar da su taki ko takin abinci a maimakon haka, bayan an gama sarrafa shi kuma an cire duk danshi. Wannan fermented abinci sharar taki zabi ne na muhalli da kuma kwayoyin zabin a cikin [[Noma|noman]] amfanin gona.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nextshark.com/south-korea-reduced-food-waste-300-tons-day/|title=How South Korea Reduced Food Waste By 300 TONS a Day|last=Samson|first=Carl|date=June 26, 2017|website=NextShark}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2019/04/south-korea-recycling-food-waste/|title=South Korea once recycled 2% of its food waste. Now it recycles 95%|website=World Economic Forum|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wmwaste.com.au/australia-rank-recycling-efforts-can-learn/|title=Where Does Australia Rank For Recycling Efforts and What Can We Learn|date=2018-05-03|website=WM Waste Management Services|language=en-AU|access-date=2019-05-02|archive-date=2019-05-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502100502/https://www.wmwaste.com.au/australia-rank-recycling-efforts-can-learn/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/south-koreas-food-waste-reduction-plans-feature-urban/story?id=62480905|title=South Korea's food waste reduction plans feature urban farming and modern garbage bins|last=Cho|first=Joohee|date=April 20, 2019|website=abc News}}</ref> === Sharar gida === Koriya ta Kudu ita ce ta biyu a matsayi na gaba wajen samar da sharar gida a duniya, inda 'yan Koriya ta Kudu ke amfani da matsakaita na buhunan roba 420 a duk shekara. Domin tinkarar hakan, Koriya ta Kudu ta haramta duk wani buhunan robobi da ake amfani da su guda daya a manyan kantuna. Za a bayar da wasu Zabubbuka kamar jakunkuna na takarda, buhunan siyayya masu amfani da yawa ko kwantena da za a iya sake yin amfani da su a maimakon haka, kuma za a ba da kudin ribar don zubar da shara. An bullo da wannan doka ne da nufin kawo karshen sharar da ba za a iya lalacewa ba a duniya, da kuma sarrafa da adana albarkatun kasa da kuma sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su. Wannan matakin kuma ya samo asali ne sakamakon wata doka da aka yi wa kwaskwarima kan kiyaye albarkatu, da sake amfani da sharar da za a iya sake sarrafa su. An aiwatar da dokar ne biyo bayan rikicin kula da sharar leda bayan [[Sin|China]] ta hana shigo da datti. Wannan rikicin sharar ya sa kamfanonin sake yin amfani da su na Koriya ta Kudu daina tattara datti saboda asarar kudi da suka yi sakamakon raguwar farashin robobi. Wannan ya haifar da sharar robobi da aka bar a kan tituna tsawon makonni. An tilastawa gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta fito da wasu hanyoyin da za su dorewa don sarrafa sharar robobi maimakon jigilar su zuwa ketare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2180247/south-korea-scraps-disposable-plastic-bags-after-waste-crisis|title=South Korea bans plastic bags but will it solve the waste crisis?|date=2019-01-01|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-05-02}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/east-asia/article/2180247/south-korea-scraps-disposable-plastic-bags-after-waste-crisis|title=South Korea bans plastic bags but will it solve the waste crisis?|date=2019-01-01|website=South China Morning Post|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/plastic-pollution-south-korea-shopping-bag-ban-a8707101.html|title=South Korea bans single-use plastic bags|date=2019-01-01|website=The Independent|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> === e-sharar gida === e-sharar gida (ko sharar lantarki) ya haɗa da na'urorin lantarki ko na lantarki ko sharar gida. Sarrafa e-sharar gida ko sharar kayan wuta da lantarki (WEEE) babban abin damuwa ne saboda girman rafin da ke tattare da shi, da kuma sinadarai masu guba a cikin na'urorin. Sinadaran sun hada da barium, cadmium, chromium, gubar, mercury, nickel, da kuma abubuwan da ke hana harshen wuta. Na'urorin da aka jefar kamar tsofaffin kwamfutoci, wayoyin hannu, da na'urorin lantarki, na iya zubar da sinadarai masu guba idan aka barsu a wuraren da ake zubar da Kasa. Abubuwa kamar batura da wayoyin hannu suna bukatar Karin kulawa a zubar. Don hana yaduwa, gwamnatin birnin Seoul ta hada gwiwa da Cibiyar SR don tattara e-sharar gida. Birnin Seoul yana watsar da ton 10 na sharar e-sharar gida kowace shekara, tare da kashi biyar na e-sharar da ke karewa a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su ta musamman. Ana daukar na'urori dabam a cibiyar sake yin amfani da su na musamman, inda za'a iya fitar da karfe masu mahimmanci kamar zinariya, jan karfe, ko albarkatun da ba kasafai ba.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.voanews.com/a/south-korea-launches-initiative-recycle-ewaste/2497782.html|title=South Korea Launches Initiative to Recycle More E-Waste|website=VOA|language=en|access-date=2019-05-21}}</ref> Yawancin sassan duniya suna bincike kan hanyoyin da za a iya yiwuwa kuma masu dacewa da muhalli don zubar da sharar lantarki don tsarin gudanarwa na WEEE. An kafa hanyoyin sake yin amfani da su a kasashe da yawa, amma ba a kaddamar da tsarin sarrafa sharar WEEE ba a yawancin kasashe. Dangane da karuwar damuwa na sharar lantarki, an gabatar da 'Dokar Sake Amfani da Albarkatun Kayan Kayan Lantarki na Waste Electric Equipment (WEEE) da Motocin Karshen Rayuwa' a cikin shekara t 2007. Wannan aikin yana da nufin rage adadin e-sharar da ke karewa a wuraren sharar kasa da incinerators, da inganta aiki da tsawon rayuwar irin wadannan na'urorin lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ewit.site/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Korea_Recycling_Management_Electronic_Waste-2011.pdf |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-03-14 |archive-date=2023-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321144659/https://ewit.site/wp-content/uploads/2016/10/Korea_Recycling_Management_Electronic_Waste-2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Doka == === Dokar sarrafa shara === An fara gabatar da dokar sarrafa shara a cikin shekara ta 1986. Ya ba da tsarin cewa sarrafa sharar ba kawai game da tsarewa ba ne, amma rage sharar kuma. Tun da aka gabatar da shi a cikin shekara ta 1986, akwai Karin al'adar sarrafa sharar gida da hade-hade a Koriya ta Kudu. Gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma ba da tallafin kudade don inganta wannan hanyar sarrafa sharar gida. Ya rufe dukkan magudanan ruwa, daga sharar gida zuwa taki, sharar [[Tarkacen sharar gida|gine-gine da rushewa]], da sharar da ke yaduwa. A cikin shekara ta 1991, Dokar Kula da Taki Dabbobi, Ruwan Shara da Najasa don sarrafa sharar taki daban. A cikin shekara ta 1992, an kafa dokar Ajiye Albarkatu da Inganta Sake amfani da su don daukar sharar gida a matsayin hanya. Dangane da wannan doka, an aiwatar da tsarin biyan kudin sharar karar tare da biyan kudi yayin da kuke jefa ra'ayi wanda ya ba da tallafin doka ga wadanda ke zaune kusa da wuraren zubar da shara. === Al'ummar da ba ta dace ba === Koriya ta Kudu tana aiki don zama al'ummar da ba ta da sharar gida, da nufin cimma kashi 3% na sharar gida da kuma kashi 87% na sake fa'ida nan da 2020. Ana shirin tsawaita wannan amincewa har zuwa shekara ta 2025 saboda rikice-rikice da koma baya tsakanin masu ruwa da tsaki. === Manufar sharar gida-da-makamashi === Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta Koriya ta Kudu (MOE) ta inganta manufofin sharar gida da makamashi don habaka kimar dogaro da kai na Koriya ta Kudu. Manufar ita ce rage tsadar sharar da ake kashewa ta hanyar konawa da kuma zubar da shara. Don samar da wutar lantarki, man fetur, da dumama, ana amfani da iskar gas, tarkacen itace, sharar gida, da sauran sharar gida don jujjuya makamashi. Samar da makamashi ta hanyar sharar gida yana da 10% mai rahusa fiye da hasken rana, kuma 66% mai rahusa fiye da wutar lantarki Wannan ya tabbatar da ita ce hanya mafi inganci ta samar da makamashi. A cikin 2012, kawai 3.18% na sabbin makamashi da sabuntawa aka samar, amma gwamnatin Koriya ta Kudu na fatan Kara yawan kashi zuwa 20% nan da 2050. == Kalubalen kwanan nan == Kasar Sin ta kasance wurin zubar da robobi a duniya tsawon lokaci. A cikin shekara ta 1990, kasar Sin ta ga robobin da aka jefar a matsayin riba, kuma Sinawa sun sake kirkiro robobin zuwa kananan guda, da za a iya fitar da su daga waje. Har ila yau, ya kasance mai rahusa ga kasashe su fitar da robobin su zuwa China fiye da jefar da kansu. A watan Nuwamban shekarar 2017, kasar Sin ta daina karbar gurbataccen robobi. Wannan robobin da aka ki ya zama makwabta kamar Thailand, Vietnam, Philippines, da Koriya ta Kudu. Yanzu, kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya sun fara kin wannan sharar su ma. A watan Agustan 2018, Vietnam ta gabatar da tsauraran takunkumi kan shigo da tarkacen filastik. Kasar Thailand ta bi sahun kasar, inda ta sanar da haramta amfani da na'urorin lantarki. A watan Oktoban shekara ta 2018, Malesiya ta kuma ba da sanarwar hana shigo da tarkacen leda. A farkon watan Janairun shekara ta 2019, Philippines ta yi watsi da tan 1,200 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da ake ganin ba za a sake yin amfani da su ba. An mayar da shi Koriya ta Kudu a cikin kwantena guda 51 cike da shara. Bugu da kari, an gano ton 5,100 na sharar Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines ta shigo da su ba bisa ka'ida ba. Wannan sharar ta kunshi batura, kwararan fitila, bututun dextrose da aka yi amfani da su, kayan lantarki da nappies. Koriya ta Kudu da Philippines na tattaunawa kan yadda ya kamata a maido da sharar gida. == Manazarta == [[Category:Dokoki]] [[Category:Dokar Najeriya]] [[Category:Doka]] [[Category:Hakkin Dan Adam]] [[Category:Hakkoki]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 435ezngl29oa9sc1i6qfd6ujl6cbaze 0 30190 914985 506020 2026-09-02T16:29:52Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Waste_disposal-landfill.jpg |thumb| Tulin Shara]] [[Fayil:Bola (Juji).jpg|thumb]] [[File:Garbage_1.jpg |thumb|Bola ]] '''Dokar ciniki da sharar gida ta 2003''' (c 33) doka ce ta Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya . Farar takarda "tana daga cikin sharar gida a shekarata 2000: Ingila da Wales" ( Cm 4693) shine farkon wannan Dokar. <ref>Explanatory notes, [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/33/notes/division/2 paragraph 4]</ref> == Part 1 - Sharar gida == An kuma yi nufin wannan Sashe ne don ya ba da tasiri ga batutuwa na 5 (1) da (2) na Dokar Majalisar shekarata 1999/31/EC (OJ L 182, 16 Yuli 1999, shafi na 1). <ref>Explanatory notes, [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/33/notes/division/2 paragraph 4]</ref> Ikon da aka ba da sashe na 6 da 7 da 10 zuwa 13 da 15 da 16 da 26 an yi amfani da su ta Dokokin Ba [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/3212/contents/made da izini na Landfill da Tsarin Kasuwanci (Ingila) 2004] (SI 2004/3212) da Tsarin Ba da [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2004/416/contents/made izinin Landfill (] Dokokin Arewa20) 04 SI 2004/416) Ikon da sashe na 10 zuwa 13 da 15 da 16 da 26 da 36 suka ba da su an yi amfani da su ta Ƙa'idojin Ba da Lamuni na [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2004/1490/contents/made Landfill (Wales) 2004] (SI 2004/1490 (W. 155))) Ikon da sashe na 11 (1) da 11 (2) (b) da (d) da (f) da 11 (3) da 12 (1) da (4) da 24 (1) (c) da 26 suka bayar. 3) An yi amfani da su ta Tsarin Ba da [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2011/2555/introduction/made izinin Landfill (Wales) (gyara) Dokokin 2011] (SI 2011/2555 (W. 279) Ikon da sashe na 6 da 7 da 10 zuwa 13 da 15 da 16 da 26 da 36 suka ba da su an yi amfani da su ta Ƙa'idojin Ba da [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2005/157/contents/made izini na Landfill (Scotland) 2005] (SSI 2005/157) Ikon da sassan 6 da 10 zuwa 12 da 15 da 26 suka bayar an yi amfani da su ta hanyar Tsarin Ba da [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2011/373/contents/made izini na Landfill (gyara) Dokokin (Northern Ireland) 2011] (SR 2011/373) da kuma ta Sashe na 3 na Dokar [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/2499/contents/made Kasuwancin Sharar gida da Fitarwa 2003 (] Amend). [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2011/2499/contents/made Dokokin 2011] (SI 2011/2499) don gyara Dokokin Ba da izini da Tsarin Kasuwanci (Ingila) 2004. === Sashi na 11 - Dokokin tsari === [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2009/46/contents/made Tsarin Ba da izinin ƙasa (gyara) Dokokin (Arewacin Ireland) 2009] (SR 2009/46) an yi su ƙarƙashin sashe na 11(2). === Sashi na 26 - Hukunce-hukunce karkashin Babi na 1: na gaba daya === [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2005/588/contents/made Tsarin ba da izinin ƙasa (gyara) Dokokin (Arewacin Ireland) 2005] (SR 2005/208) an yi su ƙarƙashin sashe na 26(3). [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2005/880/contents/made The Landfill Allowances and Trading Scheme (Ingila) (gyara) Dokokin 2005] (SI 2005/880) an yi a ƙarƙashin sashe na 26(3)(a). == Sashi na 40 - Farawa == An yi umarni masu zuwa a ƙarƙashin wannan sashe: * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/1163/contents/made Dokar ciniki da sharar gida ta 2003 (Farawa No. 1) Order 2004] (SI 2004/1163 (C. 49)) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/1874/contents/made Dokar ciniki da sharar gida ta 2003 (Farawa No. 2) Order 2004] (SI 2004/1874 (C. 80)) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/3192/contents/made Dokar ciniki da sharar gida ta 2003 (Farawa No. 3) Order 2004] (SI 2004/3192 (C. 138)) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/3320/contents/made Dokar Kasuwancin Sharar gida ta 2003 (Farawa No. 1) (Great Biritaniya) Order 2004] (SI 2004/3320 (C. 152)) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/3319/contents/made Dokar Kasuwancin Sharar gida da Fitarwa ta 2003 (Farawa Lamba 1) (Ingila da Wales) Order 2004] (SI 2004/3319 (C. 151)) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/3181/contents/made Dokar ciniki da sharar gida ta 2003 (Farawa No. 1) (Ingila) Order 2004] (SI 2004/3181 (C. 137))) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2004/3321/contents/made Dokar Kasuwancin Sharar gida ta 2003 (Farawa No. 2) (Ingila) Order 2004] (SI 2004/3321 (C. 153)) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/wsi/2004/1488/contents/made Dokar ciniki da sharar gida ta 2003 (Farawa) (Wales) Order 2004] (SI 2004/1488 (W. 153)) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ssi/2005/52/contents/made Dokar Kasuwancin Sharar gida da Fitarwa ta 2003 (Farawa) (Scotland) Order 2005] (SSI 2005/52 (C. 4))) * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/nisr/2004/399/contents/made Dokar ciniki da sharar gida ta 2003 (Farawa No. 1) oda (Arewacin Ireland) 2004] (SR 2004/399 (C. 19)) == Manazarta == * Dokokin Halsbury , {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/33/contents Dokar ciniki da sharar gida ta 2003], kamar yadda aka yi wa kwaskwarima daga National Archives . * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/33/contents/enacted Dokar ciniki da sharar gida ta 2003], kamar yadda aka fara aiwatar da ita daga National Archives . * [http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2003/33/notes/contents Bayanin bayanin kula] ga Dokokin Kasuwancin Sharar gida da Fitarwa na 2003. [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lggjan6z6yjxv7yr42fbfwkme0c22ne 0 30205 914899 914738 2026-09-02T14:26:41Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Lantarki */ 914899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:VIEW_OF_MAIN_CANAL_AND_WASTEGATE_ABUTMENTS_IMMEDIATELY_SOUTH_OF_THE_HEADGATE_-_Snake_River_Valley_Irrigation_District,_East_Side_of_Snake_River_(River_Mile_796),_Shelley,_Bingham_HAER_ID,6-SHEL.V,1-12.tif |thumb|Main Canal and Wastegate]] [[File:Wastegate-Lader.jpg |thumb|Wastegate ]] [[File:Mitochondrial electron transport chain—Etc4-ms.svg|thumb|yanda akeyi transfer din Gas]] '''Sharar''' gida bawul ne dake sarrafa kwararar [[Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas|iskar gas]] zuwa injin turbocharged.<ref name="ATC">Robson, D. (2018). Aircraft General Knowledge. Aviation Theory Centre Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-875537-11-2}}.</ref><ref name="DW Performace">{{Cite web |title=dwperformance.com |url=http://www.dwperformance.com/kommerce_productdata.aspx?class=155 |access-date=2022-03-15 |archive-date=2010-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028012027/http://www.dwperformance.com/kommerce_productdata.aspx?class=155 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karkatar da iskar gas mai fitar da iskar gas yana daidaita saurin turbine wanda hakan ke daidaita saurin jujjuyawar kwampreso. Babban aiki na sharar gida shine daidaita matsakaicin matsa lamba a cikin tsarin turbocharger, don kare injin da turbocharger. Kuma Ɗaya daga cikin fa'ida na shigar da sharar gida mai nisa zuwa turbo mai kyauta (ko wanda ba WG ba) ya haɗa da izini don ƙaramin gidaje na turbine A/R, yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin lokaci kafin turbo ya fara spool da haɓaka. <ref name="DW Performace"/><ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/story/2010/03/100302_majalisarudani</ref> == Nau'in sharar gida == === Na waje === [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (3).jpg|thumb]] Wurin sharar gida, wani keɓantaccen tsari ne mai ƙunshe da kai wanda yawanci ana amfani da shi tare da turbochargers waɗanda ba su da sharar gida. Ƙofar sharar gida tana buƙatar ƙera na musamman turbo manifold tare da keɓe mai gudu zuwa ga sharar gida. Sannan Kuma Ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida na waje na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na sharar gida da kanta. Ana kuma amfani da ɓangarorin waje na waje don daidaita matakan haɓaka daidai gwargwado fiye da sharar gida a cikin manyan aikace-aikacen wutar lantarki, inda za a iya samun manyan matakan haɓakawa. Wuraren sharar gida na iya zama mafi girma tun da babu wani ƙuntatawa na haɗa bawul ko bazara a cikin turbocharger da gidaje na turbine. Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da gate mai sharar gida tare da turbocharger na ciki. Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar ɓangarorin da aka kera na musamman mai sauƙi wanda ke toshewa tare da taƙaita motsin hannun mai kunnawa, tare da kiyaye shi daga buɗewa. Kuma Wata hanya kuma ta haɗa da walda mashigar sharar gida wanda ke hana shi buɗewa har abada, amma gazawar walda na iya ba shi damar sake buɗewa. Sharar gida gabaɗaya suna amfani da bawul mai kama da bawul ɗin poppet dsilinda. mu a kan silinda Sannan Koyaya ana sarrafa su ta hanyar pneumatics maimakon camshaft kuma suna buɗewa ta wata hanya. Har ila yau, sharar gida na waje na iya amfani da bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido, kodayake hakan ba shi da yawa. {| |[[File:Internalgate_vf39.jpg|thumb| Turbocharger na ciki. Ƙofar ciki tana hannun dama na motar turbine, amma an gina shi a cikin gidaje na turbine. Wani bangare da ake gani a saman shine sharar gida.]] |[[File:Turboexternalgate.jpg|thumb| Wurin sharar gida da aka sanya kusa da turbocharger.]] |[[File:Dualportwastegate.jpg|thumb| Tashar jiragen ruwa biyu Tial {{Convert|44|mm|in|1}} sharar gida. Tashar ta gefe ita ce tashar farko. Babban tashar jiragen ruwa shine tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu kuma ba lallai ba ne don aiki mai kyau.]] |} === Na ciki === Wurin sharar gida shi ne ginannen bawul ɗin kewayawa da wucewa a cikin mahalli na turbocharger wanda ke ba da izinin wuce gona da iri don ketare injin ɗin zuwa cikin shayewar ƙasa. Sannan Sarrafa bawul ɗin sharar gida ta hanyar siginar matsa lamba daga mahaɗar abun ciki iri ɗaya ne da na ƙofar sharar gida. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙarancin shigarwa, ba tare da bututun sharar gida na waje ba. Bugu da ƙari, duk iskar gas ɗin sharar gida ana sake tura su ta atomatik zuwa cikin na'ura mai jujjuyawa da tsarin shaye-shaye. Yawancin OEM turbochargers suna da irin wannan. Kuma Lalacewar idan aka kwatanta da sharar gida ta waje sun haɗa da iyakataccen ikon zubar da jini daga matsin shayewa saboda ɗan ƙaramin diamita na bawul ɗin kewayawa na ciki, da ƙarancin aiki mai inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakawa. == Ƙarar yanayi/waɗanda aka kashe aure == Ƙofar sharar gida “wanda aka rabu” tana zubar da iskar gas kai tsaye zuwa sararin samaniya, maimakon mayar da su da sauran sharar injin. Sannan Ana kuma yin wannan don hana tashin hankali zuwa magudanar ruwa da kuma rage jimlar matsa lamba na baya a cikin tsarin shaye-shaye. Kuma Bututun juji da aka kashe ana kiransa bututun mai kururuwa saboda iskar gas mai sharar da ba a rufe ba da kuma ƙarar da suke yi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2018}} == Sarrafa == === Manual === Mafi sauƙin sarrafawa don sharar gida shine haɗin haɗin injiniya wanda ke bawa mai aiki damar sarrafa matsayin bawul ɗin sharar gida kai tsaye. Kuma Ana amfani da wannan kulawar da hannu a cikin wasu jiragen sama masu cajin turbo. === Cutar huhu === Mafi sauƙaƙan sarrafa madauki na rufaffiyar sharar gida shine don samar da matsa lamba kai tsaye daga gefen cajin iska zuwa mai kunna sharar gida. Karamin tiyo na iya haɗawa daga mashin ɗin turbocharger compressor, cajin bututu, ko yawan abin sha zuwa kan nono a kan mai kunna sharar gida. Sannan Sharar gida za ta kara buɗewa yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka ke matsawa da ƙarfin bazara a cikin injin sharar gida har sai an sami daidaito. Ana iya ƙara ƙarin kulawar hankali ta hanyar haɗa mai sarrafa haɓakar lantarki. Madaidaitan sharar gida suna da tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don haɗa layin sarrafa haɓakawa daga layin samar da iska ko haɓaka solenoid mai ƙarfi. Cigaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin injinan sharar gida na ciki yana kawo sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa biyu. Sharar gida ta tashar jiragen ruwa biyu tana ƙara tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu a kishiyar ɓangaren mai kunnawa. Matsin iska da aka ba da izinin shiga wannan tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu yana taimaka wa bazara don ƙara matsawa zuwa hanyar rufe sharar gida. Kuma Wannan shi ne daidai kishiyar tashar tashar farko. Ƙarfin taimakawa wurin sharar gida ya kasance a rufe yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka yana iya ƙaruwa. Wannan kuma yana ƙara ƙarin rikitarwa don haɓaka sarrafawa, yana buƙatar ƙarin tashoshin sarrafawa akan solenoid ko yuwuwar cikakken tsarin sarrafa haɓakawa na biyu tare da nasa solenoid na daban. To amfi Amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu ba lallai ba ne. Tashar jiragen ruwa na sakandare, ba kamar tashoshin jiragen ruwa na farko ba, ba za a iya haɗa su da layin sarrafawa kawai kuma ''suna buƙatar'' sarrafa lantarki ko na hannu don zama masu amfani. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da CO ₂ don amfani da matsa lamba zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu, don sarrafa haɓakawa akan matakin mafi kyau. === Lantarki === Wasu injunan jiragen sama na shekaraa ta 1940 sun ƙunshi tarkace masu sarrafa wutar lantarki, irin su Wright R-1820 akan B-17 Flying Fortress. General Electric shine babban mai kera waɗannan tsarin. Kasancewa kafin shekarun kwamfutoci, gabaɗayan su analog ne. Matukin jirgi suna da iko don zaɓar matakan haɓaka daban-daban. Ba da daɗewa ba ɓangarorin lantarki sun ɓace saboda falsafar ƙira waɗanda suka ba da umarnin rabuwa da sarrafa injin da tsarin lantarki.<nowiki></br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> An fara a cikin shekarar ƙirar ta 2011 injin mai nauyin lita 2.0 Theta II turbocharged mai kai tsaye allurar (GDI) da aka gabatar a cikin Hyundai Sonata ya haɗa da PCM mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ta servo wastegate actuator. Wannan yana ba da damar dabarun sarrafa haɓakar haɓakawa wanda ke rage matsi na baya da aka haifar da turbocharger ta hanyar buɗe sharar gida lokacin da ba a buƙatar haɓakar turbo, Kuma yana haifar da ingantaccen tattalin arzikin mai. Hakanan ana buɗe ƙofar sharar gida yayin farawa sanyi don rage hayaki ta hanyar hanzarta kashe hasken farko. <nowiki></br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> An fara a watan Nuwamba 2015, Mafarkin Duniya na Honda kai tsaye alluran injunan turbocharged tare da matsugunin lita 1.5 suna amfani da sharar gida ta ECU. An fara gabatar da wannan a cikin ƙirar Honda Civic 2016 kuma CR-V ta biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2017. A cikin 2018 1.5L da 2.0L turbocharged kai tsaye allurar injuna sun maye gurbin 2.4L da 3.6L 6 Silinda da aka saba nema a cikin yarjejeniyar Honda. === Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa === Yawancin jirage na zamani masu turbocharged suna amfani da sarrafa sharar gida na ruwa tare da man inji a matsayin ruwa. Sannan Tsarika daga Lycoming da Continental suna aiki akan ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kuma suna amfani da sassa iri ɗaya waɗanda suka bambanta da suna kawai. A cikin mai ''kunna sharar gida'', wani marmaro yana aiki don buɗe sharar gida, kuma matsin mai yana aiki don rufe sharar gida. Kuma A gefen fitar da mai na mai kunna sharar gida yana zaune da ''mai sarrafa yawa'', bawul ɗin mai mai sarrafa iska wanda ke jin matsin bene na sama kuma yana sarrafa yadda mai zai iya zubar da sauri daga mai kunna sharar gida zuwa injin. Yayin da jirgin ke hawa kuma yawan iska ya ragu, mai sarrafa mai yawa a hankali yana rufe bawul ɗin ya kama mai da yawa a cikin injin sharar gida, yana rufe sharar gida don ƙara saurin turbocharger da kiyaye ƙarfin ƙima. Wasu tsare-tsare kuma suna amfani da na'ura mai ''sarrafa matsi na daban'' wanda ke fahimtar matsi na iska a kowane gefen farantin magudanar kuma yana daidaita ɓangarorin sharar gida don kula da saiti. Wannan yana kula da ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin ƙaramin aikin turbocharger da saurin spool-up lokaci, kuma yana hana hawan jini sakamakon tasirin bootstrapping. == Girman sharar gida == Girman sharar gida ya yi daidai da matakin haɓaka da ake so kuma ya ɗan ɗan bambanta da girman ko ƙarfin injin. Jagoran dillali ɗaya don girman gate ɗin sharar gida shine kamar haka: * babban turbo / ƙaramar haɓakawa = babban sharar gida * babban turbo / babban haɓaka = ƙarami mai sharar gida * ƙaramin turbo / ƙaramar haɓakawa = babban sharar gida * ƙaramin turbo / haɓaka mai girma = ƙarami mai sharar gida Duk da haka, shaye-shaye kwarara shine tasirin iko. Don haka, wani jadawalin yanke shawara yakamata yayi kama da wannan. * babban turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko = ƙaramin gate mai shara * babban turbo/karamin inji/babban iko = babban sharar gida * karamin turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko = karamin kofar shara * babban turbo / babban injin / ƙaramin ƙarfi = matsakaicin sharar gida * karamin turbo/babban inji/kowane matakin wuta = babban sharar gida -->Dalilin haka shi ne cewa karamin injin injin din zai yi kokarin tsallakewa daga wuce haddi na iskar gas. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Gudanar da Aiki ta atomatik (APC) * Juji bawul * Recirculation Gas (EGR) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4vsgk53ryx3towni4gyfllw5pr56l9p 914900 914899 2026-09-02T14:27:17Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Lantarki */ 914900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:VIEW_OF_MAIN_CANAL_AND_WASTEGATE_ABUTMENTS_IMMEDIATELY_SOUTH_OF_THE_HEADGATE_-_Snake_River_Valley_Irrigation_District,_East_Side_of_Snake_River_(River_Mile_796),_Shelley,_Bingham_HAER_ID,6-SHEL.V,1-12.tif |thumb|Main Canal and Wastegate]] [[File:Wastegate-Lader.jpg |thumb|Wastegate ]] [[File:Mitochondrial electron transport chain—Etc4-ms.svg|thumb|yanda akeyi transfer din Gas]] '''Sharar''' gida bawul ne dake sarrafa kwararar [[Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas|iskar gas]] zuwa injin turbocharged.<ref name="ATC">Robson, D. (2018). Aircraft General Knowledge. Aviation Theory Centre Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-875537-11-2}}.</ref><ref name="DW Performace">{{Cite web |title=dwperformance.com |url=http://www.dwperformance.com/kommerce_productdata.aspx?class=155 |access-date=2022-03-15 |archive-date=2010-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028012027/http://www.dwperformance.com/kommerce_productdata.aspx?class=155 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karkatar da iskar gas mai fitar da iskar gas yana daidaita saurin turbine wanda hakan ke daidaita saurin jujjuyawar kwampreso. Babban aiki na sharar gida shine daidaita matsakaicin matsa lamba a cikin tsarin turbocharger, don kare injin da turbocharger. Kuma Ɗaya daga cikin fa'ida na shigar da sharar gida mai nisa zuwa turbo mai kyauta (ko wanda ba WG ba) ya haɗa da izini don ƙaramin gidaje na turbine A/R, yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin lokaci kafin turbo ya fara spool da haɓaka. <ref name="DW Performace"/><ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/story/2010/03/100302_majalisarudani</ref> == Nau'in sharar gida == === Na waje === [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (3).jpg|thumb]] Wurin sharar gida, wani keɓantaccen tsari ne mai ƙunshe da kai wanda yawanci ana amfani da shi tare da turbochargers waɗanda ba su da sharar gida. Ƙofar sharar gida tana buƙatar ƙera na musamman turbo manifold tare da keɓe mai gudu zuwa ga sharar gida. Sannan Kuma Ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida na waje na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na sharar gida da kanta. Ana kuma amfani da ɓangarorin waje na waje don daidaita matakan haɓaka daidai gwargwado fiye da sharar gida a cikin manyan aikace-aikacen wutar lantarki, inda za a iya samun manyan matakan haɓakawa. Wuraren sharar gida na iya zama mafi girma tun da babu wani ƙuntatawa na haɗa bawul ko bazara a cikin turbocharger da gidaje na turbine. Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da gate mai sharar gida tare da turbocharger na ciki. Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar ɓangarorin da aka kera na musamman mai sauƙi wanda ke toshewa tare da taƙaita motsin hannun mai kunnawa, tare da kiyaye shi daga buɗewa. Kuma Wata hanya kuma ta haɗa da walda mashigar sharar gida wanda ke hana shi buɗewa har abada, amma gazawar walda na iya ba shi damar sake buɗewa. Sharar gida gabaɗaya suna amfani da bawul mai kama da bawul ɗin poppet dsilinda. mu a kan silinda Sannan Koyaya ana sarrafa su ta hanyar pneumatics maimakon camshaft kuma suna buɗewa ta wata hanya. Har ila yau, sharar gida na waje na iya amfani da bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido, kodayake hakan ba shi da yawa. {| |[[File:Internalgate_vf39.jpg|thumb| Turbocharger na ciki. Ƙofar ciki tana hannun dama na motar turbine, amma an gina shi a cikin gidaje na turbine. Wani bangare da ake gani a saman shine sharar gida.]] |[[File:Turboexternalgate.jpg|thumb| Wurin sharar gida da aka sanya kusa da turbocharger.]] |[[File:Dualportwastegate.jpg|thumb| Tashar jiragen ruwa biyu Tial {{Convert|44|mm|in|1}} sharar gida. Tashar ta gefe ita ce tashar farko. Babban tashar jiragen ruwa shine tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu kuma ba lallai ba ne don aiki mai kyau.]] |} === Na ciki === Wurin sharar gida shi ne ginannen bawul ɗin kewayawa da wucewa a cikin mahalli na turbocharger wanda ke ba da izinin wuce gona da iri don ketare injin ɗin zuwa cikin shayewar ƙasa. Sannan Sarrafa bawul ɗin sharar gida ta hanyar siginar matsa lamba daga mahaɗar abun ciki iri ɗaya ne da na ƙofar sharar gida. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙarancin shigarwa, ba tare da bututun sharar gida na waje ba. Bugu da ƙari, duk iskar gas ɗin sharar gida ana sake tura su ta atomatik zuwa cikin na'ura mai jujjuyawa da tsarin shaye-shaye. Yawancin OEM turbochargers suna da irin wannan. Kuma Lalacewar idan aka kwatanta da sharar gida ta waje sun haɗa da iyakataccen ikon zubar da jini daga matsin shayewa saboda ɗan ƙaramin diamita na bawul ɗin kewayawa na ciki, da ƙarancin aiki mai inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakawa. == Ƙarar yanayi/waɗanda aka kashe aure == Ƙofar sharar gida “wanda aka rabu” tana zubar da iskar gas kai tsaye zuwa sararin samaniya, maimakon mayar da su da sauran sharar injin. Sannan Ana kuma yin wannan don hana tashin hankali zuwa magudanar ruwa da kuma rage jimlar matsa lamba na baya a cikin tsarin shaye-shaye. Kuma Bututun juji da aka kashe ana kiransa bututun mai kururuwa saboda iskar gas mai sharar da ba a rufe ba da kuma ƙarar da suke yi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2018}} == Sarrafa == === Manual === Mafi sauƙin sarrafawa don sharar gida shine haɗin haɗin injiniya wanda ke bawa mai aiki damar sarrafa matsayin bawul ɗin sharar gida kai tsaye. Kuma Ana amfani da wannan kulawar da hannu a cikin wasu jiragen sama masu cajin turbo. === Cutar huhu === Mafi sauƙaƙan sarrafa madauki na rufaffiyar sharar gida shine don samar da matsa lamba kai tsaye daga gefen cajin iska zuwa mai kunna sharar gida. Karamin tiyo na iya haɗawa daga mashin ɗin turbocharger compressor, cajin bututu, ko yawan abin sha zuwa kan nono a kan mai kunna sharar gida. Sannan Sharar gida za ta kara buɗewa yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka ke matsawa da ƙarfin bazara a cikin injin sharar gida har sai an sami daidaito. Ana iya ƙara ƙarin kulawar hankali ta hanyar haɗa mai sarrafa haɓakar lantarki. Madaidaitan sharar gida suna da tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don haɗa layin sarrafa haɓakawa daga layin samar da iska ko haɓaka solenoid mai ƙarfi. Cigaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin injinan sharar gida na ciki yana kawo sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa biyu. Sharar gida ta tashar jiragen ruwa biyu tana ƙara tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu a kishiyar ɓangaren mai kunnawa. Matsin iska da aka ba da izinin shiga wannan tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu yana taimaka wa bazara don ƙara matsawa zuwa hanyar rufe sharar gida. Kuma Wannan shi ne daidai kishiyar tashar tashar farko. Ƙarfin taimakawa wurin sharar gida ya kasance a rufe yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka yana iya ƙaruwa. Wannan kuma yana ƙara ƙarin rikitarwa don haɓaka sarrafawa, yana buƙatar ƙarin tashoshin sarrafawa akan solenoid ko yuwuwar cikakken tsarin sarrafa haɓakawa na biyu tare da nasa solenoid na daban. To amfi Amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu ba lallai ba ne. Tashar jiragen ruwa na sakandare, ba kamar tashoshin jiragen ruwa na farko ba, ba za a iya haɗa su da layin sarrafawa kawai kuma ''suna buƙatar'' sarrafa lantarki ko na hannu don zama masu amfani. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da CO ₂ don amfani da matsa lamba zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu, don sarrafa haɓakawa akan matakin mafi kyau. === Lantarki === Wasu injunan jiragen sama na shekara ta 1940 sun ƙunshi tarkace masu sarrafa wutar lantarki, irin su Wright R-1820 akan B-17 Flying Fortress. General Electric shine babban mai kera waɗannan tsarin. Kasancewa kafin shekarun kwamfutoci, gabaɗayan su analog ne. Matukin jirgi suna da iko don zaɓar matakan haɓaka daban-daban. Ba da daɗewa ba ɓangarorin lantarki sun ɓace saboda falsafar ƙira waɗanda suka ba da umarnin rabuwa da sarrafa injin da tsarin lantarki.<nowiki></br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> An fara a cikin shekarar ƙirar ta 2011 injin mai nauyin lita 2.0 Theta II turbocharged mai kai tsaye allurar (GDI) da aka gabatar a cikin Hyundai Sonata ya haɗa da PCM mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ta servo wastegate actuator. Wannan yana ba da damar dabarun sarrafa haɓakar haɓakawa wanda ke rage matsi na baya da aka haifar da turbocharger ta hanyar buɗe sharar gida lokacin da ba a buƙatar haɓakar turbo, Kuma yana haifar da ingantaccen tattalin arzikin mai. Hakanan ana buɗe ƙofar sharar gida yayin farawa sanyi don rage hayaki ta hanyar hanzarta kashe hasken farko. <nowiki></br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> An fara a watan Nuwamba 2015, Mafarkin Duniya na Honda kai tsaye alluran injunan turbocharged tare da matsugunin lita 1.5 suna amfani da sharar gida ta ECU. An fara gabatar da wannan a cikin ƙirar Honda Civic 2016 kuma CR-V ta biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2017. A cikin 2018 1.5L da 2.0L turbocharged kai tsaye allurar injuna sun maye gurbin 2.4L da 3.6L 6 Silinda da aka saba nema a cikin yarjejeniyar Honda. === Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa === Yawancin jirage na zamani masu turbocharged suna amfani da sarrafa sharar gida na ruwa tare da man inji a matsayin ruwa. Sannan Tsarika daga Lycoming da Continental suna aiki akan ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kuma suna amfani da sassa iri ɗaya waɗanda suka bambanta da suna kawai. A cikin mai ''kunna sharar gida'', wani marmaro yana aiki don buɗe sharar gida, kuma matsin mai yana aiki don rufe sharar gida. Kuma A gefen fitar da mai na mai kunna sharar gida yana zaune da ''mai sarrafa yawa'', bawul ɗin mai mai sarrafa iska wanda ke jin matsin bene na sama kuma yana sarrafa yadda mai zai iya zubar da sauri daga mai kunna sharar gida zuwa injin. Yayin da jirgin ke hawa kuma yawan iska ya ragu, mai sarrafa mai yawa a hankali yana rufe bawul ɗin ya kama mai da yawa a cikin injin sharar gida, yana rufe sharar gida don ƙara saurin turbocharger da kiyaye ƙarfin ƙima. Wasu tsare-tsare kuma suna amfani da na'ura mai ''sarrafa matsi na daban'' wanda ke fahimtar matsi na iska a kowane gefen farantin magudanar kuma yana daidaita ɓangarorin sharar gida don kula da saiti. Wannan yana kula da ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin ƙaramin aikin turbocharger da saurin spool-up lokaci, kuma yana hana hawan jini sakamakon tasirin bootstrapping. == Girman sharar gida == Girman sharar gida ya yi daidai da matakin haɓaka da ake so kuma ya ɗan ɗan bambanta da girman ko ƙarfin injin. Jagoran dillali ɗaya don girman gate ɗin sharar gida shine kamar haka: * babban turbo / ƙaramar haɓakawa = babban sharar gida * babban turbo / babban haɓaka = ƙarami mai sharar gida * ƙaramin turbo / ƙaramar haɓakawa = babban sharar gida * ƙaramin turbo / haɓaka mai girma = ƙarami mai sharar gida Duk da haka, shaye-shaye kwarara shine tasirin iko. Don haka, wani jadawalin yanke shawara yakamata yayi kama da wannan. * babban turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko = ƙaramin gate mai shara * babban turbo/karamin inji/babban iko = babban sharar gida * karamin turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko = karamin kofar shara * babban turbo / babban injin / ƙaramin ƙarfi = matsakaicin sharar gida * karamin turbo/babban inji/kowane matakin wuta = babban sharar gida -->Dalilin haka shi ne cewa karamin injin injin din zai yi kokarin tsallakewa daga wuce haddi na iskar gas. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Gudanar da Aiki ta atomatik (APC) * Juji bawul * Recirculation Gas (EGR) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rl8jl30qlzs77au405mbqv92hkivhyh 914964 914900 2026-09-02T16:20:59Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:VIEW_OF_MAIN_CANAL_AND_WASTEGATE_ABUTMENTS_IMMEDIATELY_SOUTH_OF_THE_HEADGATE_-_Snake_River_Valley_Irrigation_District,_East_Side_of_Snake_River_(River_Mile_796),_Shelley,_Bingham_HAER_ID,6-SHEL.V,1-12.tif |thumb|Main Canal and Wastegate]] [[File:Wastegate-Lader.jpg |thumb|Wastegate ]] [[File:Mitochondrial electron transport chain—Etc4-ms.svg|thumb|yanda akeyi transfer din Gas]] '''Sharar''' gida bawul ne dake sarrafa kwararar [[Fitar gurbataccen hayakin gas|iskar gas]] zuwa injin turbocharged.<ref name="ATC">Robson, D. (2018). Aircraft General Knowledge. Aviation Theory Centre Pty Ltd. {{ISBN|978-1-875537-11-2}}.</ref><ref name="DW Performace">{{Cite web |title=dwperformance.com |url=http://www.dwperformance.com/kommerce_productdata.aspx?class=155 |access-date=2022-03-15 |archive-date=2010-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101028012027/http://www.dwperformance.com/kommerce_productdata.aspx?class=155 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Karkatar da iskar gas mai fitar da iskar gas yana daidaita saurin turbine wanda hakan ke daidaita saurin jujjuyawar kwampreso. Babban aiki na sharar gida shine daidaita matsakaicin matsa lamba a cikin tsarin turbocharger, don kare injin da turbocharger. Kuma Ɗaya daga cikin fa'ida na shigar da sharar gida mai nisa zuwa turbo mai kyauta (ko wanda ba WG ba) ya haɗa da izini don ƙaramin gidaje na turbine A/R, yana haifar da ƙarancin ƙarancin lokaci kafin turbo ya fara spool da haɓaka. <ref name="DW Performace"/><ref>https://www.bbc.com/hausa/news/story/2010/03/100302_majalisarudani</ref> == Nau'in sharar gida == === Na waje === [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (3).jpg|thumb]] Wurin sharar gida, wani keɓantaccen tsari ne mai ƙunshe da kai wanda yawanci ana amfani da shi tare da turbochargers waɗanda ba su da sharar gida. Ƙofar sharar gida tana buƙatar ƙera na musamman turbo manifold tare da keɓe mai gudu zuwa ga sharar gida. Sannan Kuma Ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida na waje na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na sharar gida da kanta. Ana kuma amfani da ɓangarorin waje na waje don daidaita matakan haɓaka daidai gwargwado fiye da sharar gida a cikin manyan aikace-aikacen wutar lantarki, inda kuma za a iya samun manyan matakan haɓakawa. Wuraren sharar gida na iya zama mafi girma tun da babu wani ƙuntatawa na haɗa bawul ko bazara a cikin turbocharger da gidaje na turbine. Yana yiwuwa a yi amfani da gate mai sharar gida tare da turbocharger na ciki. Ana iya samun wannan ta hanyar ɓangarorin da aka kera na musamman mai sauƙi wanda ke toshewa tare da taƙaita motsin hannun mai kunnawa, tare da kiyaye shi daga buɗewa. Kuma Wata hanya kuma ta haɗa da walda mashigar sharar gida wanda ke hana shi buɗewa har abada, amma gazawar walda na iya ba shi damar sake buɗewa. Sharar gida gabaɗaya suna amfani da bawul mai kama da bawul ɗin poppet dsilinda. mu a kan silinda Sannan Koyaya ana sarrafa su ta hanyar pneumatics maimakon camshaft kuma suna buɗewa ta wata hanya. Har ila yau, sharar gida na waje na iya amfani da bawul ɗin malam buɗe ido, kodayake hakan ba shi da yawa. {| |[[File:Internalgate_vf39.jpg|thumb| Turbocharger na ciki. Ƙofar ciki tana hannun dama na motar turbine, amma an gina shi a cikin gidaje na turbine. Wani bangare da ake gani a saman shine sharar gida.]] |[[File:Turboexternalgate.jpg|thumb| Wurin sharar gida da aka sanya kusa da turbocharger.]] |[[File:Dualportwastegate.jpg|thumb| Tashar jiragen ruwa biyu Tial {{Convert|44|mm|in|1}} sharar gida. Tashar ta gefe ita ce tashar farko. Babban tashar jiragen ruwa shine tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu kuma ba lallai ba ne don aiki mai kyau.]] |} === Na ciki === Wurin sharar gida shi ne ginannen bawul ɗin kewayawa da wucewa a cikin mahalli na turbocharger wanda ke ba da izinin wuce gona da iri don ketare injin ɗin zuwa cikin shayewar ƙasa. Sannan Sarrafa bawul ɗin sharar gida ta hanyar siginar matsa lamba daga mahaɗar abun ciki iri ɗaya ne da na ƙofar sharar gida. Fa'idodin sun haɗa da mafi sauƙi kuma mafi ƙarancin shigarwa, ba tare da bututun sharar gida na waje ba. Bugu da ƙari, duk iskar gas ɗin sharar gida ana sake tura su ta atomatik zuwa cikin na'ura mai jujjuyawa da tsarin shaye-shaye. Yawancin OEM turbochargers suna da irin wannan. Kuma Lalacewar idan aka kwatanta da sharar gida ta waje sun haɗa da iyakataccen ikon zubar da jini daga matsin shayewa saboda ɗan ƙaramin diamita na bawul ɗin kewayawa na ciki, da ƙarancin aiki mai inganci a ƙarƙashin yanayin haɓakawa. == Ƙarar yanayi/waɗanda aka kashe aure == Ƙofar sharar gida “wanda aka rabu” tana zubar da iskar gas kai tsaye zuwa sararin samaniya, maimakon mayar da su da sauran sharar injin. Sannan Ana kuma yin wannan don hana tashin hankali zuwa magudanar ruwa da kuma rage jimlar matsa lamba na baya a cikin tsarin shaye-shaye. Kuma Bututun juji da aka kashe ana kiransa bututun mai kururuwa saboda iskar gas mai sharar da ba a rufe ba da kuma ƙarar da suke yi.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2018}} == Sarrafa == === Manual === Mafi sauƙin sarrafawa don sharar gida shine haɗin haɗin injiniya wanda ke bawa mai aiki damar sarrafa matsayin bawul ɗin sharar gida kai tsaye. Kuma Ana amfani da wannan kulawar da hannu a cikin wasu jiragen sama masu cajin turbo. === Cutar huhu === Mafi sauƙaƙan sarrafa madauki na rufaffiyar sharar gida shine don samar da matsa lamba kai tsaye daga gefen cajin iska zuwa mai kunna sharar gida. Karamin tiyo na iya haɗawa daga mashin ɗin turbocharger compressor, cajin bututu, ko yawan abin sha zuwa kan nono a kan mai kunna sharar gida. Sannan Sharar gida za ta kara buɗewa yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka ke matsawa da ƙarfin bazara a cikin injin sharar gida har sai an sami daidaito. Ana iya ƙara ƙarin kulawar hankali ta hanyar haɗa mai sarrafa haɓakar lantarki. Madaidaitan sharar gida suna da tashar jiragen ruwa guda ɗaya don haɗa layin sarrafa haɓakawa daga layin samar da iska ko haɓaka solenoid mai ƙarfi. Cigaba na baya-bayan nan a cikin injinan sharar gida na ciki yana kawo sarrafa tashar jiragen ruwa biyu. Sharar gida ta tashar jiragen ruwa biyu tana ƙara tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu a kishiyar ɓangaren mai kunnawa. Matsin iska da aka ba da izinin shiga wannan tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu yana taimaka wa bazara don ƙara matsawa zuwa hanyar rufe sharar gida. Kuma Wannan shi ne daidai kishiyar tashar tashar farko. Ƙarfin taimakawa wurin sharar gida ya kasance a rufe yayin da ƙarfin haɓaka yana iya ƙaruwa. Wannan kuma yana ƙara ƙarin rikitarwa don haɓaka sarrafawa, yana buƙatar ƙarin tashoshin sarrafawa akan solenoid ko yuwuwar cikakken tsarin sarrafa haɓakawa na biyu tare da nasa solenoid na daban. To amfi Amfani da tashar jiragen ruwa ta biyu ba lallai ba ne. Tashar jiragen ruwa na sakandare, ba kamar tashoshin jiragen ruwa na farko ba, ba za a iya haɗa su da layin sarrafawa kawai kuma ''suna buƙatar'' sarrafa lantarki ko na hannu don zama masu amfani. Hakanan za'a iya amfani da CO ₂ don amfani da matsa lamba zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa na biyu, don sarrafa haɓakawa akan matakin mafi kyau. === Lantarki === Wasu injunan jiragen sama na shekara ta 1940 sun ƙunshi tarkace masu sarrafa wutar lantarki, irin su Wright R-1820 akan B-17 Flying Fortress. General Electric shine babban mai kera waɗannan tsarin. Kasancewa kafin shekarun kwamfutoci, gabaɗayan su analog ne. Matukin jirgi suna da iko don zaɓar matakan haɓaka daban-daban. Ba da daɗewa ba ɓangarorin lantarki sun ɓace saboda falsafar ƙira waɗanda suka ba da umarnin rabuwa da sarrafa injin da tsarin lantarki.<nowiki></br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> An fara a cikin shekarar ƙirar ta 2011 injin mai nauyin lita 2.0 Theta II turbocharged mai kai tsaye allurar (GDI) da aka gabatar a cikin Hyundai Sonata ya haɗa da PCM mai sarrafa wutar lantarki ta servo wastegate actuator. Wannan yana ba da damar dabarun sarrafa haɓakar haɓakawa wanda ke rage matsi na baya da aka haifar da turbocharger ta hanyar buɗe sharar gida lokacin da ba a buƙatar haɓakar turbo, Kuma yana haifar da ingantaccen tattalin arzikin mai. Hakanan ana buɗe ƙofar sharar gida yayin farawa sanyi don rage hayaki ta hanyar hanzarta kashe hasken farko. <nowiki></br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> An fara a watan Nuwamba 2015, Mafarkin Duniya na Honda kai tsaye alluran injunan turbocharged tare da matsugunin lita 1.5 suna amfani da sharar gida ta ECU. An fara gabatar da wannan a cikin ƙirar Honda Civic 2016 kuma CR-V ta biyo baya a cikin shekarar 2017. A cikin 2018 1.5L da 2.0L turbocharged kai tsaye allurar injuna sun maye gurbin 2.4L da 3.6L 6 Silinda da aka saba nema a cikin yarjejeniyar Honda. === Na'ura mai aiki da karfin ruwa === Yawancin jirage na zamani masu turbocharged suna amfani da sarrafa sharar gida na ruwa tare da man inji a matsayin ruwa. Sannan Tsarika daga Lycoming da Continental suna aiki akan ƙa'idodi iri ɗaya kuma suna amfani da sassa iri ɗaya waɗanda suka bambanta da suna kawai. A cikin mai ''kunna sharar gida'', wani marmaro yana aiki don buɗe sharar gida, kuma matsin mai yana aiki don rufe sharar gida. Kuma A gefen fitar da mai na mai kunna sharar gida yana zaune da ''mai sarrafa yawa'', bawul ɗin mai mai sarrafa iska wanda ke jin matsin bene na sama kuma yana sarrafa yadda mai zai iya zubar da sauri daga mai kunna sharar gida zuwa injin. Yayin da jirgin ke hawa kuma yawan iska ya ragu, mai sarrafa mai yawa a hankali yana rufe bawul ɗin ya kama mai da yawa a cikin injin sharar gida, yana rufe sharar gida don ƙara saurin turbocharger da kiyaye ƙarfin ƙima. Wasu tsare-tsare kuma suna amfani da na'ura mai ''sarrafa matsi na daban'' wanda ke fahimtar matsi na iska a kowane gefen farantin magudanar kuma yana daidaita ɓangarorin sharar gida don kula da saiti. Wannan yana kula da ma'auni mafi kyau tsakanin ƙaramin aikin turbocharger da saurin spool-up lokaci, kuma yana hana hawan jini sakamakon tasirin bootstrapping. == Girman sharar gida == Girman sharar gida ya yi daidai da matakin haɓaka da ake so kuma ya ɗan ɗan bambanta da girman ko ƙarfin injin. Jagoran dillali ɗaya don girman gate ɗin sharar gida shine kamar haka: * babban turbo / ƙaramar haɓakawa = babban sharar gida * babban turbo / babban haɓaka = ƙarami mai sharar gida * ƙaramin turbo / ƙaramar haɓakawa = babban sharar gida * ƙaramin turbo / haɓaka mai girma = ƙarami mai sharar gida Duk da haka, shaye-shaye kwarara shine tasirin iko. Don haka, wani jadawalin yanke shawara yakamata yayi kama da wannan. * babban turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko = ƙaramin gate mai shara * babban turbo/karamin inji/babban iko = babban sharar gida * karamin turbo/kananan injina/karamin iko = karamin kofar shara * babban turbo / babban injin / ƙaramin ƙarfi = matsakaicin sharar gida * karamin turbo/babban inji/kowane matakin wuta = babban sharar gida -->Dalilin haka shi ne cewa karamin injin injin din zai yi kokarin tsallakewa daga wuce haddi na iskar gas. == Duba wasu abubuwan == * Gudanar da Aiki ta atomatik (APC) * Juji bawul * Recirculation Gas (EGR) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k3o5fh4wsot4a95e2x6h7914dq25yww 0 30207 915395 618293 2026-09-03T10:36:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915395 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Aisha Ayensu in Ghana.png|thumb]] [[File:Aisha Ayensu is the Christie Brown creator.png|thumb]] [[Fayil:Christie Brown creator and and Folu Storms.png|thumb|hoton aisha]] [[Fayil:Aisha Ayensu is the Ghanain Christie Brown creator.png|thumb|aisha ayensu]] [[Fayil:Aisha Ayensu the Christie Brown label creator.png|thumb|aisha ]] '''Aisha Ayensu''' ƴar ƙasar [[Ghana]] ce ta lashe lambar yabo mai zanen kayan kwalliya wacce ta shahara da ƙera kayan sawa da kayan wasa don Beyonce, [[Genevieve Nnaji]], [[Jackie Appiah]] da [[Sandra "Alexandrina" Don-Arthur]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://privilegeamoah.com/top-5-most-influential-ghanaian-fashion-designers-of-all-time/|title=Top 5 most influential Ghanaian Fashion Designers of all time.|date=2018-04-01|website=privilegeamoah.com - Ghana entertainment news|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-12|archive-date=2019-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012093905/https://privilegeamoah.com/top-5-most-influential-ghanaian-fashion-designers-of-all-time/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/african-designers-nominated-for-2019-glitz-style-awards/|title=African Designers nominated for 2019 Glitz Style Awards – Glitz Africa Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-12|archive-date=2021-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111731/https://www.glitzafrica.com/african-designers-nominated-for-2019-glitz-style-awards/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma Daraktar Ƙirƙirar Christie Brown, gidan fashion ƴan [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://foundersafrica.com/creative-africans-how-ghana-based-aisha-anyesu-is-infusing-modernism-into-traditional-african-fabrics/|title=Creative Africans: How Ghana-based Aisha Anyesu is Modernizing Traditional African Fabrics|date=2019-09-03|website=Founders Africa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-19|archive-date=2021-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111733/https://foundersafrica.com/creative-africans-how-ghana-based-aisha-anyesu-is-infusing-modernism-into-traditional-african-fabrics/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://daughtersofafrica.org/meet-aisha-ayensthe-woman-behind-christie-brown-label/|title=Meet Aisha Ayens,The Woman Behind Christie Brown label|date=2016-11-30|website=Daughters Of Africa|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-19|archive-date=2021-10-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211008111729/https://daughtersofafrica.org/meet-aisha-ayensthe-woman-behind-christie-brown-label/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Afrik|first=Debonair|date=2016-10-14|title=Lookbook:Christie Brown Fall Winter 2016 Collection|url=https://debonairafrik.com/christie-brown-fall-winter-2016-collection/|access-date=2020-11-23|website=Debonair Afrik|language=en-GB}}</ref> Folu Storms sun yi hira da ita da kuma shirin rediyo na [[BBC Hausa|BBC]] World Service kuma an jera ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kasuwa masu cika alkawuran Forbes a shekarar 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2016/04/25/30-most-promising-young-entrepreneurs-in-africa-2016/|title=30 Most Promising Young Entrepreneurs In Africa 2016|last=Nsehe|first=Mfonobong|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref><ref name="bbc">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3csww6q|title=BBC World Service - In the Studio, African Luxury Fashion: Designer Aisha Ayensu|website=BBC|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://alt-africa.com/2018/05/12/bbc-world-service-in-the-studio-with-fashion-designer-aisha-ayensu/|title=BBC World Service – 'In The Studio' with Fashion Designer Aisha Ayensu|last=altafrica10|date=2018-05-12|website=Bespoke Event Guide|language=en|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/105425-top-fashion-designers-ghana.html|title=Top Fashion Designers in Ghana|last=Gracia|first=Zindzy|date=2018-02-11|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ayensu tana da kwarewa a fannin ilimin halin ɗan Adam da kuma salon zamani. Ta yi karatun sakandarenta a Makarantar Achimota kuma ta horar da ta a fannin kere kere daga Joyce Ababio College of Creative Design.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.jaccd.edu.gh/jaccd-orients-its-second-batch-of-degreediploma-students/|title=JACCD Orients {{sic|it|'s|nolink=y}} second batch of Degree/Diploma Students|date=2015-09-01|website=JACCD|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-12|archive-date=2019-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012092401/http://www.jaccd.edu.gh/jaccd-orients-its-second-batch-of-degreediploma-students/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == [[File:2014_Another_Christie_Brown_design_as_featured_on_NdaniTV.png|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:2014_Another_Christie_Brown_design_as_featured_on_NdaniTV.png|thumb|Zane na Christie Brown daga 2014 (kamar yadda aka nuna akan NdaniTV)]] Tare da wahayi daga kakarta, ta kafa gidan kayan gargajiya Christie Brown a cikin Maris shekarar 2008 a [[Ghana]] wanda yanzu ya shahara a duniya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.industrieafrica.com/designer/Christie-Brown|title=Christie Brown|last=|first=|date=|website=Industrial Africa|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-10-12}}{{Dead link|date=April 2021|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mag.moon-look.com/mode-style/christie-brown/|title=Christie Brown SS 15|website=MoonMag {{!}} African Creatives & Lifestyle|date=26 February 2015|language=fr-FR|access-date=2019-10-12|archive-date=2019-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012092405/https://mag.moon-look.com/mode-style/christie-brown/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta fito a matsayin "Platinum Standard" a NdaniTV a cikin shekarar 2014<ref>{{Citation|title=Platinum Standard - Christie Brown|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q4DBOU8paKc|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> kuma Folu Storms ta yi hira da ita lokacin da ta ziyarci [[Accra]] a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen New Africa a cikin 2016.<ref>{{Citation|title=THE NEW AFRICA : ACCRA|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gBwFnIhdGBo|language=en|access-date=2019-10-15}}</ref> Ita ce wacce ta kafa kuma Daraktan Kirkirar Christie Brown, gidan kayan gargajiya na [[Ghana]]. Afua Hirsch ta yi hira da ita a shirinsu na "In the Studio" na shirin rediyo na BBC a shekarar 2016. Watanni hudu kenan kafin tarin tarin kayanta na shekara inda take fuskantar "kalubalen mayar da al'adunta karbuwa a duniya" kuma hakan ya yi bikin cikarta ta goma. shekarar da ake kasuwanci. An kuma jera ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƴan kasuwa masu alƙawarin Forbes a cikin 2016. == Kyaututtuka == Ta samu kyaututtuka da dama da suka hada da: * 2009 - Mai Zane Mai Haɓaka na Shekara, Tashi a Afirka a Afirka ta Kudu<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/41802894-002a-11e7-96f8-3700c5664d30|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|date=3 March 2017|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-10-12|last1=Roux|first1=Caroline}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet The Ghanaian Woman Who Designed Tina Knowles Lawson's Trending Power Suit|url=https://www.essence.com/fashion/this-ghanaian-woman-designed-tina-knowles-lawsons-power-suit/|website=Essence|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-29}}</ref> * 2010 - Alamar [[Ghana]] ce kaɗai aka zaɓa don nunawa a cikin Arise L'Afrique-á-Porter, a cikin Paris yayin Makon Kaya na Paris<ref name=":0" /> * 2018 - Mafi Kyawun Zane-zane, Kyautar Kyautar Afirka<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.eadgoc.com/2018/05/21/aisha-ayensu-wins-best-fashion-designer-africa-at-the-african-prestigious-awards-2018/|title=Aisha Ayensu Wins Best Fashion Designer Africa at the African prestigious awards 2018|website=EAD news|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-12|archive-date=2019-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012092403/https://news.eadgoc.com/2018/05/21/aisha-ayensu-wins-best-fashion-designer-africa-at-the-african-prestigious-awards-2018/|url-status=dead}}</ref> * 2018 - Gwanin Gwanin [[Afirka]] na Shekara, Kyautar Salon Glitz<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/ece-frontpage/winners-list-zylofon-signees-juliet-ibrahim-victoria-micheals-and-more-win-at-glitz/7qblgrj|title=Zylofon signees, Juliet Ibrahim, Victoria Micheals & more win at Glitz Style Awards|date=2018-09-03|website=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref> * 2019 - Gwanin Afirka na Shekara, Kyautar Salon Glitz<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/lifestyle/fashion/check-out-the-full-list-of-winners-at-the-2019-glitz-style-awards/gmcnxzy|title=Check out the full list of winners at the 2019 Glitz Style Awards|date=2019-09-16|website=www.pulse.com.gh|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/09/15/2019-glitz-style-awards-full-list-of-winners/|title=2019 Glitz Style Awards: Full List Of Winners|date=2019-09-15|website=GhanaCelebrities.Com|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-12|archive-date=2019-10-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191012092358/https://www.ghanacelebrities.com/2019/09/15/2019-glitz-style-awards-full-list-of-winners/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] 6n6f9n08kx4yfxik9s9nq29ypuyxstl 0 30264 914969 687972 2026-09-02T16:23:46Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Potential_framework_for_including_existing_panels_into_a_product_stewardship_scheme.jpg |thumb| Potential framework]] [[File:Flag_of_Europe.svg |thumb|Tutar Turai ]] [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb|Yanada kyau aringa gyara wajen daza a ringa zubar da shara]] '''Jagorancin Tsarin Sharar gida (WFD) Umarni''' Ne na [[Tarayyar Turai|Ƙungiyar Tarayyar]] Turai wanda ya shafi "matakan kare muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar hanawa ko rage [[Mummuna|mummunan]] tasirin tsarawa da sarrafa sharar gida da kuma rage tasirin amfani da albarkatu gaba ɗaya da inganta ingantaccen aiki. amfani kamar haka". <ref name="wfd">[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098 Directive 2008/98/EC] of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives.</ref> Umarnin Tsarin [[Shara|Sharar]] gida na farko ya fara zuwa shekarata 1975. <ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31975L0442 Directive 75/442/EEC] of 15 July 1975 on waste. End of validity 16 May 2006, and repealed by 2006/12/EC.</ref> A baya an gyara shi sosai a cikin 1991 <ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31991L0156 Directive 91/156/EEC] of 18 March 1991 on waste. End of validity 16 May 2006, and repealed by 2006/12/EC.</ref> da shekara ta 2006. <ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31991L0156 Directive 2006/12/EC] of 5 April 2006 on waste. End of validity 11 December 2006, and repealed by 2008/98/EC.</ref> An karɓi wannan umarnin a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba shekarata 2008. <ref name="wfd" /> Manufar WFD ita ce kafa tushen mayar da EU zuwa "al'umma mai sake amfani da ita" da ke neman kauce wa samar da sharar gida da kuma amfani da Duk sharar gida a matsayin hanya" (Preamble, sashe 28). Ɗaya daga cikin fasalulluka na WFD shine Tsarin Tsararru na Turai . == Mabuɗin sharuddan == === Ma'auni na ƙarewar sharar gida === Ƙarshen sharar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun sharar sun ƙare lokacin da wasu abubuwan sharar suka daina zama "sharar gida" kuma suna ɗaukar matsayin samfur ( ko ɗanyen abu na biyu ). Dangane da Mataki na 6 (1) da (2), wasu ƙayyadaddun sharar gida ba za su daina zama sharar gida ba lokacin da aka dawo da Kuma aikin (ciki har da sake yin amfani da su) kuma ya bi ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗan da za a haɓaka dai-dai da wasu sharuɗɗan shari'a, musamman: * ana amfani da abu ko abu don takamaiman dalilai; * akwai kasuwa ko bukatar abu ko abu; * amfani da halal ne (abu ko abu ya cika buƙatun fasaha don takamaiman dalilai kuma ya sadu da ƙa'idodin da ke akwai da ƙa'idodi masu dacewa ga samfuran); * amfani ba zai haifar da illa ga muhalli ko lafiyar ɗan adam gabaɗaya ba. === Mai inganci mai inganci === Mataki na 11 ya bukaci kasashe mambobin su "inganta ingantaccen sake amfani da su". Ba a fayyace kalmar "high quality" ba, kuma amma ta ƙunshi cika "ma'auni masu mahimmanci don sassan sake amfani da su". <ref name="wfd">[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098 Directive 2008/98/EC] of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives.</ref> === Tarin daban === Mataki na 10 (2) na Dokar Tsarin Sharar Sharar gida ta fitar da wani babban buƙatu na tara daban da kuma wajabcin ƙasashe membobin su kafa tsarin tattara daban don aƙalla takarda, ƙarfe, filastik da gilashi nan da shekarata 2015. Mataki na 11 (1) ya gindaya buƙatu ga ƙasashe membobin don ɗaukar matakan haɓaka ingantaccen sake amfani da su ta hanyar tarin daban-daban. <ref>European Commission - DG ENV, [https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/pdf/Separate%20collection_Final%20Report.pdf Assessment of separate collection schemes in the 28 capitals of the EU], published 2014, accessed 28 December 2020</ref> === A fasaha, muhalli da kuma tattalin arziki aiki === Dangane da jagororin EU, "haɗin kalmomin 'fasaha, muhalli da kuma aiwatar da tattalin arziƙi' ya bayyana sharuɗɗan da ake buƙata don Membobin ƙasashe, zuwa mabanbantan yanayi, waɗanda ke da alhakin saita tarin daban a ƙarƙashin Articles 10 da 11 [na Umarnin]". <ref>European Commission, [https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/pdf/guidance_doc.pdf Guidance on the interpretation of key provisions of Directive 2008/98/EC on waste], para 4.4, accessed 28 December 2020</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 388bfgtx1l5l0qyn0yzk0nasvrvj44n 914970 914969 2026-09-02T16:24:04Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Potential_framework_for_including_existing_panels_into_a_product_stewardship_scheme.jpg |thumb| Potential framework]] [[File:Flag_of_Europe.svg |thumb|Tutar Turai ]] [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb|Yanada kyau aringa gyara wajen daza a ringa zubar da shara]] '''Jagorancin Tsarin Sharar gida (WFD) Umarni''' Ne na [[Tarayyar Turai|Ƙungiyar Tarayyar]] Turai wanda ya shafi "matakan kare muhalli da lafiyar ɗan adam ta hanyar hanawa ko rage [[Mummuna|mummunan]] tasirin tsarawa da sarrafa sharar gida da kuma rage tasirin amfani da albarkatu gaba ɗaya da inganta ingantaccen aiki. amfani kamar haka". <ref name="wfd">[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098 Directive 2008/98/EC] of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives.</ref> Umarnin Tsarin [[Shara|Sharar]] gida na farko ya fara zuwa shekarata 1975. <ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31975L0442 Directive 75/442/EEC] of 15 July 1975 on waste. End of validity 16 May 2006, and repealed by 2006/12/EC.</ref> A baya an gyara shi sosai a cikin 1991 <ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31991L0156 Directive 91/156/EEC] of 18 March 1991 on waste. End of validity 16 May 2006, and repealed by 2006/12/EC.</ref> da shekara ta 2006. <ref>[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:31991L0156 Directive 2006/12/EC] of 5 April 2006 on waste. End of validity 11 December 2006, and repealed by 2008/98/EC.</ref> An karɓi wannan umarnin a ranar 19 ga Nuwamba shekarata 2008. <ref name="wfd" /> Manufar WFD ita ce kafa tushen mayar da EU zuwa "al'umma mai sake amfani da ita" da ke neman kauce wa samar da sharar gida da kuma amfani da Duk sharar gida a matsayin hanya" (Preamble, sashe 28). Ɗaya daga cikin fasalulluka na WFD shine Tsarin Tsararru na Turai . == Mabuɗin sharuddan == === Ma'auni na ƙarewar sharar gida === Ƙarshen sharar ƙa'idodin ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun sharar sun ƙare lokacin da wasu abubuwan sharar suka daina zama "sharar gida" kuma suna ɗaukar matsayin samfur ( ko ɗanyen abu na biyu ). Dangane da Mataki na 6 (1) da (2), wasu ƙayyadaddun sharar gida ba za su daina zama sharar gida ba lokacin da aka dawo da Kuma aikin (ciki har da sake yin amfani da su) kuma ya bi ƙayyadaddun sharuɗɗan da za a haɓaka dai-dai da wasu sharuɗɗan shari'a, musamman: * ana amfani da abu ko abu don takamaiman dalilai; * akwai kasuwa ko bukatar abu ko abu; * amfani da halal ne (abu ko abu ya cika buƙatun fasaha don takamaiman dalilai kuma ya sadu da ƙa'idodin da ke akwai da ƙa'idodi masu dacewa ga samfuran); * amfani ba zai haifar da illa ga muhalli ko lafiyar ɗan adam gabaɗaya ba. === Mai inganci mai inganci === Mataki na 11 ya buƙaci ƙasashe mambobin su "inganta ingantaccen sake amfani da su". Ba a fayyace kalmar "high quality" ba, kuma amma ta ƙunshi cika "ma'auni masu mahimmanci don sassan sake amfani da su". <ref name="wfd">[https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX:32008L0098 Directive 2008/98/EC] of 19 November 2008 on waste and repealing certain Directives.</ref> === Tarin daban === Mataki na 10 (2) na Dokar Tsarin Sharar Sharar gida ta fitar da wani babban buƙatu na tara daban da kuma wajabcin ƙasashe membobin su kafa tsarin tattara daban don aƙalla takarda, ƙarfe, filastik da gilashi nan da shekarata 2015. Mataki na 11 (1) ya gindaya buƙatu ga ƙasashe membobin don ɗaukar matakan haɓaka ingantaccen sake amfani da su ta hanyar tarin daban-daban. <ref>European Commission - DG ENV, [https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/pdf/Separate%20collection_Final%20Report.pdf Assessment of separate collection schemes in the 28 capitals of the EU], published 2014, accessed 28 December 2020</ref> === A fasaha, muhalli da kuma tattalin arziki aiki === Dangane da jagororin EU, "haɗin kalmomin 'fasaha, muhalli da kuma aiwatar da tattalin arziƙi' ya bayyana sharuɗɗan da ake buƙata don Membobin ƙasashe, zuwa mabanbantan yanayi, waɗanda ke da alhakin saita tarin daban a ƙarƙashin Articles 10 da 11 [na Umarnin]". <ref>European Commission, [https://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/framework/pdf/guidance_doc.pdf Guidance on the interpretation of key provisions of Directive 2008/98/EC on waste], para 4.4, accessed 28 December 2020</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9gdsmgkeciyaeu0j8frinf9fki8vm2r 0 34172 915216 904771 2026-09-03T04:53:57Z Ummeeterh 31568 915216 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hamza Yusuf''' (An haife shi: '''Mark Hanson''' ; 1958) ba'amerike neo-traditionalist [[Ulama'u|malamin addinin musulunci]], <ref name="Pelgrave MacMillan"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation book cs1" id="CITEREFCesari2004">Cesari, Jocelyne (2004). <span class="cs1-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required">[[iarchive:whenislamdemocra00cesa|''When Islam and Democracy Meet: Muslims in Europe and in the United States'']]</span>. Pelgrave MacMillan. p.&nbsp;[[iarchive:whenislamdemocra00cesa/page/n160|150]]. [[ISBN (identifier)|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[Special:BookSources/1403978565|<bdi>1403978565</bdi>]].</cite></ref> <ref>Multiple sources : </ref> wanda ya kafa kwalejin Zaytuna kuma babban editan mujallar [https://renovatio.zaytuna.edu/ Renovatio] . . Marigayi ne na koyar da ilimin zamani a Musulunci kuma ya inganta ilimin addinin Musulunci da hanyoyin koyarwa na gargajiya a duk fadin duniya. Shi mai ba da shawara ne ga Cibiyar Nazarin Addinin Musulunci a Makarantar Tauhidi ta Graduate a Berkeley da shirin Nazarin Musulunci a Jami'ar Stanford . Bugu da kuma kari, yana aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban cibiyar jagoranci da sabuntawa ta duniya, wacce aka kafa kuma a halin yanzu Abdallah bin Bayyah ke shugabanta. Har ila yau, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban kungiyar da ke samar da zaman lafiya a cikin al'ummar musulmi da ke UAE, inda Abdallah bin Bayyah kuma ke rike da mukamin shugaban kasa. ''Jaridar Guardian'' ta yi kira ga Yusuf a matsayin "wanda za a iya cewa shi ne masanin addinin Musulunci mafi tasiri a kasashen yamma". ''Mujallar New Yorker'' kuma ta kira shi "watakila masanin addinin musulunci mafi tasiri a yammacin duniya", kuma 'yar jarida Graeme Wood ta kira shi "daya daga cikin manyan malaman musulmi guda biyu a Amurka a yau". Yana kuma ɗaya daga cikin masu sanya hannu na Kalma gama gari Tsakanin Mu da ku, budaddiyar wasika da malaman Musulunci suka rubuta zuwa ga shugabannin Kirista suna kira ga zaman lafiya da fahimtar juna . Yusuf yana daya daga cikin wadanda suka rattaba hannu kan wata budaddiyar wasika zuwa ga tsohon shugaban kungiyar [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIS]], Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, wadda ta karyata ka'idojin da kungiyar ta'addancin ke yadawa . <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=zaytunacollege|title=A Letter responding to #ISIS leader al-Baghdadi and signed by Shaykh Hamza Yusuf as well as 125 Sunni scholars... http://fb.me/6M9gDKUy1}}</ref> [[Fayil:Hamza Yusuf.png|thumb|Hamza Yusuf]] Ya kasance a koyaushe yana cikin jerin 50 na ''500 Mafi'' Tasirin Musulmai 500 (wanda kuma aka sani da ''Muslim 500'' ), bugu na shekara-shekara wanda Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Musulunci ta Royal da ke Amman, [[Jodan|Jordan]], wacce ke matsayi na Musulmi mafi tasiri a ya duniya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Yusuf a matsayin Mark Hanson a Walla Walla, Washington ga malamai biyu da ke aiki a Kwalejin Whitman kuma ya girma a arewacin California. Ya girma a matsayin Kirista Katolika na Irish kuma ya halarci makarantun share fage a duka Gabas da Yamma. A shekara ta 1977, bayan ya kusan mutuwa a hatsarin mota da karatun [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], ya musulunta. <ref name="Edward E. Curtis p. 405" /> Yusuf yana da zuriyar Irish, Scotland da Girka . Bayan samun sha'awa daga wasu matasa ma'aurata daga [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabiya]] wadanda mabiyan Abdalqadir as-Sufi — wanda ya musulunta dan Scotland kuma shugaban darikar Darqawa Sufi da Murabitun World Movement —Yusuf ya koma Norwich, Ingila don yin karatu kai tsaye a karkashinsa. as-Sufi. <ref name="Grewal">Grewal, Zareena [https://books.google.be/books?id=K1lNBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA161&lpg=PA161&dq=Murabit+al-Hajj+sufi&source=bl&ots=f3MoMjIOi9&sig=Z931dM9FBGmmJ-EoGEjfx_vTXu8&hl=en&sa=X&ei=WEDOVIDcOJSuyASKr4C4Cg&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=AlQadir Islam Is a Foreign Country: American Muslims and the Global Crisis of Authority] p 160-171</ref> <ref>Ukeles, Raquel [http://www.bjpa.org/Publications/details.cfm?PublicationID=4041 The Evolving Muslim Community in America: The Impact of 9/11] p 101</ref> A shekarar 1979, Yusuf ya koma birnin Al Ain na kasar Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa inda ya shafe shekaru hudu masu zuwa yana karantar ilimin [[shari'a]] a cibiyar Musulunci, inda ya yi karatu kai-tsaye tare da malaman Musulunci. <ref name="Grewal" /> Yusuf ya kware a [[Larabci|harshen Larabci]] kuma ya koyi karatun Alqur'ani ( ''tajwidi'' ), lafazi, waka, shari'a ( ''[[Fiƙihu|Fiqha]]'' ) da tauhidi ( ''aqidah'' ) da sauran fannonin Musulunci na gargajiya. <ref name="Grewal" /> A cikin shekarar 1984, Yusuf ya rabu da koyarwar as-Sufi a hukumance kuma ya koma ta wata hanya ta ilimi daban-daban sakamakon wasu malaman Mauritaniya da ke zaune a Masarautar. Ya koma Arewacin Afirka a 1984 yana karatu a Aljeriya da Maroko, da Spain da Mauritania. A kasar Mauritaniya ya kulla alaka mai dorewa da karfi da malamin addinin musulunci Sidi Muhammad Ould Fahfu al-Massumi, wanda aka fi sani da Murabit al-Hajj . <ref name="Grewal"/> [[Fayil:Hamza Yusuf.jpg|thumb|Hamza Yusuf]] A shekarar 2020, Yusuf ya kammala karatunsa na Ph.D. a Ƙungiyar Tauhidi ta Graduate . Kundin karatunsa mai suna, “Al’adun Musulunci na Al’ada a Arewa da Yammacin Afirka: Nazari na Isar da Hukunce-hukunce da Tattaunawar Ilimi a cikin Ibn Ashir ’s Al-Murshid al-Mu’in (Jagorar Taimako). A baya Yusuf ya sami digiri na biyu a fannin aikin jinya daga Kwalejin Imperial Valley da kuma digiri na farko a fannin nazarin addini daga Jami'ar Jihar San José . == Sana'a == === Zaytuna College === Shi da sauran abokan aiki sun kafa Cibiyar Zaytuna a Berkeley, California, Amurka, a cikin shekarata 1996, da aka sadaukar don farfado da hanyoyin nazarin gargajiya da kuma ilimin Islama. <ref>Daniel Brumberg, Dina Shehata, Conflict, Identity, and Reform in the Muslim World: Challenges for U.S Engagement, p 367</ref> Ya kasance tare da Zaid Shakir da Hatem Bazian wajen kafa cibiyar Zaytuna a lokacin. A cikin kaka na 2010 ta bude kofofinta a matsayin Kwalejin Zaytuna, kwalejin koyar da ilimin sassaucin ra'ayi na musulmi na shekaru hudu, irinsa na farko a Amurka. Ya haɗa da hangen nesa Yusuf na haɗa fasahar sassaucin ra'ayi na gargajiya - wanda aka kafa a cikin marasa ƙarfi da quadrivium - tare da horo mai tsauri a cikin fasahohin Islama na gargajiya. Yana da nufin "ilimi da shirya ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwararru, da shuwagabannin ruhaniya". Kwalejin Zaytuna ta zama jami'ar musulmi ta farko da aka amince da ita a Amurka bayan ta samu amincewar kungiyar Makarantu da Kwalejoji ta Yamma . Yusuf ya bayyana cewa "muna fatan in Allah ya yarda za a samu irin wadannan kwalejoji da jami'o'in musulmi a nan gaba". <ref name="LATimes" /> Hamza Yusuf dai ya sha fama da tashe-tashen hankula a shekarun baya-bayan nan kan batutuwan da suka shafi kabilanci da siyasa da kuma juyin juya halin Larabawa. === 2016 Black Lives Matter comments === [[Fayil:HamzaYusufYale.jpg|thumb|Hamza Yusuf]] A watan Disamba na shekarar 2016, Yusuf ya yi tsokaci da aka yi la'akari da cewa suna da mahimmanci ga dabarun da kungiyar Black Lives Matter ke amfani da ita. Yusuf ya yi iƙirarin cewa akwai ƙarin matsalolin da ke addabar al'ummar baƙar fata a ciki, kamar tabarbarewar iyali. Ya kuma nuna damuwarsa kan yadda ake nuna wariyar launin fata a cikin al’ummar Musulmi, inda ake yin Allah wadai da ‘farar gata’, amma bai yi shiru kan ‘gata Larabawa’ ba, yana mai nuni da yadda Pakistan da Indiyawa ke cin zarafinsu a wasu sassan kasashen Larabawa. <ref name="mvslim.com" /> Don wadannan maganganu an kai masa hari a shafukan sada zumunta, amma malamai da dama sun kare Shaihu Yusuf, kamar Imam Zaid Shakir wanda ya ce, “Ina iya cewa da kwarin gwiwa babu wani kashi na wariyar launin fata a jikin Shaihu Hamza. Dan wariyar launin fata shine wanda ya yarda da fifikon wata kabila akan wani. Shaihu Hamza, kamar kowane musulmi mai kishi, ya yi watsi da wannan ra’ayin gaba daya.” === Ƙungiyoyin addinai === Yusuf yana halartar taron Samar da zaman lafiya a cikin al'ummomin musulmi wanda UAE ta shirya. Ya yabawa Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa saboda karuwar juriyar da take yi da kuma daukar matakai na imani da yawa da kuma shirin gina cibiyar mabiya addinai daban-daban a [[Abu Dhabi (birni)|Abu Dhabi]] . === Sharhi kan juyin juya halin Siriya === A shekarar 2019, Yusuf ya bukaci hakuri da taka tsantsan dangane da rikicin Syria. Ko da yake wasu na kallon wadannan kalamai a matsayin goyon bayan gwamnatin Syria, amma babu shakka Yusuf ya yi watsi da hakan, inda ya nemi afuwar duk wani abin da ya faru. Yusuf ya fassara wata waka mai suna ‘Addu’ar wadanda aka zalunta’ a shekarar 2010, wadda aka sadaukar da ita ga daukacin al’ummar da ake zalunta a fadin duniya. == Ra'ayi da tasiri == Yusuf ya dau mataki na adawa da dalilan addini na hare-haren ta'addanci. Ya bayyana [[September 11 attacks|harin]] na ranar 11 ga watan Satumba a matsayin "aikin kisan jama'a, tsantsa kuma mai sauki". Da yake la'antar hare-haren, ya kuma bayyana cewa "an yi garkuwa da Musulunci...a cikin jirgin a matsayin wanda aka kashe ba tare da wani laifi ba." A halin yanzu Cibiyar Nazarin Dabarun Islama ta Masarautar Jordan ta sanya shi a matsayi na 36 a jerin sunayen Musulmai 500 mafiya tasiri a duniya. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=John Esposito}}</ref> A cikin bugu na shekarar 2016, an bayyana Yusuf a matsayin "daya daga cikin manya-manyan hukumomin Musulunci a wajen kasashen musulmi" na ''The 500 Most Influential Muslims'', editan John Esposito da Ibrahim Kalin . <ref name="themuslim500.com" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Hamza yana zaune tare da matarsa, Liliana Trujilo-Hanson. Suna da 'ya'ya biyar. == Labarai == {| class="wikitable" |+Publications and work by Hamza Yusuf ! Take ! Bayani ! ! Nau'in |- | ''Bayan makaranta: gina al'ummomi inda koyo yana da mahimmanci'' | <small>Hakanan ya haɗa da kasidun John Taylor Gatto, Dorothy L Sayers da Nabila Hanson.</small> <small>An sake gyarawa a cikin 2010 azaman ''Ilimantar da Yaronku a Zamanin Zamani: Yadda ake Rayar da Mutum Mai Hankali, Mai Iko & Da'a'' .</small> | 2003 | Littattafai da Kasidu |- | ''Ajanda don Canza Halinmu'' | <small>Wanda aka rubuta tare da Zaid Shakir</small> | | Littattafai da Kasidu |- | ''Haihuwar Watan Caesarean: Lissafi, Ganin Wata, da Hanyar Annabci'' | Akwai a ciki * [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/moonsighting/Cesarean_Moon_Births_Pt_1.pdf Haihuwar Caesarean Part 1] * [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/moonsighting/Cesarean_Moon_Births_Pt_2.pdf Haihuwar Caesarean Part 2] | 2008 | Littattafai da Kasidu |- | Imam Busiri, ''The Burda : Poem of Cloak'' (2003) | <small>Ya haɗa da CD na wasan kwaikwayo ta ''Fez Singers'' feat.</small> <small>Bennis Abdelfettah.</small> | | Fassara |- | Imam Mawlūd, ''Tsarkake Zuciya: Alamomi, Alamu da Magungunan Cututtukan Ruhaniya na Zuciya'' (2004, 2012). | <small>Fassara da sharhin waƙar ''Maṭharat al-Qulūb'' wanda wani masani ɗan ƙasar [[Muritaniya|Mauritaniya]] ya yi a ƙarni na 19.</small> | | Fassara |- | Shaykh Al-Amin Mazrui, ''The Content of Character'' (2004) | <small>Gabatarwa daga Ali Mazrui, ɗan marubuci.</small> | | Fassara |- | Imam Tahawi, ''The Creed of Imam al-Tahawi'' (2007). | | | Fassara |- | Imam Muhammad bin Nasir al-Dar'i | ''Addu'ar wanda aka zalunta'' (2010). <small>Ya haɗa da CD na wasan kwaikwayo na ''Fez Singers'' .</small> | | Fassara |- | Imam al-Zarnūjī, ''Umarnin Dalibi: Hanyar Koyo'' (2001). | <small>GE Von Grunebaum ne ya fassara .</small> | | Littattafai tare da kalmar gaba ko gabatarwa |- | Mostafa Al-Badawî, ''The Prophetic Invocations'' (2003) | | | Littattafai tare da kalmar gaba ko gabatarwa |- | Reza Shah-Kazemi, ''Ground Ground Tsakanin Islama da Buddhism: Ruhaniya da Ƙa'idar Affinities'' (2010) | | | Littattafai tare da kalmar gaba ko gabatarwa |- | Asad Tarsin, ''Kasancewa Musulmi: Jagora Mai Aiki'' (2015). | | | Littattafai tare da kalmar gaba ko gabatarwa |- | Joseph Lumbard, ''Sallama, bangaskiya da kyau: Addinin Musulunci'' (2009). | <small>Tare da Zaid Shakir .</small> | | Littattafan da aka gyara |- | [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/moonsighting/Cesarean_Moon_Births_Pt_1.pdf Haihuwar Caesarean Part 1] [http://www.masud.co.uk/ISLAM/misc/moonsighting/Cesarean_Moon_Births_Pt_2.pdf Haihuwar Caesarean Part 2] [http://www.mujahideenryder.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/hamza-yusuf-climbing-mount-purgatorio.pdf Hawan Dutsen Purgatorio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140905050135/http://www.mujahideenryder.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/02/hamza-yusuf-climbing-mount-purgatorio.pdf |date=2014-09-05 }} | | | Takardu |} == Duba kuma == * Sheikh Abdullahi Bin Bayyah * [[Sheikh Abubakr Ahmad|Sheikh Abubakar Ahmad]] * Imam Zaid Shakir == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==   * {{Commons category-inline}} * {{Official website}} * {{Twitter}} * Appearances on C-SPAN * [https://muslimcentral.com/audio/hamza-yusuf Hamza Yusuf Audio Lectures] {{Maliki scholars}}{{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ctkw61e5kmiqlsf5quc9bpqrqbf02vm 0 38808 914909 578054 2026-09-02T15:13:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Kwasi Sabi''' (an haife shi 23 ga watan Agusta , shekarata 1966) ɗan siyasan Ghana ne kuma memba na Majalisar Bakwai na Jamhuriyyar Ghana ta huɗu mai wakiltar mazabar Dormaa Gabas a yankin Brong-Ahafo akan tikitin New Patriotic Party (NPP).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=107|title=Parliament of Ghana|website=www.parliament.gh|access-date=2020-02-08|archive-date=2023-11-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231111161429/https://www.parliament.gh/mps?mp=107|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Sabi a ranar 23 ga Agusta, 1966. Ya fito ne daga Wamfie a yankin Bono na Ghana. Ya yi digirin farko na Kimiyya a fannin Gudanarwa a Jami'ar Ghana Legon da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a daga Jami'ar Cape Town.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-william-kwasi-sabi/|title=HON. WILLIAM KWASI SABI|last=UKGCC|date=2018-07-05|website=UK-Ghana Chamber of Commerce|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-08|archive-date=2019-04-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427154528/https://ukgcc.com.gh/hon-william-kwasi-sabi/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Aiki == Sabi ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai kula da asibiti a ma’aikatar lafiya ta Katolika, Sunyani daga 1997 zuwa 2003. Ya yi aiki a matsayin malami a Kwalejin Jami’ar Katolika ta Ghana daga 2005 zuwa 2009. A 2008, ya zama manajan ayyuka na Hukumar Inshorar Lafiya ta Kasa. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gudanarwa tare da MDF West Africa Limited.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2566|title=Ghana MPs - MP Details - Sabi, William Kwasi|website=www.ghanamps.com|access-date=2020-02-08|archive-date=2020-01-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200114062749/http://www.ghanamps.com/mps/details.php?id=2566|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Siyasa == Sabi ya tsaya takarar kujerar mazabar Dormaa ta Gabas a kan tikitin New Patriotic Party a zaben 2012 kuma ya yi nasara. Ya samu kuri'u 13,712 wanda ke wakiltar kashi 56.87% na yawan kuri'un da aka kada, don haka ya doke sauran 'yan takarar da suka hada da Ali Adjei Ibrahim, Felix Kumi Kwaku, Asante Oppong Alexander, da Adoma Hayford.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/election2012/parliament.constituency.php?ID=156&res=pm|title=Parliamentary Results - Dormaa EastConstituency|website=www.ghanaweb.com|access-date=2020-02-08}}</ref> Ya taba rike mukamin mataimakin minista a ma’aikatar sa ido da tantancewa daga shekarar 2016 zuwa 2020, kuma a halin yanzu yana rike da mukamin mai ba da shawara kan fasaha a sakatariyar sa ido da tantancewa na ofishin shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ghananewsagency.org/politics/four-deputy-ministers-vetted-115232|title=Four deputy ministers vetted|website=ghananewsagency.org|access-date=2020-02-08|archive-date=2017-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405193117/http://www.ghananewsagency.org/politics/four-deputy-ministers-vetted-115232|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sabi Kirista ne. Yana da aure da yaro daya. == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1966]] adxtgq8o0mk0flxvoz5qa9jve5ell4x 0 43960 915255 721467 2026-09-03T05:28:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915255 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdulganiyu Folorunsho AbdulRazaq (AGF)''' (13 Nuwamba 1927-25 Yuli 2020) shi ne kwamishinan kuɗi na farko a [[Ȯra Kwara|jihar Kwara]] bayan an kafa jihar a shekarar 1967 ƙarƙashin gwamnatin mulkin soja [[Yakubu Gowon|ta Yakubu Gowon]]. Ya kuma kasance lauya na farko daga yankin Arewacin [[Najeriya]]. Ya kasance shugaban [[Kasuwar Hannun Jari ta Najeriya|kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya]] daga 2000 zuwa 2003 kuma mataimakin shugaban kasuwar hada-hadar hannayen jari ta Najeriya daga 1983 zuwa 2000.<ref>https://allafrica.com/stories/201211270481.html</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == [[Fayil:Nigerian Public Domain Files 13.jpg|thumb|Abdulganiyu Abdulrasaq]] An haifi Abdulganiyu a [[Onitsha]] a ranar 13 ga Nuwamban shekarar 1927 ga Munirat da Abdul Rasaq. Dukan iyayensa ƴan asalin [[Ilorin]] ne, [[Ȯra Kwara|Jihar Kwara]] daga Onokatapo da Yerinsa quarters (yanzu Adewole ward, Ilorin-West) bi da bi. Ya yi karatu a United African School dake Ilorin daga shekarar 1935 zuwa 1936. A shekarar 1938, ya fara karatu a CMS Central School, Onitsha, ya bar 1943 a ƙarshen karatunsa na firamare. Ya fara karatunsa na sakandire a kwalejin kasahari dake garin Buguma a shekarar 1944 kuma yana nan har zuwa shekarar 1945 inda ya tafi makarantar African College dake Onitsha. Ya kasance a Kwalejin Afirka har zuwa 1947. Ya kasance ɗalibin gidauniya a Kwalejin Jami’ar Ibadan ( Jami’ar Ibadan a yanzu) a shekarar 1948.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20220204124255/https://www.nigerianmuse.com/</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/alhaji-abdulganiyu-folorunsho-abdulrazaq/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314142553/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/alhaji-abdulganiyu-folorunsho-abdulrazaq/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sana'a == An kira Abdulganiyu Folorunsho AbdulRazaq zuwa mashaya a ranar 8 ga watan Fabrairun 1955 a Temple na Inner, London.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://highprofile.com.ng/2017/11/05/a-g-f-abdulrazak-90-a-unique-pioneer-in-every-ramification/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-14 |archive-date=2023-03-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230314142701/https://highprofile.com.ng/2017/11/05/a-g-f-abdulrazak-90-a-unique-pioneer-in-every-ramification/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa Najeriya, ya zama ɗan Majalisar Dokokin Arewa na musamman daga shekarar 1960 zuwa 1962 bayan ƙasar ta samu ƴancin kai. Bayan haka, ya kasance Jakadan Najeriya a Jamhuriyar Ivory Coast daga shekarar 1962 zuwa 1964. Ya kasance ɗan majalisar tarayya daga shekarar 1964 zuwa 1966 a matsayin ƙaramin ministan sufuri na majalisar ministocin tarayya. Sannan ya zama kwamishinan kuɗi, lafiya da jin daɗin jama'a na jihar Kwara daga 1967 zuwa 1972. Abdulganiyu ya kasance mamba a hukumar kula da al'amuran babban birnin ƙasar daga shekarar 1973 zuwa 1978 sannan kuma ya kasance memba a hukumar shari'a ta ƙasa da ƙasa tun 1959. Ya kasance shugaban ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Najeriya kuma ya kasance shugaban tun 1987.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2019}} An naɗa Abdulganiyu SAN a 1985.<ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == AGF Abdul Razaq ya auri matarsa ta farko Raliat AbdulRazaq ya kuma haifi ƴaƴa shida, Muhammad Alimi, Abdul Rahman, Khariat, Isiaka, Aisha da AbdulRauph. AGF AbdulRazaq ya auri wata yarinya Bature mai suna Loretta Kathleen Razaq wadda ita ce matarsa ta biyu. Da wannan aure, ya gaji ƴaƴa maza biyu waɗanda ya ɗauke su, ɗa Vincent BabaTunde Macaulay da ƴar Clare Louise Macaulay. Ya kuma haifi ƴaƴa mata uku tare da Kathleen, Mary Yasmin Razaq, Katherine Amina Razaq da Suzanne Zainab Razaq. Yana kuma da wata ɗiya mai suna Rissicatou daga Benin. == Manazarta == <references /> [[Category:Mutuwan 2020]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1927]] 6746tbvkj7dovbddlp5c7q5ue7cwh4v 0 46299 915409 460082 2026-09-03T11:52:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915409 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox generic}} '''Albert Abiodun Adeogun''' ya kasance ɗan majalisa a [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai ta 6 da ta 8 (Najeriya)]]<ref>https://independent.ng/2018-turn-ife-govern-osun-adeogun/</ref><ref>https://www.sojworldnews.com/the-challenges-before-honorable-albert-adeogun/</ref>kuma mataimakin gwamna mai neman takarar gwamna na [[Ademola Adeleke]] a jihar Osun.<ref>https://www.sojworldnews.com/pdp-picks-hon-adeogun/</ref> An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan [[Majalisar Wakilai (Najeriya)|majalisar wakilai ta 6 a Najeriya]] a cikin shekarar 2007 sannan kuma ya sake zaɓe a shekarar 2015 don wakiltar mazaɓar [[Ifẹ|Ife]] ta tarayya da ta ƙunshi Ife ta tsakiya, Ife North, Ife South da Ife East.<ref>https://guardian.ng/politics/osun-poll-sdp-candidate-scores-inec-low/{{Dead link|date=July 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/adeogun-hon-albert-abiodun/{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Articles with hAudio microformats]] 0p6lufz2iimetjte75s2lmj0zf0wspg 0 46362 914906 609871 2026-09-02T14:52:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914906 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wilfred Agbonavbare''' (5 Oktoba 1966 - 27 Janairu 2015), ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . Ya shafe mafi kyawun aikinsa na ƙwararru tare da kulob ɗin Sipaniya Rayo Vallecano, ya bayyana a cikin wasanni 189 na masu gasa sama da yanayi shida ( uku a La Liga ). == Aikin kulob == A ƙasarsa, Agbonavbare haifaffen [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] ne ya buga wasa a bankin New Nigeria FC da BCC Lions FC . A cikin shekarar 1990, ya koma Spain inda zai ciyar da sauran aikinsa, farawa tare da Rayo Vallecano a Segunda División .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1992/12/12/pagina-22/1442587/pdf.html|title=El otro potro de Vallecas – Wilfred|trans-title=The other foal of Vallecas – Wilfred|newspaper=[[Mundo Deportivo]]|first=Miguel Ángel|last=Muñoz|language=Spanish|date=12 December 1992|accessdate=28 January 2015|archive-date=8 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150208075341/http://hemeroteca.mundodeportivo.com/preview/1992/12/12/pagina-22/1442587/pdf.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta biyu tare da kulob ɗin [[Madrid]] da ke bayan gida, Agbonavbare ya bayyana a dukkan wasanni 38 na gasar (minti 3,332 da aka buga, an zura ƙwallaye 27 a raga, wanda shi ne na biyu mafi kyau a gasar) yayin da ƙungiyar ta kare a matsayi na biyu kuma ta koma gasar La Liga bayan shekaru biyu ba tare da bata lokaci ba. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa na farkon-zaɓi a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, yana ba da gudummawa tare da gasanni 31 zuwa wani babban ci gaba a cikin shekarar 1995 . A cikin shekarar 1995 – 1996 Agbonavbare ya rasa matsayinsa na farko zuwa ɗan wasan ƙasar Sipaniya Abel Resino . A cikin waɗannan bazara, ya sanya hannu a kan matakin na biyu Écija Balompié, kasancewa ɗan wasan da ya fi amfani da shi a matsayinsa amma wahala tawagar relegation .<ref>{{cite web|url=https://espanol.eurosport.com/futbol/que-paso-con.wilfred-agbonavbare_sto4090631/story.shtml|title=¿Qué pasó con...Wilfred Agbonavbare?|trans-title=What happened to...Wilfred Agbonavbare?|publisher=[[Eurosport]]|language=Spanish|date=15 January 2014|accessdate=26 March 2020}}</ref> Bayan shekara guda a ƙasarsa yana atisayen ci gaba da zaman lafiya, Agbonavbare ya yi ritaya saboda rashin tayin shekaru 31 kacal. == Ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa == Agbonavbare ya fito tare da ‘yan [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Maza ta Najeriya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20|wasan Najeriya ‘yan ƙasa da shekara 20]] a gasar matasa ta duniya ta FIFA a shekarar 1983 a ƙasar Mexico. Ya taka leda fiye da shekaru goma tare da [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|cikakken gefen]], an zaɓe shi don gasar cin kofin Afrika na shekarar 1994 da kuma gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA na wannan shekarar, yana goyon bayan [[Peter Rufai|Peter Rufa'i]] a lokuta biyu. == Rayuwar sirri == Agbonavbare ya zauna a cikin Community of Madrid bayan ya yi ritaya a matsayin ɗan wasa, yana aiki a matsayin mai bayarwa da mai horar da masu tsaron gida. A ƙarshen watan Janairun 2015 an bayyana cewa yana fama da ciwon daji, kuma daga baya an yi masa magani a Asibitin Universitario Príncipe de Asturias a Alcalá de Henares .<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20150119/futbol/wilfred-ex-portero-del-rayo-lucha-contra-el-cancer_54423781391.html|title=El drama del ex portero rayista Wilfred|trans-title=The drama of former ''rayista'' goalkeeper Wilfred|newspaper=Mundo Deportivo|language=Spanish|date=20 January 2015|accessdate=27 January 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150122033034/http://www.mundodeportivo.com/20150119/futbol/wilfred-ex-portero-del-rayo-lucha-contra-el-cancer_54423781391.html|archivedate=22 January 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/sport/194802-ex-eagles-goalie-agbonavbare-battles-cancer-in-spain|title=Ex-Eagles' goalie Agbonavbare battles cancer in Spain|newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|first=Gowon|last=Akpodonor|date=21 January 2015|accessdate=25 January 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20150125193126/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/sport/194802-ex-eagles-goalie-agbonavbare-battles-cancer-in-spain|archivedate=25 January 2015}}</ref> Dukansu Tsohuwar ƙungiyar Agonavbare Rayo Vallecano da abokan hamayyarta Atlético Madrid sun baje kolin tuta yayin wasansu na lig a filin wasa na Vicente Calderón a ranar 24 ga watan Janairu wanda ya karanta "Fuerza Wilfred" (Kuna Iya Yi Wilfred). Ya rasu bayan kwana uku yana da shekaru 48.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.marca.com/en/2015/01/27/en/football/international_football/1422358433.html|title=Wilfred Agbonavbare dies|newspaper=Marca|date=27 January 2015|accessdate=27 January 2015}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Wilfred Agbonavbare at BDFutbol * {{NFT player|14802}} * {{FIFA player|45041}} [[Category:'Yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Nijeriya]] [[Category:Matattun 2015]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1966]] 5dw6lx5tqpeu7dsht2czloo3ghyoman 0 47976 915217 816649 2026-09-03T04:55:31Z Ummeeterh 31568 915217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Mucubal_woman.jpg|right|thumb| Wata mace Mucubal kusa da Virei, [[Angola]] a 2011]] '''Mutanen Mucubal''' ('''Mucubai''', '''Mucabale''' ko '''Mugubale''') Rukuni ne na mutanen Herero a kudancin [[Angola]]. <ref name="natgeo">"Woman from the Mucubal (Mucubai, Mucabale, Mugubale) tribe" . Photo Contest 2011 . National Geographic . 2011. Retrieved 21 July 2012.{{Cite web}}</ref> Kamar Masai, wanda aka ce suna da alaka da su, ba su da yawa, ya danganta da shanu da [[noma]]. <ref name="natgeo" /> Yankinsu yana cikin hamadar Namib, wanda tsaunin Serra da Chela ke arewa da shi da Kogin Cunene a kudu. <ref name="natgeo" /> <ref name="zwela">{{cite news|url=http://www.zwelangola.com/ler.php?id=3783|title=Mucubais considerados como verdadeiros 'donos' de África|work=[[Zwela Angola]]|date=29 October 2010|agency=SOL|accessdate=21 July 2012|language=Portuguese}}{{Dead link|date=March 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}"Mucubais considerados como verdadeiros 'donos' de África" . Zwela Angola (in Portuguese). SOL. 29 October 2010. Retrieved 21 July 2012.</ref> Mutanen Mucubal yawanci suna sa ƙananan tufafi, suna ɗaukar adduna ko mashi, kuma sun shahara saboda juriyarsu, wani lokacin suna gudun {{Convert|50|mi|km}} a rana. Ƙauyen su yawanci sun ƙunshi rukunin bukkoki da aka tsara cikin da'ira. <ref name="zwela" /> A cikin 1930s, Portuguese sun kiyasta cewa akwai kusan Mucubal 5,000, suna mamaye yanki kashi biyu cikin uku daidai girman Portugal. Tsakanin 1939 zuwa 1943, sojojin [[Portugal]] sun kai farmaki kan Mucubal, wadanda suka zarga da tawaye da kuma satar shanu, ya haifar da kashe daruruwan Mucubal. A lokacin yakin neman zabe, an kama mutane 3,529 a fursuna, kashi 20% daga cikinsu mata ne da kananan yara, kuma an daure su a sansanonin fursuna. Da yawa sun mutu a zaman bauta saboda rashin abinci mai gina jiki, tashin hankali da aikin tilastawa. An aika kusan 600 zuwa [[Sao Tome da Prinsipe|Sao Tome da Principe]]. An kuma aika daruruwa zuwa wani sansani a Damba, inda kashi 26% suka mutu. A cewar Rafael Coca de Campos, hare-haren na Mucubal sun hada da kisan kare dangi.<ref>Coca de Campos, Rafael (2022). "Kakombola: O genocídio dos Mucubais na Angola Colonial, 1930 – 1943". Atena Editora (in Portuguese). doi :10.22533/ at.ed.663221201 . ISBN 978-65-5983-766-3</ref> == Manazarta == 1aumeoyfadg2077uye10o344wlv793d 0 49203 914975 462022 2026-09-02T16:25:49Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sophämtning_2010.jpg|thumb| Motar tattara shara ta musamman tana ba da tarin sharar gari na yau da kullun a wata unguwa a [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]]] [[File:Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg|thumb| Masu diban shara suna kona sharar lantarki a Agbogbloshie, wani wuri kusa da Accra a ƙasar Ghana wanda ke sarrafa ɗimbin sharar lantarki na duniya. Masu zaɓen suna ƙone robobin daga kayan, kuma suna tattara karafa don sake amfani da su. Duk da haka wannan tsari yana fallasa masu zaɓe da al'ummominsu ga hayaƙi mai guba.]] [[File:Recycling_containers_Gdansk_University_of_Technology,_Poland.jpg|thumb| Kwantena don tarin sharar mabukaci a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Gdańsk]] [[File:Sysav–flygbild_06_september_2014.jpg|thumb| Gidan sake amfani da sharar gida don samar da makamashi don sharar da ba a fitar da shi zuwa kasashen waje]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida''' ko '''zubar da shara,''' ya haɗa da matakai da ayyukan da ake buƙata don sarrafa [[Shara|sharar]] tun daga farkonsa zuwa zubar da shi na ƙarshe. <ref name="UN-1997">{{cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Environment Statistics|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317075312/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/|url-status=live}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da [[Tara shara|tattarawa]], jigilar kaya, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida, tare da sa ido da daidaita tsarin sarrafa sharar gida da [[Dokar Sarrafa Shara|dokokin]] da suka shafi sharar gida, fasaha, hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Sharar gida na iya zama matsalar, ruwa, ko iskar gas kuma kowane nau'in yana da hanyoyi daban-daban na zubarwa da gudanarwa. Gudanar da sharar gida yana hulɗa da kowane nau'in sharar gida, gami da masana'antu, [[Biology|nazarin halittu]], gida, gundumomi, kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta, sharar rediyo. A wasu lokuta, sharar gida na iya haifar da barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name=JWM>{{cite journal |date=March 2014 |title=Editorial Board/Aims & Scope | doi=10.1016/S0956-053X(14)00026-9 |journal=Waste Management |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=IFC|doi-access=free }}</ref> Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya suna da alaƙa a cikin duk tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Har ila yau, al'amurran kiwon lafiya na iya tasowa a kaikaice ko kai tsaye: kai tsaye ta hanyar sarrafa shara, da kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar amfani da ruwa, ƙasa da abinci. Sharar gida tana samuwa ne ta hanyar<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giusti|first=L.|date=2009-08-01|title=A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X09001275|journal=Waste Management|language=en|volume=29|issue=8|pages=2227–2239|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.028|pmid=19401266|bibcode=2009WaMan..29.2227G |issn=0956-053X|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125122728/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X09001275|url-status=live}}</ref> ayyukan ɗan adam, misali, hakowa da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa.<ref name="UN97">{{cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division - Environment Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/gesform.asp?getitem=1178|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041942/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/gesform.asp?getitem=1178|url-status=live}}</ref> An yi nufin sarrafa sharar gida don rage illar da sharar gida ke haifarwa ga [[Lafiya|lafiyar]] ɗan adam, [[Biophysical environment|muhalli]], albarkatun ƙasa da [[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|ƙawa]]. [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb]] Manufar sarrafa sharar dai ita ce rage illar da irin wannan sharar ke haifarwa ga muhalli da lafiyar dan Adam. Babban sashi na sarrafa sharar yana hulɗar da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, wanda masana'antu, kasuwanci, da ayyukan gida suka ƙirƙira. Ayyukan sarrafa shara ba daidai ba ne a tsakanin ƙasashe ( ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa ); yankuna ( birane da karkara ), da kuma wuraren zama da masana'antu duk na iya ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Gary |date=June 2011 |title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review |access-date=3 March 2017 |publisher=Dalhousie University – Office of Sustainability |url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |archive-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Gudanar da sharar gida da kyau yana da mahimmanci don gina birane masu dorewa da rayuwa, amma ya kasance kalubale ga yawancin ƙasashe da birane masu tasowa. Wani rahoto ya gano cewa ingantaccen sarrafa shara yana da tsada sosai, yawanci ya ƙunshi kashi 20 – 50% na kasafin kuɗi na birni. Yin aiki da wannan muhimmin sabis na birni yana buƙatar haɗaɗɗen tsarin da ke da inganci, masu dorewa, da tallafin zamantakewa.<ref name="wb1">{{cite web|title=Solid Waste Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|access-date=2020-09-28|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|url-status=live}}</ref> Babban kaso na ayyukan sarrafa sharar suna hulɗa da [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]] (MSW) wanda shine mafi yawan sharar da ayyukan gida, masana'antu, da kasuwanci ke ƙirƙira.<ref name=HMSW>{{cite book|year=2003 |title=Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies |pages=337–465 |doi=10.1016/B978-075067507-9/50010-3 |chapter=Glossary of environmental and waste management terms |isbn=9780750675079 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann }}</ref>A cewar kwamitin kula da sauyin yanayi (IPCC), dattin datti na birni ana sa ran zai kai kusan 3.4, Gt nan da shekarar 2050; duk da haka, manufofi da dokoki na iya rage yawan sharar da ake samarwa a yankuna da birane daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}</ref>Matakan sarrafa sharar gida sun haɗa da matakan haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin fasaha da tattalin arziki<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gollakota |first1=Anjani R. K. |last2=Gautam |first2=Sneha |last3=Shu |first3=Chi-Min |title=Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations – Facts and plausible solutions |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |date=1 May 2020 |volume=261 |pages=110234 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110234 |pmid=32148304 |s2cid=212641354 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699 |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en |issn=0301-4797 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212812/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699 |url-status=live }}</ref> na tattalin arziƙin madauwari, wuraren zubar da inganci, sarrafa fitarwa da shigo da kaya <ref>{{cite web |last1=Elegba |first1=S. B. |title=Import/export control of radioactive sources in Nigeria |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407 |website=Safety and security of radioactive sources: Towards a global system for the continuous control of sources throughout their life cycle. Proceedings of an international conference |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=English |date=2006 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213243/https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=E –Waste Management through Regulations |journal=International Journal of Engineering Inventions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716205819/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> da ingantaccen ƙira mai dorewa na samfuran da aka samar. A cikin nazari na farko na tsari na shaidar kimiyya game da sharar duniya, sarrafa shi da tasirinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da rayuwa, marubuta sun kammala cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk sharar ƙasa ba a tattara ba kuma ƙarin na huɗu ba a sarrafa shi ba daidai ba bayan tattarawa, sau da yawa. ana konewa a bude da gobarar da ba a sarrafa ba - ko kusan tan biliyan daya a kowace shekara idan aka hada su. Sun kuma gano cewa faffadan fifiko kowannensu ba shi da “tsayin [[bincike]] mai inganci”, wani bangare saboda rashi “babban tallafin bincike ”, wanda kwararrun masana kimiyya sukan bukata. <ref name="waste-crisis">{{cite news |title=Health crisis: Up to a billion tons of waste potentially burned in the open every year |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-01-health-crisis-billion-tons-potentially.html |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125160905/https://phys.org/news/2021-01-health-crisis-billion-tons-potentially.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=E. |last2=Velis |first2=C. A. |title=Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life |journal=Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life |date=6 January 2021 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169766/ |access-date=13 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222190045/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169766/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharar lantarki (ewaste) ya haɗa da na'urorin kwamfuta da aka jefar, na'urorin uwa, wayoyin hannu da caja, ƙaramin fayafai (CD), belun kunne, na'urorin talabijin, na'urorin sanyaya iska da firiji. Bisa kididdigar da Global E-waste Monitor 2017, Indiya na samar da ~ ton miliyan 2, na sharar lantarki a kowace shekara, kuma tana matsayi na biyar a cikin kasashe masu samar da sharar lantarki, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]], [[Japan]] da [[Jamus]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=R. Dhana|first=Raju|year=2021|title=Waste Management in India – An Overview|url=https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|journal=United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT)|language=English|volume=02|issue=7|pages=175–196|eissn=2582-6832|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202508/https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingantacciyar 'Gudanar da Sharar gida' ta ƙunshi aikin '7R' - 'R'efuse,' R'educe', 'R'euse', 'R'epair, 'R'epurpose ,'R'ecycle and'R'ecover. Daga cikin waɗannan '7R's, biyu na farko ('Kin' da 'Rage') suna da alaƙa da rashin ƙirƙirar sharar gida - ta ƙin siyan samfuran da ba su da mahimmanci kuma ta hanyar rage amfani. Biyu na gaba ('Sake amfani' da 'Gyara') suna nufin ƙara yawan amfanin samfuran da ake dasu, tare da ko ba tare da musanya wasu sassan samfurin ba. 'Maidawa' da 'Sake fa'ida' ya ƙunshi iyakar amfani da kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin samfurin, kuma 'Maida' shine mafi ƙarancin fifiko kuma mafi ƙarancin aikin sarrafa sharar da ya haɗa da dawo da kuzarin da aka saka a cikin kayan sharar. Misali, kona sharar gida don samar da zafi (da wutar lantarki daga zafi). Hakanan ana zubar da wasu samfuran da ba su lalace ba a matsayin 'zubar da ruwa', kuma wannan ba al'adar "sharar-sharar" ba ce.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sankar |first1=Ajith |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |edition=First}}</ref> == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} 8cxgcbuabmi6jv2pwk7b89r6yh3t6s5 914976 914975 2026-09-02T16:26:14Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sophämtning_2010.jpg|thumb| Motar tattara shara ta musamman tana ba da tarin sharar gari na yau da kullun a wata unguwa a [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]]] [[File:Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg|thumb| Masu diban shara suna kona sharar lantarki a Agbogbloshie, wani wuri kusa da Accra a ƙasar Ghana wanda ke sarrafa ɗimbin sharar lantarki na duniya. Masu zaɓen suna ƙone robobin daga kayan, kuma suna tattara karafa don sake amfani da su. Duk da haka wannan tsari yana fallasa masu zaɓe da al'ummominsu ga hayaƙi mai guba.]] [[File:Recycling_containers_Gdansk_University_of_Technology,_Poland.jpg|thumb| Kwantena don tarin sharar mabukaci a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Gdańsk]] [[File:Sysav–flygbild_06_september_2014.jpg|thumb| Gidan sake amfani da sharar gida don samar da makamashi don sharar da ba a fitar da shi zuwa kasashen waje]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida''' ko '''zubar da shara,''' ya haɗa da matakai da ayyukan da ake buƙata don sarrafa [[Shara|sharar]] tun daga farkonsa zuwa zubar da shi na ƙarshe. <ref name="UN-1997">{{cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Environment Statistics|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317075312/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/|url-status=live}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da [[Tara shara|tattarawa]], jigilar kaya, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida, tare da sa ido da daidaita tsarin sarrafa sharar gida da [[Dokar Sarrafa Shara|dokokin]] da suka shafi sharar gida, fasaha, hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Sharar gida na iya zama matsalar, ruwa, ko iskar gas kuma kowane nau'in yana da hanyoyi daban-daban na zubarwa da gudanarwa. Gudanar da sharar gida yana hulɗa da kowane nau'in sharar gida, gami da masana'antu, [[Biology|nazarin halittu]], gida, gundumomi, kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta, sharar rediyo. A wasu lokuta, sharar gida na iya haifar da barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name=JWM>{{cite journal |date=March 2014 |title=Editorial Board/Aims & Scope | doi=10.1016/S0956-053X(14)00026-9 |journal=Waste Management |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=IFC|doi-access=free }}</ref> Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya suna da alaƙa a cikin duk tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Har ila yau kuma, al'amurran kiwon lafiya na iya tasowa a kaikaice ko kai tsaye: kai tsaye ta hanyar sarrafa shara, da kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar amfani da ruwa, ƙasa da abinci. Sharar gida tana samuwa ne ta hanyar<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giusti|first=L.|date=2009-08-01|title=A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X09001275|journal=Waste Management|language=en|volume=29|issue=8|pages=2227–2239|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.028|pmid=19401266|bibcode=2009WaMan..29.2227G |issn=0956-053X|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125122728/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X09001275|url-status=live}}</ref> ayyukan ɗan adam, misali, hakowa da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa.<ref name="UN97">{{cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division - Environment Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/gesform.asp?getitem=1178|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041942/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/gesform.asp?getitem=1178|url-status=live}}</ref> An yi nufin sarrafa sharar gida don rage illar da sharar gida ke haifarwa ga [[Lafiya|lafiyar]] ɗan adam, [[Biophysical environment|muhalli]], albarkatun ƙasa da [[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|ƙawa]]. [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb]] Manufar sarrafa sharar dai ita ce rage illar da irin wannan sharar ke haifarwa ga muhalli da lafiyar dan Adam. Babban sashi na sarrafa sharar yana hulɗar da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, wanda masana'antu, kasuwanci, da ayyukan gida suka ƙirƙira. Ayyukan sarrafa shara ba daidai ba ne a tsakanin ƙasashe ( ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa ); yankuna ( birane da karkara ), da kuma wuraren zama da masana'antu duk na iya ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Gary |date=June 2011 |title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review |access-date=3 March 2017 |publisher=Dalhousie University – Office of Sustainability |url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |archive-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Gudanar da sharar gida da kyau yana da mahimmanci don gina birane masu dorewa da rayuwa, amma ya kasance kalubale ga yawancin ƙasashe da birane masu tasowa. Wani rahoto ya gano cewa ingantaccen sarrafa shara yana da tsada sosai, yawanci ya ƙunshi kashi 20 – 50% na kasafin kuɗi na birni. Yin aiki da wannan muhimmin sabis na birni yana buƙatar haɗaɗɗen tsarin da ke da inganci, masu dorewa, da tallafin zamantakewa.<ref name="wb1">{{cite web|title=Solid Waste Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|access-date=2020-09-28|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|url-status=live}}</ref> Babban kaso na ayyukan sarrafa sharar suna hulɗa da [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]] (MSW) wanda shine mafi yawan sharar da ayyukan gida, masana'antu, da kasuwanci ke ƙirƙira.<ref name=HMSW>{{cite book|year=2003 |title=Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies |pages=337–465 |doi=10.1016/B978-075067507-9/50010-3 |chapter=Glossary of environmental and waste management terms |isbn=9780750675079 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann }}</ref>A cewar kwamitin kula da sauyin yanayi (IPCC), dattin datti na birni ana sa ran zai kai kusan 3.4, Gt nan da shekarar 2050; duk da haka, manufofi da dokoki na iya rage yawan sharar da ake samarwa a yankuna da birane daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}</ref>Matakan sarrafa sharar gida sun haɗa da matakan haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin fasaha da tattalin arziki<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gollakota |first1=Anjani R. K. |last2=Gautam |first2=Sneha |last3=Shu |first3=Chi-Min |title=Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations – Facts and plausible solutions |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |date=1 May 2020 |volume=261 |pages=110234 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110234 |pmid=32148304 |s2cid=212641354 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699 |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en |issn=0301-4797 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212812/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699 |url-status=live }}</ref> na tattalin arziƙin madauwari, wuraren zubar da inganci, sarrafa fitarwa da shigo da kaya <ref>{{cite web |last1=Elegba |first1=S. B. |title=Import/export control of radioactive sources in Nigeria |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407 |website=Safety and security of radioactive sources: Towards a global system for the continuous control of sources throughout their life cycle. Proceedings of an international conference |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=English |date=2006 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213243/https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=E –Waste Management through Regulations |journal=International Journal of Engineering Inventions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716205819/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> da ingantaccen ƙira mai dorewa na samfuran da aka samar. A cikin nazari na farko na tsari na shaidar kimiyya game da sharar duniya, sarrafa shi da tasirinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da rayuwa, marubuta sun kammala cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk sharar ƙasa ba a tattara ba kuma ƙarin na huɗu ba a sarrafa shi ba daidai ba bayan tattarawa, sau da yawa. ana konewa a bude da gobarar da ba a sarrafa ba - ko kusan tan biliyan daya a kowace shekara idan aka hada su. Sun kuma gano cewa faffadan fifiko kowannensu ba shi da “tsayin [[bincike]] mai inganci”, wani bangare saboda rashi “babban tallafin bincike ”, wanda kwararrun masana kimiyya sukan bukata. <ref name="waste-crisis">{{cite news |title=Health crisis: Up to a billion tons of waste potentially burned in the open every year |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-01-health-crisis-billion-tons-potentially.html |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125160905/https://phys.org/news/2021-01-health-crisis-billion-tons-potentially.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=E. |last2=Velis |first2=C. A. |title=Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life |journal=Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life |date=6 January 2021 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169766/ |access-date=13 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222190045/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169766/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharar lantarki (ewaste) ya haɗa da na'urorin kwamfuta da aka jefar, na'urorin uwa, wayoyin hannu da caja, ƙaramin fayafai (CD), belun kunne, na'urorin talabijin, na'urorin sanyaya iska da firiji. Bisa kididdigar da Global E-waste Monitor 2017, Indiya na samar da ~ ton miliyan 2, na sharar lantarki a kowace shekara, kuma tana matsayi na biyar a cikin kasashe masu samar da sharar lantarki, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]], [[Japan]] da [[Jamus]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=R. Dhana|first=Raju|year=2021|title=Waste Management in India – An Overview|url=https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|journal=United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT)|language=English|volume=02|issue=7|pages=175–196|eissn=2582-6832|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202508/https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingantacciyar 'Gudanar da Sharar gida' ta ƙunshi aikin '7R' - 'R'efuse,' R'educe', 'R'euse', 'R'epair, 'R'epurpose ,'R'ecycle and'R'ecover. Daga cikin waɗannan '7R's, biyu na farko ('Kin' da 'Rage') suna da alaƙa da rashin ƙirƙirar sharar gida - ta ƙin siyan samfuran da ba su da mahimmanci kuma ta hanyar rage amfani. Biyu na gaba ('Sake amfani' da 'Gyara') suna nufin ƙara yawan amfanin samfuran da ake dasu, tare da ko ba tare da musanya wasu sassan samfurin ba. 'Maidawa' da 'Sake fa'ida' ya ƙunshi iyakar amfani da kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin samfurin, kuma 'Maida' shine mafi ƙarancin fifiko kuma mafi ƙarancin aikin sarrafa sharar da ya haɗa da dawo da kuzarin da aka saka a cikin kayan sharar. Misali, kona sharar gida don samar da zafi (da wutar lantarki daga zafi). Hakanan ana zubar da wasu samfuran da ba su lalace ba a matsayin 'zubar da ruwa', kuma wannan ba al'adar "sharar-sharar" ba ce.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sankar |first1=Ajith |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |edition=First}}</ref> == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} nw65bjewp89oq01463zi6q64tp7drs7 914977 914976 2026-09-02T16:26:30Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sophämtning_2010.jpg|thumb| Motar tattara shara ta musamman tana ba da tarin sharar gari na yau da kullun a wata unguwa a [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]]] [[File:Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg|thumb| Masu diban shara suna kona sharar lantarki a Agbogbloshie, wani wuri kusa da Accra a ƙasar Ghana wanda ke sarrafa ɗimbin sharar lantarki na duniya. Masu zaɓen suna ƙone robobin daga kayan, kuma suna tattara karafa don sake amfani da su. Duk da haka wannan tsari yana fallasa masu zaɓe da al'ummominsu ga hayaƙi mai guba.]] [[File:Recycling_containers_Gdansk_University_of_Technology,_Poland.jpg|thumb| Kwantena don tarin sharar mabukaci a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Gdańsk]] [[File:Sysav–flygbild_06_september_2014.jpg|thumb| Gidan sake amfani da sharar gida don samar da makamashi don sharar da ba a fitar da shi zuwa kasashen waje]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida''' ko '''zubar da shara,''' ya haɗa da matakai da ayyukan da ake buƙata don sarrafa [[Shara|sharar]] tun daga farkonsa zuwa zubar da shi na ƙarshe. <ref name="UN-1997">{{cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Environment Statistics|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317075312/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/|url-status=live}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da [[Tara shara|tattarawa]], jigilar kaya, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida, tare da sa ido da daidaita tsarin sarrafa sharar gida da [[Dokar Sarrafa Shara|dokokin]] da suka shafi sharar gida, fasaha, hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Sharar gida na iya zama matsalar, ruwa, ko iskar gas kuma kowane nau'in yana da hanyoyi daban-daban na zubarwa da gudanarwa. Gudanar da sharar gida yana hulɗa da kowane nau'in sharar gida, gami da masana'antu, [[Biology|nazarin halittu]], gida, gundumomi, kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta, sharar rediyo. A wasu lokuta, sharar gida na iya haifar da barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name=JWM>{{cite journal |date=March 2014 |title=Editorial Board/Aims & Scope | doi=10.1016/S0956-053X(14)00026-9 |journal=Waste Management |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=IFC|doi-access=free }}</ref> Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya suna da alaƙa a cikin duk tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Har ila yau kuma, al'amurran kiwon lafiya na iya tasowa a kaikaice ko kai tsaye: kai tsaye ta hanyar sarrafa shara, da kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar amfani da ruwa, ƙasa da abinci. Sharar gida tana samuwa ne ta hanyar<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giusti|first=L.|date=2009-08-01|title=A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X09001275|journal=Waste Management|language=en|volume=29|issue=8|pages=2227–2239|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.028|pmid=19401266|bibcode=2009WaMan..29.2227G |issn=0956-053X|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125122728/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X09001275|url-status=live}}</ref> ayyukan ɗan adam, misali, hakowa da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa.<ref name="UN97">{{cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division - Environment Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/gesform.asp?getitem=1178|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041942/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/gesform.asp?getitem=1178|url-status=live}}</ref> An yi nufin sarrafa sharar gida don rage illar da sharar gida ke haifarwa ga [[Lafiya|lafiyar]] ɗan adam, [[Biophysical environment|muhalli]], albarkatun ƙasa da [[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|ƙawa]]. [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb]] Manufar sarrafa sharar dai ita ce rage illar da irin wannan sharar ke haifarwa ga muhalli da lafiyar dan Adam. Babban sashi na sarrafa sharar yana hulɗar da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, wanda masana'antu, kasuwanci, da ayyukan gida suka ƙirƙira. Ayyukan sarrafa shara ba dai-dai ba ne a tsakanin ƙasashe ( ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa ); yankuna ( birane da karkara ), da kuma wuraren zama da masana'antu duk na iya ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Gary |date=June 2011 |title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review |access-date=3 March 2017 |publisher=Dalhousie University – Office of Sustainability |url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |archive-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Gudanar da sharar gida da kyau yana da mahimmanci don gina birane masu dorewa da rayuwa, amma ya kasance kalubale ga yawancin ƙasashe da birane masu tasowa. Wani rahoto ya gano cewa ingantaccen sarrafa shara yana da tsada sosai, yawanci ya ƙunshi kashi 20 – 50% na kasafin kuɗi na birni. Yin aiki da wannan muhimmin sabis na birni yana buƙatar haɗaɗɗen tsarin da ke da inganci, masu dorewa, da tallafin zamantakewa.<ref name="wb1">{{cite web|title=Solid Waste Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|access-date=2020-09-28|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|url-status=live}}</ref> Babban kaso na ayyukan sarrafa sharar suna hulɗa da [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]] (MSW) wanda shine mafi yawan sharar da ayyukan gida, masana'antu, da kasuwanci ke ƙirƙira.<ref name=HMSW>{{cite book|year=2003 |title=Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies |pages=337–465 |doi=10.1016/B978-075067507-9/50010-3 |chapter=Glossary of environmental and waste management terms |isbn=9780750675079 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann }}</ref>A cewar kwamitin kula da sauyin yanayi (IPCC), dattin datti na birni ana sa ran zai kai kusan 3.4, Gt nan da shekarar 2050; duk da haka, manufofi da dokoki na iya rage yawan sharar da ake samarwa a yankuna da birane daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}</ref>Matakan sarrafa sharar gida sun haɗa da matakan haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin fasaha da tattalin arziki<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gollakota |first1=Anjani R. K. |last2=Gautam |first2=Sneha |last3=Shu |first3=Chi-Min |title=Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations – Facts and plausible solutions |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |date=1 May 2020 |volume=261 |pages=110234 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110234 |pmid=32148304 |s2cid=212641354 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699 |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en |issn=0301-4797 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212812/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699 |url-status=live }}</ref> na tattalin arziƙin madauwari, wuraren zubar da inganci, sarrafa fitarwa da shigo da kaya <ref>{{cite web |last1=Elegba |first1=S. B. |title=Import/export control of radioactive sources in Nigeria |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407 |website=Safety and security of radioactive sources: Towards a global system for the continuous control of sources throughout their life cycle. Proceedings of an international conference |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=English |date=2006 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213243/https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=E –Waste Management through Regulations |journal=International Journal of Engineering Inventions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716205819/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> da ingantaccen ƙira mai dorewa na samfuran da aka samar. A cikin nazari na farko na tsari na shaidar kimiyya game da sharar duniya, sarrafa shi da tasirinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da rayuwa, marubuta sun kammala cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk sharar ƙasa ba a tattara ba kuma ƙarin na huɗu ba a sarrafa shi ba daidai ba bayan tattarawa, sau da yawa. ana konewa a bude da gobarar da ba a sarrafa ba - ko kusan tan biliyan daya a kowace shekara idan aka hada su. Sun kuma gano cewa faffadan fifiko kowannensu ba shi da “tsayin [[bincike]] mai inganci”, wani bangare saboda rashi “babban tallafin bincike ”, wanda kwararrun masana kimiyya sukan bukata. <ref name="waste-crisis">{{cite news |title=Health crisis: Up to a billion tons of waste potentially burned in the open every year |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-01-health-crisis-billion-tons-potentially.html |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125160905/https://phys.org/news/2021-01-health-crisis-billion-tons-potentially.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=E. |last2=Velis |first2=C. A. |title=Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life |journal=Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life |date=6 January 2021 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169766/ |access-date=13 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222190045/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169766/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharar lantarki (ewaste) ya haɗa da na'urorin kwamfuta da aka jefar, na'urorin uwa, wayoyin hannu da caja, ƙaramin fayafai (CD), belun kunne, na'urorin talabijin, na'urorin sanyaya iska da firiji. Bisa kididdigar da Global E-waste Monitor 2017, Indiya na samar da ~ ton miliyan 2, na sharar lantarki a kowace shekara, kuma tana matsayi na biyar a cikin kasashe masu samar da sharar lantarki, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]], [[Japan]] da [[Jamus]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=R. Dhana|first=Raju|year=2021|title=Waste Management in India – An Overview|url=https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|journal=United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT)|language=English|volume=02|issue=7|pages=175–196|eissn=2582-6832|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202508/https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingantacciyar 'Gudanar da Sharar gida' ta ƙunshi aikin '7R' - 'R'efuse,' R'educe', 'R'euse', 'R'epair, 'R'epurpose ,'R'ecycle and'R'ecover. Daga cikin waɗannan '7R's, biyu na farko ('Kin' da 'Rage') suna da alaƙa da rashin ƙirƙirar sharar gida - ta ƙin siyan samfuran da ba su da mahimmanci kuma ta hanyar rage amfani. Biyu na gaba ('Sake amfani' da 'Gyara') suna nufin ƙara yawan amfanin samfuran da ake dasu, tare da ko ba tare da musanya wasu sassan samfurin ba. 'Maidawa' da 'Sake fa'ida' ya ƙunshi iyakar amfani da kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin samfurin, kuma 'Maida' shine mafi ƙarancin fifiko kuma mafi ƙarancin aikin sarrafa sharar da ya haɗa da dawo da kuzarin da aka saka a cikin kayan sharar. Misali, kona sharar gida don samar da zafi (da wutar lantarki daga zafi). Hakanan ana zubar da wasu samfuran da ba su lalace ba a matsayin 'zubar da ruwa', kuma wannan ba al'adar "sharar-sharar" ba ce.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sankar |first1=Ajith |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |edition=First}}</ref> == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} b2zlv4xo31kx5nhr6xoacml46rm3i5u 914978 914977 2026-09-02T16:26:57Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Sophämtning_2010.jpg|thumb| Motar tattara shara ta musamman tana ba da tarin sharar gari na yau da kullun a wata unguwa a [[Stockholm]], [[Sweden]]]] [[File:Agbogbloshie_Ghana.jpg|thumb| Masu diban shara suna kona sharar lantarki a Agbogbloshie, wani wuri kusa da Accra a ƙasar Ghana wanda ke sarrafa ɗimbin sharar lantarki na duniya. Masu zaɓen suna ƙone robobin daga kayan, kuma suna tattara karafa don sake amfani da su. Duk da haka wannan tsari yana fallasa masu zaɓe da al'ummominsu ga hayaƙi mai guba.]] [[File:Recycling_containers_Gdansk_University_of_Technology,_Poland.jpg|thumb| Kwantena don tarin sharar mabukaci a Jami'ar Fasaha ta Gdańsk]] [[File:Sysav–flygbild_06_september_2014.jpg|thumb| Gidan sake amfani da sharar gida don samar da makamashi don sharar da ba a fitar da shi zuwa kasashen waje]] '''Gudanar da sharar gida''' ko '''zubar da shara,''' ya haɗa da matakai da ayyukan da ake buƙata don sarrafa [[Shara|sharar]] tun daga farkonsa zuwa zubar da shi na ƙarshe. <ref name="UN-1997">{{cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division – Environment Statistics|url=http://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=17 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170317075312/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/|url-status=live}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da [[Tara shara|tattarawa]], jigilar kaya, jiyya da zubar da sharar gida, tare da sa ido da daidaita tsarin sarrafa sharar gida da [[Dokar Sarrafa Shara|dokokin]] da suka shafi sharar gida, fasaha, hanyoyin tattalin arziki. Sharar gida na iya zama matsalar, ruwa, ko iskar gas kuma kowane nau'in yana da hanyoyi daban-daban na zubarwa da gudanarwa. Gudanar da sharar gida yana hulɗa da kowane nau'in sharar gida, gami da masana'antu, [[Biology|nazarin halittu]], gida, gundumomi, kwayoyin halitta, ƙwayoyin cuta, sharar rediyo. A wasu lokuta, sharar gida na iya haifar da barazana ga lafiyar ɗan adam.<ref name=JWM>{{cite journal |date=March 2014 |title=Editorial Board/Aims & Scope | doi=10.1016/S0956-053X(14)00026-9 |journal=Waste Management |volume=34 |issue=3 |pages=IFC|doi-access=free }}</ref> Abubuwan da suka shafi kiwon lafiya suna da alaƙa a cikin duk tsarin sarrafa sharar gida. Har ila yau kuma, al'amurran kiwon lafiya na iya tasowa a kaikaice ko kai tsaye: kai tsaye ta hanyar sarrafa shara, da kuma a kaikaice ta hanyar amfani da ruwa, ƙasa da abinci. Sharar gida tana samuwa ne ta hanyar<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Giusti|first=L.|date=2009-08-01|title=A review of waste management practices and their impact on human health|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X09001275|journal=Waste Management|language=en|volume=29|issue=8|pages=2227–2239|doi=10.1016/j.wasman.2009.03.028|pmid=19401266|bibcode=2009WaMan..29.2227G |issn=0956-053X|access-date=4 December 2020|archive-date=25 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181125122728/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0956053X09001275|url-status=live}}</ref> ayyukan ɗan adam, misali, hakowa da sarrafa albarkatun ƙasa.<ref name="UN97">{{cite web|title=United Nations Statistics Division - Environment Statistics|url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/gesform.asp?getitem=1178|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=3 March 2017|archive-date=1 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201041942/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/environmentgl/gesform.asp?getitem=1178|url-status=live}}</ref> An yi nufin sarrafa sharar gida don rage illar da sharar gida ke haifarwa ga [[Lafiya|lafiyar]] ɗan adam, [[Biophysical environment|muhalli]], albarkatun ƙasa da [[Aesthetics/Kayan ado|ƙawa]]. [[Fayil:Piles of waste in Thilafushi, 2012 (1).jpg|thumb]] Manufar sarrafa sharar dai ita ce rage illar da irin wannan sharar ke haifarwa ga muhalli da lafiyar dan Adam. Babban sashi na sarrafa sharar yana hulɗar da ƙaƙƙarfan sharar gida, wanda masana'antu, kasuwanci, da ayyukan gida suka ƙirƙira. Ayyukan sarrafa shara ba dai-dai ba ne a tsakanin ƙasashe ( ƙasashe masu tasowa da masu tasowa ); yankuna ( birane da karkara ), da kuma wuraren zama da masana'antu duk na iya ɗaukar hanyoyi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite web |last=Davidson |first=Gary |date=June 2011 |title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review |access-date=3 March 2017 |publisher=Dalhousie University – Office of Sustainability |url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |archive-date=1 February 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Gudanar da sharar gida da kyau yana da mahimmanci don gina birane masu dorewa da rayuwa, amma ya kasance ƙalubale ga yawancin ƙasashe da birane masu tasowa. Wani rahoto ya gano cewa ingantaccen sarrafa shara yana da tsada sosai, yawanci ya ƙunshi kashi 20 – 50% na kasafin kuɗi na birni. Yin aiki da wannan muhimmin sabis na birni yana buƙatar haɗaɗɗen tsarin da ke da inganci, masu dorewa, da tallafin zamantakewa.<ref name="wb1">{{cite web|title=Solid Waste Management|url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|access-date=2020-09-28|website=World Bank|language=en|archive-date=30 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930095656/https://www.worldbank.org/en/topic/urbandevelopment/brief/solid-waste-management|url-status=live}}</ref> Babban kaso na ayyukan sarrafa sharar suna hulɗa da [[Datti da sharar gida|sharar gida]] (MSW) wanda shine mafi yawan sharar da ayyukan gida, masana'antu, da kasuwanci ke ƙirƙira.<ref name=HMSW>{{cite book|year=2003 |title=Handbook of Solid Waste Management and Waste Minimization Technologies |pages=337–465 |doi=10.1016/B978-075067507-9/50010-3 |chapter=Glossary of environmental and waste management terms |isbn=9780750675079 |publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann }}</ref>A cewar kwamitin kula da sauyin yanayi (IPCC), dattin datti na birni ana sa ran zai kai kusan 3.4, Gt nan da shekarar 2050; duk da haka, manufofi da dokoki na iya rage yawan sharar da ake samarwa a yankuna da birane daban-daban na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Climate Change 2022: Mitigation of Climate Change |url=https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg3/ |access-date=2022-04-05 |website=www.ipcc.ch |language=en}}</ref>Matakan sarrafa sharar gida sun haɗa da matakan haɗin gwiwar hanyoyin fasaha da tattalin arziki<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gollakota |first1=Anjani R. K. |last2=Gautam |first2=Sneha |last3=Shu |first3=Chi-Min |title=Inconsistencies of e-waste management in developing nations – Facts and plausible solutions |journal=Journal of Environmental Management |date=1 May 2020 |volume=261 |pages=110234 |doi=10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.110234 |pmid=32148304 |s2cid=212641354 |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699 |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=en |issn=0301-4797 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212812/https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301479720301699 |url-status=live }}</ref> na tattalin arziƙin madauwari, wuraren zubar da inganci, sarrafa fitarwa da shigo da kaya <ref>{{cite web |last1=Elegba |first1=S. B. |title=Import/export control of radioactive sources in Nigeria |url=https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407 |website=Safety and security of radioactive sources: Towards a global system for the continuous control of sources throughout their life cycle. Proceedings of an international conference |access-date=27 February 2021 |language=English |date=2006 |archive-date=20 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920213243/https://inis.iaea.org/search/search.aspx?orig_q=RN:39046407 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=E –Waste Management through Regulations |journal=International Journal of Engineering Inventions |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf |access-date=27 February 2021 |archive-date=16 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210716205819/https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Prem-Baboo/post/Comparison_of_e-waste_regulations_e-waste_regulations/attachment/59d6367979197b8077993e4b/AS%3A388818185277444%401469712887190/download/B0320614.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> da ingantaccen ƙira mai dorewa na samfuran da aka samar. A cikin nazari na farko na tsari na shaidar kimiyya game da sharar duniya, sarrafa shi da tasirinsa ga lafiyar ɗan adam da rayuwa, marubuta sun kammala cewa kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na duk sharar ƙasa ba a tattara ba kuma ƙarin na huɗu ba a sarrafa shi ba daidai ba bayan tattarawa, sau da yawa. ana konewa a bude da gobarar da ba a sarrafa ba - ko kusan tan biliyan daya a kowace shekara idan aka hada su. Sun kuma gano cewa faffadan fifiko kowannensu ba shi da “tsayin [[bincike]] mai inganci”, wani bangare saboda rashi “babban tallafin bincike ”, wanda kwararrun masana kimiyya sukan bukata. <ref name="waste-crisis">{{cite news |title=Health crisis: Up to a billion tons of waste potentially burned in the open every year |url=https://phys.org/news/2021-01-health-crisis-billion-tons-potentially.html |access-date=13 February 2021 |work=phys.org |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125160905/https://phys.org/news/2021-01-health-crisis-billion-tons-potentially.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Cook |first1=E. |last2=Velis |first2=C. A. |title=Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life |journal=Global Review on Safer End of Engineered Life |date=6 January 2021 |url=http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169766/ |access-date=13 February 2021 |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210222190045/http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/169766/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Sharar lantarki (ewaste) ya haɗa da na'urorin kwamfuta da aka jefar, na'urorin uwa, wayoyin hannu da caja, ƙaramin fayafai (CD), belun kunne, na'urorin talabijin, na'urorin sanyaya iska da firiji. Bisa kididdigar da Global E-waste Monitor 2017, Indiya na samar da ~ ton miliyan 2, na sharar lantarki a kowace shekara, kuma tana matsayi na biyar a cikin kasashe masu samar da sharar lantarki, bayan [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[Sin|Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Sin]], [[Japan]] da [[Jamus]] .<ref>{{Cite journal|last=R. Dhana|first=Raju|year=2021|title=Waste Management in India – An Overview|url=https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|journal=United International Journal for Research & Technology (UIJRT)|language=English|volume=02|issue=7|pages=175–196|eissn=2582-6832|access-date=21 June 2021|archive-date=24 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202508/https://uijrt.com/articles/v2/i7/UIJRTV2I70022.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> Ingantacciyar 'Gudanar da Sharar gida' ta ƙunshi aikin '7R' - 'R'efuse,' R'educe', 'R'euse', 'R'epair, 'R'epurpose ,'R'ecycle and'R'ecover. Daga cikin waɗannan '7R's, biyu na farko ('Kin' da 'Rage') suna da alaƙa da rashin ƙirƙirar sharar gida - ta ƙin siyan samfuran da ba su da mahimmanci kuma ta hanyar rage amfani. Biyu na gaba ('Sake amfani' da 'Gyara') suna nufin ƙara yawan amfanin samfuran da ake dasu, tare da ko ba tare da musanya wasu sassan samfurin ba. 'Maidawa' da 'Sake fa'ida' ya ƙunshi iyakar amfani da kayan da aka yi amfani da su a cikin samfurin, kuma 'Maida' shine mafi ƙarancin fifiko kuma mafi ƙarancin aikin sarrafa sharar da ya haɗa da dawo da kuzarin da aka saka a cikin kayan sharar. Misali, kona sharar gida don samar da zafi (da wutar lantarki daga zafi). Hakanan ana zubar da wasu samfuran da ba su lalace ba a matsayin 'zubar da ruwa', kuma wannan ba al'adar "sharar-sharar" ba ce.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Sankar |first1=Ajith |date=2015 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New Delhi |edition=First}}</ref> == Manazarta. == {{reflist}} oievfmzby3e6r5fyglcdlivpd351mrc 0 54071 915088 879182 2026-09-02T19:27:07Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358073957|Meji Alabi]]" 915088 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meji Alabi''' ( listen ⓘ ; an haife shi a ranar 13 ga Disamba 1988) fitaccen mai shirya fina-finai ne [['Yan Najeriya na Burtaniya|na Najeriya-Birtaniya]], darakta, mai daukar hoto kuma furodusa. Darakta ne kuma ya yi aiki tare da [[Beyoncé|Beyonce]], <ref name=":142">{{Cite web |title=A N T I on Instagram: "Black Is King, a film by @beyonce.⁣ Super pumped to have played our part on the Nigerian chapter of this film 🧡 alongside amazing…" |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/CCCPpchjO_r/ |url-access=registration |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230928005317/https://www.instagram.com/p/CCCPpchjO_r/ |archive-date=2023-09-28 |access-date=2020-07-11 |website=[[Instagram]] |language=en |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> [[Burna Boy]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hahn |first=Rachel |date=21 August 2019 |title=Burna Boy Proves He's Nigeria's Most Stylish Musician in His New Video |url=https://www.vogue.com/article/burna-boy-pull-up-nigeria-new-music-video-african-giant |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=[[Vogue (magazine)|Vogue]]}}</ref> [[Wizkid]], [ <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2019 |title=Meji Alabi: Tales of an "Experience Junkie" |url=https://www.lbbonline.com/news/meji-alabi-tales-of-an-experience-junkie |access-date=23 May 2021}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2021 |title=Runtown and director Meji Alabi go virtual this weekend |url=https://www.voice-online.co.uk/entertainment/2021/04/23/runtown-and-director-meji-alabi-go-virtual-this-weekend/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=voice-online}}</ref> [[Davido]], [[Tiwa Savage]], Popcaan, Goldlink, Koffee da Nasty C. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 May 2019 |title=WATCH THE MEJI ALABI DIRECTED VIDEO FOR GOLDLINK AND MALEEK BERRY'S 'ZULU SCREAMS' |url=https://culturecustodian.com/watch-the-meji-alabi-video-for-goldlink-and-maleek-berrys-zulu-screams/ |access-date=23 May 2021 }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya shirya fim ɗinsa na farko a shekarar 2024, ''Water and Garri'', wanda Tiwa Savage ta fito a ciki. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Nelson |first=C.J. |title=In Tiwa Savage’s ‘Water and Garri,’ Meji Alabi Finds a Fresh Directorial Perspective - Okayplayer |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/meji-alabi-water-and-garri/ |access-date=2024-12-04 |website=www.okayafrica.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Meji a ranar 13 ga Disamba, 1988, a Landan, kuma ya shafe tsawon lokacin ƙuruciyarsa yana ƙaura tare da mahaifinsa bayan rabuwar iyayensa a 1989. Ya yi yawo tsakanin London, [[Bahamas]], da Texas, Amurka. Ya halarci Makarantar Tsakiya ta Spring Forest da Makarantar Sakandare ta Stratford duka a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]] . Meji Alabi ya kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar Yammacin London da digiri na farko a fannin Lissafi da Kuɗi, kuma yana da digirin Lasisi na Aikin Jinya daga Kwalejin St. Phillips da ke [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kpade |first=Sabo |date=16 February 2021 |title=Interview: Meji Alabi Is Bringing Nigerian Culture to the World, One Music Video at a Time |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/meji-alabi-nigeria-music-video/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=okayafrica}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steven |first=Rachael |date=24 July 2020 |title=WHAT WOULD I CHANGE: DIRECTOR MEJI ALABI |url=https://www.creativereview.co.uk/what-would-i-change-director-meji-alabi/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=CreativeReview}}</ref> == Sana'a == A shekarar 2014, Alabi ya kafa JM Films tare da Jimi Adesanya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 February 2021 |title=Director Meji Alabi, Black Dog Films Draw The Line Against Malaria |url=https://www.shootonline.com/video/director-meji-alabi-black-dog-films-draw-line-against-malaria |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=shootonline}}</ref> JM Films (wani reshe na Unbound Studios) kamfani ne na ayyukan watsa labarai da shirye-shirye wanda ya ƙware a fannin zane-zane masu ƙirƙira, bidiyon kiɗa, tallace-tallace, fina-finai da talabijin kuma yana zaune a Legas, Najeriya. Shi ne kuma wanda ya kafa Priorgold Pictures wanda wani kamfani ne na shirya fina-finai da ke Legas, Najeriya wanda aka ƙirƙira don biyan buƙatun masana'antar nishaɗi ta hanyar samar da kayan aiki da ma'aikata don aiwatar da abubuwan gani masu ƙirƙira. A shekarar 2014, ya jagoranci bidiyon waƙar 'Murda' wanda [[Seyi Shay]] ya rera tare da Patoranking, Shaydee . Nasarar wannan bidiyon ta jawo masa hankali sosai a masana'antar kiɗan Najeriya kuma an zaɓe shi a wannan shekarar a bikin bayar da kyaututtukan MTV Africa Music Awards don Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo. Haka kuma a shekarar 2014, ya jagoranci bidiyon waƙar 'Crazy' wanda [[Seyi Shay]] ya rera tare da [[Wizkid]] kuma an zaɓe shi a shekarar 2015 don Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara (Mai Zane da Darakta) a [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|bikin bayar da kyaututtukan nishaɗi na Najeriya]] da kuma mafi kyawun bidiyon kiɗa a The Headies 2015 . A shekarar 2016, ya jagoranci bidiyon 'Kontrol' na Maleek Berry wanda ya nuna sabon salon da yake bi wajen jagorantar bidiyon wakoki ga fitattun mawakan Najeriya. A wannan shekarar, ya jagoranci 'Aje' wanda Alikiba ya rera, wanda ya lashe kyautar Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa a bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Soundcity MVP a shekarar 2017. A shekarar 2018, Alabi ya jagoranci bidiyon waƙar [[Davido]] mai suna 'Assurance' a cikin fim ɗin 'A Good Time'. Tun daga shekarar 2018, Alabi ya yi aiki tare da [[Burna Boy]] a wasu ayyukansa. Ya ba da umarni ga Pull Up, On The Low, da Gum Body tare da Jorja Smith daga kundin wakokin Burna Boy mai suna 'African Giant'. Meji ya kuma ba da umarni ga bidiyon Way Too Big, Wonderful, Monsters You Made wanda ya nuna [[Chris Martin]] da Real Life tare da Stormzy daga kundin wakokin 'Twice As Tall'. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da [[Wizkid]] a cikin kundin wakokin Made in Lagos, kuma yana da jagoranci a cikin bidiyon wakokin Ginger tare da [[Burna Boy]], No Stress da Smile tare da HER. A shekarar 2020, Alabi ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa tare da Jimi Adesanya a fim ɗin Najeriya na Black Is King wanda Beyonce Knowles-Carter ta shirya. Ya kuma yi aiki tare da Ibra Ake da Jenn Nkiru don yin bidiyon waƙar ' Brown Skin Girl ' wadda ta lashe kyautar Grammy, wanda aka yaba masa a matsayin mataimakin darakta. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Haring |first=Bruce |date=19 July 2020 |title=Beyoncé's 'Black Is King' Visual Album Releases First Full Trailer And Key Art |url=https://deadline.com/video/beyonces-black-is-king-trailer-key-art/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=deadline}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 June 2020 |title=Meji Alabi, Muhammad Atta & Other Nigerian Creatives who Created Magic on Beyoncè's "Black Is King" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/nigerian-creatives-black-is-king/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=bellanaija}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Alabi ya yi aiki tare da Black Dog Films a matsayin darektan aikin gani na kamfen ɗin 'Zero Malaria: Draw The Line Against Malaria'. Wannan ƙungiya ta ƙunshi 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya kuma mai ba da agaji [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Jalade-Ekeinde]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma 'yar kasuwa Osas Ighodaro, wacce ta lashe lambar zinare ta Olympics ta Kenya kuma mai riƙe da rikodin duniya na marathon Eliud Kipchoge, mai binciken Afirka ta Kudu kuma mai hawa dutse Saray Khumalo, mai zane-zanen Najeriya Laolu Senbanjo a halin yanzu kyaftin ɗin ƙungiyar Rugby ta ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu Siya Kolisi, da kuma mai tsara rawa ta Rwanda-Britaniya Sherrie Silver . Alabi ya jagoranci kuma ya rubuta fim ɗinsa na farko mai suna ''Water and Garri'', wanda [[Tiwa Savage]] ta fito a ciki kuma aka fitar a shekarar 2024. <ref name=":0"/> A shekarar 2026, ya jagoranci shirin [[Documentary film|fim mai suna]] ''Surviving Biafra: Voices from the Nigerian Civil War'', wanda ke binciko [[Yaƙin basasan Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ford |first=Tamasin |date=June 1, 2026 |title=Meji Alabi, Grammy-winning director, explores his Nigerian grandfather’s role in the Biafran war for BBC Africa Eye |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c8r826465dko |access-date=2026-06-01 |website=[[BBC Africa Eye]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Bidiyo == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Title ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Artist(s) ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- |"Murda" | rowspan="1" |2014 |[[Seyi Shay]] (feat. Patoranking & Shaydee) | |- |"Crazy" | rowspan="5" |2015 |[[Seyi Shay]] (feat. [[Wizkid]]) | |- |"Satan Be Gone" |Asa | |- |"Eyo" |Asa | |- |"Right Now" |[[Seyi Shay]] | |- |"Never Gonna Stop" |Niyola | |- |"Kontrol" | rowspan="2" |2016 |Maleek Berry | |- |"Aje" |Alikiba | |- |"For Life" | rowspan="7" |2017 |Runtown | |- |"Ma Lo" |[[Tiwa Savage]] (feat. [[Wizkid]]) | |- |"All Night" |Yungen (feat. Mr Eazi) | |- |"Unstable" |Zak Abel | |- |"Been Callin" |Maleek Berry | |- |"All Night" |Yungen | |- |"Sugarcane" |Tiwa Savage | |- |"Check" | rowspan="13" |2018 |Kojo Funds (feat. Raye) | |- |"Space For Two" |Mr. Probz | |- |"Property" |Mr Eazi | |- |"Fever" |[[Wizkid]] | |- |"Get It Now Remix" |[[Tiwa Savage]] ( feat. Omarion) | |- |"Assurance" |[[Davido]] | |- |"On The Low" |[[Burna Boy]] | |- |"Dun Rich" |Popcaan (feat.[[Davido]]) | |- |"Pon My Mind" |Maleek Berry | |- |"Jungle" |Nasty C | |- |"Energy" |Skepta & [[Wizkid]] | |- |"No Crime" |Nonso Amadi | |- |"London Town" |Mr Eazi feat. Giggs | |- |"Take Over" | |Beatfreakz feat. Mr Eazi, Seyi Shay, Shakka, | |- |"Dis Love" | rowspan="10" |2019 |DJ Spinall (feat. Wizkid & Tiwa Savage) | |- |"Sweet in the Middle" |[[Davido]](feat. Naira Marley, Zlatan Ibile & Wurld) | |- |"Pull Up" |Burna Boy | |- |"Risky" |[[Davido]] (feat. Popcaan) | |- |"Traffic Jam" |Banx+Ranx feat. Kojo Funds | |- |"Gum Body" |[[Burna Boy]] (feat. Jorja Smith) | |- |"49-99" |Tiwa Savage | |- |"Zulu Screams" |Goldlink | |- |"Body Deep" |Wavy The Creator | |- |"Hold Me Down" |Eugy feat. Wavy The Creator | |- |"Wonderful" | rowspan="13" |2020 |Burna Boy | |- |"4AM" |Manny Norte | |- |"Dangerous Love" |Tiwa Savage | |- |"Cause A Commotion" |Bugzy Malone feat. Skip Marley | |- |"Cool As A Breeze" |Chronixx | |- |"Monsters You Made" |Burna Boy feat. Chris Martins | |- |"Cool Me Down" |DJ Tunez (feat. Wizkid) | |- |"Way Too Big" |Burna Boy | |- |"Kini Issue" |Runtown | |- |"No Stress" |Wizkid | |- |"Smile" |Wizkid (feat. H.E.R) | |- |"Lento" |Mr Eazi (feat. J Balvin) | |- |"Real Life" |Burna Boy feat. Stormzy | |- |"Ginger" |2021 |Wizkid (feat. Burna Boy) | |- |"Hide n' Seek" |2022 |Stormzy | |- |"Aboboyaa" | rowspan="3" |2023 |Popcaan (feat. Burna Boy) | |- |"Party Girls" |Victoria Monét (feat. Buju Banton) | |- |"My Love" |Leigh-Anne (feat. Ayra Starr) | |} == Tallace-tallace == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" |Lakabi ! scope="col" | Shekara ! scope="col" | Alamar(s) ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- | "Mai Likitan Zane" | 2016 | Hadaddun abubuwa da Selfridges | |- | "Bangano" | 2017 | Tigo Nipa | |- | "S4" | rowspan="2" | 2018 | Infinix | |- | "Makon Salo" | GTB | |- | "Kamfen ɗin ƙaddamar da kyau" | rowspan="5" | 2019 | UOMA | |- | "Autism: Uwa ta sani" | GTB | |- | "Abinci da Abin Sha" | GTB | |- | "Fashion Shi ne 'Yanci" | GTB | |- | "Lamba ta 5" | Infinix | |- | "Baƙi Yana Haskakawa Mafi Haske" | 2021 | Guinness | |- | "Kada Ka Daina Buri" | 2021 | OREO | |- | "Manyan Rangwame: Abincin Rana" | 2022 | KFC | |- | "Manyan Rangwame: Talata" | 2022 | KFC | |- | "Tayoyin Horarwa" | 2022 | Toyota | |- | "An Yi Don Motsawa" | 2022 | Cadillac | |- | "Abincin Abinci Mai Daɗi" | 2023 | Fanta | |- | "Kawai ƙara sifili" | 2023 | Coca-Cola | |} == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> {| class="sortable wikitable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" | Taron ! scope="col" | Kyauta ! scope="col" | Mai karɓa ! scope="col" | Sakamako ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}} |- | rowspan="1" | 2014 | Kyautar MTV Africa Music Awards ta 2014 | Mafi Kyawun Bidiyo | rowspan="1" ||{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2015 | [[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya na 2015]] | Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara (Mai Zane & Darakta) | "Hauka"<br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">( [[Seyi Shay]] )</span> |{{Nom}} | |- | The Headies 2015 | rowspan="2" | Mafi kyawun Daraktan Bidiyon Kiɗa | rowspan="2" | " [[Seyi Shay]] (Hauka)" |{{Nom}} | |- | 2016 | The Headies 2016 |{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | rowspan="1" | [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya]] | Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara | " [[Seyi Shay]] (Yolo Yolo)" |{{Won}} | |- | Bikin Kyaututtukan MVP na Soundcity | Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Kiɗa | " Alikiba (Aje)" |{{Won}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | [[Nigeria Entertainment Awards|Kyaututtukan Nishaɗi na Najeriya]] | Mafi Kyawun Bidiyon Waƙa na Shekara (Mai Zane & Darakta) | "Malo"<br /><br /><br /><br /> <span style="font-size:85%;">( [[Tiwa Savage]] )</span> |{{Nom}} | |- | The Headies 2018 | rowspan="2" | Mafi kyawun Daraktan Bidiyon Kiɗa | " [[Tiwa Savage]] (Malo)" |{{Nom}} | |- | rowspan="2" | 2020 | The Headies 2020 | " [[Wizkid]] (Murmushi)" |{{Nom}} | |- | Bikin Kyaututtukan MVP na Soundcity | Bidiyon Shekara | [[Tiwa Savage]] (49-99)|{{Won}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 January 2020 |title=Burna Boy, Tiwa Savage, Rema, Teni & More Win Big at 2020 Soundcity MVP Awards |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/full-list-of-2020-soundcity-mvp-award-winners-nigerian-music/ |access-date=13 May 2021}}</ref> |- |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] ==Manazarta == Farkon rayuwa == An haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta alif 1988, a Landan, Meji ya shafe yawancin lokacin yaro tare da mahaifinsa bayan rabuwa da iyayensa a shekarar alif 1989. Yayi shuffle tsakanin London, [[Bahamas]], da Texas, Amurka. Ya halarci makarantar Spring Forest Middle School da Stratford High School duka a [[Houston|Houston, Texas]]. Meji Alabi ta kammala karatu daga Jami'ar Yammacin London tare da bambancin summa cum laude na farko a cikin Lissafi da Kudi, kuma tana da digiri na lasisi na Nursing daga Kwalejin St. Phillips a [[San Antonio|San Antonio, Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kpade |first=Sabo |date=16 February 2021 |title=Interview: Meji Alabi Is Bringing Nigerian Culture to the World, One Music Video at a Time |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/meji-alabi-nigeria-music-video/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=okayafrica}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Steven |first=Rachael |date=24 July 2020 |title=WHAT WOULD I CHANGE: DIRECTOR MEJI ALABI |url=https://www.creativereview.co.uk/what-would-i-change-director-meji-alabi/ |access-date=23 May 2021 |website=CreativeReview}}</ref> tdpse4a5welapnyb7oc8fi8npftsg1d 0 54076 915074 875231 2026-09-02T18:35:10Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347098202|James Amuta]]" 915074 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Amuta''' (an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu) shi ne Mai shirya fim-finai na Najeriya, darektan, mai daukar hoto na sama kuma mai tallatawa wanda aka haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . An fi saninsa da fim dinsa na Nightfall in Lagos wanda aka zaba don fim mafi kyau a shekarar 2018 ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]]. == Ayyuka == <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref>. Amuta ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa na fim din Netflix na asali mai suna Oloture, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2020 |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://www.yahoo.com/entertainment/african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-094447979.html |access-date=2021-12-21 |website=www.yahoo.com |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma a matsayin mai samar da fim din da ya ci nasara a kasuwanci Your Excellency . Shi ne marubuci kuma darektan ''BiCuriosity'' wanda [[Vail Film Festival|Cibiyar Fim ta Colorado]] ta sanya shi a matsayin dan wasan karshe. Amuta ya rubuta kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa a kan Collision Course wanda aka zaba a matsayin [[Africa International Film Festival|AFRIFF]] 2021 Closing Film, kuma an zabi shi don kyaututtuka huɗu a 2021 Africa Movie Academy Award, inda ya lashe kyaututtaka biyu, gami da Kyautar Nasarar a Screenplay. Amuta ta hada kai da Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman, fim din Netflix na Wole Soyinka's Death and the Kings Horseman . [1][2] Amuta kuma mawaki ne kuma yana da littafin da aka buga Enigma: Beyond the Poet . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Bayani |- | rowspan="2" |2017 |''Ranar dare a Legas'' |Darakta / Mai gabatarwa | |- |''Wurukum Roundabout'' | rowspan="2" |Mai daukar hoto | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[The Bling Lagosians|Bling Lagosians]]'' | |- |''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girma]]'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa |<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2019-12-09 |title=Funke Akindele-Bello, Mo Abudu & Akin Lewis dazzle as Ebonylife Films Premieres "Your Excellency" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/premiere-your-excellency/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2020 |[[Òlóturé|''Rashin ƙanshi'']] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/cna-lifestyle/new-african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-stereotypes-189011 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}</ref> |- |2021 |''Hanyar haɗuwa'' |Marubuci / Mai gabatarwa | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Nasara ko Rashin'' |Mai gabatarwa / Daraktan | |- |''Mutumin Allah'' | rowspan="2" |Mai gabatarwa | |- |''Elesin Oba, Mai Hawan Sarki'' | |- |2023 |''Amfanin gona baƙi'' |Marubuci / Darakta / Mai gabatarwa / Mai ɗaukar fina-finai | |- | rowspan="2" |2024 |''Lokacin da Dabbobin suka Fito'' |Babban furodusa / Daraktan | rowspan="2" |Gajeren fim |- |''Ba tare da Biya ba'' |Daraktan |} == Fina-finai ==  {{Reflist}} '''James Amuta''' (an haife shi 12 ga Afrilu) shi ne Mai shirya fim-finai na Najeriya, darektan, mai daukar hoto na sama kuma mai tallatawa wanda aka haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-01 |title=Complete List Of Winners For The 2018 AMVCA |url=https://guardian.ng/life/complete-list-of-winners-for-the-2018-amvca/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> An fi saninsa da fim dinsa na Nightfall in Lagos wanda aka zaba don fim mafi kyau a shekarar 2018 ta hanyar [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-02 |title=AMVCA 2018: Full list of winners |url=https://punchng.com/amvca-2018-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2018: Femi Adebayo, James Amuta others make nomination list |url=https://gistmaster82.rssing.com/chan-13405013/article169.html |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=gistmaster82.rssing.com}}</ref> Amuta ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa na fim ɗin Netflix mai suna [[Òlóturé|''Oloture'']], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-01 |title=Complete List Of Winners For The 2018 AMVCA |url=https://guardian.ng/life/complete-list-of-winners-for-the-2018-amvca/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-02 |title=AMVCA 2018: Full list of winners |url=https://punchng.com/amvca-2018-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma a matsayin mai shirya fim ɗin da ya yi fice a fannin kasuwanci [[Your Excellency (fim)|'', Your Excellence'']] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMVCA 2018: Femi Adebayo, James Amuta others make nomination list |url=https://gistmaster82.rssing.com/chan-13405013/article169.html |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=gistmaster82.rssing.com}}</ref> Shi ne marubuci kuma daraktan ''BiCuriosity'' wanda Cibiyar Fina-finai ta Colorado ta zaɓa a matsayin wanda zai yi nasara a gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-01 |title=Complete List Of Winners For The 2018 AMVCA |url=https://guardian.ng/life/complete-list-of-winners-for-the-2018-amvca/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Amuta ya rubuta sannan kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa (mai shirya fim) a fim ɗin Collision Course, wanda aka zaɓa a matsayin fim ɗin rufe bikin AFRIFF na shekarar 2021. Haka kuma, an zaɓi fim ɗin domin samun lambobin yabo huɗu a gasar Africa Movie Academy Award ta 2021, inda ya lashe lambobin yabo biyu, ciki har da kyautar gagarumar nasara a rubutun labarin fim (Screenplay).” Idan kana so a ƙara sauƙaƙa ko a yi shi cikin sauƙin Hausa sosai, zan iya sake gyara maka. Amuta ta hada kai da Elesin Oba: The King's Horseman, fim din Netflix na [[Wole Soyinka]]'s Death and the Kings Horseman . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-01 |title=Complete List Of Winners For The 2018 AMVCA |url=https://guardian.ng/life/complete-list-of-winners-for-the-2018-amvca/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-02 |title=AMVCA 2018: Full list of winners |url=https://punchng.com/amvca-2018-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Amuta kuma mawaki ne kuma yana da littafin da aka buga Enigma: Beyond the Poet . == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara ! Fim ! Matsayin ! Bayani |- | rowspan="2" | 2017 | ''Dare ya yi a Legas'' | Darakta/Furodusa | |- | ''Zagayen Wurukum'' | rowspan="2" | Mai daukar fim | |- | rowspan="2" | 2019 | ''[[The Bling Lagosians|<nowiki/>'Yan Lagos na Bling]]'' | |- | ''[[Your Excellency (fim)|Mai Girmanka]]'' | rowspan="2" | Furodusa | <ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2019-12-09 |title=Funke Akindele-Bello, Mo Abudu & Akin Lewis dazzle as Ebonylife Films Premieres "Your Excellency" |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/12/premiere-your-excellency/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | 2020 | [[Òlóturé|''Oloture'']] | <ref>{{Cite web |title=New African-made films challenge Hollywood stereotypes |url=https://cnalifestyle.channelnewsasia.com/cna-lifestyle/new-african-made-films-challenge-hollywood-stereotypes-189011 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=CNA Lifestyle |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2021 | ''Darasin karo'' | Marubuci/Furodusa | |- | rowspan="3" | 2022 | ''Nasara ko Rasa'' | Furodusa/Darakta | |- | ''Mutumin Allah'' | rowspan="2" | Furodusa | |- | ''Elesin Oba, Mai Dokin Sarki'' | |- | 2023 | ''Girbin Baƙi'' | Marubuci/Darakta/Furodusa/Mai daukar hoto | |- | rowspan="2" | 2024 | ''Lokacin da Dodanni Suka Fito'' | Babban furodusa/Darakta | rowspan="2" | Gajeren fim |- | ''Kyauta'' | Darakta |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon |- |2018 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Ranar dare a Legas''|{{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-04|title=#AMVCA2018: Ali Nuhu wins, dedicates award to cast|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/282426-amvca2018-ali-nuhu-wins-dedicates-award-to-cast.html|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- |2021 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Fim |''Hanyar haɗuwa''|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2018-09-04|title=#AMVCA2018: Ali Nuhu wins, dedicates award to cast|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/282426-amvca2018-ali-nuhu-wins-dedicates-award-to-cast.html|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-GB}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Fim mafi kyau |''Mutumin Allah''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya |''Mutumin Allah''|{{Won}} |- |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2022 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |''Hanyar haɗuwa''| {{Won}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2022 |title=AMVCA 2022 winners: Full list of Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award winners |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61452928}}</ref> |} == Manazarta == == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon |- |2018 |[[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Fim |''Ranar dare a Legas''|{{Nom}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-04|title=#AMVCA2018: Ali Nuhu wins, dedicates award to cast|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/282426-amvca2018-ali-nuhu-wins-dedicates-award-to-cast.html|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- |2021 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Nasarar da aka samu a cikin Fim |''Hanyar haɗuwa''|{{Won}}<ref>{{Cite news|date=2018-09-04|title=#AMVCA2018: Ali Nuhu wins, dedicates award to cast|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/kannywood/282426-amvca2018-ali-nuhu-wins-dedicates-award-to-cast.html|access-date=2021-08-11|language=en-GB|newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 | rowspan="2" |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Fim mafi kyau |''Mutumin Allah''|{{Nom}} |- |Mafi kyawun Fim na Najeriya |''Mutumin Allah''|{{Won}} |- |[[2022 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|2022 Kyautar Zaɓin Masu kallo na sihiri na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun fim na Yammacin Afirka |''Hanyar haɗuwa''| {{Won}} <ref>{{Cite news |date=14 May 2022 |title=AMVCA 2022 winners: Full list of Africa Magic Viewers Choice Award winners |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-61452928}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pwnv16y7a0x3r2lo7x5giukf8jte03m 0 54096 915402 914382 2026-09-03T10:55:49Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Filmography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345957993|Nora Awolowo]]" 915402 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Oreoluwa Racheal Awolowo''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 1999), wanda aka fi sani da '''Nora Awolowo''', shi ne mai shirya fina-finai [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Na Najeriya]], darektan, kuma mai daukar hoto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nora Awolowo |url=https://filmfreeway.com/NoraAwolowo17 |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=filmfreeway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 August 2021 |title=Popular Nigerian Cinematographer, Nora Shares The Best Thing A Stranger Has Done For Her |url=https://www.ghgossip.com/popular-nigerian-cinematographer-nora-shares-the-best-thing-a-stranger-has-done-for-her/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=ghgossip.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2019 |title=#Symphonies: Watch The Trailer To Nora Awolowo's Short Film "Symphonies" |url=https://stationmag.com/trailer-to-short-film-symphonies/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240924103039/https://stationmag.com/trailer-to-short-film-symphonies/ |archive-date=24 September 2024 |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=stationmag.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 February 2019 |title=This Must Watch Documentary "Life at the Bay" portrays the Inspiring Survival Tales of Tarkwa Bay Women {{!}} Watch the Teaser on BN |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/this-must-watch-documentary-life-at-the-bay-portrays-the-inspiring-survival-tales-of-tarkwa-bay-women-watch-the-teaser-on-bn/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> A shekara ta 2025 ta zama mafi ƙanƙanta mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya da ta kai ga matsayi na ofishin jakadancin miliyan 100 na ''Red Circle'', fim ɗin da ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da mai daukar hoto. Har ila yau, ita ce mace ta farko ta Najeriya da aka zaba don Mafi kyawun Cinematography a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards (AMVCA) saboda aikinta a cikin littafin Najeriya na 2024 Lisabi: The Uprising . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2025-12-20 |title=These Emerging Nigerian Filmmakers are Having a Great Year - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/listicles/these-emerging-nigerian-filmmakers-are-having-a-great-year/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Awolowo, ta girma kuma ta yi karatu a Jihar [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], Najeriya, inda har yanzu take zaune. Ta sami digiri a fannin lissafi daga [[Jami'ar jihar Ekiti|Jami'ar Jihar Ekiti]] a shekarar 2019. <ref name="Sule">{{Cite web |last=Sule |first=Mariam |date=2022-04-05 |title=I Went From Taking Pictures With My Phone to Making Award Winning Films in Less Than Five Years – Nora |url=https://www.zikoko.com/her/i-went-from-taking-pictures-with-my-phone-to-making-award-winning-films-in-less-than-five-years-nora/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Zikoko! |language=en-US}}</ref> A jami'a, ta haɓaka sha'awar daukar hoto kuma ta koyi ɗaukar hotuna tare da wayarta, tana samun wasu ayyukan da aka biya yayin da take dalibi. Fiye da sha'awar ba da labari, ta sauya zuwa yin fim, ta fara da yin rubuce-rubuce a bayan fage don ayyukan talabijin marasa tsari, kamar [[Lota Chukwu]]'s Lota Takes . A wannan lokacin, ta kuma koya wa kanta don gyara abubuwan talabijin, ta ƙarfafa sha'awarta ga aikin fim.<ref name="Sule" /> == Ayyuka == A lokacin da ta kammala karatu daga jami'a a shekarar 2019, Awolowo ta kasance tana aiki a masana'antar fina-finai na tsawon shekaru biyu. A wannan shekarar, ta kafa kamfaninta na samarwa, Rixel Studios, kuma ta fitar da shirin ta na farko, Life at the Bay, wanda ke biye da rayuwar mata da ke zaune a Tarkwa Bay. An nuna gajeren fim din a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Afirka <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 October 2019 |title=Here's the Full List of Films Selected for AFRIFF 2019 |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/10/heres-the-full-list-of-films-selected-for-afriff-2019/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> kuma ya kafa tsari a cikin aikinta na farko, wanda sau da yawa ya binciki kalubalen mutum da na al'umma da 'yan Najeriya ke fuskanta, musamman mata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Native |first=The |date=2019-02-18 |title=See the women of Tarkwa Bay in trailer for new documentary, "Life At The Bay" |url=https://thenativemag.com/see-women-tarkwa-bay-trailer-new-documentary-life-bay/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=The NATIVE |language=en-US}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ta biyo baya da Symphonies, wani ɗan gajeren fim game da wata budurwa wacce rayuwarta ta fara warwarewa a cikin ƙalubalen mutum. A cikin 2021, ta fitar da David, fim din bangaskiya game da wani saurayi da ke gab da kashe kansa. Fim din ya ci gaba da lashe kyaututtuka biyu kuma an nuna shi a bukukuwan fina-finai na kasa da kasa guda shida.<ref name="Sule" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=DAVID |url=https://filmfreeway.com/DAVIDshortfilm |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=filmfreeway.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2019 |title=Nora Awolowo Releases Teaser For Her Documentary "All Lives Matter" |url=https://stationmag.com/nora-awolowo-releases-teaser-for-her-documentary-all-lives-matter/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241210025509/https://stationmag.com/nora-awolowo-releases-teaser-for-her-documentary-all-lives-matter/ |archive-date=10 December 2024 |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=stationmag.com}}</ref> Nasarar Awolowo ta zo ne tare da Baby Blues: The Trials of Childbirth (2021), wani shirin da ya nuna kalubalen matan Najeriya da ke fuskantar haihuwa da baƙin ciki bayan haihuwa. A cikin 2023, an zabi ''Baby Blues'' don Kyautattun Bayanai a Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka, tare da wani fim dinta, Najeriya: The Debut - wani shirin da Ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Duniya (FIFA) ta ba da izini, wanda ya ci gaba da lashe rukunin. A cikin 2024, ta yi aiki a matsayin mai daukar hoto tare da Barnabas Emordi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi na Netflix, Lisabi: The Uprising, tare da duka biyun suna karɓar gabatarwa don Mafi kyawun Mai daukar hoto a Afirka Magic Viewers" Choice Awards (AMVCA). A cikin 2025, ta yi aiki a matsayin furodusa da mai daukar hoto ga mai ban tsoro ''Red Circle,'' babbar nasarar kasuwanci har zuwa yau. A cikin ƙasa da wata guda bayan da aka saki shi a watan Yuni, ya ƙetare alamar miliyan 100 a ofishin akwatin, ya kafa Awolowo a matsayin ƙaramin mai shirya fina-finai na Najeriya da ya kai wannan ma'auni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Henry |first=Uchechukwu |date=2025-07-11 |title=Nora Awolowo Sets Record as Red Circle Hits ₦100M Box Office |url=https://rexclarkeadventures.com/nora-awolowo-red-circle/ |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Rex Clarke Adventures |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bambance-bambance == Awolowo ta kasance mai gabatarwa sau uku - a cikin 2020, 2021, da 2023 - don Kyautar Kyautar Afirka ta gaba a cikin Kyautar Fim. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2020 |title=The Future Awards Africa names 2020 nominees, all under-28 + Full list |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/the-future-awards-africa-names-2020-nominees-all-under-28-full-list/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=theeagleonline.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Future Awards: Rema, DJ Cuppy, Others Nominated (Full List) |url=https://allnews.ng/news/the-future-awards-rema-dj-cuppy-others-nominated-full-list |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=allnews.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-03 |title=The Future Awards Africa 2023: All the nominees |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/magazine/future-awards-africa-2023-all-nominees |access-date=2025-12-23 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref> A shekara ta 2025 ta sami lambar yabo ta Zikoko's HERtitude don Fim. <ref name=":0" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Bikin bayar da kyautar !Bayanan lambar yabo !Ayyuka !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2020 |Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Kyautar Fim ||| {{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 November 2020 |title=DJ Cuppy, Tomike Adeoye, Taaooma, Jemima Osunde Nominated For The Future Awards Africa (TFAA) 2020 (See Full List) |url=https://fabwoman.ng/tfaa-2020-nominees-list-fabwoman/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=fabwoman.ng}}</ref> |- |2019 |25 A karkashin 25 SME Awards |Mafi kyawun kafofin watsa labarai da Sadarwa ||| {{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 September 2019 |title=Meet The Winners of 2019 25under25 Awards |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/09/25under25-awards-winners/ |access-date=25 September 2021 |publisher=bellanaija.com}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 | rowspan="2" |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] | rowspan="2" |Mafi Kyawun Bayani |''Najeriya: Farko''|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA - Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=February 2026}}</ref> |- |''Baby Blues''|{{Nom}} |- |Kyautar nan gaba ta Afirka |Kyautar Fim | rowspan="1" |Shi da kansa|{{Pending}} | |} == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi |- |2019 |''Rayuwa a Bay'' |Daraktan |- |2019 |''Waƙoƙi'' |Daraktan |- |2021 |''Dauda'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2021 |''Baby Blues'' |Daraktan |- |2022 |''Tsarin Abubuwa'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2023 |''Maza ƙaunatattun mutane'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2024 |''Menene Ka Tsoro da Gaskiya?'' |Daraktan |- |2024 |''[[lisabi: Tashin hankali|Lisabi]]'' |Mai daukar hoto |- |2025 |''Red Circle'' |Mai gabatarwa da Mai daukar hoto |- |} == Fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara ! Lakabi ! Matsayin |- | 2019 | ''Rayuwa a Tekun Teku'' | Darakta |- | 2019 | ''Simfoni'' | Darakta |- | 2021 | ''Dauda'' | Mai daukar fim |- | 2021 | ''Jaririn Blues'' | Darakta |- | 2022 | ''Tsarin Abubuwa'' | Mai daukar fim |- | 2023 | ''Ya ku Maza'' | Mai daukar fim |- | 2024 | ''Me Kake Tsoro Da Gaske?'' | Darakta |- | 2024 | ''[[lisabi: Tashin hankali|Lisabi]]'' | Mai daukar fim |- | 2025 | ''Da'irar Ja'' | Furodusa da Mai Daukar Fina-finai |- |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Yarbawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 8dmn774qiiq9y92zrtlek5vfp4edl48 0 54166 915098 890946 2026-09-02T19:40:45Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370863774|Benneth Nwankwo]]" 915098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>'''Benneth Nwankwo''' listenⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1995) ɗan Najeriya ne mai daukar hoto kuma [[Darakta|Daraktan fim]]. Ya ''Fitowa'' ne daga Orumba North, [[Anambra|Jihar Anambra]], Najeriya. Har ila yau, an san shi da jagorantar miniserie na yanar gizo na makarantar sakandare kamar Filtered Water,<ref>{{Cite web |last=olutimehin |first=Nifemi Gideon |date=2021-05-25 |title=TV/WEB Miniseries, Like Filtered Water, Debuts On Cinema June 19th 2021 |url=https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/tv-web-miniseries-like-filtered-water-debuts-on-cinema-june-19th-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210525164715/https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/tv-web-miniseries-like-filtered-water-debuts-on-cinema-june-19th-2021/ |archive-date=25 May 2021 |access-date=2022-04-21 |website=OUR HERITAGE REPORTERS |language=en-US}}</ref> jerin wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na makarantar sakandaren Najeriya Class of Secrets 2023-2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2024 |title='Class of Secrets' Season 2 Will Unveil Deeper Mysteries and Welcome new faes |url=https://blexmedia.com/class-of-secrets-season-2/ |access-date=2025-07-12 |website=blexmedia.com}}</ref> da 2022 jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Dance Drama na Najeriya Breakout . A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2022, an sanar da Nwankwo a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Outstanding Movie Maker Award, a cikin 2022 Edition na Anambra Media And Entertainment Award . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Toni |date=2022-09-10 |title=AMEA 2022: Benneth Nwankwo Wins Outstanding Movie Maker Award |url=https://anambrapeople.com.ng/2022/09/10/amea-2022-benneth-nwankwo-wins-outstanding-movie-maker-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Anambra people magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Nwankwo ya ba da umarnin fina-finai da yawa na zamani, ciki har da Like Filtered Water (2021), Breakout (2022), Abuse Of Rights (2021), This Is My Story (2020) da Dreams and Survival (2020). A watan Afrilu na 2021, an gaya masa cewa zai jagoranci fim din A Place Between Colours.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bada, Sheriff Owolabi |date=2 April 2021 |title=Nigerian Filmmaker Benneth Nwankwo announces plans for an upcoming feature film; A place between colours. |url=https://somolunewspaper.com.ng/2021/04/02/nigerian-filmmaker-benneth-nwankwo-announces-plans-for-an-upcoming-feature-film-a-place-between-colours/ |access-date=1 October 2021 |publisher=Somolu Newspaper |language=}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Maris 2023, Benneth Nwankwo ya kasance mai magana a TED - wani taron TED da aka shirya da kansa a Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe, Awka, Jihar Anambra, wanda TED ta ba da lasisi. Benneth ya raba mataki tare da Porsché Mysticque Steele, Javier Nuñez, Obiadi Christen, Jasper Stevens, Sarauniya Murielle, Sunrise Oluebube Chukwuka Ike da Amos Ologunleko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Speakers – TEDxUNIZIK |url=https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603144236/https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2022, an sanar da Nwankwo a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Outstanding Movie Maker Award a cikin 2022 Anambra Media And Entertainment Award.<ref name=":2"/> An zabi shi tare da masu shirya fina-finai Anthony Alex Rapulu Oramali, [[Uche Nancy|Nancy Uche]] da Jamie Godsword.<ref name=":2" /> A matsayinsa na mai daukar hoto<ref>{{Cite web |last=Otosirieze |first=Obi-young |date=30 March 2018 |title=Nigeria Through The Lens {{!}} Benneth Nwankwo's Richly-Textured Documentary Photographs |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/03/nigeria-lens-benneth-nwankwos-richly-textured-documentary-photography-project/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=[[Brittle Paper]] |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa, a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2020 ya bakuncin abin da aka dauka a matsayin nune-nunen hoto na farko na asali a Jihar Anambra. Taron da aka lakafta "Akaraka: Anambra Through A Lens", ya ja hankalin masu son fasaha da nishaɗi daga Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya da bayan haka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Izunna |date=11 February 2020 |title=Akaraka Exhibition Showcases Anambra's Beauty Through Photos |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/285165/akaraka-exhibition-showcases-anambras-beauty-through-photos.html |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Wannan taron, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye, an yi niyya ne a wani bangare don nuna damar jihar a matsayin tattalin arzikin yawon bude ido, da fatan samar da tattalin arziki da rage aikata laifuka.<ref name=":1" /> Baya ga Nwankwo, sauran masu daukar hoto da aka nuna sune Uju Egwin, Obiora Okoye, da Michael Ike.<ref name=":1" /> Tsohon Kwamishinan Matasa da Tattalin Arziki a Jihar Anambra, Afam Mbanefo, ya yaba da Benneth Nwankwo na amfani da hotunan takardu don ba da labarun jihar Anambra.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Benneth Nwankwo ya buga hotunan wani yaro mai shekaru tara da ke sayar da groundnut a jihar Anambra. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Tireni |date=5 October 2017 |title=Street photographer, Benneth Nwankwo shares encounter with a 9 year old groundnut hawker (photos) |url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/2017/10/street-photographer-benneth-nwankwo.html |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Kemi Filani News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Hotunan da sauri sun bazu a duk faɗin intanet kuma jaridu daban-daban a Najeriya sun buga su. Yawancin 'yan Najeriya, ciki har da dan takarar Gwamnatin Jihar Anambra na 2017, Okeke Chika Jerry, sun nuna sha'awar taimakawa yaron, Sunday Nweke, wajen inganta iliminsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petros |first=D. |date=24 October 2017 |title="If I take you to my house, my aunty will kill me"- 9 year old groundnut seller cries |url=https://theinfong.com/2017/10/take-house-aunty-will-kill-9-year-old-groundnut-seller-cries/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831111730/https://theinfong.com/2017/10/take-house-aunty-will-kill-9-year-old-groundnut-seller-cries/ |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Theinfong |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ƙarfafawa == A watan Oktoba 2020, wani kamfani na gidaje na Najeriya, De-GraceLand Home Consults, ya sanya hannu kan Benneth Nwankwo tare da Chioma Okonkwo (tsohuwar Miss Impact Anambra) a matsayin jakadun alama.<ref>{{Cite web |last=SAINT |first=AUGUSTINE |date=6 October 2020 |title=Straight Talk with Benneth gets sponsorship boost from De-GraceLand Home Consults |url=http://primetimereporters.com/2020/10/straight-talk-with-benneth-gets-sponsorship-boost-from-de-graceland-home-consults/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Prime Time Reporters}}</ref> Yarjejeniyar ta dauki shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2020 |title=Real Estate Brand De-GraceLand Home Consults looks to the future as Chioma Okonkwo and Benneth Nwankwo become Ambassadors. |url=https://degracelandhomes.com/de-graceland-home-consults-signs-former-anambra-state-miss-impact-chioma-okonkwo-and-benneth-nwankwo-as-brand-ambassadors/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520182609/https://degracelandhomes.com/de-graceland-home-consults-signs-former-anambra-state-miss-impact-chioma-okonkwo-and-benneth-nwankwo-as-brand-ambassadors/ |archive-date=20 May 2021 |access-date=2 October 2021 |publisher=De-GraceLand |language=}}</ref> == Littafin == * ''Yadda za a rubuta game da Najeriya: Tarin Bayani na Satirical wanda ke ƙoƙarin haskaka yanayin Najeriya''. == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''Mafarki da Rayuwa'' (2020) * ''Abin da ba za a iya musanyawa ba'' (2020) * ''Ƙananan Abubuwa Masu Muhimmanci'' (2020) * Wannan shine Labata (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyacinth |first=Chiemere |date=18 December 2020 |title=This Is My Story - Thrilling Movie About Police Brutality To Premiere In Cinemas On December 27 2020 - Hybrid News |url=https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823152937/https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Hybrid News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyacinth |first=Chiemere |date=7 January 2021 |title=SHORT FILMS: "This Is My Story" and "The Little Things That Matter" are coming back to Cinema on the 31st of January 2021. - Hybrid News |url=https://hybridnewsng.com/short-films-this-is-my-story-and-the-little-things-that-matter-are-coming-back-to-cinema-on-the-31st-of-january-2021/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210908183923/https://hybridnewsng.com/short-films-this-is-my-story-and-the-little-things-that-matter-are-coming-back-to-cinema-on-the-31st-of-january-2021/ |archive-date=2021-09-08 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Hybrid News |language=en-US}}</ref> * Cin zarafin 'yanci (2020) <ref>{{Cite web |last=olutimehin |first=Nifemi Gideon |date=9 February 2021 |title=Abuse of Right, Benneth Nwankwo's directed short film in Cinemas February 14th |url=https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/abuse-of-right-benneth-nwankwos-directed-short-film-in-cinemas-february-14th/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160003/https://www.ourheritagereporters.com.ng/abuse-of-right-benneth-nwankwos-directed-short-film-in-cinemas-february-14th/ |archive-date=23 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=OUR HERITAGE REPORTERS |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hyacinth |first=Chiemere |date=18 December 2020 |title=This Is My Story - Thrilling Movie About Police Brutality To Premiere In Cinemas On December 27 2020 - Hybrid News |url=https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823152937/https://hybridnewsng.com/this-is-my-story-thrilling-movie-about-police-brutality-to-premiere-in-cinemas-on-december-27-2020/ |archive-date=2021-08-23 |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=Hybrid News |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Hustler'' (2021) * ''Yanar gizo'' (2020) * ''Kamar Ruwa Mai Fitarwa - Jerin'' (2021), 3 episodes <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 June 2021 |title=Benneth Nwankwo Ready to Impress with Like Filtered Water |url=https://thesquaretoday.com/benneth-nwankwo-ready-to-impress-with-like-filtered-water/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823160005/https://thesquaretoday.com/benneth-nwankwo-ready-to-impress-with-like-filtered-water/ |archive-date=23 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=The Square Today |language=en-US}}</ref> * ''Wuri Tsakanin Launuka'' (2021) * Breakout (2022 TV miniseries), 1 episode * ''Rashin daidaituwa (2022) '' * Class of Secrets (2023), jerin yanar gizo na Najeriya * Ba cikakke ba (2025), jerin yanar gizo na Najeriya == Aiki == Nwankwo ya ba da umarnin fina-finai da yawa na zamani, ciki har da Like Filtered Water (2021), Breakout (2022), Abuse Of Rights (2021), This Is My Story (2020) da Dreams and Survival (2020). A watan Afrilu na 2021, an gaya masa cewa zai jagoranci fim din A Place Between Colours . [1] A ranar 25 ga Maris 2023, Benneth Nwankwo ya kasance mai magana a TED - wani taron TED da aka shirya da kansa a Jami'ar Nnamdi Azikiwe, Awka, Jihar Anambra, wanda TED ta ba da lasisi. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2026}} Benneth ya raba mataki tare da Porsché Mysticque Steele, Javier Nuñez, Obiadi Christen, Jasper Stevens, Sarauniya Murielle, Sunrise Oluebube Chukwuka Ike da Amos Ologunleko . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speakers – TEDxUNIZIK |url=https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 10 ga Satumba 2022, an sanar da Nwankwo a matsayin wanda ya lashe kyautar Outstanding Movie Maker Award a cikin 2022 Anambra Media And Entertainment Award . <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Toni |date=2022-09-10 |title=AMEA 2022: Benneth Nwankwo Wins Outstanding Movie Maker Award |url=https://anambrapeople.com.ng/2022/09/10/amea-2022-benneth-nwankwo-wins-outstanding-movie-maker-award/ |access-date=2022-09-13 |website=Anambra people magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> An zabi shi tare da masu shirya fina-finai Anthony Alex Rapulu Oramali, [[Uche Nancy|Nancy Uche]] da Jamie Godsword . <ref name=":2" /> A matsayinsa na mai daukar hoto <ref>{{Cite web |last=Otosirieze |first=Obi-young |date=30 March 2018 |title=Nigeria Through The Lens {{!}} Benneth Nwankwo's Richly-Textured Documentary Photographs |url=https://brittlepaper.com/2018/03/nigeria-lens-benneth-nwankwos-richly-textured-documentary-photography-project/ |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=[[Brittle Paper]] |language=en-US}}</ref> da kuma mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen tattaunawa, a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2020 ya dauki bakuncin abin da aka dauka a matsayin nune-nunen hoto na farko na asali a Jihar Anambra. Taron da aka lakafta "Akaraka: Anambra Through A Lens", ya ja hankalin masu son fasaha da nishaɗi daga Kudu maso Gabashin Najeriya da bayan haka.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Okafor |first=Izunna |date=11 February 2020 |title=Akaraka Exhibition Showcases Anambra's Beauty Through Photos |url=https://www.thenigerianvoice.com/news/285165/akaraka-exhibition-showcases-anambras-beauty-through-photos.html |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=The Nigerian Voice}}</ref> Wannan taron, wanda kuma ya ƙunshi wasan kwaikwayo na kai tsaye, an yi niyya ne a wani bangare don nuna damar jihar a matsayin tattalin arzikin yawon bude ido, da fatan samar da damar tattalin arziki da rage aikata laifuka.<ref name=":1" /> Baya ga Nwankwo, sauran masu daukar hoto da aka nuna sune Uju Egwin, Obiora Okoye, da Michael Ike.<ref name=":1" /> Tsohon Kwamishinan Matasa da Tattalin Arziki a Jihar Anambra, Afam Mbanefo, ya yaba da Benneth Nwankwo na amfani da hotunan takardu don ba da labarun jihar Anambra.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2017, Benneth Nwankwo ya buga hotunan wani yaro mai shekaru tara da ke sayar da groundnut a jihar Anambra. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Adebayo |first=Tireni |date=5 October 2017 |title=Street photographer, Benneth Nwankwo shares encounter with a 9 year old groundnut hawker (photos) |url=https://www.kemifilani.ng/2017/10/street-photographer-benneth-nwankwo.html |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Kemi Filani News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Hotunan da sauri sun bazu a duk faɗin intanet kuma jaridu daban-daban a Najeriya sun buga su. Yawancin 'yan Najeriya, ciki har da dan takarar Gwamnatin Jihar Anambra na 2017, Okeke Chika Jerry, sun nuna sha'awar taimakawa yaron, Sunday Nweke, wajen inganta iliminsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Petros |first=D. |date=24 October 2017 |title="If I take you to my house, my aunty will kill me"- 9 year old groundnut seller cries |url=https://theinfong.com/2017/10/take-house-aunty-will-kill-9-year-old-groundnut-seller-cries/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831111730/https://theinfong.com/2017/10/take-house-aunty-will-kill-9-year-old-groundnut-seller-cries/ |archive-date=31 August 2021 |access-date=2021-08-31 |website=Theinfong |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} == Career == Nwankwo ya ba da umarni a wasu fina-finai na zamani, ciki har da ''Like Filtered Water'' (2021), ''Breakout'' (2022), ''Abuse Of Rights'' (2021), ''This Is My Story'' (2020) da kuma ''Dreams and Survival''(2020). Benneth ya raba wasan tare da Porsché Mysticque Steele, Javier Nuñez, Obiadi Christen, Jasper Stevens, Queen Murielle, Sunrise Oluebube Chukwuka Ike da Amos Ologunleko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Speakers – TEDxUNIZIK |url=https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |access-date=2023-06-03 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230603144236/https://tedxunizik.com/speakers/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> kwaikwayo kai tsaye, an yi shi ne don nuna ƙarfin jihar a matsayin tattalin arzikin yawon buɗe ido, da fatan samar da damammaki na tattalin arziki da rage aikata laifuka .<ref name=":1" /> == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb title|11776379}} {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1995]] d7y534tm2zdf4azq0exux5apq4qm1wc 0 59899 914913 914694 2026-09-02T15:19:05Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Abin da ya faru */ 914913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Valle de Zonda, provincia de San Juan.jpg|thumb]] '''Zonda iska''' ( Spanish <>) kalma ce ta yanki don iskar foehn da ke faruwa a gabashin gangaren [[Andes]], a [[Argentina]]. == Samuwar == [[File:Zonda_wine_scheme.png|thumb| Zane yana nuna tasirin Foehn ƙirƙirar Zonda.]] Zonda busasshiyar iskar ce (sau da yawa tana ɗauke da ƙura) wacce ke fitowa daga iskar ruwan [[Pacific Ocean|tekun]] iyakacin duniya, wanda ke ɗumamawa ta hanyar gangarowa daga ƙwanƙolin, wanda yakai kusan {{Convert|6000|m|ft}}. sama da matakin Teku. Yana iya wuce gudun {{Convert|240|km/h}}. Ana kuma samar da iskar Zonda ta hanyar motsin arewa maso gabas na gabas na iyakacin duniya, kuma ko da yake yana da zafi da bushewa a ƙananan ƙasa, shine babban tsarin hazo na dusar ƙanƙara acikin manyan sarƙoƙi masu tsayi, inda yake kama da ''viento blanco'', yana kaiwa ga sauri a wasu lokuta. Kilomita 200 acikin awa. Don haka, maimakon zama mai cin dusar ƙanƙara, wannan iskar tana da mahimmanci musamman ga wannan yanki mai busasshiyar, saboda tana da alaƙa da gina murfin dusar ƙanƙara ta lokacin sanyi da kuma tarin glaciers na gida. == Abin da ya faru == Duk da yake irin wannan iska na föhn na iya faruwa a mafi yawan sassan tsakiyar yammacin Argentina, tasirinsa yafi ban sha'awa a La Rioja, San Juan, da arewacin lardunan Mendoza, inda kuma shingen dutse (Andes) ya fi girma, yayin da zuwa arewa da Puna. Plateau yana watsa waɗannan iskoki. Bisa ga binciken (wanda aka gudanar a tsawon lokacin shekara ta 1967-1976), iska ta Zonda tafi farawa a lokacin rana (tsakanin 12 da 6 PM), kuma tana da tsayi tsakanin awanni 1 zuwa 12, ko da yake yana iya gabatar da kanta a lokaci-lokaci muddin dai. Kwana 2 ko 3. Yawancin lokaci ana fuskantar ta ta ƙofar iska mai sanyi tana tafiya arewa maso yamma (''viento sur''). Acikin kashi 90% na lokuta,lamarin yana faruwa tsakanin Mayu da Nuwamba. == Madadin amfani == Kalmar ''zonda'' kuma tana bayyana iskar arewa mai zafi mai zafi acikin Pampas, a gabas da damuwa dake motsawa gabas, da kuma gaba da pampero. Wannan iska kuma ana kiranta da ''sondo''. == Duba kuma == * Sashen Zonda, sashen lardin San Juan, Argentina. * Pagani Zonda, motar wasan motsa jiki wacce ke ɗaukar sunanta daga iska. * Puelche iska * Foehn Kudu maso Gabashin Australiya == Manazarta == * {{In lang|es}} [https://archive.today/20121127051217/http://www.meteofa.mil.ar/blogs/?cat=28 MeteoBlogs – ''Viento Zonda'']. National Meteorological Service, Air Regions Command, Argentine Air Force. * [http://www.casilda.com/htmltonuke.php?file=loscasildenses/zondawind.htm "The land where blows el Zonda".] Article. [[Category:Iska]] cg5lwkqhei6bvsdfts3eofy27zrz6c3 0 62249 915090 914386 2026-09-02T19:32:27Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359529496|Caleb Femi]]" 915090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caleb Femi''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na [[Landan]]. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''Kuma Sun San Haske'' (2017) * Wishbone (2018) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar alif 1990 a Kano,Najeriya, [1] inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. [2] Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai,ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a Landan.[3] Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.[2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] cjxxxxt35ke8rzknibpytchdjz4qfkc 915092 915090 2026-09-02T19:35:05Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "Career" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359529496|Caleb Femi]]" 915092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caleb Femi''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na [[Landan]]. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''Kuma Sun San Haske'' (2017) * Wishbone (2018) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar alif 1990 a Kano,Najeriya, [1] inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. [2] Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai,ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a Landan.[3] Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.[2] == Aiki == Daga shekarar 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . [1] A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na Landan.[2] A ranar 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan octoba shekara ta 2021. [3][4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] j732y64x65aq9w2rz5luaoysmv9ty73 915333 915092 2026-09-03T09:40:12Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Ayyuka */ 915333 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caleb Femi''' (an haife shi a shekara ta 1990) marubuci ne na Najeriya-Birtaniya, darektan fina-finai, mai daukar hoto, kuma tsohon laureate na matasa na [[Landan]]. Tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, Poor, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Forward Prize for Poetry . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar 1990 a Kano, Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=McConnell |first=Justine |date=21 July 2017 |title=Caleb Femi |url=https://writersmakeworlds.com/caleb-femi/ |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=writers make worlds |language=en-GB}}</ref> inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai, ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a [[Landan]]. Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.<ref name="NewStatesman" /> == Ayyuka == Daga shekarar 2014 zuwa 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na [[Landan]]. A ranar 30 ga watan Yulin 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan Oktoba 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Poor by Caleb Femi |url=https://www.poetrybooks.co.uk/products/poor-by-caleb-femi |access-date=16 November 2020 |website=The Poetry Book Society |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == Femi ya zuwa yanzu ya yi kuma ya fitar da gajeren fina-finai guda biyar, yana aiki a matsayin marubuci / darektan kowannensu: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caleb Femi |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm9178255/ |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=IMDb}}</ref> * ''Kuma Sun San Haske'' (2017) * Wishbone (2018) * ''Rayuwar Asirin Gs'' (2019) * Laifin wanda ya tsira (2020) * ''Jirgin sama'' (2023) <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Films Database: Giraffe |url=https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112133751/https://filmsandfestivals.britishcouncil.org/projects/giraffe |archive-date=12 November 2025 |access-date=12 November 2025 |website=[[British Council]]}}</ref> == Godiya gaisuwa == An ambaci sunan Femi a cikin mujallar Dazed ta 2021 Dazed100, jerin sunayen tsara mai zuwa da ke tsara al'adun matasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=6 April 2017 |title=Vote for Caleb Femi on the #Dazed100 |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/projects/article/35397/1/caleb-femi-poets-biography-dazed-100-profile |access-date=20 October 2021 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Caleb Femi a shekarar alif 1990 a Kano,Najeriya, [1] inda kakarsa ta tashe shi. [2] Lokacin da yake dan shekara bakwai,ya koma ya haɗu da iyayensa a Arewacin Peckham Estate a Landan.[3] Bayan ya bar makaranta, ya yi karatun Turanci a Sarauniya Maryamu, Jami'ar London.[2] == Aiki == Daga shekarar 2014 zuwa shekara ta 2016, Femi ta koyar da Turanci a makarantar sakandare a Tottenham . [1] A shekara ta 2015, Femi ta lashe gasar Roundhouse Poetry Slam . A shekara ta 2016, an zaba shi a matsayin matasan farko na Landan.[2] A ranar 30 ga watan Yuli shekara ta 2020, ya wallafa tarin waƙoƙinsa na farko, mai taken Poor, wanda ya lashe kyautar Felix Dennis ta Forward Prize don Mafi kyawun tarin farko a watan octoba shekara ta 2021. [3][4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Marubutan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] 0ql84noz9ed37deyp1m7tz8q790x2ip 0 63687 914832 551232 2026-09-02T13:03:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914832 wikitext text/x-wiki   [[Category:Articles with hCards]] '''Vincent Ado Tenebe''' (an haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, a shekarar 1958) masanin aikin gona ne na kasar Najeriya . Shi ne tsohon mataimakin shugaban jami'ar jihar Taraba Jalingo sannan kuma tsohon shugaban [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|jami'ar budaddiyar jami'ar Najeriya]]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Viashima|first=Sylvanus|date=October 19, 2019|title=My vision for Taraba State University – Professor Tenebe|url=https://sunnewsonline.com/my-vision-for-taraba-state-university-professor-tenebe/|access-date=December 4, 2023|website=Sunnewsonline}}</ref> . == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Vincent Ado Tenebe a jihar [[Kaduna (birni)|Kaduna]], a [[Najeriya|Nigeria]], ranar 17 ga watan Agusta, a shekarar 1958<ref>{{Cite web|last=Edet|first=Hope|date=2017-04-03|title=TENEBE, Prof. Vincent Ado|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/tenebe-prof-vincent-ado-2/|access-date=2023-12-03|website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203104356/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/tenebe-prof-vincent-ado-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Professor Vincent Ado Tenebe - Laweh University College|url=https://web.laweh.edu.gh/professor-vincent-ado-tenebe/|access-date=2023-12-03|language=en-US|archive-date=2023-12-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203092836/https://web.laweh.edu.gh/professor-vincent-ado-tenebe/|url-status=dead}}</ref>. Ya samu shaidar kammala karatunsa na firamare daga St. Patrick Primary School Maiduguri tsakanin shekaraar 1965 zuwa 1971. Ya samu takardar shedar karatunsa ta yammacin [[Afirka]] a shekarar 1976 daga Makarantar Sakandaren [[Gwamnati]], Yerwa, [[Maiduguri]], [[Najeriya|Najeria]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2015-10-22|title=Prof. Vincent Ado Tenebe: An Embodiment of Professionalism|url=https://topcelebrities.com.ng/prof-tenebe-an-embodiment-of-professionalism/|access-date=2023-12-03|website=Top Celebrities Magazine|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi digirinsa na farko, B.Sc. (Agric) cum laude, da digiri na biyu, M. Sc. A fannin aikin [[gona]] a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello|Jami’ar Ahmadu Bello]], [[Zariya]]; Ya yi karatun Ph.D a fannin aikin gona a [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]], [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]]. <ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == Vincent Ado Tenebe ya fara aiki a matsayin mataimakin digiri na biyu a shekarar 1984 a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa. A 1988, an nada shi shugaban gonar jami'ar<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=|first=|title=Vincent Ado Tenebe|url=https://oau.ebaoxford.co.uk/component/mtree/speaker-bureau/agricultural-science-and-veterinary/11-vincent-ado-tenebe|access-date=December 3, 2023|website=The Academic Union Oxford}}</ref>. A shekara ta 1995, ya zama shugaban sashen samar da amfanin gona na cibiyar. A shekarar 2003 ya zama [[Farfesa]] a fannin Aikin Gona a Jami’ar Kimiyya da Fasaha ta [[Afirka]] da ke [[Bauchi (jiha)|Bauchi]]. <ref name=":1" /> == Sana'ar gudanarwa == Vincent ya zama mataimakin shugaban [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|jami'ar Open University]] a ranar 7 ga watan Maris, a shekarar 2008.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|title=Deputy Vice Chancellor Administration {{!}} NOUN|url=https://nou.edu.ng/deputy-vice-chancellor-administration/|access-date=2023-12-04|website=nou.edu.ng}}</ref> Ya zama mataimakin [[shugaba]] na biyu na [[Buɗaɗɗiyar Jami'a ta Ƙasa, Najeriya|National Open University of Nigeria]],a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba,a shekarar 2010. <ref name=":1" /> <ref name=":2" />A shekarar 2017 ya zama mataimakin shugaban jami'ar jihar [[Jahar Taraba|Taraba]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taraba State University Jalingo|url=https://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/min-of-education/taraba-state-university-jalingo/|access-date=2023-12-04|website=TARABA STATE GOVERNMENT|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204034530/https://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/min-of-education/taraba-state-university-jalingo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Memba da zumunci == A 1986, ya zama memba na Agriculture Society of Nigeria (ASN) 1986. Bayan shekara guda, ya zama memba na kungiyar kula da gonaki ta [[Najeriya]]. A shekarar 2002 ne, ya zama Fellow na Institute of Cost Management (FCM). A 2012, ya zama Fellow na National Institute for Education and Research (FNIER) kuma a wannan shekarar ya zama Fellow na Nigeria Society for Experimental Biology (FNISEB). Bayan shekara daya, ya zama dan kungiyar malamai ta Najeriya (FASSONT). A shekarar 2014, ya zama Fellow na Chartered Institute of Human Capital Development of Nigeria kuma a shekarar 2015, ya zama Fellow na Biotechnology Society of Nigeria (FBSN).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Taraba State University Jalingo|url=https://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/min-of-education/taraba-state-university-jalingo/|access-date=2023-12-04|website=TARABA STATE GOVERNMENT|language=en-GB|archive-date=2023-12-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204034530/https://www.tarabastate.gov.ng/min-of-education/taraba-state-university-jalingo/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1958]] [[Category:Articles without Wikidata item]] [[Category:Masu ilimin najeria]] pawqqqwe70jbaliakywirt6g7fs8j6h 0 64041 915337 344792 2026-09-03T09:47:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915337 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ahmed Amin Hamza''' <small>FAAS FRMS SPIE</small> ( {{Lang-ar|أحمد أمين حمزة}}) wani farfesa ne na ƙasar Masar a fannin kimiyyar lissafi a bangaran karatun kimiya na, Jami'ar Mansoura.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hamza Ahmed Amin {{!}} The AAS |url=https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/hamza-ahmed-amin |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.aasciences.africa |archive-date=2019-10-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191027133251/https://www.aasciences.africa/fellow/hamza-ahmed-amin |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Ahmed Amin Hamza - Board of Trustee Member at BUE University |url=https://theorg.com/org/bue-university/org-chart/ahmed-amin-hamza |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=THE ORG |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance tsohon shugaba kuma mataimakin shugaban cibiyar kuma tsohon shugaban jami'ar Burtaniya a [[Misra|Masar]].<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Shi memba ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Afirka kuma fellow ne na cibiyar kimiyyar lissafi.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Ahmed Amin Hamza ranar 8 ga watan Maris, 1941.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universities in Egypt |url=https://www.universitiesegypt.com/leadership.aspx?EId=562&WID=55 |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=www.universitiesegypt.com| date=17 September 2015 }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Prof. Ahmed Amin Hamza |url=http://staff.mans.edu.eg/hamzaaa/english/ |access-date=2022-06-26 |website=staff.mans.edu.eg |archive-date=2023-12-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231207181117/http://staff.mans.edu.eg/hamzaaa/english/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya sami digiri na farko, B. Sc Physics and Chemistry, daga Jami'ar Ain Shams, [[Kairo|Alkahira]] a shekara ta 1962 tare da Daraja. A cikin shekarun 1964 da 1967, ya sami digirin difloma a fannin nazarin halittu da kuma M. Sc a fannin Physics bi da bi. A shekara ta 1972, ya sami digiri na uku a fannin kimiyyar lissafi daga wannan jami'a.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunsa na farko, an naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban sashen Launi, Cairo Dyeing and Finishing Company, Alkahira a shekara ta 1962. Shekara guda bayan kammala karatunsa na M. Sc, ya zama Shugaban Sashen Buga na wannan kamfani. A cikin shekarar 1972, ya zama malami na Physics a Faculty of Science a University of Mansoura, Egypt. A shekara ta 1976, ya zama mataimakin farfesa, a shekarar 1981, ya zama farfesa a Experimental Physics kuma a shekarar 2001, ya zama babban farfesa a wannan cibiya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> == Gudanarwa == Ya kasance shugaban Sashen Physics, a Faculty of Science, University of Mansoura daga shekarun 1984-1986 kuma mataimakin shugaban tsangayar kimiyya daga shekarun 1986-1992.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> Ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Al'umma da Ci gaban Muhalli, Jami'ar Mansoura na tsawon shekaru biyu; Agusta 1992- Agusta, 1994. Ya zama shugaban Jami'ar Mansoura a ranar 5 ga watan Agusta, 1994 kuma ya bar muƙamin a ranar 31 ga watan Yuli, 2001. Daga shekarun 2005 zuwa 2008, ya kasance mataimakin shugaban jami'ar Burtaniya a Masar kuma a shekarar 2008, ya zama shugaban wannan cibiya; matsayin da ya bari a shekarar 2013.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> == Membobi da haɗin gwiwa == A cikin shekarar 1977, ya zama Fellow of the Royal Microscopical Society, FRMS a Oxford kuma a cikin shekarar 1982, ya zama Fellow of the Institute of Physics a [[Landan|London]]. Ya zama wani ɓangare na International Society for Optical Engineering SPIE a cikin shekarar 1989 da kuma a cikin shekarar 1995, ya zama Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta New York. A wannan shekarar, ya zama Memba na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Masar, Cibiyar Kimiyya ta Afirka da Ƙungiyar Amirka don Ci gaban Kimiyya.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> == Kyauta == A cikin shekarar 1987, ya sami lambar yabo ta Masarawa a fannin Physics kuma a cikin shekara ta 1992, an ba shi lambar yabo ta Jami'ar Mansoura. A cikin shekara ta 1995, ya sami lambar yabo ta shugaban ƙasar Masar, kuma a cikin wannan shekarar, ya sami takardar shaidar girmamawa ta masana kimiyya daga Cibiyar Nazarin Kimiyya da Fasaha, da Ƙungiyar Masarautar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Kimiyya. A cikin shekara ta 1997, ya samu lambar yabo ta Jiha a Kimiyyar Kimiyya, bayan shekaru uku, ya sami Doctor honoris causa (Dr.hc) daga Jami'ar Fasaha ta Liberec, Jamhuriyar Czeck. A shekara ta 2005, ya sami lambar yabo ta El-Nile "Mubarak" a Advanced Technological Science, Kyauta mafi girma na ƙasa a Masar.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] llvua0d0kac71d9skawie5gjv0nz9t1 0 66080 915224 721898 2026-09-03T05:00:28Z Ummeeterh 31568 915224 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Border-Collie-tri-colour-face-1.jpg|thumb|Border Collie]] [[Fayil:Male Border Collie Standing.jpg|thumb|Border Collie bakin titi]] [[Fayil:Border collie việt nam.jpg|thumb|Border Collie tare da mai ki wonsa]] [[Fayil:Border Collie 600.jpg|thumb|border]] [[Fayil:Border collie.jpg|thumb|Border]] [[Fayil:BORDER COLLIE, Simaro Million Dollar Baby (24290879465) 2.jpg|thumb|border]] [[Fayil:Border Collie with Heterochromia.jpg|thumb|border]] '''Border Collie'''<ref>https://archive.org/details/intelligenceofdo00core</ref> Wani nau'in karen kiwo ne na kasar [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] na nau'in collie mai matsakaicin girma. Ya samo asali ne a yankin iyakar Anglo-Scott, kuma ya samo asali ne daga karnukan gargajiya da aka taɓa samu a duk tsibirin [[Birtaniya]]. Ana adana shi galibi azaman kare mai kiwon tumaki mai aiki ko kuma a matsayin dabbar abokiyar tafiya. Yana gogayya da nasara a gwaji na tumaki. An yi iƙirarin cewa shi ne nau'in kare "mafi hankali".<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.optigen.com/opt9_test_cea_ch.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-12-31 |archive-date=2007-05-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070505235217/http://www.optigen.com/opt9_test_cea_ch.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> {{Stub}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Karnuka]] gy60jt4zkb7bb52kwynwpwwv5bn7egn 0 67375 915399 721790 2026-09-03T10:48:45Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 915399 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Arif Yanggi Rahman''' (an haife shi, a ranar 20 ga watan Fabrairu shekarar 1994) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar [[Indonesiya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin winger na Persiba Balikpapan. == Aikin kulob == === PSIS Semarang === A kakar gwagwalada wasa ta biyu na 2016 Indonesiya Soccer Championship B, Arif Yanggi ya shiga PSIS Semarang tare da abokin wasansa a Persip Pekalongan, Iwan Wahyudi. Ya buga wasansa na farko da Persekap Pasuruan wanda ya kare da ci 3-1 a PSIS Semarang. === Persekat Tegal === An sanya hannu kan Persekat Tegal don taka leda a La Liga 2 a kakar shekarar 2020. An dakatar da wannan kakar a ranar 27 ga Maris shekarar 2020 saboda cutar ta COVID-19. An yi watsi da kakar kuma an ayyana ba komai a ranar 20 ga watan Janairu shekarar 2021. === Hizbul Watan FC === A cikin shekarar 2021, Arif Yanggi ya rattaba hannu kan kwangila tare da kungiyar Hizbul Wathan ta La Liga 2 ta Indonesia. Ya buga wasansa na farko a gasar a ranar 4 ga Oktoba da PSIM Yogyakarta . A ranar 18 ga Oktoba shekarar 2021, Arif Yanggi ya ci kwallonsa ta farko a kungiyar Hizbul Wathan da Persis Solo a minti na 65 a filin wasa na Manahan, Surakarta. == Girmamawa == === Kulob === ; Maniyyi Padang U-21 * Indonesiya Super League U-21: 2014 == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://ligaindonesiabaru.com/clubs/singleplayer/liga_2_2020_old/arif_yanggi_rahman Arif Yanggi Rahman]{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} a La Liga Indonesia [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1994]] nazc9jee6sf5zyecc25995jpekhl0n2 0 70222 915055 889490 2026-09-02T18:00:53Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "Cast" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364804781|Vaya (film)]]" 915055 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Vaya fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda akin Omotoso ya jagoranta.[1] An nuna shi a cikin sashen Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2016. == Masu ba da labari == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Karɓar baƙi == Shafin yanar gizon sake dubawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim din amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa 6 da matsakaicin darajar 10/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VAYA |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaya_2018 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == 'Yan wasa == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu h4zip3ihwfp8efs6yub06tgxmbuqzk0 915056 915055 2026-09-02T18:01:33Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "References" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364804781|Vaya (film)]]" 915056 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Vaya fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda akin Omotoso ya jagoranta.[1] An nuna shi a cikin sashen Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na 2016. == Masu ba da labari == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Karɓar baƙi == Shafin yanar gizon sake dubawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim din amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa 6 da matsakaicin darajar 10/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VAYA |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaya_2018 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == 'Yan wasa == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu 4lkwxiw5dd2wyctadf41qwrx5snxcuh 915057 915056 2026-09-02T18:02:30Z Zahrah0 14848 915057 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   Vaya fim ne na wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka ta Kudu na 2016 wanda akin Omotoso ya jagoranta.[1] An nuna shi a cikin sashen Cinema na Duniya na zamani a bikin fina-finai na Toronto na shekarar 2016. == Masu ba da labari == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Karɓar baƙi == Shafin yanar gizon sake dubawa na Rotten Tomatoes ya ba fim din amincewar 100% bisa ga sake dubawa 6 da matsakaicin darajar 10/10.<ref>{{Cite web |title=VAYA |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/vaya_2018 |access-date=2022-07-06 |website=rottentomatoes.com}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == 'Yan wasa == * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} * Phuthi Nakene a matsayin Patricia * [[Warren Masemola]] a matsayin Xolani * [[Azwile Chamane-Madiba]] a matsayin Zodwa * [[Nomonde Mbusi]] a matsayin T * [[Harriet Manamela]] a matsayin Grace * Sihle Xaba a matsayin Nhlanhla * Zimkhitha Nyoka a matsayin Zanele * Sibusiso Msimang a matsayin Nkulu of0rndjvq3dsm0tdus2rjioq4wmsg8y 0 71051 915314 569368 2026-09-03T08:22:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915314 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Religion in Quebec city, Quebec city 01.jpg|thumb|Masu addinin gargajiya]] '''Addinin gargajiya na afirka''' Imani da ayyukan mutanen yankin nahiyar [[Afirka]] sun bambanta sosai, gami da addinai daban-daban.<ref name=":0">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molefi_Kete_Asante</ref><ref>https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/34114180</ref>Gabaɗaya, waɗannan hadisai na baka ne maimakon nassi kuma ana watsa su daga wannan tsara zuwa wani ta hanyar tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙi, da bukukuwa, <ref>https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/64084086</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-94002-3</ref> <ref>https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/Religious/article/view/20246</ref>kuma sun haɗa da imani ga ruhohi da alloli na sama da na ƙasa, wani lokacin har da mafi girma, da kuma girmama matattu, da yin amfani da sihiri da magungunan gargajiya na Afirka. Yawancin addinai ana iya siffanta su a matsayin masu rai <ref>https://doi.org/10.4102%2Ftd.v2i2.277</ref> <ref name=":1">https://sk.sagepub.com/books/integrating-traditional-healing-practices-into-counseling-and-psychotherapy/n11.xml</ref>tare da bangarori daban-daban na shirka da abubuwan ban mamaki.<ref name=":0" /> <ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/worldservice/africa/features/storyofafrica/index_section6.shtml</ref>Matsayin ɗan adam gabaɗaya ana kallonsa azaman ɗayan daidaita yanayi tare da allahntaka.<ref name=":0" /><ref>https://hts.org.za/index.php/HTS/article/view/341/758#17</ref> A da, ana kiran addinin Afirka da 'gargajiya' amma wannan bai dace ba. An yi amfani da 'gargajiya' don bambanta addinin Afirka da addinin Ibrahim wanda ya zo nahiyar a sakamakon mulkin mallaka na addinai. Mulkin mallaka ya goyi bayan ra'ayin ƙarya na cewa Afirka ba ta da addini.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_note-10</ref><ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_note-11</ref> == Yaɗuwa == An rarraba mabiya addinan gargajiya a Afirka a tsakanin kasashe 43 kuma an kiyasta sun haura miliyan 100.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica</ref> <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781557258397</ref>Ko da yake yawancin mutanen Afirka a yau mabiya addinin Kiristanci ne ko kuma Musulunci, mutanen Afirka sukan haɗa ayyukan aƙidarsu ta al'ada da ayyukan addinan Ibrahim <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=4wL0y9fUEB8C&q=%22often+mix%22&pg=PA15</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=uTMOAQAAMAAJ&q=%22many+African+Christians%22</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=_LldeLvqQNsC&pg=PA266</ref><ref>https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hpKESvthJtQeyjk57vyzOnY5l9cg</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=-IDfqT6589kC&pg=PA40</ref>Waɗannan addinan biyu na Ibrahim sun yaɗu a faɗin [[Afirka]], kodayake galibi sun fi mayar da hankali a yankuna daban-daban. Sun maye gurbin addinan Afirka na asali amma galibi ana daidaita su da yanayin al'adun Afirka da tsarin imani. Imani na addini na Ibrahim, musamman abubuwan tauhidi, kamar imani ga mahalicci guda ɗaya, an shigar da su cikin addinan Afirka na al'adar shirka da wuri.<ref>http://www.greenwoodsvillage.com/gor/islam.htm</ref> [[File:The Zangbeto.jpg|thumb|Addinin Gargajiya]] [[File:Igbo medicine man.jpg|thumb|Gargajiya]] Ana kuma samun mabiya addinan gargajiya na yankin nahiyar Afirka a [[duniya]]. A ‘yan kwanakin nan, addinan kamar na Yarbawa da na Odinala (Addinin Ibo na gargajiya) na karuwa. Addinin Igbo da Yarbawa ya shahara a tsibiran Caribbean da wasu sassan Amurka ta tsakiya da ta Kudu. A cikin Amurka, Voodoo ya fi rinjaye a cikin jihohin da ke kusa da Tekun Mexico.<ref>https://www.npr.org/2013/08/25/215298340/ancient-african-religion-finds-roots-in-america</ref == Asali == Maɗaukakin imani na raye-raye yana gina ainihin ra'ayi na addinan gargajiya na Afirka. Wannan ya haɗa da bautar gumaka na koyarwa, bautar yanayi, bautar kakanni da imani ga rayuwa bayan mutuwa, kwatankwacin sauran addinan gargajiya/na halitta a duniya, kamar Shinto na Jafananci ko arna na gargajiya na Turai. Yayin da wasu addinan suka ɗauki ra'ayi na duniya tare da babban mahalicci mafi girma kusa da sauran alloli da ruhohi, wasu kuma suna bin tsarin shirka kawai tare da alloli, ruhohi da sauran halittu na allahntaka <ref>https://www.ajol.info/index.php/afrrev/article/download/91437/80924</ref>. Har ila yau, addinan gargajiya na Afirka suna da abubuwa na totemism, shamanism da kuma girmama kayan tarihi.<ref>https://www.sahistory.org.za/article/african-traditional-religion</ref> Addinin gargajiya na Afirka, kamar sauran tsoffin al'adun gargajiya a duniya, sun dogara ne akan al'adun baka. Wadannan al'adu ba ka'idojin addini ba ne, amma asalin al'adu ne da ake yadawa ta hanyar labarai, tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi, daga tsara zuwa na gaba. Al'umma da iyali guda, har ma da muhalli, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar mutum. Mabiya sun yi imani da ja-gorar ruhohin kakanninsu. A cikin yawancin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, akwai shugabanni na ruhaniya da nau'ikan firistoci. Waɗannan mutane suna da mahimmanci a cikin rayuwar ruhaniya da ta addini na al'umma. Akwai malaman sufaye da ke da alhakin warkarwa da 'duba' - wani nau'i na sa'a da nasiha, irin na shaman. Wadannan masu maganin gargajiya dole ne kakanni ko alloli su kira su. Suna samun horo mai tsauri kuma suna koyon ƙwarewa da yawa masu mahimmanci, gami da yadda ake amfani da ganyen halitta don warkarwa da sauran, ƙarin ƙwarewar sufa, kamar gano wani abu mai ɓoye ba tare da sanin inda yake ba. Addinin gargajiya na Afirka sun yi imanin cewa kakanni suna kiyaye alaƙar ruhaniya da danginsu masu rai. Yawancin ruhohin kakanni gabaɗaya suna da kyau kuma suna da kirki. Mummunan ayyuka da ruhohin kakanni ke yi shi ne haifar da qananan cututtuka don faɗakar da mutane cewa sun hau hanya mara kyau<ref name=":2">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erik_Hornung</ref>. Addinai na asali na Afirka sun ta'allaka ne akan bautar kakanni, imani da duniyar ruhi, halittun allahntaka da yancin zaɓi (saɓanin ra'ayi na bangaskiya daga baya). Matattu (da dabbobi ko abubuwa masu mahimmanci) har yanzu suna wanzu a duniyar ruhu kuma suna iya yin tasiri ko mu'amala da duniyar zahiri. Siffofin shirka sun yadu a galibin tsoffin yankuna na Afirka da sauran yankuna na duniya, kafin bayyanar Musulunci, Kiristanci, da Yahudanci. Banda shi ne addinin tauhidi na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda Fir'auna Akhenaton ya ƙirƙira, wanda ya wajabta yin addu'a ga gunkinsa Aten (duba Atenism)<ref name=":2" />. Wannan gagarumin sauyi ga addinin Masar na gargajiya duk da haka ƙaramin ɗansa, Tutankhamun ne ya mayar da shi.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-24</ref><ref>https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0003-9659_1963_num_16_1_1996</ref><ref>https://journal.fi/scripta/article/download/67031/27329</ref><ref name=":3">https://www.jstor.org/stable/1166258</ref> Manyan alloli, tare da wasu ƙwararrun alloli, ruhohin kakanni, ruhohin yanki, da halittu, jigo ne na gama gari a tsakanin addinan Afirka na gargajiya, suna nuna sarƙaƙƙiya da al'adun ci gaba na tsohuwar Afirka.<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4">https://books.google.com/books?id=GtCL2OYsH6wC&q=traditional+african+religions+polytheism&pg=RA1-PA185</ref><ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=JBzGsr1bw6cC&q=christianity+judaism+islam+afroasiatics</ref>Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa wasu ra'ayoyi na tauhidi, kamar imani da wani babban allah ko karfi (kusa da sauran alloli, alloli da ruhohi, wani lokaci ana ganin su a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin mutane da mahalicci) sun kasance a cikin Afirka, kafin gabatar da addinan Ibrahim. . Wadannan ra'ayoyi na asali sun bambanta da tauhidi da aka samu a cikin addinan Ibrahim <ref name=":3" />]<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=0K0p8wCNKTQC&q=Christopher+Ehret+Niger+Congo+religion</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/2.1/ehret.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2017-08-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170821144957/http://worldhistoryconnected.press.illinois.edu/2.1/ehret.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=":4" />. Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka kuma suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da addinan Afirka na gargajiya. A cewar Clemmont E. Vontress, al'adun addinai daban-daban na Afirka sun haɗu ta hanyar Animism na asali. A cewarsa, imani da ruhohi da kakanni shine mafi muhimmanci a cikin addinan Afirka. Allolin ko dai an halicce su ne ko kuma sun samo asali ne daga ruhohi ko kakanni waɗanda mutane suka bauta wa. Ya kuma lura cewa yawancin addinan Afirka na zamani suna da tasiri sosai daga addinan da ba na [[Afirka]] ba, galibinsu Kiristanci da Musulunci kuma ta haka na iya bambanta da tsoffin nau'ikan.<ref name=":1" /> Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka gabaɗaya suna riƙe da imani na rayuwa bayan mutuwa (duniya ta ruhu ko al'amuran, waɗanda ruhohi, amma kuma alloli suke zaune), tare da wasu kuma suna da ra'ayi na sake reincarnation, wanda mutanen da suka mutu za su iya komawa cikin zuriyarsu (jinin jini). ), idan suna so, ko kuma suna da abin da za su yi<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2025-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526190736/https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405 |url-status=dead }}</ref>. Yawancin lokaci ana samun kamanceceniya tsakanin addinan gargajiya na Afirka waɗanda ke cikin yanki ɗaya. Afirka ta tsakiya, alal misali, tana da irin wannan al'adun addini a cikin ƙasashen Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo, Jamhuriyar Kongo, Ruwanda, Burundi, Zambia, da Malawi.<ref name=":5">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)</ref> Mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda suke bin al'adun addini na gargajiya sukan girmama kakanni ta hanyar al'adu da bautar ƙasa ko kuma "allahntaka" ta hanyar " ƙungiyoyin yanki " ko " ƙungiyoyin ibada ", bi da bi.<ref name=":5" />. Jacob Olupona, Farfesa Ba’amurke Ba’amurke farfesa a addinan ’yan asalin Afirka a Jami’ar Harvard, ya taƙaita yawancin addinan gargajiya na Afirka a matsayin hadaddun al’adun addini da imanin al’ummar Afirka kafin “mallakar” Kirista da Musulunci na Afirka. Girmama magabata ya kasance yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adun Afirka na gargajiya kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin tsakiyar ra'ayin duniya na Afirka. Magabata (fatalwa/ruhohin kakanni) wani bangare ne na gaskiya. Gabaɗaya an yarda kakanni suna zaune a cikin daular kakanni (duniya ta ruhu), yayin da wasu suka gaskata cewa kakanni sun yi daidai da ikon alloli.<ref name=":6">https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/</ref> Ana yin hamayya da ma'anar ma'anar alloli da kakanni sau da yawa, amma gaba ɗaya, an yi imanin kakanni suna da matsayi mafi girma fiye da ƴan adam masu rai kuma ana jin za su iya ba da albarka ko rashin lafiya ga zuriyarsu masu rai. Kakanni suna iya ba da shawara da ba da arziki da girma ga zuriyarsu masu rai, amma kuma suna iya yin buƙatu, kamar nacewa cewa a kula da wuraren ibadarsu da kyau da kuma gyara su. Imani ga kakanni ya kuma shaida yadda yanayin ruhin Afirka na al'ada ya haɗa ta ta hanyar nuna cewa magabatan da suka mutu har yanzu suna taka rawa a rayuwar zuriyarsu. [[File:Ganvie Voodoo Dancer (21596115932).jpg|thumb|Gargajiya]] Olupona ya yi watsi da ma'anar tauhidi ta yamma/Musulunci kuma ya ce irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba za su iya nuna rikitattun al'adun Afirka ba kuma suna da sauƙi. Yayin da wasu hadisai suke da fiyayyen halitta (kusa da sauran alloli), wasu kuma ba su da. Tauhidi baya nuna yawan hanyoyin da ruhin Afirka na al'ada ya ɗauka na alloli, alloli, da ruhohi. Ya taƙaita cewa, addinan gargajiya na Afirka ba addini kaɗai ba ne, amma ra’ayin duniya, hanyar rayuwa.<ref name=":6" /> == Bukukuwan Addinai == Ayyukan addini na yammacin Afirka da Afirka ta Tsakiya gabaɗaya suna bayyana kansu a cikin bukukuwan jama'a ko ayyukan tsafi waɗanda ƴan al'umma, waɗanda suka galabaita da ƙarfi (ko ashe, nyama, da sauransu), suke jin daɗin shiga cikin tunanin tunani don mayar da martani ga rhythmic ko rhythmic. tuƙin ganguna ko waƙa. Wani biki na addini da ake yi a Gabon da Kamaru shi ne na Okuyi, wanda wasu kabilun Bantu ke yi. A cikin wannan jiha, ya danganta da yankin, kaɗe-kaɗe ko kaɗe-kaɗe da mawakan da ake girmamawa (kowannensu ya keɓanta ga wani abin bautawa ko kakanni), mahalarta suna ɗaukar wani abin bautawa ko kakanni, kuzari ko yanayin hankali ta hanyar yin motsi na al'ada ko raye-raye. wanda ke kara inganta hayyacinsu<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-Karade,_B._pages_39-46_35-0</ref>. [[File:Koku Dancer.jpg|thumb|Bukunkunan Addinan Gargajiya]] Lokacin da aka shaida kuma aka fahimce wannan yanayi mai kama da hankali, masu bin suna keɓanta ga hanyar yin la'akari da tsaftataccen tsari ko alama ta wani tunani ko tsarin tunani. Wannan yana haɓaka ƙwarewa wajen raba ra'ayoyin da wannan tunanin ke haifar da su daga yanayin yanayin rayuwarsu a rayuwar yau da kullun. Irin wannan rarrabuwa da tunani na gaba na yanayi da hanyoyin samar da kuzari mai tsafta ko ji yana taimakawa mahalarta sarrafa su kuma karɓe su lokacin da suka taso cikin yanayi na yau da kullun. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa mafi kyawun sarrafawa da jujjuya waɗannan kuzari zuwa halaye masu kyau, dacewa da al'ada, tunani, da magana. Har ila yau, wannan al’adar za ta iya haifar da masu irin wannan tunanin suna furta kalamai wadanda idan aka yi tawilin wani mahaluki mai ilimin al’adu ko mai duba, zai iya ba da haske kan hanyoyin da suka dace da al’umma (ko wani mutum) za su bi wajen cimma manufarta<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-36</ref>. == Ruhi a Mahangar Addinai == Mabiya addinan gargajiya na Afirka suna yin addu'a ga ruhohi daban-daban da kuma kakanninsu.<ref>https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da yanayi, na farko da ruhohin dabba. Bambanci tsakanin ruhohi masu ƙarfi da alloli sau da yawa kadan ne. Yawancin al'ummomin Afirka sun yi imani da "manyan alloli" da yawa da kuma yawan ƙananan alloli da ruhohi. Akwai kuma wasu addinan da ke da filaye guda ɗaya (Chukwu, Nyame, Olodumare, Ngai, Roog, da sauransu).<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8160-4472-4</ref> Wasu sun san allah biyu da allahntaka kamar Mawu-Lisa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-39</ref> Addinan gargajiya na Afirka gabaɗaya sun yi imani da rayuwa bayan rayuwa, ɗaya ko fiye da duniyar ruhi, kuma bautar kakanni muhimmin ra'ayi ne a galibin duk addinan Afirka. Wasu addinan Afirka sun ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban ta hanyar tasirin Musulunci ko ma Hindu.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-02-23 |archive-date=2025-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526190736/https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka da Al'adu Na Addinai == Akwai kamanceceniya fiye da bambance-bambance a cikin dukkan addinan gargajiya na Afirka, <ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-435-89591-5</ref> ko da yake Jacob Olupona ya rubuta cewa yana da wuya a haɗe su da gaske saboda yawan bambance-bambance da bambance-bambance tsakanin hadisai.<ref>https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/839396781</ref> Ana girmama alloli da ruhohi ta hanyar liyafa ko hadaya (na dabbobi, kayan lambu, dafaffen abinci, furanni, duwatsu masu daraja da ƙananan karafa masu daraja). Mumini kuma yana neman nufin alloli ko ruhohi ta hanyar tuntubar gumaka ko duba<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-44</ref>. Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka sun rungumi al'amuran halitta - ebb da igiyar ruwa, wata mai kaɗewa da faɗuwa, ruwan sama da fari - da tsarin aikin noma. A cewar Gottlieb da Mbiti: An cusa muhalli da yanayi ta kowane fanni na addinan gargajiya da al'adun Afirka. Wannan yana da yawa saboda ilimin kimiyyar sararin samaniya da imani suna da alaƙa da alaƙa da abubuwan al'amuran halitta da muhalli. Duk abubuwan da suka shafi yanayi, tsawa, walƙiya, ruwan sama, rana, wata, rana, taurari, da sauransu na iya zama masu dacewa don sarrafawa ta hanyar ilimin sararin samaniya na mutanen Afirka. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a dabi'a suna da alhakin samar wa mutane bukatunsu na yau da kullun.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-517872-6</ref> [[File:Masques BaKongo.JPG|thumb|Hotunan Gunkuna ]] Misali, a cikin addinin Serer, daya daga cikin taurari mafi tsarki a sararin samaniya ana kiransa Yoonir (Tauraron Sirius)<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7236-1055-1</ref>. Tare da dogon al'adar noma, manyan limamai da firistoci na Serer (Saltigue) suna gabatar da wa'azin kowace shekara a wurin bikin Xooy (bikin duba) a Fatick kafin lokacin Yoonir don yin hasashen watannin hunturu da baiwa manoma damar fara shuka.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/2-7384-5196-9</ref>Magungunan gargajiya sun zama ruwan dare a mafi yawan wurare, kuma ayyukansu sun haɗa da wani nau'i na addini zuwa nau'i daban-daban. == Yin Duba a Mahangar Addinai Gargajiya == [[File:Sangoma reading the Bones.jpg|thumb|Yin Duba ]] [[File:Early 20th century Yoruba divination board.jpg|thumb|Kayan Aikin Duba]] Tun da Afirka babbar nahiya ce mai yawan kabilu da al'adu, babu wata dabara guda ɗaya ta yin duba. Ana iya yin aikin simintin gyare-gyare da ƙananan abubuwa, kamar ƙasusuwa, harsashi na cowrie, duwatsu, filayen fata, ko guntun itace. Ana yin wasu simintin gyare-gyare ta amfani da faranti na tsattsauran tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka yi da itace ko kuma a yi su a ƙasa (sau da yawa a cikin da'ira). A cikin al'ummomin Afirka na gargajiya, mutane da yawa suna neman masu duba akai-akai. Gabaɗaya babu wani hani game da wannan aikin. Ana kuma neman diviner (wanda aka fi sani da firist) don hikimar su a matsayin masu ba da shawara a rayuwa da kuma iliminsu na maganin ganye. == Ubuntu == Ubuntu kalmar Nguni Bantu ce ma'ana "yan Adam". Wani lokaci ana fassara shi da "Ni saboda mu ne" (kuma "Ni saboda kai ne"), ko "'yan Adam zuwa ga wasu" (a cikin Zulu, umuntu ngumuntu ngabantu). A cikin Xhosa, ana amfani da kalmar ƙarshen, amma galibi ana nufin ta cikin ma'anar falsafa don nufin "imani da haɗin kai na duniya wanda ke haɗa dukkan bil'adama". Tari ne na dabi'u da ayyuka da mutanen Afirka ko na Afirka suke kallo a matsayin sanya mutane sahihan mutane. Duk da yake bambance-bambancen waɗannan dabi'u da ayyuka sun bambanta a cikin kabilu daban-daban, dukkansu suna nuni zuwa abu ɗaya - ainihin mutum ɗan adam wani ɓangare ne na mafi girma kuma mafi mahimmancin alaƙa, al'umma, al'umma, muhalli da duniyar ruhaniya.<ref>https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ajsw/article/view/195112</ref> == Nagarta da Mugunta a Addinan Gargajiya == Halin kirki a cikin addinin gargajiya na Afirka yana da alaƙa da aiwatar da wajibai na al'amuran rayuwa. Misalai sun haɗa da halayen zamantakewa kamar girmama iyaye da dattawa, renon yara yadda ya kamata, ba da baƙi, da gaskiya, amana, da jajircewa. A wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka, ɗabi’a na da alaƙa da biyayya ko rashin biyayya ga Allah game da yadda mutum ko al’umma ke rayuwa. Ga Kikuyu, bisa ga mahaliccinsu na farko, Ngai, wanda ke aiki ta wurin ƙananan alloli, an yi imani da shi yana magana da kuma iya jagorantar mutumin kirki a matsayin lamirinsa. A yawancin lokuta, 'yan Afirka da suka koma wasu addinai har yanzu sun ci gaba da yin al'adu da al'adunsu na gargajiya, suna haɗa su ta hanyar da ta dace.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-49</ref> == Wurare masu Tsarki a Addinan Gargajiya == Wasu wurare masu tsarki ko masu tsarki na addinin gargajiya sun hada da amma ba'a iyakance ga Nri-Igbo ba, Wurin Sangomar, Yaboyabo, Fatick, Ife, Oyo, Dahomey, Benin City, Ouidah, Nsukka, Kanem-Bornu, Igbo-Ukwu, da Tulwap Kipsigis. , da sauransu. == Zaluntar Addinin Gargajiya == Addinan Afirka na gargajiya sun fuskanci zalunci daga Kiristoci da Musulmai.<ref>https://archive.org/details/africanvoicesofa00bail</ref> <ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nAAAAYAAJ</ref>Masu bin wadannan addinai an musulunta da kirista da karfi da karfi, an mai da su aljanu da wariya<ref>https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1133603564</ref>. Ta’addancin ya hada da kashe-kashe, yakin yaki, ruguza wurare masu tsarki, da sauran ayyukan ta’addanci.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0819179418</ref> <ref>https://books.google.com/books?isbn=031335972</ref>Saboda zalunci da wariya da rashin jituwa da al’ummar gargajiya da al’adu da akidar ‘yan asali, al’ummar Dinka sun yi watsi da koyarwar Musulunci da Kiristanci.<ref>https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931096</ref> == Kimiyya da Ra'ayoyin Duniya na Gargajiya == '''Bandama da Babalola (2023) ya ce:''' <ref name=":7">https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10437-023-09545-6</ref> Ra'ayin kimiyya a matsayin "aikin da aka haɗa," wanda ke da alaƙa da al'ada, alal misali, ana ɗaukarsa "kimiyya," "kimiyya na ƙarya," ko "sihiri" a hangen nesa na Yamma. A Afirka, akwai alaƙa mai ƙarfi tsakanin duniyar zahiri da ta duniya. Abubuwan bautawa da alloli su ne manzannin Allah Maɗaukakin Sarki da kuma majiɓintan da ke kula da aiwatar da ayyukan da abin ya shafa. A cikin Ile-Ife pantheon, alal misali, Olokun - allahn arziki - ana daukar majibincin masana'antar gilashi don haka ana tuntubar su. Ana miƙa sadaukarwa don gamsar da ita don yin nasara cikin nasara. Haka abin yake ga aikin ƙarfe. Karatun karatu na yanzu ya ƙarfafa gudummawar tsohuwar Afirka ga tarihin kimiyya da fasaha na duniya.<ref name=":7" /> == Al'adun Daga Yankuna Afrika == Wannan jeri ya iyakance ga wasu sanannun labaran daga ko wani sashen: '''Afirka ta Tsakiya''' * Tatsuniyar Bantu (Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabas, Kudancin Afirka) * Tarihin Bushongo (Congo) * Addinin Kongo (Congo) * Tatsuniyar Lugbara (Congo) * Tatsuniyar Baluba (Congo) * Tarihin Mbuti (Congo) * Hausa Aniism (Chad, Gabon) * Tarihin Lotuko (Sudan ta Kudu) '''Gabashin Afirka''' * Tatsuniyar Kushite (Sassan Tsakiyar Sudan da Asalin Al'adun Kerma) * Tatsuniyar Bantu (Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabas, Kudancin Afirka) * Tatsuniyar Gikuyu (Kenya) * Ya fada tatsuniyoyi * Tatsuniyoyi (Kenya) * Dinka (South Sudan) * Tarihin Malagasy (Madagascar) * Tarihin Maasai (Kenya, Tanzania, Ouebian) * Tatsuniyar Kalenjin (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzania) * Addinin Shaidan (Bungoma, Trans Nzoia, Kenya) * Bauta (Ethiopia da Kenya) * Tatsuniyar Somaliya (Somaliya) '''Arewacin Afirka''' * Addinin Masar na dā (Misira, Sudan) * Kemetism * Tatsuniyar Kushite (tare da kwarin Nilu a Sudan) * Addinin Punic (Tunisia, Algeria, Libya) * Addinin Berber na gargajiya (Morocco (ciki har da Sahara ta Yamma), Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Masar, Mauritania, Mali, Nijar, Chadi, Burkina Faso) '''Kudancin Afirka''' * Tatsuniyar Bantu (Tsakiya, Kudu maso Gabas, Kudancin Afirka) * Tatsuniyar Lozi (Zambia) * Tatsuniyar Tumbuka (Malawi) * Addinin Gargajiya na Zulu (Afirka ta Kudu) * Badimo (Botswana) * San addini (Botswana, Namibia, Afirka ta Kudu) * Masu maganin gargajiya na Afirka ta Kudu * Addinin asali a Zimbabwe '''Yammacin Afirka''' * Ƙarin bayani: Addinin Yammacin Afirka * Addinin Abwoi (Nigeria) * Addinin Akan (Ghana, Ivory Coast) * Addinin Dahomean (Benin, Togo) * Addinin Efik (Nigeria, Kamaru) * Addinin Edo (Benin, Nigeria) * Hausa animism (Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Niger, Nigeria, Togo) * Cocin addini (Cocin mutane, Najeriya) * Godianism (addinin da ake zargin ya ƙunshi dukan addinan gargajiya na Afirka, da farko bisa Odinala) * Odinala (Igbo, Nigeria) * Asaase Yaa - Bono People mp3 * Serer Religion (A ƭat Roog) (Senegal, Gambiya, Mauritania) * Addinin Yarbawa (Nigeria, Benin, Togo) * Vodou (Ghana, Benin, Togo, Nigeria) * Addinin Dogon (Mali) * Addinin Ifa (Nigeria) == Al'ummar Afirka == Addinai na Afro-Amurka sun haɗa da bautar kakanni kuma sun haɗa da abin bautawa mahalicci tare da ruhohin allahntaka kamar Orisha, Loa, Vodun, Nkisi da Alusi, da sauransu. Baya ga syncretism na addini na waɗannan al'adun Afirka daban-daban, da yawa kuma sun haɗa da abubuwa na Katolika na Folk ciki har da tsarkakan jama'a da sauran nau'o'in addinin Jama'a, Addinin Amirka na Amirka, Ruhaniya, Ruhaniya, Shamanism (wani lokaci har da amfani da Entheogens) da kuma tarihin Turai. Hakanan akwai hadisai na ruhaniya iri-iri na “likita” kamar su Obeah da Hoodoo waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan lafiyar ruhi.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=kuXEzQZQmawC&pg=PA88</ref> Al'adun addini na Afirka a cikin Amurka na iya bambanta. Suna iya samun tushen Afirka da ba a san su ba ko kuma suna iya zama kusan gaba ɗaya na Afirka a yanayi, kamar addinai kamar Trinidad Orisha.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Traditional_African_religions#cite_ref-58</ref> == Duba kuma == ([[:en:Folk_religion|Folk religion]]) Addinin Jama'a - Bayanin addini ya bambanta da koyarwar hukuma na tsarin addini == Manazarta == {{reflist}} fyn9pjlpkq05pp882cxm9sjoycnfbvd 0 73709 915130 548118 2026-09-02T21:06:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915130 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox biography vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;" |<div class="fn" style="display:inline-block">Yvonne Okoro</div> |- class="mw-file-element" data-file-height="640" data-file-type="bitmap" data-file-width="427" decoding="async" height="330" resource="./File:Yvonne_Okoro_in_Purple.jpg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yvonne_Okoro_in_Purple.jpg/220px-Yvonne_Okoro_in_Purple.jpg" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Yvonne_Okoro_in_Purple.jpg/330px-Yvonne_Okoro_in_Purple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ce/Yvonne_Okoro_in_Purple.jpg 2x" width="220" | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Yvonne_Okoro_in_Purple.jpg|frameless]]</img><div class="infobox-caption"> Okoro a [[2014 Africa Magic Viewers Choice Awards]]</div> |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Haihuwa | class="infobox-data" |<div class="nickname" style="display:inline"> Chinyere Yvonne Okoro</div><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><span style="display:none"> </span><span style="display:none">( <span class="bday">1984-11-25</span> )</span> 25 Nuwamba 1984 <span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow">(shekaru&nbsp;39)</span><br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki><div class="birthplace" style="display:inline"> [[Tamale, Ghana|Tamale]], Ghana</div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Dan kasa | class="infobox-data category" | Najeriya, Ghana |- class="birthplace" style="display:inline" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Alma&nbsp;mace | class="infobox-data" | Jami'ar Ghana |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Sana'a | class="infobox-data role" | Yar wasan kwaikwayo |- class="infobox-label" scope="row" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Shekaru&nbsp;aiki | class="infobox-data" | 2002 - yanzu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Kyauta | class="infobox-data" | Kyautar Zabin Masu Kallon Afirka Magic Viewers |- class="infobox-data role" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" | Yanar Gizo | class="infobox-data" | <span class="url">[http://yvonneokoro.com/ yvonneokoro.com]</span> |} '''Chinyere Yvonne Okoro''' yar wasan Najeriya ce yar Ghana. An haifi mahaifin dan Najeriya kuma mahaifiyar Ghana, Yvonne Okoro 'yar asalinta ce kuma tana kiran kanta 'yar Afirka. Yvonne Okoro ta fito daga Koforidua a Gabashin kasar Ghana. Ta karɓi Kyautar Kyautar Kyautar Fina-Finan Fina-Finan Ghana a 2010 kuma an zaɓe ta don Kyautar Kyautar Fim ɗin Fina-Finan Afirka sau biyu a jere a 2011 da 2012 don fina-finanta na ''Pool Party'' da ''Single shida'' . Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta Afirka Magic Viewers' Choice Award <ref name="award2">{{cite web|title=Yvonne Okoro, Efya Made Ambassadors For Head Of State Awards|url=http://www.dailyguideghana.com/yvonne-okoro-efya-made-ambassadors-for-head-of-state-awards/|publisher=dailyguideghana.com|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref> guda hudu kuma a cikin 2012 an karrama ta da lambar yabo mai ban sha'awa a lambar yabo ta Najeriya Excellence Awards.<ref name="award2"/> <ref name=":0">{{cite web|title=BUZZ Yvonne Okoro honoured by Nigeria Excellence Awards|url=http://www.ameyawdebrah.com/yvonne-okoro-honoured-by-nigeria-excellence-awards/|access-date=22 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Yvonne Okoro|url=http://content.ghananation.com/articles/yvonne-okoro.aspx|publisher=ghananation.com|access-date=22 February 2015|archive-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222053959/http://content.ghananation.com/articles/yvonne-okoro.aspx|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == [[Fayil:Yvonne Okoro in Purple.jpg|thumb|Yvonne Okoro]] An haife shi ga mahaifiyar Ghana kuma mahaifin [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] . Yvonne Okoro ‘yar asalinta ce kuma tana kiran kanta ‘yar Afirka. Ta fito daga babban iyali, a matsayin ɗan fari ga mahaifiyarta kuma na biyar a cikin dukan yayyen. Ta, tun tana ƙarami, ta nuna sha'awar zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. Ta halarci Makarantar Preparatory Achimota bayan ta tafi Makarantar Community Community School sannan ta tafi Makarantar Faith Montessori. Ta ci gaba a Makarantar Sakandaren Mata ta Mfantsiman bayan ta shiga Jami'ar Ghana, Legon inda ta yi digiri na farko a fannin fasaha, ta hada Turanci da Harsuna. Daga baya, ta kasance a Jami'ar Nantes a Faransa don nazarin wayewar Jarida, wasan kwaikwayo da tallace-tallace.<ref name=":0" /> == Sana'a == Ta fara fitowa a allo a cikin ''Sticking to the Promise'', fim ɗin 2002 wanda furodusan Najeriya Theo Akatugba ya shirya, jim kaɗan bayan ta kammala Babban Ilimi. Ta kuma taka rawar gani a cikin jerin abubuwan da suka faru ''na Tentacles'' na mai gabatarwa iri ɗaya don Ka'idodin Watsa Labarai na Point Blank. Kamar yadda a cikin 2018, ita ce mai masaukin Abincin Abinci tare da Cooks da Braggarts. Cooks da Braggarts wani shahararren dafa abinci ne wanda ke nuna sanannun mutane don sanya hannayensu kan yadda suke dafa abincin da suka fi so yayin da suke magana game da batutuwa daban-daban. == Kyauta == A cikin 2019, an ba ta lambar yabo ta Glitz Africa Style Awards a lokacin bugu na 5 na Glitz Style Awards. Ta kuma samu Kyautar Kyautar Mutum ta Radiyo da Talabijan na Shekara a Kyautar Zabin Mata na 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-09-15|title=Yvonne Okoro crowned Glitz Africa Style Influencer of the Year|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Yvonne-Okoro-crowned-Glitz-Africa-Style-Influencer-of-the-Year-781266|access-date=2023-10-22|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-05-09|title=Yvonne Okoro promises Black Queens $10,000 bonus|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Yvonne-Okoro-promises-Black-Queens-10-000-bonus-744964|access-date=2023-10-23|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> == Sauran harkokin kasuwanci == Ta bayyanawa gidan rediyon Peace FM da ke Accra cewa ta mallaki kamfaninta na Desamour Company Limited. Da dai sauran harkokin sufuri.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://yen.com.gh/96851-yvonne-okoro-lists-number-companies-owns-entrepreneur.html|title=Yvonne Okoro is super rich. Here are some companies she owns as an entrepreneur|last=Lamptey|first=Edwin|date=2018-06-10|website=Yen.com.gh - Ghana news.|language=en|access-date=2020-03-24}}</ref> == Tallafawa == A watan Yuni 2019, ta ba da gudummawar $10,000 ga Black Queens na [[Ghana]] a gaba don lashe lambar tagulla a gasar WAFU Zone B na 2019 . A farkon shekarar 2020, ta kuma bayar da gudummawar wasu kayayyaki ga sashen haihuwa na asibitin koyarwa na Korle bu.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-06-01|title=Perry Okudzeto commends Yvonne Okoro for donating $10,000 to Black Queens|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Perry-Okudzeto-commends-Yvonne-Okoro-for-donating-10-000-to-Black-Queens-751246|access-date=2023-10-23|website=GhanaWeb|language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/yvonne-okoro-pays-bills-of-13-new-mothers-at-korle-bu-teaching-hospital/|title=Yvonne Okoro pays bills of 13 new mothers at Korle Bu Teaching Hospital – Glitz Africa Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2020-03-24|archive-date=2020-02-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200224112448/https://www.glitzafrica.com/yvonne-okoro-pays-bills-of-13-new-mothers-at-korle-bu-teaching-hospital/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Filmography == * ''Queen Lateefah'' * ''Mother's love'' * ''Beyonce: The President's Daughter'' * ''The Return Of Beyonce'' * ''The President's Daughter'' * ''Desperate To Survive'' * ''The Game'' * ''Agony Of Christ'' * ''Royal Battle'' * ''Queen Of Dreams'' * ''‘Le Hotelier’ in France'' * ''Pool Party'' * ''Sticking to the promise'' * ''Single Six'' * ''Why Marry'' * ''Best Friends (Three can play)'' * ''Blood is Thick'' * ''Four Play'' * ''Four Play reloaded'' * ''Forbidden City'' * ''Contract'' (28th Dec. 2012) with Hlomlo dandala. * ''I Broke my Heart'' * ''Adams Apples film series'' (2011–2012) * ''Crime'' * ''Ghana Must Go (2016)'' * ''Rebecca (2016)'' * ''Kamar Twines Cotton (2016)'' * ''Neman Lullaby (2021)'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://pulse.ng/movies/ghana-must-go-everything-you-need-to-know-about-yvonne-okoros-upcoming-movie-id3773877.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2024-03-04 |archive-date=2016-08-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816140821/http://pulse.ng/movies/ghana-must-go-everything-you-need-to-know-about-yvonne-okoros-upcoming-movie-id3773877.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{IMDb name|2794811|Yvonne Okoro}} == Nassoshi == * [https://yen.com.gh/30297-yvonne-okoro-premiere-family-reality-show-television.html] [[Category:Haihuwan 1984]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] kswzs66p7xu6ua97w72vp4x7gx29pck 0 74127 915197 393203 2026-09-03T03:30:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da bikin bayar da lambar yabo ta '''2020 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards''' a ranar 14 ga watan Maris, 2020 a [[Eko Hotels and Suites|Eko Hotel da Suites]], Legas.<ref>{{Cite web|title=AMVCA 2020|url=https://africamagic.dstv.com/show/amvca/nominees|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Africa Magic - AMVCA 2020|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Full List Of Winners At The 7th AMVCA {{!}} Channels Television|url=https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/15/full-list-of-winners-at-the-7th-amvca/amp/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=www.channelstv.com|archive-date=2022-12-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221201220503/https://www.channelstv.com/2020/03/15/full-list-of-winners-at-the-7th-amvca/amp/|url-status=dead}}</ref> An bayyana waɗanda aka zaɓa a ranar 6 ga watan Fabrairu, 2020.<ref name=":0" /> Akwai nau'o'i 28 kuma bakwai daga cikin waɗannan nau'o'in an buɗe su don kaɗa kuri'a. Kwamitin alkalai na AMVCA ne ya yanke hukunci 21 daga cikin rukunan. An haɗa lambar yabo ta MultiChoice Talent Factory a matsayin sabon nau'i.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|date=2020-02-07|title=2020 AMVCA: Check out the full nominees’ list|url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/2020-amvca-check-out-the-full-nominees-list/c3m2esq|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Pulse Nigeria|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-01-01|title=Africa Magic unveils nominees, hosts for 7th AMVCA|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/01/africa-magic-unveils-nominees-hosts-for-7th-amvca/|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Vanguard News|language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyautattuka == An jera sunayen waɗanda aka zaɓa a ƙasa. Ana haskaka duk waɗanda suka yi nasara a cikin '''boldface'''. {| class="wikitable" ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Supporting Actress in a Movie or TV Series ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Actress in a Comedy (Movie/TV Series) |- | valign="top" | * '''[[Gloria Sarfo]] - ''[[The perfect picture: Ten Years Later|The Perfect Picture: 10 Years Later]]''''' ** [[Toni Tones]] - ''[[King of Boys|King Of Boys]]'' ** [[Eucharia Anunobi]] - ''The Foreigner's God'' ** [[Tina Mba]] - ''The Set Up'' ** [[Mary Lazarus]] - ''Size 12'' | valign="top" | * '<nowiki/>'''[[Funke Akindele]] - ''[[Moms at War|Moms At War'<nowiki/>]]''''' ** [[Toyin Abraham]] - ''Bling Lagosians'' ** [[Bimbo Ademoye]] - ''[[Looking for Baami|Looking For Baami]]'' ** [[Toyin Abraham]] - ''[[Kasanova]]'' ** [[Ebele Okaro]] - ''Smash'' |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Supporting Actor in a Movie or TV Series ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Actor in a Drama (Movie/TV Series) |- | valign="top" | * '''''Pascal Tokodi - ''Disconnect''' ** Damilo (Rmd) seven ''Richard Mofe'' ** [[Ramsey Nouah]] - ''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'' ** [[Nkem Owoh]] - ''God Calling'' ** Remilekun 'Reminisce' Safaru - ''King Of Boys'' | valign="top" | * '''''Timini Egbuson - ''[[Elevator Baby]]''' ** [[Jide Kene Achufusi|Swankey J.K.A]] - ''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free|Living In Bondage]]''' ** [[Efa Iwara]] - ''Seven'' ** [[Gabriel Afolayan]] - ''[[Coming from Insanity|Coming From Insanity]]'' ** [[Ramsey Nouah]] - ''Levi'' |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Short Film or Online Video ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Actress in a Drama (Movie/TV Series) |- | valign="top" | * '''''Thorn'' - Bola 'Enigma' Akanbi''' ** ''Oga John'' - Bolanle Akintomide ** ''Prueba'' - [[Stanlee Ohikhuare|Stanlee Ohikuhare]] ** ''Tokunbo'' - Bio Arimoro | valign="top" | * '<nowiki/>'''Toyin Abraham - ''Elevator Baby''''' ** Shola Shobowale - ''[[King of Boys|King Of Boys]]'' ** Zainab Balogun - ''Sylvia'' ** [[Zainab Balogun]] - ''[[God Calling]]'' ** [[Kate Henshaw]] - ''[[The Ghost and The House Of Truth|The Ghost And The House Of Truth]]'' |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Actor in a Comedy (Movie or TV Series) ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Indigenous Language Movie/TV Series Hausa |- | valign="top" | * '''''[[Funny Bone (actor)|Chibunna "Funny Bone" Stanley]] - Smash''''' ** [[Uzor Arukwe]] - ''Smash'' ** Uzor Arukwe - ''Size 12'' ** Ramsey Nouah - ''[[Maza masu farin jini 2|Merry Men 1]]'' ** [[Daniel Etim Effiong]] - ''Plan B'' | valign="top" | * '''''Tuntube'' - Muhammad T. Finisher''' ** ''Mariya'' - Abubakar Bashir ** ''Abarawa Rai'' - Muhammad Adam and Tundun Murtala ** ''Sadauki'' - Hassan Giggs |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Director ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Indigenous Language Movie/TV Series Igbo |- | valign="top" | * '''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'' - [[Steve Gukas]], Ramsey Nouah''''' * ''[[God Calling]]'' - Bb Sasore ** ''[[The Set Up (fim na 2019)|The Set Up]]'' - [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] ** ''King Of Boys'' - [[Kemi Adetiba]] ** ''Ratnik'' - Dimeji Ajibola ** ''The Ghost And The House Of Truth'' - [[Akin Omotoso|Akin Omotosho]] ** ''Seven'' - [[Tosin Igho]] | valign="top" | * '''''Nne'' - Victor Iyke''' * *''Isianyaocha'' - Brown Ene * ''Nekwa'' - [[Paul Igwe]] ** ''Obiakpor'' - Evan Okechukwu |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Indigenous Language Movie/TV Series Swahili ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Television Series Drama Or Comedy |- | valign="top" | * '''''Raveet Sippy Chadh - ''[[Subira (fim, 2018)|Subira]]''' ** Timoth Conrad Kachumka - ''Sema'' ** Victor Gatonye - ''Dream Child'' ** Joan Kabugu - ''Toy Car'' | valign="top" | * '''''Truth'' - Anis Halloway''' ** ''Jenifa's Diary'' - Funke Akindele ** ''Life As It Is'' - Uche Odoh ** ''Women'' - Uchenna Mbunabo |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Sound Track Movie/TV Series ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Make-Up Category |- | valign="top" | * '''''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'' - Larry Gaaga & Flavour - Tene''' ** ''King Of Boys'' - Sess, Reminisce & [[Adekunle Gold]] - Original Gangster ** ''God Calling'' - Ighwiyisi Jacobs - Stay With Me ** ''The Gift'' - Mercy Aghedo - The Gift ** ''Run'' -Timzil - Run | valign="top" | * '''''God Calling'' - Lilian Omozele Paul''' ** ''The Foreigner's God'' - Jude Odoh ** ''King Of Boys'' - Hakeem Effects ** ''Coming From Insanity'' - Bio Arimoro |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Sound Editor ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Documentary |- | valign="top" | * '''''Christina Aragon ''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]''' ** Bernie Anti ''In My Country'' ** Kolade Morakinyo ''[[Up North (fim)|Up North]]'' ** Michael 'Truth' Ogunlade ''Three thieves'' ** Tosin Igho ''Seven'' ** Willis Abuto & Kevin Abuto ''Poker'' | valign="top" | * '''''Skin'' - [[Beverly Naya]]''' ** ''Hidden Euphoria'' - Aderogba Adedeji ** ''Against All Odds: A Tale Of Resilience'' - Aderemi Davies ** ''Ibadan: Yoruba Heritage'' - [[Tunde Oladimeji]] |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Lighting Designer in a Movie or TV Series ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Movie Southern Africa |- | valign="top" | * '''''God Calling'' - Cardoso''' ** ''Ratnik'' - Abiola Ladipo ** ''Elevator Baby'' - Eleaxu Texas ** ''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]]'' - Odhiambo Walter | valign="top" | * '''''Dalitso'' - Abraham Kabwe''' ** ''Kukuri (film)'' - Philippe Talavera ** ''Kwacha'' - [[Cassie Kabwita]] ** ''The Beautiful Hen Behind Yao Mountain'' - Imran Kaisi |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Art Director Movie/TV Series ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Costume Designer Movie or TV Series |- | valign="top" | * '''''[[Ratnik (fim)|Ratnik]]'' - Dimeji Ajibola, Iwaotan Olusola Roberts''' ** ''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'' - Victor Afrigold, Ayanda Carter, Jim Franklin, Zimasa Ndamase ** ''God Calling'' - [[Omotola Jalade Ekeinde|Omotola Alade]] ** ''The Bling Lagosians'' - Bolanle Austen Peters | valign="top" | * '''''Ratnik'' Dimeji Ajibola''' ** ''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'' Olohigbe Nwagwu ** ''The Foreigner's God'' Ifan Michael ** ''King Of Boys'' Yolanda Okereke |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Indigenous Language Movie/TV Series Yoruba ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Cinematographer |- | valign="top" | * '''''Yewande Famakin - ''Alubarika''' ** Ronke Odusanya - ''Ajoji Godogbo'' ** Oyebade Adebimpe - ''Adebimpe Omo Oba'' ** Wumi Olabimtan - ''Intent'' | valign="top" | * '''''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'' - John Demps''' ** ''God Calling'' - Cardoso ** ''Ratnik'' - Niyi White, Gbenga Fifolabi and Abiola Ladipo ** ''The Set Up'' - Mohammed Attah |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Picture Editor ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Writer in a Movie or TV Series |- | valign="top" | * '''''Seven'' - Tosin Igho and Bryan Dike''' ** ''God Calling'' - Holmes Awa ** ''Ratnik'' - Dimeji Ajibola ** ''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'' - Antonio Rebeiro ** ''Elevator Baby'' - Emiola Fagbenle | valign="top" | * '''''Nicole Asinugo and CJ Obasi - ''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]''' ** BB Sasore - ''God Calling'' ** Tosin Igho - ''Seven'' ** Vanessa Kanu - ''Sylvia'' ** Biodun Stephen - ''Joba'' ** Akay Mason and Yusuf Carew - ''Elevator Baby'' |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Movie East Africa ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Best Movie West Africa) |- | valign="top" | * '''''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Plan B]]'' - [[Sarah Hassan]]''' ** ''Disconnect'' - Iman Mueke ** ''Lost In Time'' - Edijoe Mwaniki ** ''94 Terror'' - Mulinwa Richard | valign="top" | * '''''[[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]]'' - Steve Gukas''' ** ''God Calling'' - Momo Spaine ** ''Seven'' - Tosin Igho ** ''Elevator Baby'' - Victoria Akujobi ** ''Ratnik'' - Dimeji Ajibola |- ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |MultiChoice Academy award ! style="background:#EEDD82; width:50%" |Trailblazer |- | valign="top" | ** '''''Promises'' – East Africa''' ** ''Life of Bim'' – West Africa ** ''Dreamchaser '' – West Africa ** ''Ensulo'' – East Africa ** ''Savana Skies'' – Southern Africa ** ''The Painting'' – Southern Africa | valign="top" | * '''[[Jide Kene Achufusi|Swanky JKA]] ([[Living in Bondage: Breaking Free]])''' |- |} == Manazarta == hgw89tnz9e6u9unzu77fgnbt83kwmpa 0 75086 914828 704154 2026-09-02T12:42:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914828 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Mrs. Victoria Gowon (First Lady Federal Republic of Nigeria 1966 - 1975).jpg|thumb|Victoria Gowon]] '''Victoria Hansatu Gowon''' (an haife ta 22 ga watan Agustan shekarar 1946) ma’aikaciyar jinya ce kuma Matar Shugaban Najeriya ta uku. Ta auri [[Yakubu Gowon|Janar Yakubu Gowon]] wanda ya kasance shugaban kasar Najeriya daga shekara ta 1966 zuwa shekarar 1975.<ref name="allafrica2">{{cite news|last=Okon-Ekong|first=Nseobong|date=2010-10-02|title=Nigeria: First Ladies - Colourful Brilliance, Gaudy Rays|work=[[Thisday]]|publisher=[[AllAfrica.com]]|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201010040212.html|url-status=dead|access-date=2012-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120423151021/http://allafrica.com/stories/201010040212.html|archive-date=2012-04-23}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web|date=2017-10-01|title=First Ladies of style|url=https://punchng.com/first-ladies-of-style/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Victoria Hansatu Zakari a ranar 22 ga watan Agusta,shekara ta 1946 ga Malam Walter Bala, ma'aikaciyar gwamnati da Lydia Fati Zakari a [[Zariya]] . Ta yi makarantar firamare da sakandare a Zariya da Kaduna. Ta yi karatun sakandare a shekarar 1964. Ta halarci makarantar koyon aikin jinya a Asibitin Kwalejin Jami'ar [[Ibadan]] kuma ta cancanci zama ma'aikaciyar jinya mai rijista a watan Yulin shekarar 1968. Ta auri Yakubu Gowon a lokacin [[Yaƙin basasar Najeriya|yakin basasar Najeriya]] a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1969 a wani biki da aka gudanar a [[Cocin Cathedral na Christi, Lagos|Cocin Cathedral of Christ, Legas]].<ref name=":02">{{Cite web|last=Obasi|first=Emeka|date=2017-10-07|title=Of Flora, Victoria and Mariam|url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/10/flora-victoria-mariam/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=[[Vanguard News]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":22">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2uIMAQAAMAAJ&q=%22ajoke+muhammed%22|title=NewAfrican Life|date=1990|publisher=IC Publications|language=en}}</ref> <ref name=":22"/> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Admin|date=2020-11-20|title=GOWON,(Dr) Victoria Hansatu|url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/gowondr-victoria-hansatu/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation|language=en-US|archive-date=2021-07-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730220323/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/gowondr-victoria-hansatu/|url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web|last=Oluleye|first=Kehinde|date=2019-11-08|title=Famous, long lasting monogamous MARRIAGES|url=https://thenationonlineng.net/famous-long-lasting-monogamous-marriages/|access-date=2021-07-30|website=[[The Nation (Nigeria)]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ta fito fili ne saboda Yakubu Gowon ya hada ayyukansa na zartarwa da na biki. An bayyana salonta a matsayin matar shugaban kasa a matsayin mai sauki domin tana yawan sanye da kayan gargajiya.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web|date=2017-10-01|title=First Ladies of style|url=https://punchng.com/first-ladies-of-style/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-09-27|title=Nigeria@60: Life & style of First Ladies|url=https://punchng.com/nigeria60-life-style-of-first-ladies/|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Punch Newspapers|language=en-US}}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] dhxelndiricrku5ijcn2iada67vtn49 0 76206 914902 571402 2026-09-02T14:35:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Welle N'Diaye'''an haife shi a ranar 5 ga watan Afrilu shekara ta 1990, [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Senegal wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya ga Niarry Tally. == Sana'a == N'Diaye ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararrun sa na farko a cikin watan Satumba na shekara ta 2010 tare da kulob ɗin Slovenia Gorica . <ref>{{Cite web |last=R.V. |date=17 September 2010 |title=Novogoričane okrepil senegalski napadalec |url=https://siol.net/sportal/nogomet/novogoricane-okrepil-senegalski-napadalec-369730 |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=siol.net |publisher=[[Siol]] |language=sl}}</ref> An buga shi sau ɗaya a cikin 2010-11 Slovenia PrvaLiga . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welle Ndiaye – Prva liga Telekom Slovenije |url=https://www.prvaliga.si/tekmovanja/default.asp?action=igralec&id_igralca=90323&id_tekmovanja=11&id_kluba= |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=www.prvaliga.si |publisher=[[Slovenian PrvaLiga]] |language=sl |archive-date=30 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220630134622/https://www.prvaliga.si/tekmovanja/default.asp?action=igralec&id_igralca=90323&id_tekmovanja=11&id_kluba= |url-status=dead }}</ref> A cikin Janairu 2011 ya aka aro zuwa Brda . Daga baya ya koma taka leda a Gorica. Ya koma Maribor a ranar 30 ga Yuni 2014. Ya bar kungiyar ne a watan Yunin 2016 bayan kwantiraginsa ya kare. == Girmamawa == '''Maribor''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Senegal – W. N'Diaye – Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/welle-ndiaye/190357/ |access-date=26 August 2019 |website=soccerway.com}}</ref> * Sloveniya PrvaLiga : 2014–15 * Supercup na Sloveniya : 2014 * Kofin Sloveniya : 2015–16 == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1990]] 7zzi67m0mku0ycymkfauo0j1b9cmpo5 0 77127 914871 684096 2026-09-02T13:45:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914871 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Bikin tunawa da kisan kiyashin Kigali''' na tunawa [[Kisan ƙare dangi na Rwandan|da kisan kiyashin da aka yi a Rwanda]] a shekara ta 1994 . Ragowar mutane sama da 250,000 ne aka kashe a can. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kigali Genocide Memorial – A place for remembrance and learning |url=http://kgm.rw/ |access-date=9 May 2022 |website=www.kgm.rw}}</ref> Akwai cibiyar [[baƙo]] don ɗalibai da sauran waɗanda ke son fahimtar abubuwan da suka faru tun bayan kisan kiyashin da ya faru a [[Ruwanda]] a 1994. Cibiyar ta zama abin tunawa na dindindin ga wadanda aka kashe a kisan kiyashin kuma ta zama wurin da wadanda suka mutu za su iya binne danginsu da abokansu. Cibiyar ta Aegis Trust ce ke kula da kuma gudanar da ita a madadin hukumar yaki da kisan kare dangi ta [[Ƙasa|kasa]]. == Wuri == Gidan tunawa da cibiyar tunawa suna Gisozi, Rwanda, kusa da tsakiyar Kigali. <ref name="kgm">{{Cite web |title=Kigali Genocide Memorial |url=http://www.kgm.rw/ |access-date=March 2, 2016 |website=www.kgm.rw |archive-date=September 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250909215218/https://kgm.rw/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Fage == A cikin Afrilu 1994, rahotannin kisan gilla na yau da kullun a cikin Ruwanda sun fara ficewa daga [[Ruwanda]] kuma suna yaduwa a duniya. An yi kadan don dakatar da kisan kare dangi. Ga mutanen waje, ana wakilta kisan kiyashin a matsayin rikicin kabilanci da ya danganci kabilanci, inda ‘yan kabilar Tutsi suka zama wadanda aka kashe da kuma Hutu. <ref name="huffingtonpost.co.uk">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2013 |title=Remembering 1994 at the Kigali Genocide Memorial Centre, Rwanda |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/stuart-forster/kigali-genocide-memorial_b_2923994.html |access-date=26 April 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> Ba za a taɓa sanin ainihin adadin mutanen da aka kashe ba; alkaluma sun bambanta tsakanin 500,000 zuwa sama da miliyan daya. An amince da adadin mutanen da aka kashe a matsayin kusan 800,000. <ref name="huffingtonpost.co.uk" /> == Tarihi == A shekara ta 2000, Majalisar birnin Kigali ta fara gina wani gini, wanda a ƙarshe zai zama Cibiyar Tunawa. An gayyaci Aegis don mayar da cibiyar tunawa da kisan gillar zuwa gaskiya. Aegis Trust sannan ta fara tattara bayanai daga ko'ina cikin duniya don ƙirƙirar nunin hoto guda uku. An buga rubutun na duka ukun a cikin yaruka uku, waɗanda ƙungiyar ƙirar su ta tsara a Burtaniya a babban ofishin Aegis, kuma an tura su Rwanda don shigar da su. Wannan cibiya ta tunawa dai na daya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyi shida na kasar Ruwanda da ke tunawa da kisan kiyashin da aka yi a kasar Rwanda. Sauran sun hada da Murambi Genocide Memorial Center, Bisesero Genocide Memorial Center da [[Cibiyar Tunawa da kisan kiyashin Ntarama|Ntarama Genocide Memorial Center]], [[Cibiyar Tunawa da kisan kare dangi ta Nyamata|Nyamata Memorial Center]] da Cibiyar Tunawa da kisan kare dangi a Nyarubuye. <ref name="unesco">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/5753/ Sites mémoriaux du génocide : Nyamata, Murambi, Bisesero et Gisozi], UNESCO, Retrieved 2 March 2015</ref> An kawo gawarwakin mutane daga ko'ina cikin babban birnin kasar bayan an bar su a titi ko jefa su a cikin kogin. An binne su tare a cikin kuri'a 100,000. An buɗe taron tunawa a cikin 1999. <ref name="unesco"/> Cibiyar ta fara ne a lokacin da majalisar birnin Kigali da hukumar yaki da kisan kiyashi ta kasar Rwanda suka kaddamar da wata kungiyar kare hakkin bil adama a Birtaniya mai suna Aegis Trust da ta kafa cibiyar tunawa da kisan kiyashin Kigali. A watan Afrilun shekara ta 2004, a ranar cika shekaru 10 da kisan kiyashin, an kaddamar da taron tunawa da kisan kiyashin Kigali. Martanin wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kare dangi ga samar da cibiyar ya yi yawa. A cikin makon farko, sama da masu tsira 1,500 sun ziyarci kowace rana. A cikin watanni uku na farkon bude cibiyar, mutane kusan 60,000 daga sassa daban-daban sun ziyarce ta. Sama da 7,000 daga cikin waɗannan baƙi sun fito daga ƙasashen duniya. == Kayan aiki == Cibiyar ta tattara bayanan kisan kiyashin, amma kuma ta bayyana tarihin Ruwanda da ya gabaci taron. Hakanan ana yin kwatancen tare da shafuka iri ɗaya a cikin [[Jamus]], [[Japan]], [[Kambodiya|Cambodia]], da [[Bosnia da Herzegovina|Bosnia]] . Ba kamar tsoffin sansanoni a Auschwitz Birkenau ba, rukunin Ruwanda ya haɗa da gawar mutane da kayan aiki da makaman da aka yi amfani da su wajen lalata su. <ref name="unesco"/> A bene na bene cibiyar ta ƙunshi nune-nune na dindindin guda uku, wanda mafi girma daga cikinsu ya rubuta kisan kiyashin da aka yi a shekarar 1994, wanda ya taimaka wajen ba wa Ruwanda mafarkin tarihi. <ref name="lonelyplanet.com">{{Cite web |last=Planet |first=Lonely |title=Kigali Genocide Memorial in Kigali, Rwanda |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/rwanda/kigali/sights/cemeteries-memorials-tombs/kigali-memorial-centre |access-date=26 April 2018 |publisher=}}</ref> Akwai wurin tunawa da yara, tare da hotuna masu girman rai, tare da cikakkun bayanai game da kayan wasan da suka fi so, kalmominsu na ƙarshe da kuma yadda aka kashe su. <ref name="huffingtonpost.co.uk"/> Akwai kuma wani baje kolin tarihin cin zarafin jama'a a duniya. Cibiyar Ilimi, Lambun Tunatarwa da Cibiyar Takardun Takardun Kisan Kisan Jama'a suna ba da gudummawar kyauta mai ma'ana ga waɗanda suka halaka da kuma samar da kayan aikin ilimi mai ƙarfi ga tsara na gaba. Cibiyar Tunawa da Kigali ta duniya ce. Yana magana ne game da wani batu mai mahimmanci na duniya, tare da mahimmanci mai nisa, kuma an tsara shi don shiga da ƙalubalanci tushen baƙo na duniya. Ayyukan audiovisual da takaddun bayanan GPS suna yin rikodin da ingantaccen shaidar tsira da yin rikodin tsarin kotun Gacaca . An sami dubban ɗarurruwan maziyartan Tuna Mutuwar Yesu. An kammala taron tunawa da sashe kan neman adalci ta hanyar kotun kasa da kasa da ke Arusha da kuma kotunan Gacaca na gida ( kotunan gargajiya karkashin jagorancin dattawan kauyuka). <ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/> Ziyarar sauti mai ba da labari (dalar Amurka 15) ta haɗa da bayanan da aka samu game da rarrabuwar kawuna na mulkin mallaka a Ruwanda kuma yayin da ziyarar ke ci gaba, abubuwan nune-nunen suna ƙara ƙarfi, yayin da baƙi ke fuskantar laifukan da suka faru a nan da kuma shaidar bidiyo mai motsi daga waɗanda suka tsira. <ref name="lonelyplanet.com"/> Hukumar daga birnin Kigali ita ce ta gina wurin tunawa da mutane 250,000 da aka yi wa kisan kiyashi a kaburbura, zuwa cibiyar tunawa da baje koli na dindindin don amfanin wadanda suka tsira da kuma matasa. Kungiyar Aegis Trust tana kula da Tunawa da kisan kiyashin Kigali kuma tana haɓaka shi da makarantar ilimi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2016 |title=Aegis' new Educational Tour Programme in Rwanda hosts University of Manchester students - Aegis Trust |url=http://www.aegistrust.org/aegis-new-educational-tour-programme-rwanda-hosts-university-manchester-students/ |access-date=26 April 2018 |website=www.aegistrust.org}}</ref><gallery> File:Skull_and_Belongings_of_Genocide_Victims_-_Genocide_Memorial_Center_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg|alt=Skull and belongings of Genocide victims at the centre|Kwankwan kai da kayan da aka kashe a bala'in File:Panorama_of_Photos_of_Genocide_Victims_-_Genocide_Memorial_Center_-_Kigali_-_Rwanda.jpg|alt=Genocide victims|Kisan kare dangi File:Kigali_Genocide_Memorial_(6817416143).jpg|alt=Kigali Genocide Memorial site|Wurin tuna da kisan kiyashin Kigali </gallery> == Magana == [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 50obfe5mmvredgu7bmczqvpga13swzz 0 77274 915178 417041 2026-09-02T22:16:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915178 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zakaria El Masbahi''' (an haife shi a ranar uku 3 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1979 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zakaria El Masbahi Player Profile, AS Sale, International Stats, Events Stats, Game Logs, Awards - RealGM |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Zakaria-El-Masbahi/Summary/25406 |access-date=11 November 2019 |website=basketball.realgm.com}}</ref> ) ɗan wasan [[Kwallon kwando|ƙwallon kwando]] ne na Morocco a halin yanzu yana bugawa [[AS Salé (basketball)|AS Salé]] a cikin Nationale 1 . <ref>[http://www.africabasket.com/team.asp?Cntry=Morocco&Team=2871&Page=1 ASS Roster] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124043000/http://www.africabasket.com/team.asp?Cntry=Morocco&Team=2871&Page=1 |date=2013-01-24 }} at Africabasket.com</ref> == Sana'a == El Masbahi memba ne na [[Kungiyar kwallon kwando ta maza ta Morocco|kungiyar kwallon kwando ta kasar Maroko]] . Shi ne ya jagoranci dan wasan Morocco a gasar FIBA ta Afirka ta 2009, inda ya samu maki 15.9 PPG a gasar. <ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20140905143843/http://libya2009.fiba.com/pages/eng/fe/09/fafcm/statistics/p/rpp//sid/6599/sp/ALL/ss/PPG/srid/ALL/top-players.html PPG Leaders] at FIBA.com</ref> Kwallon da El Masbahi ya yi a gasar shi ne karon farko da kasar Rwanda, inda ya samu maki 37 a wasan da Morocco ta samu nasara da ci 85 da 84 wanda hakan ya taimaka wa Morocco ta kai zagaye na biyu. <ref>[http://www.africabasket.com/player.asp?Cntry=MOR&PlayerID=48248 Zakaria El Masbahi Stats] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124042834/http://www.africabasket.com/player.asp?Cntry=MOR&PlayerID=48248 |date=2013-01-24 }} at Africabasket.com</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1979]] 9sj6qz3tusq18qwsfe0zpu9tnrfxuww 0 77542 915190 746526 2026-09-02T23:02:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Zintle Mpupha 2024.jpg|thumb|Hutun Zintle Mpupha tare da hula]] '''Zintle Mpupha''' 'yar wasan rugby ta mata ce ta Afirka ta Kudu kuma 'yar wasan crick daga [[Xesi]], Gabashin Cape, Afirka ta Kudu . <ref name="dl">{{Cite web |last=Mvumvu |first=Zingisa |date=2017-10-31 |title=Border high-riding star has bigger fish to fry in Sevens |url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/sport/2016/12/06/border-high-riding-star-bigger-fish-fry-sevens/ |access-date=2017-11-09 |publisher=Dispatch Live |archive-date=2016-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220104155/http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/sport/2016/12/06/border-high-riding-star-bigger-fish-fry-sevens/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta buga wasan kurket ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Border da rugby ga Border Bulldogs da kuma ƙungiyar ƙwallaye ta ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta Afirka ta Kudu a matsayin rabi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=DDR |date=2017-10-31 |title=Border stars in the Bok world Sevens frame |url=http://www.dispatchlive.co.za/sport/2016/11/03/border-stars-bok-world-sevens-frame/ |access-date=2017-11-09 |publisher=Dispatch Live }}{{Dead link|date=December 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Rugby == Mpupha ya buga wasan rugby ga Border Bulldogs . A shekara ta 2013 an fara kiranta zuwa kungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu ta rugby sevens.<ref name="saf">{{Cite web |date=2016-11-09 |title=Mpupha gets second shot with Bok Women's Sevens |url=http://www.sarfu.org.za/article.aspx?category=sarugby/women&id=3777964 |access-date=2017-11-09 |publisher=SARFU |archive-date=2018-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810141542/http://www.sarfu.org.za/article.aspx?category=sarugby/women&id=3777964 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Koyaya, saboda karatun digiri a Jami'ar Fort Hare, ta daina buga wasan rugby bakwai kuma ta fara buga wasan rugbi yayin da take jami'a. A shekara ta 2016, bayan kammala karatunsa, Mpupha ya koma kungiyar rugby ta Afirka ta Kudu. A shekara ta 2017, an ba ta kwangila na kwararru tare da ƙungiyar mata ta Afirka ta Kudu. Wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne ta koma Stellenbosch, Western Cape don horar da tawagar wanda ke nufin ba ta iya ci gaba da wasa ga ko dai Border cricket ko rugby teams ba.<ref name="dl"/> A shekarar 2021 ta zama 'yar Afirka ta Kudu ta farko da ta taka leda a Firayim Minista 15 bayan ta sanya hannu tare da Exeter Chiefs Women. An zaɓi Mpupha don wakiltar Afirka ta Kudu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta Rugby ta 2022 a Cape Town . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-02 |title=South Africa name Rugby World Cup Sevens squads |url=https://saru-umbraco.azurewebsites.net//news-features/articles/2022/09/02/south-africa-name-rugby-world-cup-sevens-squads/ |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=SA Rugby |archive-date=2022-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220914083506/https://saru-umbraco.azurewebsites.net//news-features/articles/2022/09/02/south-africa-name-rugby-world-cup-sevens-squads/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Mostert |first=Herman |date=2022-09-02 |title=Veteran Cecil Afrika recalled as Blitzboks name Rugby World Cup Sevens squad |url=https://www.news24.com/sport/rugby/sevens/veteran-cecil-afrika-recalled-as-blitzboks-name-rugby-world-cup-sevens-squad-20220902 |access-date=2022-09-14 |website=Sport |language=en-US}}</ref> An kuma ambaci sunanta a cikin Kungiyar mata goma sha biyar ta Afirka ta Kudu don gasar cin Kofin Duniya na Rugby a [[New Zealand]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Springbok Women squad for Rugby World Cup in NZ named |url=https://saru-umbraco.azurewebsites.net//news-features/articles/2022/09/21/springbok-women-squad-for-rugby-world-cup-in-nz-named/ |access-date=2022-09-23 |website=SA Rugby |archive-date=2022-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220923014113/https://saru-umbraco.azurewebsites.net//news-features/articles/2022/09/21/springbok-women-squad-for-rugby-world-cup-in-nz-named/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cricket == Mpupha ta fara buga wasan kurket kuma ta buga wa tawagar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kasa da shekaru 19 a lokacin da take da shekaru 14 <ref name="pr">{{Cite web |title=Mpupha in SA cricket squad |url=https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/daily-dispatch/20111216/282110633445239 |access-date=2017-11-09 |publisher=Daily Dispatch |via=PressReader.com}}</ref> kuma ta fara buga wa tawajin ƙwallon ƙwallon kurket na Border a shekara ta 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zintle Mpupha |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/southafrica/content/player/482517.html |access-date=2017-11-09 |publisher=ESPN Cricinfo}}</ref> Bayan wannan an kira ta zuwa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata 'yan kasa da shekara 19 ta Afirka ta Kudu.[1]<ref name="pr" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Category:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] sp4leeyqkc6rj5vigofd2v5at9hic60 0 78610 914963 914576 2026-09-02T16:20:24Z Baby juuu 38856 914963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Mona-map.png|thumb]] '''Mona Ghoneim''' Da larabci: منى غنيم; b. 1955; Sunan farko wanda kuma ake rubuta shi Mauna) mawaƙiya ce na kiɗan gargajiya na zamani da ɗan pian 'yar kasar Masar. Ta kasance memba na gungun salon wakan na ƙarni na uku. Ghoneim ta yi karatun fiyano tare da E. Puglisi kuma ta yi karatu tare da Gamal Abdel-Rahim a Conservatoire na Alkahira tun daga shekarar 1962; Ta kammala karatunta na digiri a a waka cikin shekara ta 1977 sannan kuma a 1978 ta samu digiri a kidan fiyano. Ta sami digiri na uku daga Jami'ar Kiɗa da Fasaha, Vienna, kuma tana aiki a matsayin farfesa a Sashen Gudanarwa da Haɗa a Cairo Conservatoire. Ta auri Rageh Daoud (b. 1954), wanda shi ma mawaki ne na Masar. Ita ta rera wakokin chamba, sauti, da na fiyano, da kuma kiɗa a fim ɗin gaskiya wato Desert Safari. == Wakokinta == * Fantasia don fiyano da kuma orchestra ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin hadi na Waje== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927220912/http://www.iawm.org/articles_html/mattar_egypt.html Review of piano sonata by Ghoneim] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216054218/http://weekly.ahram.org.eg/2003/625/cu2.htm Review of music by Ghoneim] [[Category:Rayayyun Mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1955]] kfhmy5apwmbbywl6fv51y2kbxypvhp3 0 81035 915120 881919 2026-09-02T20:45:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915120 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Beloved Parents.jpg|thumb|iyaye]] [[Fayil:Are Parents People (1925) - 5.jpg|thumb|iyaye]] '''[[Yunkurin kare hakkin iyaye|kungiyoyin kare hakkin iyaye]]''' a lokaci guda sun samo asali a cikin kasashe da yawa, suna ba da shawara ga iyaye daya bayan rabuwa ko rabuwa, da '[[Yancin yara|yancin 'ya'ya]] da uba na samun kusanci mai ma'ana. Wannan labarin ya ba da cikakkun bayanai game da yunkurin kare [[Haƙƙin a ɗauka ba shi da laifi har sai an tabbatar da aikata laifin|haƙƙin iyaye]] a [[takamaiman]] [[Ƙasa (shinfidar ƙasa)|kasashe]]. == Ostiraliya == Ƙungiyoyin haƙƙin Iyaye Maza sun fara a Ostiraliya a cikin shekarar 1970s tare da kafa kungiyoyi irin su ƙungiyoyin Iyayen Uba. Sauran sanannun ƙungiyoyin sun hada da Daidaituwar Uba, Uba da Wariya, Uban Marasa Hakki, ƙungiyar Maza da ƙungiyar Iyaye. Kamar yadda yake tare da sauran masu fafutukar kare haƙƙin ubanni, ƙungiyoyin Australiya suna mai da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi lalata rukunin iyali, tsarewa, samun dama, tallafin yara, tashin hankalin gida (ciki har da zarge-zargen karya, da cin zarafi akan maza), cin zarafin yara, kulawa, sake dawo da laifi. shari'ar kisan aure, son zuciya da tsarin kotuna da batutuwan sirri. Kungiyoyi sun yi nasarar tattara kafofin watsa labaru, da kuma tasiri a kan 'yan siyasa da sake fasalin doka. <ref name="kaye">{{Cite journal |last=Kaye |first=Miranda |last2=Julia Tolmie |year=1998 |title=Fathers' Rights Groups in Australia and their Engagement with Issues in Family Law |url=http://sisyphe.org/IMG/doc/doc-656.doc |journal=Australian Journal of Family Law |volume=12 |pages=19–68 |access-date=2007-03-24}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga Mayu, 2006, Ostiraliya ta zartar da "Dokar Iyali Gyara (Hakkin Rarraba Iyaye) Doka ta 2006" tana mai da iyaye biyu alhakin yanke shawara game da dansu ta hanyar 'daidaitaccen alhakin iyaye'. Dokar ta bukaci kotuna su yi la'akari da umarnin cewa yaron ya yi daidai da adadin lokaci tare da kowane iyaye a wasu yanayi, amma dokar ba ta bayyana cewa dole ne kotuna ta ba da umurni cewa yaron ya ciyar da lokaci daidai da kowane iyaye ba. Yayin da Dad's cikin damuwa ya nuna godiya ga dokar a matsayin ƙaramin mataki a kan hanya mai kyau da kuma damuwa ko canje-canjen za a dauki da gaske ta hanyar Ma'aikatan Dokokin Iyali da Barry Williams, shugaban kasa kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar Lone Fathers Association, ya ce, "Ina tsammanin waɗannan sababbin dokoki za su kasance mafi kyau a cikin shekaru 30", ƙungiyar maza ta yi maraba da sauye-sauye amma kuma sun nuna rashin jin dadi kuma sun bayyana cewa Dokar ba ta "tilasta kotu don kallon iyaye a matsayin daidai ba." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Men's Confraternity discuss Family Lawyer Tricks |url=http://www.mensconfraternity.org.au/?page=p13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070724002904/http://www.mensconfraternity.org.au/?page=p13 |archive-date=2007-07-24 |access-date=2007-04-20 |publisher=Men's Confraternity}}</ref> ''Jam'iyyar Iyaye Mara Rinjaye (Equal Parenting)'' <ref>[http://www.equalparenting.org.au/ Non-Custodial Parents Party (Equal Parenting)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171220160928/http://www.equalparenting.org.au/ |date=2017-12-20 }}. Home Page. Date accessed 28 March 2013.</ref> an kafa ta a Ostiraliya a cikin 1998. Shafin yanar gizon jam'iyyar ya bayyana cewa ainihin manufofin sun shafi batun dokar iyali da sake fasalin tallafin yara. A halin yanzu ''jam'iyyar iyaye masu zaman kansu (Equal Parenting)'' tana rajista a matsayin jam'iyyar siyasa tare da Hukumar Zabe ta Ostiraliya (AEC). <ref>Australian Electoral Commission's current [http://aec.gov.au/Parties_and_Representatives/Party_Registration/Registered_parties/index.htm Index of Registered Political Parties]. Date accessed 28 March 2013</ref> Ƙungiyoyin kare haƙƙin iyaye a Ostireliya sun yi Allah wadai da matakin da wata kungiyar tsageru ta maza da ke aikata miyagun laifuka, da suka haɗa da zage-zage da cin zarafi. <ref name="angry">{{Cite book|last3=Michael Flood}}</ref> == Belgium == Tun watan Satumba 2006 dokar tarayya ta Belgian kan "co-parenté" ta fara aiki. Ya gabatar da zato na wuri biyu ko zama na tarayya wanda bisa doka ya kamata a yi la'akari da shi sosai tare da cikakken bincike tare da fifiko a kowane shari'a ta kotunan dangi da alkalai na Belgian bisa buƙatar ɗayan iyayen da suka saki daban. Hakanan iyaye daya na iya bukatar shiga kotu na gaggawa, lokacin da ƙarin umarni na ƙarfafawa ya zama dole. == Kanada == A wani yunƙuri na zartar da wata doka da ke haifar da zato ga iyaye daya, ƙungiyoyin ‘yancin ubanni da yawa sun kaddamar da wani mataki a Kotun Tarayya ta Kanada don soke tanade-tanaden rikon yara na Dokar Saki ta Tarayya da ke da'awar cewa gwajin shari'a ya yi amfani da shi don yanke shawarar wanene. iyaye suna samun kulawa yana nuna son kai ga ubanni, don haka keta wariyar launin fata bisa tanadin jima'i na Yarjejeniya ta Kanada ta Haƙƙoƙi da 'Yanci, da kuma Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan Haƙƙoƙin Yara . Kanada tana da dan kungiyoyin kare hakkin uba, yawancin su siyasa ce don neman dogon lokaci don canje-canje ga dokar saki. www. OttawaMensCentre.com tana ba da albarkatu ga ubanni ciki har da masu neman lauyoyi don tunkarar al'amuran bangaranci da zarge-zargen karya. Mafi yawan surutu a cikin su shine kungiyar Kanada don Daidaitawa wanda ke ba da shawara dai-daitattun iyaye da 'yancin zamantakewa ga mutane ba tare da la'akari da jinsi ba. Majalisar Dattijai ta Kanada, hadin gwiwar kungiyoyi 40 da kungiyoyin hadin gwiwa na duniya sun bayyana cewa sun gamsu da shirin gyaran dokar saki don haifar da zato na iyaye dai-dai. The Equal Parenting Party, karamar jam'iyyar siyasa ta lardi, ta kasance a cikin Ontario daga 2014 zuwa 2018. Ta gudanar da 'yan takara biyu a babban zaben Ontario na 2014 kuma ta sami kashi 0.01% na yawan ƙuri'un da aka kada. == Finland == Akwai akalla ƙungiyoyi biyu masu rijista a Finland wadanda ke mai da hankali kan haƙƙin ubanni: ƙungiyar Daidaituwar Maza <ref>{{Cite web |title=Miesten tasa-arvo ry |url=https://www.miestentasa-arvo.fi/ |access-date=2019-08-28 |language=fi}}</ref> (kafa 2009) da kungiyar Uba ga Yara <ref>{{Cite web |title=JOTTA LAPSEN OIKEUS MOLEMPIIN VANHEMPIINSA TOTEUTUISI |url=http://www.isätlastenasialla.fi/ |access-date=2019-12-17 |website=Isät lasten asialla}}</ref> (kafa 2012). Tsohon yana aiki don daidaiton jinsi a gaba ɗaya daga ra'ayi na maza. Wannan na ƙarshe yana mai da hankali kan riƙe alaƙa tsakanin iyaye da yara bayan kisan aure. Uban Yara ba su yarda da rabuwar iyaye ba tare da la'akari da jima'i na iyayen da ke ƙoƙarin raba yaro daga ɗayan iyaye ba. == Faransa == Rarrabuwar iyaye ba shi da wani tasiri a kan dokokin da suka shafi bayar da ikon iyaye. Ana ci gaba da yin amfani da ikon iyaye tare da hadin gwiwa sai dai idan don maslahar yaro '''dole ne''' a ba da amanar wannan hukuma ga ɗaya daga cikin iyaye. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/parental_resp/parental_resp_fra_en.htm European Commission – European Judicial Network – Parental responsibility – France]</ref> Akwai ƙungiyoyin Faransanci na ƙasa da na yanki 117 da ke haɓaka dai-daiton iyaye bayan rabuwa dangane da rikon yara. : [http://www.sospapa.net/ SOS Papa] tun 1990, SVP Papas, <ref>{{Cite web |title=svppapa |url=http://svppapa.e-monsite.com/ |access-date=2019-12-17 |website=svppapa.e-monsite.com |archive-date=2020-02-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213191850/http://svppapa.e-monsite.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> LPLM (Les Papas = Les Mamans), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Les Papas = Les Mamans |url=http://lplm.fr/ |access-date=2019-12-17 |website=Les Papas = Les Mamans |language=fr-FR}}</ref> Egalité parentale, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Egalite Parentale |url=http://www.egaliteparentale.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014214359/http://www.egaliteparentale.com/ |archive-date=2017-10-14 |access-date=2019-12-17 |website=egaliteparentale.com}}</ref> Osons l'égalité parentale pour nos enfants, and [http://www.pourlegaliteparentale.org/ Collectif la Grue Jaune] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130717104010/http://www.pourlegaliteparentale.org/ |date=2013-07-17 }} Archived </link> daga Feb 2013. An ƙirƙiri na baya-bayan nan bayan Ubanni 2 sun hau saman cranes 2 masu launin rawaya da launin toka a cikin Fabrairu 2013 a Nantes kuma suna ƙoƙarin tattara iyaye, uba da kakanni. Dukansu mambobi ne na [http://europeanfathers.wordpress.com/ PEF Platform don iyayen Turai] (na farko ta hanyar [http://www.sospapa-nordpicardie.fr/ SOS Papa Nord Picardie] ) == Jamus == A cikin Jamus, iyaye daya na iya neman zuwa kotun dangi don hakkin mallaka. Kotu za ta amince da irin wannan buƙatar idan suka yanke shawarar cire rikon haɗin gwiwa tare da mika wa iyaye ɗaya shine mafi kyawun amfanin yaron. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/parental_resp/parental_resp_ger_en.htm#5. European Commission – European Judicial Network – Parental responsibility – Germany]</ref> Iyayen da ba su yi aure ba; Don samun "Tsarin Rarraba" (da duk wani hakki na gaske game da yara) yana yiwuwa ta hanyar aure ko ta hanyar uwa ta sanya hannu kan sanarwar tsarewa ko tun watan Mayu 2013 ta hanyar neman kotu. Ikon tsare shi kadai (na uba) ba shakka ba gaskiya ba ne a karkashin dokar iyali ta Jamus na yanzu. Kotun kolin Jamus (Bundesverfassungericht) ta yanke hukunci a ranar 21 ga Yuli 2010 cewa ainihin dokar iyali ta saba wa dokar tsarin mulkin Jamus. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bundesverfassungsgericht - Presse - Ausschluss des Vaters eines nichtehelichen Kindes von der elterlichen Sorge bei Zustimmungsverweigerung der Mutter verfassungswidrig |url=https://www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de/SharedDocs/Pressemitteilungen/DE/2010/bvg10-057.html |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=www.bundesverfassungsgericht.de}}</ref> Don cikakken bayani game da yanayin shari'a, duba Wikipedia shafin yanar gizon Jamus; <ref>[[:de:Sorgerecht]]</ref> Za a iya cin nasara a hannun haɗin gwiwa lokacin da iyaye ba su yarda ba. Duba hukuncin Kotun Tsarin Mulki 1 BvR 738/01 daga Maris 1, 2004, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2004-03-01 |title=Decision of Case 1 BvR 738/01 |url=http://www.bverfg.de/entscheidungen/rk20040301_1bvr073801.html |access-date=2014-03-14 |publisher=German Constitutional Court}}</ref> sakin layi na II. 1. a) An fassara jimla ta uku zuwa harshen turanci kamar haka: "Hadin gwiwa na hakkin iyaye yana tabbatar da kyakkyawar dangantaka tsakanin iyaye kuma yana bukatar karamin matakin yarjejeniya a tsakanin su." Idan iyaye faya sun ki ba da hadin kai, kotu ta canza tsare-tsare na hadin gwiwa zuwa tsarewa kadai. Doka da ke gudanar da zaben iyaye da ke karbar renon yara su kadai ta dogara ne akan “mafi kyawun maslahar da” <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-10-01 |title=Transfer of sole custody where the parents live apart |url=http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_bgb/englisch_bgb.html#p5767 |access-date=2014-03-14 |publisher=juris GmbH, Langenscheidt Translation Service}}</ref> Rashin hadin kai na iyaye ba shi ne wani abu ba yayin da ake tantance “mafi kyawun dabi’a” sabili da haka wanne iyaye ke samun kulawa kadai. Iyaye na iya kin ba da hadin kai don tilasta yanke shawara don goyon bayan tsarewar su kadai sannan kuma su cancanci samun ci gaba bayan sun ki ba da hadin kai da dayan iyayen. Mathieu Carriere, sanannen dan wasan kwaikwayo na Jamus, wanda bayan mahaifiyarsa kuma mai kula da 'yarsa mai shekaru 8 ta kai kararsa saboda ya bar jaridu da dama su buga hotunan Carriere tare da 'yarsa, ya yanke shawarar kin biyan tarar Euro 5,000 da ke hade da shi. tare da karar kuma a maimakon haka ya bayyana a bainar jama'a cewa zai yi zaman gidan yari na kwanaki 10 don nuna goyon baya ga yakin neman daidaito ga iyaye biyu bayan saki ko rabuwa. Akwai kungiyoyi masu kanana zuwa matsakaici da yawa wadanda aka kirkira don bayar da shawarwari don canza haƙƙi kamar Blauer-Weihnachtsmann.de, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aktuell: Blauer Weihnachtsmann |url=http://www.blauer-weihnachtsmann.de/ |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=www.blauer-weihnachtsmann.de}}</ref> Väteraufbruch. == Girka == 1,000,000 ubanni da suka sake aure suna zaune a Girka. Tare da dokar farar hula ta iyali ta Girka ta yanzu, kusan babu wani zabi don rabawa ko hadin kai tsakanin iyaye a yanayin kisan aure. A cikin kashi 98% na wadannan shari'o'in, alkalan Girka sun yanke hukunci a kan ubanni kuma sun ba da umarnin cewa iyaye mata za su sami kulawar yara na musamman. Kungiyar SYGAPA mai mambobi 35.000, tana gudanar da ayyuka da yawa don daidaito tsakanin iyaye da kuma canza dokar farar hula ta Girka. Kamar yadda na 2013 ubanni na Girka har yanzu suna tsammanin daidaito na gaske daga 'yan siyasa. Sun kirkiri "kungiyar kwararrun Turai" wanda ya shafi dukan kasashen Turai. '''Tarihi:''' Ƙungiyar SYGAPA www.sos-sygapa.eu tare da shugabansa Nicolas Spitalas sun canza tunani kuma mambobinsa 35,000 sun goyi bayan ayyukan: 2003: sasantawa, 2004: Ayyukan Kimiyya, 2005: jungiyar Duniya, 2006: Majalisa, 2007: Ayyukan gwagwarmaya, 2008: kungiya a Thessaloniki, 2009: Athens-Syntagma, 2010: Conference at Drama, 2011: activism at Larissa, 2012: Publication of books, 2013: propositions for the family law, 2014: gabatar da littattafan farfesa Nicolas Spitalas (1) :ka'idar zamantakewar Iyayen Saki da 2: Tarihin wadanda aka saki). Kungiyar SYGAPA ta canza a Jam'iyyar Siyasa: kungiyar zamantakewa ta Turai da kuma a Girka: GIRKI SOCIAL MOVEMENT (EKK). A zabukan Turai (2007-2012) da zaben majalisar dokoki: 2015. [[Fayil:Dads_activists_of_SYGAPA_at_Athens.jpg|thumb]] == Hungary == Iyaye daya za a iya neman hadin kai daga kotu bayan 1 ga Janairu, 2022. Kotun Iyali tana da hakkin kiyaye cikakken hakkin iyaye bayan kisan aure/rabu ko odar hadin kai ko da bisa rojon kowane iyaye. Bayan saki dai-dai gwargwado na tarbiyyar yara yana samun karbuwa, ko da yake ba ita ce hanyar kula da yara da aka fi sani ba bayan saki a halin yanzu. A ka'ida, a lokacin saki ko rabuwa jihar ta kawar da kasancewa da kulawa da iyaye daya da kuma rabon kudaden shiga na dayan iyaye daga 'ya'yan. Ma'ana, kisan aure a cikin Dual Earner Dual Career iyali yana nufin habaka 100% na kimar habaka yara ga dayan iyaye. Ƙungiya mafi inganci kuma shahararriyar ƙungiyar da ba ta siyasa ba [[:hu:Apák az Igazságért|Apák az Igazságért Egyesület]] : 'Uba don kungiyar Shari'a, Hungary' (AI). An kayyade manyan ayyuka kamar: daidaiton zamantakewa, tsarewar da aka raba, kawar da cikas ga tuntuɓar iyaye, taimako tare da hanyoyin sabis na zamantakewa, warware matsaloli tare da kyautar tallafin yara, shigar da ƙarar sirri, tallafawa shari'o'in kula da yara, haƙƙin yara. An girma daga babban rukunin [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] a baya a cikin 2014. A cewar hukumomi suna da karfi sosai kuma suna da mutuntawa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2016 |title=Fathers for Justice Association {{!}} Apák az Igazságért Kh. Egyesület |url=https://www.apakazigazsagert.org/en |access-date=2021-09-08 |website=www.apakazigazsagert.org}}</ref> Babban kungiyar ba ta siyasa ba ce, da ake kira Association of Divorce Fathers, Hungary (ADF), an kafa ta a cikin 1989 lokacin da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suka sake yiwuwa bayan shekaru 40. ADF tana da Farfesa Miklós Hernádi, marubuci, a matsayin shugaba mai daraja. Taken taken na yanzu shine "Apák összefognak gyermekeikert" (Ubannin Hadin Kan Yaransu). Ayyukan ADF sun haɗa da zanga-zangar, abubuwan da suka faru na kafofin watsa labaru, koke, suna ba da shirye-shiryen Ranar Fathers's da shawarwarin shari'a kyauta. An kafa kungiyar uba mai fafutuka mai suna Eurocsalád Workgroup a cikin 2005 tana mai da hankali kan tsaron doka na iyaye da raba aikin iyali. Wani koke na hadin gwiwa ya biyo bayan zanga-zangar mahaifin da ke nuna rashin amincewa da damar da ba zai yuwu ba a shari'a don samun daidaiton iyaye (Ga Dokar Hankali da Zuciya, 2008). The motsi ya zama mai aiki a kan kasa da kasa scene: wani uban taron da ake kira ESP-WG 2010 da aka gudanar a Hotel Mercure Korona, Budapest tare da baki daga 4 kasashe da burin shiga ware kokarin na gida uban NGO ta cikin wani matakin EU matakin don daidai raba iyaye. . Bayan watanni 16 kawai aka kafa Platform for European Fathers (PEF) ta kasashe mambobi 11 a Brussels. == Indiya == Indiya ba ta sa hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Hague ba game da batun tsare yara. Daidaita Daidaitacciyar Raba Iyaye Raba yara Siffofin uba Kungiyar iyayen da ba masu kula da Indiya ba Kaddamar da hakkin yara don Raba iyaye Dubi yunkurin kare hakkin maza a Indiya Dubi dokar sadaki a Indiya . == Ireland == Rarraba iyaye yawanci kotuna ne kawai ke ba da yara inda yara ba batun jayayya ba ne kuma akwai yarjejeniya mai zurfi game da tarbiyyar tarbiyyar su da sauransu. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/parental_resp/parental_resp_ire_en.htm European Commission – European Judicial Network – Parental responsibility – Ireland]</ref> Jam'iyyar Haƙƙin Haƙƙin Uba ta yi takara a babban zaɓe na 2007 na Irish . John Waters na ''Jaridar Irish Times'' akai-akai yana ba da shawarar inganta haƙƙin uba a cikin op-ed ɗin sa na mako-mako. == Isra'ila == Ga kasa mai ci gaba mai cibiyoyi na siyasa na dimokradiyya, al'ummar [[Isra'ila]] ta shahara saboda yawan haihuwarta da dabi'ar ɗabi'ar ɗabi'a, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cohen |first=Tova |date=September 25, 2015 |title=Israel has the highest birth rate in the developed world, and that's becoming a problem |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/israel-has-the-highest-birth-rate-in-the-developed-world-and-thats-becoming-a-problem-2015-9 |journal=Business Insider}}</ref> don tsarin shari'ar dangi na addini a cikin Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Isra'ila da mabanbantan tushenta da akidu ciki har da tsattsauran ra'ayi na mata da tsattsauran ra'ayi. . Kodayake yawancin addinin Yahudanci yana da al'adar uba, iyaye mata suna jin daɗin haɓaka fa'idodin doka wanda Kwamitin Knesset [https://www.knesset.gov.il/committees/eng/committee_eng.asp?c_id=11 kan Matsayin Mata da Daidaiton Jinsi] ya haɓaka. Idan aka kwatanta da tsarin kafa mata da ke da kudi mai kyau, kungiyoyin kare hakkin uba da maza, yunƙurin siyasa da kafofin watsa labarai sun kasance matalauta, kanana da bata lokaci. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin iyaye ba su yi nasara ba a zaben Knesset duka a jam'iyyunsu na zubar da ciki kamar 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin Jam'iyyar Iyali da kuma cikin jerin sunayen hadin gwiwa. An yi zanga-zangar zanga-zanga da dama, zanga-zanga da zanga-zangar adawa da zargin nuna wariya da dokokin kotunan iyali. A cikin 2014 roko ga Hukumar Kare Hakkokin Bil Adama ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ya haifar da Allah wadai da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Isra’ila saboda nuna wariya ga iyayen da suka rabu. Mahukuntan Isra'ila sun shigar da kara a kotunan Amurka da dama a kan shari'ar iyali da jami'an kula da jin dadin jama'a da kungiyoyin mata da ke zargin take hakkin dan Adam. Musamman ma, masu fafutukar kare hakkin ubanni na Isra'ila sun yi zanga-zangar nuna rashin amincewa da Maganar Shekarar Tender (wanda a cikin 2016 aka ɗan gyara a cikin Knesset) da kuma al'adar kotun iyali don ba da damar kula da yara ga uwa a cikin duka amma na musamman. Ƙarin kiraye-kirayen sake fasalin sun haɗa da: yawan kuɗin alimoni da tallafin yara da aka sanya ba tare da la’akari da ƙarfin tattalin arziki ba; asarar ’yancin motsi ta hanyar amfani da umarnin kotu na hana fita (ciki har da uban da ba a bin bashi) barin ƙasar ba sai dai in ba da garantin duk wani tallafin yara na gaba ta hanyar ajiyar kuɗi ko masu tsayayye; nuna son zuciya game da hana cin zarafi na cikin gida dokokin da ake amfani da su ta hanyar sakin mata don korar ubanni daga gidajensu da kuma raba su da 'ya'yansu - tare da keɓancewar mata daga shari'a don shigar da zarge-zargen karya; inganta rabuwar iyaye, da; yawan ubanni da ake tilastawa ganin ‘ya’yansu a “cibiyoyin sadarwa” da ake kulawa da su saboda ikirarin karya na cin zarafin yara. A kan dokar kula da yara, a cikin 2008 Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta nada Hukumar Schnitt, wanda Farfesa Dan Schnitt ya jagoranta, yawancin rahoton ya ba da shawarar cewa ba da haɗin kai ya zama tsarin da aka saba. A ranar 19 ga Janairu, 2012, Ministan Shari'a na lokacin Yakov Neeman ya sanar da cewa ya amince da binciken Hukumar Schnitt. An yi gyare-gyare mai rauni a cikin 2016. An ba da rahoton karɓowar kotu da aiwatar da shi ba kasafai ba ne a cikin bazara na 2017. Hakazalika an gyara dokar tallafawa yara a watan Nuwamba 2014 bayan shawarar da Hukumar Shiffman ta yi don yin la'akari da kudaden shiga na iyaye biyu. Wasu hukunce-hukuncen kotu sun raba tallafin yara tsakanin iyaye biyu, amma kotunan malaman addini suna adawa da wannan dokar da ba ta gargajiya ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child support a revolution! |url=http://duns100.globes.co.il/en/article-1000983916 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141130131214/http://duns100.globes.co.il/en/article-1000983916 |archive-date=2014-11-30 |access-date=2014-11-23}}</ref> == Italiya == A ranar 18 ga Mayu, 2007, membobin Uban Armada sun yi zanga-zangar nuna adawa da ikirarinsu na cewa mata ne kawai ke da hakki bayan saki. Wakilai sun sadu da Ministan Dama Dama, Barbara Pollastrini, wanda ya yi alkawarin tallafawa. == Japan == Haƙƙin Uba a Japan (FRIJ) da Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Yara na Japan [http://www.crnjapan.net] suna kamfen don canza matsayin doka na yanzu wanda ke ba da damar sace yaron ta hanyar uwa ba tare da wata doka ba. [http://www.frij.net] K Net na yin kamfen a cikin Jafananci. <ref>[http://kyodosinken.com/ K Net] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607084515/http://kyodosinken.com/ |date=2024-06-07 }} Shared Parenting Movement Net Work</ref> Rikicin kula da yara na kasa da kasa a Japan ya kuma haifar da kungiyoyin kare hakkin iyaye irin su Help Dads Organisation (HDO) da kuma Find My Parent (FMP), wanda Bafaranshe Vincent Fichot ya kafa, wanda ya tafi yajin cin abinci na kwanaki 21 a gasar Olympics ta Tokyo a 2021. [https://www.parismatch.com/Actu/International/Vincent-Fichot-n-obtient-pas-la-garde-de-ses-enfants-enleves-a-Tokyo-par-leur-mere-japonaise-1816157] . == Spain == Tsarewar haɗin gwiwa a cikin Mutanen Espanya an san shi da custodia compartida (tsarin tsarewa). Canje-canje na baya-bayan nan a cikin dokokin yanki a [[Ispaniya|Spain]], kamar a cikin Aragon, kafa haɗin gwiwa kamar tsarin mulkin da aka fi so. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Estadística de nulidades, separaciones y divorcios 2009 |trans-title=Statistics of annulments, separations and divorces 2009 |url=http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=/t18/p420/p01/a2009/&file=pcaxis |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401030817/http://www.ine.es/jaxi/menu.do?type=pcaxis&path=/t18/p420/p01/a2009/&file=pcaxis |archive-date=2012-04-01 |website=National Statistic Institute (NE) |place=Spain |language=es}}. The National Statistic Institute (NE), offers fiable data on the custody (mother, father or joint custody)</ref> A cikin 2009, 84,1% sun ba da kulawa ga uwa, 5,6% ga uba da kashi 9,6% an ba su haɗin gwiwa. Haƙƙin Uba a Spain (CCPMI) ƙungiya ce da ke tallafawa daidaitattun haƙƙoƙi da wajibai a cikin tarbiyya da tarbiyyar yara bayan kisan aure ko rabuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PARTY of Father's Rights Shared Custodia |url=http://www.ccpmi.eu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090806011933/http://www.ccpmi.eu/ |archive-date=2009-08-06 |access-date=2009-08-07 |website=ccpmi.eu}}</ref> == New Zealand == Membobin ƙungiyar kare haƙƙin ubanni suna wayar da kan jama'a game da buƙatar haɗin kai na iyaye a New Zealand ta hanyar ɗaukar nauyin gidan yanar gizon <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-05-26 |title=Blogger's Choice Award for Hands On Equal Parenting |url=http://www.bloggerschoiceawards.com/blogs/show/16569 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928212118/http://www.bloggerschoiceawards.com/blogs/show/16569 |archive-date=2007-09-28 |access-date=2007-05-26 |publisher=Bloggerschoiceawards}}</ref> mai samun lambar yabo, gudanar da tarurruka, da zanga-zangar a bainar jama'a daga motar War-4-Kids. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-05-26 |title=Hands On Equal Parenting |url=http://handsonequalparent.org.nz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514114617/http://www.handsonequalparent.org.nz/ |archive-date=2007-05-14 |access-date=2007-05-26}}</ref> Uban New Zealand suna tallafawa gidan yanar gizon da ke ba da shawara don taimaka wa ubanni suyi nasara a kotun iyali. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-05-26 |title=Father of New Zealand |url=http://fathers.orcon.net.nz/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527040623/http://fathers.orcon.net.nz/ |archive-date=2007-05-27 |access-date=2007-05-26}}</ref> == Netherlands == Ƙungiyoyin ubanni a cikin Netherlands sun fara ne a ƙarshen 70 na karni na baya bayan gabatar da dokokin kisan aure mara laifi haɗe tare da kulawar iyaye guda ɗaya a cikin kotuna na iyali da ke sanya yara a cikin kulawar iyaye guda ɗaya na musamman iyaye mata ba tare da wani tanadi a cikin dokar iyali ba. da kuma kiyayewa da kiyaye kulawa da tuntuɓar yara daga kuma tare da ubanninsu. A cikin shekaru goma na farko da dama shirye-shirye, kungiyoyi da kungiyoyi sun fito sannan suka sake bace. A shekara ta 1989 aka kafa "Stichting Kind en Omgangsrecht" (Gidauniyar Yaran da Samun damar Yaren Holland), wanda aka sake masa suna a cikin 2003 zuwa "Stichting Vader Kennis Centrum" <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdel |title=Welkom op de website van het Vader Kennis Centrum |url=https://vaderkenniscentrum.nl/ |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=Vader Kennis Centrum |language=nl}}</ref> (Gidauniyar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Uba ta Dutch). A cikin watan Mayu 2007 mahaifin Holland da ƙungiyoyin iyaye masu daidaitawa sun yi jawabi ga Majalisar Dokokin Holland tare da Haɗin gwiwa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manifest Vadertop |url=http://vadertop.blogspot.com/2007/06/manifest-vadertop.html |access-date=2019-08-28}}</ref> don yin doka don daidaitaccen zato na iyaye (a cikin Yaren mutanen Holland: 'gelijkwaardig ouderschap') a cikin dokar iyali ta Dutch. A sakamakon haka, a cikin 2009 dokar iyali ta Dutch an gabatar da 'Hakkin kula da yara da kuma renon yara daga iyayensu daidai' <ref>{{Cite web |last=Koninkrijksrelaties |first=Ministerie van Binnenlandse Zaken en |title=Burgerlijk Wetboek Boek 1 |url=https://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0002656/2019-01-29/#Boek1_Titeldeel14_Afdeling1_Artikel247 |access-date=2019-12-17 |website=wetten.overheid.nl |language=nl}}</ref> an gabatar da shi ta hanyar kuri'a mafi rinjaye na tsarin mulki a majalisar dokokin Holland don nuna goyon baya ga daidaitaccen gyaran tarbiyyar iyaye. Jam'iyyar Socialist Party (SP) ta gabatar da ita. Duk da haka, tun daga lokacin al'adun kotunan iyali na ba da kulawa ga iyaye mata musamman iyaye mata sun kasance ba su canza ba. Wannan a zahiri lamari ne na al'ada da misali na kotunan dangi masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da alkalai da ke da hannu a cikin al'adar 'yanke doka daga benci' ta hanyar yin watsi da su maimakon fassara da amfani da sabbin dokoki kamar yadda majalisar dokokin Holland ta karbe ta a cikin 2009. == Norway == An gabatar da dokoki kan yara a cikin 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lov om barn og foreldre |url=http://www.lovdata.no/all/nl-19810408-007.html |access-date=2019-12-17 |website=LoveData}}</ref> An yi canje-canje da yawa tun lokacin, sabuwar Janairu 1, 2009. Harafin dokokin ya yi kama da na Jamus. Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Iyali ta fara zama karfi a Norway a tsakiyar 1980s tare da gabatarwar F2F ( [[Foreningen 2 Foreldre]] ). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hjem - www.f2f.no |url=https://www.f2f.no/ |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=www.f2f.no}}</ref> A yau F2F shine mafi yawan masu fafutuka na Norwegian suna ɗaukar a matsayin ƙungiyar siyasa waɗanda ke magana bisa ga abin da gwamnati ke son zama gaskiyar hukuma, cewa iyaye mata sun fi dacewa su zama iyaye mara aure. Koyaya, masu bincike da yawa a Norway sun gano cewa a zahiri iyaye mata sun fi uba haɗari ga 'ya'yansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RADAR: Norwegian Minister of Children and Gender Equality Worried About Taboo Subject of Women's Violence |url=http://www.mediaradar.org/norwayMinisterWorriedAboutWomensViolence.php |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=www.mediaradar.org}}</ref> A cikin 2004 an gudanar da ranar maza ta farko (7 ga Oktoba) a Oslo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Frilanser |first=Ole Texmo |date=2004-10-07 |title=En mannsdag! |url=https://www.dagbladet.no/a/65999525 |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=Dagbladet.no |language=no}}</ref> Ombud na daidaiton jinsi ne kawai aka wakilta kuma ya gudanar da jawabi a gaban Stortinget (Majalisar) a 2004. Duk sauran cibiyoyin gwamnati, gami da Ombud na Yara, sun ƙi shiga. Ƙungiya mai tsattsauran ra'ayi mai tsattsauran ra'ayi, Ottar <ref>{{Cite web |title=kvinnegruppa-ottar.no |url=http://kvinnegruppa-ottar.no/no/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029005559/http://kvinnegruppa-ottar.no/no/ |archive-date=2019-10-29 |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=kvinnegruppa-ottar.no}}</ref> ta yi ƙoƙarin yin ba'a ga Ranar Maza, amma har yanzu akwai masu fafutuka na Iyali waɗanda ke kiyaye ta a matsayin ranar hukuma don yin gardama kan 'Ya'yan-, Maza- da 'Yancin Uba. A cikin 2006 an kafa ƙungiyar Far og Barn [Uba da Yara (Yara)] <ref>{{Cite web |title=FAR OG BARN |url=http://www.farogbarn.no/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018193117/http://www.farogbarn.no/ |archive-date=2011-10-18 |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=FAR OG BARN |language=en-GB}}</ref> . Daga baya waccan shekarar an kafa wata ƙungiyar iyali a Norway. Familiestiftelsen <ref>{{Cite web |title=Familiestiftelsen.no – Tips til hjelp ved familieproblemer |url=http://familiestiftelsen.no/ |access-date=2019-08-28 |language=nn-NO}}</ref> an kafa shi a cikin Disamba 2006 wani yanki bayan ƙirar Sweden. Familiestiftelsen yana amfani da tambarin Pappa-Barn na Sweden. A cikin 2010 Far og Barn ya fara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Pappamagasinet FAR OG BARN – Les det på ipad, nettbrett, mobil og PC! |url=http://pappamagasinet.no/ |access-date=2019-08-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Poland == Iyayen Poland suna son zato da za a iya warwarewa don haɗin kai a cikin dokar Poland. A halin yanzu ana aiki da wata sabuwar doka. Ya kamata Majalisar Poland ta zartar da shi nan ba da jimawa ba. Ƙungiyoyin Uba masu aiki sune [http://www.prawodziecka.pl Stowarzyszenie Prawo Dziecka] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926060121/http://prawodziecka.pl/ |date=2023-09-26 }} [http://dzielnytata.pl/index.htm DzielnyTata.pl], Inicjatywa Społeczna Porozumienie Rawskie PorozumienieRawskie.pl, Rodzice Pomorza da tashar yanar gizo www.opiekarownowazna.pl. Waɗannan ƙungiyoyin sun himmatu don bayyana iƙirarinsu na cewa mata ne kawai ke da haƙƙi bayan saki. Wakilai suna aiki a Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisa don zartar da sabuwar dokar iyaye tare. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-10-28 |title=MAMA TO NIE TATO Konkubenci mają więcej praw do dziecka, niż biologiczni ojcowie. Opieka równoważna ma to zmienić. |url=http://www.tygodnikpodhalanski.pl/www/index.php?mod=news&id=6240&tponlineserwis=ef7b2f6299fbd284daef8b5620437716 |access-date=2009-11-26 |publisher=POLAND}}</ref> == Romania == Akwai ƙungiyoyin ubanni biyu a Romania. A tarihi ƙungiyar farko ita ce [[Alianța Națională a Taților din România|Alianța Națională a Taților din Romania]] (wanda aka sani da ANTR). Wannan ya biyo bayan [[Alianța Antidiscriminare a Tuturor Tăticilor|Alianța Antidiscriminare Tuturor Tăticilor]] (wanda aka sani da TATA, ma'ana "uba" a cikin Romanian). Duk ƙungiyoyin biyu sun kasance marasa aiki a cikin ƴan shekarun da suka gabata. Babban nasarar TATA ita ce amincewa da ranar Uba ta dokokin Romania. A cikin 2009 [[Romanian Association for Joint Custody|Ƙungiyar Romania don Haɗin gwiwa]] (wanda aka sani da [http://www.arpcc.ro/ ARPCC] Archived </link> ko Asociația Romanci pentru Custodia Comună) an gina shi. Maimakon mayar da hankali kan "'yancin uba" ARPCC da ke matsayi a matsayin kungiya mai tsaka-tsakin jinsi da ke mai da hankali kawai kan mafi kyawun ayyuka game da tsare tsare (babban mayar da hankali kan horar da kwararru, tattara fikihu da harabar sauye-sauyen dokoki) ARPCC ta sami nasarori da yawa dangane da jihar. iko: Canjin [[Child Protection Act|Dokar Kariyar Yara]] a Romania (Doka ta 257/2013) <ref>See the English translation of the key paragraphs from Law257/2013 here </ref> <ref>[https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B-iOqOKLc35PVWpiUGxfWGFIcjA ARPCC contributions are highlighted here]</ref> da wasu ayyuka don haɗa doka. Nasarar ƙarshe ta ƙarshe ita ce tasiri a kan hukunce-hukuncen shari'a game da rabuwar iyaye . An ba da horon warewar iyaye a lokuta da dama ga Alƙalai na Dokokin Iyali kuma a sakamakon haka an san al'amuran ƙaura a cikin Kotuna a Romania. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parental Alienation Study Group |url=https://pasg.info/ |access-date=2019-09-23 |website=pasg.info}}</ref> ARPCC na ci gaba da kasancewa da kyakyawar aiki akan shimfidar wuri na "rayuwar iyaye" da "watsewa" == Rasha == Fathers International <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-06-12 |title=OTKOM Russia Fathers' Committee |url=https://igorsilver.wixsite.com/otkom |access-date=2022-05-30 |publisher=Igorsilver.wixsite.com}}</ref> an kafa shi ne a watan Yuni 2010 a matsayin yunƙurin ƴan ƙasa da ke tsaye don haƙƙin iyayen uba da haƙƙin yara don a girma a cikin cikakken iyali. Membobinta <ref>{{Cite web |title=Срок регистрации домена закончился |url=http://otkom.ru/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121162819/http://www.otkom.ru/ |archive-date=2022-01-21 |access-date=2022-07-08}}</ref> suna ganin aikinsu na ba da ikon jama'a a kan jami'an gwamnati da hukumomin shari'a a wani yanki na yin biyayya ga Tsarin Mulki na Rasha da Dokar Iyali, wanda ke ba da tabbacin haƙƙin iyaye daidai gwargwado wanda hukumomi ke keta su bisa tsari. == Sweden == Idan ɗaya daga cikin iyayen yana son canji a gidan yari, kotu na iya yanke shawarar batun tsarewa. Hakanan ya shafi tambayoyin wanene cikin iyaye da yaron zai zauna da su da kuma yadda za a tsara hanyar samun damar sauran iyaye. A cikin shari'ar kisan aure, haka kuma, dole ne kotu, in babu wani da'awa, ta ba da damar kula da yaron ga ɗayan iyayen idan riƙon haɗin gwiwa '''bai dace''' da jin daɗin yaron ba. Wannan doka, da aka yi a shekara ta 2006, ta haifar da yawancin shari'o'in kotuna da aka nemi a ba da ita ga uwa. <ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/civiljustice/parental_resp/parental_resp_swe_en.htm#9. European Commission – European Judicial Network – Parental responsibility – Sweden]</ref> Idan mahaifiyar da ba ta yi aure ta haifi yaro ba, mahaifiyar za ta sami kulawa ta atomatik sai dai idan ta zaɓi, a cikin shawararta, ta yarda a raba renon. A Sweden akwai ƙungiyoyi huɗu waɗanda ke gwagwarmaya don haƙƙin ubanni a cikin rikice-rikice na tsare. [http://www.minpappa.nu MinPappa] (mafi girma tare da membobi 4000 ba da daɗewa ba) ya bayyana cewa 4 cikin 5 ubanninsu sun fuskanci wariya a kotu yayin da iyaye mata ke samun kulawa kawai. Sun kuma bayyana wata kotu a Sweden, a Lund, da ba ta ba da kulawa ga kowane uba. Pappa-Barn, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ensamstående pappan med barn |url=http://www.pappa-barn.se/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191217125915/http://www.pappa-barn.se/ |archive-date=2019-12-17 |access-date=2019-12-17}}</ref> ɗaya ne daga cikin sanannun ƙungiyar zaure a Sweden wanda ke da babban memba na uba da uwaye masu tallafawa daidaicin haƙƙin jinsi a tsare. [http://www.pappaliv.se PapaLiv] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125020306/http://www.pappaliv.se/ |date=2012-01-25 }} wata babbar ƙungiya ce mai masaukin baki mai mambobi sama da 1000. MinPappa karamar kungiya ce dake kudancin Sweden kuma tana da taimako ga ubanni masu bukatar taimako. Kotu da masana ilimin halayyar dan adam na Sweden ba su gane su ba. ''Alliance for the Child'' ("Allians för Barnen") wani yunƙuri ne na zamantakewa don haɗa ƙwararrun ƙwararrun malamai a cikin hanyar sadarwar da ta dace don sanar da masu yanke shawara na siyasa a cikin Sweden, Scandinavia da Turai game da ''Rashin Ra'ayin Iyaye'' (PAD). Wannan yanayin, wanda Farfesa William Bernet, farfesa a fannin tabin hankali a Jami'ar Vanderbilt, Amurka, ya kirkiro, an bayyana shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin nau'o'in cin zarafin yara. Yana aiki tun daga ƙarshen 70s a cikin kafofin watsa labarai ta hanyar buga labarai a cikin latsawa (Svenska Dagbladet, Brännpunkt: ''Barns rätt till två föräldrar'' - "Hakkin yara ga iyaye biyu", Dec 27, 1979), a cikin Rediyon Sweden (P1: ''Tendens'' ), kuma, kwanan nan a kan kafofin watsa labarun muhawara '''Newsmill''' ( ''Ny Lag behövs till stöd för barn som berövas sina papport'' - "Ana buƙatar sabuwar doka don tallafawa yaran da aka hana ubanninsu") == Ƙasar Ingila == Kungiyar kare hakkin uba a Burtaniya ta kunshi kungiyoyi iri-iri, tun daga kungiyoyin agaji, kungiyoyin taimakon kai da masu fafutukar rashin biyayya. Za a iya gano wannan motsi zuwa kafuwar a 1974 na Iyali Bukatar Uba, ko da yake kungiyar ba ta ganin kanta a matsayin kungiyar kare hakkin iyaye, yana mai nuni da cewa babban abin da ya fi mayar da hankali shi ne 'yancin yara na samun dangantaka mai ma'ana da ubanninsu. FNF tana ba da ƙungiyoyin taimakon kai-da-kai, suna haɓaka bincike kan tarbiyyar iyaye ɗaya, da kuma masu son siyasa don sauye-sauyen doka a tsarin dokar iyali a Burtaniya. An lasafta shi da nasarori da dama. <ref name="Evidence Submitted by Families Need Fathers">{{Cite web |date=2004-11-08 |title=The Operation of the Family Courts |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200405/cmselect/cmconst/116/116ii.pdf |access-date=2007-03-18 |publisher=House of Commons Constitutional Affairs Committee Family Justice}} Evidence Submitted by Families Need Fathers on page 146</ref> Kafa Uban 4 Adalci a 2003 ya kawo dalilin haƙƙin ubanni ga hankalin jama'a tare da manyan tsare-tsare tare da membobin da ke sanye a matsayin manyan jaruman littafin ban dariya da sauran haruffa masu sauƙin ganewa don auna gine-ginen jama'a da abubuwan tarihi. Bayan lokaci zanga-zangar tasu ta zama mai tada hankali, kuma rikicin cikin gida ya raba kan kungiyar. An watse a takaice a watan Janairun 2006 sakamakon shawarar cewa za a yi garkuwa da dan [[Firai Minista|Firayim Minista]] [[Tony Blair]] na dan lokaci, duk da cewa an ci gaba da zanga-zangar da kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda na F4J, 'Real F4J' da New Fathers 4 Justice, suka yi. Uba 4 Adalci gyara a watan Mayu 2006 Ubanni 4 Adalci . An soki sauran masu fafutukar kare hakkin uba da cin zarafi, barazana da ayyukan da suka sabawa doka, ciki har da zamba. A Burtaniya, kungiyoyin kare hakkin iyaye sun ba da shawarar yin canje-canje ga Dokar Tallafawa Yara ciki har da tallafin yara, tarbiyyar juna da samun damar yara da rashin aiwatar da umarnin kotu. Matsin lamba daga motsin ubanni ya yi tasiri ga Gwamnatin Burtaniya, wacce ta buga daftarin dokar Yara (Lambobi) da Dokoki a cikin Fabrairu 2005 <ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Children (Contact) and Adoption Bill |url=http://www.dfes.gov.uk/childrensneeds |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070527205309/http://www.dfes.gov.uk/childrensneeds/ |archive-date=2007-05-27 |access-date=2007-05-28}}</ref> da ke da nufin fadada ikon alkalai wajen mu'amala da iyayen da suka hana tsohon abokin zamansu ganin 'ya'yansu. . Bob Geldof ya ba da rahoton cewa a cikin kusan shari’o’in tsare mutane 15,000 da ake yanke hukunci a kotunan iyali a kowace shekara, kashi 7% na ubanni a Burtaniya ne kawai aka yarda su zauna tare da ’ya’yansu, kuma 4 cikin 10 na uba suna rasa duk wata alaka da ‘ya’yansu na dindindin. Ya bayar da rahoton cewa kotunan iyali suna ganin bai dace mutum ya bayyana irin soyayyar da yake yi wa ‘ya’yansa ba. Ya ce 1 cikin 4 yara suna zaune ne a gidajen iyaye guda, yaran da suka girma ba tare da ubanninsu ba sau 5 ba su da aikin yi kuma sau 3 suna iya shiga cikin aikata laifuka, 80% na duk gidajen jama'a na iyalai ne kawai., kuma farashin mai biyan haraji na rashin uba aƙalla £15B a kowace shekara. == Turkiyya == Kungiyar kare hakkin ubanni a kasar Turkiyya ta bulla ne tare da kafa iyayen da aka kashe a Istanbul a shekara ta 2006 domin wayar da kan iyaye game da nisantar da iyaye, ciwon kai na iyaye. Kungiyar ta nuna rashin amincewa da dokokin iyali na Turkiyya, wadanda suka yi nuni da cewa, suna nuna wariya ga mazajen da ake tsare da yara, da abinci, da matsugunan kula da kananan yara, da kuma kyautata zaton na tsare mata masu juna biyu. Sun bukaci a ba su kulawa ta doka da kulawa ta jiki da sabbin dokoki da ke nuna ƙarin haƙƙoƙin ziyartar yara. Har ila yau, sun bukaci a inganta haƙƙin ziyartar yara tare da bayyana cewa ya saba wa haƙƙin ɗan adam da haƙƙin yara a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don aiwatar da haƙƙin ziyartar yara ta hanyar ayyana yara a matsayin abubuwan da suka dace da doka tare da neman a mayar da alhakin aiwatar da haƙƙin ziyartar yara zuwa ga Iyali. Ma'aikatar Manufofin zamantakewa don samar da hanyoyin ɗan adam. Sun kafa ƙungiyoyi daban-daban don tsara ayyukansu kuma suna ɗaga murya akan PA (Baƙin Iyaye) da PAS (Parental Alienation Syndrome). Wadannan kungiyoyi su ake kira Platform Uban da aka Saki "Bosanmis Babalar Platformu". <ref name="inci1">{{Cite web |title=boşanmış babalar |url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/bosanmisbabalar/ |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=www.facebook.com |language=en}}</ref> Iyayen da suka fusata "Magdur Babalar" <ref name="inci2">{{Cite web |title=Mağdur Babalar |url=https://www.facebook.com/groups/599593816734470/?ref=ts&fref=ts |access-date=2019-08-28 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref> da Uban da aka Saki da Dandalin Iyali "Bosanmis Babalar ve Aile Platformu". <ref name="inci3">{{Cite web |title=Facebook |url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fgroups%2F472438796128247%2F |access-date=2019-12-17 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref> Sakamakon wannan yunkuri, wani karamin kwamiti da Majalisar Dokokin Turkiyya ta nada da wakilan dandamali sun gudanar da zama tare da rubuta rahoton da za a bai wa majalisar don yin sauye-sauyen da suka dace kan dokar iyali ta Turkiyya don amincewa da kare haƙƙin da ke biyowa. . Kulawa da Rarraba ta Shari'a Haɗin Raba Jiki Sabbin tilastawa don tabbatar da haƙƙin ziyartar yara Sabbin tilastawa da sabbin matakan hana ƙetare Iyaye == Amurka == Ƙungiyoyin 'yancin ubanni a Amurka sun fito ne tare da kafa Racket Busters na kisan aure a California a 1960 don nuna rashin amincewa da dokokin kisan aure na Californian da suka ce suna nuna wariya ga maza a cikin abinci, wuraren kula da yara da kuma a cikin tsammanin kulawar iyaye. Kungiyar ta fadada zuwa wasu jihohi, inda ta canza suna zuwa Sake Gyaran aure a 1961. Tare da karuwar adadin kisan aure a cikin 1960s da 1970s, ƙarin ƙungiyoyin maza na gida na gida sun taso don sake fasalin kisan aure, <ref name="williams" /> kuma a cikin 1980s, akwai ƙungiyoyin yancin ubanni fiye da 200 da ke aiki a kusan kowace jiha. Wadannan kungiyoyi sun mayar da hankalinsu kan abin da suke kallo a matsayin nuna wariya ta jima'i a cikin dokar iyali, ta hanyar shiga harkokin siyasa kamar neman 'yan majalisar dokoki na jihohi, shigar da kararrakin kararraki, daukar kotuna, da kuma sanya ido kan hukunce-hukuncen alkalai ta hanyar "kallon kotu". <ref name="williams" /> Shekarun 1990 sun ga bullar sabbin kuma manyan kungiyoyi irin su Initiative na Uban kasa da hadin gwiwar Ubannin Amurka. <ref name="clatterbaugh" /> An yi yunƙurin kafa wata ƙungiya ta ƙasa wadda ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin iyaye na gida za su iya kasancewa a cikinta, amma hakan yana da wuya a cimma. Sakamakon haka, motsin ya kasance mafi yawan saɓanin haɗin gwiwa na ƙungiyoyin gida. <ref name="williams" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ps0yun0f761cpe9ayg3uasiz0j6thxe 0 83555 914930 914659 2026-09-02T15:58:36Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Zuriya */ 914930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''ʿUthmān ibn Ṭalḥa''' (Arabic) ya kasance[[Sahabban Annabi|Sahabin]] annabin Musulunci ne [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Read Surat Nisa 58-59 |url=http://www.muftisays.com/blog/Seifeddine-M/2692_14-03-2012/surah-annisa-5859.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151125064901/http://www.muftisays.com/blog/Seifeddine-M/2692_14-03-2012/surah-annisa-5859.html |archive-date=2015-11-25 |access-date=2015-09-16 |language=Arabic}}</ref> Mahaifinsa shi ne Talha ibn Abdullah (Abi Talha) al-'Abdari wanda [[Zubayr ibn al-Awam|Zubayr ibn al-Awwam]] ya kashe shi a [[Yaƙin Uhudu|Yaƙin Uhud]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Muhammad Yusuf Kandhlawi |year=1999 |title=The book of the life of the Companions |url=https://al-maktaba.org/book/8528/621 |publisher=Al-Resala Foundation for Printing, Publishing and Distribution |page=164 |language=ar}}</ref> Kafin cin nasarar Makka, shi ne mai kula da maɓallin [[Kaaba]]. Saboda haka an san shi da "Sadin na Makka".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Secret against Uthman ibn Talhah |url=http://www.shiapen.com/comprehensive/who-killed-uthman/reasons-sahabas-revolt-uthman.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220719103408/http://www.shiapen.com/comprehensive/who-killed-uthman/reasons-sahabas-revolt-uthman.html |archive-date=2022-07-19 |access-date=2015-09-16}}</ref> Tun lokacin da Annabi Muhammadu ya ba shi mabuɗin Kaaba, zuriyar Sahabban Muhammadu S.A.W sun gaji mabuɗin da taken [https://leafway.tribe.so/post/guardianship-of-the-kaaba-a-history-of-a-profession-inherited-by-one-family--5f76cb2f3fe6d417406e5f16 Sadin na Kaaba] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201007205952/https://leafway.tribe.so/post/guardianship-of-the-kaaba-a-history-of-a-profession-inherited-by-one-family--5f76cb2f3fe6d417406e5f16 |date=2020-10-07 }} har zuwa yau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=After Mecca Conquest |url=http://www.inter-islam.org/Seerah/TheConquestofMakkahL2P1.html |pages=1}}</ref> == Zuriya == An nuna asalin Uthman ibn Talha a ƙasa: Uthman ibn Talha ibn Abdullah ibn Abd al-Uzza ibn Uthman ibn Abd al'dar ibn Qusai ibn Kilab ibn Murrah ibn ka'b ibn Lu'ayy ibn Ghalib ibn [[Fihr ibn Malik|Fihr]] ibn Malik ibn al-Nadr ibnu Kinanah ibn Khuzaymah ibn Mudrikah ('Amir)ibn [[Ilyas ibn Mudar|Ilyas]] ibn Mudra ibn Nizar ibn Ma'ad ibn [[Adnan]].. == Cin nasarar Makka da Musulunta zuwa Islama == Bayan nasarar da aka yi a Makka a watan Janairun 630, Muhammadu SAW ya gano cewa an kulle Kaaba. Ya ce, "'Wane ne ke da maɓallin?'" kuma an gaya masa cewa Uthman Ibn Talha A.S yake da shi.<ref name="Sadin">{{Cite web |title=Story About Keys Of Kaaba |url=http://quranalhakeem.com/story-about-keys-of-kaaba/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |archive-date=2019-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190916070235/http://quranalhakeem.com/story-about-keys-of-kaaba/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stories of the Sahabah |url=http://storiesofthesahabah.tumblr.com/post/58143976361/keyholder}}</ref> Muhammad ya gaya wa [[Aliyu Ibn Abi ɗalib|Ali]] ya karɓi maɓallin daga Uthman R.T.A. Ali ya je wurinsa ya tambaye shi, "Za ka iya ba ni maɓallin?". <ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Ka'aba |url=http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=252958&Cat=9&dt=7/25/2010 |access-date=2024-08-28 |archive-date=2015-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150925110440/http://www.thenews.com.pk/TodaysPrintDetail.aspx?ID=252958&Cat=9&dt=7/25/2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2014 |title=Why is the Gate So High? |url=http://salafiaqeedah.blogspot.com/2014/02/why-is-gate-so-high.html?m=1}}</ref> Uthman ya amsa, "Me ya sa kake tambaya? Shin wani ne a Makka?". <ref name="Death of Current Key Keeper of Kaaba">{{Cite web |title=Key Keeper of the Kabah Passes Away |url=http://www.ciibroadcasting.com/2014/10/24/key-keeper-of-the-kabah-passes-away/}}</ref> Ali ya amsa, "Muhammad yana son wannan maɓallin saboda ya shiga Kaaba". Uthman ya ki ya ba da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keys back with Key Bearer |url=http://islamicvoice.com/January2012/ALEAFOUTOFPROPHETSBOOK/ |access-date=2024-08-28 |archive-date=2016-05-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502153902/http://islamicvoice.com/January2012/ALEAFOUTOFPROPHETSBOOK/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ali ya kwace maɓallin daga gare shi ya ba Muhammadu. Muhammad S.A.W ya ce an masa wahayi a cikin Kaaba, ana gaya masa ya "mayar da wannan maɓallin ga mai shi". Muhammad S.A.W ya gaya wa Ali ya mayar da maɓallin ga Uthman Ibn Talha kuma ya nemi gafara ga abin da ya yi. Ali ya tafi wurin Uthman ya ce masa: "Ya Uthman, ina nan ne don mayar maka da wannan maɓallin wanda ka ba ni kuma don Allah ka gafarta mini saboda wannan abin da nayi. " Uthman ya yi masa dariya ya ce, "Da farko ka zo nan don kwace maɓallin daga gare ni kuma yanzu ka zo mini don dawo da maɓallin" Ali ya ce, 'Na ɗauki maɓallin a gare ka, amma Muhammad ya sami wahayi don dawo da shi. Ali ya gaya masa Ayat kuma Uthman ya cewa, "Ash Hadu Allahilaha illalla Wahdahu La Sharika Lahu Wa Ash Hadu Anna Muhammadan Abduhu Wa Rasooluhu,''" kuma ya tuba zuwa Islama.<ref name="Sadin"/>'' Muhammad S.A.W ya ba da maɓallin ga iyalin Shayba, yana sanar da cewa, "Ku ɗauke shi, Ya 'ya'yan Talha, har abada har zuwa Ranar Tashin kiyama, kuma ba za a ɗauke shi daga gare ku ba sai dai idan wani mai rashin Adalci, mai zalunci. "<ref name="Death of Current Key Keeper of Kaaba"/> Bayan haka, an amince da Uthman ibn Talha a matsayin daya daga cikin Sahabban Muhammad mafi kyau.<ref name="Sadin"/> Waqidi ya rubuta cewa Uthman ya tuba zuwa addinin musulunci a watan Yunin Shekara 629 a lokaci guda da [[Khalid ibn al-Walid]] kuma ya zauna a [[Madinah|Madina]] har sai da sojojin musulmi suka tashi don cin nasara.<ref name="Waqidi">Muhammad ibn Umar al-Waqidi. ''Kitab al-Maghazi''. Translated by Faizer, R., Ismail, A., & Tayyob, A. K. (2011). ''The Life of Muhammad'', p. 410. London & New York: Routledge.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nnsp8zamyg1ft78u81sskvsvjm3uqwg 0 90600 915209 823352 2026-09-03T04:28:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abayomi Sheba''' ya kasance ɗan [[Ɗan siyasa|siyasan]] [[Najeriya]] ne wanda aka haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Mayu 1961 a Ode Irele, ƙaramar hukumar Irele, [[Ondo (jiha)|jihar Ondo]], [[Najeriya]]. Ya yi karatun Firamare da Sakandare a Ode Irele. Daga nan ya halarci [[Jami'ar Ilorin]], inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin harkokin gwamnati. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Obafemi Awolowo, [[Ile-ife|Ile-Ife]], inda ya samu digiri na biyu a fannin harkokin gwamnati daga shekarun 1995 zuwa 1997.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Babah |first=Chinedu |date=2017-03-20 |title=SHEBA, Hon. Abayomi |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/sheba-hon-abayomi/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-01-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126125521/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/sheba-hon-abayomi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinbiola |first=Dr Sunday |date=2018-09-20 |title=Breaking!!!!!! Hon. Sheba Abayomi appointed Chairman Federal Character Commission |url=https://heromagazines.com/hon-sheba-abayomi-appointed-chairman-federal-character-commission/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=The Hero Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga shekarar 2007 zuwa 2011, Sheba ya yi karatu a [[Jami'ar Adekunle Ajasin|Jami’ar Adekunle Ajasin]], inda ya samu digiri na farko a fannin shari’a (LLB) a mataki na biyu, Upper Dibision. Yana da aure da 'ya'ya. Sheba ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Wakilai, da Majalisar Tarayya daga shekarun 1999 zuwa 2003.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/5feb8a01f8c7352c525661e1/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] dodv4zp5dhiuip0eizly9ptomqhhl2p 0 90602 915274 566598 2026-09-03T07:34:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915274 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abubakar Makwashi''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne daga [[Zamfara|jihar Zamfara]] [[Najeriya|ta Najeriya]]. An haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Yuni 1946 a [[jihar Zamfara]]. Makwashi yayi aiki a majalisar wakilai ta ƙasa, mai wakiltar mazaɓar [[Bakura (Nijeriya)|Bakura]]/[[Maradun]] daga shekarun 1999 zuwa 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/makwashi-abubakar |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Admin |date=2016-07-21 |title=ABUBAKAR, Hon. Makwashi |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/abubakar-hon-makwashi/ |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214052418/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/abubakar-hon-makwashi/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/lists/representatives/Zamfara/lga/Maradun |access-date=2024-12-13 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Zamfara]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] mbd6qhetcftlvcu5w2ow3efr0yl7j01 0 90641 915208 566828 2026-09-03T04:24:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abass Olopoenia''' ɗan siyasan [[Najeriya]] ne daga [[Oyo (jiha)|Jihar Oyo]], Najeriya. An haife shi a ranar 15 ga watan Afrilu 1954. Ya yi aure kuma yana da yara. Olopoenia ya yi aiki a Majalisar Wakilai, yana wakiltar Iseyin/Itesiwaju/Kajola/Iwajowa ta tarayya ta Jihar Oyo daga watan Mayun shekara ta 2007 zuwa Mayu 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/abass-olopoenia |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Udo |first=Mary |date=2017-02-28 |title=OLOPOENIA, Hon. Abass |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/olopoenia-hon-abass/ |access-date=2024-12-09 |website=Biographical Legacy and Research Foundation |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241211044232/https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/olopoenia-hon-abass/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] 688ezb1urcj3lr5pabvmzjdg6xqp6a0 0 92832 914917 585436 2026-09-02T15:23:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Wim Hora Adema (14 ga Yulin 1914 - 10 ga Disamba 1998 [1]) marubuciya ce ta wallafe-wallafen yara ta Holland kuma mai fafutukar mata, sananna ne saboda kasancewa co-kafa Opzij, wanda aka kafa a 1972 a matsayin mujallar mata ta kowane wata. Ta kasance daya daga cikin sanannun mata na Dutch na biyu na mata.[2] == Tarihin rayuwa == Adema ta fara aikinta a matsayin ma'aikaciyar da ba a biya ta ba ga ''Algemeen Handelsblad'', jaridar [[Amsterdam]] [[Liberalism|mai sassaucin ra'ayi]]; a 1939, an nada ta edita don sashin kasa. Ta yi aiki a can har zuwa 1941, lokacin da ta yi murabus a matsayin zanga-zanga game da matakan adawa da Yahudawa da aka dauka a jaridar. A lokacin yakin duniya na biyu, ta kasance mai aiki a cikin juriya ta Dutch, wanda ya kawo ta hulɗa da ƙungiyar da ta buga ''Het Parool'', takarda mai adawa ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref name="koerts" /> === Parool da Voor de vrouw: shekarun 1940 zuwa 1950 === Bayan yakin ya ƙare, ''Het Parool'' ta hayar da ita a matsayin edita don labarai na kasa.<ref name="andries" /> Bayan shekaru uku, a cikin 1948, Gerrit Jan van Heuven Goedhart, babban editan ''Het Parool'', ya tambaye ta ta fara gyara shafi na mata da yara, wanda ake kira ''Voor de vrouw (maar voor haar niet alléén...) '' ("don mace, amma ba kawai don ita ba"). <ref name="andries" /><ref name="koerts" /> wanda kuma ya buga sake dubawa na littattafan yara.<ref name="personen">{{Cite web |title=Hora Adema, Wim |url=http://www.personenencyclopedie.info/H/Ho/Hor/HORA%20ADEMA,%20Wim/view |access-date=6 March 2011 |publisher=De Personenencylopedie |archive-date=9 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309043850/http://www.personenencyclopedie.info/H/Ho/Hor/HORA%20ADEMA,%20Wim/view |url-status=dead }}</ref> A wannan lokacin ta raba tebur tare da marubuta kamar Gerard Reve, [[Henri Knap]], da Simon Carmiggelt, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin mutanen da ke Amsterdam waɗanda rayuwar wallafe-wallafen ke kewaye da su.<ref name="koerts" /> Masu ba da gudummawa ga labarun da aya ga shafin " almara" sun haɗa da Hora Adema kanta da kuma marubuta da 'yan jarida kamar Annie M.G. Schmidt, [[Jeanne Roos]], da [[Harriët Freezer]]; kusan kusan shekaru 20, Fiep Westendorp ya kwatanta shafi tare da zane-zane da baƙar fata da fari waɗanda suka nuna matsayin mace a cikin al'umma.<ref name="andries">{{Cite web |last=Andries |first=Caroline |title=Voor de vrouw maar voor haar niet alléén...Fiep Westendorp in de krant |url=http://www.politics.be/recensies/330/ |access-date=6 March 2011 |publisher=Politics.be |archive-date=20 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180320110243/http://www.politics.be/recensies/330/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Adema ta yi aiki ga ''Het Parool'' na tsawon shekaru ashirin da biyu, a wannan lokacin ta taimaka wajen kula da mata marubuta da masu zane-zane ciki har da Schmidt, Westendorp, Freezer, [[Hella Haasse]], da [[Mies Bouhuys]]. A shekara ta 1968 babban edita [[Herman Sandberg]] ya kore ta, wanda ya haifar da tashin hankali har ma ya haifar da korar edita a Vrij Nederland . === Yunkurin mata da Opzij, shekarun 1960 da kuma bayan haka === A cikin shekarun 1960, Hora Adama ta sami kulawa ta rubuce-rubucen jaridar mata. Tare da Hedy d'Ancona, Joke Smit, Hora Adema ta fara Man Vrouw Maatschappij (sau da yawa an taƙaita shi a matsayin MVM, kuma an fassara shi a matsayin "Man Woman Society"), ƙungiyar mata masu tsattsauran ra'ayi da aka yi la'akari da ƙungiyar mata ta biyu ta Dutch kuma tana aiki har sai an rushe ta a cikin 1988. Tare da d'Ancona, Hora Adema ta kafa mujallar mata mai tsattsauran ra'ayi Opzij (sunan yana fassara a matsayin "move over") a cikin 1972, tare da ɗan siyasa da masanin zamantakewa Hedy d'AnCona. <ref name="kooke" /> Opzij ita ce kawai littafin da ya tsira daga yunkurin mata na biyu na Dutch kuma tana da manyan masu karatu masu aminci.<ref name="kooke" /> A shekara ta 1972, mujallar ta buga kwafin 1,700 a kowane wata; a shekara ta 1992 wannan ya karu zuwa 65,000, bayan ya bunkasa kansa "daga wata takarda mai tsattsauran ra'ayi ta mata zuwa mujallar ra'ayi mai sassaucin ra'ayi tare da babban sashi na sha'awar ɗan adam. " A shekara ta 1992, an ba d'Ancona da Adema zoben Harriët Freezer, kyautar da aka ba masu ba da gudummawa ga masu ba da damar samun 'yancin mata, suna girmama su don Opzij da sauran gudummawa. A shekara ta 2007, an buga fiye da 94,000 a kowane wata, kodayake a yau ana ɗaukarsa mujallar da ta fi dacewa, tana mai da hankali kan ra'ayi na gaba ɗaya fiye da gwagwarmaya. <ref name="kooke" /> == Ƙarin karantawa == * {{Cite journal |last=Boonstra |first=Bregje |year=1999 |title=In Memoriam Wim Hora Adema (1914-1998) |journal=Literatuur Zonder Leeftijd |volume=13 |pages=87–88}} *  <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peer |first=Harry |title=Deurwaarder en dwarsligger: Wim Hora Adema - Biografie van Eric-Jan Weterings |url=http://www.solidariteit.nl/ingezonden/2007/deurwaarder_en_dwarsligger.html |access-date=6 March 2011}}</ref> == Manazarta ==  {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1914]] j31lfwervzaaq2sqivxevs4s4pijtem 0 94325 914829 867184 2026-09-02T12:44:05Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914829 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Victoria Sun Hei Lee''' (an haife ta a watan Mayu 17, 2004 - Disamba 26, 2022) ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka wacce ta yi gasa a Gasar DAYA . == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Victoria Sun Hei Lee a Wahiawa, Hawaii, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Altatis |first=Conan |date=September 17, 2020 |title=ONE Championship signs Victoria Lee, younger sister of Angela Lee, Christian Lee |url=https://conandaily.com/2020/09/17/one-championship-signs-victoria-lee-younger-sister-of-angela-lee-christian-lee/ |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=CONAN Daily |language=en}}</ref> a ranar 17 ga Mayu, 2004, 'yar mahaifiyar Koriya-Kanada Jewelz Lee da mahaifin Sin-Singaporean Ken Lee. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 28, 2021 |title=Victoria Lee admits nerves got best of her in ONE Championship debut, wants quick finish of Wang Luping |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/07/victoria-lee-nerves-in-one-championship-debut-wants-quick-finish-of-wang-luping-video |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2021 |title=17-Year-Old MMA Phenom Victoria Lee Returning To Circle At ONE: BATTLEGROUND |url=https://sg.news.yahoo.com/17-old-mma-phenom-victoria-053238701.html |access-date=August 1, 2021 |publisher=Yahoo! News |language=en-SG}}</ref> Ita ce kanwar 'yan'uwan MMA mayakan Angela Lee <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chinen |first=Kyle |date=September 18, 2020 |title=Mililani's Victoria Lee joins her siblings and signs with ONE Championship |url=https://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/2020/09/16/hawaii-native-victoria-lee-joins-her-siblings-signs-with-one-championship/ |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=Hawaiinewsnow.com |language=en}}</ref> da Christian Lee . <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 3, 2021 |title=ONE: Fists of Fury: Victoria Lee makes her MMA debut against Sunisa Srisen |url=https://www.mmacrossfire.com/2021/02/03/one-fists-of-fury-16-year-old-victoria-lee-makes-her-mma-debut-against-sunisa-srisen/ |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=MMA Crossfire |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sana'a == Lee ya kasance zakaran duniya na Pankration Junior na Hawaii sau biyu, zakaran kokawa na jihar Hawaii, da kuma IMMAF Junior World Champion. <ref>{{Cite web |title=5 Minutes With Pro MMA Fighter Victoria Lee – L'Officiel |url=https://www.lofficielsingapore.com/Culture/5-minutes-with-pro-mma-fighter-victoria-lee |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=Lofficielsingapore.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lee fighting dynasty continues, 16-year-old Victoria Lee set for pro MMA debut |url=https://www.kitv.com/story/43413649/the-lee-fighting-dynasty-continues-16yearold-victoria-lee-set-for-pro-mma-debut |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=Kitv.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2021 |title=Beast in the cage, shy teen off the stage: What this 16-year-old pro MMA fighter is really like |url=https://www.asiaone.com/lifestyle/beast-cage-shy-teen-stage-what-16-year-old-pro-mma-fighter-really |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=AsiaOne |language=en}}</ref> Ta sami horo a United MMA Gym a Hawaii a ƙarƙashin surukinta Bruno Pucci kuma ta sami goyan bayan Evolve MMA . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=A 16-year-old American from a famous fighting family made a submission statement on her MMA debut |url=https://www.insider.com/video-victoria-lee-scores-submission-win-mma-debut-aged-16-2021-3 |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gonzalez |first=Gabriel |date=July 28, 2021 |title=ONE Championship: Battleground's Victoria Lee Reveals When She Knew MMA Would Be Career |url=https://cagesidepress.com/2021/07/28/one-championship-battlegrounds-victoria-lee/ |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=Cageside Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2020, yana ɗan shekara 16, Lee ya rattaba hannu kan kwangilar yaƙi a rukunin Atomweight na Gasar DAYA, <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 25, 2021 |title=Prodigy Victoria Lee is ready to make her own mark |url=https://www.espn.com/mma/story/_/id/30961237/following-footsteps-one-championship-siblings-victoria-lee-ready-make-own-mark |access-date=August 1, 2021 |publisher=ESPN |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 2, 2021 |title=Victoria Lee |url=https://www.onefc.com/athletes/victoria-lee/ |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Victoria Lee {{!}} MMA Junkie |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/fighters/victoria-lee |access-date=August 1, 2021 |language=en-US}}</ref> ya zama ƙaramin ɗan gwagwarmaya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 10, 2021 |title=ONE: Victoria Lee reveals 'bad toast' nearly ruined MMA debut |url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/martial-arts/mixed-martial-arts/article/3124683/one-championship-victoria-lee-reveals-bad |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2021 |title=MMA: Victoria Lee, 16, wins by submission on her One Championship debut |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/combat-sports/mma-victoria-lee-16-chokes-out-opponent-to-win-by-submission-on-her-one |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2021 |title=Can Victoria Lee Become the Best Lee Yet? |url=https://mmasucka.com/2021/07/20/will-victoria-lee-be-the-best-lee-yet/ |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=Mmasucka.com |language=en-US |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801163442/https://mmasucka.com/2021/07/20/will-victoria-lee-be-the-best-lee-yet/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2020 |title=Victoria Lee signs with ONE Championship {{!}} Asian MMA |url=https://asianmma.com/victoria-lee-signs-with-one-championship/ |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=AsianMMA |language=en |archive-date=August 1, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210801042342/https://asianmma.com/victoria-lee-signs-with-one-championship/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bowker |first=Dylan |date=July 4, 2021 |title=Victoria Lee signs contract for 2nd ONE Championship bout |url=https://mymmanews.com/victoria-lee/ |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=MyMMANews.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 26, 2020 |title=Victoria Lee hoping to emulate her siblings with ONE Championship success {{!}} Asian MMA |url=https://asianmma.com/victoria-lee-hoping-to-emulate-her-siblings-with-one-championship-success/ |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=AsianMMA |language=en |archive-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210621064020/https://asianmma.com/victoria-lee-hoping-to-emulate-her-siblings-with-one-championship-success/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2021, ta yi fafatawa na farko a gasar ONE Championship 129: Fists Of Fury taron, inda ta doke Sunisa Srisan a zagaye na biyu ta hanyar tsirara ta shake. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2021 |title=ONE Championship: Victoria Lee, 16, gets slick debut submission |url=https://www.scmp.com/sport/martial-arts/mixed-martial-arts/article/3123359/one-championship-victoria-lee-16-submits |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=South China Morning Post |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 26, 2021 |title=Victoria Lee Impresses In MMA Debut, Finishes Sunisa Srisen |url=https://www.onefc.com/news/victoria-lee-impresses-in-mma-debut-finishes-sunisa-srisen/ |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Farhan |first=Faris |date=February 4, 2021 |title=ONE Championship: FISTS OF FURY – Victoria LEE Debut Fight on February 26 |url=https://sgstrikesports.com/one-championship-fists-of-fury-victoria-lee-debut-fight-on-february-26/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220913032025/https://sgstrikesports.com/one-championship-fists-of-fury-victoria-lee-debut-fight-on-february-26/ |archive-date=September 13, 2022 |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=Singapore Strike Sports |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 30 ga Yuli, 2021, ta yi fafatawa na biyu da Wang Luping a gasar ONE Championship 139: Battleground event, wanda ta yi nasara ta hanyar mika wuya tare da rigar triangle a zagayen farko. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2021 |title=Victoria Lee Stays Perfect With First-Round Finish Of Wang Luping |url=https://www.onefc.com/news/victoria-lee-stays-perfect-with-first-round-finish-of-wang-luping/ |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Damon |date=July 29, 2021 |title=17-year-old Victoria Lee embraces the pressure preparing for her second pro fight and her senior year of high school |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2021/7/29/22599510/17-year-old-victoria-lee-embraces-pressure-preparing-second-pro-fight-her-senior-year-of-high-school |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=MMA Fighting |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 30, 2021 |title=MMA: Victoria Lee, Ritu Phogat carve out dominant wins at One: Battleground event |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/combat-sports/mma-victoria-lee-ritu-phogat-carve-out-dominant-wins-at-one-battleground-event |access-date=August 1, 2021 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref> Lee ya fuskanci Victoria Souza a Gasar DAYA 143: Juyin Juya Hali a ranar 24 ga Satumba, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 18, 2021 |title=Christian Lee, Victoria Lee share card at ONE Championship: Revolution |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2021/08/christian-lee-victoria-lee-share-card-one-championship-revolution-fight-booking-mma |access-date=August 18, 2021 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta yi nasara a karawar a zagaye na biyu ta hanyar kasa da fam. <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 24, 2021 |title=ONE Championship: Revolution results – Rae Yoon Ok stuns Christian Lee to win title, Lee calls 'bullsh*t' on decision |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/lists/one-championship-revolution-results-rae-yoon-ok-upset-christian-lee-title |access-date=September 24, 2021 |website=MMA Junkie |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Lee ta dakatar da aikinta na MMA don mai da hankali kan kammala karatun sakandare. An shirya ta dawo da fafatawar da Zeba Bano a DAYA Fight Night 6 a Bangkok ranar 14 ga Janairu, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Damon Martin |date=2022-11-15 |title=18-year-old Victoria Lee set to return to action against Zeba Bano at ONE on Prime Video 6 |url=https://www.mmafighting.com/2022/11/15/23461391/18-year-old-victoria-lee-set-to-return-to-action-against-zeba-bano-at-one-on-prime-video-6 |access-date=2022-11-16 |publisher=mmafighting.com}}</ref> == Mutuwa == Lee ta mutu a [[Hawaii]] a ranar 26 ga Disamba, 2022, tana da shekaru 18, amma ba a bayyana mutuwarta ba har sai 'yar uwarta Angela ta sanar da hakan ta [[Instagram]] a ranar 7 ga Janairu, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nolan King |date=January 7, 2023 |title=ONE Championship rising star Victoria Lee dead at 18 |url=https://mmajunkie.usatoday.com/2023/01/mma-news-victoria-lee-one-championship-star-dies |access-date=January 7, 2023 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Ko da yake ba a ba da dalilin mutuwar da farko ba, daga baya Angela ta rubuta wata kasida don ''The Players 'Tribune'' a watan Satumba, mai suna "Resilient", a kan batun, ta sanar da cewa Victoria [[Kisan kai|ta kashe kanta]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Angela |date=19 September 2023 |title=Resilient |url=https://www.theplayerstribune.com/posts/angela-lee-pucci-mma-mental-health |access-date=20 September 2023 |publisher=The Players' Tribune}}</ref> Iyalin Lee sun rufe wurin horar da MMA mallakar danginsu a Waipahu, Hawaii, kuma sun ce za ta kasance a rufe ta dindindin. == Nasarorin da aka samu == [[Fayil:Med_1.png|Gold]] 2020 Pankration Junior World Champion, Hawaii (-57&nbsp;kg) <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 16, 2020 |title=Teenage Prodigy Victoria Lee Joins Siblings In ONE Championship |url=https://www.onefc.com/news/teenage-prodigy-victoria-lee-joins-siblings-in-one-championship/ |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=ONE Championship – The Home Of Martial Arts |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Fayil:Med_1.png|Gold]] 2019 Pankration Junior World Champion, Hawaii (−57&nbsp;kg)<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 18, 2020 |title=Teen MMA prodigy Victoria Lee joins ONE Championship |url=https://www.rappler.com/sports/teen-mma-prodigy-victoria-lee-joins-one-championship |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=Rappler |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Med_1.png|Gold]] 2019 IMMAF Wrestling Junior World Champion, Hawaii (-57&nbsp;kg) <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 17, 2020 |title=MMA: Victoria Lee, 16, sister of world champs Angela and Christian Lee, signs with One Championship |url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/mma-victoria-lee-16-sister-of-world-champs-angela-and-christian-lee-signs-with-one |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=The Straits Times |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Med_1.png|Gold]] 2020 IMMAF Wrestling Junior State Champion, Hawaii (−57&nbsp;kg)<ref>{{Cite web |last=Urapeepatanapong |first=Pontakorn |date=September 26, 2020 |title=Victoria Lee Wants To Make ONE Championship Debut This Year |url=https://apmma.net/victoria-lee-want-to-make-one-championship-debut-this-year/ |access-date=August 2, 2021 |website=Asian Persuasion MMA |language=en-GB |archive-date=August 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803210700/https://apmma.net/victoria-lee-want-to-make-one-championship-debut-this-year/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Mixed Martial Art Records == == Duba kuma == * Jerin mayakan DAYA na yanzu == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] 42by76ex2ovvur1azc24lkhfiyvbym6 0 96153 914856 598414 2026-09-02T13:32:05Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 914856 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dame Muriel Diana Reader Harris''' DBE (11 ga Oktoba 1912, [[Hong Kong]] - 7 ga Oktoba 1996, Salisbury, Wiltshire) malamar Ingilishi ce, shugabar makaranta kuma mutum ne na jama'a. Ta kasance mai ba da shawara sosai game da tsarkake mata a cikin Cocin [[Ingila]]. == Rayuwa ta farko == Muriel Diana, babban yaro na Montgomery Reader Harris (an haife shi a shekara ta 1887) da matarsa, Frances Mabel (née Wilmot Wilkinson), sun koma Ingila tana da shekaru biyu, amma sun rasa mahaifiyarta zuwa meningitis kusan nan da nan, kuma yayin da mahaifinta ya kasance a Gabas ta Tsakiya, mahaifiyarta ce ta tashe ta a London. Ta yi karatu a makarantar Francis Holland School for Girls a London da kuma makarantar Sherborne School for Girls. Ta kammala karatu tare da digiri na farko na waje a Turanci daga Jami'ar London a 1934. [1] == Koyarwa da aikin jama'a == Mai karatu Harris nan da nan ya shiga ma'aikatan koyarwa a Makarantar Sherborne don 'yan mata, sannan ɗayan manyan makarantun' yan mata a Ingila. A lokacin yakin an kwashe ta tare da ƙungiyar ɗalibai daga Sherborne zuwa Branksome Hall School a [[Toronto|Toronto, Ontario]], [[Kanada]]. Wannan ya haifar da musayar dangantaka tsakanin makarantu biyu wanda har yanzu yana aiki shekaru saba'in bayan haka. Ta koma Ingila a 1943 don shiga ma'aikatan Ƙungiyar 'Yan Mata ta Kasa. Ta koma Sherborne a matsayin shugabar makarantar a shekarar 1950, ta sami matsayi a cikin sana'arta, kuma ta kasance a can har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 1975. A cewar wani labari, "Waɗanda suka kasance dalibai a lokacin shugabancinta sun girma a cikin yanayi inda aka ɗauka cewa kowa yana da wani abu mai daraja don bayarwa, yanayi mafi kyau da za a yi kira ga shi, da kuma aiki ga al'ummar da ta zauna. " Yayinda yake a Sherborne, Reader Harris ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi da yawa na waje. A shekara ta 1964 ta zama shugabar Ƙungiyar Shugabannin Mata ta maye gurbin Enid Essame. Ta yi aiki har zuwa 1966 lokacin da take shirya martani na ƙungiyar ga rahoton Plowden . Ta kasance a lokuta daban-daban memba na Kwamitin Ilimi na Dorset, Hukumar Talabijin Mai Zaman Kanta, majalisun Ƙungiyar Matasa ta Kasa da Outward Bound Trust, Ƙungiyar Mishan ta Ikilisiya, inda a matsayin mace ta farko ta zama shugabarta ta kawo ta don tallafawa Rahoton Brandt na 1980 kan gadar Arewa-Kudanci, da taimakon Kirista, inda ta kasance shugabar a 1978-1983. Ta shiga majalisar Royal Society of Arts a 1975 kuma ta shugabanci ta a 1979-1981. Ta kasance gwamnan Makarantar Godolphin, Salisbury, daga 1975 zuwa 1986. Mai karatu Harris memba ne mai aiki a Cocin Ingila kuma mai ba da shawara game da tsarkake mata. Ita kanta ta yi wa'azi a majami'u da yawa, kuma ta zama canon bayan ta yi ritaya zuwa Salisbury a shekarar 1983. Ta kasance sanannen mai magana a ayyuka kuma tana watsa shirye-shirye akai-akai. Rubuce-rubucen rayuwarta suna ƙarƙashin tarihin makarantar Sherborne Girls. Wani hangen nesa na Reader Harris a cikin tsufa ya bayyana a cikin wani labarin 1991 da wani tsohon dalibi na Sherborne wanda ba a san shi ba, wanda aka buga a Indiya: "Dame Diana Reader Harris ba ta da ma'ana ta Uku da kanta. Bayan ta yi ritaya tana da shekaru 63, ta ɗauki ofisoshin da yawa a cikin Ikilisiya, ƙungiyoyin ilimi da sadaka, gami da Shugabancin taimakon Kirista. "A cikin shekaru 79, tana rasa ganinta kuma ta hanyar yaƙi da yawa yadda za ta iya - ba ta iya karanta kanta a cikin wannan batun, Allah ya gajiyarta ba. == Daraja == A shekara ta 1972, an sanya Reader Harris a matsayin Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire don "hidimomin Ilimi da Ikilisiya". == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1996]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pcm7k8gorgflwpa6d86lxlqye4s2psd 0 101624 915219 705858 2026-09-03T04:57:55Z Ummeeterh 31568 915219 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gladys Adda''' (1921 - 1995) 'Yar kwaminisanci ce '[[Tunisiya|yar Tunisiya]] kuma mai fafutukar neman 'yancin kai da 'yancin mata.<ref name=two>[http://womenoftunisia.weebly.com/tunsian-women-yesterday-and-today.html Tunisian Women Yesterday and Today]. Women of Tunisia, Weebly.com, Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref> == Rayuwa == An haifi Adda a Gabes a ranar 2 ga watan [[Yuni]] shekara ta1921 a cikin dangin Yahudawa. Saɓanin yadda aka saba gani ta fara karatun ta da 'yan mata musulmai sannan ta haɗa kai.<ref name=two>[http://womenoftunisia.weebly.com/tunsian-women-yesterday-and-today.html Tunisian Women Yesterday and Today]. Women of Tunisia, Weebly.com, Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref> Duk da cewa ta halarci azuzuwan firamare tare da ’yan matan Musulmi, Yahudawa, da Turawa, duk malamanta Faransawa ne ko Turawa; nuna wariyar launin fata da ba a ɓoyewa daga malaman Turai ta farkar da Adda game da mulkin mallaka na Turai. Al'ummarta yahudawa sun fuskanci wariyar launin fata daga 'yan tafarkin kin jinin Yahudu, amma al'ummar musulmi sun sami kariya.<ref name="Akyeampong2012">{{cite book|author1=Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr.|author2=Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong|author3=Mr. Steven J. Niven|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|date=2 February 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|pages=89–90}}</ref> Tana da shekara goma sha biyar ta auri wani mutum mai shekara bakwai kuma ta zauna da shi shekara bakwai har ta sake shi. A lokacin Tunusiya tana cikin daular Faransa sai dai lokacin yakin duniya na biyu lokacin da Jamus da Nazi ta mamaye ta. Adda ta tsunduma cikin fafutukar siyasa ta hanyar rarraba takardun adawa da Nazi da na mulkin mallaka a ɓoye a kan sojojin mamaya na Jamus a Vichy Tunisia.<ref name="Akyeampong2012">{{cite book|author1=Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr.|author2=Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong|author3=Mr. Steven J. Niven|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|date=2 February 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|pages=89–90}}</ref> A shekarar 1944 ta haɗu kuma ta auri mijinta na biyu, Georges Adda, kuma sun haifi tagwaye. Ɗansu Serge Adda ya zama ɗan kasuwa na Faransa mai nasara. A wannan shekarar ita, [[Neila Haddad]] da [[Gilda khiari]] sun kasance masu kafa [[Union of the Women of Tunisia|kungiyar Tarayyar Mata ta Tunisia]] (UFT). Wannan kungiya ce mai alaka da jam'iyyar gurguzu ta cikin gida kuma Nabiha Ben Miled wacce musulma ce ke jagoranta.<ref name=two>[http://womenoftunisia.weebly.com/tunsian-women-yesterday-and-today.html Tunisian Women Yesterday and Today]. Women of Tunisia, Weebly.com, Retrieved 26 March 2016</ref> Ta shiga cikin shirya ɗakunan shan magani kyauta ga mata da madadin makarantun yara da manya. A lokacin an hana samun ilimi a makarantun mulkin mallaka sakamakon neman 'yancin kai na Tunisiya. Ana ganin Addas a matsayin haɗari kuma an tsare Georges a cikin shekarar 1950s. <ref name="Akyeampong2012" /> Ita da UFT na da hannu wajen shigar da ƙara ga mahukuntan Faransa a madadin fursunonin Tunisiya. Tunusiya ta sami 'yancin kai a shekara ta 1956 kuma ba kamar da yawa ita da mijinta sun yanke shawarar ci gaba da zama a Tunisiya ba, ita da UFT ba su wargaje ba kuma sun ba da goyon bayansu ga masu fafutuka a Aljeriya da ke kokarin samun 'yancin kai daga Faransa.<ref name="Akyeampong2012">{{cite book|author1=Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr.|author2=Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong|author3=Mr. Steven J. Niven|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|date=2 February 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|pages=89–90}}</ref> Adda da kawarta, sun shiga cikin fara rarraba jaridun Tunisiya kuma a sakamakon haka ta ba da laccoci a Tunis. Gwauruwa Georges ta mutu a shekara ta 2009.<ref name="Akyeampong2012">{{cite book|author1=Professor Henry Louis Gates Jr.|author2=Professor Emmanuel Akyeampong|author3=Mr. Steven J. Niven|title=Dictionary of African Biography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89|date=2 February 2012|publisher=OUP USA|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5|pages=89–90}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 1995]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] 18sqqljgpgqn3ueggef8j3eihdz394v 0 101750 915311 909516 2026-09-03T08:20:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915311 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Imani da ayyukan mutanen Afirka sun bambanta sosai, kuma sun haɗa da addinai daban-daban . Gabaɗaya, waɗannan hadisai na baka ne maimakon na Nassi kuma ana yada su daga tsara zuwa tsara ta hanyar labarai, [[Kidan Afirka|waƙoƙi]], da bukukuwa . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nweke |first=Kizito Chinedu |date=2022-12-25 |title=Responding to new Imageries in African indigenous Spiritualties |url=https://journal.uinsgd.ac.id/index.php/Religious/article/view/20246 |journal=Religious: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama dan Lintas Budaya |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=271–282 |doi=10.15575/rjsalb.v6i3.20246 |issn=2528-7249 |s2cid=255213985 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Sun haɗa da imani ga ruhohi da alloli na sama da na ƙasa, wani lokaci har da maɗaukakiyar halitta, da kuma girmama matattu, yin amfani da [[Tsafi|sihiri]], da magungunan gargajiya na Afirka . Yawancin addinai ana iya siffanta su a matsayin masu rai <ref name="Kimmerle 15">{{Cite journal |last=Kimmerle |first=Heinz |date=2006-04-11 |title=The world of spirits and the respect for nature: towards a new appreciation of animism |journal=The Journal for Transdisciplinary Research in Southern Africa |language=en-US |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=15 |doi=10.4102/td.v2i2.277 |issn=2415-2005 |doi-access=free}}</ref> tare da bangarori daban-daban na shirka da pantheistic . <ref name="mol" /> Matsayin ɗan adam gabaɗaya ana kallonsa azaman ɗayan daidaita yanayi tare da allahntaka. <ref name="mol" /> == Yaɗa == [[Fayil:Igbo_medicine_man.jpg|right|thumb| Wani dan kabilar [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] a farkon karni na 20 a Najeriya, Afirka ta Yamma]] An rarraba mabiya addinan gargajiya a [[Afirka]] tsakanin kasashe 43 kuma an kiyasta sun haura miliyan 100. <ref name="Lugira">Lugira, Aloysius M., ''African Traditional Religions'' (New York: Chelsea House, 2009), p. 36 [in] Varghese, Roy Abraham, ''Christ Connection: How the World Religions Prepared the Way for the Phenomenon of Jesus'', Paraclete Press (2011), p. 1935, {{ISBN|9781557258397}} (Retrieved 24 March 2019)</ref> [[Musulunci a Afrika|Musulunci]] da Kiristanci, kasancewar yawancin addinan Afirka na asali sun yi gudun hijira, galibi suna dacewa da yanayin al'adun Afirka da tsarin imani. Mutanen Afirka sukan haɗa ayyukan aƙidarsu ta al'ada da ayyukan [[Addinan Ibrahimiyya|addinan Ibrahim]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=US study sheds light on Africa's unique religious mix |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hpKESvthJtQeyjk57vyzOnY5l9cg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100425190919/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hpKESvthJtQeyjk57vyzOnY5l9cg |archive-date=April 25, 2010 |publisher=AFP}}t doesn't seem to be an either-or for many people. They can describe themselves primarily as Muslim or Christian and continue to practice many of the traditions that are characteristic of African traditional religion," Luis Lugo, executive director of the Pew Forum, told AFP.</ref> Waɗannan addinai guda biyu na Ibrahim sun yaɗu a faɗin Afirka, kodayake galibi sun fi mayar da hankali a yankuna daban-daban. Imani na addini na Ibrahim, musamman abubuwan tauhidi, kamar imani ga mahalicci guda ɗaya, an shigar da su cikin addinan Afirka na al'adar shirka da wuri. Addinai na Afirka ta Yamma suna neman fahimtar gaskiya, kuma, ba kamar addinan Ibrahim ba, ba ra'ayi ba ne. Gabaɗaya suna neman bayyana gaskiyar gogewar sirri ta rundunonin ruhi waɗanda ke ƙarfafa rayuwar rukuni cikin tsari, waɗanda ke yin barazana da ita. Ana kuma samun mabiya addinan gargajiya na Afirka a duniya. A cikin 'yan lokutan nan, addinai, irin su addinin [[Addinin Yarabawa|Yarbawa]] da addinin Odinala (addinin [[Inyamurai|Igbo]] na gargajiya), [[Gade Religion|Gaboism]], suna karuwa. Addinan Igbo da Yarbawa sun shahara a yankin Caribbean da wasu sassan Amurka ta tsakiya da ta Kudu. A cikin [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], Voodoo ya fi rinjaye a cikin jihohin da ke kusa da Gulf of Mexico. == Abubuwan asali == [[Fayil:Début_de_pas_de_danse_du_Zangbéto_-_Bénin.jpg|thumb| Bikin gida a Benin tare da [[zangbeto]]]] Maɗaukakiyar rikitattun imani na raye -raye suna gina ainihin manufar addinan Afirka na gargajiya. Wannan ya haɗa da bautar gumaka na koyarwa, bautar yanayi, bautar kakanni da imani da lahira, kwatankwacin sauran [[Jerin Addinai|addinan gargajiya]] a duniya. Yayin da wasu addinai suna da ra'ayi na duniya tare da babban mahalicci kusa da sauran alloli da ruhohi, wasu kuma suna bin tsarin shirka kawai tare da alloli daban-daban, ruhohi da sauran halittun allahntaka . <ref name="Kimmerle 15"/> Har ila yau, addinan gargajiya na Afirka suna da abubuwa na totemism, shamanism da kuma girmama kayan tarihi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Asukwo |date=2013 |title=The Need to Re-Conceptualize African Traditional Religion |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/afrrev/article/download/91437/80924}}</ref> [[Fayil:Ganvie_Voodoo_Dancer_(21596115932).jpg|thumb| Mawaƙin Vodun na gargajiya yana ƙazanta alloli da ruhohi, a Ganvie, Benin]] Addinin gargajiya na Afirka, kamar sauran tsoffin al'adun gargajiya a duniya, sun dogara ne akan al'adun baka . Wadannan al'adu ba ka'idojin addini ba ne, amma asalin al'adu ne da ake yadawa ta hanyar labarai, tatsuniyoyi da tatsuniyoyi, daga tsara zuwa na gaba. Al'umma, dangin mutum, da muhalli, suna taka muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar mutum. Mabiya sun yi imani da ja-gorar ruhohin kakanninsu. A cikin yawancin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, akwai shugabanni na ruhaniya da nau'ikan firistoci . Waɗannan mutane suna da mahimmanci a cikin rayuwar ruhaniya da ta addini na al'umma. Akwai sufaye da ke da alhakin warkarwa da 'duba' - wani nau'i na sa'a da nasiha, irin na shamans . Wadannan masu maganin gargajiya dole ne kakanni ko alloli su kira su. Suna samun horo mai tsauri kuma suna koyon ƙwarewa da yawa masu mahimmanci, gami da yadda ake amfani da ganyen halitta don warkarwa da sauran, ƙarin ƙwarewar sufa, kamar gano wani abu mai ɓoye ba tare da sanin inda yake ba. Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka sun yi imanin cewa kakanni suna kiyaye alaƙar ruhaniya da danginsu masu rai. Yawancin ruhohin kakanni gabaɗaya suna da kyau kuma suna da kirki. Mummunan ayyuka da ruhohin kakanni ke yi shine su sa ƙananan cututtuka su gargaɗi mutane cewa sun hau kan hanya mara kyau. Addinai na asali na Afirka sun ta'allaka ne akan bautar kakanni, imani da duniyar ruhi, halittun allahntaka da [['Yancin zaɓi|'yancin zaɓe]] (ba kamar yadda aka haɓaka ra'ayi na [[Imani|bangaskiya]] ba). Matattu (da dabbobi ko abubuwa masu mahimmanci) har yanzu suna wanzu a duniyar ruhu kuma suna iya yin tasiri ko mu'amala da duniyar zahiri. Siffofin shirka sun yadu a galibin tsoffin yankuna na Afirka da sauran yankuna na duniya, kafin bayyanar Musulunci, Kiristanci, da [[Yahudanci]] . Banda shi ne addinin tauhidi na ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda Fir'auna Akhenaton ya ƙirƙira, wanda ya wajabta yin addu'a ga gunkinsa Aten (duba Atenism ). <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Erik Hornung}}</ref> Wannan gagarumin sauyi ga addinin Masar na gargajiya duk da haka ƙaramin ɗansa, Tutankhamun ya mayar da shi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Busia |first=K. A. |date=1963 |title=Has the distinction between primitive and higher religions any sociological significance ? |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/assr_0003-9659_1963_num_16_1_1996 |journal=[[Archives de sciences sociales des religions]] |volume=16 |issue=1 |pages=22–25 |doi=10.3406/assr.1963.1996}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Peterson |first=Olof |date= |title=Foreigen influences on the idea of God in African religions |url=https://journal.fi/scripta/article/download/67031/27329 |access-date= |website=}}</ref> <ref name="Okwu">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Okwu AS |date=1979 |title=Life, Death, Reincarnation, and Traditional Healing in Africa |journal=Issue: A Journal of Opinion |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=19–24 |doi=10.2307/1166258 |jstor=1166258}}</ref> Manyan alloli, tare da wasu ƙwararrun alloli, ruhohin kakanni, ruhohin yanki, da kuma halittu, jigo ne na gama gari a tsakanin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, suna nuna sarƙaƙƙiya da ci gaban al'adun Afirka ta dā. <ref name="Okwu" /> <ref>Baldick, Julian (1997). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JBzGsr1bw6cC&q=christianity+judaism+islam+afroasiatics Black God: the Afroasiatic roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim religions]. Syracuse University Press:{{ISBN|0-8156-0522-6}}</ref> Wasu bincike sun nuna cewa wasu ra'ayoyi na tauhidi, kamar imani da wani babban allah ko karfi (kusa da sauran alloli, alloli da ruhohi, wani lokaci ana ganin su a matsayin masu shiga tsakani tsakanin mutane da mahalicci) sun kasance a cikin Afirka, kafin gabatar da addinan Ibrahim. Waɗannan ra'ayoyi na asali sun bambanta da tauhidi da aka samu a cikin addinan Ibrahim. <ref name="Okwu" /> <ref name="Stanton 2012" /> [[Fayil:Koku_Dancer.jpg|thumb| Dan wasan Koku na gargajiya]] Magungunan gargajiya na Afirka kuma suna da alaƙa kai tsaye da addinan Afirka na gargajiya. A cewar Clemmont E. Vontress, al'adun addinai daban-daban na Afirka sun haɗu ta hanyar Animism na asali. A cewarsa, imani da ruhohi da kakanni shi ne muhimmin bangare na addinan Afirka. Allolin ko dai an halicce su ne ko kuma sun samo asali ne daga ruhohi ko kakanni waɗanda mutane suke bautawa. Ya kuma lura cewa galibin addinan Afirka na zamani suna da tasiri sosai daga addinan da ba na Afirka ba, galibi Kiristanci da Musulunci don haka yana iya bambanta da tsoffin nau'ikan. Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka gabaɗaya suna riƙe da imani na rayuwa bayan mutuwa (duniya ta ruhu ko duniyar, wacce ruhohi, amma kuma alloli suke zaune), tare da wasu kuma suna da ra'ayi na sake reincarnation, wanda mutanen da suka mutu za su iya komawa cikin zuriyarsu ta danginsu (jinin jini), idan suna so, ko kuma suna da wani abu don cikawa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndemanu |first=Michael T. |date=January 2018 |title=Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon |url=https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405 |journal=Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad |publisher=Ball State University; Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad |volume=30 |pages=70–84 |doi=10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405 |quote=There is an unwavering belief in life after death in traditional African religions with some even believing in reincarnation... |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-06-05 |archive-date=2025-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526190736/https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ma'anar Serer na reincarnation ya ƙi ra'ayi na zama jiki ko reincarnation na Babban Allah da Mahalicci Roog . Koyaya, sake reincarnation na [[Pangool]] ko rayuka shine ingantaccen imani ga ruhaniyar Serer. Sau da yawa ana samun kamanceceniya tsakanin addinan gargajiya na Afirka waɗanda ke cikin yanki ɗaya . [[Afirka ta Tsakiya (yanki)|Afirka ta tsakiya]], alal misali, tana da irin wannan al'adun addini a cikin [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]], [[Jamhuriyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Kongo]], [[Ruwanda]], [[Burundi]], [[Zambiya|Zambia]], da [[Malawi]] . Mutanen da ke cikin waɗannan ƙasashe waɗanda suke bin al'adun addini na gargajiya galibi suna girmama kakanni ta hanyar al'adu da bautar ƙasa ko kuma " allahntaka " ta hanyar " ƙungiyoyin yanki " ko " ƙungiyoyin ibada ", bi da bi. <ref name=":02" /> Jacob Olupona, Farfesa [[Yan Najeriya a Amurka|Ba’amurke ɗan Najeriya]] farfesa a addinan ƴan asalin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Harvard|Jami’ar Harvard]], ya taƙaita yawancin addinan gargajiya na Afirka a matsayin hadaddun al’adun addinan raye-raye da imani na mutanen Afirka kafin “mallakar Kirista da Musulunci” na Afirka. Girmama magabata ya kasance yana taka muhimmiyar rawa a cikin al'adun Afirka na gargajiya kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin tsakiyar ra'ayin duniya na Afirka. Magabata (fatalwa/ruhohin kakanni) wani bangare ne na gaskiya. An yi imani da kakanni na zama a cikin duniyar kakanni (duniya ta ruhu), yayin da wasu suka gaskata cewa kakanni sun kasance daidai da iko da alloli. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Chiorazzi |first=Anthony |date=2015-10-06 |title=The spirituality of Africa |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/ |access-date=2020-11-30 |website=[[Harvard Gazette]] |language=en-US}}</ref> {{Blockquote|title=}} Olupona ya yi watsi da ma'anar tauhidi ta yamma/Musulunci kuma ya ce irin waɗannan ra'ayoyin ba za su iya nuna rikitattun al'adun Afirka ba kuma suna da sauƙi. Yayin da wasu hadisai suke da fiyayyen halitta (kusa da sauran alloli), wasu kuma ba su yi ba. Tauhidi baya nuna yawan hanyoyin da ruhin Afirka na al'ada ya ɗauka na alloli, alloli, da ruhohi. Ya taƙaita cewa addinan gargajiya na Afirka ba addini kaɗai ba ne, amma ra'ayin duniya, hanyar rayuwa. <ref name=":0"/> ==Bikin addini== [[File:West african religion.jpg|thumb|Wurin ibada na addini a kudancin Ghana]] A al'adance, addinan Yamma da Tsakiyar Afirka suna bayyana kansu a cikin bukukuwan al'umma ko kuma bukukuwan bincike inda membobin al'umma, da suke cike da ƙarfi (ko ashe, nyama, da sauransu), suke jin daɗi har su kai ga shiga yanayin tunani mai zurfi saboda bugun ganga ko rera waƙa. Daya daga cikin bukukuwan addini da ake yi a Gabon da Kamaru shi ne Okuyi, wanda kabilun Bantu da yawa ke yi. A cikin wannan yanayin, dangane da yankin, bugun ganga ko kaɗe-kaɗe da mawakan da ake girmamawa ke yi (kowanne daga cikinsu na musamman ne ga wani abin bautawa ko kaka), mahalarta suna ɗaukar siffar wani abin bautawa ko kaka, ko kuzari ko yanayin tunani ta hanyar yin motsin al'ada daban-daban ko rawa waɗanda ke ƙara haɓaka fahimtar su. Lokacin da aka shaida kuma aka fahimci wannan yanayin na shiga wani tunani, masu bin addinin suna samun hanyar nazarin tsarki ko alamar wani tunani ko tsarin tunani. Wannan yana gina basirar raba abubuwan da aka haifar da wannan tunanin daga bayyanar su a rayuwar yau da kullum. Irin wannan rabuwa da kuma nazarin yanayi da tushen tsarkakakkiyar kuzari ko jin daɗi yana taimaka wa mahalarta su sarrafa da karɓar su lokacin da suka taso a cikin yanayi na yau da kullum. Wannan yana sauƙaƙa ingantaccen iko da canza waɗannan kuzari zuwa halayyar kirki, tunani, da magana da suka dace da al'adu. Har ila yau, wannan aiki na iya haifar da waɗanda ke cikin waɗannan tunani su furta kalmomi waɗanda, idan wani mai ilimin al'adu ko mai bincike ya fassara su, zai iya ba da haske game da hanyoyin da suka dace da al'umma (ko mutum) za su iya ɗauka don cimma burin su. ==Ruhohi== [[File:Statuette_protectrice_nkisi,_71.1892.52.2,_Musée_du_quai_Branly.jpg|thumb|Nkisi nkondi na Bakongo.]] Su ne wani ɓangare na nkisi, abubuwan da aka yi imanin cewa ruhohi suna zaune a cikinsu, waɗanda aka saba samu a cikin Kwango Basin. Mabiyan addinan gargajiya na Afirka suna yin addu'a ga ruhohi daban-daban da kuma kakanninsu.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2015/10/the-spirituality-of-africa/|title=The spirituality of Africa|date=2015-10-06|website=Harvard Gazette|language=en-US|access-date=2019-10-31}}</ref> Wannan ya haɗa da ruhohin yanayi, na asali, da na dabbobi. Bambanci tsakanin ruhohi masu ƙarfi da alloli sau da yawa kaɗan ne. Yawancin al'ummomin Afirka suna gaskanta da "manyan alloli" da yawa da kuma adadi mai yawa na ƙananan alloli da ruhohi. Akwai kuma wasu addinai masu allahn koli guda ɗaya (Chukwu, Nyame, Olodumare, Ngai, Roog, da sauransu).<ref>Willie F. Page (2001) ''Encyclopedia of African History and Culture'', Volume 1, p. 55. Published by Facts on File, {{ISBN|0-8160-4472-4}}</ref> Wasu kuma sun yarda da allahiya biyu kamar Mawu-Lisa.<ref>Peter C. Rogers (2009) ''Ultimate Truth'', Book 1, p100. Published by AuthorHouse, {{ISBN|1-4389-7968-1}}</ref> Addinan gargajiya na Afirka gabaɗaya suna gaskanta da lahira, ɗaya ko fiye na duniyoyin ruhohi. Bautar kakanni muhimmiyar ra'ayi ce ta asali a kusan dukkanin addinan Afirka. Wasu addinan Afirka sun ɗauki ra'ayoyi daban-daban ta hanyar tasirin Musulunci ko ma Hindu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Parrinder|first=E. G.|date=1959|title=Islam and West African Indigenous Religion|journal=Numen|volume=6|issue=2|pages=130–141|doi=10.2307/3269310|issn=0029-5973|jstor=3269310}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ndemanu |first=Michael T. |date=January 2018 |title=Traditional African religions and their influences on the worldviews of Bangwa people of Cameroon |journal=Frontiers: The Interdisciplinary Journal of Study Abroad |volume=30 |pages=70–84 |doi=10.36366/frontiers.v30i1.405 |url=https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405 |doi-access=free |access-date=2025-06-05 |archive-date=2025-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250526190736/https://frontiersjournal.org/index.php/Frontiers/article/view/405 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyuka da al'adun addini== [[File:Masques BaKongo.JPG|thumb|Mashifin Bakongo daga Kongo Central]] Akwai kamanceceniya fiye da bambance-bambance tsakanin dukkanin addinan gargajiya na Afirka, <ref>John S. Mbiti (1990) ''African Religions & Philosophy'' 2nd Ed., shafi&nbsp;100–101, Heinemann, {{ISBN|0-435-89591-5}}</ref> ko da yake Jacob Olupona ya rubuta cewa yana da wahala a fitar da ka'ida daya domin bambancin da ke tsakanin al'adun yana da yawa. <ref>{{Cite book |last=Olupona |first=Jacob K. |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/839396781 |title=African Religions: A Very Short Introduction |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2014 |isbn=978-0-19-979058-6 |location=Oxford |pages=4 |oclc=839396781}}</ref> Ana girmama alloli da ruhohi ta hanyar zub da ruwan hadaya ko yanka dabbobi, kayan lambu, abinci dafa, furanni, duwatsu masu daraja, ko ƙarafa masu ƙima. Mabiya na neman sanin nufin alloli ko ruhohi ta hanyar tuntuba ko kwaikwayon duba. <ref>John S. Mbiti (1992) ''Introduction to African Religion'' 2nd Ed., shafi 68, East African Publishers {{ISBN|9966-46-928-1}}</ref> Addinan gargajiya na Afirka na karɓar abubuwan da ke faruwa a halitta kamar ambaliya da raguwa, fitowar wata da ɓoyuwarsa, ruwan sama da fari – da kuma tsarin noma. Bisa cewar Gottlieb da Mbiti: <blockquote>Mahalli da yanayi suna tattare da kowanne bangare na addinan gargajiya na Afirka da al'adu. Wannan yana da alaƙa da yadda ra'ayin halitta da imani ke hade da yanayin halitta. Kowanne bangare na yanayi, irinsu tsawa, walƙiya, ruwan sama, rana, wata, taurari da sauransu, na iya shiga cikin tsarin addinan mutane. Abubuwan da ke faruwa a halitta su ke ba mutane abubuwan bukatunsu na yau da kullum. <ref>Roger S. Gottlieb (2006) ''The Oxford Handbook of Religion and Ecology'', shafi 261, Oxford Handbooks Online {{ISBN|0-19-517872-6}}</ref></blockquote> Alal misali, a addinin Serer, daya daga cikin taurari mafi tsarki a sararin samaniya ana kiransa Yoonir (wato Sirius). <ref>Henry Gravrand (1990) ''La Civilisation Sereer Pangool'', shafuka 2, 152, Les Nouvelles Editions Africaines du Sénégal, {{ISBN|2-7236-1055-1}}</ref> Tare da dogon tarihi na noma, manyan firistoci da firistoci mata na Serer (Saltigue) suna gabatar da huduba kowace shekara a bikin Xooy (bikin duba) a Fatick kafin zuwan tauraron Yoonir domin yin hasashen watannin damina da ba manoma damar fara shuka. <ref>Simone Kalis (1997) ''Médecine Traditionnelle, Religion et Divination Chez les Seereer Siin du Sénégal: La Coonaissance de la Nuit'', L'Harmattan, {{ISBN|2-7384-5196-9}}</ref> Masu maganin gargajiya na da yawa a yawancin yankuna, kuma ayyukansu na kunshe da wani bangare na addini a matakai daban-daban. ===Duba (Kwaikwayo na Duba Gaba)=== [[File:Early 20th century Yoruba divination board.jpg|thumb|Allon duba na gargajiya na Yarbawa daga farkon karni na 20]] Tunda Afirka nahiyace mai yawan kabilu da al'adu, babu wata hanya guda tak da ake amfani da ita wajen kwaikwayon duba. Ayyukan duba gaba na iya amfani da kananan abubuwa kamar ƙasusuwan dabbobi, ƙwaryar cowrie, duwatsu, zobba na fata, ko faranti na katako. [[File:Sangoma reading the Bones.jpg|thumb|left|Mai maganin gargajiya daga Kudancin Afirka yana yin duba ta hanyar karanta ƙasusuwan dabbobi]] Wasu duba na amfani da faranti na musamman da aka yi da katako ko kuma a fili akan ƙasa (galibi cikin zagaye). A cikin al'ummomin gargajiya na Afirka, mutane da dama suna zuwa wajen masu duba gaba akai-akai. Babu wata haramta kai tsaye da ke hana yin hakan. Ana neman masu duba gaba (ko firistoci) don hikimarsu a matsayin masu ba da shawara a rayuwa da kuma iliminsu a kan magungunan ganye. == Ubuntu == Ubuntu kalmar Nguni Bantu ce ma'ana "yan Adam". Yana daga cikin ra'ayi a wasu lokuta ana fassara shi da "Ni saboda muna" (kuma "Ni saboda kai ne"), ko "'yan Adam zuwa ga wasu A cikin Xhosa, ana amfani da kalmar ƙarshen a cikin ma'ana ta duniya, amma sau da yawa ana nufin philo a cikin ma'ana. na rabawa da ke haɗa dukkan bil'adama". Tari ne na dabi'u da ayyuka da mutanen Afirka ko na Afirka suke kallo a matsayin sanya mutane sahihan mutane. Duk da yake bambance-bambancen waɗannan dabi'u da ayyuka sun bambanta a cikin ƙabilu daban-daban, duk suna nuni zuwa abu ɗaya&nbsp;- ingantaccen mutum ɗan adam wani yanki ne mafi girma kuma mafi girma na alaƙa, al'umma, al'umma, muhalli da duniyar ruhaniya. ==Kyakkyawa da nasiha== Ana danganta nagarta a cikin addinin gargajiya na Afirka tare da aiwatar da wajibai na gama gari. Misalai sun haɗa da halayen zamantakewa kamar mutunta iyaye da dattawa, renon yara yadda ya kamata, ba da baƙi, da gaskiya, amana, da jajircewa. A wasu addinan gargajiya na Afirka, ɗabi'a na da alaƙa da biyayya ko rashin biyayya ga Allah game da yadda mutum ko al'umma ke rayuwa. Ga Kikuyu, a cewar babban mahaliccinsu na farko, Ngai, yin aiki ta wurin ƙananan alloli ana jin magana da kuma iya jagorantar mutumin kirki a matsayin lamirinsa. A lokuta da dama, ’yan Afirka da suka koma wasu addinai har yanzu sun ci gaba da yin al’adu da al’adunsu na gargajiya, suna haɗa su ta hanyar da ta dace. == Wurare masu tsarki == Wasu wurare masu tsarki ko masu tsarki na addinan gargajiya sun haɗa da amma ba'a iyakance ga Nri-Igbo ba, Wurin Sangomar, Yaboyabo, Fatick, Ife, Oyo, Dahomey, Benin City, Ouidah, Nsukka, Kanem-Bornu, Igbo-Ukwu, da Tulwap Kipsigis, da sauransu. ==Dangantaka da sauran addinai== Addinan gargajiya na Afirka sun yi mu'amala da manyan addinan duniya ta hanyoyi daban-daban, daga gaurayawa da zaman lafiya zuwa rikici da gogayya. Wadannan mu'amaloli sun taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsara yadda addini ke kasancewa a nahiyar Afirka. === Mu'amala da Kiristanci === Shigowar Kiristanci ta hannun mishan na Turai ta kawo sauye-sauye masu girma ga yadda ake gudanar da addini a Afirka. A yayin da wasu al'umma suka rungumi Kiristanci gaba daya, wasu kuma sun gauraya koyarwar Kirista da addinan gargajiyarsu, lamarin da ya haifar da sabbin dabi'u na addini. Misali, a wasu yankunan Yammacin Afirka, wasu darikun Kirista na hadawa da al'adun gargajiya da alamominsu cikin ibadarsu, alamar yadda addinan gargajiya ke da ci gaba da tasiri.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Dih |first=Elisha Samuel |date=2022 |title=Interrogating Syncretism in African Christian Theology |journal=Lafia Journal of Religion and Humanities |volume=1 & 2 |pages=32-48}}</ref> === Mu'amala da Musulunci === Yaduwar Musulunci a Arewacin da Yammacin Afirka ita ma ta yi tasiri sosai ga addinan gargajiya. Addinan gargajiya da Musulunci sun zauna tare tsawon ƙarnuka, inda suka gauraya wasu daga cikin akidu da al’adunsu. A yankuna irin su Senegal da Mali, Musuluncin Sufanci na hade da wasu al’adu da tunanin addinan gargajiya, alamar hadin kai mai zurfi tsakanin addinan gargajiya da darikar Sufanci ta Musulunci.<ref>{{Citation |last=Sodiq |first=Yushau |title=African Religion and Islam in Contemporary Religious Space |date=2022 |work=The Palgrave Handbook of African Traditional Religion |pages=473–484 |editor-last=Aderibigbe |editor-first=Ibigbolade S. |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-89500-6_36 |access-date=2024-09-02 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-89500-6_36 |isbn=978-3-030-89500-6 |editor2-last=Falola |editor2-first=Toyin |url-access=subscription }}</ref> === Zaman lafiya, Gaurayawa, da Rikici === A Afirka ta zamani, mutane da dama suna bayyana kansu da addinan gargajiya tare da Kiristanci ko Musulunci, inda suke aikata al’amuran addini daga kowanne bangare a lokaci guda. Wannan gaurayawar na bayyana a cikin bukukuwa, al’adu da rayuwar ruhaniya ta mutane masu amfani da karfi daga addininsu na asali da kuma sabbin addinan da suka shigo daga waje. Duk da haka, akwai lokutan da ake fuskantar rikice-rikice, musamman idan wasu kungiyoyin Kirista ko Musulmi ke yunkurin kawar da addinan gargajiya baki daya. Wannan matsin lamba na iya kaiwa ga nuna wariya ga addinan gargajiya, sai dai har yanzu suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen raya al’adu da ruhin al’ummomin Afirka da dama.<ref>{{Citation |last=Taringa |first=Nisbert T. |title=Religious Pluralism and the Interaction between Pentecostal Christianity and African Traditional Religions: A Case Study of ZAOGA and Shona Traditional Religion |date=2018 |work=Aspects of Pentecostal Christianity in Zimbabwe |pages=199–210 |editor-last=Togarasei |editor-first=Lovemore |url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-78565-3_14 |access-date=2024-09-02 |place=Cham |publisher=Springer International Publishing |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-78565-3_14 |isbn=978-3-319-78565-3 |last2=Sipeyiye |first2=Macloud|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Tsangwama ta addini== Addinan gargajiya na Afirka sun fuskanci tsangwama daga Kiristoci da Musulmai.<ref>[https://archive.org/details/africanvoicesofa00bail Anne C. Bailey, ''African Voices of the Atlantic Slave Trade: Beyond the Silence and the Shame''.]</ref><ref>M. Darrol Bryant, Rita H. Mataragnon, *The Many faces of religion and society* (1985), shafi na 100, https://books.google.com/books?id=kv4nAAAAYAAJ:"Addinin gargajiya na Afirka ya fuskanta kuma ya tsira daga irin wannan tsangwama daga hannun Kiristanci da Musulunci..."</ref> Masu bin waɗannan addinan sun fuskanci tursasawa zuwa Musulunci da Kiristanci, an yi musu kallon shaidanu, an kuma ware su daga cikin al'umma.<ref>Garrick Bailey, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=1133603564 ''Essentials of Cultural Anthropology''], bugu na 3 (2013), shafi na 268: "Daga baya, a cikin ƙarni na sha tara, mishan Kiristoci sun shiga Afirka da Oceania. Ƙoƙarin mishan don juyar da waɗanda ba sa bi zuwa Kiristanci ya ɗauki hanyoyi biyu: tursasawa da wa’azi."</ref> Muggan ayyuka sun haɗa da kisa, tayar da yaki, rusa wuraren tsarkaka, da sauran laifuka.<ref>Festus Ugboaja Ohaegbulam, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0819179418 ''Towards and Understanding of the African Experience''] (1990), shafi na 161: "Rawar da mishan Kirista suka taka a matsayin wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a mamayar Turawan mulkin mallaka a Afirka ta kasance babba...Ayyukansu sun janyo rarrabuwa a cikin al'ummomin Afirka na gargajiya zuwa ɓangarori masu gaba da juna...hoton da suka fitar ya zubar da kimar al'adu da addinin Afirka..."</ref><ref>Toyin Falola da wasu, [https://books.google.com/books?isbn=031335972 ''Hot Spot: Sub-Saharan Africa: Sub-Saharan Africa''] (2010), shafi na 7: "Addini daga Gabas ta Tsakiya, Musulunci ya shiga Afirka ta hanyar arewacin nahiyar ta hanyar yaƙi. Yaƙin da Musulmi suka yi da ya kai ga musuluntar da Arewacin Afirka ya fara ne a Masar, a kusa da shekara ta 642 Miladiyya lokacin da ƙasar ta faɗi ga mayaƙan Musulmi daga Arabiya. A cikin ƙarni masu zuwa, sauran yankin Maghreb ma suka faɗa hannun mayaƙan jihadi...Ra’ayin canza addini da tilas ko da lumana ba shi da tushe a cikin addinan gargajiya na Afirka...Sai dai Musulunci bai zama addinin yawancin mutane ba ta hanyar lumana kadai ba. Tilasta juyar da mutane addini wani muhimmin sashi ne na wa’azi."</ref> Saboda tsangwama da wariya, da rashin dacewa da al’adar gargajiya da tunanin mutanen da suka gada, mutanen Dinka da yawa sun ƙi ko suka yi watsi da koyarwar Musulunci da Kiristanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Beswick |first=S. F. |date=1994 |title=Non-Acceptance of Islam in the Southern Sudan: The Case of the Dinka from the Pre-Colonial Period to Independence (1956) |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/41931096 |journal=Northeast African Studies |volume=1 |issue=2/3 |pages=19–47 |doi=10.1353/nas.1994.0018 |jstor=41931096 |s2cid=143871492 |issn=0740-9133|url-access=subscription }}</ref> ==Kimiyya da fahimtar duniya ta gargajiya== Bandama da Babalola (2023) sun bayyana cewa:<ref name="Bandama" /> <blockquote>Ra'ayin kimiyya a matsayin "aiki da aka shafe da al’ada," wato abu da ke da alaka ta kusa da al’ada ko bukukuwa, ana kallonsa a matsayin "ba kimiyya ba ne," "kamar kimiyya," ko "sihiri" a fahimtar Turawa. A Afirka, akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin duniyar zahiri da ta ruhaniya. Alloli da gumaka su ne jakadun Allah Maɗaukaki kuma su ke da alhakin tabbatar da cewa abubuwan da ake yi na tafiya yadda ya kamata. A cikin tsarin addinan gargajiya na Ile-Ife, alal misali, Olokun – alherin arziki – ana ɗaukarta a matsayin uwar sana’ar sarrafa gilashi, kuma ana tuntubar ta. Ana yi mata hadaya domin samun nasara a harkar. Haka ma abin yake ga sana’ar sarrafa ƙarfe a Afirka. Binciken zamani ya ƙara tabbatar da irin gudunmawar da tsohuwar Afirka ta bayar ga tarihin kimiyya da fasaha a duniya.<ref name="Bandama">{{cite journal |last1=Bandama |first1=Foreman |last2=Babalola |first2=Abidemi Babatunde |title=Science, Not Black Magic: Metal and Glass Production in Africa |journal=African Archaeological Review |date=13 September 2023 |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=531–543 |doi=10.1007/s10437-023-09545-6 |doi-access=free |issn=0263-0338 |oclc=10004759980 |s2cid=261858183}}</ref></blockquote> ==Al'adun yankuna== Wannan jerin yana taƙaita da wasu daga cikin sanannun al'adu kaɗan. ===Afirka ta Tsakiya=== * Tatsuniyoyin Bantu (Afirka ta Tsakiya, kudu maso gabas, da kudu) ** Tatsuniyoyin Bushongo (Kongo) ** Addinin Kongo (Kongo) ** Tatsuniyoyin Lugbara (Kongo) ** Tatsuniyoyin Baluba (Kongo) ** Tatsuniyoyin Mbuti (Kongo) * Animism na Hausawa (Chadi, Gabon) * Tatsuniyoyin Lotuko (Kudu Sudan) ===Afirka ta Gabas=== * Tatsuniyoyin Kush (tsakiya a Sudan da asali daga al'adar Kerma) * Tatsuniyoyin Bantu (Afirka ta Tsakiya, kudu maso gabas, da kudu) ** Addinin Chagga (Tanzaniya) ** Tatsuniyoyin Gikuyu (Kenya) ** Tatsuniyoyin Akamba ** Tatsuniyoyin Aembu (Kenya) * Tatsuniyoyin Abaluhya (Kenya) * Addinin Dinka (Kudu Sudan) * Tatsuniyoyin Malagasy (Madagaskar) * Tatsuniyoyin Maasai (Kenya, Tanzaniya, Ouebian) * Tatsuniyoyin Kalenjin (Kenya, Uganda, Tanzaniya) * Dini Ya Msambwa (Bungoma, Trans Nzoia, Kenya) * Waaqeffanna (Habasha da Kenya) * Tatsuniyoyin Somali (Somaliya) ===Afirka ta Arewa=== * Addinin Masarawa na dā (Masar, Sudan) ** Kemetism * Tatsuniyoyin Kush (tsalong kogin Nilu a Masar da Sudan) * Addinin Punic (Tunisiya, Aljeriya, Libiya) * Addinin gargajiya na Berber (Maroko (har da Yammacin Sahara), Aljeriya, Tunisiya, Libiya, Masar, Mauritaniya, Mali, Nijar, Chadi, Burkina Faso) ===Afirka ta Kudu=== * Tatsuniyoyin Bantu (Afirka ta Tsakiya, kudu maso gabas, da kudu) ** Tatsuniyoyin Lozi (Zambiya) ** Tatsuniyoyin Tumbuka (Malawi) ** Addinin gargajiya na Zulu (Afirka ta Kudu) * Badimo (Afirka ta Kudu, Botswana, Lesotho) * Addinin San (Botswana, Namibiya, da Afirka ta Kudu) * Masu maganin gargajiya na Afirka ta Kudu * Addinin gargajiya a Zimbabwe ===Afirka ta Yamma=== * Addinin Abwoi (Najeriya) * Addinin Akan (Gana, Ivory Coast) * Addinin Dahomean (Binin, Togo) * Addinin Efik (Najeriya, Kamaru) * Addinin Edo (Masarautar Benin, Najeriya) * Animism na Hausawa (Binin, Burkina Faso, Kamaru, Gana, Ivory Coast, Nijar, Najeriya, Togo) * Addinin Ijaw (mutanen Ijo, Najeriya) * Godianism (addini da ke haɗa al'adun addinan gargajiya na Afirka, bisa Odinala) * Odinala (mutanen Igbo, Najeriya) * Asaase Yaa (mutanen Bono – Gana da Ivory Coast) * Addinin Serer (A ƭat Roog) (Senegal, Gambia, Mauritaniya) * Addinin Yarbawa (Najeriya, Binin, Togo) * Vodou (Gana, Binin, Togo, Najeriya) * Addinin Dogon (Mali) * Addinin Ifa (Najeriya) ===Afirka a Ƙetare=== Addinan Afro-Amurka suna haɗa bauta ga kakanni da kuma yin imani da Mahalicci tare da wata rukunin alloli irin su Orisha, Loa, Vodun, Nkisi da Alusi. Baya ga haɗaɗɗun siffofi na addinan gargajiya na Afirka, yawancinsu suna haɗa abubuwa daga addinan Katolika na gargajiya ciki har da tsarkaka na talakawa da sauran nau’o’in addinan al’ada, addinan asalin Amurkawa, Ruhun Karadec (Spiritism), Ruhaniya, da Shaamanism (wasu lokutan tare da amfani da ganyaye masu motsa hankali) da tatsuniyoyin Turai. Akwai kuma wasu addinan warkarwa irin su Obeah da Hoodoo waɗanda ke mai da hankali kan lafiya ta ruhaniya.<ref>{{cite book|title=Routes to slavery: direction, ethnicity, and mortality in the transatlantic slave trade|first1=David|last1=Eltis|first2=David|last2=Richardson|publisher=Routledge|year=1997|page=88|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kuXEzQZQmawC&pg=PA88|isbn=0-7146-4820-5}}</ref> Addinan Afirka a ƙetare na bambanta. Wasu ba su da ƙarin Afirka sosai, yayin da wasu kuma kusan dukkanin tsarin su na da tushen Afirka, kamar addinin Trinidad Orisha.<ref>{{cite book|title=Spirits, Blood, and Drums: The Orisha Religion in Trinidad|url=https://archive.org/details/spiritsblooddrum0000houk|first1=James|last1=Houk|publisher=Temple University Press|year=1995|isbn=1566393507}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Mahaɗa== *Information presented here was gleaned from ''World Eras Encyclopaedia'', Volume 10, edited by Pierre-Damien Mvuyekure (New York: Thomson-Gale, 2003), in particular pp.&nbsp;275–314. *Baldick, J (1997) ''Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Religions''. New York: Syracuse University Press. *Doumbia, A. & Doumbia, N (2004) ''The Way of the Elders: West African Spirituality & Tradition''. 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''African Religions and Philosophy'' (1969) [[African Writers Series]], Heinemann {{ISBN|0-435-89591-5}} *Opoku, Kofi Asare (1978). [https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000EE0IT West African Traditional Religion] Kofi Asare Opoku | Publisher: FEP International Private Limited. ASIN: B0000EE0IT *[[Geoffrey Parrinder|Parrinder, Geoffrey]]. ''African Traditional Religion'', Third ed. (London: Sheldon Press, 1974). {{ISBN|0-85969-014-8}} pbk. *Parrinder, Geoffrey. "Traditional Religion", in his ''Africa's Three Religions'', Second ed. (London: Sheldon Press, 1976, {{ISBN|0-85969-096-2}}), p. [15-96]. *Peavy, D., (2009)."Kings, Magic & Medicine". Raleigh, NC: SI. *Peavy, D., (2016). The Benin Monarchy, Olokun & Iha Ominigbon. Umewaen: Journal of Benin & Edoid Studies: Osweego, NY. *Popoola, S. Solagbade. ''Ikunle Abiyamo: It is on Bent Knees that I gave Birth'' (2007 Asefin Media Publication) *[[Wole Soyinka|Soyinka, Wole]], ''Myth, Literature and the African World'' (Cambridge University Press, 1976). * Alice Werner, ''Myths and Legends of the Bantu'' (1933). Available online at [http://www.sacred-texts.com/afr/mlb/index.htm sacred-texts.com] *Umeasigbu, Rems Nna. ''The Way We Lived: Ibo Customs and Stories'' (London: Heinemann, 1969). ==Sauran shafuka== *{{Commons category-inline}} *{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160125025745/http://www.africanbelief.com/ African Comparative Belief]}} *[http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/ Afrika world.net] A website with extensive links and information about traditional African religions {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190601074020/http://www.afrikaworld.net/afrel/ |date=2019-06-01 }} *[https://culture-exchange.blog/animism-modern-africa culture-exchange.blog/animism-modern-africa] An article explaining the parallels between traditional and modern religious practices in Africa ti8z2nitg19cmdr87z61jpy3ptcudrg 0 101999 915094 903043 2026-09-02T19:35:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakin Col des Beni Aïcha''' ko '''yakin Thenia''', wanda ya ɓarke a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, yaƙin Mokrani ne na tawayen Mokrani tsakanin 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]], da kuma Faransa, wacce ita ce ta yi mulkin mallaka a yankin tun a shekarar 1830. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA301}}</ref> == Gabatarwa == Bayan da ƴan tawayen Aljeriya suka karɓe iko da Palestro a ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 1871 bayan yakin Palestro, sun so su mamaye Mitidja da birnin [[Aljir|Algiers]]. Don cimma wannan, sojojin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]] sun ketare yankin Réghaïa ta hanyar Lower Kabylia, yayin da aka fara bazara na shekarar 1871 kuma Oued Isser yana cikin ambaliya. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Maximilien Joseph de Schauenburg &#124; Charge du 5e régiment de chasseurs à cheval contre des Cosaques, vers 1805-1807 &#124; Images d’Art |url=https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Art.rmngp.fr |language=fr |archive-date=2019-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190501133317/https://art.rmngp.fr/fr/library/artworks/maximilien-joseph-de-schauenburg_charge-du-5e-regiment-de-chasseurs-a-cheval-contre-des-cosaques-vers-1805-1807_huile-sur-toile |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sojojin Aljeriya sun taso daga Palestro zuwa arewa maso gabas, nesa da sojojin Faransa da bivouac tun daga ranar 14 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, don isa yankin Laazib Zamoum na Faransa bayan kwanaki uku a ranar 17 ga watan Afrilu inda suka kunna wuta a kewayen wannan toho na garin Faransa. Mazaunan Faransa da sojojin sun fara ne bayan [[Battle of Laazib Zamoum|yakin Laazib Zamoum]] don tserewa daga filin Issers zuwa [[Aljir|Algiers]], amma 'yan tawayen Aljeriya sun bi su zuwa Bordj Menaïel da aka kona a lokacin [[Battle of Bordj Ménaïel|yakin Bordj Ménaïel]], haka kuma a lokacin [[Battle of the Issers|yakin Issers]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Historique Ménerville - Ville — 1830-1962 ENCYCLOPEDIE de L'AFN |url=https://encyclopedie-afn.org/Historique_M%C3%A9nerville_-_Ville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Encyclopedie-afn.org |language=fr}}</ref> == Mazaunan Col des Beni Aïcha == Tun daga ranar 17 ga watan Mayun shekarar 1837, Kanar Maximilien Joseph Schauenburg da sojojinsa na Faransa a lokacin balaguro na Col des Beni Aïcha sun fahimci cewa iko da yankin [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] na da mahimmanci ga zaman lafiyar gabashin Algiers da Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Collection de documents concernant l'Algérie. Dossier 1 |url=https://www.siv.archives-nationales.culture.gouv.fr/siv/rechercheconsultation/consultation/ir/pdfUD.action?irId=FRAN_IR_053541&udId=c-9rdnmbxx1-ollyw9pw18xn |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=culture.gouv.fr |language=fr}}</ref> Yaƙe-yaƙe da dama sun biyo bayan juna a wannan yanki har zuwa shekara ta 1857 lokacin da aka sasanta Kabylia kuma aka fara aiwatar da mulkin mallaka da na ɗan adam a ƙasar da aka yi wa ɓarna da ta'adi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MENERVILLE - .1871: C'est le soulèvement qui embrasa la Kabylie à la suite des difficultés rencontrées - [PDF Document] |url=https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |website=fdocuments.fr |access-date=2025-06-08 |archive-date=2023-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230125135206/https://fdocuments.fr/document/menerville-1871-cest-le-soulevement-qui-embrasa-la-kabylie-a-la-suite.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Don haka a cikin watan Yulin shekarar 1860, ɗan mulkin mallaka ''Paul Just'', ɗan asalin Embrun a Hautes Alpes, bisa ga umarnin Gwamna Janar Patrice de MacMahon, ya isa ga ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' tare da rakiyar rundunar soja don samun rangwamen aikin gona. Bayan wasu mazauna da yawa, ''Paul Just'' ya gina gidaje na katako don nemo sabon mazaunin, saboda haka sunan "Ƙauyen Wooden". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville |url=https://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |access-date=16 April 2023 |website=jeanyvesthorrignac.fr |language=fr |archive-date=17 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230717235830/http://jeanyvesthorrignac.fr/wa_files/INFO_20614_20MENERVILLE.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wurin ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da sauri ya zama mai horar da wasan kwaikwayo, kuma an buɗe gidan cin abinci a wurin da ɗakin karatu na katako da kuma wurin dafa abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Menerville nos souvenirs, col des Beni aïcha, Thenia, histoire |url=http://menerville.free.fr/histoire/histoire.htm |website=menerville.free.fr}}</ref> Ƙauyen ƴan mulkin mallaka don haka ya samo asali ne a hankali daga shekarun 1860 har zuwa shekarar 1871 lokacin da Pieds-Noirs suka rayu akan ƙananan kayan ƙasa da kuma dakatar da matafiya a mataki na ƙwazo. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Algérie - Ménerville — Geneawiki |url=https://fr.geneawiki.com/index.php/Alg%C3%A9rie_-_M%C3%A9nerville |access-date=2022-09-16 |publisher=Fr.geneawiki.com |language=fr}}</ref> == Yaƙi == A ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1837, ƴan tawayen Aljeriya sun taso daga kudancin ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' da suka yi wa mulkin mallaka suka fito daga ''Palestro '''yanto, suka iso daga Issers da tudun ''Iflissen'', suka mamaye gaba ɗayan yankin ''[[Thénia|Menerville]]'' na gaba sai ''[[Thénia|Thenia]]''.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kqt9A2NX0TIC&pg=PA32|title = Lettres et carnets de route du commandant Briquelot de 1871 à 1896|isbn = 9782748113990}}</ref> Marabout [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], Cheikh na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]]'', da Marabout [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Boushaki]], Sheik na ''[[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]]'', wanda ya jagoranci wannan hari na Aljeriya a kan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa a Lower Kabylia. Daga nan ne ƴan tawayen Iflissen (Flissas), Issers, Beni Aïcha, Beni-Amran da Khachnas suka je ƙauyen ƴan mulkin mallaka na Col des Beni-Aïcha, inda mazauna garin suka samu nasarar tserewa cikin lokaci, amma wanda aka wawashe, sannan suka cinna wuta. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Revue des deux mondes |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JFpJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA631}}</ref> Hakika, da tsakar rana a ranar 19 ga watan Afrilun shekarar 1871, kusan dukkan Turawan mulkin mallaka na Faransa sun bar ƙauyen ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', kuma nan da nan 'yan tawayen [[Aljeriya]] suka mamaye unguwar. A nasa ɓangaren, [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]], ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin 'yantacciyar ƙasar ''Palestro'', ya kuma ba da umarninsa ga sojojin 'yan tawaye, yayin da yake shiryawa da kuma shirya kame Algiers. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rinn |first=Louis |year=1891 |title=Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA247}}</ref> == Kai hari == [[Fayil:Thenia_11092012.jpg|thumb| [[Thénia]]]] Bayan [[Yaƙin Alma (Algeria)|yakin Alma]] ya koma kan 'yan tawayen Aljeriya a ranar 23 ga watan Afrilun 1871, bayan isowar Kanar Alexandre Fourchault da sojojinsa na Faransa daga Algiers, 'yan Aljeriya sun dage kan [[Thénia|Col des Beni Aïcha]] don kokarin sake komawa kan Alma. Wannan shi ne yadda Kanar ''Alexandre Fourchault'', bayan ya sake kama ''Alma'', ya yi tafiya da kuzari a kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' wanda ya sake ɗauka bayan wani rikici mai tsanani a ranar 30 ga watan Afrilu 1871 tare da 'yan tawaye. Amma mutanen Aljeriya sun ci gaba da kai hari har zuwa ranar 8 ga watan Mayu 1871 suna kai farmaki kan hamlet na ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' daga kowane ɓangare, tun da yake a cikin wani kwandon ruwa mai kewaye da tsaunuka zuwa arewa da kudu. Kanar ''Fourchault'' ya killace kansa a cikin ƙauyen da aka kone kuma ya yi awon gaba da shi a lokacin da yake jiran ƙarin taimako daga Janar Orphis Léon Lallemand wanda ya taru a Alma domin ya garzaya kan ''Col des Beni Aïcha'' don yantar da shi daga rikicin [[Sheikh Mokrani|Cheikh Mokrani]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Faucon |first=Narcisse |year=1890 |title=Le livre d'or de l'Algérie: Histoire politique, militaire, administrative; événements et faits principaux; biographie des hommes ayant marqué dans l'armée, les sciences, les lettres, etc., de 1830 à 1889 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BhAqAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA314}}</ref> Ba tare da jinkiri ba, kuma ba tare da jiran ƙarfafawa ba, Janar ''Lallemand'' ya bar ''Alma'' da kansa ƙasa, kuma washegari Talata 9 ga watan Mayu 1871, da ƙarfe 3 na rana, ruƙunin sojansa ya yaɗa zango a ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', wanda ke ba da damar shiga Great Kabylia. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1873 |title=Les Arabes Martyrs. Étude sur l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pPn2uPyBm70C&pg=PA15}}</ref> == Hukunta ƙauyuka == [[Fayil:Hôpital_de_Thénia.jpg|thumb| [[Soumâa|Dutsen]] Suma.]] A ranar 7 ga watan Mayu 1871, don haka aka umarci Colonel ''Fourchault'' da ya je ya ƙone ƙauyukan ''Ammal'' da ke gefen hagu na Oued Isser, waɗanda mazaunansu suka yi watsi da su, kuma dole ne ya yi aiki da ginshiƙi mai haske na sojojin ƙasa ba jakunkuna da sojan doki ba. Karfe 11 na safe ya ladabtar da ƙauyukan ‘yan tawaye da kokarin kamo Shehunan nan guda biyu, ya dawo sansanin Alma da karfe 7 na yamma, ya kuma aika da rahoto zuwa ga Janar Lallemand inda ya ce komai ya ‘gama da kyau. Ƙauyuka biyu (decheras) da Lallemand ya so ya yi musu, an kona su ba tare da harbin bindiga ba, in ban da wasu ‘yan Aljeriya guda biyu da aka tafi da su da makamai kuma aka kashe su nan take. Masu fafutuka sun kona wasu 'yan gourbi, kuma Turcos da Zouaves sun ɗauki nauyin ganimar da aka tattara.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f284.item.r=Fourchault+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Mayu, 1871, da ƙarfe 5 na safe, shafi na Janar Lallemand ya tashi zuwa hanyar Beni-Aïcha, yana biye da tsaunuka waɗanda ke yin layin raba tsakanin kwarin Isser da na Corso. Wannan hanya tana da fa'idar kaiwa ga hanyar wucewa ta layin tudu, don guje wa matsalolin da za a shawo kan su idan dole ne mu tilasta hanyar kai tsaye. An yi babban tasha a maɓuɓɓugan Azela da Tilfaouïn. Khachna na yankin farar hula sun miƙa wuya kuma sun yi garkuwa da su; sun koma garuruwansu, ba su damu ba. Jim kaɗan kafin isa kan hanyar Beni Aïcha, Janar Lallemand ya yi shakku kan ko ƙauyukan [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela sun yi garkuwa da su. Kanar Fourchault, wanda ya yi tattaki a cikin ’yan gadi, ya tambayi jami’in kula da harkokin ƙasar da ya raka shi bayani kan wannan batu; Na karshen ya amsa da cewa bai da tabbas a kan haka, amma Janar Lallemand baya nisa a baya, kuma zai yi sauki a tuntuɓe shi. Mutanen waɗannan kauyukan sun fito daga gidajensu ba tare da makami ba, suka zo suka hadu da ginshikin domin yin biyayya. Kanar Fourchault, bisa la’akari da cewa waɗannan mutanen kauyen na cikin ‘yan tawayen da suka wawashe gidajen mashigin Beni-Aïcha, ya ba da umarnin kashe su da peloton maharba a kan dawakai waɗanda suka yi tattaki a ƙauyen, sannan wasu gungun sojoji suka bi su. Mafarautan sun kewaye mutanen [[Soumâa]], Gueddara, [[Meraldene]], Tabrahimt da Azela waɗanda suka ci gaba suka fara harbe-harbe a kusa da su. Wannan liyafar macabre da suka yi nisa ta ɗauke su, har ba su yi tunanin guduwa ba, su goma sha biyar suka faɗo matattu ɗaya bayan ɗaya. Fourchault ya zarce ƙauyen da aka yi awon gaba da shi inda sojojinsa suka harbe matan da ke gudu a cikin kwazazzabai tare da mutanen da ba a kai musu hari ba. Daya daga cikin mutanen ƙauyen da ya faɗa ƙarƙashin harsashin ya samu rauni ne kawai, sai ya tsaya babu motsi yana mai cewa ya mutu, kuma a lokacin da masu harbin suka je ɗauke masa wuta, sai ya ɗauki hanyarsa a cikin kwarin, ya yi nasarar tserewa, amma an kashe wasu maza biyar daga ƙauyukan, sannan kuma an kashe wata mata yayin da ta gudu zuwa cikin kwarin. Bayan wannan farmakin na azabtarwa, ginshiƙin Fourchault ya kafa bivouac a ƙauyen Col des Beni-Aïcha, da ƙarfe 4 na yamma bayan ya yi tafiya mai nisan kilomita 20, kuma ya sami ruwa a wurin maɓuɓɓugar ƙauyen da kuma wani maɓuɓɓugar ruwa da ke saman sansanin. An ba da umarnin tattara ayarin motocin da kayan da aka bari a Alma domin su kwana a ranar 9 ga watan Mayu suna hutawa a mashigar Beni Aïcha kafin a ci gaba da farautar 'yan tawayen.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f285.item.r=Gueddara+Khachna+Beni-Aicha+Isser.zoom|title = L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year = 1901}}</ref> == Kama Cheikhs == Kafin isa ''Col des Beni Aïcha'', Janar ''Lallemand'' ya ba da umarni a ranar 8 ga Afrilu 1871 don kama [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] da [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] a cikin matsugunansu da wuraren ɓuya a tsaunukan ''Khachna'' da ''Ammal''.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F85JAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA355|title = Histoire de l'insurrection de 1871 en Algérie|last1 = Rinn|first1 = Louis|year = 1891}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6545253w/f283.item.r=Fourchault+Ammal+Isser.zoom|title=L'Insurrection de la Grande Kabylie en 1871 / Par le colonel Robin|year=1901}}</ref> A ƙarshe [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]], da ɗan uwansa [[Abdelkader Boumerdassi]], da kuma [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki|Cheikh Mohamed Boushaki]] an fitar da su aka kama su kafin a ɗaure su.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ij5IAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA277|title = Histoire littéraire de la Nouvelle-Calédonie (1853-2005)|date = 26 March 2014|isbn = 9782811109653}}</ref> An fitar da Cheikh ''Mohamed Boumerdassi'' zuwa New Caledonia a shekara ta 1874, yana da shekaru 56 a lokacin kuma sunansa ''Mohamed ben Hamou ben Ali Boumerdassi'', mai lamba: 130133.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G-j52rZbRgEC&pg=PA20|title = Le procès Konhu en Nouvelle-Calédonie : Une nouvelle affaire Outreau ?|isbn = 9782296113879|last1 = Sarda|first1 = Gérard|year = 2010}}</ref> Bayan da aka dakile wannan tada ƙayar bayan [[Sheikh Mokrani]], an ba da sanarwar kwacewa da kuma zagon ƙasa na 'yan tawayen Aljeriya.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kGOO0NwovKMC&q=D%C3%A9portation+1874+Cal%C3%A9donie+Kabylie|title = Kabyles du Pacifique|isbn = 9782910780005|last1 = Lallaoui|first1 = Mehdi|year = 1994}}</ref> Idan an yanke wa masu tayar da ƙayar baya hukuncin kisa ko kuma yin aiki mai tsanani na rayuwa, wasu kawai an fitar da su zuwa New Caledonia bayan an kama su a kurkuku a Fort Quélern, sannan jirgin La Loire ya kai shi a kan jirgin 34 na siyasa na Aljeriya ta hanyar jirgin na tara wanda ya bar tashar jiragen ruwa na Brest a ranar 5 ga watan Oktoba 1874 da Noumé a tashar jiragen ruwa na shekarar 1874.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vdlnAAAAMAAJ&q=1874|title = Déportations en Nouvelle-Calédonie des communards et des révoltés de la Grande Kabylie (1872 à 1876)|isbn = 9782738427960|last1 = Mailhé|first1 = Germaine|year = 1994}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boumerdassi]] * [[Zawiyet Sidi Boushaki]] * [[Sheikh Boumerdassi|Cheikh Boumerdassi]] == WaHanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{YouTube|AFl6d6lFtUo|(fr) Information on the capture of Algiers in 1830}} * {{YouTube|00QiSziElDo|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Ahmed Djebbar}} * {{YouTube|jIRQIsRnAqo|1- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|txTj_wbH1EY|2- (fr) The conquest of Algeria (1830-1847)}} * {{YouTube|3Hbx7NydQUk|(fr) The conquest of Algeria: Interview with Jacques Frémeaux}} * {{YouTube|vcxv61UDufI|(fr) Conquest of Algeria - Marshal Bugeaud}} == Littattafai == * [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro (fr) Un Épisode de l'insurrection Kabyle.] [https://fr.wikisource.org/wiki/Un_%C3%89pisode_de_l%E2%80%99insurrection_Kabyle._%E2%80%94_L%E2%80%99Alma,_Palestro - L'Alma, Palestro] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kz2iouam1lwlqrhyb4x0ca0jmw7wbdx 0 102375 915288 772206 2026-09-03T07:54:20Z Lojwe 37119 915288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:GRAHAM(1887)_p275_TABARCA_CASTLE_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|400x400px|Genoese Tabarka fort, wanda aka gina a tsakiyar zamanai]] '''Yankunan Turai a Arewacin Afirka''' (a zahiri 'semi-enclaves') sun kasance garuruwa, da suke da wuraren kasuwanci a bakin tekun Bahar Rum da Atlantic na yammacin Arewacin Afirka, wanda wasu lokuta ake kira "Maghreb"), wanda wasu iko na Turai suka samu a cikin lokacin kafin su sami ikon soja don mamaye ciki (watau kafin nasarar Faransa ta Aljeriya a cikin 1830). An kafa yankuna na farko na zamani a cikin karni na 11 AZ ta Masarautar Italiya ta Sicily da Jamhuriyar Maritime; Spain da Portugal sune manyan ikon Turai da ke da hannu; duka Faransa da, a takaice, Ingila suma suna da kasancewar. Yawancin waɗannan yankuna an kwashe su a ƙarshen karni na 18, kuma a yau kawai mallakar Mutanen Espanya na [[Ceuta]], Melilla, da Plazas de soberanía sun kasance. == Abubuwan Italiya da Sicilian == [[Fayil:Regnonormanno1160.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Masarautar Norman ta Afirka a karni na 12]] [[Fayil:Tarbarka_17th_century.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Tsibirin Genoa na Tabarka a karni na 18]] A kusa da shekara ta 1000, ƙananan yankuna na 'yan kasuwa sun fara bayyana a Arewacin Afirka daga Jamhuriyar Amalfi da Jamhuriyar Pisa. A cikin 1133, Pisa ta tattauna yarjejeniyar kasuwanci tare da Almoravids, kamar yadda Genoa ya yi kimanin shekaru biyar bayan haka. Yayin da ikon Almoravid ya raunana, Jamhuriyar Maritime ta kara ƙarfin zuciya kuma Pisa ta yi ƙoƙari ta kwace tsibirin Balearic a cikin 1114 A cikin 1134, shekara guda kawai bayan sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci tare da [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]], Genoa ta kai hari kan birnin kafin ta aika da rundunar jiragen ruwa tare da Pisa don kwace [[Annaba]] a cikin 1136.<ref>Silvia Orvietani Busch (2001), ''Medieval Mediterranean Ports: The Catalan and Tuscan Coasts, 1100 to 1235'' (BRILL, {{ISBN|90-04-12069-6}}), pp.207–211</ref> Pisans da kansu sun kai hari Tabarka a cikin 1140.<ref name="JordanMcNab2015" /> Wadannan shirye-shiryen Italiyanci sun mayar da hankali musamman kan samun iko da cinikin murjani mai riba. Akwai rubuce-rubuce na yankin bakin teku na Marsacares (a yau El Kala) yana ƙarƙashin ikon, a lokuta daban-daban, na Pisa kuma daga baya, Genoa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gourdin |first=Philippe |date=1986 |title=Émigrer au XVe siècle: la communauté ligure des pêcheurs de corail de Marsacares. I. Étude de la population et des modalités de départ |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/mefr_0223-5110_1986_num_98_2_2875 |journal=Mélanges de l'École Française de Rome. Moyen-Âge, Temps Modernes |publisher=Mélanges de l'école française de Rome |volume=98 |issue=2 |pages=543–605 |doi=10.3406/mefr.1986.2875 |access-date=15 April 2018}}</ref> Zuwan Norman a Italiya ya haifar da sake mamaye Sicily (1061-1091). Roger II na Sicily ya fadada yankunansa ta hanyar karbar Djerba a cikin 1135. An biyo bayan kwace wasu biranen bakin teku na Tunisia, wanda ya haifar da kafa wani ɗan gajeren lokaci wanda wani lokacin ake kira Masarautar Norman ta Afirka. Bayan kwashewar Mahdia a cikin 1160, Norman sun daina sarrafa duk wani wuri a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka. A cikin 1284 sabon mai mulkin Aragon na Sicily, Frederick III, ya sake mamaye Djerba kuma ya riƙe shi har zuwa 1333 . Manfredi Chiaramonte ne ya sake dawo da shi zuwa Sicily, wanda ya zama ubangijin tsibirin, kuma ya kwace Tsibirin Kerkennah. Sojojin Sicilian sun bar tsibirin a cikin 1392, shekara bayan Chiaramonte ya mutu. Bayan wannan, mallakar Italiya kawai a Arewacin Afirka ta kasance ta [[Genoa]], wanda ke riƙe da Jijel (Algeria) da Tabarka (Tunisia), yana riƙe da ƙarshen daga 1540 zuwa 1742. Daga Yamma zuwa Gabas: * Jijel (''Djidjelli'') (a lokaci-lokaci kafin 1514) * Mers el-Kharez (''Marsacares'') a yau El Kala (karni na 11 zuwa 12) * Tabarka (''Tabarca'') (1540-1742) * [[Masarautar Afrika|Masarautar Norman ta Afirka]] (1148-1160) * Djerba (''Gerba'') (1135-1158, 1284-1333, 1389-1392) == Abubuwan Portuguese == [[Fayil:Algarve_de_Além-Mar.svg|right|thumb|Abubuwan Portuguese a Arewacin Afirka]] Kasancewar Portuguese a Arewacin Afirka ya samo asali ne daga mulkin Sarki João I wanda ya jagoranci cin nasarar Ceuta a cikin 1415. kuma ya ci gaba har sai an watsar da El Jadida a shekara ta 1769. Yankunan, galibi a bakin tekun Atlantika na [[Moroko|Maroko]], an san su a Portugal da "'''Algarve-Beyond-the-Sea'''" ('Algarve de Além-Mar'), ko '''Algarve na Afirka''', ya bambanta da "Algarve na Turai".{{Sfn|Coates|2001}} Paparoma Martin V ya amince da karbar Ceuta a matsayin yaƙi. Kasancewar birnin bai kawo fa'idodi na tattalin arziki ga Portugal ba duk da haka, yayin da kasuwanci kawai ya koma wasu biranen yankin. Dangane da haka, magajin João Sarki Duarte ya yi ƙoƙari ya karɓi [[Tanja|Tangier]] a cikin 1437, amma bai iya yin hakan ba. Ba har sai mulkin ɗan Duarte Afonso V ba ne Portugal ta sami damar fadada dukiyarta a Arewacin Afirka, ta ɗauki Ksar es-Seghir a cikin 1458 da Arcila a cikin 1471.{{Sfn|Coates|2001}} Ya kuma sake karbar Tangier, amma bai iya riƙe shi ba.[18] An san Afonso da sunan o Africano (Afirka) saboda nasarorin da ya samu, kuma shi ne mai mulkin Portugal na farko da ya dauki taken 'Sarkin Portugal da Algarves a wannan gefen da kuma bayan teku a Afirka'. A cikin 1486 magajinsa Joao II ya kwace kuma ya karfafa El Jadida (Mazagan) yayin da Portuguese suka ci gaba da tafiyarsu ta kudu zuwa Guinea. Shekaru biyu bayan haka ya yarda da mika wuya ga gwamnan Safi. Sauran nasarorin Portuguese a Maroko sun sami nasarar sarki Manuel I - [[Agadir]], Essaouira da Azemmour.[23]{{Sfn|Coates|2001}} An sake dawo da El Jadida bayan asarar da ta gabata, kuma a cikin 1508 an kafa mulkin kai tsaye a kan Safi.{{Sfn|Sarmento|2011}}{{Sfn|Levtzion|1977}} An kama Mehdya a shekara ta 1515, kodayake an rasa shi ba da daɗewa ba a shekara ta 1541.{{Sfn|Elbl|2000}} Tsohon sansanin 'yan fashi a Anfa, wanda Portuguese suka lalata a 1468, kafin su sake zama da kuma karfafa shi a 1515, ya zama sananne da "Casa Branca", saboda haka, a ƙarshe, [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]].{{Sfn|Park|Boum|2005}}{{Sfn|Ciment|2003}} A lokacin Joao III, daular Portugal ta fadada a duniya. A cikin wannan mahallin, riƙewa ko watakila fadada dukiya a Maroko ba ta da jan hankali na tattalin arziki kuma tana da alama ba za a iya jurewa ba a cikin sharuddan soja. A shekara ta 1541 Agadir ya fada hannun Yarima Saadi Moulay Muhammad, kuma a wannan shekarar, Portugal ta rasa Safi da Azamor.{{Sfn|Bunes Ibarra|1989}}{{Sfn|White|2004–2005}} A shekara ta 1550, sun ci gaba da rasa Ksar es-Seghir da Arcila.[34] A shekara ta 1577 Sebastian I na Portugal ya sami damar sake mamaye Arcila, kodayake Mai mulkin Saadi [[Ahmad al-Mansur|Almanzor]] ya karbe shi a shekara ta 1589.{{Sfn|Devezas|Modelski|2008}} Duk da haka bala'in Sebastian a Maroko ya kashe shi kuma ya kawo karshen zamanin fadada Portuguese. Lalle ne, ya haifar da lalacewar jihar Portuguese mai zaman kanta tsakanin 1580 da 1640. A shekara ta 1640 Portugal ta sake samun 'yancin kanta, amma Ceuta ta zaɓi ta kasance tare da Spain, yanayin da aka amince da shi a hukumance a Yarjejeniyar Lisbon (1668) .{{Sfn|Rodríguez Hernández|2015}} Bayan wannan Portugal ta riƙe yankuna uku kawai a Arewacin Afirka - Tangier, Casablanca da El Jadida . An ba da Tangier ga Ingila a cikin 1661 a ƙarƙashin Yarjejeniyar Aure a matsayin wani ɓangare na sadaki na Catherine na Braganza, kuma an watsar da Casablanca bayan girgizar ƙasar Lisbon ta 1755.{{Sfn|Martínez Ruiz|2005}}{{Sfn|Ciment|2003}} A karkashin kewaye da Muhammad III, an kwashe El Jadida a ranar 10 ga Maris 1769, wanda ya kawo karshen kasancewar Portuguese a Arewacin Afirka. Daga Yamma zuwa Gabas: * [[Agadir]] (''Santa Cruz do Cabo de Gué'') (1505-1541) * Essaouira (''Mogador'') (1506-1525) * Souira Guedima (Aguz) (1506-1525) * Safi (Safim) (1488-1541) * Jadida (''Mazagão'') (1486-1769) * Azemmour (''Azamor'') (1513-1541) * [[Kasabalanka|Casablanca]] (Anfa / Casa Branca) (1515-1755) * Asilah (''Arzila'') (1471-1550 da 1577-1589) * [[Tanja|Tangier]] (''Tànger'') (1471-1661) * Ksar es-Seghir (Alcácer-Ceguer) (1458-1550) * [[Ceuta]] (1415-1640) == Abubuwan Mutanen Espanya == Bayan sun kama [[Granada]] a cikin 1492, Sarakunan Katolika na Spain sun so su faɗaɗa Reconquista a fadin Straits na Gibraltar . [[Fayil:Spanish_mediterranean_1519.jpg|left|thumb|250x250px|"Plazas fuertes" da dukiyar Spain a cikin 1519 a Arewacin Afirka]] Bayan sun sami [[Tsibirin Kanariyas|Tsibirin Canary]] daga bakin tekun Maroko a cikin 1496, sun ɗauki manyan gadaje da yawa a kan ƙasar Afirka, na farko Melilla (1497), sannan Cazaza da Mers El Kébir (1505). Tsakanin 1508 da 1510 sun faɗaɗa yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin ikonsu a ko'ina, suna ɗaukar Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508), sannan kuma manyan biranen bakin teku - [[Oran]] (1509), [[Aljir|Algiers]] (1510), [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]] (1510) da Tripoli (1510) da kewayenta a bakin tekun Libya. Spain duk da haka ba ta da hanyar soja don fadada yankin mulkinta. Wannan iyakantaccen nasara ya sa sarakunan musulmai na yankin a Arewacin Afirka su ƙarfafa Oruç Reis ya kai hari kan matsayin Mutanen Espanya da kuma kai hare-hare a kan Andalucia, Valencia da Alicante. A shekara ta 1516, shekarar da Sarki Ferdinand ya mutu, Oruç ya kama Algiers kuma ya kori Mutanen Espanya. Wanda ya gaji Ferdinand Sarkin sarakuna Charles V ya yi niyyar sake dawo da Algiers kuma ya kawo karshen barazanar fashi da Oruç ta kawo. Charles ya sauka a [[Oran]], kuma sojojin Spain sun kashe Oruç a [[Tlemcen]] a shekara ta 1518. Koyaya Charles bai iya riƙe iko da yankunan da ya karbe ba, kuma ɗan'uwan Oruç Hayreddin Barbarossa ya sami kariya daga [[Daular Usmaniyya|Daular Ottoman]] ta hanyar sanya Algiers a ƙarƙashinsa. A lokacin da Philip II na Spain ya hau gadon sarauta na Portugal a cikin 1580 da kuma na Spain, duk mallakar Mutanen Espanya a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka sun riga sun ɓace, ban da Melilla, Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera, da [[Oran]]-Mers El Kébir (Mazalquivir) yayin da [[Ceuta]], [[Tanja|Tangier]], Arcila da El Jadida ne kawai suka rage daga yankunan Portuguese. Kodayake Philip III na Spain ya sami Larache (1610) da La Mamora (1614) a Maroko, tasowa na Daular Alaouite ya haifar da asarar tsoffin dukiya da yawa ga mulkin musulmi. Bayan mutuwar [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Moulay Ismail]] (1672-1727), yankunan da suka rage a Spain sune Ceuta (wanda aka samu daga Portugal a 1640), Melilla, Tsibirin Alhucemas (wanda aka mamaye a 1673) da Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera . [[Fayil:Melilla_1909.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Melilla da Peñón de Alhucemas a cikin 1909.]] [[Fayil:Mapa_del_sur_de_España_neutral.png|right|thumb|300x300px|Sauran wuraren mulkin mallaka na Mutanen Espanya a Arewacin Afirka.]] Mai mulkin Bourbon na farko na Spain Philip V ya so ya sake kafa ikon Mutanen Espanya a bakin tekun Aljeriya, kuma a cikin 1732 ya aika da balaguro wanda ya sake karbar Oran da Mers El Kebir. Biranen sun kasance a ƙarƙashin mulkin Mutanen Espanya har sai girgizar ƙasa ta lalata su duka a cikin 1790. Mutanen Espanya sun kwashe shi a farkon shekara ta 1792 kuma ya sake zama ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oranesado |url=http://blogs.ua.es/oranesado/historia/}}</ref> * Daha-linkid="215" href="./Dakhla,_Western_Sahara" id="mwAaQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Dakhla, Western Sahara">Dakhla (Dajla, tsohon ''Villa Cisneros'') (1502) * Santa Cruz de la Mar Pequeña (daga baya ''Puerto Cansado'') (1510-1644) * Mehdya (La ''Mamora'') (1614-1681) <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Morgado García |first=Arturo Jesús |year=1998–1999<!--|páginas=73-96--> |title=Las relaciones entre Cádiz y el norte de África en el siglo XVII |url=http://revistas.uca.es/index.php/trocadero/article/viewFile/777/643 |journal=Trocadero: Revista de historia moderna y contemporanea |volume=10–11 |page=75 |issn=0214-4212}}</ref> * Larache (1610-1689) da Asilah ({{Lang|es|Arcila}}, c. 1604-1691) (duka kuma suna cikin ɓangaren kariya na Mutanen Espanya na Maroko 1912-1956) * [[Ceuta]] (tun daga shekara ta 1640) * Peñón de Vélez de la Gomera (1508-1522; tun 1564) * Tsibirin Alhucemas (tun daga shekara ta 1559) * Cazaza (1505-1533) * Melilla (tun daga shekara ta 1497) * Honaine (''Hunaín'') (1531-1535) * Tekun El Kébir (''Mazalquivir'') (1505-1708, 1732-1792) * [[Oran]] (1509-1708, 1732-1791) * Peñón na Algiers (1510-1529) * [[Aljir|Algiers]] (''Algiers'') (1510-1516) * [[Béjaïa|Bejaia]] (''Bugia'') (1510-1555) * [[Annaba]] (''Bona'') (1535-1540) * Bizerte (''Bizerta'') (1535-1573) * La Goleta (1535-1574) * [[Tunis]] (Túnez) (1573-1574) (mai kariya ta Spain daga 1535 zuwa 1569 bayan yakin 1535) * Sousse (''Susa'') (1537-1574) * Masallaci (1550-1554) * Mahdiya (1550-1553) * Djerba (Yerba) (1521-1524 da 1559-1560) * [[Tripoli]] (1510-1530; sannan aka ba da shi ga Knights Hospitaller, a ƙarshe ya ɓace a 1551) == Abubuwan Faransanci == [[Fayil:Bastion_de_france_barbarie.jpg|thumb|Hoton Bastion na Faransa]] Haɗin gwiwar Franco-Ottoman na 1536 ya kafa yanayin ga mallakar Faransa ta farko a bakin tekun Arewacin Afirka. A cikin 1550 Dey na Algiers, Turgut Reis, ya ba da damar kamun kifi a bakin tekun Massacares, kusa da [[Annaba]], ga Tomasino Lenche (c.1510-1568), ɗan kasuwa na [[Marseille]]. A shekara mai zuwa, Henry II na Faransa ya ba shi irin wannan iko (wanda Charles IX ya sabunta a 1560). Sultan Selim II ya ba Faransa izinin kasuwanci a kan tashar jiragen ruwa na Malfacarel, la Calla (El Kala), Collo, Cap Rose (Cap Rosa) da Bone ([[Annaba]]). A shekara ta 1552 an ba Lenche izini don gina kasancewar Faransanci na farko a bakin tekun, sansanin da aka sani da 'Bastion de France'. Tomasino Lenche ya kammala ginin Bastion de France a cikin 1560 kuma ya kafa Kamfanin Magnificent Coral (la Magnifique Compagnie du Corail) don cinikin albarkatun bakin teku.[1] Daga wannan tushe, ba da daɗewa ba Tomasino ya bambanta zuwa sayar da bindigogi, foda da sauran makamai ga Dey. Duk da haka, arzikin Lenches ya jawo hankalin Algiers, wanda ya kwace Bastion a shekara ta 1564. Lenche ya sami damar sake kafa kansa a can bayan wani lokaci, amma a watan Yunin 1604, sojoji daga Annaba sun rushe Bastion de France tare da taimakon jiragen ruwa daga Algiers da raïs Mourad ya aiko.[2] Daga bisani aka mayar da sansanin ga Lenches bayan shigar da Henry IV na Faransa. An sake kai wani hari na Aljeriya a shekara ta 1615, amma a shekara mai zuwa kyaftin din Jacques Vinciguerra ya sake tabbatar da ikon Lenche. A ƙarshe, a cikin 1619, Tomaso II Lenche ya sayar da haƙƙinsa ga bastion ga Charles, Duke na Guise. [[Fayil:Vue_de_la_colonie_la_calle_1788.jpg|right|thumb|400x400px|Ra'ayi na mulkin mallaka na El Kala (La Calle), 1788. A wannan lokacin Bastion ya zo ƙarƙashin ikon Kamfanin Royal Africa na Faransa kuma ba a gudanar da shi a matsayin mai zaman kansa ba]] Bayan kusan shekaru goma, a ranar 19 ga Satumba 1628, {{Interlanguage link|Sanson Napollon|it}} , magajin Lenche, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar kasuwanci tare da Algiers kuma ya farfado da wuraren kasuwanci a Annaba, La Calle da Bastion de France.[it] Kazalika da girbi murjani, ya kuma bude wani wurin kasuwanci da ke sayar da alkama a Cap Rosa . A shekara ta 1631 Louis XIII ya nada Napollon gwamna na Bastion, ya sa daga baya ya zama mallakar kambi maimakon na Duke na Guise. Koyaya an kashe Napollon a lokacin wani hari na Genoese a cikin 1633, kuma a cikin 1637 wani jirgin ruwa na Aljeriya a ƙarƙashin Ali Bitchin ya kwace kuma ya lalata duk wuraren kasuwanci na Faransa da na bakin teku. A shekara ta 1664, Louis na sha huɗu ya kafa balaguro (wanda aka sani da balaguron Djidjelli) don karɓar birnin Jijel kuma ya yi amfani da shi a matsayin tushe game da fashi. An kama birnin, amma bayan da suka rike shi na watanni uku kawai, Faransanci sun janye, sun watsar da shi. A cikin 1682 kuma a cikin 1683 Admiral Duquesne ya jefa bam a Algiers a matsayin wani ɓangare na kamfen ɗin Faransa game da fashi, kuma a cikin shekara ta 1684 Dey na Algiers ya sanya hannu kan sabon yarjejeniya tare da de Tourville . An tabbatar da mallakar Faransanci na Bastion de France na tsawon shekaru 100, kuma an dawo da haƙƙoƙin da suka gabata a La Calle, Cap Rose, Annaba, da Béjaïa. Yarjejeniyar 1684 ta kuma sauya waɗannan haƙƙoƙin daga Napollon zuwa M. Denis Dussault, kafin, a ƙarƙashin wata yarjejeniya da aka sanya hannu a cikin 1690, an ba da duk haƙƙoƙi a cikin waɗannan izini ga Kamfanin Afirka na Faransa.[1] Kamfanin Afirka na Faransa nan da nan ya watsar da Bastion kuma ya kafa kasuwancinsa a la Calle, inda ya ci gaba da aiki har sai an rufe shi a cikin shekara ta 1799. A cikin 1807 Dey na Algiers ya ba da duk tsoffin haƙƙin Faransa don wuraren kasuwanci da tushe ga Ƙasar Ingila, kuma ba a mayar da su ga Faransa ba har sai Majalisa ta Vienna. A lokacin rikicin diflomasiyya na 1827 tsakanin Algiers da Faransa, Faransanci sun watsar da la Calle, kuma Aljeriyawa sun lalata shi da sauri. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru sun kasance farkon nasarar Faransa a Aljeriya a cikin 1830 == Abubuwan Ingilishi == [[Fayil:Wenceslas_Hollar_-_Tangier_from_the_S.W..jpg|thumb|280x280px|Turanci Tangier a kusa da 1670 ta Wenceslaus Hollar]] Portugal ta ba da [[Tanja|Tangier]] (1661-1684) ga Ingila a matsayin wani ɓangare na sadaki ga Catherine na Braganza lokacin da ta auri Charles II na Ingila. Koyaya ƙauyen yana da tsada don karewa da ƙarfafawa daga hare-haren [[Ismail Ibn Sharif|Moulay Ismail]] kuma bai ba da fa'idar kasuwanci ko soja ga Ingila ba. A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1684 an kai sojojin Ingila gida, an rushe ganuwar, kuma an lalata kwayar da ke cikin tashar jiragen ruwa. ==Hoto== <gallery mode=packed> File:Agadir, Morocco (5398038116) (2).jpg|Ganuwar birnin Agadir File:Essaouira citadel.JPG|Katangar Fotugis na Essaouira File:Souira Qdima fort 01.jpg|Katangar Souira Guedima File:Safi1 (js).jpg|Ganuwar gabar teku ta Safi File:Forteresse Jadida 03 (cropped).JPG|Katangar El Jadida File:Azzemour,wall.jpg|Ganuwar Azemmour File:Muralha de Arzila 1.jpg|Ganuwar gabar teku ta Asilah File:Muralla, Tánger, Marruecos, 2015-12-11, DD 69-71 HDR.JPG|Ganuwar birnin Tangier File:Ceuta Spain (cropped).jpg|Ganuwar Sarauta ta Ceuta File:Velez de la Gomera.jpg|Peñón de Vélez File:Melilla un día de regatas.jpg|Melilla File:Spanish fortress mers El kebir.jpg|Mers El Kébir File:Bordj Moussa.jpeg|Katangar Sifaniyanci (''Bordj Moussa'') a Béjaïa File:El Kala Port.jpg|El Kala ko ''La Calle'', tsohuwar Bastion de France File:Tabarka, décembre 2014 (14).jpg|Katangar Genoa ta Tabarka File:LA GOULETTE 1.JPG|La Goulette File:Chikly avec le Djebel Zaghouan en arrière-plan.jpg|Katangar Sifaniyanci ta tsibirin Chikly a Tafkin Tunis File:Borj Ghazi Mustapha, 2018-2.jpg|Borj El Kebir a Djerba File:Red Castle Of Tripoli.jpg|Gidan Ganuwa Ja na Tripoli </gallery> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 72fu24clos4i8sjkl2soex2xivnaq40 0 104456 915365 654079 2026-09-03T10:04:55Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915365 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Yin aiki da doka aiki ne na wasu membobin gwamnati ko wasu cibiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin tsari don tabbatar da doka ta hanyar bincike, hanawa, gyarawa, ko hukunta mutanen da suka saba wa ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi da ke tafiyar da wannan al'umma<ref>New Law Journal - Volume 123, Part 1 - Page 358, 1974</ref> Kalmar ta ƙunshi 'yan sanda, kotu da gyare-gyare. Wadannan sassa uku na tsarin shari'ar laifuka na iya yin aiki ba tare da juna ba ko kuma tare ta hanyar amfani da raba rikodin da haɗin kai. A ko’ina cikin duniya, jami’an tsaro suna da alaka da kare jama’a, rayuka, dukiyoyi, da kiyaye zaman lafiya a cikin al’umma<ref>"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics"</ref> Manufar aiwatar da doka ta samo asali ne tun zamanin da, kuma nau'ikan bin doka da oda sun wanzu ta fuskoki daban-daban a cikin al'ummomin ɗan adam. Lambobin shari'ar jihar na zamani suna amfani da kalmar jami'in tilasta doka ko jami'in zaman lafiya don haɗa duk mutumin da majalisar dokoki ta ba shi mai ikon ƴan sanda ko iko; a al'adance, duk wanda aka rantse ko aka yi masa lamba wanda zai iya kama kowane mutum da laifin karya dokar aikata laifuka, yana cikin tsarin aiki na tabbatar da doka. ==Tarihi== Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin bayani don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2022) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon) Duba kuma: 'Yan sanda § Tarihi, da Tarihin shari'ar aikata laifuka <ref>"Metropolitan Police's proud boast sets off police alarm in Glasgow"</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda na Toronto a 1883 Ƙungiyoyin tilasta bin doka sun kasance a zamanin da, kamar su shugabanni a tsohuwar China, paqudus a Babila, curaca a cikin Daular Inca, vigiles a cikin Daular Roma, da Medjay a tsohuwar Masar. Wanene masu tilasta doka kuma aka ruwaito sun dogara da wayewa kuma sau da yawa suna canzawa a tsawon lokaci, amma yawanci bayi ne mutane, sojoji, jami'an alkali, ko hayar gidaje da gidaje. Baya ga ayyukansu na tabbatar da doka, yawancin tsoffin masu tilasta doka sun kasance masu kama bayi, masu kashe gobara, masu gadi, masu gadin birni, da masu gadi. <ref>Kären M. Hess, Christine Hess Orthmann, Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (2008), p. 1.</ref> A zamanin baya-bayan nan da tsakiyar zamanai, sojoji irin su Santa Hermandades, shurta, da Maréchaussée sun ba da sabis tun daga tilasta bin doka da kariya ta mutum zuwa tilasta bin doka da tattara shara. A Ingila, wani hadadden tsarin tilasta doka ya fito, inda zakka, kungiyoyin iyalai goma, ke da alhakin tabbatar da kyawawan halaye da kama masu laifi; Ƙungiyoyin zakka goma ("ɗaruruwan") suna kula da su ta hanyar reve; ɗaruruwan sun kasance suna gudanar da ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa da aka sani da shires; kuma shire-shire ne ke kula da shi. A cikin feudal Japan, samurai ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da dokoki. <ref>"Bicentenaire : theme_expo4". 2008-05-06. Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2022-10-26.</ref> ==Manazarta== a1pqqbmnf2l9co9qjszinojjcbzlwl9 915366 915365 2026-09-03T10:05:09Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915366 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Yin aiki da doka aiki ne na wasu membobin gwamnati ko wasu cibiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin tsari don tabbatar da doka ta hanyar bincike, hanawa, gyarawa, ko hukunta mutanen da suka saba wa ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi da ke tafiyar da wannan al'umma<ref>New Law Journal - Volume 123, Part 1 - Page 358, 1974</ref> Kalmar ta ƙunshi 'yan sanda, kotu da gyare-gyare. Wadannan sassa uku na tsarin shari'ar laifuka na iya yin aiki ba tare da juna ba ko kuma tare ta hanyar amfani da raba rikodin da haɗin kai. A ko’ina cikin duniya, jami’an tsaro suna da alaka da kare jama’a, rayuka, dukiyoyi, da kiyaye zaman lafiya a cikin al’umma<ref>"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics"</ref> Manufar aiwatar da doka ta samo asali ne tun zamanin da, kuma nau'ikan bin doka da oda sun wanzu ta fuskoki daban-daban a cikin al'ummomin ɗan adam. Lambobin shari'ar jihar na zamani suna amfani da kalmar jami'in tilasta doka ko jami'in zaman lafiya don haɗa duk mutumin da majalisar dokoki ta ba shi mai ikon ƴan sanda ko iko; a al'adance, duk wanda aka rantse ko aka yi masa lamba wanda zai iya kama kowane mutum da laifin karya dokar aikata laifuka, yana cikin tsarin aiki na tabbatar da doka. ==Tarihi== Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin bayani don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana kuma iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2022) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon) Duba kuma: 'Yan sanda § Tarihi, da Tarihin shari'ar aikata laifuka <ref>"Metropolitan Police's proud boast sets off police alarm in Glasgow"</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda na Toronto a 1883 Ƙungiyoyin tilasta bin doka sun kasance a zamanin da, kamar su shugabanni a tsohuwar China, paqudus a Babila, curaca a cikin Daular Inca, vigiles a cikin Daular Roma, da Medjay a tsohuwar Masar. Wanene masu tilasta doka kuma aka ruwaito sun dogara da wayewa kuma sau da yawa suna canzawa a tsawon lokaci, amma yawanci bayi ne mutane, sojoji, jami'an alkali, ko hayar gidaje da gidaje. Baya ga ayyukansu na tabbatar da doka, yawancin tsoffin masu tilasta doka sun kasance masu kama bayi, masu kashe gobara, masu gadi, masu gadin birni, da masu gadi. <ref>Kären M. Hess, Christine Hess Orthmann, Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (2008), p. 1.</ref> A zamanin baya-bayan nan da tsakiyar zamanai, sojoji irin su Santa Hermandades, shurta, da Maréchaussée sun ba da sabis tun daga tilasta bin doka da kariya ta mutum zuwa tilasta bin doka da tattara shara. A Ingila, wani hadadden tsarin tilasta doka ya fito, inda zakka, kungiyoyin iyalai goma, ke da alhakin tabbatar da kyawawan halaye da kama masu laifi; Ƙungiyoyin zakka goma ("ɗaruruwan") suna kula da su ta hanyar reve; ɗaruruwan sun kasance suna gudanar da ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa da aka sani da shires; kuma shire-shire ne ke kula da shi. A cikin feudal Japan, samurai ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da dokoki. <ref>"Bicentenaire : theme_expo4". 2008-05-06. Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2022-10-26.</ref> ==Manazarta== 6l1eh14dyslkejn6uml0rl463bmce87 915367 915366 2026-09-03T10:05:27Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915367 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Yin aiki da doka aiki ne na wasu membobin gwamnati ko wasu cibiyoyin zamantakewa waɗanda ke aiki a cikin tsari don tabbatar da doka ta hanyar bincike, hanawa, gyarawa, ko hukunta mutanen da suka saba wa ƙa'idodi da ƙa'idodi da ke tafiyar da wannan al'umma<ref>New Law Journal - Volume 123, Part 1 - Page 358, 1974</ref> Kalmar ta ƙunshi 'yan sanda, kotu da gyare-gyare. Wadannan sassa uku na tsarin shari'ar laifuka na iya yin aiki ba tare da juna ba ko kuma tare ta hanyar amfani da raba rikodin da haɗin kai. A ko’ina cikin duniya, jami’an tsaro suna da alaka da kare jama’a, rayuka, dukiyoyi, da kiyaye zaman lafiya a cikin al’umma<ref>"Law Enforcement Code of Ethics"</ref> Manufar aiwatar da doka ta samo asali ne tun zamanin da, kuma nau'ikan bin doka da oda sun wanzu ta fuskoki daban-daban a cikin al'ummomin ɗan adam. Lambobin shari'ar jihar na zamani suna amfani da kalmar jami'in tilasta doka ko jami'in zaman lafiya don haɗa duk mutumin da majalisar dokoki ta ba shi mai ikon ƴan sanda ko iko; a al'adance, duk wanda aka rantse ko aka yi masa lamba wanda zai iya kama kowane mutum da laifin karya dokar aikata laifuka, yana cikin tsarin aiki na tabbatar da doka. ==Tarihi== Wannan sashe yana buƙatar ƙarin bayani don tabbatarwa. Da fatan za a taimaka inganta wannan labarin ta ƙara ambato zuwa amintattun tushe a wannan sashe. Ana kuma iya ƙalubalanci abubuwan da ba a samo su ba kuma a cire su. (Oktoba 2022) (Koyi yadda da lokacin cire wannan saƙon) Duba kuma: 'Yan sanda § Tarihi, da Tarihin shari'ar aikata laifuka <ref>"Metropolitan Police's proud boast sets off police alarm in Glasgow"</ref> Jami'an 'yan sanda na Toronto a 1883 Ƙungiyoyin tilasta bin doka sun kasance a zamanin da, kamar su shugabanni a tsohuwar China, paqudus a Babila, curaca a cikin Daular Inca, vigiles a cikin Daular Roma, da Medjay a tsohuwar Masar. Wanene masu tilasta doka kuma aka ruwaito sun dogara da wayewa kuma sau da yawa suna canzawa a tsawon lokaci, amma yawanci bayi ne mutane, sojoji, jami'an alkali, ko hayar gidaje da gidaje. Baya ga ayyukansu na tabbatar da doka, yawancin tsoffin masu tilasta doka sun kasance masu kama bayi, masu kashe gobara, masu gadi, masu gadin birni, da masu gadi. <ref>Kären M. Hess, Christine Hess Orthmann, Introduction to Law Enforcement and Criminal Justice (2008), p. 1.</ref> A zamanin baya-bayan nan da tsakiyar zamanai, sojoji irin su Santa Hermandades, shurta, da Maréchaussée sun ba da sabis tun daga tilasta bin doka da kariya ta mutum zuwa tilasta bin doka da tattara shara. A Ingila, wani hadadden tsarin tilasta doka ya fito, inda zakka, ƙungiyoyin iyalai goma, ke da alhakin tabbatar da kyawawan halaye da kama masu laifi; Ƙungiyoyin zakka goma ("ɗaruruwan") suna kula da su ta hanyar reve; ɗaruruwan sun kasance suna gudanar da ƙungiyoyin gudanarwa da aka sani da shires; kuma shire-shire ne ke kula da shi. A cikin feudal Japan, samurai ne ke da alhakin aiwatar da dokoki. <ref>"Bicentenaire : theme_expo4". 2008-05-06. Archived from the original on 2008-05-06. Retrieved 2022-10-26.</ref> ==Manazarta== q827jknxb5ua5nx67e2due13yquxkjn 0 106032 915215 891403 2026-09-03T04:52:32Z Ummeeterh 31568 915215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox musical artist|image=Portrait of Ifeanyi Ibegbunam otherwise known as Fecko.jpg|caption=|Birth_name=Ifeanyi Chukwuebuka Ibegbunam|Alias=Fecko the Emcee|birth_place=[[Anambra]], Nigeria {{Infobox person | child = yes | alma_mater = [[Birmingham City University]] }}|Genre=[[Hip Hop]], [[Afrobeats]]|Occupation=[[Musician]]|Years_active=2006-present}} '''Ifeanyi Chukwuebuka Ibegbunam''' Wanda aka fi sani da Fecko (a lokutan baya Fecko the Emcee), Mawaƙin hip hop ne a [[Nijeriya]]. A ranar 13 ga watan [[Satumba]] 2023, mujallar Afirka ta Kudu, mujallar ''The Hype'' ta bayyana Fecko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mawakan rap guda biyar (5) na Afirka da ya kamata a sani a nahiyar Afirka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lesiba |date=2023-09-13 |title=5 African Rappers You Should Check Out |url=https://hypemagazine.co.za/2023/09/13/5-african-rappers-you-should-check-out/ |access-date=2023-09-17 |website=[[Hype (magazine)|Hype]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi a Jihar [[Anambra]], [[Najeriya|Najeriya,]] kuma ya girma a unguwannin wajen garin [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]], [[Mushin (Nijeriya)|Mushin]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gachanja |first=Nelly |date=2021-02-05 |title=Interview With Nigerian Emcee Fecko Winner Of The Mic Africa Music Competition - Africa.com |url=https://www.africa.com/interview-with-nigerian-emcee-fecko-winner-of-the-mic-africa-music-competition/ |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=www.africa.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Fecko ya kammala karatun sa a fannin [[Kimiyyar muhalli|Ilimin Halitta na Muhalli]] daga Kwalejin Ilimi ta Yaba (Yaba College of Education) kuma tsohon ɗalibin Jami'ar Birmingham City ne a Ingila (United Kingdom) inda ya sami digiri na biyu (MA) a cikin Gudanar da zane(Design management).<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-01-18 |title=Fecko |url=https://www.musicinafrica.net/directory/fecko |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Music In Africa |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bridging Innovation and Industry: Empowering MA Design Management Students as Future Water Sector Leaders |url=https://www.bcu.ac.uk/blog/architecture/bridging-innovation-and-industry-empowering-ma-design-management-students-as-future-water-sector-leaders |access-date=2025-06-21 |website=[[Birmingham City University]] |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Sana'a == Fecko ya fara aikinsa na kiɗa a cikin shekara ta 2006 lokacin da ya rubuta kundi na farko wanda ba a fitar da shi a hukumance a dandamali masu gudana ba. Ya yi aiki tare da M.I Abaga, The Lady Of Rage, Doug E Fresh, Mode 9, da Khaligraph Jones. Wasannin shi mai tsawo, "Afrobeat, Rhythm and Truth" an yi amfani da shi a kan shirin Afrocity, wani takaitaccen jerin shirin yanar gizo na [[Ndani TV]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alake |first=Motolani |date=2021-05-31 |title=Fecko features MI Abaga, Doug E Fresh and Lady Of Rage on new single, 'Moment Of Victory' |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fecko-features-mi-abaga-doug-e-fresh-and-lady-of-rage-on-new-single-moment-of-victory/wxt9sk3 |access-date=2023-02-17 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2023-02-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217085415/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/music/fecko-features-mi-abaga-doug-e-fresh-and-lady-of-rage-on-new-single-moment-of-victory/wxt9sk3 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Fecko shine mai karɓar bakuncin Eko wanda ya tsira, shine podcast wanda ya bayyana a Legas ta hanyar ruwan tabarau na [[Lagos (jiha)|Lagosians]] da ke zaune a cikin birnin da kuma kasar waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surviving Eko with Fecko • A podcast on Spotify for Podcasters |url=https://anchor.fm/survivingeko |access-date=2023-03-21 |website=Spotify for Podcasters |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:Fecko_performance_picture.jpg|thumb|Fecko yana aikin Yakin Shekara ta 2015]] === A matsayin mai waƙa === {| class="wikitable" !Taken !Shekara !Album |- |"Trappin" {{Small|(Fimzy featuring Fecko, [[Blaqbonez]])}} |2019 |Waƙoƙin da ba na kundi ba |- |"Bipolar" {{Small|(Neky featuring Fecko)}} | rowspan="2" |2022 |''Nghota'' |- |"Ku zo hanyar da nake da ita" {{Small|(DJ Equaliza featuring Fecko)}} | rowspan="2" |Waƙoƙin da ba na kundi ba |- |"Ku Yi Ni Da Ƙarya" {{Small|(RXTHERAPPER featuring Fecko)}} | |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 2cbqgmo6g4p2qri9hutf0mxopaegcue 0 107507 915359 671318 2026-09-03T10:02:26Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915359 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wariyar launin fata na muhalli''' wani nau'i ne na wariyar launin fata na hukumomi, wanda mutane masu launin fata ke ɗaukar nauyin da bai dace ba na cutar da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawar sharar gida mai haɗari da kuma sakamakon bala'o'i. Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli tana fallasa ’yan asalin Amirkawa, Ba-Amurkawa, Ba-Amurka, Asiyawa, Tsibirin Pacific, da al'ummar Hispanic ga haɗarin lafiyar jiki kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar hankali. Yana haifar da bambance-bambance a fannonin rayuwa daban-daban, kamar sufuri, gidaje, da damar tattalin arziki.<ref>McCall, Machara. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE U.S. EPA'S INEFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964." Southern Journal of Policy and Justice, Vol. X7II, pg. 1-3 (Fall 2019).</ref> Ƙungiyoyi masu launi sun fi dacewa su kasance kusa da wuraren gurɓatawa, kamar wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da wutar lantarki, da kuma incinerators. Akwai shaida cewa kamuwa da gurɓataccen abu zai iya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin masu ƙarancin kuɗi masu launi suna iya samun gurɓataccen ruwa. Wani bincike na bayanan EPA ya gano cewa rashin daidaiton samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha yana da alaƙa da kabilanci. Al'ummomin da suka fi ƙazanta su ne waɗanda ke da matsanancin talauci, rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa, makarantu marasa inganci, rashin aikin yi na yau da kullun, da kuma rashin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Shaidu na gaske suna nuna haɗarin muhalli suna yin mummunan tasiri ga ƙimar kadarorin da ke kusa, damar yin aiki, da ayyukan tattalin arziƙi. Bugu da ƙari, haɗarin muhalli na iya haifar da damuwa na tunani.<ref>Mohai, Paul. 1995. "The Demographics of Dumping Revisited: Examining the Impact of Alternate Methodologies on Environmental Justice Research." Virginia Environmental Law Journal 13:615-53</ref> Har ila yau, bala'o'in dabi'a suna yin tasiri mara daidaituwa ga al'ummomi masu launi. Girman talauci a cikin yanki na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi akan girman tasirin bala'i fiye da tsananin bala'in da kansa. Al'ummomin masu wadata, fararen fata sun kasance suna kasancewa a kan tudu mai tsayi, don haka ba su da rauni ga ambaliya fiye da al'ummomin launi. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen rigakafin bala'i da dawo da su galibi suna nuna son kai ga ƴan tsiraru a yankunan da ba su da kuɗi. == Tarihi == Asalin fafutukar tabbatar da adalci na muhalli ana iya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin muhalli na ƴan asalin ƙasar, wanda ita kanta ta samo asali a cikin shekaru sama da 500 na mulkin mallaka, zalunci, da gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai da haƙƙin ƙasa. A cikin 1968, masu fafutukar kare muhalli daga ƙasashe da dama sun taru a Minnesota suka kafa wata ƙungiya da aka fi sani da American Indian Movement (AIM). Zanga-zangar PCB ta 1982 ta Arewacin Carolina an san shi sosai azaman asalin motsin adalci na muhalli. A cikin 1982, jami'an jihar North Carolina sun yanke shawarar sanya wani rumbun ƙasa tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa mai guba na PCB a cikin ƙaramin garin Afton a gundumar Warren, North Carolina. Afton ya kasance kusan kashi 84% na Ba'amurke. Wannan shawarar ta haifar da zanga-zangar farko ta kasa don nuna rashin amincewa da wurin da wani wurin sharar gida yake. Organized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, residents of Warren County, along with local civil rights and political leaders, gathered in opposition to the placement of the landfill site. An kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 500. Dangane da martani, an buga manyan bincike guda biyu: Babban Ofishin Akanta na Amurka 1983, da United Church of Christ 1987. Dukansu binciken sun gano cewa akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin launin fata da wurin da wuraren sharar gida suke.<ref>Perez, Alejandro Colsa et al. "Evolution of the environmental justice movement: activism, formalization and differentiation." Environ. Res. Lett. 10 (2015). <nowiki>https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105002/pdf</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Wani bincike na Ofishin Kididdigar Jama'a na Amurka ya gudanar da wani bincike a kan wuraren da wuraren da ke da hatsarin sharar gida, kuma ya gano cewa wadannan wuraren sun fi zama a cikin 'yan tsiraru da masu karamin karfi. Wani binciken da Cocin United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice (CRJ) yayi ya gano cewa uku daga cikin manyan wuraren sharar gida masu hatsarin gaske suna cikin yankunan Baƙar fata, kuma sun kai kashi 40% na ƙarfin zubar da shara a cikin Amurka. Har ila yau binciken ya gano cewa, mafi }arfin }arfin }arfin }arfin sanya wuraren sharar gida, shi ne kabilanci, wanda ya zarce na gida da kuma kimar gida. Wani ƙarin bincike da CRJ ta gudanar ya gano cewa uku daga cikin biyar Amirkawa na Afirka da kuma Hispanic Amirkawa suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ke da wuraren sharar gida.<ref>Colquette, Kelly Michele, and Elizabeth A. Henry Robertson. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND COMMENDATIONS." Tulane Environmental Law Journal 5, no. 1 (1991): 153–207. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/43291103</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> == Manazarta == go6dxdt5kfv8jb2q7tbck3ijduwkvcn 915360 915359 2026-09-03T10:02:39Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915360 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wariyar launin fata na muhalli''' wani nau'i ne na wariyar launin fata na hukumomi, wanda mutane masu launin fata ke ɗaukar nauyin da bai dace ba na cutar da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawar sharar gida mai haɗari da kuma sakamakon bala'o'i. Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli tana fallasa ’yan asalin Amirkawa, Ba-Amurkawa, Ba-Amurka, Asiyawa, Tsibirin Pacific, da al'ummar Hispanic ga haɗarin lafiyar jiki kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar hankali. Yana haifar da bambance-bambance a fannonin rayuwa daban-daban, kamar sufuri, gidaje, da damar tattalin arziki.<ref>McCall, Machara. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE U.S. EPA'S INEFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964." Southern Journal of Policy and Justice, Vol. X7II, pg. 1-3 (Fall 2019).</ref> Ƙungiyoyi masu launi sun fi dacewa su kasance kusa da wuraren gurɓatawa, kamar wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da wutar lantarki, da kuma incinerators. Akwai shaida cewa kamuwa da gurɓataccen abu zai iya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin masu ƙarancin kuɗi masu launi suna iya samun gurɓataccen ruwa. Wani bincike na bayanan EPA ya gano cewa rashin daidaiton samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha yana da alaƙa da kabilanci. Al'ummomin da suka fi ƙazanta su ne waɗanda ke da matsanancin talauci, rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa, makarantu marasa inganci, rashin aikin yi na yau da kullun, da kuma rashin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Shaidu na gaske suna nuna haɗarin muhalli suna yin mummunan tasiri ga ƙimar kadarorin da ke kusa, damar yin aiki, da ayyukan tattalin arziƙi. Bugu da ƙari, haɗarin muhalli na iya haifar da damuwa na tunani.<ref>Mohai, Paul. 1995. "The Demographics of Dumping Revisited: Examining the Impact of Alternate Methodologies on Environmental Justice Research." Virginia Environmental Law Journal 13:615-53</ref> Har ila yau, bala'o'in dabi'a suna yin tasiri mara daidaituwa ga al'ummomi masu launi. Girman talauci a cikin yanki na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi akan girman tasirin bala'i fiye da tsananin bala'in da kansa. Al'ummomin masu wadata, fararen fata sun kasance suna kasancewa a kan tudu mai tsayi, don haka ba su da rauni ga ambaliya fiye da al'ummomin launi. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen rigakafin bala'i da dawo da su galibi suna nuna son kai ga ƴan tsiraru a yankunan da ba su da kuɗi. == Tarihi == Asalin fafutukar tabbatar da adalci na muhalli ana iya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin muhalli na ƴan asalin ƙasar, wanda ita kanta ta samo asali a cikin shekaru sama da 500 na mulkin mallaka, zalunci, da gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai da haƙƙin ƙasa. A cikin shekarar 1968, masu fafutukar kare muhalli daga ƙasashe da dama sun taru a Minnesota suka kafa wata ƙungiya da aka fi sani da American Indian Movement (AIM). Zanga-zangar PCB ta 1982 ta Arewacin Carolina an san shi sosai azaman asalin motsin adalci na muhalli. A cikin 1982, jami'an jihar North Carolina sun yanke shawarar sanya wani rumbun ƙasa tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa mai guba na PCB a cikin ƙaramin garin Afton a gundumar Warren, North Carolina. Afton ya kasance kusan kashi 84% na Ba'amurke. Wannan shawarar ta haifar da zanga-zangar farko ta kasa don nuna rashin amincewa da wurin da wani wurin sharar gida yake. Organized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, residents of Warren County, along with local civil rights and political leaders, gathered in opposition to the placement of the landfill site. An kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 500. Dangane da martani, an buga manyan bincike guda biyu: Babban Ofishin Akanta na Amurka 1983, da United Church of Christ 1987. Dukansu binciken sun gano cewa akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin launin fata da wurin da wuraren sharar gida suke.<ref>Perez, Alejandro Colsa et al. "Evolution of the environmental justice movement: activism, formalization and differentiation." Environ. Res. Lett. 10 (2015). <nowiki>https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105002/pdf</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Wani bincike na Ofishin Kididdigar Jama'a na Amurka ya gudanar da wani bincike a kan wuraren da wuraren da ke da hatsarin sharar gida, kuma ya gano cewa wadannan wuraren sun fi zama a cikin 'yan tsiraru da masu karamin karfi. Wani binciken da Cocin United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice (CRJ) yayi ya gano cewa uku daga cikin manyan wuraren sharar gida masu hatsarin gaske suna cikin yankunan Baƙar fata, kuma sun kai kashi 40% na ƙarfin zubar da shara a cikin Amurka. Har ila yau binciken ya gano cewa, mafi }arfin }arfin }arfin }arfin sanya wuraren sharar gida, shi ne kabilanci, wanda ya zarce na gida da kuma kimar gida. Wani ƙarin bincike da CRJ ta gudanar ya gano cewa uku daga cikin biyar Amirkawa na Afirka da kuma Hispanic Amirkawa suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ke da wuraren sharar gida.<ref>Colquette, Kelly Michele, and Elizabeth A. Henry Robertson. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND COMMENDATIONS." Tulane Environmental Law Journal 5, no. 1 (1991): 153–207. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/43291103</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> == Manazarta == 5isbr5xqfs4v3lcnjlyu0slzapufop1 915361 915360 2026-09-03T10:02:57Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915361 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wariyar launin fata na muhalli''' wani nau'i ne na wariyar launin fata na hukumomi, wanda mutane masu launin fata ke ɗaukar nauyin da bai dace ba na cutar da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawar sharar gida mai haɗari da kuma sakamakon bala'o'i. Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli tana fallasa ’yan asalin Amirkawa, Ba-Amurkawa, Ba-Amurka, Asiyawa, Tsibirin Pacific, da al'ummar Hispanic ga haɗarin lafiyar jiki kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar hankali. Yana haifar da bambance-bambance a fannonin rayuwa daban-daban, kamar sufuri, gidaje, da damar tattalin arziki.<ref>McCall, Machara. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE U.S. EPA'S INEFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964." Southern Journal of Policy and Justice, Vol. X7II, pg. 1-3 (Fall 2019).</ref> Ƙungiyoyi masu launi sun fi dacewa su kasance kusa da wuraren gurɓatawa, kamar wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da wutar lantarki, da kuma incinerators. Akwai shaida cewa kamuwa da gurɓataccen abu zai iya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin masu ƙarancin kuɗi masu launi suna iya samun gurɓataccen ruwa. Wani bincike na bayanan EPA ya gano cewa rashin daidaiton samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha yana da alaƙa da kabilanci. Al'ummomin da suka fi ƙazanta su ne waɗanda ke da matsanancin talauci, rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa, makarantu marasa inganci, rashin aikin yi na yau da kullun, da kuma rashin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Shaidu na gaske suna nuna haɗarin muhalli suna yin mummunan tasiri ga ƙimar kadarorin da ke kusa, damar yin aiki, da ayyukan tattalin arziƙi. Bugu da ƙari, haɗarin muhalli na iya haifar da damuwa na tunani.<ref>Mohai, Paul. 1995. "The Demographics of Dumping Revisited: Examining the Impact of Alternate Methodologies on Environmental Justice Research." Virginia Environmental Law Journal 13:615-53</ref> Har ila yau, bala'o'in dabi'a suna yin tasiri mara daidaituwa ga al'ummomi masu launi. Girman talauci a cikin yanki na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi akan girman tasirin bala'i fiye da tsananin bala'in da kansa. Al'ummomin masu wadata, fararen fata sun kasance suna kasancewa a kan tudu mai tsayi, don haka ba su da rauni ga ambaliya fiye da al'ummomin launi. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen rigakafin bala'i da dawo da su galibi suna nuna son kai ga ƴan tsiraru a yankunan da ba su da kuɗi. == Tarihi == Asalin fafutukar tabbatar da adalci na muhalli ana iya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin muhalli na ƴan asalin ƙasar, wanda ita kanta ta samo asali a cikin shekaru sama da 500 na mulkin mallaka, zalunci, da gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai da haƙƙin ƙasa. A cikin shekarar 1968, masu fafutukar kare muhalli daga ƙasashe da dama sun taru a Minnesota suka kafa wata ƙungiya da aka fi sani da American Indian Movement (AIM). Zanga-zangar PCB ta shekarar 1982 ta Arewacin Carolina an san shi sosai azaman asalin motsin adalci na muhalli. A cikin 1982, jami'an jihar North Carolina sun yanke shawarar sanya wani rumbun ƙasa tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa mai guba na PCB a cikin ƙaramin garin Afton a gundumar Warren, North Carolina. Afton ya kasance kusan kashi 84% na Ba'amurke. Wannan shawarar ta haifar da zanga-zangar farko ta kasa don nuna rashin amincewa da wurin da wani wurin sharar gida yake. Organized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, residents of Warren County, along with local civil rights and political leaders, gathered in opposition to the placement of the landfill site. An kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 500. Dangane da martani, an buga manyan bincike guda biyu: Babban Ofishin Akanta na Amurka 1983, da United Church of Christ 1987. Dukansu binciken sun gano cewa akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin launin fata da wurin da wuraren sharar gida suke.<ref>Perez, Alejandro Colsa et al. "Evolution of the environmental justice movement: activism, formalization and differentiation." Environ. Res. Lett. 10 (2015). <nowiki>https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105002/pdf</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Wani bincike na Ofishin Kididdigar Jama'a na Amurka ya gudanar da wani bincike a kan wuraren da wuraren da ke da hatsarin sharar gida, kuma ya gano cewa wadannan wuraren sun fi zama a cikin 'yan tsiraru da masu karamin karfi. Wani binciken da Cocin United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice (CRJ) yayi ya gano cewa uku daga cikin manyan wuraren sharar gida masu hatsarin gaske suna cikin yankunan Baƙar fata, kuma sun kai kashi 40% na ƙarfin zubar da shara a cikin Amurka. Har ila yau binciken ya gano cewa, mafi }arfin }arfin }arfin }arfin sanya wuraren sharar gida, shi ne kabilanci, wanda ya zarce na gida da kuma kimar gida. Wani ƙarin bincike da CRJ ta gudanar ya gano cewa uku daga cikin biyar Amirkawa na Afirka da kuma Hispanic Amirkawa suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ke da wuraren sharar gida.<ref>Colquette, Kelly Michele, and Elizabeth A. Henry Robertson. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND COMMENDATIONS." Tulane Environmental Law Journal 5, no. 1 (1991): 153–207. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/43291103</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> == Manazarta == nlxr6zhkljpkmq3x1bpqfmcp390tfsi 915362 915361 2026-09-03T10:03:07Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915362 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wariyar launin fata na muhalli''' wani nau'i ne na wariyar launin fata na hukumomi, wanda mutane masu launin fata ke ɗaukar nauyin da bai dace ba na cutar da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawar sharar gida mai haɗari da kuma sakamakon bala'o'i. Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli tana fallasa ’yan asalin Amirkawa, Ba-Amurkawa, Ba-Amurka, Asiyawa, Tsibirin Pacific, da al'ummar Hispanic ga haɗarin lafiyar jiki kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar hankali. Yana haifar da bambance-bambance a fannonin rayuwa daban-daban, kamar sufuri, gidaje, da damar tattalin arziki.<ref>McCall, Machara. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE U.S. EPA'S INEFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964." Southern Journal of Policy and Justice, Vol. X7II, pg. 1-3 (Fall 2019).</ref> Ƙungiyoyi masu launi sun fi dacewa su kasance kusa da wuraren gurɓatawa, kamar wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da wutar lantarki, da kuma incinerators. Akwai shaida cewa kamuwa da gurɓataccen abu zai iya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin masu ƙarancin kuɗi masu launi suna iya samun gurɓataccen ruwa. Wani bincike na bayanan EPA ya gano cewa rashin daidaiton samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha yana da alaƙa da kabilanci. Al'ummomin da suka fi ƙazanta su ne waɗanda ke da matsanancin talauci, rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa, makarantu marasa inganci, rashin aikin yi na yau da kullun, da kuma rashin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Shaidu na gaske suna nuna haɗarin muhalli suna yin mummunan tasiri ga ƙimar kadarorin da ke kusa, damar yin aiki, da ayyukan tattalin arziƙi. Bugu da ƙari, haɗarin muhalli na iya haifar da damuwa na tunani.<ref>Mohai, Paul. 1995. "The Demographics of Dumping Revisited: Examining the Impact of Alternate Methodologies on Environmental Justice Research." Virginia Environmental Law Journal 13:615-53</ref> Har ila yau, bala'o'in dabi'a suna yin tasiri mara daidaituwa ga al'ummomi masu launi. Girman talauci a cikin yanki na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi akan girman tasirin bala'i fiye da tsananin bala'in da kansa. Al'ummomin masu wadata, fararen fata sun kasance suna kasancewa a kan tudu mai tsayi, don haka ba su da rauni ga ambaliya fiye da al'ummomin launi. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen rigakafin bala'i da dawo da su galibi suna nuna son kai ga ƴan tsiraru a yankunan da ba su da kuɗi. == Tarihi == Asalin fafutukar tabbatar da adalci na muhalli ana iya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin muhalli na ƴan asalin ƙasar, wanda ita kanta ta samo asali a cikin shekaru sama da 500 na mulkin mallaka, zalunci, da gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai da haƙƙin ƙasa. A cikin shekarar 1968, masu fafutukar kare muhalli daga ƙasashe da dama sun taru a Minnesota suka kafa wata ƙungiya da aka fi sani da American Indian Movement (AIM). Zanga-zangar PCB ta shekarar 1982 ta Arewacin Carolina an san shi sosai azaman asalin motsin adalci na muhalli. A cikin shekarar 1982, jami'an jihar North Carolina sun yanke shawarar sanya wani rumbun ƙasa tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa mai guba na PCB a cikin ƙaramin garin Afton a gundumar Warren, North Carolina. Afton ya kasance kusan kashi 84% na Ba'amurke. Wannan shawarar ta haifar da zanga-zangar farko ta kasa don nuna rashin amincewa da wurin da wani wurin sharar gida yake. Organized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, residents of Warren County, along with local civil rights and political leaders, gathered in opposition to the placement of the landfill site. An kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 500. Dangane da martani, an buga manyan bincike guda biyu: Babban Ofishin Akanta na Amurka 1983, da United Church of Christ 1987. Dukansu binciken sun gano cewa akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin launin fata da wurin da wuraren sharar gida suke.<ref>Perez, Alejandro Colsa et al. "Evolution of the environmental justice movement: activism, formalization and differentiation." Environ. Res. Lett. 10 (2015). <nowiki>https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105002/pdf</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Wani bincike na Ofishin Kididdigar Jama'a na Amurka ya gudanar da wani bincike a kan wuraren da wuraren da ke da hatsarin sharar gida, kuma ya gano cewa wadannan wuraren sun fi zama a cikin 'yan tsiraru da masu karamin karfi. Wani binciken da Cocin United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice (CRJ) yayi ya gano cewa uku daga cikin manyan wuraren sharar gida masu hatsarin gaske suna cikin yankunan Baƙar fata, kuma sun kai kashi 40% na ƙarfin zubar da shara a cikin Amurka. Har ila yau binciken ya gano cewa, mafi }arfin }arfin }arfin }arfin sanya wuraren sharar gida, shi ne kabilanci, wanda ya zarce na gida da kuma kimar gida. Wani ƙarin bincike da CRJ ta gudanar ya gano cewa uku daga cikin biyar Amirkawa na Afirka da kuma Hispanic Amirkawa suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ke da wuraren sharar gida.<ref>Colquette, Kelly Michele, and Elizabeth A. Henry Robertson. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND COMMENDATIONS." Tulane Environmental Law Journal 5, no. 1 (1991): 153–207. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/43291103</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> == Manazarta == i3ja8dqbq4g0yja4mjhtza05uy1vk93 915363 915362 2026-09-03T10:03:23Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915363 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wariyar launin fata na muhalli''' wani nau'i ne na wariyar launin fata na hukumomi, wanda mutane masu launin fata ke ɗaukar nauyin da bai dace ba na cutar da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawar sharar gida mai haɗari da kuma sakamakon bala'o'i. Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli tana fallasa ’yan asalin Amirkawa, Ba-Amurkawa, Ba-Amurka, Asiyawa, Tsibirin Pacific, da al'ummar Hispanic ga haɗarin lafiyar jiki kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar hankali. Yana haifar da bambance-bambance a fannonin rayuwa daban-daban, kamar sufuri, gidaje, da damar tattalin arziki.<ref>McCall, Machara. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE U.S. EPA'S INEFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964." Southern Journal of Policy and Justice, Vol. X7II, pg. 1-3 (Fall 2019).</ref> Ƙungiyoyi masu launi sun fi dacewa su kasance kusa da wuraren gurɓatawa, kamar wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da wutar lantarki, da kuma incinerators. Akwai shaida cewa kamuwa da gurɓataccen abu zai iya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin masu ƙarancin kuɗi masu launi suna iya samun gurɓataccen ruwa. Wani bincike na bayanan EPA ya gano cewa rashin daidaiton samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha yana da alaƙa da kabilanci. Al'ummomin da suka fi ƙazanta su ne waɗanda ke da matsanancin talauci, rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa, makarantu marasa inganci, rashin aikin yi na yau da kullun, da kuma rashin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Shaidu na gaske suna nuna haɗarin muhalli suna yin mummunan tasiri ga ƙimar kadarorin da ke kusa, damar yin aiki, da ayyukan tattalin arziƙi. Bugu da ƙari, haɗarin muhalli na iya haifar da damuwa na tunani.<ref>Mohai, Paul. 1995. "The Demographics of Dumping Revisited: Examining the Impact of Alternate Methodologies on Environmental Justice Research." Virginia Environmental Law Journal 13:615-53</ref> Har ila yau, bala'o'in dabi'a suna yin tasiri mara daidaituwa ga al'ummomi masu launi. Girman talauci a cikin yanki na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi akan girman tasirin bala'i fiye da tsananin bala'in da kansa. Al'ummomin masu wadata, fararen fata sun kasance suna kasancewa a kan tudu mai tsayi, don haka ba su da rauni ga ambaliya fiye da al'ummomin launi. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen rigakafin bala'i da dawo da su galibi suna nuna son kai ga ƴan tsiraru a yankunan da ba su da kuɗi. == Tarihi == Asalin fafutukar tabbatar da adalci na muhalli ana iya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin muhalli na ƴan asalin ƙasar, wanda ita kanta ta samo asali a cikin shekaru sama da 500 na mulkin mallaka, zalunci, da gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai da haƙƙin ƙasa. A cikin shekarar 1968, masu fafutukar kare muhalli daga ƙasashe da dama sun taru a Minnesota suka kafa wata ƙungiya da aka fi sani da American Indian Movement (AIM). Zanga-zangar PCB ta shekarar 1982 ta Arewacin Carolina an san shi sosai azaman asalin motsin adalci na muhalli. A cikin shekarar 1982, jami'an jihar North Carolina sun yanke shawarar sanya wani rumbun ƙasa tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa mai guba na PCB a cikin ƙaramin garin Afton a gundumar Warren, North Carolina. Afton ya kasance kusan kashi 84% na Ba'amurke. Wannan shawarar ta haifar da zanga-zangar farko ta kasa don nuna rashin amincewa da wurin da wani wurin sharar gida yake. Organized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, residents of Warren County, along with local civil rights and political leaders, gathered in opposition to the placement of the landfill site. An kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 500. Dangane da martani, an buga manyan bincike guda biyu: Babban Ofishin Akanta na Amurka a shekarar 1983, da United Church of Christ 1987. Dukansu binciken sun gano cewa akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin launin fata da wurin da wuraren sharar gida suke.<ref>Perez, Alejandro Colsa et al. "Evolution of the environmental justice movement: activism, formalization and differentiation." Environ. Res. Lett. 10 (2015). <nowiki>https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105002/pdf</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Wani bincike na Ofishin Kididdigar Jama'a na Amurka ya gudanar da wani bincike a kan wuraren da wuraren da ke da hatsarin sharar gida, kuma ya gano cewa wadannan wuraren sun fi zama a cikin 'yan tsiraru da masu karamin karfi. Wani binciken da Cocin United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice (CRJ) yayi ya gano cewa uku daga cikin manyan wuraren sharar gida masu hatsarin gaske suna cikin yankunan Baƙar fata, kuma sun kai kashi 40% na ƙarfin zubar da shara a cikin Amurka. Har ila yau binciken ya gano cewa, mafi }arfin }arfin }arfin }arfin sanya wuraren sharar gida, shi ne kabilanci, wanda ya zarce na gida da kuma kimar gida. Wani ƙarin bincike da CRJ ta gudanar ya gano cewa uku daga cikin biyar Amirkawa na Afirka da kuma Hispanic Amirkawa suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ke da wuraren sharar gida.<ref>Colquette, Kelly Michele, and Elizabeth A. Henry Robertson. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND COMMENDATIONS." Tulane Environmental Law Journal 5, no. 1 (1991): 153–207. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/43291103</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> == Manazarta == 3205fps77dfbgjppai97ol9wnv45zqp 915364 915363 2026-09-03T10:03:40Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915364 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wariyar launin fata na muhalli''' wani nau'i ne na wariyar launin fata na hukumomi, wanda mutane masu launin fata ke ɗaukar nauyin da bai dace ba na cutar da muhalli, kamar gurɓatawar sharar gida mai haɗari da kuma sakamakon bala'o'i. Wariyar launin fata ta muhalli tana fallasa ’yan asalin Amirkawa, Ba-Amurkawa, Ba-Amurka, Asiyawa, Tsibirin Pacific, da al'ummar Hispanic ga haɗarin lafiyar jiki kuma yana iya yin mummunan tasiri ga lafiyar hankali. Yana haifar da bambance-bambance a fannonin rayuwa daban-daban, kamar sufuri, gidaje, da damar tattalin arziki.<ref>McCall, Machara. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE U.S. EPA'S INEFFECTIVE ENFORCEMENT OF TITLE VI OF THE CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964." Southern Journal of Policy and Justice, Vol. X7II, pg. 1-3 (Fall 2019).</ref> Ƙungiyoyi masu launi sun fi dacewa su kasance kusa da wuraren gurɓatawa, kamar wuraren zubar da ƙasa, da wutar lantarki, da kuma incinerators. Akwai shaida cewa kamuwa da gurɓataccen abu zai iya haifar da yaduwar cututtuka. Bugu da ƙari, al'ummomin masu ƙarancin kuɗi masu launi suna iya samun gurɓataccen ruwa. Wani bincike na bayanan EPA ya gano cewa rashin daidaiton samun tsaftataccen ruwan sha yana da alaƙa da kabilanci. Al'ummomin da suka fi ƙazanta su ne waɗanda ke da matsanancin talauci, rashin isassun kayayyakin more rayuwa, makarantu marasa inganci, rashin aikin yi na yau da kullun, da kuma rashin tsarin kiwon lafiya. Shaidu na gaske suna nuna haɗarin muhalli suna yin mummunan tasiri ga ƙimar kadarorin da ke kusa, damar yin aiki, da ayyukan tattalin arziƙi. Bugu da ƙari, haɗarin muhalli na iya haifar da damuwa na tunani.<ref>Mohai, Paul. 1995. "The Demographics of Dumping Revisited: Examining the Impact of Alternate Methodologies on Environmental Justice Research." Virginia Environmental Law Journal 13:615-53</ref> Har ila yau, bala'o'in dabi'a suna yin tasiri mara daidaituwa ga al'ummomi masu launi. Girman talauci a cikin yanki na iya yin tasiri mai ƙarfi akan girman tasirin bala'i fiye da tsananin bala'in da kansa. Al'ummomin masu wadata, fararen fata sun kasance suna kasancewa a kan tudu mai tsayi, don haka ba su da rauni ga ambaliya fiye da al'ummomin launi. Bugu da ƙari, shirye-shiryen rigakafin bala'i da dawo da su galibi suna nuna son kai ga ƴan tsiraru a yankunan da ba su da kuɗi. == Tarihi == Asalin fafutukar tabbatar da adalci na muhalli ana iya samo asali ne daga yunƙurin muhalli na ƴan asalin ƙasar, wanda ita kanta ta samo asali a cikin shekaru sama da 500 na mulkin mallaka, zalunci, da gwagwarmayar neman ƴancin kai da haƙƙin ƙasa. A cikin shekarar 1968, masu fafutukar kare muhalli daga ƙasashe da dama sun taru a Minnesota suka kafa wata ƙungiya da aka fi sani da American Indian Movement (AIM). Zanga-zangar PCB ta shekarar 1982 ta Arewacin Carolina an san shi sosai azaman asalin motsin adalci na muhalli. A cikin shekarar 1982, jami'an jihar North Carolina sun yanke shawarar sanya wani rumbun ƙasa tare da gurɓataccen ƙasa mai guba na PCB a cikin ƙaramin garin Afton a gundumar Warren, North Carolina. Afton ya kasance kusan kashi 84% na Ba'amurke. Wannan shawarar ta haifar da zanga-zangar farko ta kasa don nuna rashin amincewa da wurin da wani wurin sharar gida yake. Organized by the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, residents of Warren County, along with local civil rights and political leaders, gathered in opposition to the placement of the landfill site. An kama masu zanga-zangar sama da 500. Dangane da martani, an buga manyan bincike guda biyu: Babban Ofishin Akanta na Amurka a shekarar 1983, da United Church of Christ 1987. Dukansu binciken sun gano cewa akwai dangantaka mai ƙarfi tsakanin launin fata da wurin da wuraren sharar gida suke.<ref>Perez, Alejandro Colsa et al. "Evolution of the environmental justice movement: activism, formalization and differentiation." Environ. Res. Lett. 10 (2015). <nowiki>https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/10/10/105002/pdf</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-28 at the Wayback Machine</ref> Wani bincike na Ofishin Kididdigar Jama'a na Amurka ya gudanar da wani bincike a kan wuraren da wuraren da ke da hatsarin sharar gida, kuma ya gano cewa wadannan wuraren sun fi zama a cikin ƴan tsiraru da masu karamin karfi. Wani binciken da Cocin United Church of Christ Commission for Racial Justice (CRJ) yayi ya gano cewa uku daga cikin manyan wuraren sharar gida masu hatsarin gaske suna cikin yankunan Baƙar fata, kuma sun kai kashi 40% na ƙarfin zubar da shara a cikin Amurka. Har ila yau binciken ya gano cewa, mafi }arfin }arfin }arfin }arfin sanya wuraren sharar gida, shi ne kabilanci, wanda ya zarce na gida da kuma kimar gida. Wani ƙarin bincike da CRJ ta gudanar ya gano cewa uku daga cikin biyar Amirkawa na Afirka da kuma Hispanic Amirkawa suna zaune a cikin al'ummomin da ke da wuraren sharar gida.<ref>Colquette, Kelly Michele, and Elizabeth A. Henry Robertson. "ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM: THE CAUSES, CONSEQUENCES, AND COMMENDATIONS." Tulane Environmental Law Journal 5, no. 1 (1991): 153–207. <nowiki>http://www.jstor.org/stable/43291103</nowiki> Archived 2021-10-27 at the Wayback Machine.</ref> == Manazarta == 8v9lgij0ccdk52iuc0jf46rcxrcquw1 0 107696 915400 672254 2026-09-03T10:53:06Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 915400 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Miyan Kandia''' (kuma ana kiranta Soupe Kandja ko Kandia Miyan) [[Miya|miyar]] gargajiya ce ta yammacin Afirka da ake amfani da ita a ƙasashe irin su Cote d'Ivoire, Guinea, Senegal, da Mali. Ya shahara musamman a tsakanin al'ummomin Mandinka, Wolof, da [[Mutanen Dyula|Dioula]]. Ana yin tasa da farko da [[Kuɓewa|okra]] (yatsun mata), wanda ke ba shi laushi mai laushi, kuma ana yawan ɗanɗana shi da dabino, kyafaffen kifi ko busasshen kifi, da kayan yaji na gida. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Siciliano-Rosen |first=Laura |title=Soupe kandja in Dakar |url=https://eatyourworld.com/destinations/africa/senegal/dakar/what-to-eat/soupe-kandja/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Eat Your World |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ngom |first=Fama |date=2021-10-03 |title=Top 20 Most Popular Senegalese Foods & Dishes |url=https://www.chefspencil.com/senegalese-foods/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Chef's Pencil |language=en-US}}</ref> == Sinadaran da shirye-shirye <ref>{{Cite web |title=Soupe Kandia |url=https://www.maggi.sn/recipes/soupe-kandia |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=www.maggi.sn |language=fr}}</ref> == Babban abin da ke cikin Miyar Kandia shine okra, wanda aka sani a gida da sunan kandia. Okra galibi ana yanka shi da sirara kuma a dafa shi har sai ya yi laushi kuma ya fitar da danko mai laushi. Sauran Sinadaran gama gari sun haɗa da: * [[Manja|Man dabino]] * Albasa * Tafarnuwa * Fresh ko busassun barkono barkono * Tumatir (na zaɓi) * Kifi mai kyafaffen ko busasshen kifi (misali, kipper, kifin jari ) * Crayfish ko shrimp (sabo ko busassun) * Nama (naman sa, akuya, ko kaza, dangane da fifiko) * Bouillon cubes ko gauraye kayan yaji na gargajiya (misali, soumbala ko nététou) Don shirya, ana dumama mai a cikin tukunya kuma ana amfani da shi don yayyafa albasa, tafarnuwa, da barkono barkono. Ana zuba naman a yi launin ruwan kasa kafin a daka shi a cikin ruwa har sai ya yi laushi. Ana kara okra a tsakiyar hanya ta hanyar dafa abinci, sai kifi da jatan lande. Ana dafa miyan a hankali don ƙyale ɗanɗanon ya narke kuma okra ya yi laushi sosai. <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Siciliano-Rosen |first=Laura |title=Soupe kandja in Dakar |url=https://eatyourworld.com/destinations/africa/senegal/dakar/what-to-eat/soupe-kandja/ |access-date=2025-07-13 |website=Eat Your World |language=en-US}}</ref> == Yin hidima == Miyan Kandia bisa ga al'ada ana yin ta tare da rakiyar sitaci kamar: * [[Fufu]] ( [[rogo]] ko dusar ƙanƙara ) * Shinkafa * To ( [[gero]] ko [[Dawa|sorghum]] manna) * [[Attiéké]] ( [[Couscous|kos ɗin]] [[Rogo|rogo mai]] ɗanɗano) Yawancin lokaci ana jin daɗin miya azaman abincin gama gari kuma ana ba da ita a cikin gidajen yau da kullun da kuma lokuta na musamman. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} kl29fagq2xm2zxfg0nken7h08ulrdd3 0 108096 914979 674210 2026-09-02T16:27:26Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buɗe kona shara''' hanya ce ta zubar da shara ko shara. Hanya ce ta zubar da shara da ake amfani da ita a duniya, amma galibi ana amfani da ita a ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da masu matsakaicin kuɗi waɗanda ba su da isassun kayan aikin zubar da shara. Gwamnatoci da cibiyoyi da dama sun bayyana kona sharar a fili a matsayin babban abin da ke taimakawa wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Hakanan yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya tare da hadaddiyar giyar gurɓataccen iska wanda galibi ana ƙirƙira lokacin da aka ƙone sharar gida a cikin buɗaɗɗen iska. A COP26 buɗe sharar da aka taso a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi.<ref>"A wasted opportunity: Open burning of waste causes a climate and health calamity"</ref> Yana samar da nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi da suka haɗa da gurɓataccen yanayi na gajeriyar rayuwa (SLCPs), kamar baƙin carbon (BC). Fitarwar BC babban tushen ɓarkewar kwayoyin halitta ne, tare da tasirin canjin yanayi har zuwa 5,000 fiye da CO2. == Fage == Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna damuwa game da adadin bakar carbon da methane da ake samu daga konewa a fili a matsayin hanyar zubar da shara.<ref>African Environment Ministers vow to end plastic pollution, eliminate open dumping and burning of waste, address antimicrobial resistance". United Nations Environment Programme. September 26, 2022.</ref> Yawancin birane da yankuna suna fama da gurɓataccen iska da ƙarancin ingancin iska sakamakon buɗewar sharar gida.<ref>Kathmandu's toxic trash". Nepali Times. January 14, 2023.</ref><ref>Open burning of municipal solid waste poses health and environmental risks: experts". The Hindu. March 20, 2023</ref><ref>"In Lucknow, Waste burning in open, ban goes up in smoke". The Times of India. February 24, 2023</ref> Ya zama ruwan dare ga yawancin iskar gas masu guba da ke fitowa cikin sararin samaniya sakamakon buɗaɗɗen konewar sharar gida. Za su iya haɗawa da POMs, PAHs, VOCs kamar fursunoni; karafa masu nauyi kamar arsenic, mercury da gubar; carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrochloric acid, dioxins, da PCBs. "Wasu daga cikin wadannan gurbatacciyar iska kuma za su iya shiga cikin tokar da aka bari ta hanyar kona datti a fili". Binciken da masu bincike daga kwalejojin King's da na Landan suka gudanar sun nuna cewa kona polystyrene da polyethylene terephthalate suna samar da adadi mai yawa na soot. Dukansu suna da yawa a cikin kwalabe na ruwa.<ref>Fuller, Gary (July 18, 2019). "Pollutionwatch: soot study shows harm from open waste burning". The Guardian.</ref> A cewar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa ta Wisconsin, "kona duk wani abu a waje na iya haifar da gobarar daji ... Konewar tarkace shine abu na farko da ke haifar da gobarar daji a Wisconsin kuma tana da adadin dubban kadada na gandun daji da ba da gangan ba, kuma daruruwan gine-gine suna barazana kowace shekara". Taron sauyin yanayi na COP26 ya gudanar da wani taron gefen hukuma wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wayar da kan jama'a game da bude kona sharar gida A watan Satumban 2022, an cimma yarjejeniya kan rage kona sharar gida a Afirka a taro na 18 na taron ministocin muhalli na Afirka (AMCEN). Taron ya karbi bakuncin wakilai daga kasashen Afirka 54.<ref>African Environment Ministers vow to end plastic pollution, eliminate open dumping and burning of waste, address antimicrobial resistance". United Nations Environment Programme. September 16, 2022.</ref> == Dorewa da tasiri == Rage ƙonawa a buɗe yana iya canza gurɓataccen iska a cikin yanki, don haka yana da tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam a wannan yanki. Binciken Duniya kan Amintaccen Ƙarshen Rayuwar Injiniya ya ba da shawarar cewa aikin zubar da jini ya yi tasiri ga lafiyar miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya, tare da ƙone kusan tan biliyan ɗaya a duk duniya a kowace shekara. A wani taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2022, tawagar ta mayar da hankali ne kan samar da ayyukan yi a matsayin mafita daya tilo don kawar da al'adar kona sharar gida a fili, wato a Afirka.[2] Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na sharar da ake samarwa a biranen Afirka ana iya sake yin amfani da su, tare da kiyasin darajar dala biliyan 8 a kowace shekara. Cibiyoyi da dama na kallon wannan a matsayin wata dama ta samar da ayyukan yi, tare da inganta kiwon lafiya da iska a nahiyar.<ref>Burning waste must end: African leaders look to recycling for better health and value". The Conversation. November 10, 2022.</ref> EngineeringX ta samar da rahoto kan kona sharar gida a Afirka a cikin 2022, inda ta tattauna duka kalubale da dama. An kuma shirya gudanar da taron hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki a COP28 da nufin kawo karshen kona sharar gida a Afirka nan da shekarar 2040.<ref>Open Burning COP28". EngineeringX</ref> == Manazarta == == Manazarta == 7i8mpja1ndi4nsdl1zu2mlqf1jjo18r 914980 914979 2026-09-02T16:27:39Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buɗe kona shara''' hanya ce ta zubar da shara ko shara. Hanya ce ta zubar da shara da ake amfani da ita a duniya, amma galibi ana amfani da ita a ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da masu matsakaicin kuɗi waɗanda ba su da isassun kayan aikin zubar da shara. Gwamnatoci da cibiyoyi da dama sun bayyana kona sharar a fili a matsayin babban abin da ke taimakawa wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Hakanan yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya tare da hadaddiyar giyar gurɓataccen iska wanda galibi ana ƙirƙira lokacin da aka ƙone sharar gida a cikin buɗaɗɗen iska. A COP26 buɗe sharar da aka taso a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi.<ref>"A wasted opportunity: Open burning of waste causes a climate and health calamity"</ref> Yana samar da nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi da suka haɗa da gurɓataccen yanayi na gajeriyar rayuwa (SLCPs), kamar baƙin carbon (BC). Fitarwar BC babban tushen ɓarkewar kwayoyin halitta ne, tare da tasirin canjin yanayi har zuwa 5,000 fiye da CO2. == Fage == Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna damuwa game da adadin bakar carbon da methane da ake samu daga konewa a fili a matsayin hanyar zubar da shara.<ref>African Environment Ministers vow to end plastic pollution, eliminate open dumping and burning of waste, address antimicrobial resistance". United Nations Environment Programme. September 26, 2022.</ref> Yawancin birane da yankuna suna fama da gurɓataccen iska da ƙarancin ingancin iska sakamakon buɗewar sharar gida.<ref>Kathmandu's toxic trash". Nepali Times. January 14, 2023.</ref><ref>Open burning of municipal solid waste poses health and environmental risks: experts". The Hindu. March 20, 2023</ref><ref>"In Lucknow, Waste burning in open, ban goes up in smoke". The Times of India. February 24, 2023</ref> Ya kuma zama ruwan dare ga yawancin iskar gas masu guba da ke fitowa cikin sararin samaniya sakamakon buɗaɗɗen konewar sharar gida. Za su iya haɗawa da POMs, PAHs, VOCs kamar fursunoni; karafa masu nauyi kamar arsenic, mercury da gubar; carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrochloric acid, dioxins, da PCBs. "Wasu daga cikin wadannan gurbatacciyar iska kuma za su iya shiga cikin tokar da aka bari ta hanyar kona datti a fili". Binciken da masu bincike daga kwalejojin King's da na Landan suka gudanar sun nuna cewa kona polystyrene da polyethylene terephthalate suna samar da adadi mai yawa na soot. Dukansu suna da yawa a cikin kwalabe na ruwa.<ref>Fuller, Gary (July 18, 2019). "Pollutionwatch: soot study shows harm from open waste burning". The Guardian.</ref> A cewar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa ta Wisconsin, "kona duk wani abu a waje na iya haifar da gobarar daji ... Konewar tarkace shine abu na farko da ke haifar da gobarar daji a Wisconsin kuma tana da adadin dubban kadada na gandun daji da ba da gangan ba, kuma daruruwan gine-gine suna barazana kowace shekara". Taron sauyin yanayi na COP26 ya gudanar da wani taron gefen hukuma wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wayar da kan jama'a game da bude kona sharar gida A watan Satumban 2022, an cimma yarjejeniya kan rage kona sharar gida a Afirka a taro na 18 na taron ministocin muhalli na Afirka (AMCEN). Taron ya karbi bakuncin wakilai daga kasashen Afirka 54.<ref>African Environment Ministers vow to end plastic pollution, eliminate open dumping and burning of waste, address antimicrobial resistance". United Nations Environment Programme. September 16, 2022.</ref> == Dorewa da tasiri == Rage ƙonawa a buɗe yana iya canza gurɓataccen iska a cikin yanki, don haka yana da tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam a wannan yanki. Binciken Duniya kan Amintaccen Ƙarshen Rayuwar Injiniya ya ba da shawarar cewa aikin zubar da jini ya yi tasiri ga lafiyar miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya, tare da ƙone kusan tan biliyan ɗaya a duk duniya a kowace shekara. A wani taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2022, tawagar ta mayar da hankali ne kan samar da ayyukan yi a matsayin mafita daya tilo don kawar da al'adar kona sharar gida a fili, wato a Afirka.[2] Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na sharar da ake samarwa a biranen Afirka ana iya sake yin amfani da su, tare da kiyasin darajar dala biliyan 8 a kowace shekara. Cibiyoyi da dama na kallon wannan a matsayin wata dama ta samar da ayyukan yi, tare da inganta kiwon lafiya da iska a nahiyar.<ref>Burning waste must end: African leaders look to recycling for better health and value". The Conversation. November 10, 2022.</ref> EngineeringX ta samar da rahoto kan kona sharar gida a Afirka a cikin 2022, inda ta tattauna duka kalubale da dama. An kuma shirya gudanar da taron hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki a COP28 da nufin kawo karshen kona sharar gida a Afirka nan da shekarar 2040.<ref>Open Burning COP28". EngineeringX</ref> == Manazarta == == Manazarta == 5uetour1nrx7ovj26d4pzgfscdtqx4r 914981 914980 2026-09-02T16:28:06Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buɗe kona shara''' hanya ce ta zubar da shara ko shara. Hanya ce ta zubar da shara da ake amfani da ita a duniya, amma galibi ana amfani da ita a ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da masu matsakaicin kuɗi waɗanda ba su da isassun kayan aikin zubar da shara. Gwamnatoci da cibiyoyi da dama sun bayyana kona sharar a fili a matsayin babban abin da ke taimakawa wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Hakanan yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya tare da hadaddiyar giyar gurɓataccen iska wanda galibi ana ƙirƙira lokacin da aka ƙone sharar gida a cikin buɗaɗɗen iska. A COP26 buɗe sharar da aka taso a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi.<ref>"A wasted opportunity: Open burning of waste causes a climate and health calamity"</ref> Yana samar da nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi da suka haɗa da gurɓataccen yanayi na gajeriyar rayuwa (SLCPs), kamar baƙin carbon (BC). Fitarwar BC babban tushen ɓarkewar kwayoyin halitta ne, tare da tasirin canjin yanayi har zuwa 5,000 fiye da CO2. == Fage == Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna damuwa game da adadin bakar carbon da methane da ake samu daga konewa a fili a matsayin hanyar zubar da shara.<ref>African Environment Ministers vow to end plastic pollution, eliminate open dumping and burning of waste, address antimicrobial resistance". United Nations Environment Programme. September 26, 2022.</ref> Yawancin birane da yankuna suna fama da gurɓataccen iska da ƙarancin ingancin iska sakamakon buɗewar sharar gida.<ref>Kathmandu's toxic trash". Nepali Times. January 14, 2023.</ref><ref>Open burning of municipal solid waste poses health and environmental risks: experts". The Hindu. March 20, 2023</ref><ref>"In Lucknow, Waste burning in open, ban goes up in smoke". The Times of India. February 24, 2023</ref> Ya kuma zama ruwan dare ga yawancin iskar gas masu guba da ke fitowa cikin sararin samaniya sakamakon buɗaɗɗen konewar sharar gida. Za su iya haɗawa da POMs, PAHs, VOCs kamar fursunoni; karafa masu nauyi kamar arsenic, mercury da gubar; carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrochloric acid, dioxins, da PCBs. "Wasu daga cikin wadannan gurbatacciyar iska kuma za su iya shiga cikin tokar da aka bari ta hanyar kona datti a fili". Binciken da masu bincike daga kwalejojin King's da na Landan suka gudanar sun nuna cewa kona polystyrene da polyethylene terephthalate suna samar da adadi mai yawa na soot. Dukansu suna da yawa a cikin kwalabe na ruwa.<ref>Fuller, Gary (July 18, 2019). "Pollutionwatch: soot study shows harm from open waste burning". The Guardian.</ref> A cewar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa ta Wisconsin, "kona duk wani abu a waje na iya haifar da gobarar daji ... Konewar tarkace shine abu na farko da ke haifar da gobarar daji a Wisconsin kuma tana da adadin dubban kadada na gandun daji da ba da gangan ba, kuma daruruwan gine-gine suna barazana kowace shekara". Taron sauyin yanayi na COP26 ya gudanar da wani taron gefen hukuma wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wayar da kan jama'a game da bude kona sharar gida A watan Satumban shekarar 2022, an cimma yarjejeniya kan rage kona sharar gida a Afirka a taro na 18 na taron ministocin muhalli na Afirka (AMCEN). Taron ya karbi bakuncin wakilai daga ƙasashen Afirka 54.<ref>African Environment Ministers vow to end plastic pollution, eliminate open dumping and burning of waste, address antimicrobial resistance". United Nations Environment Programme. September 16, 2022.</ref> == Dorewa da tasiri == Rage ƙonawa a buɗe yana iya canza gurɓataccen iska a cikin yanki, don haka yana da tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam a wannan yanki. Binciken Duniya kan Amintaccen Ƙarshen Rayuwar Injiniya ya ba da shawarar cewa aikin zubar da jini ya yi tasiri ga lafiyar miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya, tare da ƙone kusan tan biliyan ɗaya a duk duniya a kowace shekara. A wani taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2022, tawagar ta mayar da hankali ne kan samar da ayyukan yi a matsayin mafita daya tilo don kawar da al'adar kona sharar gida a fili, wato a Afirka.[2] Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na sharar da ake samarwa a biranen Afirka ana iya sake yin amfani da su, tare da kiyasin darajar dala biliyan 8 a kowace shekara. Cibiyoyi da dama na kallon wannan a matsayin wata dama ta samar da ayyukan yi, tare da inganta kiwon lafiya da iska a nahiyar.<ref>Burning waste must end: African leaders look to recycling for better health and value". The Conversation. November 10, 2022.</ref> EngineeringX ta samar da rahoto kan kona sharar gida a Afirka a cikin 2022, inda ta tattauna duka kalubale da dama. An kuma shirya gudanar da taron hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki a COP28 da nufin kawo karshen kona sharar gida a Afirka nan da shekarar 2040.<ref>Open Burning COP28". EngineeringX</ref> == Manazarta == == Manazarta == sqh89adzgmprwmd5a5jerq6r6kash25 914983 914981 2026-09-02T16:29:15Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Buɗe kona shara''' hanya ce ta zubar da shara ko shara. Hanya ce ta zubar da shara da ake amfani da ita a duniya, amma galibi ana amfani da ita a ƙasashe masu ƙanƙanta da masu matsakaicin kuɗi waɗanda ba su da isassun kayan aikin zubar da shara. Gwamnatoci da cibiyoyi da dama sun bayyana kona sharar a fili a matsayin babban abin da ke taimakawa wajen fitar da hayaki mai gurbata muhalli. Hakanan yana haifar da haɗarin lafiya tare da hadaddiyar giyar gurɓataccen iska wanda galibi ana ƙirƙira lokacin da aka ƙone sharar gida a cikin buɗaɗɗen iska. A COP26 buɗe sharar da aka taso a matsayin babban mai ba da gudummawa ga sauyin yanayi.<ref>"A wasted opportunity: Open burning of waste causes a climate and health calamity"</ref> Yana samar da nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi da suka haɗa da gurɓataccen yanayi na gajeriyar rayuwa (SLCPs), kamar baƙin carbon (BC). Fitarwar BC babban tushen ɓarkewar kwayoyin halitta ne, tare da tasirin canjin yanayi har zuwa 5,000 fiye da CO2. == Fage == Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta nuna damuwa game da adadin bakar carbon da methane da ake samu daga konewa a fili a matsayin hanyar zubar da shara.<ref>African Environment Ministers vow to end plastic pollution, eliminate open dumping and burning of waste, address antimicrobial resistance". United Nations Environment Programme. September 26, 2022.</ref> Yawancin birane da yankuna suna fama da gurɓataccen iska da ƙarancin ingancin iska sakamakon buɗewar sharar gida.<ref>Kathmandu's toxic trash". Nepali Times. January 14, 2023.</ref><ref>Open burning of municipal solid waste poses health and environmental risks: experts". The Hindu. March 20, 2023</ref><ref>"In Lucknow, Waste burning in open, ban goes up in smoke". The Times of India. February 24, 2023</ref> Ya kuma zama ruwan dare ga yawancin iskar gas masu guba da ke fitowa cikin sararin samaniya sakamakon buɗaɗɗen konewar sharar gida. Za su iya haɗawa da POMs, PAHs, VOCs kamar fursunoni; karafa masu nauyi kamar arsenic, mercury da gubar; carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, hydrochloric acid, dioxins, da PCBs. "Wasu daga cikin wadannan gurbatacciyar iska kuma za su iya shiga cikin tokar da aka bari ta hanyar kona datti a fili". Binciken da masu bincike daga kwalejojin King's da na Landan suka gudanar sun nuna cewa kona polystyrene da polyethylene terephthalate suna samar da adadi mai yawa na soot. Dukansu suna da yawa a cikin kwalabe na ruwa.<ref>Fuller, Gary (July 18, 2019). "Pollutionwatch: soot study shows harm from open waste burning". The Guardian.</ref> A cewar Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Kasa ta Wisconsin, "kona duk wani abu a waje na iya haifar da gobarar daji ... Konewar tarkace shine abu na farko da ke haifar da gobarar daji a Wisconsin kuma tana da adadin dubban kadada na gandun daji da ba da gangan ba, kuma daruruwan gine-gine suna barazana kowace shekara". Taron sauyin yanayi na COP26 ya gudanar da wani taron gefen hukuma wanda ya mayar da hankali kan wayar da kan jama'a game da bude kona sharar gida A watan Satumban shekarar 2022, an cimma yarjejeniya kan rage kona sharar gida a Afirka a taro na 18 na taron ministocin muhalli na Afirka (AMCEN). Taron ya karbi bakuncin wakilai daga ƙasashen Afirka 54.<ref>African Environment Ministers vow to end plastic pollution, eliminate open dumping and burning of waste, address antimicrobial resistance". United Nations Environment Programme. September 16, 2022.</ref> == Dorewa da tasiri == Rage ƙonawa a buɗe yana iya canza gurɓataccen iska a cikin yanki, don haka yana da tasiri ga lafiyar ɗan adam a wannan yanki. Binciken Duniya kan Amintaccen Ƙarshen Rayuwar Injiniya ya ba da shawarar cewa aikin zubar da jini ya yi tasiri ga lafiyar miliyoyin mutane a duk duniya, tare da ƙone kusan tan biliyan ɗaya a duk duniya a kowace shekara. A wani taron koli na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a shekarar 2022, tawagar ta mayar da hankali ne kan samar da ayyukan yi a matsayin mafita daya tilo don kawar da al'adar kona sharar gida a fili, wato a Afirka.[2] Kusan kashi 80 cikin 100 na sharar da ake samarwa a biranen Afirka ana iya sake yin amfani da su, tare da kiyasin darajar dala biliyan 8 a kowace shekara. Cibiyoyi da dama na kallon wannan a matsayin wata dama ta samar da ayyukan yi, tare da inganta kiwon lafiya da iska a nahiyar.<ref>Burning waste must end: African leaders look to recycling for better health and value". The Conversation. November 10, 2022.</ref> EngineeringX ta samar da rahoto kan kona sharar gida a Afirka a cikin 2022, inda ta tattauna duka ƙalubale da dama. An kuma shirya gudanar da taron hadin gwiwar masu ruwa da tsaki a COP28 da nufin kawo karshen kona sharar gida a Afirka nan da shekarar 2040.<ref>Open Burning COP28". EngineeringX</ref> == Manazarta == == Manazarta == 4u6h41utws7k9ewv36ha83tic0iqy5q 0 109737 914965 686653 2026-09-02T16:21:55Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zero sharar gida''', ko rage sharar gidaje, saiti ne na ka'idojin da aka mayar da hankali kan [[Rage shara|Rigakafin sharar gida]] wanda ke ƙarfafa sake fasalin rayuwar [[Kadarorin muhalli|albarkatun]] don a sake amfani da duk samfuran (watau "sake amfani") da / ko sake amfani da shi. Manufar motsi ita ce guje wa aika shara zuwa [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren zubar da shara]], incinerators, teku, ko wani ɓangare na muhalli. A halin yanzu ana sake amfani da kashi 9% na filastik na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2022 |title=Plastic pollution is growing relentlessly as waste management and recycling fall short, says OECD |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/plastic-pollution-is-growing-relentlessly-as-waste-management-and-recycling-fall-short.htm#:~:text=Only%209%25%20of%20plastic%20waste,is%20disposed%20of%20as%20residues). |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.oecd.org}}</ref> A cikin tsarin sharar gida, ana sake amfani da dukkan kayan har sai an kai matakin mafi kyau na amfani. Zero sharar gida yana nufin rigakafin sharar gida kamar yadda ya saba da sarrafa sharar gida.<ref name="Snow">{{Cite web |last=Snow, W. |last2=Dickinson J. |date=2001 |title=The end of waste: Zero waste by 2020 |url=http://www.zerowaste.co.nz/assets/Reports/TheEndofWaste.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030212428/http://www.zerowaste.co.nz/assets/Reports/TheEndofWaste.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-30 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref> Hanyar "dukan tsarin" ce da ke da niyyar babban canji a hanyar da kayan ke gudana ta cikin al'umma, wanda kuma ke haifar da babu sharar gida.<ref name="Snow" /> Zero sharar ya ƙunshi fiye da kawar da sharar gida ta hanyar [[Rage shara|ragewa]], sake amfani, da sake amfani. Yana mai da hankali kan sake fasalin rarrabawa da tsarin samarwa don rage sharar gida.<ref name="Davidson">{{Cite web |last=Davidson, G. |date=2011 |title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review |url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |archive-date=2012-02-01 |access-date=2017-09-19}}</ref> Zero sharar yana ba da jagororin don ci gaba da aiki don kawar da sharar gida.<ref name="Snow" /> A cewar Zero Waste International Alliance (ZWIA), sharar gida shine cikakkiyar dawo da albarkatun samfurin "ba tare da fitarwa zuwa ƙasa, ruwa, ko iska da ke barazana ga [[Hadarin muhalli|muhalli]] ko lafiyar ɗan adam ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2022 |orig-date=Original date 24 June 2018 |title=Zero Waste Definition |url=https://zwia.org/zero-waste-definition/ |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Zero Waste International Alliance}}</ref> Masu ba da shawara suna sa ran cewa ana buƙatar ka'idojin gwamnati don rinjayar zaɓin masana'antu akan ƙirar samfur da marufi, hanyoyin masana'antu, da zaɓin kayan aiki.<ref name="Townsend">{{Cite journal |last=Townsend, W. K. |date=2010 |title=Zero waste: an aspiration or an oxymoron? |journal=Waste Management & Research |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1177/0734242X09356145 |pmid=20065044 |s2cid=209360875}}</ref> Masu ba da shawara sun ce kawar da sharar gida yana rage [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] kuma yana iya rage farashi saboda rage buƙatar albarkatun kasa. == Cradle-to-Grave == Tsarin jariri zuwa kabari samfurin kayan layi ne wanda ke farawa tare da cire albarkatu, yana motsawa zuwa masana'antar samfur, kuma yana ƙare tare da "kabari" ko zubar da shara inda aka zubar da samfurin. Cradle-to-grave ya bambanta kai tsaye da kayan aiki ko samfuran, waɗanda ake sake amfani da su cikin sabbin samfuran a ƙarshen rayuwarsu don a ƙarshe babu [[Shara|sharar gida]].<ref name="McDonough">{{Cite web |last=McDonough, W. |last2=Braungart, M. |date=2003 |title=The cradle-to-cradle alternative. |url=http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325105318/http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |archive-date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref> Cradle-to-cradle yana mai da hankali kan tsara tsarin masana'antu don kayan aiki su gudana a cikin zagaye na rufe, wanda ke nufin cewa an rage sharar gida kuma ana iya sake amfani da kayan sharar gida. Cradle-to-cradle ya wuce magance matsalolin sharar gida bayan an halicce shi ta hanyar magance matsalolin a tushen da sake bayyana matsalolin ta hanyar mai da hankali kan zane.<ref name="McDonough2">{{Cite web |last=McDonough, W. |last2=Braungart, M. |date=2003 |title=The cradle-to-cradle alternative. |url=http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325105318/http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |archive-date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref> Tsarin jariri zuwa jariri yana da ɗorewa kuma yana la'akari da rayuwa da tsararraki masu zuwa .<ref name="McDonough" /> Tsarin jariri zuwa jariri ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar zuwa aiki.<ref name="Davidson">{{Cite web |last=Davidson, G. |date=2011 |title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review |url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |archive-date=2012-02-01 |access-date=2017-09-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFDavidson,_G.2011">Davidson, G. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf "Waste Management Practices: Literature Review"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> A cikin masana'antu, yana ƙirƙirar sabon ra'ayi na kayan aiki da kayan aiki. Kamar yadda yake a cikin duniyar halitta, inda wani kwayoyin halitta ke kewayawa ta hanyar tsarin halittu don samar da abinci mai gina jiki ga wasu abubuwa masu rai, kayan haihuwa zuwa jariri suna yawo a cikin zagaye na rufe, suna ba da abinci mai kyau ga yanayi ko masana'antu.<ref name="McDonough">{{Cite web |last=McDonough, W. |last2=Braungart, M. |date=2003 |title=The cradle-to-cradle alternative. |url=http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325105318/http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |archive-date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2014-04-02}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFMcDonough,_W.Braungart,_M.2003">McDonough, W.; Braungart, M. (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325105318/http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg "The cradle-to-cradle alternative"]. Archived from [http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg the original] on 2016-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == elp0122rtjahun6qesmlwbtnnhg8ju8 914966 914965 2026-09-02T16:22:11Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zero sharar gida''', ko rage sharar gidaje, saiti ne na ka'idojin da aka mayar da hankali kan [[Rage shara|Rigakafin sharar gida]] wanda ke ƙarfafa sake fasalin rayuwar [[Kadarorin muhalli|albarkatun]] don a sake amfani da duk samfuran (watau "sake amfani") da / ko sake amfani da shi. Manufar motsi ita ce guje wa aika shara zuwa [[Wajen zubar da shara|wuraren zubar da shara]], incinerators, teku, ko wani ɓangare na muhalli. A halin yanzu ana sake amfani da kashi 9% na filastik na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 February 2022 |title=Plastic pollution is growing relentlessly as waste management and recycling fall short, says OECD |url=https://www.oecd.org/environment/plastic-pollution-is-growing-relentlessly-as-waste-management-and-recycling-fall-short.htm#:~:text=Only%209%25%20of%20plastic%20waste,is%20disposed%20of%20as%20residues). |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.oecd.org}}</ref> A cikin tsarin sharar gida, ana sake amfani da dukkan kayan har sai an kai matakin mafi kyau na amfani. Zero sharar gida yana nufin rigakafin sharar gida kamar yadda ya saba da sarrafa sharar gida.<ref name="Snow">{{Cite web |last=Snow, W. |last2=Dickinson J. |date=2001 |title=The end of waste: Zero waste by 2020 |url=http://www.zerowaste.co.nz/assets/Reports/TheEndofWaste.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171030212428/http://www.zerowaste.co.nz/assets/Reports/TheEndofWaste.pdf |archive-date=2017-10-30 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref> Hanyar "dukan tsarin" ce da ke da niyyar babban canji a hanyar da kayan ke gudana ta cikin al'umma, wanda kuma ke haifar da babu sharar gida.<ref name="Snow" /> Zero sharar ya ƙunshi fiye da kawar da sharar gida ta hanyar [[Rage shara|ragewa]], sake amfani, da sake amfani. Yana mai da hankali kan sake fasalin rarrabawa da tsarin samarwa don rage sharar gida.<ref name="Davidson">{{Cite web |last=Davidson, G. |date=2011 |title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review |url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |archive-date=2012-02-01 |access-date=2017-09-19}}</ref> Zero sharar yana ba da jagororin don ci gaba da aiki don kawar da sharar gida.<ref name="Snow" /> A cewar Zero Waste International Alliance (ZWIA), sharar gida shine cikakkiyar dawo da albarkatun samfurin "ba tare da fitarwa zuwa ƙasa, ruwa, ko iska da ke barazana ga [[Hadarin muhalli|muhalli]] ko lafiyar ɗan adam ba".<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2022 |orig-date=Original date 24 June 2018 |title=Zero Waste Definition |url=https://zwia.org/zero-waste-definition/ |access-date=31 October 2024 |website=Zero Waste International Alliance}}</ref> Masu ba da shawara suna sa ran cewa ana buƙatar ƙa'idojin gwamnati don rinjayar zaɓin masana'antu akan ƙirar samfur da marufi, hanyoyin masana'antu, da zaɓin kayan aiki.<ref name="Townsend">{{Cite journal |last=Townsend, W. K. |date=2010 |title=Zero waste: an aspiration or an oxymoron? |journal=Waste Management & Research |volume=28 |issue=1 |pages=1–3 |doi=10.1177/0734242X09356145 |pmid=20065044 |s2cid=209360875}}</ref> Masu ba da shawara sun ce kawar da sharar gida yana rage [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] kuma yana iya rage farashi saboda rage buƙatar albarkatun kasa. == Cradle-to-Grave == Tsarin jariri zuwa kabari samfurin kayan layi ne wanda ke farawa tare da cire albarkatu, yana motsawa zuwa masana'antar samfur, kuma yana ƙare tare da "kabari" ko zubar da shara inda aka zubar da samfurin. Cradle-to-grave ya bambanta kai tsaye da kayan aiki ko samfuran, waɗanda ake sake amfani da su cikin sabbin samfuran a ƙarshen rayuwarsu don a ƙarshe babu [[Shara|sharar gida]].<ref name="McDonough">{{Cite web |last=McDonough, W. |last2=Braungart, M. |date=2003 |title=The cradle-to-cradle alternative. |url=http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325105318/http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |archive-date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref> Cradle-to-cradle yana mai da hankali kan tsara tsarin masana'antu don kayan aiki su gudana a cikin zagaye na rufe, wanda ke nufin cewa an rage sharar gida kuma ana iya sake amfani da kayan sharar gida. Cradle-to-cradle ya wuce magance matsalolin sharar gida bayan an halicce shi ta hanyar magance matsalolin a tushen da sake bayyana matsalolin ta hanyar mai da hankali kan zane.<ref name="McDonough2">{{Cite web |last=McDonough, W. |last2=Braungart, M. |date=2003 |title=The cradle-to-cradle alternative. |url=http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325105318/http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |archive-date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2014-04-02}}</ref> Tsarin jariri zuwa jariri yana da ɗorewa kuma yana la'akari da rayuwa da tsararraki masu zuwa .<ref name="McDonough" /> Tsarin jariri zuwa jariri ya samo asali ne daga ka'idar zuwa aiki.<ref name="Davidson">{{Cite web |last=Davidson, G. |date=2011 |title=Waste Management Practices: Literature Review |url=https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf |archive-date=2012-02-01 |access-date=2017-09-19}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFDavidson,_G.2011">Davidson, G. (2011). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120201020208/https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf "Waste Management Practices: Literature Review"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from [https://www.dal.ca/content/dam/dalhousie/pdf/sustainability/Waste%20Management%20Literature%20Review%20Final%20June%202011%20(1.49%20MB).pdf the original] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2012-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-09-19</span></span>.</cite></ref> A cikin masana'antu, yana ƙirƙirar sabon ra'ayi na kayan aiki da kayan aiki. Kamar yadda yake a cikin duniyar halitta, inda wani kwayoyin halitta ke kewayawa ta hanyar tsarin halittu don samar da abinci mai gina jiki ga wasu abubuwa masu rai, kayan haihuwa zuwa jariri suna yawo a cikin zagaye na rufe, suna ba da abinci mai kyau ga yanayi ko masana'antu.<ref name="McDonough">{{Cite web |last=McDonough, W. |last2=Braungart, M. |date=2003 |title=The cradle-to-cradle alternative. |url=http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325105318/http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg |archive-date=2016-03-25 |access-date=2014-04-02}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="1" id="CITEREFMcDonough,_W.Braungart,_M.2003">McDonough, W.; Braungart, M. (2003). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160325105318/http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg "The cradle-to-cradle alternative"]. Archived from [http://www.mcdonough.com/speaking-writing/the-cradle-to-cradle-alternative/#.UzxdSUlzZAg the original] on 2016-03-25<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-04-02</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == 5maoolvt7kz6e76hzthbtsm40gh385q 0 110366 915232 703362 2026-09-03T05:12:14Z Ummeeterh 31568 915232 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Sembcorp Energy India Limited''' ('''SEIL''') <ref>{{Cite web |last= |date= |title=corporate website |url=http://www.sembcorpenergyindia.com/ |access-date= |website=www.sembcorpenergyindia.com |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605180052/https://sembcorpenergyindia.com/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ita ce babbar [[Independent power producer|mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa]] (IPP) a Indiya. Da farko an san shi da Thermal Powertech Corporation [[Indiya|India]] Limited, SEIL ta mallaki 100% na Sembcorp Gayatri Power Limited da Sembcorp Green Infra Limited. == Bayani na gaba ɗaya == Sembcorp Energy India Ltd. (SEIL) kamfani ne mai zaman kansa a Indiya. Sembcorp yana da rikodin waƙa na ganowa, haɓaka <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Press release |url=https://www.sembcorpenergyindia.com/assets/Document/PressReleases/2018/India%e2%80%99s%20first%20SECI%20auction%20wind%20project%20by%20Sembcorp%20dedicated%20to%20the%20nation.pdf |access-date=2019-10-05 |website=www.sembcorpenergyindia.com |format=PDF }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> da kuma sarrafa kayan samar da wutar lantarki a duk faɗin bangarorin wutar lantarki da sabuntawa a Indiya. Yana da fayil na kayan aikin zafi da makamashi mai sabuntawa wanda ya kai kusan. 4.77 gigawatts iya aiki da kuma a karkashin gini a fadin jihohi da yawa a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Sembcorp - Board of Directors |url=https://www.sembcorpenergyindia.com/AboutUs/BoardDir |access-date=2019-10-05 |publisher=Sembcorpenergyindia.com |archive-date=2019-09-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190926124913/https://www.sembcorpenergyindia.com/AboutUs/BoardDir |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sembcorp Energy India Limited wani bangare ne na Sembcorp Industries (SCI) <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Sembcorp Group |url=http://www.sembcorp.com |access-date= |website=}}</ref> Group. Sembcorp yana da ma'auni na makamashi sama da 12,700MW, tare da fiye da 3,200MW na ƙarfin makamashi mai sabuntawa wanda ya ƙunshi hasken rana, iska da ajiyar makamashi a duniya. Sembcorp kuma yana sanya ci gaban birane, tare da fayil ɗin aikin da ya kai sama da hekta 11,000 a duk faɗin Asiya. An lissafa shi a kan babban kwamitin Singapore Exchange, SCI wani bangare ne na Straits Times Index, da yawa MSCI da FTSE alamomi, da kuma SGX Sustainability Leaders Index da Dow Jones Sustainability Asia Pacific Index. == Sembcorp Green Infra == '''Sembcorp Green Infra''' kamfani ne mai sabunta makamashi wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki kuma a halin yanzu yana aiki a Indiya. Sembcorp Green Infra kamfani ne na Sembcorp Energy India Limited . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=SEMBCORP TO INCREASE ITS STAKE IN INDIA RENEWABLE ENERGY BUSINESS TO 100% |url=https://www.sembcorpenergyindia.com/assets/Document/PressReleases/2017/sembcorp-to-increase-its-stake-in-india-renewable-energy-business-to-100_-31-august-2017.pdf |website=sembcorpenergyindia.comf }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 2015, Sembcorp ta sami mafi yawan hannun jari a ɗayan manyan kamfanonin makamashi masu sabuntawa na Indiya, tun lokacin da aka sake masa suna Sembcorp Green Infra. A watan Agustan 2017, Sembcorp ya shiga yarjejeniya don samun ragowar IDFC Private Equity Fund III a Sembcorp Green Infra . <ref name=":0"/> Ya zuwa 2020 kasuwancin Sembcorp Green Infra ya ƙunshi fiye da 2100 megawatts na iska da hasken rana da ke aiki da kuma ci gaba a jihohi bakwai a fadin kudancin, yamma da tsakiyar yankuna na Indiya. Ya haɗa da makamashi 35 na iska da kayan makamashi 4 na hasken rana.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=India Power Business Overview |url=http://www.sembcorpenergyindia.com/Power |access-date=18 September 2018 |publisher=Sembcorp |archive-date=30 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180930154938/http://sembcorpenergyindia.com/Power |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sembcorp Energy India wins 400 MW solar power project |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/sembcorp-energy-india-wins-400-mw-solar-power-project/articleshow/80170586.cms?from=mdr/}}</ref> Sembcorp yana da bambancin kasancewa mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa na farko don kammala aikin wutar lantarki na SECI a gaban jadawalin, kuma kamar yadda yake a yau yana da mafi girman ƙarfin samarwa da aka ba da izini daga siyarwar iska ta SECI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sembcorp Energy Commissions 800 MW of Wind Projects |url=https://mercomindia.com/sembcorp-energy-commissions-wind-projects/}}</ref> Har ila yau, kamfanin yana da ikon aiki da kansa na sama da 600 MW, mafi girma tare da kowane mai samar da wutar lantarki mai zaman kansa a bangaren sabuntawa a [[Indiya]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-16 |title=Sembcorp commissions 200 MW wind power project in Bhuj, sees rise in profitability - The Economic Times |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/energy/power/sembcorp-commissions-200-mw-wind-power-project-in-bhuj-sees-rise-in-profitability/articleshow/70700750.cms |access-date=2019-10-05 |publisher=Economictimes.indiatimes.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nmpbnuca69noq5j5n0ikub6yg5f3b5d 0 111078 915000 691804 2026-09-02T16:49:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915000 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:SagarLake.jpg|right|thumb|[[Hussain Sagar|Tafkin Hussain Sagar]]]] [[Hyderabad]] tana cikin tsakiyar [[Telangana]] kuma tana warwatse a kan yanki na ²,500 km2. Birnin yana cikin Deccan Plateau kuma ya tashi zuwa matsakaicin tsawo na 536 m sama da matakin teku. Birnin yana a 17.366 ° N latitude da 78.476 ° E longitude.&nbsp; Hyderabad tana da albarka da wuri mai faɗi na musamman - dutsen da ke da shekaru miliyan 2,500; daga cikin tsofaffi da mafi wuya a duniya. Yankunan dutse da tsaunuka da ke kewaye da birnin suna ƙarƙashin lalacewa don birni. Dutsen dutse da tuddai da aka yi amfani da su a cikin siffofin daidaitawa masu kyau wani bangare ne na yankin Deccan Shield. Grey da Pink Granites suna daga cikin tsofaffin duniya. Ana yawan shuka amfanin gona a cikin gonakin paddy da ke kewaye. Nau'in ƙasa na birnin galibi ja ne tare da yankunan baƙar fata. Hyderabad ya fada cikin yankin girgizar ƙasa-II <ref>{{Cite web |title=Indian standards on earthquake engineering |url=http://www.bis.org.in/other/quake.htm |access-date=2 October 2018 |publisher=BIS}}</ref> kuma ba a fallasa girgizar kasa ba. Matsayi mafi girma a cikin birni shine Banjara Hills . Matakin yana fadowa sannu a hankali daga yamma zuwa gabas yana haifar da kusan rami kusa da Kogin Musi wanda ke gudana ta cikin birni. Wannan fasalin halitta ya sauƙaƙa samar da ruwa ta hanyar nauyi. Hawan cikin birni ya bambanta tsakanin 672 m a Banjara Hills da 456 m a Old City. Garuruwan tauraron dan adam na Kudancin Kudancin kamar Shadnagar suna da matsakaicin tsawo na kimanin 650 m daidai.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; An kafa asalin birnin Hyderabad a bakin kogin Musi kuma ya girma tsawon ƙarni a bangarorin biyu na kogin. Yanzu an san shi da tarihin "Tsohon Birni", gidan [[Charminar]] da Masjid Makka, yana kan kudancin kogin. Cibiyar birni ta ga canji zuwa arewacin kogi, tare da gina gine-ginen gwamnati da yawa da wuraren tarihi. Hyderabad da Secunderabad ana kiransu 'birane biyu' saboda suna da alaƙa da juna. Wani mutum ya yi tafki, wanda aka fi sani da [[Hussain Sagar]] Lake, ya raba biranen biyu. Saurin ci gaban birnin, tare da ci gaban Secunderabad da yankunan da ke kusa da shi ya haifar da babban birni mai yawan jama'a. Kogin Musi ya samo asali ne daga tsaunukan Anantagiri (wanda ke da nisan kilomita 70 kudu maso yammacin Hyderabad) kuma ya haɗu da Kogin Krishna kusa da Wazirabad a gundumar Nalgonda . Akwai madatsun ruwa guda biyu da aka gina a kanta - Osman Sagar da Himayat Sagar . Dukkanin wadannan tafkuna sune manyan hanyoyin ruwa na sha ga birnin Hyderabad. Wadannan madatsun ruwa sun kuma hana birnin ambaliyar da ta gamu har zuwa farkon shekarun karni na 20. An kira Kogin Musi Kogin Muchukunda a kwanakin da ba a san su ba. Wasu gadoji sun haye kogi; mafi tsufa, wanda ake kira "Purana Pul" (a zahiri ma'anar tsohuwar gada) an gina shi a cikin karni na 16 ta [[Masarautar Golconda|Qutb Shahi]] sultans na Golconda.&nbsp; A yau, saboda rashin nuna bambanci da rashin tsarawa, kogin ya zama wurin karɓar duk ruwan da ba a kula da shi ba da kuma masana'antu da ke fitowa daga Hyderabad kuma saboda haka ya gurɓata. Kokarin tsaftace shi da yawa sun gaza. Ruwan kogin da ke ƙasa zuwa birni ya gurɓata sosai. Al'adun Telangana sun haɗu da al'adun Kudancin Indiya da Farisa waɗanda aka haɗa su a lokacin Mughal da Nizam. == Yanayin ƙasa == [[Fayil:Hyderabad_Elevation_Model.png|alt=The elevation model of Hyderabad and Secunderabad areas, created using ASTER GDEM v2 Data.|center|500x500px|Misali na tsawo na yankunan Hyderabad da Secunderabad, wanda aka kirkira ta amfani da ASTER GDEM v2 Data.]] Hyderabad, the capital of Indian state of Telangana, is located in the central part of the Telangana. Geographically the city is located in the northern part of Deccan plateau, in Southern India on the banks of Musi River.<ref name="GHMC_city area">{{Cite web |title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=17 August 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hyderabad_Geo">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Physical Feature |url=http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/hyderabad.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120416235458/http://www.apind.gov.in/Library/District/hyderabad.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2012 |access-date=4 April 2012 |website=AP Government}}</ref> The modern Hyderabad is spread over an area of {{Convert|1005|km2|sqmi}}, making it one of the largest metros in India.<ref name="GHMC_city area" /> The predominant topography of the city is sloping [[Duwatsu (geology)|rocky]] terrain of grey and pink granites. Some locations with higher altitude are scattered throughout, giving rise to the appearance of several small hillocks. Hyderabad has an average altitude of about {{Convert|1778|ft|m|0}} above [[Sea level|mean sea Level]] (MSL), while the highest point in the city is Banjara Hills at {{Convert|2206|ft|m|0}}.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" /><ref name="JNTU_Geo">{{Cite web |title=Hyderabad Geography |url=http://jntuhdufr.com/geography |access-date=4 May 2012 |website=[[Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad|JNTU]] |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111002233/http://jntuhdufr.com/geography |url-status=dead }}</ref> The city houses multiple lakes and large water tanks. The lakes in the city are often referred to as ''sagar'' which means sea. The [[Hussain Sagar]] lake, built in 1562, is located at the heart of the city. The Osman Sagar and Himayat Sagar are two artificial lakes created as a result of dams on Musi River.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" /><ref name="rainwaterharvesting">{{Cite web |year=2005 |title=Water sources and water supply |url=http://www.rainwaterharvesting.org/hussain_sagar/hussainsagar%202.pdf |access-date=20 January 2012 |website=rainwaterharvesting.org |page=2}}</ref> the Hyderabad houses 140 large and small size lakes in and around its neighborhood and As of 1996, there are 834 water tanks of below the size of 10 hectare.<ref name="Sreoshi Singh">{{Cite web |last=Sreoshi Singh |year=2010 |title=Water Security in Peri-Urban South Asia |url=http://saciwaters.org/periurban/Scoping_Study_Report_Hyderabad.pdf |access-date=18 May 2012 |website=SaciWATERs |archive-date=16 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116235407/http://saciwaters.org/periurban/Scoping_Study_Report_Hyderabad.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Makwabta == Garin tarihi wanda Muhammad Quli Qutb Shah ya kafa, a kan kudancin Kogin Musi ya wanzu a matsayin '''Tsohon Birni''', yayin da '''Sabon Birni''' ya ƙunshi Yaduwar birane da yawa a arewacin kogin Mushi. Tsohon da Sabbin birane suna haɗuwa da gadoji da yawa a kan kogi, tare da gadar Purana pul ita ce mafi tsufa. Hyderabad tana da tagwaye da makwabciyar Secunderabad wacce aka raba ta hanyar tafkin [[Hussain Sagar]]. Dukansu tagwayen sun zo ne a ƙarƙashin ƙungiyar birni guda ɗaya na Greater Hyderabad.<ref name="Hyderabad_Geo"/><ref name="ghmc.gov.in">{{Cite web |title=Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation |url=http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160101224338/http://www.ghmc.gov.in/greaterhyd.asp |archive-date=1 January 2016 |access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref> Birnin da aka rushe na Golconda da Karwan a kudu da Yammacin birnin sune farkon zama a Hyderabad . Tsakiyar Hyderabad ta bunkasa a zamanin Nizam tun daga karni na 18 shine babban jigon birnin da kogin Musi ya raba, Kudanci kogin Musi a tsakiyar Hyderabad yana dauke da mafi yawan wuraren shakatawa na tarihi kamar; The Charminar, Makka Masjid, Salarjung Museum, Nizam ta gidan kayan gargajiya, Babban Kotun Shari'a a Hyderabad, Falaknuma Palace, Chowmahalla Palace, Purani Haveli Palace da Mahbub mansion, gargajiya retail corridor-(Laad Bazaar, Lu'u-lu'u Market da Madina da'irar) da kuma Mahatma Gandhi Bus Raological Station, Hyde.hrabad. Arewacin kogin Musi a tsakiyar Hyderabad yana dauke da; Babban Asibitin Osmania, Babban Laburare na Jiha, Hyderabad, Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Osmania da Kwalejin Mata (tsohon mazaunin Burtaniya), tashar jirgin kasa ta Hyderabad da tashar jirgin kasa ta Kachiguda tare da na CBD kamar; Begum Bazaar, Koti, Osman Gunj, Abids, Sultan Bazaar, Moazzam Jahi Market, Bank Street, Troop Bazaar (tsohon Barracks na Faransa) da wuraren zama na kasuwanci kamar; Fadar Sarki Kothi, Fadar Basheer Bagh, Himayatnagar, Babban Bankin Indiya, Sakatariyar Telangana, Majalisar Dokokin Gwamnatin Indiya, Hyderabad, Majalisar Dokokin Telangana, Lambun Jama'a, Masallacin Shahi, Kulob na Nizam, Ravindra Bharathi, gidan kayan gargajiya na Jiha, Ofishin Kwamishinan 'yan sanda, Temple Birla, Birla Planetarium. [[Fayil:Gachibowli_hyd.jpg|left|thumb|230x230px|Gachibowli; wani yanki na Hyderabad .]] A Arewacin tsakiyar Hyderabad akwai [[Hussain Sagar|Tafkin Hussain Sagar]], tare da Tank Bund Road, Rani Gunj da Secunderabad Railway Station. Yawancin wuraren shakatawa, Jirgin ruwa da wuraren shakatawa suna kusa da Tafkin Hussain Sagar kamar; Aljanna ta Jama'a, Birla planetarium, Necklace Road, Sanjeevaiah Park, Indira Park, Lumbini Park, NTR Gardens, [[Prasads IMAX|Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na IMAX]], Snow World, [[Hussain Sagar|Buddha purnima]] da Tankbund Park.<ref name="Hussain Sagar">{{Cite web |last=Mohan Kodarkar |title=Implementing the Ecosystem Approach to Preserve the Ecological Integrity of Urban Lakes: The Case of Lake Hussainsagar, Hyderabad, India |url=http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/ILBMTrainingMaterials/resources/Hussainsagar.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121209123821/http://wldb.ilec.or.jp/ILBMTrainingMaterials/resources/Hussainsagar.pdf |archive-date=9 December 2012 |access-date=11 June 2012 |website=Ecosystem Approach for Conservation of Lake Hussainsagar |publisher=International Lake Environment Committee Foundation |page=3}} </ref> Yankunan Yamma da Kudu maso Yamma sun yi girma cikin sauri a cikin shekaru goma da suka gabata da gidaje, HITEC City, Genome Valley, Hyderabad Airport, ICRISAT, Toli chowki, Mehdi patnam, Gachibowli, Golconda Fort, Qutb Shahi Tombs, Osman sagar, Himayath sagar, Miyapur, Madhapur da Jubilee Park da Film Nagar Hills, National K.BR.  Zuwa gidajen Arewa maso Yamma galibin manyan wuraren zama kamar Banjara Hills, Jubilee Hills, Raj Bhavan, Somajiguda, Begumpet da Khairatabad.  Ƙarshen Arewa yana da wuraren masana'antu kamar Sanathnagar, Moosapet, Balanagar, Pathan Cheru, BHEL garin da Chanda Nagar waɗanda ke da wuraren zama kamar Kukatpally, Lingampally da Nizampet. A gabashin birnin akwai Ramoji Film City, kuma mafi yawan ƙauyuka a nan an haɓaka su tun bayan 1969 ta bakin haure na Mutanen Telugu; waɗanda ke da wuraren kamar Dilsukhnagar, Kothapet, Vanasthalipuram, LB Nagar, Hayath nagar, Ibrahim patnam da yawancin Cibiyoyin bincike na tsaro suna gabashin Hyderabad. Yankin arewa maso gabashin birNIN yana da mazauna mazauna musamman ga ma'aikatan soja da suka yi ritaya da ma'aikatan Gwamnatin Tsakiya saboda kasancewar cibiyoyin ƙasa da yawa kamar ECIL, NFC, Cibiyar Fasahar Kimiyya ta Indiya, NGRI da NIN. Makwabta sun hada da Malkajgiri, Sainikpuri, Neredmet,A. S. Rao Nagar, Tarnaka, Jami'ar Osmania, Habsiguda, Marredpally, Bowenpally, Trimulgherry, Secunderabad Cantonment da Uppal. Gundumomin masana'antu guda uku na birnin suna cikin Chandulal Bhardari (Kudanci), Sanathnagar (Arewanci) da Azamabad (Arewa). <ref name="Hyderabad_Geo"/> Yankunan masana'antu na Hyderabad sune; Ghatkesar, Hayathnagar, Dundigal, Shamirpet, Shamshabad da Narsingi. Birnin yana da wuraren ajiya a Musheerabad (Arewa), Kachiguda (Tsakiya) da Sanathnagar (Arewa). Muhimman kasuwannin kayan lambu da 'ya'yan itace suna cikin Kasuwar Monda, Madannapet, Kasuwar furanni ta Jambagh, Bharat Nagar, Mir Alam mandi, Gaddiannaram da Gudimalkapur. ''Raitu Bazar'' da ke cikin sassa daban-daban na tsakiyar birni sune ƙananan kasuwannin kayan lambu da GHMC ke sarrafawa. Kasuwancin Kifi suna cikin Secunderabad, Begum bazaar, Puranapul, Mangalghat da MJMarket. <ref name="Hyderabad_Geo" /> Birnin yana da gidajen yanka guda biyar da ke Ziaguda, Gowlipura, Ramnasthpura, Amberpet da Bhoiguda. Gidan yanka na zamani a Chengicherla a cikin unguwar birnin. == Yanayi == {{Climate chart|[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] Period: 1951–2000|15.2|28.8|13.2|17.6|31.9|7.9|20.8|35.4|15.3|24.3|37.9|20.2|26.2|39.0|35.7|24.0|34.5|103.8|22.6|30.8|169.9|22.1|29.8|178.7|22.0|30.5|158.3|20.3|30.6|97.2|16.9|29.0|22.4|14.5|28.0|5.9}} [[Fayil:A_foggy_day_in_Hyderabad,_India.JPG|thumb|Ranar hazo a Hyderabad]] Hyderabad tana da haɗuwa ta musamman na yanayin zafi da bushe wanda ke kan iyaka da yanayin zafi mai zafi (Köppen climate classification ''BSh''). Yanayin Hyderabad ya kasance mai dumi sosai a yawancin sassan shekara kuma baya samun ruwan sama da yawa a cikin damina.  Da farkon lokacin sanyi a yankin Arewa da tsakiyar Indiya, yanayin zafi ya ragu kaɗan a watannin Disamba da Janairu kuma dare ya yi sanyi sosai a ciki da wajen birnin Hyderabad.  A cikin watannin rani, mercury yana kaiwa sama da 42 °C yayin da a lokacin sanyi mafi ƙarancin zafin jiki na iya saukowa ƙasa da 12 °C.  Yuni zuwa Nuwamba watanni ne na damina, tare da ruwan sama.  A lokacin damina kuma yanayin zafi yana raguwa a wasu lokuta.  Don haka, ga mafi yawan sassan shekara yanayi da yanayin Hyderabad suna kasancewa cikin matsakaicin matsakaici kuma zaku iya ziyartar garin Hyderabad kowane lokaci a cikin shekara amma mafi kyawun lokacin ziyartar Hyderabad shine tsakanin Oktoba-Fabrairu. Yanayin zafi na tsaunuka ya mamaye Hyderabad. Gundumar Telangana inda Hyderabad ke ciki ita ce mafi zafi a jihar a lokacin rani kuma mafi sanyi a cikin hunturu. Matsakaicin zafin jiki na yau da kullun ya bambanta daga 30 ° C zuwa 36 ° C daga Afrilu zuwa Yuni kuma daga 20 ° C zuwa 24 ° C a cikin watanni na Disamba da Janairu.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Matsakaicin matsakaicin zafin jiki yana tsakanin 39 ° C da 43 ° C a watan Mayu. Bayan janyewar ruwan sama, matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki ya tashi dan kadan saboda karuwar rufi.&nbsp;&nbsp; Matsakaicin zafin jiki shine 13 ° C zuwa 17 ° C a watan Disamba da Janairu, amma ya tashi zuwa 26 ° C zuwa 29 ° C a cikin Mayu. Matsakaicin yawan zafin jiki ya faɗi da sauri bayan Oktoba, kuma an rubuta ƙasa da 10 ° C a kwanakin mutum.&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; Yanayin yana da kyau daga Nuwamba zuwa Fabrairu. Watanni na rani na Afrilu da Mayu ba su da kwanciyar hankali saboda zafi mai tsanani. Lokacin daga Yuli zuwa Satumba yana da dumi, mai laushi kuma ba shi da kyau Fiye da kashi 75 cikin dari na ruwan sama ana karɓa a lokacin kudu maso yammacin ruwan sama, watau, daga Yuni zuwa Satumba, Yuli shine watan da ruwan sama ya yi. Satumba shine watan, lokacin da akwai ruwan sama. Yankin kudu maso yamma ya fara ne a ranar 7 ga Yuni. Zuwansa kwatsam ne kuma ruwan sama yana ƙaruwa daga ƙasa da kashi 5 cikin dari (na shekara-shekara) a watan Mayu zuwa kashi 15 cikin dari a watan Yuni. '''Rashin zafi''' Rashin zafi a lokacin ruwan sama yana da yawa fiye da 75% daga Yuli zuwa Satumba. A cikin watanni masu bushewa na Maris, Afrilu da Mayu, danshi yana da ƙarancin gaske tare da matsakaicin 25 zuwa 30%. '''Rashin hazo''' Yuni zuwa Oktoba shine lokacin da fiye da rabin sararin sama ya rufe da girgije, yayin da kusan kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu na sararin sama kawai ya rufe daga Janairu zuwa Maris. Rabin kwanaki a watan Yuli da Agusta sun rufe sararin samaniya. Kimanin kwanaki 10 zuwa 13 a cikin watanni na Janairu, Fabrairu da Maris, sararin samaniya ba shi da girgije a yanayi mai kyau. '''Karin zafin jiki na baya-bayan nan''' A cewar Ma'aikatar Kula da Yanayi ta Indiya, watanni na rani na Afrilu da Mayu 2009 sun rubuta yanayin zafi mafi zafi tun 1901, tare da matsakaicin yanayin zafi da ke motsawa akai-akai a kusa da 42 ° C tare da matsakaiciyar zafin jiki da ke taɓa 45 ° C.&nbsp;&nbsp; [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kxxixhtgwzxbtyt0ze5ng5ebstjai8k 0 111201 915372 694271 2026-09-03T10:10:03Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915372 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Koman_Gorge,_the_sad_side,_floating_plastic_island_(45679217132).jpg|thumb|Flastic a Koman Gorge, Albania.]] Akwai wasu sanannun '''Batutuwan muhalli''' a cikin ƙasar bayan kwaminisanci ta [[Albaniya|Albania]]. Batutuwan sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, kayan aikin kula da sharar gida da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]. [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] na Albania ya hada da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kusan 40. == Tambayoyi == === Rashin gurɓata iska === [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] babban batun muhalli ne a cikin manyan biranen Albania, musamman babban birnin, [[Tirana]]. Karuwar gurɓataccen iska a cikin manyan birane ya haifar da karuwar mallakar motoci, karuwar ayyukan sakandare a yankin da raguwar kayan lambu na birane. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na PM10 da NO₂ a Tirana suna sama da ƙimar ƙimar ƙididdigar Air Quality Standard da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirana Air Quality Report |url=http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310212638/http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPPING AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN TIRANA AREA USING GIS |url=http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111061152/http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> === Canjin yanayi === [[Fayil:Show_Your_Stripes_change_in_temperature_graphic_for_All_of_Albania_with_bars_with_labels.png|thumb|Canjin zafin jiki a Albania, kowane mashaya yana wakiltar zafin jiki sama da shekara guda.]] Albania tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai da ke cikin haɗari kuma suna da haɗari ga bala'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=October 2024 |title=Albania—Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/albania/publication/albania-country-climate-and-development-report#:~:text=Background,in%20the%20year%202050%20alone. |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> bala'o'i na halitta, kamar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da gobarar daji, suna ƙaruwa a Albania saboda canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Albania tana fuskantar kusan bala'i guda ɗaya a kowace shekara a matsakaici, kowane bala'i yana haifar da lalacewa daidai da 1.3% na GDP na ƙasar kuma yana tasiri kusan 5% na yawan jama'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=International monetary Fund |date=14 November 2022 |title=IMF Country Report No. 22/363: Albania |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1ALBEA2022005.ashx |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=IMF}}</ref> Ana sa ran hauhawar matakan teku zai yi mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin bakin teku da masana'antar yawon bude ido.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin 2023 Albania ta fitar da tan miliyan 7.67 na iskar gas, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10060593}}</ref> daidai da tan 2.73 ga kowane mutum, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Rosado |first2=Pablo |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=2024-01-05 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data |language=en}}</ref> yana mai da shi ƙasa mai ƙarancin fitarwa. Albania's Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2016 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a cikin 2021, ya tsara kokarin inganta yanayin yanayi a fadin manyan bangarori, gami da makamashi, noma, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da bambancin halittu. Kasar tana ba da fifiko ga [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] ta hanyar manufofi, bincike, da saka hannun jari a yankuna kamar kariya ta bakin teku, tsara birane, da wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi. Ayyukan yanayi na Albania suna jagorantar Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Kasa da Sadarwa ta Kasa ta Uku. Kasar ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar dabarun dogon lokaci don ci gaban ƙananan carbon da rage hayakin iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Country: Albania |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/albania |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Albania ta yi alkawarin rage kashi 20.9% a cikin hayaki na GHG nan da shekara ta 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/ALB?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata ruwa === Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa a Albania ya samo asali ne daga zubar da shara, da kuma fitar da ruwa mai guba da ba a tsabtace shi ba. Koguna biyu da ke ratsa babban birnin, Tirana, sune koguna biyu da suka fi gurɓata a Albania. [[Lanë]] da [[Ishëm (river)|Ishëm (kogin)]] suna da tsabta a asalin su, amma da zarar sun shiga Tirana, ruwan su ya fi gurɓata sau da yawa fiye da yadda aka ba da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Environmental Progress Report Related with the New Constructed Wetland in the Place Bregu Lumit (Tirana River) |url=http://www.iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy-Albania |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022321/http://iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An lura da gurɓataccen masana'antu na koguna a cikin koguna Shkumbini, Fani, Gjanika da Semani, inda mahadi masu guba da karafa daga hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan masana'antu ke shafar waɗannan koguna sosai === Rashin da aka yi === Tsarin kula da sharar gida ya ƙunshi tsarin tattarawa mai rauni a cikin birane da ƙananan tsarin tattarawa a yankunan karkara. Tarin tarin Albania yana kusa da kashi 77%. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ke yin sake amfani da su, waɗanda ke daukar matalauta aiki don tattara filastik, ƙarfe, gilashi da takarda wanda aka sarrafa ko a kwashe sannan a sayar da su ga wasu ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania — European Environment Agency |url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/al/soertopic_view?topic=waste}}</ref> Sauran galibi an cika su da ƙasa. Sanin sake amfani da sharar gida yana da ƙarancin gaske. Rashin datti da zubar da shara ya kasance matsala mai tsanani ga Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollution |url=http://www.iep-al.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=67 |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania}}</ref> === Kashe daji === Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba shine babban barazana ga gandun daji na Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal Logging Ravages Albania's Forests |url=http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/investigations/24447/?tpl=297 |access-date=24 January 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> Sauran barazanar ta fito ne daga gobarar daji wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ya kara karfi. Albania tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 6.77/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 64 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania yana wakiltar kusan kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ya ƙunshi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da na ƙasa. Kasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 40 suna aiki saboda rashin kudade da shingen tasiri ga masu yanke shawara. Manyan kungiyoyin muhalli a Albania sune Ekolëvizja, Cibiyar Manufofin Muhalli a Albania, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin a Albania, cibiyar EDEN, da Millieukontakt Albania. == Dubi kuma == * Labarin masu cin wuta na Albania * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwa masu dorewa == Manazarta == srsp18fogmaji2i6q0t94t05gswfps9 915373 915372 2026-09-03T10:10:16Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915373 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Koman_Gorge,_the_sad_side,_floating_plastic_island_(45679217132).jpg|thumb|Flastic a Koman Gorge, Albania.]] Akwai wasu sanannun '''Batutuwan muhalli''' a cikin ƙasar bayan kwaminisanci ta [[Albaniya|Albania]]. Batutuwan sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, kayan aikin kula da sharar gida da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]. [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] na Albania ya hada da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kusan 40. == Tambayoyi == === Rashin gurɓata iska === [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] babban batun muhalli ne a cikin manyan biranen Albania, musamman babban birnin, [[Tirana]]. Karuwar gurɓataccen iska a cikin manyan birane ya haifar da karuwar mallakar motoci, ƙaruwar ayyukan sakandare a yankin da raguwar kayan lambu na birane. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na PM10 da NO₂ a Tirana suna sama da ƙimar ƙimar ƙididdigar Air Quality Standard da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirana Air Quality Report |url=http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310212638/http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPPING AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN TIRANA AREA USING GIS |url=http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111061152/http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> === Canjin yanayi === [[Fayil:Show_Your_Stripes_change_in_temperature_graphic_for_All_of_Albania_with_bars_with_labels.png|thumb|Canjin zafin jiki a Albania, kowane mashaya yana wakiltar zafin jiki sama da shekara guda.]] Albania tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai da ke cikin haɗari kuma suna da haɗari ga bala'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=October 2024 |title=Albania—Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/albania/publication/albania-country-climate-and-development-report#:~:text=Background,in%20the%20year%202050%20alone. |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> bala'o'i na halitta, kamar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da gobarar daji, suna ƙaruwa a Albania saboda canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Albania tana fuskantar kusan bala'i guda ɗaya a kowace shekara a matsakaici, kowane bala'i yana haifar da lalacewa daidai da 1.3% na GDP na ƙasar kuma yana tasiri kusan 5% na yawan jama'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=International monetary Fund |date=14 November 2022 |title=IMF Country Report No. 22/363: Albania |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1ALBEA2022005.ashx |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=IMF}}</ref> Ana sa ran hauhawar matakan teku zai yi mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin bakin teku da masana'antar yawon bude ido.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin 2023 Albania ta fitar da tan miliyan 7.67 na iskar gas, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10060593}}</ref> daidai da tan 2.73 ga kowane mutum, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Rosado |first2=Pablo |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=2024-01-05 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data |language=en}}</ref> yana mai da shi ƙasa mai ƙarancin fitarwa. Albania's Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2016 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a cikin 2021, ya tsara kokarin inganta yanayin yanayi a fadin manyan bangarori, gami da makamashi, noma, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da bambancin halittu. Kasar tana ba da fifiko ga [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] ta hanyar manufofi, bincike, da saka hannun jari a yankuna kamar kariya ta bakin teku, tsara birane, da wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi. Ayyukan yanayi na Albania suna jagorantar Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Kasa da Sadarwa ta Kasa ta Uku. Kasar ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar dabarun dogon lokaci don ci gaban ƙananan carbon da rage hayakin iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Country: Albania |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/albania |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Albania ta yi alkawarin rage kashi 20.9% a cikin hayaki na GHG nan da shekara ta 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/ALB?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata ruwa === Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa a Albania ya samo asali ne daga zubar da shara, da kuma fitar da ruwa mai guba da ba a tsabtace shi ba. Koguna biyu da ke ratsa babban birnin, Tirana, sune koguna biyu da suka fi gurɓata a Albania. [[Lanë]] da [[Ishëm (river)|Ishëm (kogin)]] suna da tsabta a asalin su, amma da zarar sun shiga Tirana, ruwan su ya fi gurɓata sau da yawa fiye da yadda aka ba da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Environmental Progress Report Related with the New Constructed Wetland in the Place Bregu Lumit (Tirana River) |url=http://www.iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy-Albania |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022321/http://iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An lura da gurɓataccen masana'antu na koguna a cikin koguna Shkumbini, Fani, Gjanika da Semani, inda mahadi masu guba da karafa daga hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan masana'antu ke shafar waɗannan koguna sosai === Rashin da aka yi === Tsarin kula da sharar gida ya ƙunshi tsarin tattarawa mai rauni a cikin birane da ƙananan tsarin tattarawa a yankunan karkara. Tarin tarin Albania yana kusa da kashi 77%. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ke yin sake amfani da su, waɗanda ke daukar matalauta aiki don tattara filastik, ƙarfe, gilashi da takarda wanda aka sarrafa ko a kwashe sannan a sayar da su ga wasu ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania — European Environment Agency |url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/al/soertopic_view?topic=waste}}</ref> Sauran galibi an cika su da ƙasa. Sanin sake amfani da sharar gida yana da ƙarancin gaske. Rashin datti da zubar da shara ya kasance matsala mai tsanani ga Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollution |url=http://www.iep-al.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=67 |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania}}</ref> === Kashe daji === Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba shine babban barazana ga gandun daji na Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal Logging Ravages Albania's Forests |url=http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/investigations/24447/?tpl=297 |access-date=24 January 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> Sauran barazanar ta fito ne daga gobarar daji wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ya kara karfi. Albania tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 6.77/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 64 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania yana wakiltar kusan kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ya ƙunshi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da na ƙasa. Kasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 40 suna aiki saboda rashin kudade da shingen tasiri ga masu yanke shawara. Manyan kungiyoyin muhalli a Albania sune Ekolëvizja, Cibiyar Manufofin Muhalli a Albania, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin a Albania, cibiyar EDEN, da Millieukontakt Albania. == Dubi kuma == * Labarin masu cin wuta na Albania * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwa masu dorewa == Manazarta == 86mc2d7s5xbvnuwxg26ktrpbzeyxiwe 915374 915373 2026-09-03T10:10:36Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915374 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Koman_Gorge,_the_sad_side,_floating_plastic_island_(45679217132).jpg|thumb|Flastic a Koman Gorge, Albania.]] Akwai wasu sanannun '''Batutuwan muhalli''' a cikin ƙasar bayan kwaminisanci ta [[Albaniya|Albania]]. Batutuwan sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, kayan aikin kula da sharar gida da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]. [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] na Albania ya hada da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kusan 40. == Tambayoyi == === Rashin gurɓata iska === [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] babban batun muhalli ne a cikin manyan biranen Albania, musamman babban birnin, [[Tirana]]. Karuwar gurɓataccen iska a cikin manyan birane ya haifar da karuwar mallakar motoci, ƙaruwar ayyukan sakandare a yankin da raguwar kayan lambu na birane. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na PM10 da NO₂ a Tirana suna sama da ƙimar ƙimar ƙididdigar Air Quality Standard da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirana Air Quality Report |url=http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310212638/http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPPING AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN TIRANA AREA USING GIS |url=http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111061152/http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> === Canjin yanayi === [[Fayil:Show_Your_Stripes_change_in_temperature_graphic_for_All_of_Albania_with_bars_with_labels.png|thumb|Canjin zafin jiki a Albania, kowane mashaya yana wakiltar zafin jiki sama da shekara guda.]] Albania tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai da ke cikin haɗari kuma suna da haɗari ga bala'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=October 2024 |title=Albania—Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/albania/publication/albania-country-climate-and-development-report#:~:text=Background,in%20the%20year%202050%20alone. |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> bala'o'i na halitta, kamar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da gobarar daji, suna ƙaruwa a Albania saboda canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Albania tana fuskantar kusan bala'i guda ɗaya a kowace shekara a matsakaici, kowane bala'i yana haifar da lalacewa daidai da 1.3% na GDP na ƙasar kuma yana tasiri kusan 5% na yawan jama'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=International monetary Fund |date=14 November 2022 |title=IMF Country Report No. 22/363: Albania |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1ALBEA2022005.ashx |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=IMF}}</ref> Ana sa ran hauhawar matakan teku zai yi mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin bakin teku da masana'antar yawon bude ido.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2023 Albania ta fitar da tan miliyan 7.67 na iskar gas, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10060593}}</ref> daidai da tan 2.73 ga kowane mutum, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Rosado |first2=Pablo |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=2024-01-05 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data |language=en}}</ref> yana mai da shi ƙasa mai ƙarancin fitarwa. Albania's Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC, wanda aka gabatar a cikin 2016 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a cikin 2021, ya tsara kokarin inganta yanayin yanayi a fadin manyan bangarori, gami da makamashi, noma, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da bambancin halittu. Kasar tana ba da fifiko ga [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] ta hanyar manufofi, bincike, da saka hannun jari a yankuna kamar kariya ta bakin teku, tsara birane, da wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi. Ayyukan yanayi na Albania suna jagorantar Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Kasa da Sadarwa ta Kasa ta Uku. Kasar ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar dabarun dogon lokaci don ci gaban ƙananan carbon da rage hayakin iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Country: Albania |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/albania |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Albania ta yi alkawarin rage kashi 20.9% a cikin hayaki na GHG nan da shekara ta 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/ALB?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata ruwa === Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa a Albania ya samo asali ne daga zubar da shara, da kuma fitar da ruwa mai guba da ba a tsabtace shi ba. Koguna biyu da ke ratsa babban birnin, Tirana, sune koguna biyu da suka fi gurɓata a Albania. [[Lanë]] da [[Ishëm (river)|Ishëm (kogin)]] suna da tsabta a asalin su, amma da zarar sun shiga Tirana, ruwan su ya fi gurɓata sau da yawa fiye da yadda aka ba da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Environmental Progress Report Related with the New Constructed Wetland in the Place Bregu Lumit (Tirana River) |url=http://www.iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy-Albania |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022321/http://iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An lura da gurɓataccen masana'antu na koguna a cikin koguna Shkumbini, Fani, Gjanika da Semani, inda mahadi masu guba da karafa daga hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan masana'antu ke shafar waɗannan koguna sosai === Rashin da aka yi === Tsarin kula da sharar gida ya ƙunshi tsarin tattarawa mai rauni a cikin birane da ƙananan tsarin tattarawa a yankunan karkara. Tarin tarin Albania yana kusa da kashi 77%. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ke yin sake amfani da su, waɗanda ke daukar matalauta aiki don tattara filastik, ƙarfe, gilashi da takarda wanda aka sarrafa ko a kwashe sannan a sayar da su ga wasu ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania — European Environment Agency |url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/al/soertopic_view?topic=waste}}</ref> Sauran galibi an cika su da ƙasa. Sanin sake amfani da sharar gida yana da ƙarancin gaske. Rashin datti da zubar da shara ya kasance matsala mai tsanani ga Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollution |url=http://www.iep-al.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=67 |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania}}</ref> === Kashe daji === Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba shine babban barazana ga gandun daji na Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal Logging Ravages Albania's Forests |url=http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/investigations/24447/?tpl=297 |access-date=24 January 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> Sauran barazanar ta fito ne daga gobarar daji wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ya kara karfi. Albania tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 6.77/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 64 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania yana wakiltar kusan kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ya ƙunshi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da na ƙasa. Kasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 40 suna aiki saboda rashin kudade da shingen tasiri ga masu yanke shawara. Manyan kungiyoyin muhalli a Albania sune Ekolëvizja, Cibiyar Manufofin Muhalli a Albania, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin a Albania, cibiyar EDEN, da Millieukontakt Albania. == Dubi kuma == * Labarin masu cin wuta na Albania * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwa masu dorewa == Manazarta == cb455pu7yu8s78wqkyckhgy7h8glh34 915375 915374 2026-09-03T10:10:50Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915375 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Koman_Gorge,_the_sad_side,_floating_plastic_island_(45679217132).jpg|thumb|Flastic a Koman Gorge, Albania.]] Akwai wasu sanannun '''Batutuwan muhalli''' a cikin ƙasar bayan kwaminisanci ta [[Albaniya|Albania]]. Batutuwan sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, kayan aikin kula da sharar gida da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]. [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] na Albania ya hada da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kusan 40. == Tambayoyi == === Rashin gurɓata iska === [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] babban batun muhalli ne a cikin manyan biranen Albania, musamman babban birnin, [[Tirana]]. Karuwar gurɓataccen iska a cikin manyan birane ya haifar da karuwar mallakar motoci, ƙaruwar ayyukan sakandare a yankin da raguwar kayan lambu na birane. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na PM10 da NO₂ a Tirana suna sama da ƙimar ƙimar ƙididdigar Air Quality Standard da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirana Air Quality Report |url=http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310212638/http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPPING AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN TIRANA AREA USING GIS |url=http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111061152/http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> === Canjin yanayi === [[Fayil:Show_Your_Stripes_change_in_temperature_graphic_for_All_of_Albania_with_bars_with_labels.png|thumb|Canjin zafin jiki a Albania, kowane mashaya yana wakiltar zafin jiki sama da shekara guda.]] Albania tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai da ke cikin haɗari kuma suna da haɗari ga bala'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=October 2024 |title=Albania—Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/albania/publication/albania-country-climate-and-development-report#:~:text=Background,in%20the%20year%202050%20alone. |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> bala'o'i na halitta, kamar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da gobarar daji, suna ƙaruwa a Albania saboda canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Albania tana fuskantar kusan bala'i guda ɗaya a kowace shekara a matsakaici, kowane bala'i yana haifar da lalacewa daidai da 1.3% na GDP na ƙasar kuma yana tasiri kusan 5% na yawan jama'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=International monetary Fund |date=14 November 2022 |title=IMF Country Report No. 22/363: Albania |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1ALBEA2022005.ashx |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=IMF}}</ref> Ana sa ran hauhawar matakan teku zai yi mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin bakin teku da masana'antar yawon bude ido.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2023 Albania ta fitar da tan miliyan 7.67 na iskar gas, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10060593}}</ref> daidai da tan 2.73 ga kowane mutum, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Rosado |first2=Pablo |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=2024-01-05 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data |language=en}}</ref> yana mai da shi ƙasa mai ƙarancin fitarwa. Albania's Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC, wanda aka gabatar a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a cikin 2021, ya tsara kokarin inganta yanayin yanayi a fadin manyan bangarori, gami da makamashi, noma, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da bambancin halittu. Kasar tana ba da fifiko ga [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] ta hanyar manufofi, bincike, da saka hannun jari a yankuna kamar kariya ta bakin teku, tsara birane, da wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi. Ayyukan yanayi na Albania suna jagorantar Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Kasa da Sadarwa ta Kasa ta Uku. Kasar ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar dabarun dogon lokaci don ci gaban ƙananan carbon da rage hayakin iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Country: Albania |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/albania |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Albania ta yi alkawarin rage kashi 20.9% a cikin hayaki na GHG nan da shekara ta 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/ALB?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata ruwa === Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa a Albania ya samo asali ne daga zubar da shara, da kuma fitar da ruwa mai guba da ba a tsabtace shi ba. Koguna biyu da ke ratsa babban birnin, Tirana, sune koguna biyu da suka fi gurɓata a Albania. [[Lanë]] da [[Ishëm (river)|Ishëm (kogin)]] suna da tsabta a asalin su, amma da zarar sun shiga Tirana, ruwan su ya fi gurɓata sau da yawa fiye da yadda aka ba da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Environmental Progress Report Related with the New Constructed Wetland in the Place Bregu Lumit (Tirana River) |url=http://www.iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy-Albania |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022321/http://iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An lura da gurɓataccen masana'antu na koguna a cikin koguna Shkumbini, Fani, Gjanika da Semani, inda mahadi masu guba da karafa daga hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan masana'antu ke shafar waɗannan koguna sosai === Rashin da aka yi === Tsarin kula da sharar gida ya ƙunshi tsarin tattarawa mai rauni a cikin birane da ƙananan tsarin tattarawa a yankunan karkara. Tarin tarin Albania yana kusa da kashi 77%. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ke yin sake amfani da su, waɗanda ke daukar matalauta aiki don tattara filastik, ƙarfe, gilashi da takarda wanda aka sarrafa ko a kwashe sannan a sayar da su ga wasu ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania — European Environment Agency |url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/al/soertopic_view?topic=waste}}</ref> Sauran galibi an cika su da ƙasa. Sanin sake amfani da sharar gida yana da ƙarancin gaske. Rashin datti da zubar da shara ya kasance matsala mai tsanani ga Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollution |url=http://www.iep-al.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=67 |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania}}</ref> === Kashe daji === Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba shine babban barazana ga gandun daji na Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal Logging Ravages Albania's Forests |url=http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/investigations/24447/?tpl=297 |access-date=24 January 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> Sauran barazanar ta fito ne daga gobarar daji wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ya kara karfi. Albania tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 6.77/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 64 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania yana wakiltar kusan kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ya ƙunshi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da na ƙasa. Kasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 40 suna aiki saboda rashin kudade da shingen tasiri ga masu yanke shawara. Manyan kungiyoyin muhalli a Albania sune Ekolëvizja, Cibiyar Manufofin Muhalli a Albania, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin a Albania, cibiyar EDEN, da Millieukontakt Albania. == Dubi kuma == * Labarin masu cin wuta na Albania * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwa masu dorewa == Manazarta == on00phv1ozm8mdtpt169x4x1s4f30j3 915376 915375 2026-09-03T10:11:00Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915376 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Koman_Gorge,_the_sad_side,_floating_plastic_island_(45679217132).jpg|thumb|Flastic a Koman Gorge, Albania.]] Akwai wasu sanannun '''Batutuwan muhalli''' a cikin ƙasar bayan kwaminisanci ta [[Albaniya|Albania]]. Batutuwan sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, kayan aikin kula da sharar gida da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]. [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] na Albania ya hada da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kusan 40. == Tambayoyi == === Rashin gurɓata iska === [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] babban batun muhalli ne a cikin manyan biranen Albania, musamman babban birnin, [[Tirana]]. Karuwar gurɓataccen iska a cikin manyan birane ya haifar da karuwar mallakar motoci, ƙaruwar ayyukan sakandare a yankin da raguwar kayan lambu na birane. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na PM10 da NO₂ a Tirana suna sama da ƙimar ƙimar ƙididdigar Air Quality Standard da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirana Air Quality Report |url=http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310212638/http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPPING AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN TIRANA AREA USING GIS |url=http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111061152/http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> === Canjin yanayi === [[Fayil:Show_Your_Stripes_change_in_temperature_graphic_for_All_of_Albania_with_bars_with_labels.png|thumb|Canjin zafin jiki a Albania, kowane mashaya yana wakiltar zafin jiki sama da shekara guda.]] Albania tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai da ke cikin haɗari kuma suna da haɗari ga bala'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=October 2024 |title=Albania—Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/albania/publication/albania-country-climate-and-development-report#:~:text=Background,in%20the%20year%202050%20alone. |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> bala'o'i na halitta, kamar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da gobarar daji, suna ƙaruwa a Albania saboda canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Albania tana fuskantar kusan bala'i guda ɗaya a kowace shekara a matsakaici, kowane bala'i yana haifar da lalacewa daidai da 1.3% na GDP na ƙasar kuma yana tasiri kusan 5% na yawan jama'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=International monetary Fund |date=14 November 2022 |title=IMF Country Report No. 22/363: Albania |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1ALBEA2022005.ashx |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=IMF}}</ref> Ana sa ran hauhawar matakan teku zai yi mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin bakin teku da masana'antar yawon bude ido.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2023 Albania ta fitar da tan miliyan 7.67 na iskar gas, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10060593}}</ref> daidai da tan 2.73 ga kowane mutum, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Rosado |first2=Pablo |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=2024-01-05 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data |language=en}}</ref> yana mai da shi ƙasa mai ƙarancin fitarwa. Albania's Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC, wanda aka gabatar a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a cikin 2021, ya tsara kokarin inganta yanayin yanayi a fadin manyan bangarori, gami da makamashi, noma, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da bambancin halittu. Kasar tana ba da fifiko ga [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] ta hanyar manufofi, bincike, da saka hannun jari a yankuna kamar kariya ta bakin teku, tsara birane, da wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi. Ayyukan yanayi na Albania suna jagorantar Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Kasa da Sadarwa ta Kasa ta Uku. Ƙasar ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar dabarun dogon lokaci don ci gaban ƙananan carbon da rage hayakin iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Country: Albania |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/albania |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Albania ta yi alkawarin rage kashi 20.9% a cikin hayaki na GHG nan da shekara ta 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/ALB?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata ruwa === Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa a Albania ya samo asali ne daga zubar da shara, da kuma fitar da ruwa mai guba da ba a tsabtace shi ba. Koguna biyu da ke ratsa babban birnin, Tirana, sune koguna biyu da suka fi gurɓata a Albania. [[Lanë]] da [[Ishëm (river)|Ishëm (kogin)]] suna da tsabta a asalin su, amma da zarar sun shiga Tirana, ruwan su ya fi gurɓata sau da yawa fiye da yadda aka ba da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Environmental Progress Report Related with the New Constructed Wetland in the Place Bregu Lumit (Tirana River) |url=http://www.iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy-Albania |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022321/http://iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An lura da gurɓataccen masana'antu na koguna a cikin koguna Shkumbini, Fani, Gjanika da Semani, inda mahadi masu guba da karafa daga hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan masana'antu ke shafar waɗannan koguna sosai === Rashin da aka yi === Tsarin kula da sharar gida ya ƙunshi tsarin tattarawa mai rauni a cikin birane da ƙananan tsarin tattarawa a yankunan karkara. Tarin tarin Albania yana kusa da kashi 77%. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ke yin sake amfani da su, waɗanda ke daukar matalauta aiki don tattara filastik, ƙarfe, gilashi da takarda wanda aka sarrafa ko a kwashe sannan a sayar da su ga wasu ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania — European Environment Agency |url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/al/soertopic_view?topic=waste}}</ref> Sauran galibi an cika su da ƙasa. Sanin sake amfani da sharar gida yana da ƙarancin gaske. Rashin datti da zubar da shara ya kasance matsala mai tsanani ga Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollution |url=http://www.iep-al.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=67 |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania}}</ref> === Kashe daji === Kashe katako ba bisa ka'ida ba shine babban barazana ga gandun daji na Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal Logging Ravages Albania's Forests |url=http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/investigations/24447/?tpl=297 |access-date=24 January 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> Sauran barazanar ta fito ne daga gobarar daji wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ya kara karfi. Albania tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 6.77/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 64 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania yana wakiltar kusan kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ya ƙunshi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da na ƙasa. Kasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 40 suna aiki saboda rashin kudade da shingen tasiri ga masu yanke shawara. Manyan kungiyoyin muhalli a Albania sune Ekolëvizja, Cibiyar Manufofin Muhalli a Albania, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin a Albania, cibiyar EDEN, da Millieukontakt Albania. == Dubi kuma == * Labarin masu cin wuta na Albania * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwa masu dorewa == Manazarta == c8fak8ctnw5xbd1ghen2p77ba387fxb 915378 915376 2026-09-03T10:11:30Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Koman_Gorge,_the_sad_side,_floating_plastic_island_(45679217132).jpg|thumb|Flastic a Koman Gorge, Albania.]] Akwai wasu sanannun '''Batutuwan muhalli''' a cikin ƙasar bayan kwaminisanci ta [[Albaniya|Albania]]. Batutuwan sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, kayan aikin kula da sharar gida da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]. [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] na Albania ya hada da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kusan 40. == Tambayoyi == === Rashin gurɓata iska === [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] babban batun muhalli ne a cikin manyan biranen Albania, musamman babban birnin, [[Tirana]]. Karuwar gurɓataccen iska a cikin manyan birane ya haifar da karuwar mallakar motoci, ƙaruwar ayyukan sakandare a yankin da raguwar kayan lambu na birane. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na PM10 da NO₂ a Tirana suna sama da ƙimar ƙimar ƙididdigar Air Quality Standard da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirana Air Quality Report |url=http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310212638/http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPPING AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN TIRANA AREA USING GIS |url=http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111061152/http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> === Canjin yanayi === [[Fayil:Show_Your_Stripes_change_in_temperature_graphic_for_All_of_Albania_with_bars_with_labels.png|thumb|Canjin zafin jiki a Albania, kowane mashaya yana wakiltar zafin jiki sama da shekara guda.]] Albania tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai da ke cikin haɗari kuma suna da haɗari ga bala'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=October 2024 |title=Albania—Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/albania/publication/albania-country-climate-and-development-report#:~:text=Background,in%20the%20year%202050%20alone. |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> bala'o'i na halitta, kamar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da gobarar daji, suna ƙaruwa a Albania saboda canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Albania tana fuskantar kusan bala'i guda ɗaya a kowace shekara a matsakaici, kowane bala'i yana haifar da lalacewa daidai da 1.3% na GDP na ƙasar kuma yana tasiri kusan 5% na yawan jama'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=International monetary Fund |date=14 November 2022 |title=IMF Country Report No. 22/363: Albania |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1ALBEA2022005.ashx |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=IMF}}</ref> Ana sa ran hauhawar matakan teku zai yi mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin bakin teku da masana'antar yawon bude ido.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2023 Albania ta fitar da tan miliyan 7.67 na iskar gas, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10060593}}</ref> daidai da tan 2.73 ga kowane mutum, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Rosado |first2=Pablo |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=2024-01-05 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data |language=en}}</ref> yana mai da shi ƙasa mai ƙarancin fitarwa. Albania's Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC, wanda aka gabatar a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a cikin 2021, ya tsara kokarin inganta yanayin yanayi a fadin manyan bangarori, gami da makamashi, noma, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da bambancin halittu. Kasar tana ba da fifiko ga [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] ta hanyar manufofi, bincike, da saka hannun jari a yankuna kamar kariya ta bakin teku, tsara birane, da wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi. Ayyukan yanayi na Albania suna jagorantar Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Kasa da Sadarwa ta Kasa ta Uku. Ƙasar ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar dabarun dogon lokaci don ci gaban ƙananan carbon da rage hayakin iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Country: Albania |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/albania |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Albania ta yi alkawarin rage kashi 20.9% a cikin hayaki na GHG nan da shekara ta 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/ALB?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata ruwa === Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa a Albania ya samo asali ne daga zubar da shara, da kuma fitar da ruwa mai guba da ba a tsabtace shi ba. Koguna biyu da ke ratsa babban birnin, Tirana, sune koguna biyu da suka fi gurɓata a Albania. [[Lanë]] da [[Ishëm (river)|Ishëm (kogin)]] suna da tsabta a asalin su, amma da zarar sun shiga Tirana, ruwan su ya fi gurɓata sau da yawa fiye da yadda aka ba da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Environmental Progress Report Related with the New Constructed Wetland in the Place Bregu Lumit (Tirana River) |url=http://www.iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy-Albania |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022321/http://iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An lura da gurɓataccen masana'antu na koguna a cikin koguna Shkumbini, Fani, Gjanika da Semani, inda mahadi masu guba da karafa daga hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan masana'antu ke shafar waɗannan koguna sosai === Rashin da aka yi === Tsarin kula da sharar gida ya ƙunshi tsarin tattarawa mai rauni a cikin birane da ƙananan tsarin tattarawa a yankunan karkara. Tarin tarin Albania yana kusa da kashi 77%. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ke yin sake amfani da su, waɗanda ke daukar matalauta aiki don tattara filastik, ƙarfe, gilashi da takarda wanda aka sarrafa ko a kwashe sannan a sayar da su ga wasu ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania — European Environment Agency |url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/al/soertopic_view?topic=waste}}</ref> Sauran galibi an cika su da ƙasa. Sanin sake amfani da sharar gida yana da ƙarancin gaske. Rashin datti da zubar da shara ya kasance matsala mai tsanani ga Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollution |url=http://www.iep-al.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=67 |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania}}</ref> === Kashe daji === Kashe katako ba bisa ƙa'ida ba shine babban barazana ga gandun daji na Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal Logging Ravages Albania's Forests |url=http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/investigations/24447/?tpl=297 |access-date=24 January 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> Sauran barazanar ta fito ne daga gobarar daji wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ya kara karfi. Albania tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 6.77/10, wanda ya sanya shi na 64 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania yana wakiltar kusan kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ya ƙunshi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da na ƙasa. Kasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 40 suna aiki saboda rashin kudade da shingen tasiri ga masu yanke shawara. Manyan kungiyoyin muhalli a Albania sune Ekolëvizja, Cibiyar Manufofin Muhalli a Albania, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin a Albania, cibiyar EDEN, da Millieukontakt Albania. == Dubi kuma == * Labarin masu cin wuta na Albania * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwa masu dorewa == Manazarta == baenzvxq4r0sjgeo4z65ye7fiy7q1dk 915379 915378 2026-09-03T10:11:48Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915379 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:Koman_Gorge,_the_sad_side,_floating_plastic_island_(45679217132).jpg|thumb|Flastic a Koman Gorge, Albania.]] Akwai wasu sanannun '''Batutuwan muhalli''' a cikin ƙasar bayan kwaminisanci ta [[Albaniya|Albania]]. Batutuwan sun haɗa da gurɓataccen iska da ruwa, kayan aikin kula da sharar gida da kuma [[Gandun daji|sare daji]]. [[Gudanar da muhalli|Yunkurin muhalli]] na Albania ya hada da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kusan 40. == Tambayoyi == === Rashin gurɓata iska === [[Gurbacewar Iska|Rashin gurɓata iska]] babban batun muhalli ne a cikin manyan biranen Albania, musamman babban birnin, [[Tirana]]. Karuwar gurɓataccen iska a cikin manyan birane ya haifar da karuwar mallakar motoci, ƙaruwar ayyukan sakandare a yankin da raguwar kayan lambu na birane. Matsakaicin matsakaicin shekara-shekara na PM10 da NO₂ a Tirana suna sama da ƙimar ƙimar ƙididdigar Air Quality Standard da [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tirana Air Quality Report |url=http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120310212638/http://www.ecat-tirana.org/project4/imazhe/Tirana%20Air%20Quality%20Report.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2012 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MAPPING AIR POLLUTION IN URBAN TIRANA AREA USING GIS |url=http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110111061152/http://sdi2010.evkartenn.com/pdf/Banja_Como_Murtaj_Zotaj.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2011 |access-date=24 January 2012}}</ref> === Canjin yanayi === [[Fayil:Show_Your_Stripes_change_in_temperature_graphic_for_All_of_Albania_with_bars_with_labels.png|thumb|Canjin zafin jiki a Albania, kowane mashaya yana wakiltar zafin jiki sama da shekara guda.]] Albania tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashen Turai da ke cikin haɗari kuma suna da haɗari ga bala'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank |date=October 2024 |title=Albania—Country Climate and Development Report |url=https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/albania/publication/albania-country-climate-and-development-report#:~:text=Background,in%20the%20year%202050%20alone. |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> bala'o'i na halitta, kamar [[Ambaliya|ambaliyar ruwa]] da gobarar daji, suna ƙaruwa a Albania saboda canjin yanayi, wanda ke haifar da mummunar lalacewa. Albania tana fuskantar kusan bala'i guda ɗaya a kowace shekara a matsakaici, kowane bala'i yana haifar da lalacewa daidai da 1.3% na GDP na ƙasar kuma yana tasiri kusan 5% na yawan jama'a.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=International monetary Fund |date=14 November 2022 |title=IMF Country Report No. 22/363: Albania |url=https://www.imf.org/-/media/Files/Publications/CR/2022/English/1ALBEA2022005.ashx |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=IMF}}</ref> Ana sa ran hauhawar matakan teku zai yi mummunar tasiri ga al'ummomin bakin teku da masana'antar yawon bude ido.<ref name=":1" /> A cikin shekarar 2023 Albania ta fitar da tan miliyan 7.67 na iskar gas, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones |first=Matthew W. |last2=Peters |first2=Glen P. |last3=Gasser |first3=Thomas |last4=Andrew |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Schwingshackl |first5=Clemens |last6=Gütschow |first6=Johannes |last7=Houghton |first7=Richard A. |last8=Friedlingstein |first8=Pierre |last9=Pongratz |first9=Julia |last10=Le Quéré |first10=Corinne |date=2023-03-29 |title=National contributions to climate change due to historical emissions of carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide since 1850 |url=https://doi.org/10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |journal=Scientific Data |volume=10 |issue=1 |doi=10.1038/s41597-023-02041-1 |issn=2052-4463 |pmc=10060593}}</ref> daidai da tan 2.73 ga kowane mutum, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Ritchie |first=Hannah |last2=Rosado |first2=Pablo |last3=Roser |first3=Max |date=2024-01-05 |title=Greenhouse gas emissions |url=https://ourworldindata.org/greenhouse-gas-emissions |journal=Our World in Data |language=en}}</ref> yana mai da shi ƙasa mai ƙarancin fitarwa. Albania's Nationally Determined Contribution to the UNFCCC, wanda aka gabatar a cikin shekarar 2016 kuma aka sake sabuntawa a cikin 2021, ya tsara kokarin inganta yanayin yanayi a fadin manyan bangarori, gami da makamashi, noma, kiwon lafiyar jama'a, da bambancin halittu. Kasar tana ba da fifiko ga [[Daidaituwar canjin yanayi|daidaitawa]] ta hanyar manufofi, bincike, da saka hannun jari a yankuna kamar kariya ta bakin teku, tsara birane, da wayar da kan jama'a game da yanayi. Ayyukan yanayi na Albania suna jagorantar Shirye-shiryen Daidaitawa na Kasa da Sadarwa ta Kasa ta Uku. Ƙasar ta sadaukar da kanta don ƙirƙirar dabarun dogon lokaci don ci gaban ƙananan carbon da rage hayakin iskar gas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=World Bank Climate Change Knowledge Portal |title=Country: Albania |url=https://climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org/country/albania |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=climateknowledgeportal.worldbank.org |language=en}}</ref> Albania ta yi alkawarin rage kashi 20.9% a cikin hayaki na GHG nan da shekara ta 2030.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania Climate Change Data {{!}} Emissions and Policies |url=https://www.climatewatchdata.org/countries/ALB?end_year=2021&start_year=1990 |access-date=2024-12-06 |website=www.climatewatchdata.org}}</ref> === Rashin gurɓata ruwa === Rashin gurɓataccen ruwa a Albania ya samo asali ne daga zubar da shara, da kuma fitar da ruwa mai guba da ba a tsabtace shi ba. Koguna biyu da ke ratsa babban birnin, Tirana, sune koguna biyu da suka fi gurɓata a Albania. [[Lanë]] da [[Ishëm (river)|Ishëm (kogin)]] suna da tsabta a asalin su, amma da zarar sun shiga Tirana, ruwan su ya fi gurɓata sau da yawa fiye da yadda aka ba da izini.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Second Environmental Progress Report Related with the New Constructed Wetland in the Place Bregu Lumit (Tirana River) |url=http://www.iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy-Albania |archive-date=2 March 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302022321/http://iep-al.org/docs/TIRANA-Raport-July-2010.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> An lura da gurɓataccen masana'antu na koguna a cikin koguna Shkumbini, Fani, Gjanika da Semani, inda mahadi masu guba da karafa daga hakar ma'adinai da ayyukan masana'antu ke shafar waɗannan koguna sosai === Rashin da aka yi === Tsarin kula da sharar gida ya ƙunshi tsarin tattarawa mai rauni a cikin birane da ƙananan tsarin tattarawa a yankunan karkara. Tarin tarin Albania yana kusa da kashi 77%. Kamfanoni masu zaman kansu ne ke yin sake amfani da su, waɗanda ke daukar matalauta aiki don tattara filastik, ƙarfe, gilashi da takarda wanda aka sarrafa ko a kwashe sannan a sayar da su ga wasu ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Albania — European Environment Agency |url=http://www.eea.europa.eu/soer/countries/al/soertopic_view?topic=waste}}</ref> Sauran galibi an cika su da ƙasa. Sanin sake amfani da sharar gida yana da ƙarancin gaske. Rashin datti da zubar da shara ya kasance matsala mai tsanani ga Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Pollution |url=http://www.iep-al.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=59&Itemid=67 |access-date=24 January 2012 |publisher=Institute for Environmental Policy in Albania}}</ref> === Kashe daji === Kashe katako ba bisa ƙa'ida ba shine babban barazana ga gandun daji na Albania.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Illegal Logging Ravages Albania's Forests |url=http://old.balkaninsight.com/en/main/investigations/24447/?tpl=297 |access-date=24 January 2012}}{{Dead link|date=December 2016}}</ref> Sauran barazanar ta fito ne daga gobarar daji wanda a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata ya ƙara ƙarfi. Albania tana da 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index na 6.77/10, wanda kuma ya sanya shi na 64 a duniya daga cikin kasashe 172.<ref name="FLII-Supplementary">{{Cite journal |last=Grantham |first=H. S. |last2=Duncan |first2=A. |last3=Evans |first3=T. D. |last4=Jones |first4=K. R. |last5=Beyer |first5=H. L. |last6=Schuster |first6=R. |last7=Walston |first7=J. |last8=Ray |first8=J. C. |last9=Robinson |first9=J. G. |last10=Callow |first10=M. |last11=Clements |first11=T. |last12=Costa |first12=H. M. |last13=DeGemmis |first13=A. |last14=Elsen |first14=P. R. |last15=Ervin |first15=J. |year=2020 |title=Anthropogenic modification of forests means only 40% of remaining forests have high ecosystem integrity - Supplementary Material |journal=Nature Communications |volume=11 |issue=1 |page=5978 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-19493-3 |issn=2041-1723 |pmc=7723057 |pmid=33293507 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania == Yunkurin muhalli a Albania yana wakiltar kusan kungiyoyi 100 masu zaman kansu (NGOs). Ya ƙunshi kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida da na ƙasa. Kasa da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu 40 suna aiki saboda rashin kudade da shingen tasiri ga masu yanke shawara. Manyan kungiyoyin muhalli a Albania sune Ekolëvizja, Cibiyar Manufofin Muhalli a Albania, Cibiyar Muhalli ta Yankin a Albania, cibiyar EDEN, da Millieukontakt Albania. == Dubi kuma == * Labarin masu cin wuta na Albania * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan kiyayewa * Jerin batutuwan muhalli * Jerin batutuwa masu dorewa == Manazarta == khs3n84tfta5mw6eymvugey6qitwt9g 0 112759 915195 748160 2026-09-03T01:12:35Z Hamza DK 12444 915195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ayyukan Climate Justice Action (CJA) hadin gwiwar kungiyoyi ne na kasa da kasa waɗanda ke neman hana Canjin yanayi da cimma Adalci na yanayi.[1][2] CJA an kafa ta ne a matsayin wani ɓangare na madadin tattarawa a kusa da Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2009 a Copenhagen, kuma ta shirya Ayyuka kai tsaye a lokacin taron.[3] == Manufofin == Cibiyar tana da karfi sosai kan [[Adalci na yanayi]], kuma tana da manufofi masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=About CJA &#124; Climate Justice Action |url=http://www.climate-justice-action.org/about/about-cja/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325221537/http://www.climate-justice-action.org/about/about-cja/ |archive-date=2010-03-25 |access-date=2010-04-01}}</ref> * Don ingantawa da karfafa hakkoki da muryoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar da mutanen da abin ya shafa (ciki har da ma'aikata) wajen fuskantar matsalar yanayi. Don tallafawa biyan kuɗi da biyan bashin muhalli ga Kudancin Duniya ta kasashe masu arziki * Don gina yunkurin duniya don adalci na yanayi wanda ke ƙarfafa mataki na gaggawa don kauce wa canjin yanayi mai ban tsoro. * Don nuna muhimmiyar rawar da halittu masu yawa ke takawa wajen magance matsalar yanayi, da kuma kare wanzuwar dukkan nau'o'in halittu. * Don fallasa matsayin "magani" na yanayi na ƙarya da na kasuwa da kuma mamayar kamfanoni na tattaunawar yanayi a kara tabarbarewar rikicin yanayi. * Don inganta hanyoyin da za su iya samar da mafita ta ainihi da adalci ga rikicin yanayi. * Don inganta fahimtarmu, da kuma magance, tushen zamantakewa, muhalli, siyasa da tattalin arziki na rikicin yanayi zuwa ga cikakken canjin tsarin al'ummarmu. * Cibiyar sadarwarmu ta himmatu ga aiki tare da girmamawa, amincewa da hadin kai ga waɗannan manufofi. == Takardun == CJA ta samar da takardu masu zuwa: * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100325221537/http://www.climate-justice-action.org/about/about-cja/ Manufofin CJA da ka'idojin aiki] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100325215448/http://www.climate-justice-action.org/mobilization/call-for-action/ Kira don aiki (kafin taron kolin yanayi na Copenhagen)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20110223195805/http://www.climate-justice-action.org/resources/documents/what-does-climate-justice-mean-in-europe/ Takardar tattaunawa: Menene adalci na yanayi ke nufi a Turai] == Labaran labarai == * [http://edition.cnn.com/2009/WORLD/europe/12/07/climate.protests/index.html Labarin CNN: Masu zanga-zangar yanayi sun sauka a Copenhagen] * [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/mar/16/copenhagen-activist-trial Labarin Guardian: Kotun mai fafutuka na Copenhagen] * [https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2009/dec/17/copenhagen-police-tactics-revealed Labarin mai kula: Copenhagen-yan sanda-tactics-bayyana] == Dubi kuma == * Adalci na Yanayi Yanzu == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180809183204/http://climate-justice-action.org/ Shafin yanar gizon Adalci na Yanayi] 5iiprru4mlwsde33bl9h4y6ltixw651 0 114100 915196 876529 2026-09-03T02:11:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915196 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Batun haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya shine wanda ya ƙunshi ɗimbin jihohi, ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin ƙasa da ƙasa, da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Duk waɗannan cibiyoyi suna ba da gudummawar ayyuka da rai iri-iri game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, wanda ya shafi batutuwa ciki har da tilastawa, sa ido, da kuma sukar haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya. Babu wata hukuma guda da ta shafi dukkan haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, saboda irin wannan yanki mai ɗimbin yawa da yaɗuwa yana buƙatar cibiyoyi da yawa don sa ido sosai kan ɗimbin abubuwan da suka faɗo ƙarƙashin ikon ɗan adam. A tarihi an sha suka da yawa game da yancin ɗan adam a Asiya, amma sabbin yarjejeniyoyin da yarjejeniyoyin yau da kullun suna ƙoƙarin cimma matakin haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar yadda aka san su a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa. Kungiyoyi da yawa (na gwamnati da masu zaman kansu) ne ke kula da haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya, wasu ƴan misalan su ne Hukumar Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta ASEAN (AICHR) da [[Sa-ido akan Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Human Rights Watch]]. Haƙurin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin ya bambanta daga jiha zuwa jiha, tare da shirye-shiryen gwamnatocin sa kai (watau ASEAN) galibi suna ganin ƙarin haɗin kai na jihohi fiye da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na tsaka tsaki waɗanda galibi za su karɓa. Yawan sukar da ake yi wa kasashen Asiya ya karu matuka a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, inda masu rajin kare hakkin bil'adama da dama ke yin kira da a kara nuna gaskiya da kuma matsin lamba na kasa da kasa kan kasashen Asiya da su guji duk wani tauye hakkin dan Adam. Kiraye-kirayen da aka ambata na matsin lamba na kasa da kasa sun kasa amsa, duk da haka, yayin da mafi yawan kasashen duniya ke ganin yana da wuya a kalubalanci ayyukan manyan kasashen Asiya masu tasowa: musamman kasar Sin.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Lau |first=Mimi |date=2017-07-09 |title=How China buys the silence of the world's human rights critics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/09/how-china-buys-the-silence-of-the-worlds-human-rights-critics.html |access-date=2018-02-16 |work=CNBC}}</ref> Yayin da jihohi suka gabatar da korafe-korafe a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu suna ci gaba da "suna da kunya" Jihohin da suka nuna kansu da laifin take hakkin bil'adama. == Tarihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asiya == === Kudu maso gabashin Asiya === [[Fayil:Southeast-Asia-map.PNG|thumb|220x220px|Yankin kudu maso gabashin Asiya]] Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya a tarihi ba ta yi amfani da ma'anar 'yancin ɗan adam da za a iya samu a ƙasashen Yammacin Turai ko Arewacin Amirka ba. Alamar farko ta amincewa da haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam ta zo ne ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar Haƙƙin Dan Adam ta Duniya (UDHR) da Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta gabatar. Wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, ba ta dauri don haka ba a aiwatar da ita ba. UDHR tana da jihohi 51 ne kawai a duk duniya suka tabbatar da wanzuwarta (waɗanda ke cikin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya); da yawa daga cikin kasashen kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba su sami memba ba tukuna. Wannan babban ra'ayi na yancin ɗan adam da ya samo asali daga yammacin duniya bai taɓa shiga kudu maso gabashin Asiya ba; maimakon haka, kishiyar akida ta haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam gaskiya ce: babu wani tsammanin samun daidaito dangane da yanayin zamantakewa, al'adu, addini, da dai sauransu.<ref>Bell, Daniel A. (2000). ''East meets West : human rights and democracy in East Asia'' ([Online-Ausg.] ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. p. 344.</ref> '''[[Filipin|Philippines]]''', al'umma ta farko a Asiya da ta kafa jamhuriya, ta fuskanci dogon gwagwarmaya don kafa manufofin dimokuradiyya. A cikin shekarun 1970s, ta yi hamayya da mulkin kama-karya na Ferdinand Marcos, wanda daga ƙarshe aka kore shi ta hanyar juyin juya halin ikon jama'a ba tare da jini ba a shekarar 1986.<ref name="Gandhi">{{Citation|last=Kumar|first=Ravindra|title=Mahatma Gandhi at the Close of Twentieth Century|publisher=Anmol Publications Pvt. Ltd.|isbn=978-81-261-1736-9|page=168|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lTNpstqGlAMC&q=EDSA+Revolution&pg=PA168|access-date=December 2, 2007|year=2004}}.</ref> Mutane da yawa da ke fama da haƙƙin ɗan adam sun sha wahala a ƙarƙashin gwamnati, kuma a cikin 1983, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin farko na kudu maso gabashin Asiya da ake kira Majalisar Yankin kan 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta tsara sanarwar yanki ta farko game da haƙƙin dan adam da ake kira Sanarwar Ayyuka na Mutanen ASEAN da Gwamnatoci. Kungiyar ba ta gwamnati ba ta kunshi lauyoyin kare hakkin dan adam da aka kafa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya karkashin jagorancin mahaifin dancin dan adam na Philippines Sanata Jose W. Diokno, wanda shine wanda ya kafa babbar kamfanin kare hakkin dan Adam da ake kira Free Legal Assistance Group (FLAG). An sanya hannu kan sanarwar a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 1983, a Manila.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jones, Sidney |year=1995 |title=Regional Institutions for Protecting Human Rights in Asia |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/25658967 |journal=Proceedings of the Annual Meeting (American Society of International Law) |volume=89 |pages=475–480 |doi=10.1017/S0272503700085074 |jstor=25658967 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Declarations in Asia-Pacific |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/archives/other_documents/#Declarations |access-date=2020-09-27}}</ref> A cikin karni na 21, kasar tana fuskantar yaki da miyagun ƙwayoyi a karkashin Shugaba na 16 Rodrigo Duterte, wanda ya yi barazanar ayyana dokar soja, kamar Ferdinand Marcos. Mutumin Lokaci na Shekara Maria Ressa na Rappler daga baya aka tuhume ta da tsegumi saboda rahotonta game da gwamnatin Duterte. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Yen Nee |date=June 16, 2020 |title=Conviction of Philippine journalist points to 'orchestrated attempt' to silence Duterte critics |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/16/maria-ressas-conviction-attempts-to-silence-duterte-critics-expert-says.html |website=CNBC}}</ref> A cikin '''[[Singafora|Singapore]]''', wasu ƴancin yanci har yanzu ana iyakance su kamar 'yancin yin taro. Har yanzu ana tsara tsarin tarurrukan kowane iri, suna buƙatar izinin 'yan sanda don taron mutum 1 ko fiye. Gwamnatin Singapore ta ƙara taƙaita taron jama'a na kowane dalili, tare da rufe yawancin abubuwan da suka faru a cikin tarihin kwanan nan a ƙarƙashin sunan 'Dokar odar Jama'a'. Har ila yau, Singapore tana yin watsi da aikace-aikacen izinin 'yan sanda don taruwa don taro "wanda ke nufin kawo ƙarshen siyasa".<ref name=":14">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-20 |title=World Report 2018: Rights Trends in Singapore |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/singapore |access-date=2018-03-30 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Singapore ta riƙe kuma ta yi amfani da hukuncin kisa sau da yawa a cikin tarihi, musamman a cikin laifuka masu alaƙa da miyagun ƙwayoyi. Sau da yawa ana aiwatar da kisa da sauri bayan yanke hukunci kuma kusan ba su da wani gaskiya. Al'ummar LGBTQ ta Singapore ta ga ƙuntatawa mai tsanani a cikin tarihi, kamar manufofin da suka daɗe na aikata laifuka ga dangantakar jinsi ɗaya - manufofin da ta kasance har zuwa shekarar 2022. '''[[Indonesiya|Indonesia]]''' tana da dogon tarihi na aikata laifuka masu yawa na kare hakkin dan adam waɗanda ba a hukunta su ba. An sami mambobi da yawa na jami'an tsaro na Indonesia da ke da alhakin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ciki har da fyade, duka, tsare-tsare ba bisa ka'ida ba, da dai sauransu amma ba a gabatar da su a gaban shari'a ba. Kafofin yada labarai na Indonesia, yayin da aka yi la'akari da su a hukumance a matsayin 'yan jarida masu 'yanci', suna fama da dabarun tsoratar da gwamnati mai iko ko 'yan kasuwa suka yi amfani da su.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=2010-01-20 |title=World Report 2010: Rights Trends in Indonesia |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2010/country-chapters/indonesia |access-date=2018-03-30 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> An daure 'yan jarida da yawa a karkashin zargin keta dokokin aikata laifuka da na farar hula. 'Yanci na addini ya kasance batun Indonesia na shekaru da yawa, duk da kundin tsarin mulkinsa wanda ke nuna cikakken' yancin addini / haƙuri. Ƙuntatawa ta doka a kan kowane addini sai dai addinan jihohi 6 da aka ba da izini sun wanzu a Indonesia tsawon shekaru kuma ba a sa ran za a ɗaga su ba da daɗewa ba. Dokokin aiki a Indonesia suna ci gaba da zama masu tsauri, tare da daruruwan dubban 'yan mata a Indonesia da ke fuskantar aiki ba tare da son rai ba. Wadannan yara galibi ana hana su barin wuraren aikinsu kuma galibi ana cin zarafinsu a jiki, a hankali, da kuma jima'i. Human Rights Watch a farkon Mayu 2020 ya bukaci Gwamnatin Indonesia da ta saki akalla 'yan gwagwarmayar Papuan da Moluccan 70 nan da nan. An kama su a lokacin zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da gwamnati. HRW ta kuma nemi gwamnati ta tabbatar da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] a lardin gabashin Indonesia daidai da hukuncin kotun 2018.<ref>{{cite web |title=Indonesia: New Arrests for Peaceful Political Expression |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/03/indonesia-new-arrests-peaceful-political-expression |access-date=3 May 2020 |website=Human Rights Watch}}{{Dead link|date=January 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> === Asiya ta Tsakiya === Hakkokin dan Adam a tsakiyar Asiya ba su samu kulawa daga kafafen yada labarai ba a cikin 'yan shekarun nan bayan barkewar rikici da kasashen yammacin Turai fiye da shekarun da suka gabata, amma hakan ba yana nufin cewa kungiyoyin gwamnatoci ko kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu sun yi watsi da su gaba daya a fagen kasa da kasa. Har ila yau sha'awar cikin gida na karɓowa da kuma kiyaye haƙƙin ɗan adam ya kasance kaɗan, yayin da ƙungiyoyin gwamnatocin duniya (IGOs) da aka gabatar da su kamar Ƙungiyar Tarayyar Asiya ta Tsakiya (CAU) suka zaɓi su mai da hankali kan wasu batutuwa kamar tsaro, ci gaban tattalin arziki, da ci gaban al'adu. [[Fayil:Central_Asia_-_political_map_2008.svg|thumb|220x220px|Asiya ta Tsakiya]] Asiya ta tsakiya tana da batutuwan da suka shafi haƙƙin ɗan adam da dama da ke addabar rayuwar al'ummarta. Misali, kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta tattara rahotanni da dama da nufin jawo hankali ga gaskiyar cewa Afganistan na ci gaba da kasancewa cikin rikici, ganin yawan mutuwar 'yan kasar ko dai ya yi yawa ko kuma sannu a hankali; tsaron lafiyar jama'a gabaɗaya wani rashin tabbas ne a Afganistan, tare da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da suka haɗa da azabtarwa, tsarewa ba bisa ka'ida ba, da sauransu daga gwamnati da sauran ƙungiyoyi kuma ba a magance su ba.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Afghanistan |url=https://www.hrw.org/asia/afghanistan |access-date=2018-03-12 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Waɗannan tauye haƙƙoƙin ɗan adam sun kasance a Afghanistan cikin tarihin baya-bayan nan kuma suna ci gaba da wanzuwa a yau. Bugu da ƙari, ana iya samun lokuta da yawa na cin zarafi a cikin Afghanistan amma sau da yawa suna samun kulawa kaɗan (idan akwai) daga gwamnati;<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-13 |title=Raped, then Assaulted by the Afghan Justice System |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2017/12/13/raped-then-assaulted-afghan-justice-system |access-date=2018-03-12 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> a zahiri, akasin haka gaskiya ne: gwamnatin Afghanistan sau da yawa tana ba da umarnin aiwatar da "duba budurcin budurci" a kan mata wanda da gaske ya haɗa da cin zarafi ko cin mutuncin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2014-12-01 |title=UN: WHO Condemns 'Virginity Tests' |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2014/12/01/un-who-condemns-virginity-tests |access-date=2018-03-12 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Da yake duban musamman a '''[[Kirgistan|Kyrgyzstan]]''', Kungiyar kare hakkin bil'adama ta Human Rights Watch ta ba da rahoton wasu sauye-sauye da aka samu a shekarar 2017 a cikin jihar, inda gwamnati ta amince da batutuwa irin su azabtarwa a matsayin lamari amma ba ta yi wani abu ba don yakar su. Ana ɗaukar take haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar azabtarwa a matsayin kayan aikin bincike na gaskiya kuma ana iya ɗaukar su daga gwamnati da jami'an 'yan sanda. Hukumomi a Kyrgyzstan sun yi rajistar korafe-korafe 199 na azabtarwa a cikin 2015, tare da shari'o'in 34 kawai da aka taɓa bincika. Sauran ayyukan Kyrgyzstan da ke da tambaya sun haɗa da shawarar tsakiyar watan Yuni na dakatar da kafofin watsa labaru na waje don kauce wa mummunan labaran duniya; 'Yan jaridu na cikin gida da na waje sun yi Allah wadai da wadannan gyare-gyaren kundin tsarin mulkin kasar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Kyrgyzstan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/kyrgyzstan |access-date=2018-03-12 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> '''[[Kazakistan|Kazakhstan]]''' wata ƙasa ce ta Asiya ta Tsakiya wacce ke da matsala a cikin tarihin kwanan nan tare da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam. Human Rights Watch ta yi Allah wadai da gwamnatin Kazakhstan saboda tsare da kuma tsare masu zanga-zangar zaman lafiya a cikin 2016, tare da wasu keta doka kamar ƙuntata motsi da azabtarwa ana zargin su bayan tsare. zanga-zangar da ake yi a kan ƙasar suna da yawa a ƙarshen, tare da zanga-zambe na zaman lafiya wanda ya haifar da rikici tsakanin masu fafutuka da sojojin gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Kazakhstan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/kazakhstan |access-date=2018-03-12 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnatin Kazakhstan ta tabbatar da cewa tashin hankali ya faru ta hanyar nuna dokokin cikin gida da ke nuna 'yancin tarayya da taruwa daga' yancin 'yancin' yancin' yan ƙasa, amma ta ce soke haƙƙin ya fuskanci zargi mai tsanani daga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, [[Tarayyar Turai]], da Human Rights Watch. Sauran kasashen tsakiyar Asiya suna da irin wannan yanayi dangane da take hakkin dan Adam da kuma rashin motsi don gyara wannan ta'addanci. === Kudancin Asiya === [[Fayil:India_map_mod.png|thumb|238x238px|Yankin Kudancin Asiya]] Kudancin Asiya ya haɗa da Bangladesh, Bhutan, Indiya, Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan, da Sri Lanka - kowace jiha tana da matakai daban-daban na ingantattun manufofin haƙƙin ɗan adam da/ko. Wannan yanki na Asiya ya sami sauye-sauye masu ban mamaki game da yancin ɗan adam a cikin shekarun da suka gabata amma har yanzu yana da damar ingantawa, musamman a nau'ikan haƙƙin ɗan adam kamar 'yancin yara ko 'yancin mata.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news |date=2017-12-14 |title=World Report 2018: Rights Trends in Bangladesh |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/bangladesh |access-date=2018-03-19 |work=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Wasu gyare-gyare a cikin 'yan shekarun nan sun haɗa da wasu yarjejeniyoyin yarjejeniya da shela don yaƙi da adadin auren yara mafi girma a duniya a Bangladesh. Yawancin shari'o'i na leƙen asiri, cin zarafi, da fyade sun ci gaba da kasancewa a Bangladesh a cikin 'yan shekarun nan kuma adadin da aka ruwaito yana ci gaba da karuwa a kowace shekara. Daidaiton jima'i da jinsi ya samu ci gaba a kudancin Asiya a 'yan kwanakin nan, ganin amincewa da jinsi na uku a hukumance ya fara aiki; manufofin game da wannan jinsi na uku, dangantakar ɗan luwaɗi, da dai sauransu ta ɗan tsaya cik duk da haka, ganin jinkirin aiwatar da manufofin da ake da su da kuma tafiyar hawainiya na dokoki ko ƙa'idodi masu zuwa. Bacewar tilastawa ko bacewar ba da gangan ba har ila yau yana ci gaba da zama batu a Kudancin Asiya, inda ake ci gaba da musanta buƙatun Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na gudanar da bincike da kuma yin watsi da kalaman Human Rights Watch.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenic in drinking water |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119180918/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |access-date=2018-03-19 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref><ref>{{Cite report|url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/WSH03.06fulltext.pdf?ua=1|title=Arsenic, Drinking-water and Health Risks Substitution in Arsenic Mitigation: a Discussion Paper|last=Howard|first=Guy|date=2003|website=World Health Organization|access-date=2019-01-05}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun batutuwa masu tsawo na Kudancin Asiya, musamman '''[[Bangladesh]]''', shine matsalar arsenic a cikin ruwan sha.<ref name=":1" /> [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]] (WHO) ta bayyana cewa kimanin mutane miliyan 40 ne suka kamu da guba a Bangladesh kadai kuma kananan hukumomi sun dauki matakai kaɗan (idan akwai) don gyara matsalar. Ana zaton arsenic ya fito ne daga tace ruwa ta hanyar duwatsu masu wadata da arsenic da ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]] na gida; ƙarshen dalilan yana da wuyar nunawa, duk da haka, saboda kin amincewar Bangladesh don ba da izini ga kowane irin bincike game da lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenic in drinking water |url=https://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171119180918/http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/water-quality/guidelines/arsenic-information/en/ |archive-date=November 19, 2017 |access-date=2018-03-19 |website=World Health Organization}}</ref> [[Fayil:Bt-map.png|thumb|Bhutan]] '''[[Bhutan]]''' na ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da shawara game da haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin, suna karɓar manufofi da ƙa'idodi masu yawa na haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa a cikin shekarun da suka gabata. Bhutan ta himmatu ga "murna da dukkan haƙƙin ɗan adam" kuma ta nuna ci gaba a cikin tarihin kwanan nan ta hanyar ƙimar farin ciki na ƙasa (GNH).<ref name=":22">{{Cite news |last=Arora |first=Vishal |title=Bhutan's Human Rights Record Defies 'Happiness' Claim |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/bhutans-human-rights-record-defies-happiness-claim/ |access-date=2018-03-19 |work=The Diplomat}}</ref> Matsayin GNH sikelin ne wanda yawancin masana ke ganin yana da mahimmanci ga kimanta nasarar a cikin ƙasa da farin cikin ɗan ƙasa gaba ɗaya. GNH ta maye gurbin ma'auni na yau da kullun, babban samfurin cikin gida (GDP), kuma kasashe masu tasowa da yawa sun yi la'akari da karɓar ta ciki har da Kanada da Japan.<ref name=":22" /> Duk da yake Bhutan ta dauki matakai don gyara rarrabuwar tarihi a cikin yawan jama'ar kasar, rashin daidaito na siyasa ya kasance a Bhutan, yana sa wasu 'yan ƙasa ba za su iya yin amfani da hakkoki na asali kamar' yancin motsi ko' yancin tarayya ba. '''[[Indiya]]''' ta sami kanta a matsayin daya daga cikin manyan ikon tattalin arziki na yankin, amma har yanzu tana fama da batutuwan kare hakkin dan adam da yawa da keta doka. Indiya ta sami batutuwa da yawa game da fyade da cin zarafin jima'i a cikin shekarun da suka gabata, musamman ga mata da yara.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2018-01-18 |title=World Report 2018: Rights Trends in India |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/india |access-date=2018-03-20 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Gwamnati ta yi Allah wadai da wadannan ayyukan amma ta dauki matakai kaɗan don magance batutuwan da aka ambata kuma a sakamakon haka, har yanzu suna da yawa a cikin al'ummar Indiya a yau. Duk da manufofi da aka yi niyyar taimakawa wadanda aka yi wa fyade ko cin zarafin jima'i, wadanda aka yi musu fyade har yanzu suna fuskantar kunya sosai a asibitoci ko ofisoshin 'yan sanda; ana zaton cewa yayin da yawan shari'o'in ya riga ya yi yawa, akwai wasu lokuta da ba a bayar da rahoton su ba saboda yiwuwar wulakanci. Har ila yau, akwai lokuta na tashin hankali na addini a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=Religious Hostilities Reach Six-Year High |url=https://www.pewforum.org/2014/01/14/religious-hostilities-reach-six-year-high/ |access-date=2021-05-30 |website=Pew Research Center's Religion & Public Life Project |language=en-US}}</ref> '''[[Pakistan]]''' na iya zama ƙasa mafi rikitarwa a Kudancin Asiya, ganin hare-haren ta'addanci da aka yi niyya da 'yan ƙasa wanda ya samo asali ne daga rikice-rikicen launin fata ko siyasa ya haifar da yawan fararen hula. Bayan bayyanar kungiyoyin ta'addanci kamar [[Al-Qaeda|Al Qaeda]] da Lashkar-e-Omar, bama-bamai a asibitoci, wuraren ilimi, gine-ginen gwamnati, da dai sauransu sun zama abubuwan da suka faru, kowane hari yana da'awar yawan rayukan farar hula.<ref name=":32">{{Cite news |date=2010-01-20 |title=World Report 2010: Rights Trends in Pakistan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2010/country-chapters/pakistan |access-date=2018-03-21 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> An yi amfani da bacewar tilastawa da kuma yin amfani da yara kanana a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, wadanda dukkansu sun sha Allah wadai da su. Gwamnati ta ɗauki matakai kaɗan don gyara yawancin waɗannan lamuran haƙƙin ɗan adam, duka biyun saboda ƙarancin kuzari da ƙarancin kayan aiki. Cin zarafin mata ya kasance babban batu ga Pakistan a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ganin yadda fyade, cin zarafi, auren dole, da dai sauransu ya zama ruwan dare a duk fadin kasar. 'Yan tsiraru na addini a Pakistan sun ci gaba da shan wahala sosai daga kungiyoyin ta'addanci da ita kanta gwamnati, suna fadawa kan manufofin addini musamman da nufin kawar da 'yan tsirarun al'adu/addini da kuma mummunar tashin hankali daga kungiyoyin 'yan ta'adda da sojojin gwamnati. Mummunan fada a kasar ya haifar da samar da miliyoyin 'yan gudun hijira; mafi yawansu har yanzu ba su zauna na dindindin ba saboda rashin zaman lafiyar yankin.<ref name=":32" /> === Arewacin Asiya === [[Fayil:Russia-Subdivisions.png|thumb|Yankin Turai da Asiya na Rasha]] Rahotanni da yawa sun nuna cewa 'yan asalin ƙasar Siberia da Gabashin Gabashin Rasha suna ƙarƙashin keta haƙƙin ɗan adam daban-daban daga hukumomin Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Apr 4, 2023 |title=Observations on the State of Indigenous Rights in the Russian Federation Prepared for the 44th Session of the Universal Periodic Review of the Human Rights Council |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/sites/default/files/Russia_UPR_2023_Final_2.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Russian North: Main Challenges and Prospects for Future Development |url=https://www.wcl.american.edu/impact/initiatives-programs/center/documents/hrbrief-vol-23-articles-garipov/ |access-date=May 18, 2024}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2019 |title=New Report Highlights Indigenous Rights Violations in Russia |url=https://www.culturalsurvival.org/news/new-report-highlights-indigenous-rights-violations-russia}}</ref> === Gabashin Asiya === Gabashin Asiya na da kasashe da dama da suka mamaye hankalin al'ummar duniya a 'yan shekarun nan. Sharuɗɗan 'yancin ɗan adam a yawancin ƙasashen gabashin Asiya sun kasance batutuwan mahawara da yawa a matakin ƙasa da ƙasa idan aka yi la'akari da fitattun 'yan wasan duniya waɗanda ake bincika (watau China, Japan, da sauransu). Mabambantan gwamnatocin da aka samu a Gabashin Asiya sun yi tasiri a kan gaskiyar kasashensu game da hakkin dan Adam; Bugu da kari, wadannan kasashen gabashin Asiya suna da matakai daban-daban na hakkokin bil'adama, inda wasu jihohin suka zabi tabbatar da tsauraran batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama yayin da wasu ke sanya takunkumi da cin zarafin bil'adama da dama. [[Fayil:Map_of_China_en_names.svg|thumb|China]] '''[[Japan]]''' ta riƙe [['Yancin Dan Adam a Japan|rikodin haƙƙin ɗan adam]] a matsayi mai girma, tana kiyaye 'yanci na asali kamar' yancin taro, ƙungiya, da faɗar albarkacin baki. 'Yan ƙasa na cikin gida a cikin tarihin kwanan nan an kare su da tsauraran ka'idojin aiki a Japan kuma suna jin daɗin haƙƙoƙi da' yanci iri-iri don tabbatar da aminci da yanayin aiki mai kyau. Haka kuma, duk da haka, ba za a iya faɗi ga ma'aikatan ƙaura daga China da Koriya ba; waɗannan ma'aikatan ƙasashen waje a tarihi ba su da wata doka ta ainihi da ke kare yanayin aikinsu kuma galibi suna fuskantar mummunan yanayin aiki da ƙananan albashi. Ma'aikatan baƙi kuma suna fama da wasu keta haƙƙoƙi, gami da rigakafin motsi kyauta, haramtacciyar sadarwa kyauta (watau ta hanyar wayar salula, wayar salula da sauransu), da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Overview: Human Rights in Japan – hurights1 |url=https://www.hurights.or.jp/english/hurights1/human-rights-in-japan.html |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.hurights.or.jp}}</ref> Japan a tarihi ba ta da wata doka ta nuna bambanci saboda rashin shaidar nuna bambanci a cikin ƙasar; <ref name=":72">{{Cite news |date=2017-01-12 |title=World Report 2017: Rights Trends in Japan |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2017/country-chapters/japan |access-date=2018-03-21 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref>wannan, duk da haka, ya canza a cikin 2017 tare da karɓar dokar maganganun adawa da ƙiyayya biyo bayan samar da shaidar da ke nuna karuwar ra'ayi na Koriya a cikin Japan. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun keta haƙƙin ɗan adam na Japan a cikin shekarun da suka gabata shine samar da [[mata masu ta'aziyya]] don ayyukansu na soja, wato kafin da lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]]. Yawancin waɗannan mata masu ta'aziyya ba 'yan ƙasar Japan ba ne, amma a zahiri fursunonin Koriya ko Sinawa da aka kama a yaƙi ko aka saya a kasuwar baƙar fata. Wadannan mata sun sha wahala da yawa na cin zarafin jima'i da fyade; wani abu da gwamnatin Japan ta yi alkawarin sulhunta da kuma samun adalci ga mata. A cikin 2017, Japan ta fara daukar matakai don sulhu ta hanyar ba da gafara ga mata masu yawa da kuma ba da gudummawar yen biliyan 1 (kimanin dala miliyan 10) ga Gidauniyar Koriya don sulhu da warkarwa. Japan ta ci gaba da amfani da hukuncin kisa a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, ta kashe fursunoni 2 a cikin 2017 ta hanyar ratayewa bayan hukuncin da aka yanke musu.<ref name=":72" /> [[Fayil:South-Korea_blank.png|thumb|Koriya ta Kudu]] '''[[Koriya ta Kudu]]''' tana da yancin ɗan adam da na siyasa iri ɗaya kamar Japan, yana jin daɗin al'umma mai fa'ida kuma mai sassaucin ra'ayi. An sha samun wasu lokuta da gwamnati ta yi amfani da tsofaffin dokoki a matsayin wata hanya ta tsare wadanda ke sukar gwamnati, amma wadannan lokuta ba su da yawa. Koriya ta Kudu ba ta da juriya ga al'ummar LGBTQ kuma ta ga yawancin lokuta na nuna wariya a cikin 'yan shekarun nan a fagage da yawa, kama daga tsarin shari'a har zuwa dakunan gudanarwa na kamfanoni. Mata a Koriya ta Kudu ba sa jin daɗin 'yancin ɗan adam irin na mata a cikin jihohin Turai ko Arewacin Amurka, maimakon haka abokan aikinsu sun tura su zama uwargidan gargajiya da na riko. Haka kuma an ci tarar mata har miliyan biyu da aka ci tarar da aka samu sun zubar da cikin ba tare da izinin mijinsu ba. Koriya ta Kudu ta kuma bar manufofinta game da Koriya ta Arewa aiki, ma'ana duk wani dan kasa da aka samu yana yada farfagandar Koriya ta Arewa za a iya daure shi har tsawon shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-14 |title=World Report 2018: Rights Trends in South Korea |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/south-korea |access-date=2018-03-21 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> [[Fayil:North_Korea_CIA_WFB.png|thumb|237x237px|Koriya ta Arewa]] '''[[Mangoliya|Mongolia]]''' ta sha fama da mummunan tarihin yancin ɗan adam a tsawon tarihi, inda aka ga lokuta da dama na azabtarwa da cin zarafi daga bangaren gwamnati da daidaikun mutane. Mongoliya ta soke hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 2017, amma tun daga nan aka ba da shawarar sake shigar da hukuncin kisa a cikin tsarin shari'a da sabon shugaban da aka zaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mongolia 2017/2018 |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/mongolia/report-mongolia/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Kasar Mongoliya ta kuma ga yawan laifukan cin zarafin gida a cikin 'yan shekarun nan, kuma ba ta dau mataki na gaske don gyara lamarin. Mongoliya kuma gida ce ga yawan ma'aikatan bakin haure; Har yanzu gwamnatin Mongolian ba ta amince da wadannan ma'aikata a hukumance ba saboda haka ba a ba su wani hakki a hukumance ba.<ref>''Mongolia Human Rights Report 2016''. US State Department, ''Mongolia Human Rights Report 2016''.</ref> '''[[Koriya ta Arewa]]''' ta kasance kuma tana ci gaba da kasancewa gida ga wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a duniya. Rahotanni da yawa da ke tattare da mummunar keta haƙƙin ɗan adam sun tattara ta hanyar 'yan gudun hijira na Koriya ta Arewa, a waje da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, da sauransu. An zargi Koriya ta Kudu da keta haƙƙin bil'adama da yawa ciki har da hallaka, kisan kai, bautar, azabtarwa, ɗaurewa, fyade da sauran nau'ikan tashin hankali na jima'i, da zubar da ciki. Koriya ta Arewa ta kuma ƙuntata duk 'yanci na farar hula da na siyasa ga' yan ƙasa, gami da kowane irin' yancin motsi ko ƙungiya yayin da ba ta samar da forums don shigar siyasa ba. Mata a Koriya ta Arewa suna ci gaba da fuskantar cin zarafi da yawa ciki har da fyade na aure, auren tilas, da azabtar da jima'i; waɗannan ayyukan suna faruwa ne daga gwamnati da sauran dangin (yawanci maza, iyaye, da sauransu).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2017-12-20 |title=World Report 2018: Rights Trends in North Korea |url=https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2018/country-chapters/north-korea |access-date=2018-03-21 |work=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Gidan kurkuku na Koriya ta Arewa ya kuma samar da wasu daga cikin mafi munin yanayin rayuwa a duniya, mai yiwuwa shine dalilin mutuwar daruruwan dubban mutane a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. Wadannan sansanonin kurkuku galibi suna da fursunonin siyasa kuma yawanci suna haifar da aiki mai tsanani (idan ba kisa ba), azabtarwa na yau da kullun, cin zarafin jima'i da / ko fyade, da sauran cin zarafin 'yancin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=North Korea {{!}} Amnesty International |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/countries/asia-and-the-pacific/north-korea/ |access-date=2018-03-21 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Koriya ta Arewa ta fada cikin mummunan zargi daga al'ummomin duniya na tsawon shekaru kuma bayanan haƙƙin ɗan adam masu banƙyama sun kasance batun tattaunawa na yau da kullun a cikin Kwamitin Tsaro na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya a matsayin yiwuwar barazana ga zaman lafiya da tsaro na duniya. == Kulawa da cibiyoyin sarrafawa == Kamar yadda yankin Asiya ya kasance gida ga ɗimbin jahohi kowannensu yana da mabambanta ma'auni na haƙƙin ɗan adam da ɗabi'u ko al'adu daban-daban, ba abin mamaki ba ne cewa Asiya ba ta da hurumi ɗaya ta tsakiya dangane da haƙƙin ɗan adam. === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya === [[Fayil:The_universal_declaration_of_human_rights_10_December_1948.jpg|thumb|297x297px|Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Duniya]] Yayin da wasu ƙasashe da dama a cikin babban yankin Asiya a yau ba su cikin Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya a lokacin da ta zartar da Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Bil Adama ta Duniya, akasarin waɗanda aka zaɓa su kada kuri'ar amincewa da ita (wato Afghanistan, Pakistan, India). Wannan sanarwar tana da labarai 30 da suka shafi bangarori daban-daban na haƙƙin ɗan adam; misali: * '''Mataki na 1:''' Dukkanin 'yan adam an haife su da' yanci kuma suna da daidaito da hakkoki. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata suyi aiki da juna cikin ruhun 'yan uwantaka.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |date=2015-10-06 |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=http://www.un.org/en/universal-declaration-human-rights/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.un.org |language=en}}</ref> * '''Mataki na 9:''' Babu wanda za a kama shi, tsare shi ko kuma gudun hijira.<ref name=":8" /> * '''Mataki na 19:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin ra'ayi da faɗar albarkacin baki; wannan haƙƙin ya haɗa da' yancin riƙe ra'ayoyi ba tare da tsangwama ba da neman, karɓa da rarraba bayanai da ra'ayoyin ta hanyar kowane kafofin watsa labarai kuma ba tare da la'akari da iyakoki ba.<ref name=":8" /> An ƙirƙiri UDHR ne da fatan kafa matsayin rayuwa ga mutane a duk faɗin duniya, tabbatar da yanayin ɗan adam ga mutane ba tare da la'akari da jiharsu ba. Har yanzu ana ɗaukar UDHR a matsayin babbar hukuma game da haƙƙin ɗan adam, kodayake ba ta da iko akan jihohi don haka har yanzu jihohi da yawa suna yin watsi da su a kai a kai lokacin da hanyoyin da za su dace da muradun jiha.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Human rights violations endemic in South Asia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> === Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN === Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, za a iya la'akari da Ƙungiyar Al'umman Kudu maso Gabashin Asiya (ASEAN) a matsayin ƙungiyar yanki mafi yawan zamantakewa da tattalin arziki a Asiya. ASEAN tana aiki ne kawai a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, tare da kasashe membobin da suka hada da Indonesia, Thailand, Vietnam, Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Cambodia, Myanmar, Brunei, da Laos. Duk da yake ASEAN da farko ta mayar da hankali kan ci gaban tattalin arziki a kudu maso gabashin Asiya, kwanan nan ta fara fadada aikinta zuwa wasu yankuna na al'ummar kudu maso gabobin Asiya (watau haƙƙin ɗan adam). A shekarar 2009, ASEAN ta kafa Hukumar Kula da Hakkin Dan Adam ta ASEAN da fatan za ta taimaka wajen ingantawa da tsara yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin. Hukumar ta kirkiro kuma daga baya ta amince da sabuwar [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta ASEAN]] a watan Nuwamba na 2012 wanda ya yi kira ga' yanci na asali da na asali ga dukkan' yan ƙasa a kudu maso gabashin Asiya. Sanarwar tana da labarai 40 wadanda suka hada da: * '''Mataki na 3:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin amincewa a ko'ina a matsayin mutum a gaban doka. Kowane mutum daidai ne a gaban doka. Kowane mutum yana da damar samun daidaitattun kariya daga doka ba tare da nuna bambanci ba.<ref name=":92">{{Cite news |date=2012-11-19 |title=ASEAN Human Rights Declaration UMA |url=http://asean.org/asean-human-rights-declaration/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |work=ASEAN {{!}} One Vision One Identity One Community |language=en-US}}</ref> * '''Mataki na 11:''' Kowane mutum yana da haƙƙin rayuwa wanda doka za ta kare shi. Babu wani mutum da za a hana rai sai dai bisa ga doka.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Mataki na 22:''' Kowane mutum yana da 'yancin tunani, lamiri da addini. Dukkanin nau'ikan rashin haƙuri, nuna bambanci da kuma tayar da ƙiyayya bisa ga addini da imani za a kawar da su.<ref name=":9" /> * '''Mataki na 33:''' Ya kamata kasashe membobin ASEAN su dauki matakai, kowannensu kuma ta hanyar taimakon yanki da na kasa da kasa da hadin kai, musamman tattalin arziki da fasaha, zuwa iyakar albarkatun da ke akwai, tare da hangen nesa don cimma cikakkiyar fahimtar haƙƙin tattalin arziki, zamantakewa da al'adu da aka amince da su a cikin wannan Sanarwar.<ref name=":9" /> Yayin da dukkan kasashe mambobin kungiyar ASEAN suka amince da sanarwar kare hakin dan Adam, har yanzu akwai alamun keta hakkin bil'adama a yankin duk da kayyadaddun dokokin da suka sabawa ayyukan da ake yi. Kasancewar wannan sanarwar, duk da haka, yana nuna ci gaba game da amincewa da ainihin haƙƙin ɗan adam a yankin da a al'adance ba ya nuna sha'awar amincewa da ƙa'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=Human rights violations endemic in South Asia |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> === Cibiyar Kula da Tattalin Arziki da 'Yancin Jama'a === Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Tattalin Arziki da Harkokin Jama'a (CESR) tana mai da hankali kan tarin haƙƙoƙi, gami da haƙƙin siyasa, haƙƙin tattalin arziki, haƙƙin zamantakewa, da dai sauransu. CESR tana aiki a duk faɗin Asiya, sau da yawa tana ba da hadin kai tare da Taron Asiya Pacific (APF) yayin aiki don inganta yanayin haƙƙofo a yankunan da CESR ba ta da kafawa. CESR ta zaɓi inganta yanayin haƙƙin ɗan adam da ka'idoji a duk faɗin Asiya ta hanyar tallafawa [[Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa|Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa]] (NHRIs). Maimakon ƙoƙarin aiwatar da canji a matsayin ɗan wasan kwaikwayo na duniya, CESR da APF suna ba da sabis da zaɓuɓɓukan tallafi iri-iri ga NHRIs a duk faɗin Asiya a ƙarƙashin da'awar cewa waɗannan Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na cikin gida za su iya turawa don canji da kyau fiye da ƙungiyar ƙasa.<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |date=2015-11-25 |title=National Human Rights Institutions {{!}} CESR |url=http://www.cesr.org/national-human-rights-institutions |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=www.cesr.org |language=en}}</ref> Wasu fa'idodi ga Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa sun hada da: * NHRIs suna da alaƙa da aka ayyana bisa doka tare da jihar, wanda ke ba su ikon saka idanu kan bin ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya <ref name=":10"/> * NHRIs sun dogara da kayan aikin bayar da shawarwari fiye da kungiyoyin shari'a ko na jama'a da kuma ƙwarewar shari'a don karɓar korafe-korafe da bincika doka da aiki; suna ba da shawara, taimako da haɓaka iyawa ga gwamnati <ref name=":10" /> * Matsayi na musamman tsakanin gwamnati, jama'a da tsarin kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, NHRIs na iya hadawa da 'yan wasan gwamnati da wadanda ba na gwamnati ba <ref name=":10" /> * A matsayin cibiyoyin dindindin, NHRIs suna iya bin diddigin batutuwan da suka faru a tsawon lokaci don gano abubuwan da ke faruwa a matakin cika haƙƙoƙi <ref name=":10" /> === Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya === [[Fayil:Logo-ahrca-en).jpg|right|220x220px]] The Association for Human Rights in Central Asia (AHRCA) wata kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta Faransa mai zaman kanta da aka kafa a 2006. Wannan ƙungiya ta fi mayar da hankali kan sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam, bayar da rahoto game da take haƙƙin ɗan adam da yawa ciki har da azabtarwa, mummunan yanayin aiki, ƙuntatawa LGBTQ, danniya na kafofin watsa labaru, da dai sauransu. Maimakon aiwatar da canjin da kansu, AHRCA ta dogara sosai kan hanyoyin haƙƙin ƙasa da ƙasa don kawo canji a tsakiyar Asiya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Association for Human Rights in Central Asia |url=https://ahrca.eu/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=ahrca.eu |language=en-gb}}</ref> AHRCA yana mai da hankali ya haɗa da amma ba a iyakance shi ba: * Tsaro daga azabtarwa<ref name=":2" /> * Taimako ga fursunonin siyasa * Kare 'Yan Gudun Hijira<ref name=":2" /> * 'Yanci na Addini Shirye-shiryen masu fafutuka na baya-bayan nan sun hada da AHRCA na yin kira da a kaurace wa audugar Uzbek ta kasa da kasa saboda ta dogara kacokan kan aikin dole yara idan aka girbe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=AHRCA |title=Key human rights concerns in Uzbekistan |url=https://ahrca.eu/publications/report/985-key-human-rights-concerns-in-uzbekistan |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=ahrca.eu |language=en-gb |archive-date=2018-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331040351/https://ahrca.eu/publications/report/985-key-human-rights-concerns-in-uzbekistan |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf |url=http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session16/UZ/JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180331040241/http://lib.ohchr.org/HRBodies/UPR/_layouts/15/WopiFrame.aspx?sourcedoc=/HRBodies/UPR/Documents/Session16/UZ/JS3_UPR_UZB_S16_2013_JointSubmission3_E.pdf&action=default&DefaultItemOpen=1 |archive-date=2018-03-31 |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=lib.ohchr.org}}</ref> === Human Rights Watch (HRW) === [[Fayil:Hrw_logo.svg|right|220x220px]] Ana ɗaukar Human Rights Watch (HRW) a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin bil'adama masu zaman kansu mafi aminci a duniya. An kafa kungiyar ta HRW a shekara ta 1978 kuma tana sa ido kan kasashe a duniya, tana buga rahotanni sama da 100 na shekara-shekara tare da samar da yada labaran karya game da take hakkin dan Adam. Bugu da kari, HRW na ganawa akai-akai tare da gwamnatocin jihohi da kungiyoyin gwamnatoci (wato Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Tarayyar Turai, Tarayyar Afirka, da dai sauransu) don ba da shawarwari kan manufofi, bayanai, da dai sauransu. Baya ga dimbin sa ido da HRW ke bugawa duk shekara, kungiyar ta kuma mai da hankali sosai kan samar da sauyi a yankunan da suke aiki a ciki. Misali, HRW ta himmatu wajen shiryawa da kuma daukar nauyin zanga-zangar ko masu fafutuka a kan batutuwa iri-iri (watau kona shara a Lebanon). HRW ta shafe shekaru da dama tana shiga cikin yankin Asiya, tana fitar da rahotanni daban-daban da suka a kowace kasa ta Asiya. Wadannan rahotanni sun mayar da hankali ne kan batutuwa da dama da suka hada da ‘yancin walwala, ‘yancin mata, aikin yara da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://www.hrw.org/ |access-date=2018-03-28 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> === Tarayyar Turai === [[Fayil:Flag_of_Europe.svg|alt=European Union flag, dark blue background with a circle of gold stars in the center.|thumb|Fadar Tarayyar Turai]] Baya ga cibiyoyin gwamnatocin yankin da aka ambata a baya da kuma kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu wadanda ke ba da gudummawar ka'idoji da sa ido a gabashin Asiya, Tarayyar Turai (EU) ta taka rawar gani a 'yan shekarun nan. Duk da cewa a baya ba a sa ran EU za ta tsoma baki a cikin tambayoyin kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kudurin da cibiyar ta yi kan Yarjejeniyar Dokokin Kare Hakkokin Bil'adama ta Duniya ta fadada ikon EU don rufe take hakkin bil'adama a duniya, gami da wadanda ke faruwa a gabashin Asiya. Rubutun farko na wannan tsarin ya fara ne a ranar 9 ga Disamba, 2019. A ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 2020, Majalisar Turai ta kafa Yarjejeniyar. Tsarin ya himmatu musamman don "haɓaka sabon tsarin takunkumin haƙƙin ɗan adam na EU a kwance don magance manyan take haƙƙin ɗan adam da cin zarafi a duk duniya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=EU adopts a global human rights sanctions regime |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/en/press/press-releases/2020/12/07/eu-adopts-a-global-human-rights-sanctions-regime/ |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Council of the European Union |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar ta EU ta shafe shekaru da dama tana sa ido kan ci gaban kare hakkin bil'adama na gabashin Asiya, kamar yadda fitar da wasu bayanai da aka yi a bainar jama'a da suka yi Allah wadai da kasashen da suka aikata laifuka. Daya daga cikin bayanan farko ya samo asali ne tun a shekarar 2009 lokacin da kungiyar EU ta yi wa gwamnatin kasar Sin bincike a bainar jama'a kan hukuncin kisa kan 'yan kasar Kirista guda tara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Declaration by the Presidency on behalf of the European Union regarding the recent executions of nine persons in Xinjiang |url=https://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cms_data/docs/pressdata/en/cfsp/111098.pdf |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Council of the European Union |language=en}}</ref> Duk da sabon salo na yin aiki tare da sa ido kan hakkin dan Adam na gabashin Asiya, za a iya gane gagarumin kokarin da kungiyar EU ta yi dangane da tashe-tashen hankula da ke faruwa a lardin Xinjiang na kasar Sin. A watan Fabrairun 2020, EU ta fitar da wata sanarwa tana mai cewa Chen Mingguo na kasar Sin ne ke da alhakin "kare ba bisa ka'ida ba da wulakanci da ake yi wa 'yan kabilar Uighur da mutanen wasu tsiraru musulmi, da kuma keta hakkinsu na addini ko akida".<ref>{{Cite news |date=22 March 2021 |title=West sanctions China over Xinjiang abuses, Beijing hits back at EU |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-usa-china-eu-sanctions/west-sanctions-china-over-xinjiang-abuses-beijing-hits-back-at-eu-idUSKBN2BE2LF |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=Reuters |language=en}}</ref> Baya ga waɗannan zarge-zarge, Tarayyar Turai ta shirya haramtacciyar tafiye-tafiye da yawa da kuma daskarewa a cikin iyakokin aiki na Xinjiang, don haka yana nuna aiwatar da takunkumi na manufofi a fuskar take hakkin dan adam na Gabashin Asiya. == Muhimman keta haƙƙin ɗan adam == === 2005 tashin hankali na Andijan === [[Fayil:Chapel_in_Andijan_01.JPG|thumb|220x220px|Cocin Andijan]] Rikicin kare hakkin dan adam na Andijan na 2005 ya faru ne a Uzbekistan kuma yana daya daga cikin mafi munin kisan farar hula a tarihin baya-bayan nan, ganin mutuwar farar hula da aka kiyasta tsakanin 200 da sama da 1500. Wannan keta haƙƙin ɗan adam ya samo asali ne daga rashin son gwamnati ta saki 'yan kasuwa 23 na cikin gida waɗanda aka tuhume su da tsattsauran ra'ayi, tsattsa ra'ayi da rabuwa. Wani karamin rukuni na 'yan bindiga ya taru a waje da kurkuku inda ake tsare da wadannan' yan kasuwa kuma ya fitar da su da sassafe, ya kashe masu tsaron kurkuku da yawa kuma ya kama jami'an gwamnati daban-daban.<ref name=":11">''Organisation for Security and Co-operation in Europe''. Warsaw. 20 June 2005. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref> 'Yan ƙasa na Uzbek sun tafi kan tituna don tallafawa wannan hutun kurkuku, suna mamaye Babar Square don nuna rashin amincewa da cin hanci da rashawa na gwamnati, tsarin shari'a mara adalci, da sauransu. Sojojin gwamnati sun toshe dukkan hanyoyi zuwa filin da fatan za su iya shawo kan zanga-zangar,<ref>''Council on Foreign Relations''. Retrieved 28 March 2018.</ref> amma da yawa sun wuce sojojin da ƙafa kuma sun shiga zanga-zambe. Akwai rahotanni na farko na musayar bindiga tsakanin fararen hula da sojoji, amma masu zanga-zangar a Babar Square ba su hana su ba kuma sun kasance a wuri ɗaya. Tsakanin karfe 5 na yamma zuwa 6 na yamma, gwamnati ta fara babban hari a kan Babar Square ba tare da wani gargadi ba. Sojojin Uzbek sun yi amfani da bindigogi, bindigogi masu kai hari, da masu dauke da makamai (APCs) a kan fararen hula masu zanga-zangar, ba tare da nuna bambanci ba a kan maza, mata, da yara. Daga baya an samu rahotanni game da sojoji da ke kashe fararen hula da suka ji rauni da kuma motsa daruruwan gawawwakin cikin kaburbura.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2005-05-17 |title=How the Andijan killings unfolded |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/4550845.stm |access-date=2018-03-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Duk da cewa gwamnati ta yi iƙirarin cewa ta dauki mataki ne kawai a kan kungiyoyin ta'addanci da aka yi la'akari da su a cikin zanga-zangar, Uzbekistan ta fuskanci zargi mai tsanani na kasa da kasa bayan kisan kiyashi na Andijan. === Kisan kare dangi na Khmer Rouge === 'Yan gurguzu na Cambodia ne suka aiwatar da kisan kiyashi na Khmer Rouge tsakanin shekarun 1975 zuwa 1979. Wannan kungiya ta siyasa ta kasance tana kara yawan al'ummarta sannu a hankali yayin da kungiyoyi irin su Viet Cong da sojojin Arewacin Vietnam ke rike da makamai a lokaci guda. Bayan nasarar Khmer Rouge a yakin basasar Cambodia a shekarar 1975, kungiyar ta fara kisan gilla da zai addabi kasashen na tsawon rabin shekaru masu zuwa. An yi kiyasin adadin wadanda suka mutu a rikicin Khmer Rouge ya kai tsakanin miliyan 1.5 zuwa 3, inda a kalla rabin wadannan kisa na da alaka da siyasa. Wadanda ba a aiwatar da hukuncin kisa na siyasa ba sun mutu ko dai daga mummunan yanayin aiki ko azabtarwa ta hanyar kisa. Gwamnatin Khmer Rouge ta aiwatar da manufofinta na injiniyan zamantakewa sosai, yawancinsu sun mai da hankali kan nishaɗin al'ummar manoma.<ref name=":122">{{Cite book|last=Frey|first=Rebecca Joyce|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m569AfPJkB4C&pg=PA267|title=Genocide and International Justice|pages=266–267|date=2009|publisher=Infobase Publishing|isbn=978-0-8160-7310-8|language=en}}</ref> Wannan mayar da hankali ya haifar da korar jama'ar garuruwan Cambodia da yawa daga baya kuma an tilastawa jama'ar birane yin tattaki zuwa yankunan karkara domin yin aikin noma (yawanci shinkafa). Bugu da ƙari, Khmer Rouge ya sa ran samar da shinkafa a kowace hekta zuwa sau uku daga ton 1 zuwa 3; Wannan tsammanin bai yi la'akari da babban rashin aiki da aka haifar ba ta hanyar sanya jama'ar gari cikin ayyukan yi na karkara.<ref name=":12" /> Yawan jama'ar birni ba su da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata don cimma burin Khmer Rouge kuma an kashe da yawa a matsayin masu zagon ƙasa na tattalin arziki (wanda aka lakafta shi saboda yawan samar da su). An aiwatar da hukuncin kisa da farko da bindigogi, amma sakamakon karancin albarusai, matasan Cambodia suna dauke da manyan makamai da kuma tilasta musu aiwatar da hukuncin kisa kan makiya Khmer Rouge. An gano kimanin kaburbura 20,000 tun bayan faduwar Khmer Rouge a shekarar 1979. A shekarar 2014, shugabannin Khmer Rouge Nuon Chea da Khieu Samphan sun fuskanci hukuncin daurin rai da rai kan laifukan cin zarafin bil'adama.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kiernan|first=Ben|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l8TVTCJSJKcC|title=The Pol Pot Regime: Race, Power, and Genocide in Cambodia Under the Khmer Rouge, 1975–79|date=1997|pages=31–158, 251–310|publisher=Yale University Press|isbn=978-0-300-09649-1|language=en}}</ref> === Kisan kiyashi na Daoxian === [[Fayil:President_Richard_Nixon_and_Mao_Zedong.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Mao Zedong]], shugaban Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin, ganawa da Richard Nixon, Shugaban Amurka]] Kisan Daoxian ya faru ne a lokacin juyin juya halin al'adu na kasar Sin, wanda ya dauki tsawon kwanaki 66 tsakanin ranekun 13 ga watan Agusta zuwa ranar 17 ga watan Oktoban shekarar 1967. Wadanda aka yi wa kisan kiyashi ana zargin makiya ne na jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta kasar Sin (CCP). Yawanci, jami'an CCP na gida da masu goyon bayan juyin juya hali sun aiwatar da kame ba bisa ka'ida ba; Wadanda aka kama kuma daga baya wasu jami'an CCP na gida ko kuma 'yan bindiga suka kashe su sun sami ɗan gajeren shari'a, rashin adalci inda waɗanda ke yanke hukunci su ne mutanen da suka ba da umarnin kama su da kansu. An kashe wadanda aka kashe ta hanyoyi da dama, da suka hada da harbe-harbe, duka, da yanke kawunansu. Kungiyoyin da ke da alhakin kashe-kashen sun samu karin albashi da kuma inganta rayuwar su. Yayin da CCP ba ta amince da su a hukumance ba, ba ta dauki wani matakin dakatar da aiwatar da hukuncin kisa ba har sai da korafe-korafe da dama daga wadanda suka tsira daga kisan kiyashin Daoxian ya kai matakin gwamnati. An kawo karshen kashe-kashen ne biyo bayan tura runduna ta 47 ta Soji amma ba a taba hukunta wadanda suka aikata kisan ba.<ref>[http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cultrev.htm "The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution in China, 1966–1976"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190424130644/http://www.sjsu.edu/faculty/watkins/cultrev.htm|date=2019-04-24}}. ''www.sjsu.edu''. Retrieved 2015-11-15.</ref><ref>{{Citation|url=http://www.massviolence.org/The-Dao-County-Massacre-of-1967?artpage=1-7|author=Song Yongyi|title=The Dao County Massacre of 1967|encyclopedia=Online Encyclopedia of Mass Violence|date=25 March 2009|issn=1961-9898|access-date=9 September 2023|archive-date=26 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100726005523/http://www.massviolence.org/The-Dao-County-Massacre-of-1967?artpage=1-7|url-status=bot: unknown}}</ref> === Cin zarafin kisan kiyashi a Bangladesh === Yakin 'Yanci na Bangladesh na 1971 ya ga mambobin Sojojin Pakistan da masu goyon bayansu sun yi wa mata da 'yan mata 200,000 da 400,000 fyade a cikin yunkurin kashe kabilanci. Shugabannin soji na Pakistan sun ayyana mayakan 'yanci na Bengali a matsayin "Hindu" kuma cewa matansu kawai ganimar yaki ce ga sojoji su yi amfani da su kamar yadda suka ga ya dace.<ref>[[Rape during the Bangladesh Liberation War#CITEREFHerbert L. Bodman, Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi1998|Herbert L. Bodman, Nayereh Esfahlani Tohidi 1998]], p. 208.</ref> An tsare mata a sansanoni na musamman inda aka yi musu fyade akai-akai ta hanyar juyawa na sojojin Pakistan; waɗannan mata za su iya tserewa daga sansanonin ne kawai ta hanyar rataye kansu da gashin kansu - aikin da ya haifar da sojoji su aske kawunan dukkan fursunonin sansanin. Wadanda ba a yi musu fyade ba za a yi musu fyaɗe, a kashe su,<ref name=":132">Arens, Jenneke (2010). "Genocide in the Chittagong Hill Tracts, Bangladesh". In Samuel Totten; Robert K. Hitchcock (eds.). ''Genocide of Indigenous Peoples''. Transaction. ISBN <bdi>978-1-4128-1495-9</bdi>. p. 128.</ref> kuma a yi musu bulala a cikin al'aura. Yayinda sojojin Pakistan suka yi ƙoƙari su hana waɗannan fyade na tsari daga kafofin watsa labarai na duniya, hukumomin kare hakkin dan adam da kafofin watsa labarai da yawa sun buga rahotanni ko labaru game da wannan fyade na kisan kare dangi; Pakistan daga baya ta sami babban zargi na duniya, suna tsawata musu saboda ayyukansu. Duk da yake sojojin Pakistan suna jayayya cewa babu fiye da 'yan daruruwan shari'o'in fyade, wadanda kawai ayyukan sojoji ne masu karkatarwa, mai yiwuwa ne cewa sojoji sun karɓi manufofin da za su iya kashe mutanen Bengali. == Dubi kuma == * Rikicin Jama'a na Andijan 2005 * Darajar Asiya * Dimokuradiyya a Asiya * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Ostiraliya]] * [[Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya|'Yancin Dan Adam a Asiya ta Tsakiya]] * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Gabashin Asiya == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [https://humanrightsinasean.info/ 'Yancin Dan Adam a cikin ASEAN 'Yancin dan Adam a cikin dandalin yanar gizo na ASEAN] * [http://www.asiapacificforum.net/ Zuwa yankin da kowa ke jin daɗin haƙƙin ɗan adam a Asia Pacific Forum] * [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/12/04/politics/prodemocracy-groups-are-harassed-in-central-asia.html Kungiyoyin Demokradiyya suna fuskantar matsin lamba a Asiya ta Tsakiya] * [https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2017/02/human-rights-violations-endemic-in-south-asia/ Rashin bin 'yancin dan adam a Kudancin Asiya] * [https://thediplomat.com/2014/04/bhutans-human-rights-record-defies-happiness-claim/ Rahoton 'Yancin Dan Adam na Bhutan ya kalubalanci 'Farin Ciki'] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lhwc7o6vjg60d8zkn9v0c0mel5vxhdm 0 115344 915291 708635 2026-09-03T07:59:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915291 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''''Ada Omo Daddy''''' shirin wasan barkwanci ne da ya shafi iyali a shekarar 2023 wanda Yakubu Olawale ya rubuta, [[Mercy Aigbe]] ne suka shirya, <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-09-02 |title=Mercy Aigbe: On why ' Ada Omo Daddy' is the movie to anticipate |url=https://guardian.ng/saturday-magazine/mercy-aigbe-on-why-ada-omo-daddy-is-the-movie-to-anticipate/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> tare da Akay Mason da [[Adebayo Tijani]]. Fim ɗin ya ta'allaka ne akan yaudarar uba da aka bankaɗo a yayin bikin aure da aka fi sani da "Owambe" a [[Yarbawa]]. Fim ɗin ya kunshi wasu jaruman [[Nollywood]] irin su Charles Okafor, [[Sola Sobowale]], [[Mercy Aigbe]], [[Chiwetalu Agu]] da Uche Ndubuisi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-02-17 |title=Movie Title: Ada Omo Daddy |url=https://dailytrust.com/movie-title-ada-omo-daddy/ |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stephen |first=Onu |date=2023-12-26 |title='Ada Omo Daddy': 'Wedding Party' copy that falls short in several ways |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/654226-ada-omo-daddy-wedding-party-copy-that-falls-short-in-several-ways.html |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Makirci == ''Ada Omo Daddy'' ta ba da labarin Pero wanda aka shirya ya auri Victor. Rayuwar Pero ta ɗauki canji mai ban mamaki lokacin da Ifeanyi ba zato ba tsammani ya bayyana yana da'awar cewa shi ne mahaifinta na zahiri, yana haifar da matsala a cikin iyalin Balogun da ke da kyau. Bayyanar kwatsam na Ifeanyi, wanda ya rabu amma yanzu ya tuba, ya bayyana asirin da ba shi da kyau da ya gabata wanda dole ne a warware shi kafin bikin auren Pero da Victor.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloruntoyin |first=Faith |date=2023-11-27 |title=Love becomes chaotic in Mercy Aigbe's star-packed 'Ada Omo Daddy' trailer |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ada-omo-daddy-love-is-chaotic-in-mercy-aigbes-star-packed-trailer/xtwzebk |access-date=2024-02-18 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en |archive-date=2024-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240219135308/https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/ada-omo-daddy-love-is-chaotic-in-mercy-aigbes-star-packed-trailer/xtwzebk |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Masu ba da labari == * [[Sola Sobowale]] a matsayin Mrs. Ireti Balogun * Mercy Aigbe a matsayin tsohuwar Moturanyo * [[Omowumi Dada]] a matsayin Peresola "Amma" Balogun * Tayo Faniran a matsayin Victor * Charles Okafor a matsayin Ifeanyi * [[Chiwetalu Agu|Chiwet Agualu]] a matsayin kawun Ndubuisi * [[Wumi Toriola|Wunmi Toriola]] * Taiwo Adeyemi * Adeniyi Johnson a matsayin matashi Ifeanyi * [[Carol King]] a matsayin Mrs. Ekpeyong * [[Dele Odule]] a matsayin Cif Balogun * Tomi Ojo a matsayin Fara * [[Nkechi Blessing Sunday|Albarka ta Nkechi]] a matsayin Ndidi * Phyna mai ban mamaki a matsayin Matashi Ireti * Miriam Peters a matsayin Ezinne * Morenikeji Gloria * [[Fred Amata]] == Karɓar baƙi == ''Ada Omo Daddy'' an jera ta cikin manyan fina-finai goma na lokacin biki na 2023 ta Premium Times. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Olusola |first=Elijah |date=2023-12-25 |title=Ada Omo Daddy, Osato, Nine other movies to watch this season |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/entertainment/nollywood/654007-ada-omo-daddy-osato-nine-other-movies-to-watch-this-season.html |access-date=2024-02-19 |website=Premium Times Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == 454ic3v83lv7hm38w2423x9rjjfgmqs 0 116055 915368 712907 2026-09-03T10:06:07Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915368 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Armech''' (ATPS), tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara a [[Ghana]], tare da ƙarfin shigarwa na {{Convert|60|MW}} . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == The facility would be located in the industrial area of the city of [[Tema]],<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> approximately {{Convert|30|km|0}}, by road, east of [[Accra]], the largest city and capital of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=2 April 2018 |title=Distance between Accra, Ghana and Tema, Ghana |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Ghana_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Accra%2C%20Ghana&toplace=Tema%2C%20Ghana&dt1=ChIJc6e3soSQ3w8R0y0OZdhO0b4&dt2=ChIJKT4NQKV4IBARi0gmQF1L38w |access-date=2 April 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Tashar wutar lantarki ta Armech tashar wutar lantarki ce mai sharar gida (W2E) da ke Tema, tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a ƙasar Ghana. Sharar da za a ƙone don samar da wutar lantarki, za a samo ta daga majalisun birni da yawa a yankin Greater [[Accra]]. Wadannan sun hada da Accra, Tema, Gundumar Ga ta Kudu, Gunduma ta Ga ta Gabas, da Gundumar La Dade Kotopon. Ma'aikatar Karamar Hukumar Ghana da Ci gaban Karkara tana da haɗin gwiwa a kan wannan ci gaba.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Ci gaban wannan tashar wutar lantarki shine don mayar da martani ga yanayin sarrafa sharar gida mara gamsarwa a yankin Greater Accra, musamman tsakanin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi. Hadarin da wadannan al'ummomin ke fuskanta sun hada da (a) sharar gida wanda ya ƙunshi kwayar cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka (b) mai guba wanda ke fitowa daga wuraren zubar da shara zuwa teburin ruwa da (c) hayaki mai guba daga konewar shara.<ref name="One2">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Rashin tsabtace muhalli, yana haifar da tsayawar ruwan da ke kwarara da kuma haihuwar sauro masu yaduwar cututtuka. A cikin Babban Yankin Accra, ana yin rikodin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro miliyan 3.5 a kowace shekara, tare da 900,000 daga cikinsu suna faruwa tsakanin yara da ba su kai shekaru biyar ba, tun daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Za a sayar da wutar lantarki da aka samar ga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ghana, don hadewa cikin wutar lantarki ta kasa.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Gine-gine == Armech Africa Limited ce ke gina tashar wutar lantarki. Babban dan kwangila shine Energy China, tare da kuɗin da aka aro daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China. Kudin ginin an tsara shi a dala miliyan 300.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Wannan aikin yana wakiltar aikin farko na sharar gida zuwa makamashi a cikin ƙasashen Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka. Akwai shirye-shiryen haɓaka masana'antar sharar gida ta biyu a [[Kumasi]], a [[Yankin Ashanti]] . <ref name="One" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Ghana * [[Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana|Sashin wutar lantarki a Ghana]] == Manazarta == 1silpcn2a2c89bnjtpls4lqrhgl08sh 915369 915368 2026-09-03T10:06:28Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915369 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Armech''' (ATPS), tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara a [[Ghana]], tare da ƙarfin shigarwa na {{Convert|60|MW}} . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == The facility would be located in the industrial area of the city of [[Tema]],<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> approximately {{Convert|30|km|0}}, by road, east of [[Accra]], the largest city and capital of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=2 April 2018 |title=Distance between Accra, Ghana and Tema, Ghana |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Ghana_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Accra%2C%20Ghana&toplace=Tema%2C%20Ghana&dt1=ChIJc6e3soSQ3w8R0y0OZdhO0b4&dt2=ChIJKT4NQKV4IBARi0gmQF1L38w |access-date=2 April 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Tashar wutar lantarki ta Armech tashar wutar lantarki ce mai sharar gida (W2E) da ke Tema, tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a ƙasar Ghana. Sharar da za a ƙone don samar da wutar lantarki, za a samo ta daga majalisun birni da yawa a yankin Greater [[Accra]]. Wadannan sun hada da Accra, Tema, Gundumar Ga ta Kudu, Gunduma ta Ga ta Gabas, da Gundumar La Dade Kotopon. Ma'aikatar Karamar Hukumar Ghana da Ci gaban Karkara tana da haɗin gwiwa a kan wannan ci gaba.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Ci gaban wannan tashar wutar lantarki shine don mayar da martani ga yanayin sarrafa sharar gida mara gamsarwa a yankin Greater Accra, musamman tsakanin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi. Hadarin da waɗannan al'ummomin ke fuskanta sun hada da (a) sharar gida wanda ya ƙunshi kwayar cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka (b) mai guba wanda ke fitowa daga wuraren zubar da shara zuwa teburin ruwa da (c) hayaki mai guba daga konewar shara.<ref name="One2">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Rashin tsabtace muhalli, yana haifar da tsayawar ruwan da ke kwarara da kuma haihuwar sauro masu yaduwar cututtuka. A cikin Babban Yankin Accra, ana yin rikodin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro miliyan 3.5 a kowace shekara, tare da 900,000 daga cikinsu suna faruwa tsakanin yara da ba su kai shekaru biyar ba, tun daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Za a sayar da wutar lantarki da aka samar ga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na Ghana, don hadewa cikin wutar lantarki ta kasa.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Gine-gine == Armech Africa Limited ce ke gina tashar wutar lantarki. Babban dan kwangila shine Energy China, tare da kuɗin da aka aro daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China. Kudin ginin an tsara shi a dala miliyan 300.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Wannan aikin yana wakiltar aikin farko na sharar gida zuwa makamashi a cikin ƙasashen Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka. Akwai shirye-shiryen haɓaka masana'antar sharar gida ta biyu a [[Kumasi]], a [[Yankin Ashanti]] . <ref name="One" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Ghana * [[Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana|Sashin wutar lantarki a Ghana]] == Manazarta == 5ic5fym74v7ez2gf6zv4v93lbvnki1z 915370 915369 2026-09-03T10:06:50Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915370 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Armech''' (ATPS), tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara a [[Ghana]], tare da ƙarfin shigarwa na {{Convert|60|MW}} . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == The facility would be located in the industrial area of the city of [[Tema]],<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> approximately {{Convert|30|km|0}}, by road, east of [[Accra]], the largest city and capital of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=2 April 2018 |title=Distance between Accra, Ghana and Tema, Ghana |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Ghana_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Accra%2C%20Ghana&toplace=Tema%2C%20Ghana&dt1=ChIJc6e3soSQ3w8R0y0OZdhO0b4&dt2=ChIJKT4NQKV4IBARi0gmQF1L38w |access-date=2 April 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Tashar wutar lantarki ta Armech tashar wutar lantarki ce mai sharar gida (W2E) da ke Tema, tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a ƙasar Ghana. Sharar da za a ƙone don samar da wutar lantarki, za a samo ta daga majalisun birni da yawa a yankin Greater [[Accra]]. Wadannan sun hada da Accra, Tema, Gundumar Ga ta Kudu, Gunduma ta Ga ta Gabas, da Gundumar La Dade Kotopon. Ma'aikatar Karamar Hukumar Ghana da Ci gaban Karkara tana da haɗin gwiwa a kan wannan ci gaba.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Ci gaban wannan tashar wutar lantarki shine don mayar da martani ga yanayin sarrafa sharar gida mara gamsarwa a yankin Greater Accra, musamman tsakanin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi. Hadarin da waɗannan al'ummomin ke fuskanta sun hada da (a) sharar gida wanda ya ƙunshi kwayar cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka (b) mai guba wanda ke fitowa daga wuraren zubar da shara zuwa teburin ruwa da (c) hayaki mai guba daga konewar shara.<ref name="One2">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Rashin tsabtace muhalli, yana haifar da tsayawar ruwan da ke kwarara da kuma haihuwar sauro masu yaduwar cututtuka. A cikin Babban Yankin Accra, ana yin rikodin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro miliyan 3.5 a kowace shekara, tare da 900,000 daga cikinsu suna faruwa tsakanin yara da ba su kai shekaru biyar ba, tun daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Za a sayar da wutar lantarki da aka samar ga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na ƙasar Ghana, don hadewa cikin wutar lantarki ta kasa.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Gine-gine == Armech Africa Limited ce ke gina tashar wutar lantarki. Babban dan kwangila shine Energy China, tare da kuɗin da aka aro daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China. Kudin ginin an tsara shi a dala miliyan 300.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Wannan aikin yana wakiltar aikin farko na sharar gida zuwa makamashi a cikin ƙasashen Kungiyar Tattalin Arziki ta Yammacin Afirka. Akwai shirye-shiryen haɓaka masana'antar sharar gida ta biyu a [[Kumasi]], a [[Yankin Ashanti]] . <ref name="One" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Ghana * [[Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana|Sashin wutar lantarki a Ghana]] == Manazarta == c1uwsr0w3ptmh0392leaiz1garxno9j 915371 915370 2026-09-03T10:07:15Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915371 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Tashar Wutar Lantarki ta Armech''' (ATPS), tashar wutar lantarki ce da aka tsara a [[Ghana]], tare da ƙarfin shigarwa na {{Convert|60|MW}} . <ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Wurin da yake == The facility would be located in the industrial area of the city of [[Tema]],<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> approximately {{Convert|30|km|0}}, by road, east of [[Accra]], the largest city and capital of Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Globefeed.com |date=2 April 2018 |title=Distance between Accra, Ghana and Tema, Ghana |url=https://distancecalculator.globefeed.com/Ghana_Distance_Result.asp?fromplace=Accra%2C%20Ghana&toplace=Tema%2C%20Ghana&dt1=ChIJc6e3soSQ3w8R0y0OZdhO0b4&dt2=ChIJKT4NQKV4IBARi0gmQF1L38w |access-date=2 April 2018 |publisher=Globefeed.com}}</ref> Tashar wutar lantarki ta Armech tashar wutar lantarki ce mai sharar gida (W2E) da ke Tema, tashar jiragen ruwa mafi girma a ƙasar Ghana. Sharar da za a ƙone don samar da wutar lantarki, za a samo ta daga majalisun birni da yawa a yankin Greater [[Accra]]. Wadannan sun hada da Accra, Tema, Gundumar Ga ta Kudu, Gunduma ta Ga ta Gabas, da Gundumar La Dade Kotopon. Ma'aikatar Karamar Hukumar Ghana da Ci gaban Karkara tana da haɗin gwiwa a kan wannan ci gaba.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Ci gaban wannan tashar wutar lantarki shine don mayar da martani ga yanayin sarrafa sharar gida mara gamsarwa a yankin Greater Accra, musamman tsakanin al'ummomin da ba su da isasshen kuɗi. Hadarin da waɗannan al'ummomin ke fuskanta sun hada da (a) sharar gida wanda ya ƙunshi kwayar cuta da ƙwayoyin cuta masu haifar da cututtuka (b) mai guba wanda ke fitowa daga wuraren zubar da shara zuwa teburin ruwa da (c) hayaki mai guba daga konewar shara.<ref name="One2">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Rashin tsabtace muhalli, yana haifar da tsayawar ruwan da ke kwarara da kuma haihuwar sauro masu yaduwar cututtuka. A cikin Babban Yankin Accra, ana yin rikodin kamuwa da zazzabin cizon sauro miliyan 3.5 a kowace shekara, tare da 900,000 daga cikinsu suna faruwa tsakanin yara da ba su kai shekaru biyar ba, tun daga watan Maris na shekara ta 2018.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Za a sayar da wutar lantarki da aka samar ga Kamfanin Wutar Lantarki na ƙasar Ghana, don hadewa cikin wutar lantarki ta kasa.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> == Gine-gine == Armech Africa Limited ce ke gina tashar wutar lantarki. Babban dan kwangila shine Energy China, tare da kuɗin da aka aro daga Bankin Masana'antu da Kasuwanci na China. Kudin ginin an tsara shi a dala miliyan 300.<ref name="One">{{Cite web |last=Ghanaian Times |date=26 March 2018 |title=Africa: Armech Africa to Build US$300 Million Waste-to-Energy Plant in Tema |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201803260775.html |access-date=2 April 2018}}</ref> Wannan aikin yana wakiltar aikin farko na sharar gida zuwa makamashi a cikin ƙasashen Ƙungiyar Tattalin Arziƙi ta Yammacin Afirka. Akwai shirye-shiryen haɓaka masana'antar sharar gida ta biyu a [[Kumasi]], a [[Yankin Ashanti]] . <ref name="One" /> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin tashoshin wutar lantarki a Ghana * [[Bangaren wutar lantarki a Ghana|Sashin wutar lantarki a Ghana]] == Manazarta == pmtv5uy8898ztkyx3n7534mbw5qb6z1 0 116182 915170 903233 2026-09-02T21:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Zaben gwamna na Jihar Plateau na 2019''' a [[Najeriya]] ya faru ne a ranar 9 ga Maris, 2019. Gwamnan APC mai ci Simon Lalong ya sake lashe zaben a karo na biyu, inda ya kayar da PDP Jerry Useni da wasu 'yan takarar jam'iyya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-25 |title=Ganduje, Ortom, Lalong, Tambuwal Re-elected |url=https://leadership.ng/ganduje-ortom-lalong-tambuwal-re-elected/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Leadership Newspaper |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-25 |title=INEC Declares Lalong, Ortom, Tambuwal, Ganduje Reelected |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/03/25/inec-declares-lalong-ortom-tambuwal-ganduje-reelected/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-24 |title=APC's Lalong wins Plateau Governorship Election |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/apcs-lalong-wins-plateau-governorship-election/p5d816c |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-11 |title=Plateau State election declared inconclusive |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/319381-plateau-state-election-declared-inconclusive.html |access-date=2021-03-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Simon Lalong ya fito ne a matsayin dan takarar gwamna na APC bayan an dawo da shi a matsayin dan wasan daya tilo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2018 |title=Lalong emerges as Plateau APC gov'ship candidate |url=https://dailytrust.com/lalong-emerges-as-plateau-apc-govship-candidate |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=Gen. Useni emerges Plateau PDP governorship candidate |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/gen-useni-emerges-plateau-pdp-governoshio-candidate/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pwanagba |first=Agabus |date=2018-10-01 |title=Plateau primaries: Jeremiah Useni emerges PDP governorship candidate, to face Lalong in general elections |url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/10/01/plateau-primaries-jeremiah-useni-emerges-pdp-governorship-candidate-face-lalong-general-elections/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=Plateau: Five feared dead as violence mars PDP, APC primaries |url=https://punchng.com/plateau-five-feared-dead-as-violence-mars-pdp-apc-primaries/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zaɓi Sonni Gwanle Tyoden a matsayin abokin aikinsa. Jeremiah Useni shi ne dan takarar PDP tare da Ben Shignugul a matsayin abokin takararsa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegun |first=Aanu |date=2018-10-01 |title=75 year-old Jeremiah Useni emerges as PDP's gubernatorial candidate in Plateau |url=https://www.legit.ng/1195473-75-year-jeremiah-useni-emerges-pdps-gubernatorial-candidate-plateau-state.html |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Legit.ng |language=en |archive-date=2019-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191220013252/https://www.legit.ng/1195473-75-year-jeremiah-useni-emerges-pdps-gubernatorial-candidate-plateau-state.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=75-year-old Jeremiah Useni Emerges Plateau PDP Governorship Candidate |url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/10/01/75-year-old-jeremiah-useni-emerges-plateau-pdp-governorship-candidate |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=PDP: Voting in Benue; Useni wins Plateau |url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2018/10/01/voting-in-progress-in-benue-useni-wins-plateau/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=FRCN |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name="premiumtimesng.com">{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=Jeremiah Useni emerges Plateau PDP governorship candidate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/287647-jeremiah-useni-emerges-plateau-pdp-governorship-candidate.html |access-date=2021-03-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dada |first=Adekunle |date=2018-10-18 |title=Plateau PDP guber candidate, Sen. Useni picks running mate |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/10/18/plateau-pdp-guber-candidate-sen-useni-picks-running-mate/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=75-year-old Jeremiah Useni wins Plateau PDP governorship primaries |url=https://dailynigerian.com/75-year-old-jeremiah-useni-wins-plateau-pdp-governorship-primaries/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Daily Nigerian |language=en-US}}</ref> 'Yan takara 24 ne suka fafata a zaben.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Plateau State Governorship Election, 2019 |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PLATEAU-1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125210732/https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/PLATEAU-1.pdf |archive-date=January 25, 2021 |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=INEC}}</ref> == Tsarin zabe == Ana zabar Gwamnan Plateau ta amfani da tsarin jefa kuri'a. == Zaben fidda gwani == === Farko na APC === An gudanar da zaben fidda gwani na jam’iyyar APC a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwachukwu |first=John Owen |date=2018-10-31 |title=2019 election: What Buhari told aggrieved APC aspirants at Presidential Villa |url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/10/31/2019-election-buhari-told-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-presidential-villa/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Akinwunmi |title=Governor Ambode Urges Aggrieved Aspirants To Unite For APC's Victory In 2019 – Akinwunmi Ambode |url=https://akinwunmiambode.com/governor-ambode-urges-aggrieved-aspirants-to-unite-for-apcs-victory-in-2019/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-01 |title=2019: Buhari warns aggrieved APC member to beware of looters |url=https://newsgazette.com.ng/2018/11/01/2019-buhari-warns-aggrieved-apc-member-to-beware-of-looters/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=News Gazette |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213053/https://newsgazette.com.ng/2018/11/01/2019-buhari-warns-aggrieved-apc-member-to-beware-of-looters/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nnamdi |first=Onyirioha |date=2018-10-31 |title=Looters with incredible wealth still around - Buhari to aggrieved APC aspirants |url=https://www.legit.ng/1201290-looters-incredible-wealth-buhari-warns-aggrieved-apc-aspirants.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Legit.ng |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213728/https://www.legit.ng/1201290-looters-incredible-wealth-buhari-warns-aggrieved-apc-aspirants.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-14 |title=Buhari meets aggrieved APC members of HoR |url=https://guardian.ng/news/buhari-meets-aggrieved-apc-members-of-hor/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria New |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2019: Aggrieved APC aspirants activate Plan B |url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/64086-2019-Aggrieved-APC-aspirants-activate-Plan-B |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=News Express Nigeria Website |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213407/https://newsexpressngr.com/news/64086-2019-Aggrieved-APC-aspirants-activate-Plan-B |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-03 |title='How Oshiomhole fooled aggrieved 2019 APC aspirants' |url=https://politicstoday.ng/how-oshiomhole-fooled-aggrieved-apc-aspirants/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Politics Today |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213055/https://politicstoday.ng/how-oshiomhole-fooled-aggrieved-apc-aspirants/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Buhari Dines With Aggrieved APC Aspirants |url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/10/31/buhari-dines-aggrieved-apc-aspirants |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Again, Buhari begs aggrieved aspirants not to abandon APC |url=https://www.thecable.ng/again-buhari-begs-aggrieved-aspirants-not-to-abandon-apc |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Revealed! What President Buhari told aggrieved APC members during closed door meeting |url=http://ng.dailyadvent.com/politics/2018/10/31/revealed-what-president-buhari-told-aggrieved-apc-members-during-closed-door-meeting/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Advent Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213052/http://ng.dailyadvent.com/politics/2018/10/31/revealed-what-president-buhari-told-aggrieved-apc-members-during-closed-door-meeting/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=2019 election: What Buhari told aggrieved APC aspirants at Presidential Villa |url=https://headtopics.com/ng/2019-election-what-buhari-told-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-at-presidential-villa-daily-post-nigeria-2256081 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Head Topics |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213054/https://headtopics.com/ng/2019-election-what-buhari-told-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-at-presidential-villa-daily-post-nigeria-2256081 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adegun |first=Aanu |date=2018-10-31 |title=2019: Buhari dines with aggrieved APC aspirants |url=https://www.legit.ng/1201203-2019-buhari-dines-aggrieved-apc-aspirants.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Legit.ng |language=en |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213150/https://www.legit.ng/1201203-2019-buhari-dines-aggrieved-apc-aspirants.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oloyede |first=Felix |title=2019: Crises in states threaten APC dominance |url=https://hallmarknews.com/2019-crises-in-states-threaten-apc-dominance/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=hallmarknews.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-13 |title=The More 'Talkative' Oshiomhole Talks, The More Crisis Befalls APC – Aggrieved Aspirants |url=https://thewhistler.ng/the-more-talkative-oshiomhole-talks-the-more-crisis-befalls-apc-aggrieved-aspirants/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The Whistler Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-20 |title=Aggrieved APC Aspirants Seek PMB's Intervention |url=https://platinumpost.ng/2018/10/20/aggrieved-apc-aspirants-seek-pmbs-intervention/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Platinum Post News |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213424/https://platinumpost.ng/2018/10/20/aggrieved-apc-aspirants-seek-pmbs-intervention/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=What Buhari Told Aggrieved APC Aspirants |url=https://www.concise.ng/what-buhari-told-aggrieved-apc-aspirants/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Concise News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210603051153/https://www.concise.ng/what-buhari-told-aggrieved-apc-aspirants/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=This Is What Buhari Promised Angry APC Members To Stop Them From Defecting |url=http://ng.dailyadvent.com/politics/2018/10/31/this-is-what-buhari-promised-angry-apc-members-to-stop-them-from-defecting/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Advent Nigeria |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212558/http://ng.dailyadvent.com/politics/2018/10/31/this-is-what-buhari-promised-angry-apc-members-to-stop-them-from-defecting/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APC Primaries: Submit to party's supremacy, Ambode, Shettima urge aggrieved aspirants in Lagos, Ogun |url=https://encomium.ng/apc-primaries-submit-to-partys-supremacy-ambode-shettima-urge-aggrieved-aspirants-in-lagos-ogun/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chioma |first=Unini |date=2018-10-28 |title=2019: Aggrieved APC govs to meet in Abuja |url=https://thenigerialawyer.com/2019-aggrieved-apc-govs-to-meet-in-abuja/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=TheNigeriaLawyer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ukwu |first=Jerrywright |date=2018-10-16 |title=2019: Fielding unpopular candidates will affect Buhari - APC aspirants |url=https://www.legit.ng/1198537-fielding-unpopular-candidates-affect-buharis-reelection-bid-aggrieved-apc-aspirants.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213052/https://www.legit.ng/1198537-fielding-unpopular-candidates-affect-buharis-reelection-bid-aggrieved-apc-aspirants.html |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Legit.ng |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Buhari Dines With Aggrieved APC Aspirants |url=https://www.theimpactnewspaper.com/2018/10/31/buhari-dines-with-aggrieved-apc-aspirants/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=2019: Buhari hosts aggrieved APC aspirants to dinner |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/2019-buhari-hosts-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-to-dinner/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-30 |title=Live Updates: APC holds governorship primaries in 27 states |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/287367-live-updates-apc-holds-governorship-primaries-in-27-states.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Oshiomhole's Coctail of Troubles |url=https://tell.ng/oshiomholes-coctail-of-troubles%ef%bb%bf/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=tell.ng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=George |last2=George |date=2018-11-12 |title=2019: Aggrieved APC Aspirants Activate Plan B |url=https://www.tori.ng/news/110501/2019-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-activate-plan-b.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Tori.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-03 |title='How Oshiomhole fooled aggrieved APC aspirants' |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/12/how-oshiomhole-fooled-aggrieved-apc-aspirants/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-04 |title=Sagay slams Oshiomhole over threat to punish aggrieved members |url=https://punchng.com/sagay-slams-oshiomhole-over-threat-to-punish-aggrieved-members/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=APC releases timetable for 2019 primary elections |url=https://plustvafrica.com/apc-releases-timetable-for-2019-primary-elections/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Plus TV Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214230/https://plustvafrica.com/apc-releases-timetable-for-2019-primary-elections/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-20 |title=APC revises timetable for primary elections Newsdiaryonline |url=https://newsdiaryonline.com/apc-revises-timetable-primary-elections/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Newsdiaryonline |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Simon Bako Lalong|Simon Lalong]] ya lashe zaben fidda gwani bayan an dawo da shi a matsayin dan takara tilo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=2019: Buhari dines with aggrieved APC aspirants |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/2019-buhari-dines-with-aggrieved-apc-aspirants/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-03 |title=2019: When Buhari pacified aggrieved APC members |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/11/2019-when-buhari-pacified-aggrieved-apc-members/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-02 |title=Court Cases: APC NWC Faults Buhari, May Expel Aggrieved Members |url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/12/02/court-cases-apc-nwc-faults-buhari-may-expel-aggrieved-members |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2018 |title=2019: Aggrieved APC aspirants activate Plan B |url=https://dailytrust.com/2019-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-activate-plan-b |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-25 |title=APC Reconciliation: Aggrieved Members Demand Tickets, Appointments, Refund |url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/11/25/apc-reconciliation-aggrieved-members-demand-tickets-appointments-refund |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=Aggrieved APC Aspirants seek Buhari's intervention in their plight |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/291400-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-seek-buharis-intervention-in-their-plight.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=Aggrieved APC aspirants seek Buhari's intervention |url=https://punchng.com/aggrieved-apc-aspirants-seek-buharis-intervention/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-30 |title=2019: Buhari hosts aggrieved APC aspirants to dinner at Aso Rock |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2018/10/30/2019-buhari-hosts-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-to-dinner-at-aso-rock/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-19 |title=Aggrieved APC Aspirants seek Buhari's intervention |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2018/10/19/aggrieved-apc-aspirants-seek-buharis-intervention/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Why we are still in APC — Aggrieved aspirants |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/why-we-are-still-in-apc-aggrieved-aspirants/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-23 |title=APC women aspirants allege marginalisation, threaten protest vote |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/apc-women-aspirants-allege-marginalisation-threaten-protest-vote/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Buhari dines with aggrieved APC aspirants in Aso Rock |url=https://www.thecable.ng/buhari-hosts-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-in-aso-rock |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggrieved APC Aspirants seek President Buhari's intervention |url=https://www.nta.ng/news/politics/20181019-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-seek-president-buharis-intervention/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213818/https://www.nta.ng/news/politics/20181019-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-seek-president-buharis-intervention/ |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-23 |title=Aggrieved APC women aspirants threaten protest votes |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/aggrieved-apc-women-aspirants-threaten-protest-votes/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-11-12 |title=Southwest APC crisis and unending reconciliation |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/southwest-apc-crisis-and-unending-reconciliation/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-07 |title=Parties accuse govs of using incumbency factor to create tension, insecurity, friction |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/05/parties-accuse-govs-of-using-incumbency-factor-to-create-tension-insecurity-friction/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Aggrieved APC women aspirants threaten protest votes |url=https://www.newsheadlines.com.ng/latest-sun-newspapers/2018/10/23/aggrieved-apc-women-aspirants-threaten-protest-votes-the-sun-nigeria/,%20https://sunnewsonline.com/aggrieved-apc-women-aspirants-threaten-protest-votes/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-US}}{{Dead link|date=June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-26 |title=Aggrieved APC women aspirants threaten protest votes |url=https://veracitydesk.com.ng/2018/10/26/aggrieved-apc-women-aspirants-threaten-protest-votes/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Veracity Desk |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213738/https://veracitydesk.com.ng/2018/10/26/aggrieved-apc-women-aspirants-threaten-protest-votes/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-13 |title=Aggrieved APC Aspirants: 'The more Oshiomhole talks, the more crisis he creates' |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/aggrieved-apc-aspirants-the-more-oshiomhole-talks-the-more-crisis-he-creates/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=ripplesnigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-11 |title=2019: Aggrieved APC aspirants activate Plan B |url=https://firstcallnewsonline.com.ng/2019-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-activate-plan-b/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Firstcall News Online |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213128/https://firstcallnewsonline.com.ng/2019-aggrieved-apc-aspirants-activate-plan-b/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-31 |title=Buhari dines with aggrieved APC aspirants |url=https://www.chronicle.ng/2018/10/buhari-dines-with-aggrieved-apc-aspirants/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212858/https://www.chronicle.ng/2018/10/buhari-dines-with-aggrieved-apc-aspirants/ |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=www.chronicle.ng |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-30 |title=Aggrieved APC aspirants demand refund of primaries expenses |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/aggrieved-apc-aspirants-demand-refund-of-primaries-expenses/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-30 |title=Aggrieved APC Aspirants demand refund of Campaign Expenses |url=https://plustvafrica.com/aggrieved-apc-aspirants-demand-refund-of-campaign-expenses/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Plus TV Africa |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213246/https://plustvafrica.com/aggrieved-apc-aspirants-demand-refund-of-campaign-expenses/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> He picked [[Sonni Gwanle Tyoden]] as his running mate.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APC Guber Primaries: Lalong, El-Rufai, Adelabu win in Plateau, Kaduna, Oyo |url=https://newsexpressngr.com/news/61646-APC-Guber-Primaries-Lalong-El-Rufai-Adelabu-win-in-Plateau-Kaduna-Oyo |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=News Express Nigeria Website |language=en |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121141803/https://www.newsexpressngr.com/news/61646-APC-Guber-Primaries-Lalong-El-Rufai-Adelabu-win-in-Plateau-Kaduna-Oyo |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2018 |title=3, 100 Plateau APC delegates pick Lalong as governorship candidate |url=https://dailytrust.com/3-100-plateau-apc-delegates-pick-lalong-as-governorship-candidate |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=Tension in parties as more governorship candidates emerge |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/tension-in-parties-as-more-governorship-candidates-emerge/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=Lalong returns as sole APC candidate |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/lalong-returns-as-sole-apc-candidate/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Opeyemi |first=Adeola |date=2018-10-01 |title=Lalong emerges as APC governorship candidate for Plateau |url=https://www.legit.ng/1195471-lalong-emerges-apc-governorship-candidate-plateau.html |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Legit.ng |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=October 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-20 |title=APC Reviews Primaries Time Table |url=https://authenticnewsdaily.com/2018/09/20/apc-reviews-primaries-tine-table/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Authentic News Daily |language=en-GB |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213408/https://authenticnewsdaily.com/2018/09/20/apc-reviews-primaries-tine-table/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Opejobi |first=Seun |date=2018-09-19 |title=2019: APC release new timetable for primaries, national convention |url=https://dailypost.ng/2018/09/19/breaking-2019-apc-release-new-timetable-primaries-national-convention/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-20 |title=APC: New timetable for primaries |url=https://www.today.ng/news/politics/apc-timetable-primaries-154500 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Today |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=APC releases timetable for primaries, fixes prices for nomination forms |url=https://www.thecable.ng/apc-releases-timetable-primaries-fixes-prices-nomination-forms |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=APC reviews 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|url=https://westernpostnigeria.com/apc-adjusts-timetable-for-primary-elections/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Western Post News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-05 |title=Here's APC timetable for primary elections; presidential aspirants to pay N45m |url=https://www.pulse.ng/news/politics/2019-polls-heres-apc-timetable-for-primary-elections-presidential-aspirants-to-pay/8zsqnzc |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Pulse Nigeria |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=APC Reschedules Presidential Primary, To Hold Sept. 26 |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2018/09/18/apc-reschedules-presidential-primary-to-hold-sept-26/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=APC Releases New Time Table for Primary Elections |url=http://thebossnewspapers.com/2018/09/18/apc-releases-new-time-table-for-primary-elections/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602213027/http://thebossnewspapers.com/2018/09/18/apc-releases-new-time-table-for-primary-elections/ |archive-date=June 2, 2021 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=TheBoss Newspaper |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-27 |title=Just In: APC postpones governorship primary |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/286970-just-in-apc-postpones-governorship-primary.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Obiejesi |first=Kingsley |date=2018-08-23 |title=Fake News: APC says report of its primary election timetable is false |url=https://www.icirnigeria.org/fake-news-apc-says-report-of-its-primary-election-timetable-is-false/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=International Centre for Investigative Reporting |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=APC reviews timetable, presidential primary now September 25 |url=https://punchng.com/apc-reviews-timetable-presidential-primary-now-september-25/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=APC changes timetable, moves presidential primary election to Sept. 25 |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/apc-adopts-news-timetable-changes-presidential-primary-election-date-to-sept-25/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-23 |title=APC quashes primaries timetable rumours |url=https://guardian.ng/news/apc-quashes-primaries-timetable-rumours-yet-to-announce-official-timetable/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=Breaking: APC Alters Timetable For Primaries Nationwide |url=http://saharareporters.com/2018/09/19/breaking-apc-alters-timetable-primaries-nationwide |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Sahara Reporters}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=Just In: APC Releases Timetable For Primary Elections Nationwide » Naija News 247 |url=https://www.ngnews247.com/just-in-apc-releases-timetable-for-primary-elections-nationwide/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Naija News 247 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=January 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=APC Releases Timetable For Primaries, Presidential Aspirants To Pay N45m |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2018/09/05/presidential-aspirants-to-pay-n45m-as-apc-releases-timetable-for-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Channels Television}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=APC Fixes New Date For Presidential, Governorship Primaries |url=https://www.concise.ng/apc-fixes-new-date-for-presidential-governorship-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Concise News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602214928/https://www.concise.ng/apc-fixes-new-date-for-presidential-governorship-primaries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-21 |title=APC changes date for presidential primary election |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/apc-changes-date-for-presidential-primary-election/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Blueprint Newspapers Limited |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-19 |title=APC Alters Timetable For Primaries Nationwide |url=http://www.citypeopleonline.com/apc-alters-timetable-for-primaries-nationwide/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=City People Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-27 |title=APC shifts governorship primary to Sept 30 |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-apc-shifts-governorship-primary-to-sept-30/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-04 |title=2019: APC releases timetable; presidential aspirants to pay N45m, governorship N22.5m |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/282541-2019-apc-releases-timetable-presidential-aspirants-to-pay-n45m-governorship-n22-5m.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=#2019Elections: APC Releases Timetable for Primaries |url=https://www.proshareng.com/news/Politics/-2019Elections--APC-Releases-Timetable-for-Primaries/41688 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=#2019Elections: APC Releases Timetable for Primaries |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=Intrigues trail APC governorship primaries |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/intrigues-trail-apc-governorship-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-07 |title=Buhari begs losers of APC primaries not to abandon party |url=https://punchng.com/buhari-begs-losers-of-apc-primaries-not-to-abandon-party/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-20 |title=APC primaries: radicalism meets intransigence |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/apc-primaries-radicalism-meets-intransigence/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-28 |title=Uncertainty over APC primaries |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/uncertainty-over-apc-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2018 |title=See Confirmed Time Table For APC Primaries (Photo) |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2018/09/05/the-national-working-committee-nwc-of-the-all-progressive-congress-apc-have-released-the-timetable-for-its-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=www.naijanews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-06 |title=Nigeria: Ruling APC coalition on the brink of collapse? |url=https://www.dw.com/en/nigeria-ruling-apc-coalition-on-the-brink-of-collapse/a-44100788 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=dw.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> === PDP na farko === An gudanar da Zaben fidda gwani na PDP a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=2019: Intra-party tensions, as more PDP, APC candidates emerge |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/2019-intra-party-tensions-as-more-pdp-apc-candidates-emerge/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-25 |title=Battle for governorship seats heats up in States |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/battle-for-governorship-seats-heats-up-in-states/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-11 |title=2019 Poll: Who wears the cap in PDP? |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/2019-poll-who-wears-the-cap-in-pdp/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=thenationonlineng.net |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2018 |title=Governorship contests that will shake 2019 |url=https://dailytrust.com/governorship-contests-that-will-shake-2019 |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 10, 2018 |title=2019's new godfathers emerge |url=https://dailytrust.com/2019s-new-godfathers-emerge |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-08-31 |title=2019: Jonathan says PDP's primary election will be free, fair |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/2019-jonathan-says-pdps-primary-election-will-be-free-fair/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Jeremiah Useni|Jerry Useni]] ya lashe zaben fidda gwani da kuri'u 1,018 a kan wasu 'yan takara 12. Abokin hamayyarsa mafi kusa shi ne Johnbull Shekarau, wanda ya zo na biyu tare da kuri'u 340. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=Governorship primaries: Useni, Lalong, Mohammed, Badaru, Adelabu win |url=https://www.sunnewsonline.com/gubernatorial-primaries-useni-lalong-mohammed-badaru-adelabu-win/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="premiumtimesng.com"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-02 |title=APC, PDP gov candidates emerge in Jos, Kaduna, Adamawa, Nasarawa, Benue |url=https://punchng.com/apc-pdp-gov-candidates-emerge-in-jos-kaduna-adamawa-nasarawa-benue/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Taiwo-Sidiq |first=Temidayo |date=2018-10-01 |title=ICYMI: 75-year old former Minister, Useni emerges as PDP guber candidate for Plateau » YNaija |url=https://naija.yafri.ca/icymi-75-year-old-former-minister-useni-emerges-as-pdp-guber-candidate-for-plateau/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=YNaija |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-01 |title=75 year-old Jeremiah Useni emerges Plateau PDP governorship candidate |url=https://www.herald.ng/75-year-old-jeremiah-useni-emerges-plateau-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002124130/https://www.herald.ng/75-year-old-jeremiah-useni-emerges-plateau-pdp-governorship-candidate/ |archive-date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Herald |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zaɓi Ben Shignugul a matsayin abokin takararsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-18 |title=Plateau 2019: Controversy as Jeremiah Useni names different running mate |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/north-central/291166-plateau-2019-controversy-as-jeremiah-useni-names-different-running-mate.html |access-date=2021-03-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-12-02 |title=Choice of deputy for Useni rattles Plateau PDP |url=https://guardian.ng/politics/choice-of-deputy-for-useni-rattles-plateau-pdp/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-23 |title=Plateau: Choice of gov running mate tears PDP apart |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/10/plateau-choice-of-gov-running-mate-tears-pdp-apart/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=Fresh crisis hits Plateau PDP over Useni's running mate |url=https://www.ripplesnigeria.com/fresh-crisis-hits-plateau-pdp-over-usenis-running-mate/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=ripplesnigeria.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-19 |title=Fresh crisis hits Plateau PDP over Useni's running mate |url=https://punchng.com/fresh-crisis-hits-plateau-pdp-over-usenis-running-mate/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-17 |title=Plateau PDP governorship candidate picks running mate |url=https://theeagleonline.com.ng/plateau-pdp-governorship-candidate-picks-running-mate/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The Eagle Online |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Odinaka |last2=Odinaka |date=2018-09-12 |title=2019: PDP Announces New Dates For Presidential, NASS & Governorship Primary Elections (Full Timetable) |url=https://www.tori.ng/news/105957/2019-pdp-announces-new-dates-for-presidential-nass.html |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Tori.ng}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-11 |title=2019 election: PDP readjusts dates for NASS, governorship primaries |url=https://punchng.com/2019-election-pdp-readjusts-dates-for-nass-governorship-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-11 |title=2019: PDP readjusts dates for NASS, guber primaries |url=https://guardian.ng/news/2019-pdp-readjusts-dates-for-nass-guber-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-11 |title=2019: PDP readjusts dates for NASS, guber primaries |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2018/09/11/2019-pdp-readjusts-dates-for-nass-guber-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=The News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-11 |title=2019: PDP readjusts dates for NASS, guber primaries |url=https://sundiatapost.com/2019-pdp-readjusts-dates-for-nass-guber-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=SundiataPost |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-11 |title=2019: PDP readjusts dates for NASS, guber primaries |url=https://dailynigerian.com/2019-pdp-readjusts-dates-for-nass-guber-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Daily Nigerian |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=PDP Extends Deadline For Sale Of Forms, New Dates For NASS, Guber Primaries |url=https://independent.ng/pdp-extends-deadline-for-sale-of-forms-new-dates-for-nass-guber-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Independent Newspaper Nigeria |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-12 |title=2019: PDP extends dates of NASS, guber primaries |url=http://www.politico.ng/2019-pdp-extends-dates-of-nass-guber-primaries/ |access-date=2021-05-31 |website=Politico |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602212546/http://www.politico.ng/2019-pdp-extends-dates-of-nass-guber-primaries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sakamako == Adadin 'yan takara 24 da suka yi rajista tare da [[Hukumar Zaɓe mai zaman kanta ta ƙasa|Hukumar Zabe ta Kasa mai zaman kanta]] don yin takara a zaben. <ref name=":0"/> Adadin masu jefa kuri'a da aka yi rajista a jihar ya kai 2,480,455, yayin da aka amince da masu jefa kuriʼa 1,157,025. Adadin kuri'un da aka jefa ya kasance 1,176,142, yayin da yawan kuri'un inganci ya kasance 1,159,954. Kayan kuri'un da aka ƙi sun kasance 16,188.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-24 |title=Governor Lalong re-elected |url=https://www.radionigeria.gov.ng/2019/03/24/governor-lalong-re-elected/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=FRCN |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Sunday |first=Philips |date=2019-03-13 |title=Breakdown Of States Governorship Election Results From All LGAs |url=https://www.naijanews.com/2019/03/13/breakdown-of-states-governorship-election-results-from-all-lgas/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Naija News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2019 |title=Breaking: INEC declares Plateau guber poll inconclusive |url=https://dailytrust.com/breaking-inec-declares-plateau-guber-poll-inconclusive |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-26 |title=The Politics of Lalong's Re-election |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/2019/03/26/the-politics-of-lalongs-re-election/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=thisdaylive.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-11 |title=INEC declares Plateau governorship election inconclusive |url=http://election.punchng.com/inec-declares-plateau-governorship-election-inconclusive/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Punch Elections 2019 |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-11-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201124061811/https://election.punchng.com/inec-declares-plateau-governorship-election-inconclusive/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Ugbodaga">{{Cite web |last=Ugbodaga |first=Kazeem |date=2019-03-24 |title=Lalong wins Plateau Governorship election |url=https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2019/03/24/lalong-wins-plateau-governorship-election/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=P.M. News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-10-28 |title=Plateau 2019: Gov Lalong's Walk To Victory |url=https://leadership.ng/plateau-2019-gov-lalongs-walk-to-victory/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Leadership Newspaper |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-11 |title=Updated: INEC declares Plateau governorship poll inconclusive |url=https://punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-plateau-governorship-poll-inconclusive/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> === Ta hanyar karamar hukuma === Ga sakamakon zaben da karamar hukuma ta yi wa manyan jam'iyyun biyu. Jimlar kuri'un da suka dace na 1,159,954 suna wakiltar jam'iyyun siyasa 24 da suka shiga zaben. <span style="background:#87BEEB">Blue</span> yana wakiltar LGAs wanda Simon Lalong ya lashe. <span style="background:#90EE90">Green</span> yana wakiltar LGAs wanda Jeremiah Useni ya lashe.<ref name="Ugbodaga"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2019 |title=Breaking: Governor Lalong reelected for second term in Plateau |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/breaking-governor-lalong-reelected-for-second-term-in-plateau/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303064419/https://tribuneonlineng.com/breaking-governor-lalong-reelected-for-second-term-in-plateau/ |archive-date=March 3, 2020 |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=tribuneonlineng.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-24 |title=Just in: Gov Lalong wins re-election for second term as Plateau governor |url=https://www.thenewsnigeria.com.ng/2019/03/24/just-in-gov-lalong-wins-re-election-for-second-term-as-plateau-governor/ |access-date=2021-03-22 |website=The News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-03-24 |title=Updated: INEC declares APC's Lalong Plateau governor-elect |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/321984-updated-inec-declares-apcs-lalong-plateau-governor-elect.html |access-date=2021-03-22 |language=en-GB}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" style=" font-size: 95%" ! rowspan="2" |LGA ! colspan="2" |Simon Lalong APC ! colspan="2" |Irmiya Useni PDP !Jimillar kuri'u |- !# !% !# !% !# |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Jos ta Gabas|Jos Gabas]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''18,602''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |7,994 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Kanke (Nijeriya)|Kanke]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''23,360''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |22,831 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |[[Langtang ta Arewa]] | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |18,979 | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |'''40,519''' | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |[[Barkin Ladi]] | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |17,080 | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |'''44,529''' | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Bokkos]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''27,561''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |26,700 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |[[Bassa (Plateau)|Bassa]] | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |30,441 | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |'''33,192''' | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |[[Langtang ta Kudu]] | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |14,470 | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |'''18,868''' | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Pankshin]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''36,215''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |24,939 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Mikang]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''15,150''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |11,703 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Kanam (Nijeriya)|Kanam]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''55,338''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |22,432 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |[[Jos ta Kudu]] | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |33,475 | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |'''91,846''' | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Jos ta Arewa|Jos Arewa]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''109,161''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |14,290 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Wase|Rashin Rashin Ruwa]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''37,593''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |27,485 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Mangu (Nijeriya)|Mangu]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''51,895''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |43,555 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |[[Riyom]] | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |12,720 | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" |'''24,017''' | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | | align="center" bgcolor="#90EE90" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Qua'an Pan]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''31,962''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |20,939 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |[[Shendam]] | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |'''61,798''' | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" |17,115 | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | | align="center" bgcolor="#87BEEB" | |- !Cikakken !'''595,582''' ! !'''546,813''' ! !1,159,954 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} qd5gfquw2qqqa3zz1ofvux8vyp0hpzf 0 118467 915107 725027 2026-09-02T20:14:11Z Túrelio 7419 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:Duplicate|Duplicate]]: [[File:Obama signs FSMA into Law.jpg]] → [[File:President Obama Signs the Food Safety Modernization Act (P010411PS-0116).jpg]] Exact or scaled-down duplicate: [[c::File:President Obama Signs the Food Safety Modernization Act (P010411PS-0116).jpg]] 915107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {| class="infobox" |+ class="infobox-title" id="4" style="padding-bottom:0.25em" |Dokar Kula da Tsaro ta Abinci ta FDA | colspan="2" class="infobox-image" |[[File:Great_Seal_of_the_United_States_(obverse).svg|alt=Great Seal of the United States|140x140px]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em" |Tsawon taken | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em" |Don gyara Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya dangane da amincin samar da abinci. |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em" |Sunayen lokaci<span class="nobold"> (Taron tattaunawa) </span> | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em" |FSMA |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em" |An kafa ta hanyar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em" |Majalisar Dattijai ta 111 ta Amurka[[111th United States Congress|Majalisa ta 111 ta Amurka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em" |Mai tasiri | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em" |Janairu 4, 2011 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff; color:inherit;" |Bayani |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em" |Dokar jama'a | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em" |[http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/PLAW-111publ353/pdf/PLAW-111publ353.pdf 111-353] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff; color:inherit;" |Codification |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em" |Ayyukan da aka gyara | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em" |[[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em" |Takardun da aka gyara | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em" |[[Title 21 of the United States Code|21 U.S.C.: Abinci da Magunguna]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="padding-top:0.245em;line-height:1.15em;padding-right:0.65em" |Sassan USC da aka kirkira | class="infobox-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em" |301 da sauransu. |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#bbddff; color:inherit;" |<span class="nourlexpansion">[http://beta.congress.gov/bill/111th-congress/house-bill/2751/actions Tarihin majalisa]</span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left;line-height:1.3em" |<div> * '''An gabatar [[Democratic Party (United States)|D]] shi''' a cikin Majalisar Wakilai a matsayin HR 2751 ta [[Betty Sutton]] (D-[[Ohio|OH]]) a ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2009 * '''Binciken kwamitin''' ta hanyar House Energy da Kasuwanci da House Ways and Means[[United States House Committee on Ways and Means|Hanyoyin Gida da Hanyoyi]] * '''Ya wuce Gidan''' a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2009 ([http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2009/roll314.xml]) &nbsp; * Ya wuce Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2010 (Ya wuce ta hanyar Murya) &nbsp; * Kwamitin taron hadin gwiwa ya bayar da rahoton a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2010; Majalisar ta amince da shi a ranar 21 ta Disamba, 2010, da kuma Majalisar Dattijai a ranar 19 ga Disamba (Ta wuce ta Voice Vote) [http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2010/roll661.xml]&nbsp;&nbsp; * Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] '''An sanya hannu a cikin doka''' a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2011 </div> |} Dokar Tsaro ta Abinci ('''FSMA''') ta sanya hannu a cikin doka ta Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] a ranar 4 ga Janairu, 2011. FSMA ta ba Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna (FDA) sabon iko don tsara yadda ake shuka abinci, girbi da sarrafawa. Dokar ta baiwa FDA sabbin iko da yawa, gami da ikon tunatarwa, wanda hukumar ta nemi shekaru da yawa. FSMA tana buƙatar FDA ta aiwatar da dokoki sama da goma sha biyu kuma ta ba da akalla takardun jagora 10, gami da yawancin rahotanni, tsare-tsare, dabaru, ka'idoji, sanarwa, da sauran ayyuka. An gabatar da dokar ne bayan da aka ruwaito abubuwa da yawa na cututtukan da ke faruwa a cikin shekaru goma na farko na 2000s kuma yawancin mambobin kungiyar masana'antun kayan masarufi ne suka tsara ta. Abinci mai gurɓata ya kashe masana'antar abinci biliyoyin daloli a cikin tunatarwa, asarar tallace-tallace da kudaden shari'a. Wannan lissafin yayi kama da Dokar Inganta Tsaron Abinci wanda ya wuce Majalisar a cikin 2009. An dauke shi babban yanki na farko na dokar tarayya da ke magana game da lafiyar abinci tun 1938. Har ila yau, ita ce doka ta farko don magance zina da gangan da Tsaron Abinci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2022 |title=FSMA Proposed Rule for Focused Mitigation Strategies to Protect Food Against Intentional Adulteration |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/FSMA/ucm378628.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228194940/http://www.fda.gov/Food/GuidanceRegulation/FSMA/ucm378628.htm |archive-date=December 28, 2013 |website=FDA}}</ref> == Tarihi == Cibiyoyin Kula da Cututtuka da Rigakafin Cututtuka na Amurka (CDC) sun kiyasta a cikin 2011 cewa a kowace shekara mutane miliyan 48 (1 cikin 6 na Amurkawa) suna rashin lafiya, 128,000 suna asibiti, kuma 3,000 suna mutuwa daga cututtukan abinci.<ref name="CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States">{{Cite web |title=CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/2011-foodborne-estimates.html |access-date=December 28, 2013 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}</ref><ref name="fda.gov">{{Cite web |title=Background on the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm239907.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217213354/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm239907.htm |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |access-date=June 6, 2011 |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> 31 pathogens suna da sanannun haifar da cututtukan abinci.<ref name="CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States" /> Wakilan da ba a bayyana su ba su da isasshen bayanai don kimantawa da tabbaci game da takamaiman nauyin wakili. Sanannun wakilai waɗanda ba a gano su ba suna haifar da cututtukan abinci sun haɗa da ƙwayoyin cuta, sunadarai, ko wasu abubuwa da aka sani suna cikin abinci. Ba a tabbatar da ikon waɗannan sanannun wakilai na haifar da rashin lafiya ba don haka ba a san su ba. Idan aka yi la'akari da cewa kusan kashi 30% na yawan jama'a suna cikin haɗari ga cututtukan da ke cikin abinci, sama da kashi 14% na abinci da ake kawowa zuwa Amurka ana shigo da shi daga wasu ƙasashe, kuma sabbin abubuwa masu yawa na abinci suna zama masu rikitarwa ko rikitarwa, ana buƙatar FSMA. <ref name="FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Overview">{{Cite web |title=FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Overview |url=http://fda.yorkcast.com/webcast/Viewer/?peid=886494cb24a741299e6a4578f40624721d |access-date=April 16, 2012}}</ref> Dokar Kula da Tsaro ta Abinci ta FDA (FSMA), tana bawa FDA damar kare lafiyar jama'a ta hanyar karfafa tsarin lafiyar abinci. Yana bawa FDA damar mayar da hankali kan hana matsalolin lafiyar abinci maimakon dogaro da farko kan amsawa ga matsalolin bayan sun faru.<ref name="fda.gov" /> {| class="wikitable" |+Kimanin adadin shekara-shekara na cututtukan da aka samu a cikin gida, cututtukani da ke kawo abinci, asibiti, da mutuwar saboda cututtukat 31 da wakilai da ba a bayyana su ba da aka watsa ta hanyar abinci, Amurka.<ref name="CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States">{{Cite web |title=CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States |url=https://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/2011-foodborne-estimates.html |access-date=December 28, 2013 |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.cdc.gov/foodborneburden/2011-foodborne-estimates.html "CDC Estimates of Foodborne Illness in the United States"]. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 28,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></ref> !Abinci da aka kawo wakilai !Kimanin adadin cututtukan shekara-shekara (90% na gaskiya) !% !Kimanin adadin shekara-shekara na asibiti (90% mai inganci) (90% na gaskiya) !% !Kimanin adadin mutuwar shekara-shekara (90% mai inganci) (90% na gaskiya) !% |- |31 sanannun cututtukan |Miliyan 9.4 (miliyan 6.6-12.7) |20 |55,961 (39,534–75,741) (39,534–75,741) |44 |1,351 (712–2,268) (712–2,268) |44 |- |Wakilan da ba a bayyana su ba |Miliyan 38.4 (miliyan 19.8-61.2) (19.8-61.2 miliyan) |80 |71,878 (9,924–157,340) (9,924–157,340) |56 |1,686 (369–3,338) (369–3,338) |56 |- |Jimillar |Miliyan 47.8 (miliyan 28.7-71.1 miliyan) (28.7-71.1 miliyan) |100 |127,839 (62,529–215,562) (62,529–215,562) |100 |3,037 (1,492–4,983) (1,492–4,983) |100 |} A cikin 1998, FDA ta ba da sanarwar wani littafi mai taken "Hanyo don Masana'antu: Jagora don rage haɗarin Tsaro na Abinci na Microbial don 'Ya'yan itace da kayan lambu' a matsayin martani ga Shugaba Clinton na 1997 "Ƙaddamar da Tsaro na 'Ya'ya'yan itacen da kayan lambobi". Sun haifar da takaddun shaida na Kyakkyawan Ayyukan Aikin Gona (GAP) da Kyakkyawar Ayyuka (GHP) waɗanda suka zama bukatun masana'antu na zahiri, amma ba za a iya aiwatar da su ba. Babban yaduwar da ke da alaƙa da abinci daban-daban, daga kayan kwalliya da man shanu zuwa ƙwai, sun jaddada buƙatar ci gaba da inganta lafiyar abinci.<ref name="Food Bill Aims to Improve">{{Cite web |title=Food Bill Aims to Improve |url=https://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm237758.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226031457/http://www.fda.gov/ForConsumers/ConsumerUpdates/ucm237758.htm |archive-date=December 26, 2010 |access-date=November 19, 2011 |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> A karkashin wannan dokar za a ba FDA damar ba da umarnin tsarin da ya dogara da kimiyya kuma yana magance haɗarin daga gona zuwa tebur. Wannan yana nufin cewa FDA tana da ikon kula da yadda ake samar da abinci da kuma yadda ake kiyaye su a kasuwannin abinci. Wannan yana mai da hankali kan hana cututtukan da ke faruwa daga abinci. Dalilin yana da sauƙi: Mafi kyawun tsarin yana sarrafawa samarwa, sarrafawa, jigilar kaya, da shirya abinci, mafi aminci abincinmu zai kasance.<ref name="Food Bill Aims to Improve" /> A karkashin sabuwar doka, FDA yanzu za ta sami sabbin kayan aikin rigakafi da kuma tsarin tsari mai kyau don taimakawa wajen inganta tsarin su na lafiyar abinci.<ref name="fda.gov">{{Cite web |title=Background on the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm239907.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217213354/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm239907.htm |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |access-date=June 6, 2011 |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110217213354/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm239907.htm "Background on the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act"]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from [https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm239907.htm the original] on February 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Misali, a karo na farko, FDA tana da umarnin doka don buƙatar cikakkun, sarrafawa na rigakafi a duk faɗin jerin samar da abinci. Kulawar rigakafi sun haɗa da matakai da kayan abinci za su ɗauka don hanawa ko rage yiwuwar matsalolin da ke faruwa. Sabuwar dokar ta kuma inganta ikon FDA don samun kulawa mafi girma game da miliyoyin kayan abinci da ke shigowa Amurka daga wasu ƙasashe a kowace shekara. == Tarihin majalisa == Abubuwan da suka faru a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2001, sun karfafa bukatar inganta tsaron Amurka. Majalisa ta mayar da martani ta hanyar zartar da Dokar Tsaron Lafiya ta Jama'a da Shirye-shiryen Ta'addanci, "Dokar Ta'addancin Biot," wanda Shugaba Bush ya sanya hannu a cikin doka 12 ga Yuni, 2002. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bioterrorism Act of 2002 |url=https://www.fda.gov/regulatoryinformation/legislation/ucm148797.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090621084930/http://www.fda.gov/RegulatoryInformation/Legislation/ucm148797.htm |archive-date=June 21, 2009 |access-date=December 1, 2011 |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> Dokar ta'addanci ta 2002 ta ba FDA ikon gudanarwa a kan kayan abinci idan akwai tabbaci ko bayanai masu inganci waɗanda ke nuna cewa abincin yana gabatar da barazanar mummunar sakamako na kiwon lafiya ko mutuwa ga mutane ko dabbobi.<ref name="willimanticfood">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act. What do the new laws mean for small farms and producers? |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506172316/https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma |archive-date=May 6, 2019 |access-date=December 1, 2011 |website= |publisher=New England Farmers Union}}</ref> Sabuwar dokar (FSMA) ta fadada wannan iko, ta ba da izinin tsare-tsare na gudanarwa bisa ga 'dalilin yin imani' cewa an yi amfani da kayan abinci ba daidai ba ne ko kuma an lalata su" kuma ta haka ne ya keta ka'idar doka ga samfurin.<ref name="willimanticfood" /> [[Fayil:President Obama Signs the Food Safety Modernization Act (P010411PS-0116).jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Shugaba Obama ya sanya hannu kan FSMA a matsayin doka.]] Sashe na farko na dokar, Dokar Inganta Tsaron Abinci, ta wuce Majalisar a ranar 9 ga Yuni, 2009. Koyaya, tattaunawar da Majalisar Dattijai ta haifar da samfurin ƙarshe, "Dokar Tsaro da Sabuntawa". Majalisar Dattijan ta zartar da lissafin a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2010 ta hanyar kuri'un 73-25.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Roll Call Votes 111th Congress - 2nd Session |url=https://www.senate.gov/legislative/LIS/roll_call_lists/roll_call_vote_cfm.cfm?congress=111&session=2&vote=00257 |access-date=January 1, 2011 |publisher=United States Senate}}</ref> Koyaya, saboda tanadin haraji da aka kara wa lissafin, (wanda tsarin mulki ya buƙaci farawa a cikin House), kuri'un ba su ƙidaya ba. Akwai damuwa cewa tare da ɗan gajeren lokacin da ya rage a cikin zaman guragu, lissafin ba zai sami lokacin da ake buƙata don a jefa kuri'a ba kuma ya wuce.<ref name="politico1">{{Cite web |title=Senate OKs food safety measure – Meredith Shiner |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2010/12/senate-oks-food-safety-measure-046598 |access-date=January 1, 2011 |publisher=Politico.Com}}</ref> An yi ƙoƙari don ƙara lissafin zuwa ci gaba da ƙuduri don tallafawa gwamnati bisa ƙin yarda da Sanata Tom Coburn.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Falkenstein |first=Drew |date=December 18, 2010 |title=In Lame Duck Flux, Food Safety Bill All But Dead |url=http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2010/12/in-lame-duck-flux-food-safety-bill-all-but-dead/ |access-date=January 1, 2011 |publisher=Foodsafetynews.com}}</ref> A ƙarshe, duk da haka, Majalisar Dattijai ta koma ranar 19 ga Disamba, 2010, don zartar da takardar kudi ta hanyar amincewa da kuri'un murya.<ref name="politico1" /> Majalisar ta ci gaba da amincewa da lissafin ta hanyar kuri'un 215 zuwa 144 a ranar 21 ga Disamba, 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 21, 2013 |title=Final Vote Results for Roll Call 661 |url=http://clerk.house.gov/evs/2010/roll661.xml |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=Office of the Clerk of the U.S. House of Representatives}}</ref> Shugaba [[Barack Obama]] ya sanya hannu kan dokar a ranar Talata, 4 ga Janairu, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2011 |title=Inside United Fresh |url=http://iuf.unitedfresh.org/newsletters/2011/01/06.php#1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227124549/http://iuf.unitedfresh.org/newsletters/2011/01/06.php#1 |archive-date=December 27, 2013 |access-date=December 27, 2013 |publisher=United Fresh}}</ref> Kodayake wannan lissafin an yi shi ne don magance lafiyar abinci, akwai, a cewar mai ba da shawara kan lafiyar abinci Bill Marler, wasu batutuwa tare da tasirinsa. Yawancin wurare, kamar gonaki, gidajen cin abinci, da wuraren abinci marasa riba inda ake shirya abinci ko kuma a ba da shi kai tsaye ga mabukaci an cire su daga bukatun lissafin. Har ila yau, an cire wuraren da ke samar da abinci ne kawai ga dabbobi marasa rai.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 2009 |title=A Friday and Saturday night read - H.R. 2749 - Food Safety Enhancement Act 2009 - So, what's really in it? |url=http://www.marlerblog.com/2009/08/articles/lawyer-oped/a-friday-and-saturday-night-read-hr-2749-food-safety-enhancement-act-2009-so-whats-really-in-it/ |website=marlerblog.com}}</ref> === Tester-Hagan gyare-gyare === Sanatoci Jon Tester da Kay Hagan sun dauki nauyin gyare-gyare guda biyu waɗanda suka cire manoma, ranchers da masu sarrafa gida daga kulawar tarayya, suna barin su - kamar yadda suke a halin yanzu - a cikin tsarin tsarin tsarin da ke akwai na dokokin kiwon lafiya da tsabtace gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=S. 510 Food Safety Modernization Act Healthy Local Foods Amendment |url=http://www.worc.org/userfiles/file/Local%20Foods/QA_Tester_Amendment.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141127091019/http://www.worc.org/userfiles/file/Local%20Foods/QA_Tester_Amendment.pdf |archive-date=November 27, 2014 |access-date=November 25, 2011 |publisher=Western Organization of Resource Councils}}</ref> Gyaran ya ba da kariya ga ayyukan (a.k.a. "kayan aiki masu cancanta") waɗanda ke sayar da ƙasa da $ 500,000 a shekara kuma suna sayar da mafi yawan (fiye da 50%) na samfuran su kai tsaye ga masu amfani a cikin wannan jiha kuma a cikin radius na kilomita 400.<ref name="Tester - Hagen Amendment">{{Cite web |title=The Tester – Hagen Amendment to S. 510 protects food safety and small farmers |url=http://www.marlerblog.com/lawyer-oped/the-tester---hagen-amendment-to-s-510-protects-food-safety-and-small-farmers/ |access-date=November 25, 2001 |publisher=Marler Blog}}</ref> Har ila yau, gyaran ya shafi duk ayyukan da FDA ta rarraba a matsayin "ƙaramin kasuwanci". Ƙananan, manoma na cikin gida ba za su buƙaci bin wasu buƙatu ba kuma su samar da ƙa'idodin tsaro da aka aiwatar a ƙarƙashin S. 510.<ref name="Tester - Hagen Amendment" /> Maimakon haka, waɗannan ƙananan masu samarwa (kamar waɗanda ke sayar da kayansu a kasuwannin manoma ko a gefen hanya) za su ci gaba da sarrafawa ta ƙungiyoyin gida da na jihar. Bugu da kari, masu amfani za su san wanda suke saya daga ko dai ta hanyar tallace-tallace kai tsaye ko lakabi mai haske.<ref name="Tester - Hagen Amendment" /> Manoma da suka cancanci dole ne su samar da takardun cewa gonar ta bi ka'idojin jihar. Takardun na iya haɗawa da lasisi, rahotanni na dubawa, ko wasu shaidu cewa gonar tana bin doka ta Jiha, ta gida, ta gundumar, ko wasu ka'idojin tsaro na abinci da ba na Tarayya ba.<ref name="Food Safety" /> Dole ne gonar ta nuna sunan da adireshin gonar / kayan aiki a kan lakabin ta. Don abinci ba tare da lakabi ba sannan ta hanyar poster, alamar, ko takarda, a lokacin siye ko, a cikin yanayin tallace-tallace na Intanet, a cikin sanarwa ta lantarki, ko kuma a cikin yanayin sayarwa zuwa shagunan da gidajen cin abinci, a kan lissafin.<ref name="Food Safety">{{Cite web |date=October 2010 |title=Food Safety Actction Alert |url=http://www.marlerblog.com/lawyer-oped/the-tester---hagen-amendment-to-s-510-protects-food-safety-and-small-farmers/ |access-date=December 1, 2011 |publisher=National Sustainable Agriculture Coalition}}</ref> == Shirye-shiryen == === Tasirin da kudade === Dokar ta shafi kowane bangare na Tsarin abinci na Amurka, daga manoma zuwa masana'antun zuwa masu shigo da kayayyaki. Yana sanya muhimman alhakin ga manoma da masu sarrafa abinci don hana gurɓata - tashi daga al'adar rikitarwa ta ƙasar, wanda ya dogara da masu binciken gwamnati don kama abinci mai laushi bayan gaskiyar <ref name="washingtonpost" /> Dokar tana buƙatar masu samar da abinci da masu shigo da su biya kuɗin rajista na shekara-shekara na $ 500, wanda zai taimaka wajen tallafawa binciken FDA, tilasta aiki da ayyukan da suka shafi kamar binciken tsaro na abinci <ref name="washingtonpost" /> Game da wuraren 360,000 a Amurka da kasashen waje za su kasance ƙarƙashin kuɗin. Ofishin Kasafin Kudi na Majalisa ya ba da rahoton cewa kudaden ba za su rufe farashin sabon tsarin ba, ya bar FDA ta shiga cikin farashi na dala biliyan 2.2 a cikin shekaru biyar.<ref name="washingtonpost" /> === Rigakafi === ⁶A karo na farko, FDA za ta sami umarnin majalisa don buƙatar cikakkun, kulawar kariya ta kimiyya a duk faɗin samar da abinci, gami da abincin dabbobi da abincin dabba. * Ana buƙatar sarrafa rigakafi na tilas ga wuraren abinci don aiwatar da shirin Binciken Hadari da Kula da Rigakafi (HARPC). Wannan ya haɗa da: (1) kimanta haɗarin da zai iya shafar lafiyar abinci, (2) ƙayyade waɗanne matakai na rigakafi, ko sarrafawa, za a sanya su don rage ko hana haɗarin, (3) ƙayyade yadda kayan aikin zai sa ido kan waɗannan sarrafawa don tabbatar da cewa suna aiki, (4) kiyaye bayanan yau da kullun na saka idanu, da (5) ƙayyade abin da kayan aikin za su ɗauka don gyara matsalolin da suka taso. Masu samar da abinci na dabbobi dole ne su aiwatar da Ayyuka masu kyau na yanzu da Kula da Rigakafi. (Shari'a ta ƙarshe da aka buga Satumba 17, 2015) [1] ** Ana buƙatar wuraren abinci don aiwatar da shirin Binciken Hadari da Kula da Rigakafi (HARPC). Wannan ya haɗa da: (1) kimanta haɗarin da zai iya shafar lafiyar abinci, (2) ƙayyade waɗanne matakai na rigakafi, ko sarrafawa, za a sanya su don rage ko hana haɗarin, (3) ƙayyade yadda kayan aikin zai sa ido kan waɗannan sarrafawa don tabbatar da cewa suna aiki, (4) kiyaye bayanan yau da kullun na saka idanu, da (5) ƙayyade abin da kayan aikin za su ɗauka don gyara matsalolin da suka taso. Masu samar da abinci na dabbobi dole ne su aiwatar da Ayyuka masu kyau na yanzu da Kula da Rigakafi. (Shari'a ta ƙarshe da aka buga Satumba 17, 2015) <ref name="Food Safety Legislation Key Facts">{{Cite web |title=Food Safety Legislation Key Facts |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm237934.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217213252/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm237934.htm |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |access-date=April 26, 2011 |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref> * Ka'idodin tsaro na samarwa dole ne FDA ta kafa tushen kimiyya, mafi ƙarancin ka'idoji don samar da lafiya da girbi na 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu. Wadannan ka'idoji dole ne suyi la'akari da haɗarin da ke faruwa na halitta, da kuma waɗanda za a iya gabatar da su ba da gangan ba ko da gangan ba, kuma dole ne su magance gyare-gyaren ƙasa (kayan da aka kara a ƙasa kamar man fetur), tsabta, marufi, kula da zafin jiki, dabbobi a cikin yankin da ke girma da ruwa. (Tsarin ƙarshe saboda kimanin shekaru 2 bayan kafawa) [1] ** FDA dole ne ta kafa ka'idojin kimiyya, mafi ƙarancin ka'idoji don samar da lafiya da girbi na 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu. Wadannan ka'idoji dole ne suyi la'akari da haɗarin da ke faruwa na halitta, da kuma waɗanda za a iya gabatar da su ba da gangan ba ko da gangan ba, kuma dole ne su magance gyare-gyaren ƙasa (kayan da aka kara a ƙasa kamar man fetur), tsabta, marufi, kula da zafin jiki, dabbobi a cikin yankin da ke girma da ruwa. (Tsarin ƙarshe saboda kimanin shekaru 2 bayan kafawa) <ref name="Food Safety Legislation Key Facts" /> * Hadarin radiyo A karo na farko, kamfanoni dole ne suyi la'akari da gurɓataccen rediyo a matsayin wani ɓangare na nazarin haɗarin su, a ƙarƙashin lafiyar sinadarai. FDA ba ta tsammanin cewa wannan zai zama haɗari wanda ke buƙatar ci gaba da saka idanu tare da lissafin Geiger. Maimakon haka, a matsayin misali, kamfanin da ke amfani da ruwan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin samfuransa ya kamata ya yi la'akari da gwada ruwa a kai a kai don kasancewar radon da aka narke, tritium da gurɓataccen ƙarfe. ** A karo na farko, kamfanoni dole ne suyi la'akari da gurɓataccen rediyo a bayyane a matsayin wani ɓangare na nazarin haɗarin su, a ƙarƙashin lafiyar sinadarai. FDA ba ta tsammanin cewa wannan zai zama haɗari wanda ke buƙatar ci gaba da saka idanu tare da lissafin Geiger. Maimakon haka, a matsayin misali, kamfanin da ke amfani da ruwan maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin samfuransa ya kamata ya yi la'akari da gwada ruwa a kai a kai don kasancewar radon da aka narke, tritium da gurɓataccen ƙarfe. * Ikon hana gurɓata da gangan FDA dole ne ta ba da ka'idoji don karewa daga cin zarafin abinci da gangan, gami da kafa dabarun ragewa na kimiyya don shirya da kare jerin samar da abinci a takamaiman wurare masu rauni. (Dokar ƙarshe saboda watanni 18 bayan aiwatarwar) [1] Wannan ita ce karo na farko da aka sanya harshen da ya shafi Tsaron Abinci a cikin doka. ** Dole ne FDA ta fitar da ka'idoji don karewa daga cin zarafin abinci da gangan, gami da kafa dabarun ragewa na kimiyya don shirya da kare jerin samar da abinci a takamaiman wurare masu rauni. (Dokar ƙarshe saboda watanni 18 bayan aiwatarwar) <ref name="Food Safety Legislation Key Facts" /> Wannan ita ce karo na farko da aka sanya harshen da ya shafi Tsaron Abinci a cikin doka. === Bincike da bin doka === FSMA ta fahimci cewa ka'idodin kula da rigakafi suna inganta lafiyar abinci kawai har zuwa inda masu samarwa da masu sarrafawa suka bi su. FSMA tana ba FDA sabon iko don gudanar da dubawa da tabbatar da bin doka. [[Fayil:2011_Fiscal_year_Foreign_Food_Inspection_chart_by_FDA.png|thumb|500x500px|Rahoton shekara ta kasafin kudi ta 2011 game da binciken abinci na kasashen waje ta FDA.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About FDA |url=http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/FDATrack/track?program=ora&id=ORA-ORO-Inspections-Performed-by-Foreign-Inspection-Cadres |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131227011640/http://www.accessdata.fda.gov/FDATrack/track?program=ora&id=ORA-ORO-Inspections-Performed-by-Foreign-Inspection-Cadres |archive-date=December 27, 2013 |access-date=April 19, 2012 |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}</ref>]] * Yawan binciken da aka ba da umarni FSMA ya kafa yawan binciken da aka umarce shi, bisa ga haɗari, don wuraren abinci kuma yana buƙatar yawan binciken don ƙaruwa nan da nan. Dole ne a bincika duk wuraren cikin gida masu haɗari a cikin shekaru biyar da aka kafa kuma ba kasa da kowane shekaru uku ba bayan haka. A cikin shekara guda na aiwatar, dokar ta umarci FDA da ta bincika akalla wuraren kasashen waje 600 kuma ta ninka waɗannan binciken a kowace shekara na shekaru biyar masu zuwa.[1] Don cimma wannan burin da aka tsara, USFDA da sauran hukumomi a Amurka za su yi aiki tare ko haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin kula da kasashen waje don taimako, saboda rashin albarkatu don biyan buƙatun.[2] ** FSMA ta kafa mitar dubawa, bisa ga haɗari, don wuraren abinci kuma tana buƙatar mitar dubatarwa don ƙaruwa nan da nan. Dole ne a bincika duk wuraren cikin gida masu haɗari a cikin shekaru biyar da aka kafa kuma ba kasa da kowane shekaru uku ba bayan haka. A cikin shekara guda na aiwatar, dokar ta umarci FDA da ta bincika akalla wuraren kasashen waje 600 kuma ta ninka waɗannan binciken a kowace shekara na shekaru biyar masu zuwa.<ref name="Food Safety Legislation Key Facts">{{Cite web |title=Food Safety Legislation Key Facts |url=https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm237934.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110217213252/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm237934.htm |archive-date=February 17, 2011 |access-date=April 26, 2011 |publisher=U.S. Food and Drug Administration}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110217213252/http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm237934.htm "Food Safety Legislation Key Facts"]. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Archived from [https://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/ucm237934.htm the original] on February 17, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 26,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Don cimma wannan burin da aka tsara, USFDA da sauran hukumomi a Amurka za su yi aiki tare ko haɗin gwiwa tare da hukumomin kula da kasashen waje don taimako, saboda rashin albarkatu don biyan buƙatun.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Food Safety Modernization Act: A New Paradigm for Importers and Global Partnerships |url=http://www.qualityassurancemag.com/qa0811-food-safety-modernization-act-legislative-update.aspx |access-date=April 15, 2012 |publisher=Quality Assurance & Food Safety Magazine}}</ref> * FDA za ta sami damar yin amfani da rubuce-rubuce, gami da shirye-shiryen tsaro na abinci na masana'antu kuma za a buƙaci kamfanonin rikodin don ci gaba da yin rikodin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren su. ** FDA za ta sami damar yin amfani da rubuce-rubuce, gami da shirye-shiryen tsaro na abinci na masana'antu kuma za a buƙaci kamfanonin rikodin su ci gaba da yin rikodin aiwatar da tsare-tsaren su. * Gwaje-gwaje ta hanyar dakunan gwaje-gwajen da aka amince da su FSMA yana buƙatar wasu gwaje- gwaje-gaje na abinci da za a gudanar da su ta hanyar dakuna masu inganci kuma yana jagorantar FDA don kafa shirin don tabbatar da cewa dakunan gwajen gwaje-gyare na Amurka sun cika ƙa'idodin inganci. (Tsarin shirin amincewa saboda shekaru 2 bayan kafawa) ** FSMA tana buƙatar wasu gwaje-gwaje na abinci da za a gudanar da su ta hanyar dakunan gwaje- gwaje-gaje masu inganci kuma suna jagorantar FDA don kafa shirin don tabbatar da cewa dakunan gwajen gwaje-gyare na Amurka sun cika ƙa'idodin inganci. (Tsarin shirin amincewa saboda shekaru 2 bayan kafawa) * Binciken gani ** A lokacin binciken da FDA ta yi ba tare da sanar da shi ba, za a gudanar da binciken gani. A lokacin dubawa za su kalli ginin da kayan aiki don ganin idan akwai yiwuwar gurɓata abinci. Za a bincika cikin walda mara kyau, kwantar da hankali musamman a kan layin samfurori masu buɗewa. * Swabbing na muhalli A lokacin tafiyarsu, wakili zai kuma nemi duk wani yanki da niches da suke ji na iya zama wurin shakatawa ga kwayoyin cuta. Wakilan na iya kuma za su dauki ko'ina nau'in 150-200 swabs dangane da girman kayan aikin. Wakilin zai kuma dauki samfurori na albarkatun kasa da kuma samfurin da aka gama. An ba da shawarar cewa kamfanin ba ya ɗaukar samfurori na aboki saboda wannan na iya ninka damar kuskuren dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma ba ya da kyau idan samfurori da FDA sun zo mara kyau kuma wuraren suna da kyau kuma akasin haka.[3] ** A lokacin tafiyarsu, wakilin zai kuma nemi duk wani yanki da wuraren da suke jin na iya zama wurin shakatawa ga ƙwayoyin cuta. Wakilan na iya kuma za su dauki ko'ina nau'in 150-200 swabs dangane da girman kayan aikin. Wakilin zai kuma dauki samfurori na albarkatun kasa da kuma samfurin da aka gama. An ba da shawarar cewa kamfanin ba ya ɗaukar samfurori na aboki saboda wannan na iya ninka damar kuskuren dakin gwaje-gwaje, kuma ba ya da kyau idan samfurori da FDA sun zo mara kyau kuma wuraren suna da kyau kuma akasin haka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mushrush |first=Laura |date=March 23, 2017 |title=Three things to expect during unannounced FDA inspections |url=http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2017/03/three-things-to-expect-during-unannounced-fda-inspections/#.WPexjfnythE |journal=Food Safety News |access-date=April 19, 2017}}</ref> === Amsa ga gurɓataccen abu / keta doka === Kudin ya ba FDA ikon dawo da abinci idan akwai gurɓata ko rashin lafiya. Bugu da kari, yana buƙatar gonaki su bi diddigin abincin su da aiwatar da tsare-tsaren magance tunatarwa ko barkewar cuta. Za a kuma ba jami'an FDA damar yin amfani da bayanan masu shuka abinci idan aka samu barkewar cutar. Kudin kuma yana buƙatar masu shigo da abinci su tabbatar da cewa sun cika ka'idodin aminci na abinci na Amurka. Ƙananan gonaki waɗanda ke siyarwa a cikin gida ko siyar da ƙasa da $ 500,000 a shekara ba su da waɗannan sabbin dokoki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sutton |first=Betty |date=January 4, 2011 |title=H.R.2751 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): FDA Food Safety Modernization Act |url=http://www.congress.gov/ |access-date=June 10, 2022 |website=www.congress.gov}}</ref> Sabbin hukumomi sun hada da: * Tunatarwa ta tilas FSMA tana ba FDA ikon bayar da tunatarwa ta wajibi lokacin da kamfani ya kasa tunatar da abinci mara lafiya bayan FDA ta tambaye shi. ** FSMA tana ba FDA ikon bayar da tunatarwa ta tilas lokacin da kamfani ya kasa tunatar da abinci mara lafiya bayan FDA ta tambaye shi. * fadada tsare-tsaren gudanarwa FSMA yana ba FDA mafi sassauƙa don tsara kayayyakin da za su iya keta doka (tsare-tsare na gudanarwa shine hanyar da FDA ke amfani da ita don hana abinci mai tuhuma daga motsawa). ** FSMA tana ba FDA daidaitattun daidaitattun tsari don tsara kayayyakin da za su iya keta doka (tsayawa na gudanarwa shine hanyar da FDA ke amfani da ita don hana abincin da ake zargi daga motsawa). * Dakatar da rajista FDA na iya dakatar da rajista na kayan aiki idan ya ƙayyade cewa abincin yana haifar da yiwuwar yiwuwar SOMEWHAT na mummunar sakamako ko mutuwa. An haramta wurin da aka dakatar da shi daga rarraba abinci. (Yana da tasiri watanni 6 bayan kafawa) ** FDA na iya dakatar da rajistar kayan aiki idan ya ƙayyade cewa abincin yana haifar da yiwuwar yiwuwar SOMEWHAT na mummunar sakamako na kiwon lafiya ko mutuwa. An haramta wurin da aka dakatar da shi daga rarraba abinci. (Yana da tasiri watanni 6 bayan kafawa) * Inganta ikon bin diddigin samfurin FDA an ba da umarnin kafa tsarin da zai inganta ikonsa na bin diddigirinta da bin diddigar abinci na cikin gida da na shigo da su. Bugu da kari, an umarci FDA da ta kafa ayyukan matukin jirgi don bincika da kimanta hanyoyin da za a gano masu karɓar abinci cikin sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata don hanawa ko sarrafa barkewar cutar da ke dauke da abinci. (Ayyuka matukan jirgi saboda watanni 9 bayan kafawa) ** FDA an umarce ta da ta kafa tsarin da zai inganta ikonta na bin diddigin da bin diddigirinta na cikin gida da na shigo da su. Bugu da kari, an umarci FDA da ta kafa ayyukan matukin jirgi don bincika da kimanta hanyoyin da za a gano masu karɓar abinci cikin sauri da kuma yadda ya kamata don hanawa ko sarrafa barkewar cutar da ke dauke da abinci. (Ayyuka matukan jirgi saboda watanni 9 bayan kafawa) * Ƙarin Rubuce-rubucen Adanawa don Abinci Mai Hadari An umarci FDA da ta bayar da shawarar yin doka don kafa buƙatun adana rikodin don wuraren da ke ƙerawa, sarrafawa, kunshewa, ko riƙe abinci waɗanda Sakataren ya tsara a matsayin abinci mai haɗari. (Ayyuka saboda shekaru 2 bayan kafa). ** FDA an umarce ta da ta bayar da shawarar yin doka don kafa buƙatun adana rikodin don wuraren da ke ƙerawa, sarrafawa, kunshewa, ko riƙe abinci wanda Sakataren ya sanya a matsayin abinci mai haɗari. (Ayyuka saboda shekaru 2 bayan kafa). === Ƙarin bayani game da kayan shigo da kaya === FSMA tana ba da ikon FDA don tabbatar da cewa kayayyakin da aka shigo da su sun cika ka'idodin Amurka kuma suna da aminci ga masu amfani da Amurka, tare da hangen nesa cewa ya kamata a gudanar da abinci da aka shigo dashi daidai da ka'idojin abinci na gida. Wadannan ka'idoji za a cika su ta hanyar aiwatar da abubuwan da suka biyo baya: * Mai shigo da lissafi A karo na farko, masu shigo da kaya suna da alhakin tabbatar da cewa masu samar da su na kasashen waje suna da isasshen kulawar rigakafi don tabbatar da cewa abincin da suke samarwa yana da aminci. (Tsarin ƙarshe da jagora saboda shekara 1 bayan kafawa) ** A karo na farko, masu shigo da kayayyaki suna da alhakin tabbatar da cewa masu samar da su na kasashen waje suna da isasshen kulawar kariya don tabbatar da cewa abincin da suke samarwa yana da aminci. (Tsarin ƙarshe da jagora saboda shekara 1 bayan kafawa) * Takaddun shaida na ɓangare na uku ** FSMA ta kafa shirin da ta hanyar da masu cancanta na uku zasu iya tabbatar da cewa wuraren abinci na kasashen waje sun bi ka'idodin tsaro na abinci na Amurka. Ana iya amfani da wannan takardar shaidar don sauƙaƙe shigar da shigo da kayayyaki. (Tsarin tsarin FDA don amincewa da hukumomin izini ya kamata ya kasance shekaru 2 bayan kafawa) * Takaddun shaida don abinci mai haɗari FDA tana da ikon buƙatar cewa abinci mai haɗarin da aka shigo da shi ya kasance tare da takardar shaidar ɓangare na uku ko wasu tabbacin bin doka a matsayin yanayin shiga Amurka. ** FDA tana da ikon buƙatar cewa abinci mai haɗari da aka shigo da shi ya kasance tare da takardar shaidar ɓangare na uku ko wasu tabbacin bin doka a matsayin yanayin shiga cikin Amurka. * Shirin mai shigo da kayayyaki na son rai FDA dole ne ta kafa shirin son rai ga masu shigo da kayayyakin da ke ba da hanzari don sake dubawa da shigar da abinci daga masu shigo da kayan. Samun cancanta yana iyakance ga, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, masu shigo da kayayyaki da ke ba da abinci daga wuraren da aka tabbatar. (Ayyuka da aka yi watanni 18 bayan kafa) ** FDA dole ne ta kafa shirin son rai ga masu shigo da kayayyaki wanda ke ba da hanzari don sake dubawa da shigar da abinci daga masu shigo da kayan. Samun cancanta yana iyakance ga, a tsakanin sauran abubuwa, masu shigo da kayayyaki da ke ba da abinci daga wuraren da aka tabbatar. (Ayyuka da aka yi watanni 18 bayan kafa) * Ikon hana shiga FDA na iya ƙin shigarwa cikin Amurka na abinci daga kayan aikin kasashen waje idan FDA ta hana shi shiga ta wurin kayan aiki ko ƙasar da kayan aikin yake. ** FDA na iya ƙin shigar da abinci a cikin Amurka daga kayan aikin kasashen waje idan FDA ta hana ta shiga ta wurin kayan aiki ko ƙasar da kayan aikin yake. === Inganta hadin gwiwa === FSMA tana gina tsarin hadin gwiwa tare da sauran hukumomin gwamnati, na cikin gida da na waje. A yin haka, dokar ta bayyana a fili cewa duk hukumomin tsaro na abinci suna buƙatar aiki tare a hanyar da ta dace don cimma burin lafiyar jama'a. Wadannan misalai ne na ingantaccen haɗin gwiwa: * Ginin iyawa na Jiha da na gida FDA dole ne ta haɓaka da aiwatar da dabarun don haɓaka da haɓaka amincin abinci da ƙarfin tsaro na Jiha le na gida. FSMA tana ba FDA sabon tsarin tallafi na shekaru da yawa don sauƙaƙe saka hannun jari a cikin ikon Jiha don cimma burin tsaro na abinci na ƙasa yadda ya kamata. ** Dole ne FDA ta haɓaka da aiwatar da dabarun don haɓaka da haɓaka amincin abinci da ƙarfin tsaro na Jiha da hukumomin gida. FSMA tana ba FDA sabon tsarin tallafi na shekaru da yawa don sauƙaƙe saka hannun jari a cikin ikon Jiha don cimma burin tsaro na abinci na ƙasa yadda ya kamata. * Gina ikon kasashen waje ** Dokar ta umarci FDA da ta samar da cikakken shiri don fadada ikon gwamnatocin kasashen waje da masana'antun su. Ɗaya daga cikin bangarorin shirin shine magance horar da gwamnatocin kasashen waje da masu samar da abinci kan bukatun tsaro na abinci na Amurka. * Dogaro da binciken da wasu hukumomi suka yi FDA an ba da izini a bayyane don dogaro da binciken wasu hukumomin Tarayya, Jiha da na gida don biyan ƙarin umarnin dubawa ga wuraren cikin gida. FSMA kuma tana bawa FDA damar shiga yarjejeniyar tsakanin hukumomi don amfani da albarkatu dangane da binciken wuraren kifi na teku, na cikin gida da na waje, da kuma shigo da kifi. ** FDA tana da izini a bayyane don dogaro da binciken wasu hukumomin Tarayya, Jiha da na gida don biyan ƙarin umarnin dubawa ga wuraren cikin gida. FSMA kuma tana bawa FDA damar shiga yarjejeniyar tsakanin hukumomi don amfani da albarkatu dangane da binciken wuraren kifi na teku, na cikin gida da na waje, da kuma shigo da kifi. === Tsaro na ma'aikaci === FSMA kuma ta haɗa da tanadi da ke kare ma'aikatan da ke ƙoƙarin hana matsalolin lafiyar abinci. Sashe na 402 na FSMA ya haramta ma'aikata da ke cikin masana'antu, sarrafawa, sakawa, sufuri, rarraba, karɓar baƙi, riƙewa ko shigo da abinci daga ramuwar gayya ga ma'aikatan da suka bayyana keta [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|Dokar Abinci, Magunguna, da Kayan shafawa ta Tarayya]]. Wannan wani bangare na FSMA ana gudanar da shi ta Ma'aikatar Aiki ta Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 5, 2010 |title=H.R. 2751 - Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Amendment With Respect To The Safety Of The Food Supply |url=http://thomas.loc.gov/home/gpoxmlc111/h2751_enr.xml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130408110912/http://thomas.loc.gov/home/gpoxmlc111/h2751_enr.xml |archive-date=April 8, 2013 |access-date=January 7, 2013 |publisher=Library of Congress THOMAS}}</ref> == Aiwatarwa == Tare da Dokar a wurin, FDA ta fara aiwatar da ka'idoji don tsara yadda za a aiwatar da sabbin dokoki.<ref name="willimanticfood">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act. What do the new laws mean for small farms and producers? |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506172316/https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma |archive-date=May 6, 2019 |access-date=December 1, 2011 |website= |publisher=New England Farmers Union}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190506172316/https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma "The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act. What do the new laws mean for small farms and producers?"]. New England Farmers Union. Archived from [https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma the original] on May 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> Daga ranar 12 ga Yuni, 2011, ana buƙatar kamfanonin abinci da yawa don haɓaka shirye-shiryen tsaro na abinci bisa ga kimantawa na haɗarin da ke da alaƙa da kayan abinci da aka ƙera, sarrafawa, an saka ko kuma an gudanar da su a duk wuraren da aka yi rajista.<ref name="fsm" /> Bayan nazarin haɗari, ana buƙatar kamfanoni don ganowa da aiwatar da kulawar rigakafi don rage ko hana faruwar irin waɗannan haɗari. Misalan kulawar rigakafi sun haɗa da hanyoyin tsabtace muhalli don wuraren hulɗa na abinci; horar da tsabtace ma'aikaci; saka idanu kan muhalli zuwa tabbatar da kula da kwayar cuta; shirin tunatarwa; ayyukan tabbatar da masu samarwa; da kuma shirin kula da rashin lafiyan abinci.<ref name="fsm">{{Cite web |title=FDA Food Safety Modernization Act: Marking a New Era in U.S. Food Safety |url=http://www.foodsafetymagazine.com/article.asp?id=4005&sub=sub2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111209211242/http://foodsafetymagazine.com/article.asp?id=4005&sub=sub2 |archive-date=December 9, 2011 |access-date=December 1, 2011 |publisher=Food Safety Magazine}}</ref> Ko da bayan kammala tsarin tsara dokoki, an kiyasta cewa za a buƙaci lokaci don FDA ta zama cikakke don aiwatar da sabbin dokoki. Hukumar ta kiyasta cewa za ta buƙaci aƙalla ƙarin masu dubawa 1,000 da dala biliyan 1.4 a cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, tare da rashin tabbas cewa Majalisa za ta mallaki irin waɗannan kudade saboda yanayin tattalin arziki a lokacin, kuma ta yi kira ga rage kashewa.<ref name="willimanticfood">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act. What do the new laws mean for small farms and producers? |url=https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506172316/https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma |archive-date=May 6, 2019 |access-date=December 1, 2011 |website= |publisher=New England Farmers Union}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20190506172316/https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma "The FDA Food Safety Modernization Act. What do the new laws mean for small farms and producers?"]. New England Farmers Union. Archived from [https://www.fda.gov/food/guidance-regulation-food-and-dietary-supplements/food-safety-modernization-act-fsma the original] on May 6, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 1,</span> 2011</span>.</cite></ref> === Dokoki === A cikin shekara ta 2012, kungiyoyin masu amfani da Cibiyar Kula da Tsaro ta Abinci (CFS) da Cibiyar Lafiya ta Muhalli sun kai FDA karar saboda gazawarta ta cika iyakar.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2014 |title=FSMA Gets New Deadlines for Final Rules {{!}} Food Safety News |url=http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2014/02/fsma-gets-new-deadlines-for-final-rules/#.V97bhpMrKRs |access-date=September 18, 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> A warware shari'ar, hukumar ta amince da ƙayyadaddun lokaci a cikin 2015 da 2016 don wasu dokoki.<ref name=":0" /> Lokacin farko na sharhin jama'a ya faru ne a cikin 2013, kuma hukumar ta sami dubban sharhi a wannan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New Food Safety Rules: Food Safety Modernization Act (FSMA) {{!}} Small Farms Programs |url=http://smallfarms.oregonstate.edu/node/175900 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826100744/http://smallfarms.oregonstate.edu/node/175900 |archive-date=August 26, 2016 |access-date=September 18, 2016 |website=smallfarms.oregonstate.edu}}</ref> FDA a baya ta gabatar da ka'idojin da suka gabatar ga Ofishin Gudanarwa da Kasafin Kudi (OMB) don bita, kuma a cikin wannan tsari OMB ta raunana ka'idoji ta hanyoyi da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2013 |title=Documents Show OMB Weakened FDA's Food Safety Rules {{!}} Food Safety News |url=http://www.foodsafetynews.com/2013/03/documents-show-omb-weakened-fdas-food-safety-rules/#.V97aaZMrKRs |access-date=September 18, 2016 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Rahoton ci gaban FSMA === FDA ta shirya samar da ga jama'a da kuma Majalisa gagarumin ci gaba da suka yi wajen aiwatar da FSMA.<ref name="FDAFoodSafetyModernizationAct">{{Cite web |title=FDA Progress Report on Implementing the Food Safety Modernization Act: January – March 2012 |url=https://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/UCM298188.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120926213101/http://www.fda.gov/downloads/Food/FoodSafety/FSMA/UCM298188.pdf |archive-date=September 26, 2012 |access-date=April 29, 2012 |publisher=FDA FSMA}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2012, Babban Mai ba da shawara na FDA, Cibiyar Kula da Cututtuka da Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka, Sherri McGarry, a kan wani shafin yanar gizo ta ba da rahoton nau'ikan abinci da za a yi amfani da su a cikin aikin matukin jirgi akan gano kayayyaki don hana cututtuka.<ref name="FDAtransparencyblog">{{Cite web |title=Rapid Tracing of Food Products Prevents illness |url=http://fdatransparencyblog.fda.gov/2012/03/15/rapid-tracing-of-food-products-prevents-illness/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429203613/http://fdatransparencyblog.fda.gov/2012/03/15/rapid-tracing-of-food-products-prevents-illness/ |archive-date=April 29, 2012 |access-date=April 29, 2012 |publisher=FDA Transparency Blog}}</ref> Jerin ya haɗa da tumatir, kwanon rufi na Kung Pao, man shanu mai laushi, da bushe, man shanu / kayan yaji.<ref name="FDAtransparencyblog" /> An zaɓi tumatir da aka yanka da kuma duka saboda yawan barkewar da aka rubuta; yana nuna jerin kayan abinci masu yawa. Yawancin ƙungiyoyin masana'antar abinci sun ba da shawarar a matsayin samfurin abinci na farko da za a yi amfani da shi a cikin shirin matukin jirgi.<ref name="FDAtransparencyblog" /> Kayan abinci na Frozen Kung Pao-style sun ƙunshi sinadaran kamar kaza, jan pepper spice da kayan man shanu waɗanda ke da hannu a cikin barkewar cutar, kuma saboda wannan dalili an haɗa su a cikin aikin matukin jirgi.<ref name="FDAtransparencyblog">{{Cite web |title=Rapid Tracing of Food Products Prevents illness |url=http://fdatransparencyblog.fda.gov/2012/03/15/rapid-tracing-of-food-products-prevents-illness/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429203613/http://fdatransparencyblog.fda.gov/2012/03/15/rapid-tracing-of-food-products-prevents-illness/ |archive-date=April 29, 2012 |access-date=April 29, 2012 |publisher=FDA Transparency Blog}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120429203613/http://fdatransparencyblog.fda.gov/2012/03/15/rapid-tracing-of-food-products-prevents-illness/ "Rapid Tracing of Food Products Prevents illness"]. FDA Transparency Blog. Archived from [http://fdatransparencyblog.fda.gov/2012/03/15/rapid-tracing-of-food-products-prevents-illness/ the original] on April 29, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2012</span>.</cite></ref> Bugu da kari, ana ba da shi ga tashoshin rarraba abinci daban-daban wanda zai iya haɗawa da kayayyakin shigo da na cikin gida.<ref name="FDAtransparencyblog" /> Don kara rikitarwa na aikin matukin jirgi, an haɗa man shanu da bushe, man shanu mai ƙanshi.<ref name="FDAtransparencyblog" /> A wannan lokacin rani, ana sa ran za a kammala sakamakon ayyukan matukin jirgi tare da fatan bunkasa cikakken tsarin bin diddigin samfurin tare da bayanan da aka karɓa.<ref name="FDAtransparencyblog" /> === Kudin === An sanya hannu kan Dokar Tsaro a cikin doka tare da Dokar Gudanar da Ayyukan Gwamnati da Sakamakon Sabuntawa ta 2010. Kudin shekaru biyar na farko an kiyasta ya zama dala biliyan 1.4. ba tare da an ba da cikakken kuɗi a wannan lokacin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 4, 2011 |title=President Obama Signs Landmark Food Safety Bill |url=http://www.foreffectivegov.org/node/11441 |publisher=Center for Effective Government}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * ''Codex Alimentarius'' * Dokar Abinci 160-2 na New Zealand == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lfys7laxabuphkmgo31rhxofrik1a4e 0 119036 915218 823687 2026-09-03T04:56:42Z Ummeeterh 31568 915218 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Denis Nikolayevich Boytsov''' (Russian; haifaffen 14 [[Fabrairu]] 1986) tsohon ƙwararren ɗan dambe ne na ƙasar Rasha wanda ya yi takara daga 2004 zuwa 2015. WBO European Champion (2009). == Tarihin Rayuwa == Denis Boytsov aka haife Fabrairu 14, 1986 a Oryol.<ref name="sovsport">{{Cite web |date= |title=5 самых лучших боев Дениса Бойцова (видео) |url=https://www.sovsport.ru/boxing/articles/684875-5-samyh-luchshih-boev-denisa-bojcova-video |access-date=2025-07-31 |publisher=sovsport.ru}}</ref> === Amateur aiki === Boytsov ya sami kyakkyawan aiki na mai son, gami da abubuwan da suka cim ma: * '''2001''' ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cadet a Light Middleweight a [[Baku]], Azerbaijan. * '''2002''' ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta Cadet a Heavyweight a Kecskemet, Hungary. * '''2004''' ta lashe gasar cin kofin duniya na Junior a Superheavyweight a Jeju, Koriya ta Kudu. Rikodinsa shine 115-15. Boytsov ya juya pro a cikin 2004 a [[Jamus]] kuma ya ci nasara a karo na 20 na farko tare da 18 KO. Daga baya abokan hamayyarsa sun hada da Vincent Maddalone da Isra'ila Carlos Garcia. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] rtc0ykl3w64htic5siy48wog6kswpij 0 120620 915398 898440 2026-09-03T10:48:22Z ~2026-47648-10 48523 /* Filmography */ 915398 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Erica Mendez''' 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Amurka da aka sani da farko don rawar da ta taka a cikin nau'ikan anime na Japan. Ta yi karatun zane-zane a kwaleji na shekaru uku kafin ta zama ƴar wasan kwaikwayo ta murya. == Sana'a == Babban aikin murya na farko na Mendez shine halin da ake kira [[Pac-Man (character)|Pac-Man]] a cikin ''[[Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures|Pac-Man da Ghostly Adventures]]'' video game, wanda aka saki a cikin shekarar 2013. A cikin 2014, Mendez ta yi wasa a matsayin Aladdin a cikin ''[[Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic|Magi: Labyrinth of Magic]]'' Series <ref name="magi cast ann2">{{Cite web |title=Aniplex USA Announces Magi – The Labyrinth of Magic English Cast |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-09-28/aniplex-usa-announces-magi-the-labyrinth-of-magic-dub-cast |access-date=September 28, 2013 |publisher=Anime News Network}}</ref> da [[List of Kill la Kill characters#Ryuko Matoi|Ryuko Matoi]] a cikin Turanci dub na ''[[Kill la Kill|Kill La Killna]]'' wanda aka watsar a kan Ad [[Toonami|La Killna]] [[Adult Swim|. Yi iyo]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Erica Mendez |url=http://www.yamacon.org/participant/erica-mendez/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716230420/http://www.yamacon.org/participant/erica-mendez/ |archive-date=July 16, 2014 |access-date=June 27, 2014 |publisher=Yama-Con}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin manyan ayyukan Mendez sun hada da [[Sailor Uranus|Haruka Tenoh/Sailor Uranus]] a cikin [[Viz Media]] English dub na ''[[Aggretsuko|Sailor]]'' ''[[Sailor Moon|Moon]]'', Maki Harukawa in ''[[Danganronpa V3: Killing Harmony]]'', [[Gon Freecss]] in the English dub of the [[Netflix|2011]] anime adaptation of ''[[Hunter x Hunter]]'' and Retsuko in the English dub of ''[[Skullgirls]]'', [[Kamisato Ayaka]] in ''[[Genshin Impact]]'', Rixia Mao da Elie MacDowell a cikin ''[[Trails (series)|The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel]]'' series, [[List of Lilo & Stitch characters#Wang Ai Ling|Wang Ai Ling]] a cikin Turanci-harshen Sinanci mai wasan kwaikwayo jerin ''[[Stitch & Ai]]'', Diane a cikin ''[[The Seven Deadly Sins (manga)|Bakwai masu Mutuwar Zunubai]]'', [[Arle Nadja]] a cikin ''[[Puyo Puyo|Puyoland]]'' a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen da aka yi a ''[[The Promised Neverland|cikin Progisu]]'', [[List of The Promised Neverland characters#Emma|Emma]] a cikin shirin Puyoland, Emma Turanci dub na Netflix anime ''Kakegurui'' da kuma kuki na White Lily da Black Pearl Cookie a ''[[Cookie Run: Kingdom|Gudun Kuki: Mulki]]'' . == Rayuwa ta sirri == Mendez ya'r jima'i ce, <ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica}}</ref> kuma ya'r asalin kasar Mexico ce. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Erica Mendez |url=https://lezwatchtv.com/actor/erica-mendez/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907072340/https://lezwatchtv.com/actor/erica-mendez/ |archive-date=September 7, 2025 |access-date=November 17, 2025 |website=LezWatch.TV}}</ref> == Filmography == === Amine === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" |+List of dubbing performances in anime !Year !Title !Role ! class="unsortable" |Notes ! class="unsortable" |Source |- | rowspan="2" |2013 |''Treasure Island'' |Jim Hawkins |Bang Zoom dub | rowspan="2" |Resume |- |''Tamagotchi Friends'' |Mametchi | |- | rowspan="2" |2014–2015 |''Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic'' |Aladdin |Also ''Magi: The Kingdom of Magic'' |<ref name="magi cast ann">{{Cite web |title=Aniplex USA Announces Magi – The Labyrinth of Magic English Cast |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2013-09-28/aniplex-usa-announces-magi-the-labyrinth-of-magic-dub-cast |access-date=September 28, 2013 |publisher=Anime News Network}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=STAFF｜Magi |url=http://www.magi-usa.com/staff/index.php |access-date=June 27, 2014 |publisher=Magi-usa.com |archive-date=December 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226233329/http://www.magi-usa.com/staff/index.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |''Kill la Kill'' |Ryuko Matoi |Also OVA |<ref name="kill la kill">{{Cite web |date=May 29, 2014 |title=Kill la Kill's English Dub Trailer Streamed by Aniplex USA – News |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2014-05-29/kill-la-kill-english-dub-trailer-streamed-by-aniplex-usa/.75006 |access-date=June 22, 2014 |publisher=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |2014 |''Blood Lad'' |Jasmine, Young Staz, Angry, others |  |Press<ref name="Sacanime">{{Cite web |title=Erica Mendez Sac-Anime Convention |url=http://www.sacanime.com/?page_id=9092 |access-date=April 13, 2015 |publisher=[[Sac-Anime]] |archive-date=December 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201226233330/http://www.sacanime.com/?page_id=9092 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2014–2018 |''Yo-kai Watch'' |Shelly |(Season 1–2) | |- |2014–2019 |''Sailor Moon'' |Haruka Tenoh/Sailor Uranus, Reika Nishimura |Viz dub, ADR Script for SuperS<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=Looks like I can mention that I did some script adaptation on Sailor Moon SuperS!|access-date=November 18, 2017}}</ref> |<ref name="Sailor Moon">{{Cite web |title=Viz Media Reveals Sailor Moon S Dub Cast |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-07-03/viz-media-reveals-sailor-moon-s-dub-cast/.90036 |access-date=July 3, 2015 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |''Yuki Yuna is a Hero'' |Fu Inubozaki |  |<ref name="yuki interview">{{Cite web |last=itsXANTHOR |date=November 26, 2015 |title=Yuki Yuna is a Hero Q&A w/ the English Dub Cast |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kIGIn2SHLQg |access-date=June 1, 2016 |via=YouTube}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Xanthe Huynh, Erika Harlacher Star in Yuki Yuna is a Hero English Dub Cast |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-04-04/xanthe-huynh-erika-harlacher-star-in-yuki-yuna-is-a-hero-english-dub-cast/.86699 |access-date=April 6, 2015 |website=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |''A Lull in the Sea'' |Akari Sakishima |  |<ref>{{Cite web |title=A Lull in the Sea - Staff |url=http://nisamerica.com/index.php?nav=ap&aid=lullsea&pfile=staff.php |access-date=April 28, 2015 |website=[[NIS America]]}}</ref> |- |2015–2016 |''Aldnoah.Zero'' |Inko Amifumi | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 6, 2015 |title=Aniplex USA to Release 1st Aldnoah.Zero Season on BD/DVD with Dub & Sub |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-06-06/aniplex-usa-to-release-1st-aldnoah.zero-season-on-bd-dvd-with-dub-sub/.88990 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Sword Art Online'' |Yuuki Konno |  |<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 24, 2015 |title=Erica Mendez, Erika Harlacher Join Sword Art Online II English Dub Cast |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2015-07-24/erica-mendez-erika-harlacher-join-sword-art-online-ii-english-dub-cast/.90858 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |2015–2021 |''The Seven Deadly Sins'' |Diane | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=Was gonna do this later, but I'm awake sooo. I voice Diane in Seven Deadly Sins. Watch it on Netflix, yo.|access-date=November 1, 2015}}</ref> |- |2015 |''Sailor Moon Crystal'' |Haruka Tenoh/Sailor Uranus, Reika Nishimura |  |Resume |- |2015–2017 |''Little Witch Academia'' |Atsuko "Akko" Kagari |  |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenwald |first=Will |date=October 12, 2017 |title=Real Good You Guys: Little Witch Academia |url=https://www.geek.com/anime/real-good-you-guys-little-witch-academia-1719180/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190914012532/https://www.geek.com/anime/real-good-you-guys-little-witch-academia-1719180/ |archive-date=September 14, 2019 |access-date=October 20, 2017 |website=[[Geek.com]] |quote=This could get horribly cloying, but thanks to Studio Trigger’s aesthetic philosophy of hot bloodedness and passion above all things, loads of slapstick humor, and an excellent performance by Erica Mendez (Ryuko in Kill la Kill) in the dub, it never grates.}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2016 |''Love Live!'' |Nico Yazawa | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2016 |title=Love Live! Anime's English Dub to Premiere on US TV Tonight |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-02-05/love-live-anime-english-dub-to-premiere-on-us-tv-tonight/.98387 |access-date=February 6, 2016 |publisher=Anime News Network}}</ref><ref name="fandompost 20160216">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=G.B. |date=February 16, 2016 |title=Press Audio: The One with the Muses—Love Live! Season 1 Anime English Dub Review |url=https://www.fandompost.com/2016/02/16/press-audio-the-one-with-the-muses-love-live-season-1-anime-english-dub-review/2/ |access-date=April 26, 2016 |website=The Fandom Post}}</ref> |- |''Your Lie in April'' |Tsubaki Sawabe | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 15, 2016 |title=Erica Lindbeck, Max Mittelman Star in Your Lie in April English Dub Cast |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-01-15/erica-lindbeck-max-mittelman-star-in-your-lie-in-april-english-dub-cast/.97629 |website=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |2016–2019 |''Hunter × Hunter'' |Gon Freecss |2011 series |<ref name="HxH 2011 English cast">{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2016 |title=Viz Announces 2011-2014 Hunter x Hunter's English Dub Cast (Updated) |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-03-19/viz-announces-2011-2014-hunter-x-hunter-english-dub-cast/.100008 |access-date=March 20, 2016 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |2016–2018 |''Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans'' |Cracker Griffon, Elgar | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=You're going to hear a little more of me on Toonami starting June 4th... I'm Cracker Griffon & Elgar in Gundam: IBO!|access-date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Charlotte'' |Nomura, others | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=I voice Nomura plus some other incidental roles in Charlotte! She doesn't show up much, but she's super cute!|access-date=June 30, 2016}}</ref> |- |2016–2017 |''Erased'' |Kenya Kobayashi | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2016 |title=Ben Diskin, Michelle Ruff Star as Satoru in Erased English Dub |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2016-06-29/ben-diskin-michelle-ruff-star-as-satoru-in-erased-english-dub/.103756 |access-date=June 30, 2016 |website=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |2016 |''Mob Psycho 100'' |Chihiro, others | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=I voice Chihiro in #MobPsycho100 episode 2! Check it out now if you have a Funimation streaming subscription!|access-date=December 27, 2016}}</ref> |- | rowspan="9" |2017 |''Little Witch Academia'' |Atsuko "Akko" Kagari | |<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=Since it mysteriously just showed up on Netflix today... I can announce that I voice Akko in Little Witch Academia!|access-date=February 16, 2021}}</ref> |- |''Cyborg 009: Call of Justice'' |Cyborg 001/Ivan Whisky | |<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=Aaaah.. the coveted 'no flaps to match' role. You can catch me as 001 in Cyborg 009: Call of Justice, now on Netflix~|access-date=February 11, 2017}}</ref> |- |''Gosick'' |Avril Bradley | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 16, 2017 |title=Funimation Announces Gosick English Dub Cast |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-02-16/funimation-announces-gosick-english-dub-cast/.112355 |access-date=July 14, 2017 |website=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |''Berserk'' |Rickert |2016 series |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Miranda |date=March 17, 2017 |title=Berserk English Dub Clip and Cast Revealed |url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2017/03/17/berserk-english-dub-clip-and-cast-revealed |access-date=June 7, 2017 |website=IGN |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Glitter Force Doki Doki'' |Davi | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 10, 2017 |title=Glitter Force Doki Doki launches August 18th on Netflix |url=http://www.toonbarn.com/other-cartoons/glitter-force-doki-doki-launches-august-18th-netflix/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180813035445/http://www.toonbarn.com/other-cartoons/glitter-force-doki-doki-launches-august-18th-netflix/ |archive-date=August 13, 2018 |access-date=August 8, 2018 |website=toonbarn.com}}</ref> |- |''Fate/Grand Order'' |Mash Kyrielight |Anime Special |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Aniplex USA Produces English Dub for Fate/Grand Order - First Order Anime, Hosts Premiere at Anime Expo |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-06-10/aniplex-usa-produces-english-dub-for-fate-grand-order-first-order-anime-hosts-premiere-at-anime-expo/.117289 |access-date=June 10, 2017 |publisher=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |''Anohana: The Flower We Saw That Day'' |Chiriko "Tsuruko" Tsurumi | | |- |''Mobile Suit Gundam SEED'' |Flay Allster |NYAV Post dub |<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 11, 2017 |title=Sunrise to Release Gundam SEED, Destiny with New English Dub |url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-08-11/sunrise-to-release-gundam-seed-gundam-seed-destiny-with-new-english-dub/.120036 |access-date=August 12, 2017 |publisher=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |''Fate/Apocrypha'' |Assassin of Black, Roche Frain Yggdmillenia |ADR script writer |<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2017 |title=Fate/Apocrypha English Dub Debuts on Netflix in U.S., Canada |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-11-07/fate-apocrypha-english-dub-debuts-on-netflix-in-u.s-canada/.123731 |access-date=November 7, 2017 |website=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2018 |''B: the Beginning'' |Young Koku |  |<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 20, 2017 |title=Exclusive: B: The Beginning Anime's English Dub Cast Revealed |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2017-10-20/exclusive-b-the-beginning-anime-english-dub-cast-revealed/.122946 |access-date=January 24, 2018 |publisher=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |''Gundam Build Divers'' |Yukio Hidaka / Yukki | | |- |''JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders'' |Young Polnareff | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=Not only is this a picture of Young Polnareff, who I voice in JoJo's Bizarre Adventure tonight... but it's also a picture of the expression I had on my face during most of the recording. "Bizarre" is right. And it only gets weirder next week 🙃|access-date=April 20, 2018}}</ref> |- |2018–2023 |''Aggretsuko'' |Retsuko | | |- |2018–present |''Re:Zero − Starting Life in Another World'' |Puck, Petra Leyte | | |- |2018–2024 |''Boruto: Naruto Next Generations'' |Denki Kaminarimon | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=Boruto premieres TONIGHT on Toonami! Check it out to hear me as Denki Kaminarimon! https://t.co/GLAwummIAR|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> |- |2018, 2024–2025 |''My Hero Academia'' |Melissa Shield, Hercules | | |- |2018 |''Beyblade Burst Turbo'' |Gumita, Hayao Ashida | | |- |2019–present |''The Rising of the Shield Hero'' |Raphtalia | | |- |2019–2020 |''KonoSuba'' |Megumin | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 7, 2019 |title=Konosuba Anime's English Dub Cast Revealed |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-01-07/konosuba-anime-english-dub-cast-revealed/.141753 |access-date=January 7, 2019 |website=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |2019–2021 |''The Promised Neverland'' |Emma | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Loo |first=Egan |date=April 5, 2019 |title=Promised Neverland Anime's English Dub Cast Revealed in Trailer |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-04-05/promised-neverland-anime-english-dub-cast-revealed-in-trailer/.145454 |access-date=April 6, 2019 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''Ingress: The Animation'' |Makoto (Child) | | |- |''Cells at Work!'' |Regulatory T Cell | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherman |first=Jennifer |date=May 17, 2019 |title=Aniplex of America Reveals Cells at Work! Anime's English Dub Cast, BD Release |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2019-05-17/aniplex-of-america-reveals-cells-at-work-anime-english-dub-cast-bd-release/.146851 |access-date=May 17, 2019 |publisher=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |''High School Prodigies Have It Easy Even In Another World'' |Prince Akatsuki | | |- | rowspan="2" |2020 |''Magia Record'' |Rena Minami | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=Smol, cute Magical Girl... what's the worst that could happen...? Check me out as Rena Minami in @MagiaRecordEN! The dub premieres Saturday, Feb 8th on @FUNimation's website! https://t.co/UthlSnvECs|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> |- |''The 8th Son? Are You Kidding Me?'' |Iina, Wendelin (Child) | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=May 14, 2020 |title='The 8th son? Are you kidding me?' Anime's English Dub Reveals Cast |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-05-14/the-8th-son-are-you-kidding-me-anime-english-dub-reveals-cast/.159551 |access-date=May 14, 2020 |website=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |2020–2023 |''Pokémon: The Series'' |Parker, Devi's Minun | | |- |2020–2021 |''Fruits Basket'' |Satsuki Soma | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=caitlinsvoice|title=Got a couple of moms joining the fun in the new dubbed episode of #FruitsBasket tomorrow! @AlexMooreActor as Mayuko's mother and @tsunderica as Satsuki, Hiro's mother! 💕 https://t.co/QcXfuunx7H|access-date=January 14, 2021}}</ref> |- |2020 |''Dragon's Dogma'' |Hannah |Netflix ONA |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael |date=September 2, 2020 |title=Dragon's Dogma Anime Reveals English, Japanese Dub Casts in New Trailer |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2020-09-02/dragon-dogma-anime-reveals-english-japanese-dub-casts-in-new-trailer/.163608 |access-date=September 2, 2020 |publisher=Anime News Network}}</ref> |- |2020–2022 |''Yashahime: Princess Half-Demon'' |Towa Higurashi | | |- |2020 |''The Irregular at Magic High School'' |Erika Chiba | | |- | rowspan="4" |2021 |''86'' |Kurena Kukumila | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luster |first=Joseph |date=May 26, 2021 |title=Crunchyroll Reveals Spring 2021 Anime Dub Cast Lists, Launch Dates |url=https://www.crunchyroll.com/anime-news/2021/05/26/crunchyroll-reveals-spring-2021-anime-dub-cast-lists-launch-dates |access-date=July 2, 2021 |website=Crunchyroll}}</ref> |- |''I've Been Killing Slimes for 300 Years and Maxed Out My Level'' |Beelzebub | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=I can be your angel or ur Beelzebub in "I've Been Killing Slimes for 300 Years and Maxed Out my Level" episode 3, now streaming on Crunchyroll.|access-date=July 2, 2021}}</ref> |- |''Shaman King'' |Hao Asakura |2021 series |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hao Asakura |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Shaman-King-2021/Hao-Asakura/}}</ref> |- |''Scarlet Nexus'' |Kasane Randall | | |- |2021–present |''To Your Eternity'' |Gugu (young), Princess Alme | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=Episode 7 of the To Your Eternity dub just dropped on Crunchyroll and I voice Gugu! Why is he wearing this mask? Guess you'll have to find ooooout}}</ref><ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=I'm back in To Your Eternity S2 as Princess Alme 😌}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2021 |<nowiki><i id="mwAzE">Magatsu Wahrheit Zuerst</i></nowiki> |Elfried (Monster) | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Magatsu Wahrheit Zuerst English Dub Cast and Crew |url=https://studionano.com/magatsu-wahrheit |access-date=August 4, 2021 |website=Studio Nano}}</ref> |- |''The Faraway Paladin'' |Will | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=October 28, 2021 |title=Crunchyroll Announces Dubs, Casts for Platinum End, ODDTAXI, Don't Toy With Me, Miss Nagatoro, Sakugan, More Anime |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2021-10-28/crunchyroll-announces-dubs-casts-for-platinum-end-oddtaxi-dont-toy-with-me-miss-nagatoro-sakugan-more-anime/.178953 |access-date=October 28, 2021 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''Bidoof's Big Stand'' |Additional Bidoof | |<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2022 |title=Bidoof's Big Stand |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UTidwW3iLHk |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=YouTube}}</ref> |- |''Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba'' |Makio | |Tweet<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=tsunderica|title=I'm the English voice of Makio in Demon Slayer: Kimetsu no Yaiba Entertainment District Arc! Catch new episodes every Sunday on @Crunchyroll and @Funimation~}}</ref> |- |''Blue Reflection Ray'' |Momo | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=May 26, 2022 |title=Crunchyroll Announces English Dubs for Super Cub, Blue Reflection Ray Anime |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-05-26/crunchyroll-announces-english-dubs-for-super-cub-blue-reflection-ray-anime/.186040 |access-date=May 26, 2022 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2023 |''Nier: Automata Ver1.1a'' |Lily | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=March 15, 2023 |title=NieR:Automata Ver 1.1a Anime Reveals English Dub Cast, March 18 Premiere |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-03-15/nier-automata-ver-1.1a-anime-reveals-english-dub-cast-march-18-premiere/.195991 |access-date=March 15, 2023 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |''KonoSuba: An Explosion on This Wonderful World!'' |Megumin | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=April 18, 2023 |title=KamiKatsu, Konosuba: An Explosion on This Wonderful World Anime Reveal English Dub Casts, Premieres |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-04-18/kamikatsu-konosuba-an-explosion-on-this-wonderful-world-anime-reveal-english-dub-casts-premieres/.197224 |access-date=April 19, 2023 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |''A Place Further than the Universe'' |Shirase Kobuchizawa | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=November 18, 2022 |title=Exclusive: A Place Further Than the Universe Anime Gets English Dub |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2022-11-18/exclusive-a-place-further-than-the-universe-anime-gets-english-dub/.192052 |access-date=April 8, 2023 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- | rowspan="2" |2023–present |''Rurouni Kenshin'' |Myōjin Yahiko | |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yahiko Myojin Voice – Rurouni Kenshin (2023) |url=https://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/tv-shows/Rurouni-Kenshin-2023/Yahiko-Myojin/ |access-date=January 23, 2025 |website=Behind the Voice Actors}}</ref> |- |''Pokémon Horizons: The Series'' |Mollie | | |- | rowspan="3" |2024 |''Delicious in Dungeon'' |Child Laios, Leed, Female Student 2 | | |- |''Kimi ni Todoke'' |Ayane Yano | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=February 1, 2024 |title=Original Kimi ni Todoke Anime Gets English Dub |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-02-01/original-kimi-ni-todoke-anime-gets-english-dub/.207109 |access-date=February 3, 2024 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |''T・P Bon'' |Neesh, Thomas, Boy, Queen, Rohilla | | |- |2024–2025 |''Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai'' |Mai Sakurajima | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pineda |first=Rafael Antonio |date=December 3, 2024 |title=Crunchyroll Reveals Rascal Does Not Dream of Bunny Girl Senpai English Dub Cast, Tuesday Debut |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2024-12-03/crunchyroll-reveals-rascal-does-not-dream-of-bunny-girl-senpai-english-dub-cast-tuesday-debut/.218521 |access-date=December 3, 2024 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |2024 |''Sound! Euphonium'' |Kumiko Oumae | | |- | rowspan="4" |2025 |''Witch Watch'' |Kara Minami | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mateo |first=Alex |date=March 25, 2025 |title=Witch Watch Anime's English Trailer Reveals More Dub Cast Members, April 27 Debut |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-03-25/witch-watch-anime-english-trailer-reveals-more-dub-cast-members-april-27-debut/.222857 |access-date=March 25, 2025 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |''Tougen Anki'' |Homare Byobugaura | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hazra |first=Adriana |date=July 6, 2025 |title=Tougen Anki Anime's Trailer Reveals English Dub Cast |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-07-06/tougen-anki-anime-trailer-reveals-english-dub-cast/.226164 |access-date=July 8, 2025 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |''Yaiba: Samurai Legend'' |Yaiba | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tai |first=Anita |date=July 10, 2025 |title=Netflix Announces Yaiba: Samurai Legend Anime's English Dub Cast |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2025-07-10/netflix-announces-yaiba-samurai-legend-anime-english-dub-cast/.226460 |access-date=July 10, 2025 |website=[[Anime News Network]]}}</ref> |- |''Ranma ½'' |Koguruma |2024 series | |} == Manazarta == <nowiki>.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</nowiki> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] t3y0e43pa52x9y56jma0z3lt4szio40 0 121492 914988 901426 2026-09-02T16:30:34Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:E_waste_bin.jpg|thumb|Bin cike da E Waste da aka dauka a Computer Recycling Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand (2019) ]] [[Fayil:Electronic_waste_stockpile,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.JPG|right|thumb|Wani tarin sharar lantarki a Christchurch (2004).]] Sharar lantarki a New Zealand [[Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli|Batun muhalli]] ne da al'umma da gwamnati ke magance shi. E-sharar gida ita ce kogin sharar guba mai saurin girma a cikin New Zealand. Kowace shekara, ya zuwa na 2017, New Zealand na samar da kusan tan 99,000 (kg 20.1 a kowace mutum) na sharar lantarki, wanda tan 97,000 ake zubar da su a wuraren sharar ƙasa. New Zealand tana samar da mafi girman kundila na e-sharar gida a duniya yayin da take cikin mafi ƙanƙanta ƙimar sake amfani da su. An kiyasta cewa nan da 2030, New Zealand za ta samar da 28.7kg na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum ba tare da sake yin amfani da su ba ko 27.1kg tare da dabarun sake amfani da su. A baya, akwai shirye-shiryen dawowa da kudade guda biyu da Gwamnati ta tallafawa: tarin e-Day, da kuma yakin neman dawo da TV. Ayyukan Sake amfani da sharar gida da hukumomi suka bayar sun bambanta da majalisa tare da wasu suna ba da sabis na sake amfani kyauta, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Buller District Council, New Zealand » E-waste collection |url=https://bullerdc.govt.nz/district-council/a-z-services/recycling-refuse-in-buller/e-waste-collection/ |access-date=2021-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> yayin da wasu majalisun ke ba da sabis mai biyan kuɗi ko dogaro da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Blake |first=Vicktoria |last2=Farrelly |first2=Trisia |author-link2=Trisia Farrelly |last3=Hannon |first3=Jonathon |year=2019 |title=Is Voluntary Product Stewardship for E-Waste Working in New Zealand? A Whangarei Case Study |journal=Sustainability |volume=11 |issue=11 |page=3063 |bibcode=2019Sust...11.3063B |doi=10.3390/su11113063 |doi-access=free}}</ref> New Zealand ita ce kawai ƙasa a cikin OECD ba tare da tsarin sharar gida na ƙasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Emile |date=2020-02-16 |title=The Detail: New Zealand's e-waste problem |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/the-detail/119542951/the-detail-new-zealands-ewaste-problem |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da New Zealand tana da ƙa'idodin AS/NZS don ayyukan sake amfani da e-sharar gida, waɗannan ba dole ba ne. Shirye-shiryen sake amfani da sharar e-sharar da gwamnati ke jagoranta a tarihi sun samu cikas saboda rashin bayanai. A cikin 2020, an ayyana e-sharar gida a matsayin fifikon sharar da ke buƙatar kulawar samfur na tilas. == Tarihi == A cikin 2017 Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) ta lura cewa New Zealand da Ostiraliya sun samar da mafi girman adadin e-washe ga kowane mutum a duniya yayin da suke cikin mafi ƙarancin rubuce-rubuce na sake amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2017 |title=UN-backed body 'right' to single out New Zealand as an e-waste laggard |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/99848483/unbacked-body-singles-out-new-zealand-as-an-ewaste-laggard}}</ref> Duk da yake kimantawa sun bambanta bisa ga hanyar, rahoton [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 2020 ya kiyasta New Zealand don samar da 19.2kg na sharar gida ga kowane mutum. Wannan yana sama da matsakaicin OECD na 17.1kg kuma fiye da sau 2.5 sama da matsakaiciyar duniya na 7.3kg. An kiyasta kashi 2% na sharar gida da aka samar za a karkatar da su daga zubar da shara. Kimanin 23.9kg na sabbin kayan lantarki ga kowane mutum ana sanya su a kasuwar New Zealand a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics |url=https://globalewaste.org/statistics/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=E-Waste |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213062905/https://globalewaste.org/statistics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani rahoto da aka fitar ga ma'aikatar muhalli, ya kiyasta cewa New Zealand za ta samar da 28.7 kilogiram na e-sharar kan kowane mutum nan da shekarar 2030 ba tare da sake amfani da shi ba da 27.1kg tare da sake amfani da su. Mafi girman tushen da aka annabta na sharar gida a cikin 2030 ba tare da sake amfani da su ba sune manyan kayan aikin gida (10.1kg), fasahar bayanai da kayan sadarwa (7.1 kg), kayan lantarki da lantarki (3.8kg), kayan masarufi (3.6kg) da ƙananan kayan gida (3.1kg). <ref name=":1" /> [Littafi na 1] === Amsar jama'a === Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na wadanda suka amsa sun yarda su biya kudin zubar da sharar lantarki cikin aminci kamar talabijin da kwamfutoci. Sauran ba su son biyan wani abu ko kuma ba su da tabbas. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa kashi 85 cikin 100 sun yarda su kai kayayyaki zuwa wurin tarawa unguwanni. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a ranar eDay a shekara ta 2008, ya gano cewa kashi 26% na masu amsa sun halarci taron sake yin amfani da su saboda suna buƙatar sararin da tsoffin na'urorinsu suka ɗauka. Binciken shari'a na gidaje 249 na Whangarei da aka gudanar a cikin 2018, ya gano cewa mahalarta sun rabu da wanda zai zargi da matsalar sharar lantarki. Ƙananan adadin iyalai da aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa masu amfani ba su da laifi. Kashi 57 cikin 100 na masu amsa sun kimanta tsarin kasa na yanzu game da sharar gida a matsayin matalauta ko mummunan gaske.<ref name=":2"/> Binciken Abokin Ciniki NZ NZ na 2019 ya gano cewa kashi 63% na mutanen New Zealand da aka bincika sun yi iƙirarin damuwa game da sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consumer issues survey |url=https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/consumer-issues-survey |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Consumer NZ |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220114100/https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/consumer-issues-survey |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:EDay_Dunedin_2008_2911215656_babb075ccd_o.jpg|right|thumb|Electronic waste being collected during eDay in Dunedin, 2008]] A baya, an sami wasu shirye-shiryen sake amfani da su na wucin gadi da niyya waɗanda gwamnatin New Zealand ke tallafawa ciki har da eDay da shirin mayar da TV. Babu irin wannan shirye-shiryen gwamnatin kasa da ke gudana a halin yanzu, duk da haka akwai wasu tsare-tsare na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], al'ummomi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. === eDay ===   eDay wani shirin tattara kayayyaki ne na kasa da kasa don sharar lantarki wanda ya gudana daga 2006 zuwa 2010 a wurare 53 daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-03 |title=Tonnes of eDay waste in storage |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/4510086/Tonnes-of-eDay-waste-in-storage |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> An tattara kimanin tan 3200 na sharar lantarki kuma an sake amfani da su. Tunanin 1000 da aka tattara a shekara ta 2008 ya yi daidai da kusan 10% na na'urorin lantarki da na lantarki da aka shigo da su a cikin shekara guda kuma kasa da 5% na sharar lantarki na tarihi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoeveler |first=Jennifer-Ann |date=1 January 2009 |title=International Approaches to dealing with electronic waste |journal=New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law |volume=13 |pages=117–160 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref> Ba a gudanar da taron a cikin 2011 ko kuma a kowace shekara mai zuwa ba, saboda gwamnati ta daina samar da kudade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Q&As: New Zealand faces an ewaste crisis, says new report |url=https://www.eday.org.nz/template/media_questions__answers.pdf |access-date=2 Nov 2025 |website=eday.org.nz}}</ref> === CR E-Rays === Ya zuwa 2020 mai amfani da washe na E-waste Computer Recycling Ltd yana sauƙaƙe 'CR E-Days' da aka shirya a wurare daban-daban na al'umma a [[Auckland]] a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where to drop off e-waste in Auckland suburbs |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/aucklander/news/where-to-drop-off-e-waste-in-auckland-suburbs/DKDWDPXJ5FHYGJMODNUP4ACGOY/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Wadannan sune abubuwan da suka faru na sake amfani da sharar lantarki, suna bawa baƙi damar saukewa da sake amfani da tsoffin, ba a so ko fasahar lantarki ko kayan aikin lantarki. Saboda shiga cikin al'umma a cikin CR E-Days, Computer Recycling ya sami damar tattarawa da karkatar da fiye da kilo 300,000 na sharar lantarki da aka watsar da shi in ba haka ba an ƙaddara shi don zubar da shara. == Shari'a == New Zealand ba ta da manufofi na kasa, ka'idoji ko dokoki don sharar gida kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana saboda rashin ka'idojin alhakin samarwa a cikin ka'idoyon sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electronic Waste / E-Waste / WEEE |url=https://www.complianceandrisks.com/topics/electronic-waste-e-waste/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Compliance & Risks |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana cikin kashi 60% na ƙasashe da ba a rufe su da irin wannan manufofin ba, duk da haka, ita ce kawai ƙasa a cikin OECD. Jama'ar New Zealand suna daga cikin 'yan tsiraru (29%) na yawan mutanen duniya da ba a rufe su da manufofin alhakin samarwa ba.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai, duk da haka, manufofi da yawa na sharar gida da ke aiki wanda ke tasiri ga tsarawa da zubar da sharar gida. 3l69zr9rnbzq73gaazqxyhtths66l1v 914989 914988 2026-09-02T16:30:53Z Yusuf Murja 46196 914989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:E_waste_bin.jpg|thumb|Bin cike da E Waste da aka dauka a Computer Recycling Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand (2019) ]] [[Fayil:Electronic_waste_stockpile,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.JPG|right|thumb|Wani tarin sharar lantarki a Christchurch (2004).]] Sharar lantarki a New Zealand [[Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli|Batun muhalli]] ne da al'umma da gwamnati ke magance shi. E-sharar gida ita ce kogin sharar guba mai saurin girma a cikin New Zealand. Kowace shekara, ya zuwa na 2017, New Zealand na samar da kusan tan 99,000 (kg 20.1 a kowace mutum) na sharar lantarki, wanda tan 97,000 ake zubar da su a wuraren sharar ƙasa. New Zealand tana samar da mafi girman kundila na e-sharar gida a duniya yayin da take cikin mafi ƙanƙanta ƙimar sake amfani da su. An kiyasta cewa nan da shekara 2030, New Zealand za ta samar da 28.7kg na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum ba tare da sake yin amfani da su ba ko 27.1kg tare da dabarun sake amfani da su. A baya, akwai shirye-shiryen dawowa da kudade guda biyu da Gwamnati ta tallafawa: tarin e-Day, da kuma yakin neman dawo da TV. Ayyukan Sake amfani da sharar gida da hukumomi suka bayar sun bambanta da majalisa tare da wasu suna ba da sabis na sake amfani kyauta, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Buller District Council, New Zealand » E-waste collection |url=https://bullerdc.govt.nz/district-council/a-z-services/recycling-refuse-in-buller/e-waste-collection/ |access-date=2021-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> yayin da wasu majalisun ke ba da sabis mai biyan kuɗi ko dogaro da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Blake |first=Vicktoria |last2=Farrelly |first2=Trisia |author-link2=Trisia Farrelly |last3=Hannon |first3=Jonathon |year=2019 |title=Is Voluntary Product Stewardship for E-Waste Working in New Zealand? A Whangarei Case Study |journal=Sustainability |volume=11 |issue=11 |page=3063 |bibcode=2019Sust...11.3063B |doi=10.3390/su11113063 |doi-access=free}}</ref> New Zealand ita ce kawai ƙasa a cikin OECD ba tare da tsarin sharar gida na ƙasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Emile |date=2020-02-16 |title=The Detail: New Zealand's e-waste problem |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/the-detail/119542951/the-detail-new-zealands-ewaste-problem |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da New Zealand tana da ƙa'idodin AS/NZS don ayyukan sake amfani da e-sharar gida, waɗannan ba dole ba ne. Shirye-shiryen sake amfani da sharar e-sharar da gwamnati ke jagoranta a tarihi sun samu cikas saboda rashin bayanai. A cikin 2020, an ayyana e-sharar gida a matsayin fifikon sharar da ke buƙatar kulawar samfur na tilas. == Tarihi == A cikin 2017 Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) ta lura cewa New Zealand da Ostiraliya sun samar da mafi girman adadin e-washe ga kowane mutum a duniya yayin da suke cikin mafi ƙarancin rubuce-rubuce na sake amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2017 |title=UN-backed body 'right' to single out New Zealand as an e-waste laggard |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/99848483/unbacked-body-singles-out-new-zealand-as-an-ewaste-laggard}}</ref> Duk da yake kimantawa sun bambanta bisa ga hanyar, rahoton [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 2020 ya kiyasta New Zealand don samar da 19.2kg na sharar gida ga kowane mutum. Wannan yana sama da matsakaicin OECD na 17.1kg kuma fiye da sau 2.5 sama da matsakaiciyar duniya na 7.3kg. An kiyasta kashi 2% na sharar gida da aka samar za a karkatar da su daga zubar da shara. Kimanin 23.9kg na sabbin kayan lantarki ga kowane mutum ana sanya su a kasuwar New Zealand a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics |url=https://globalewaste.org/statistics/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=E-Waste |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213062905/https://globalewaste.org/statistics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani rahoto da aka fitar ga ma'aikatar muhalli, ya kiyasta cewa New Zealand za ta samar da 28.7 kilogiram na e-sharar kan kowane mutum nan da shekarar 2030 ba tare da sake amfani da shi ba da 27.1kg tare da sake amfani da su. Mafi girman tushen da aka annabta na sharar gida a cikin 2030 ba tare da sake amfani da su ba sune manyan kayan aikin gida (10.1kg), fasahar bayanai da kayan sadarwa (7.1 kg), kayan lantarki da lantarki (3.8kg), kayan masarufi (3.6kg) da ƙananan kayan gida (3.1kg). <ref name=":1" /> [Littafi na 1] === Amsar jama'a === Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na wadanda suka amsa sun yarda su biya kudin zubar da sharar lantarki cikin aminci kamar talabijin da kwamfutoci. Sauran ba su son biyan wani abu ko kuma ba su da tabbas. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa kashi 85 cikin 100 sun yarda su kai kayayyaki zuwa wurin tarawa unguwanni. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a ranar eDay a shekara ta 2008, ya gano cewa kashi 26% na masu amsa sun halarci taron sake yin amfani da su saboda suna buƙatar sararin da tsoffin na'urorinsu suka ɗauka. Binciken shari'a na gidaje 249 na Whangarei da aka gudanar a cikin 2018, ya gano cewa mahalarta sun rabu da wanda zai zargi da matsalar sharar lantarki. Ƙananan adadin iyalai da aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa masu amfani ba su da laifi. Kashi 57 cikin 100 na masu amsa sun kimanta tsarin kasa na yanzu game da sharar gida a matsayin matalauta ko mummunan gaske.<ref name=":2"/> Binciken Abokin Ciniki NZ NZ na 2019 ya gano cewa kashi 63% na mutanen New Zealand da aka bincika sun yi iƙirarin damuwa game da sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consumer issues survey |url=https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/consumer-issues-survey |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Consumer NZ |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220114100/https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/consumer-issues-survey |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:EDay_Dunedin_2008_2911215656_babb075ccd_o.jpg|right|thumb|Electronic waste being collected during eDay in Dunedin, 2008]] A baya, an sami wasu shirye-shiryen sake amfani da su na wucin gadi da niyya waɗanda gwamnatin New Zealand ke tallafawa ciki har da eDay da shirin mayar da TV. Babu irin wannan shirye-shiryen gwamnatin kasa da ke gudana a halin yanzu, duk da haka akwai wasu tsare-tsare na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], al'ummomi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. === eDay ===   eDay wani shirin tattara kayayyaki ne na kasa da kasa don sharar lantarki wanda ya gudana daga 2006 zuwa 2010 a wurare 53 daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-03 |title=Tonnes of eDay waste in storage |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/4510086/Tonnes-of-eDay-waste-in-storage |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> An tattara kimanin tan 3200 na sharar lantarki kuma an sake amfani da su. Tunanin 1000 da aka tattara a shekara ta 2008 ya yi daidai da kusan 10% na na'urorin lantarki da na lantarki da aka shigo da su a cikin shekara guda kuma kasa da 5% na sharar lantarki na tarihi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoeveler |first=Jennifer-Ann |date=1 January 2009 |title=International Approaches to dealing with electronic waste |journal=New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law |volume=13 |pages=117–160 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref> Ba a gudanar da taron a cikin 2011 ko kuma a kowace shekara mai zuwa ba, saboda gwamnati ta daina samar da kudade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Q&As: New Zealand faces an ewaste crisis, says new report |url=https://www.eday.org.nz/template/media_questions__answers.pdf |access-date=2 Nov 2025 |website=eday.org.nz}}</ref> === CR E-Rays === Ya zuwa 2020 mai amfani da washe na E-waste Computer Recycling Ltd yana sauƙaƙe 'CR E-Days' da aka shirya a wurare daban-daban na al'umma a [[Auckland]] a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where to drop off e-waste in Auckland suburbs |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/aucklander/news/where-to-drop-off-e-waste-in-auckland-suburbs/DKDWDPXJ5FHYGJMODNUP4ACGOY/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Wadannan sune abubuwan da suka faru na sake amfani da sharar lantarki, suna bawa baƙi damar saukewa da sake amfani da tsoffin, ba a so ko fasahar lantarki ko kayan aikin lantarki. Saboda shiga cikin al'umma a cikin CR E-Days, Computer Recycling ya sami damar tattarawa da karkatar da fiye da kilo 300,000 na sharar lantarki da aka watsar da shi in ba haka ba an ƙaddara shi don zubar da shara. == Shari'a == New Zealand ba ta da manufofi na kasa, ka'idoji ko dokoki don sharar gida kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana saboda rashin ka'idojin alhakin samarwa a cikin ka'idoyon sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electronic Waste / E-Waste / WEEE |url=https://www.complianceandrisks.com/topics/electronic-waste-e-waste/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Compliance & Risks |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana cikin kashi 60% na ƙasashe da ba a rufe su da irin wannan manufofin ba, duk da haka, ita ce kawai ƙasa a cikin OECD. Jama'ar New Zealand suna daga cikin 'yan tsiraru (29%) na yawan mutanen duniya da ba a rufe su da manufofin alhakin samarwa ba.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai, duk da haka, manufofi da yawa na sharar gida da ke aiki wanda ke tasiri ga tsarawa da zubar da sharar gida. bjnlucdcaanmg8a36oqa6j5v8wjbkp9 914990 914989 2026-09-02T16:33:43Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tarihi */ 914990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:E_waste_bin.jpg|thumb|Bin cike da E Waste da aka dauka a Computer Recycling Ltd, Auckland, New Zealand (2019) ]] [[Fayil:Electronic_waste_stockpile,_Christchurch,_New_Zealand.JPG|right|thumb|Wani tarin sharar lantarki a Christchurch (2004).]] Sharar lantarki a New Zealand [[Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli|Batun muhalli]] ne da al'umma da gwamnati ke magance shi. E-sharar gida ita ce kogin sharar guba mai saurin girma a cikin New Zealand. Kowace shekara, ya zuwa na 2017, New Zealand na samar da kusan tan 99,000 (kg 20.1 a kowace mutum) na sharar lantarki, wanda tan 97,000 ake zubar da su a wuraren sharar ƙasa. New Zealand tana samar da mafi girman kundila na e-sharar gida a duniya yayin da take cikin mafi ƙanƙanta ƙimar sake amfani da su. An kiyasta cewa nan da shekara 2030, New Zealand za ta samar da 28.7kg na e-sharar gida ga kowane mutum ba tare da sake yin amfani da su ba ko 27.1kg tare da dabarun sake amfani da su. A baya, akwai shirye-shiryen dawowa da kudade guda biyu da Gwamnati ta tallafawa: tarin e-Day, da kuma yakin neman dawo da TV. Ayyukan Sake amfani da sharar gida da hukumomi suka bayar sun bambanta da majalisa tare da wasu suna ba da sabis na sake amfani kyauta, <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Buller District Council, New Zealand » E-waste collection |url=https://bullerdc.govt.nz/district-council/a-z-services/recycling-refuse-in-buller/e-waste-collection/ |access-date=2021-10-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> yayin da wasu majalisun ke ba da sabis mai biyan kuɗi ko dogaro da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Blake |first=Vicktoria |last2=Farrelly |first2=Trisia |author-link2=Trisia Farrelly |last3=Hannon |first3=Jonathon |year=2019 |title=Is Voluntary Product Stewardship for E-Waste Working in New Zealand? A Whangarei Case Study |journal=Sustainability |volume=11 |issue=11 |page=3063 |bibcode=2019Sust...11.3063B |doi=10.3390/su11113063 |doi-access=free}}</ref> New Zealand ita ce kawai ƙasa a cikin OECD ba tare da tsarin sharar gida na ƙasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donovan |first=Emile |date=2020-02-16 |title=The Detail: New Zealand's e-waste problem |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/the-detail/119542951/the-detail-new-zealands-ewaste-problem |access-date=2022-10-24 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> Yayin da New Zealand tana da ƙa'idodin AS/NZS don ayyukan sake amfani da e-sharar gida, waɗannan ba dole ba ne. Shirye-shiryen sake amfani da sharar e-sharar da gwamnati ke jagoranta a tarihi sun samu cikas saboda rashin bayanai. A cikin 2020, an ayyana e-sharar gida a matsayin fifikon sharar da ke buƙatar kulawar samfur na tilas. == Tarihi == A cikin shekara ta 2017 Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) ta lura cewa New Zealand da Ostiraliya sun samar da mafi girman adadin e-washe ga kowane mutum a duniya yayin da suke cikin mafi ƙarancin rubuce-rubuce na sake amfani.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2017 |title=UN-backed body 'right' to single out New Zealand as an e-waste laggard |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/business/industries/99848483/unbacked-body-singles-out-new-zealand-as-an-ewaste-laggard}}</ref> Duk da yake kimantawa sun bambanta bisa ga hanyar, rahoton [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] na 2020 ya kiyasta New Zealand don samar da 19.2kg na sharar gida ga kowane mutum. Wannan yana sama da matsakaicin OECD na 17.1kg kuma fiye da sau 2.5 sama da matsakaiciyar duniya na 7.3kg. An kiyasta kashi 2% na sharar gida da aka samar za a karkatar da su daga zubar da shara. Kimanin 23.9kg na sabbin kayan lantarki ga kowane mutum ana sanya su a kasuwar New Zealand a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics |url=https://globalewaste.org/statistics/ |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=E-Waste |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-12-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213062905/https://globalewaste.org/statistics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani rahoto da aka fitar ga ma'aikatar muhalli, ya kiyasta cewa New Zealand za ta samar da 28.7 kilogiram na e-sharar kan kowane mutum nan da shekarar 2030 ba tare da sake amfani da shi ba da 27.1kg tare da sake amfani da su. Mafi girman tushen da aka annabta na sharar gida a cikin 2030 ba tare da sake amfani da su ba sune manyan kayan aikin gida (10.1kg), fasahar bayanai da kayan sadarwa (7.1 kg), kayan lantarki da lantarki (3.8kg), kayan masarufi (3.6kg) da ƙananan kayan gida (3.1kg). <ref name=":1" /> [Littafi na 1] === Amsar jama'a === Wani bincike da aka gudanar a shekara ta 2006 ya nuna cewa kashi biyu bisa uku na wadanda suka amsa sun yarda su biya kudin zubar da sharar lantarki cikin aminci kamar talabijin da kwamfutoci. Sauran ba su son biyan wani abu ko kuma ba su da tabbas. Binciken ya kuma nuna cewa kashi 85 cikin 100 sun yarda su kai kayayyaki zuwa wurin tarawa unguwanni. Wani bincike da aka gudanar a ranar eDay a shekara ta 2008, ya gano cewa kashi 26% na masu amsa sun halarci taron sake yin amfani da su saboda suna buƙatar sararin da tsoffin na'urorinsu suka ɗauka. Binciken shari'a na gidaje 249 na Whangarei da aka gudanar a cikin 2018, ya gano cewa mahalarta sun rabu da wanda zai zargi da matsalar sharar lantarki. Ƙananan adadin iyalai da aka bincika sun yi imanin cewa masu amfani ba su da laifi. Kashi 57 cikin 100 na masu amsa sun kimanta tsarin kasa na yanzu game da sharar gida a matsayin matalauta ko mummunan gaske.<ref name=":2"/> Binciken Abokin Ciniki NZ NZ na 2019 ya gano cewa kashi 63% na mutanen New Zealand da aka bincika sun yi iƙirarin damuwa game da sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Consumer issues survey |url=https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/consumer-issues-survey |access-date=2022-12-20 |website=Consumer NZ |language=en |archive-date=2022-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220114100/https://www.consumer.org.nz/articles/consumer-issues-survey |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:EDay_Dunedin_2008_2911215656_babb075ccd_o.jpg|right|thumb|Electronic waste being collected during eDay in Dunedin, 2008]] A baya, an sami wasu shirye-shiryen sake amfani da su na wucin gadi da niyya waɗanda gwamnatin New Zealand ke tallafawa ciki har da eDay da shirin mayar da TV. Babu irin wannan shirye-shiryen gwamnatin kasa da ke gudana a halin yanzu, duk da haka akwai wasu tsare-tsare na [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|kananan hukumomi]], al'ummomi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. === eDay ===   eDay wani shirin tattara kayayyaki ne na kasa da kasa don sharar lantarki wanda ya gudana daga 2006 zuwa 2010 a wurare 53 daban-daban.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-03 |title=Tonnes of eDay waste in storage |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/environment/4510086/Tonnes-of-eDay-waste-in-storage |access-date=2021-10-21 |website=Stuff |language=en}}</ref> An tattara kimanin tan 3200 na sharar lantarki kuma an sake amfani da su. Tunanin 1000 da aka tattara a shekara ta 2008 ya yi daidai da kusan 10% na na'urorin lantarki da na lantarki da aka shigo da su a cikin shekara guda kuma kasa da 5% na sharar lantarki na tarihi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoeveler |first=Jennifer-Ann |date=1 January 2009 |title=International Approaches to dealing with electronic waste |journal=New Zealand Journal of Environmental Law |volume=13 |pages=117–160 |via=HeinOnline}}</ref> Ba a gudanar da taron a cikin 2011 ko kuma a kowace shekara mai zuwa ba, saboda gwamnati ta daina samar da kudade.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Media Q&As: New Zealand faces an ewaste crisis, says new report |url=https://www.eday.org.nz/template/media_questions__answers.pdf |access-date=2 Nov 2025 |website=eday.org.nz}}</ref> === CR E-Rays === Ya zuwa 2020 mai amfani da washe na E-waste Computer Recycling Ltd yana sauƙaƙe 'CR E-Days' da aka shirya a wurare daban-daban na al'umma a [[Auckland]] a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Where to drop off e-waste in Auckland suburbs |url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/aucklander/news/where-to-drop-off-e-waste-in-auckland-suburbs/DKDWDPXJ5FHYGJMODNUP4ACGOY/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=NZ Herald |language=en-NZ}}</ref> Wadannan sune abubuwan da suka faru na sake amfani da sharar lantarki, suna bawa baƙi damar saukewa da sake amfani da tsoffin, ba a so ko fasahar lantarki ko kayan aikin lantarki. Saboda shiga cikin al'umma a cikin CR E-Days, Computer Recycling ya sami damar tattarawa da karkatar da fiye da kilo 300,000 na sharar lantarki da aka watsar da shi in ba haka ba an ƙaddara shi don zubar da shara. == Shari'a == New Zealand ba ta da manufofi na kasa, ka'idoji ko dokoki don sharar gida kamar yadda Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana saboda rashin ka'idojin alhakin samarwa a cikin ka'idoyon sharar gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electronic Waste / E-Waste / WEEE |url=https://www.complianceandrisks.com/topics/electronic-waste-e-waste/ |access-date=2022-12-21 |website=Compliance & Risks |language=en-US}}</ref> Yana cikin kashi 60% na ƙasashe da ba a rufe su da irin wannan manufofin ba, duk da haka, ita ce kawai ƙasa a cikin OECD. Jama'ar New Zealand suna daga cikin 'yan tsiraru (29%) na yawan mutanen duniya da ba a rufe su da manufofin alhakin samarwa ba.<ref name=":3" /> Akwai, duk da haka, manufofi da yawa na sharar gida da ke aiki wanda ke tasiri ga tsarawa da zubar da sharar gida. 0293lkhbnntswmgftmisx1njw78j2jl 0 126388 915244 757100 2026-09-03T05:19:23Z Ummeeterh 31568 915244 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dávid Julián Dobrík''' (/ˈdoʊbrɪk/; [ˈdaːvid ˈdɔbriːk]; An haife shi a ranar 23 ga [[Yuli]], 1996) mutum ne na Intanet, [[YouTube]], mai gudana da [[vlog]]" . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Leskin |first=Paige |date=February 2, 2020 |title=The rise of David Dobrik, a 23-year-old YouTuber worth over $17 million who got his start making 6-second videos |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/david-dobrik-net-worth-youtube-career-vine-liza-koshy-2019-9 |access-date=February 7, 2020 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Ya tara mabiya miliyan a dandalin raba bidiyo na Vine kafin ya fara vlog dinsa a YouTube a shekarar 2015.<ref name="Vine3YearsLater">{{Cite web |date=January 17, 2020 |title=It's Been 3 Years (or 15,768,000 Loops) Since the Vine App Died: See Where Famous Viners Are Now |url=https://www.eonline.com/shows/peoples_choice_awards/news/1112540/it-s-been-3-years-or-15-768-000-loops-since-the-vine-app-died-see-where-famous-viners-are-now |access-date=February 7, 2020 |website=E! |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 November 2019 |title=Who is David Dobrik? How a Vine star became YouTube's biggest vlogger |url=https://www.dexerto.com/entertainment/who-is-david-dobrik-how-a-vine-star-became-youtubes-biggest-vlogger-1285713 |access-date=February 7, 2020 |website=Dexerto.com}}</ref>{{IPA|sk|ˈdaːvid ˈdɔbriːk|lang}}{{IPA|sk|ˈdaːvid ˈdɔbriːk|lang}}{{IPA|sk|ˈdaːvid ˈdɔbriːk|lang}} Dobrik shine shugaban ƙungiyar YouTube The Vlog Squad, wanda ke nunawa a cikin vlogs kuma ya ƙunshi zaɓuɓɓukan juyawa na ƙungiyar abokinsa. Ya zuwa 6 ga Yuli, 2022, tashar vlog ta Dobrik tana da masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 19 da ra'ayoyi biliyan 7.1. Tashar ita ce tashar kirkirar ta biyar da aka fi kallo a YouTube a cikin 2019, tare da ra'ayoyi biliyan 2.4 a wannan shekarar.<ref name="Rewind2019">{{Cite web |date=5 December 2019 |title=YouTube Rewind 2019 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2lAe1cqCOXo |access-date=16 December 2019 |website=YouTube}}</ref><ref name="Rewind2019BI">{{Cite web |last=Leskin |first=Paige |date=6 December 2019 |title=The most-viewed creators on YouTube in 2019 include PewDiePie, David Dobrik, and some of your favorite gamers |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/youtube-most-viewed-creators-pewdiepie-david-dobrik-mrbeast-azzyland-lazarbeam-2019-12 |access-date=February 7, 2020 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Baya ga nishaɗin intanet, Dobrik ya yi murya a cikin The Angry Birds Movie 2, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin alƙalai a cikin [[Nickelodeon]] TV show America's Most Musical Family, <ref name="MostMusicalFamilyDeadline2">{{Cite web |last=Bruce Haring |date=July 25, 2019 |title=''America's Most Musical Family'' Adds Ciara, Debbie Gibson, David Dobrik as Judges for Nickelodeon Competition |url=https://deadline.com/2019/07/americas-most-musical-family-adds-ciara-debbie-gibson-david-dobrik-as-judges-nickelodeon-1202654264/ |access-date=July 26, 2020 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> kuma ya dauki bakuncin ''[[SpongeBob SquarePants]]'' na musamman da kuma farkon kakar wasan kwaikwayo na gaskiya na Discovery Channel TV show ''Dodgeball Thunderdome'' . [3]<ref name="dodgeball20202">{{Cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=4 August 2020 |title=David Dobrik to Host Dodgeball Competition Series for Discovery Channel (Exclusive) |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/david-dobrik-host-dodgeball-series-discovery-channel-1305853 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] ==manazarta == 0kkhwjusvq8ufm2viuekk34vto6wzr0 0 127338 915226 798239 2026-09-03T05:03:13Z Ummeeterh 31568 915226 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shaun Bonétt''' (An haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan [[Janairu|Janairun]] shekara ta 1971) ɗan kasuwa ne na [[Asturaliya|Australiya]] <ref name="Gibson2016">{{Cite web |last=Gibson |first=Candy |date=Winter 2007 |title=$220 million reasons to smile |url=http://www.adelaide.edu.au/lumen/issues/18921/news18945.html?q=Shaun%20Bonett |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=Lumen |publisher=[[University of Adelaide]]}}</ref> kuma mai haɓaka dukiya wanda ya kafa kuma shine Shugaba na Precision Group.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2007 |title=New kid on the very rich block |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/hes-the-new-kid-the-very-rich-block/2007/09/26/1190486385842.html |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2013 |title=Shaun Bonett |url=http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/shaun_bonett_CUQZgKBRDBBDVaoIHFwetM |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[BRW (magazine)|BRW]] |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065746/http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/shaun_bonett_CUQZgKBRDBBDVaoIHFwetM |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Shaun Bonétt a [[Landan]], Ingila, ga iyayen Australiya da Maltese, <ref name="Gibson2016"/> Marlene da Anton Bonétt, wanda na ƙarshe ya kasance likitan cutar kanjamau ga [[Hukumar Lafiya ta Duniya]]. <ref name="DOI2009">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2009 |title=Department of Information |url=http://www.doi-archived.gov.mt/EN/press_releases/2009/09/pr1600.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928074821/http://www.doi-archived.gov.mt/EN/press_releases/2009/09/pr1600.asp |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=Department of Information - Malta |quote=Mr Shaun Bonett is the son of the late Dr Anton and Mrs Marlene Bonett. Dr Anton Bonett was a cancer specialist who came to Australia with the World Health Organization in the late 1970s.}}</ref> Bonett ya koma Ostiraliya a 1978 <ref name="Gibson2016" /> kuma ya yi karatu a [[Kwalejin Saint Ignatius, Adelaide]] . <ref name="Gibson2016" /><ref name="Grech2007">{{Cite web |last=Grech |first=Herman |date=28 September 2007 |title=Maltese property developer tops Australia's young rich-list |url=http://www.timesofmalta.com/articles/view/20070928/local/maltese-property-developer-tops-australias-young-rich-list.3769 |access-date=24 January 2016 |website=[[Times of Malta]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1980s, Bonétt ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda a Adelaide, kuma ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Adelaide, ya kammala a 1991 tare da digiri na farko na Shari'a da Fasaha. [1] <ref name="TheAus">{{Cite web |last=Carter |first=Bridget |date=25 September 2008 |title=Shopping centre magnate Shaun Bonett took risks early on |url=http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/business-old/precision-timing-pays-off/story-e6frg9gx-1111117574440 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121231062210/http://www.theaustralian.com.au/archive/business-old/precision-timing-pays-off/story-e6frg9gx-1111117574440 |archive-date=31 December 2012 |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[The Australian]]}} </ref> Bonétt kuma ta kammala karatu a [[Jami'ar Kudancin Australia]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2013 |title=Shaun Bonett |url=http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/shaun_bonett_CUQZgKBRDBBDVaoIHFwetM |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[BRW (magazine)|BRW]] |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065746/http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/shaun_bonett_CUQZgKBRDBBDVaoIHFwetM |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyuka == Bonétt ya yi aiki a kamfanin lauya na Thomson Simmons & Co daga 1990 zuwa 1996 sannan kuma a matsayin Babban Mataimakin a Phillips Fox daga 1996 zuwa 1998.<ref name="DOI2009"/> A shekara ta 1994 lokacin da yake dan shekara 24, Bonétt ya kafa Precision Group, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2007 |title=New kid on the very rich block |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/hes-the-new-kid-the-very-rich-block/2007/09/26/1190486385842.html |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref> kamfanin saka hannun jari da gudanarwa,<ref name="TheAus"/> kuma ya shiga cikin sake sanya MacArthur Central,<ref name="PrecisionSwaps">{{Cite web |date=25 May 2006 |title=Precision swaps offices for shops |url=http://www.afr.com/p/business/property/item_Nx442XWyvFdYFhfgn3rMAN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141111020108/http://www.afr.com/p/business/property/item_Nx442XWyvFdYFhfgn3rMAN |archive-date=11 November 2014 |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[Australian Financial Review]] |quote=Precision Group founder Shaun Bonett is already planning how to reposition Brisbane's MacArthur Central Shopping Centre, which he acquired yesterday for $119.5 million.}}</ref> kuma ya hada kai da Bankin China don siyan cibiyar cinikin Chevron Renaissance. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2013 |title=Shaun Bonett |url=http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/shaun_bonett_CUQZgKBRDBBDVaoIHFwetM |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[BRW (magazine)|BRW]] |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065746/http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/shaun_bonett_CUQZgKBRDBBDVaoIHFwetM |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bonétt kuma ta tattauna da kafa kantin sayar da Tiffany & Company a Adelaide Central Plaza, tare da wasu 'yan kasuwa na duniya guda uku, ciki har da David Jones.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2007 |title=New kid on the very rich block |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/hes-the-new-kid-the-very-rich-block/2007/09/26/1190486385842.html |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2013 |title=Shaun Bonett |url=http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/shaun_bonett_CUQZgKBRDBBDVaoIHFwetM |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[BRW (magazine)|BRW]] }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekara ta 2003 Bonétt ya shiga kwamitin daraktocin iSelect Health & Life Insurance, a shekara ta 2005 ya shiga kwaminin Lenders Direct, kuma a shekara ta 2007 ya shiga kwarin kuma ya zama Shugaban Litigation Lending Services.<ref name="DOI20092">{{Cite web |date=25 September 2009 |title=Department of Information |url=http://www.doi-archived.gov.mt/EN/press_releases/2009/09/pr1600.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150928074821/http://www.doi-archived.gov.mt/EN/press_releases/2009/09/pr1600.asp |archive-date=28 September 2015 |access-date=24 January 2016 |publisher=Department of Information - Malta |quote=Mr Shaun Bonett is the son of the late Dr Anton and Mrs Marlene Bonett. Dr Anton Bonett was a cancer specialist who came to Australia with the World Health Organization in the late 1970s.}}</ref> A cikin 2018 Bonétt ta sami kayan aiki da wurin zama na kwamiti a cikin kamfanin binciken bayanai na ASX wanda aka jera Skyfii Limited . == Rayuwa ta mutum == A shekara ta 2004, Bonétt ta auri samfurin, Vanessa Baron . Ya zuwa 2021, suna da 'yar, Hauwa'u, da ɗa, Jibra'ilu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2007 |title=New kid on the very rich block |url=http://www.smh.com.au/news/business/hes-the-new-kid-the-very-rich-block/2007/09/26/1190486385842.html |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[Sydney Morning Herald]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2013 |title=Shaun Bonett |url=http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/shaun_bonett_CUQZgKBRDBBDVaoIHFwetM |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[BRW (magazine)|BRW]] |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304065746/http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/shaun_bonett_CUQZgKBRDBBDVaoIHFwetM |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Kudin da aka samu === Bonétt ya fara fitowa a <nowiki><i id="mwpA">Business Review Weekly</i></nowiki> ( ''BRW'' ) Young Rich List a shekarar 2006, inda ya zo na uku da darajar A$ A220.&nbsp;miliyan <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 May 2013 |title=Shaun Bonett |url=http://www.brw.com.au/p/lists/rich-200/2013/shaun_bonett_CUQZgKBRDBBDVaoIHFwetM |access-date=23 January 2016 |website=[[BRW (magazine)|BRW]] }}{{Dead link|date=February 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma an sanya shi a matsayin Mutumin da Ya Fi Kowacce Arziki a Ostiraliya Shekaru 40 da Ƙasa da haka a 2007–2008. {{As of|2025|05}} , Kamfanin ''Australian Financial Review'' ya kiyasta cewa dukiyar Bonétt ta kai A$ 1.70&nbsp;biliyan . A shekarar 2019, jaridar ''The Australia'' ta kiyasta cewa dukiyar Bonétt ta kai A$ 1.17&nbsp;biliyan. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] otiftzbxhpi3vke2tst2ej4r51rwooe 0 127745 915225 842907 2026-09-03T05:01:31Z Ummeeterh 31568 915225 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Murali K. Thalluri''' (An haife shi a ranar 4 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1984) shi ne darektan fina-finai na Australiya, marubuci, kuma furodusa. Kamfanin samar da shi da kuma samar da kudade ana kiransa M2 Entertainment ('''M2E'''). == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Murali K. Thalluri a ranar 4 ga watan [[Ogusta|Agusta]] 1984 <ref name="maddox2006" /> a [[Kanberra|Canberra]] ga iyayen Indiyawan (Telugu), da ake kira Rajkiran da Jyoti.<ref name="pais2006">{{Cite web |last=Pais |first=Arthur J. |date=15 September 2006 |title='I call it the film that saved my life' |url=https://www.rediff.com/movies/2006/sep/15murali.htm |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=Rediff}}</ref> Sun koma [[Adelaide]], Kudancin Australia, inda Thalluri ya halarci [[Kwalejin Rostrevor]] sannan ya kammala makarantar sakandare a Kwalejin Jami'ar.<ref name="maddox2006">{{Cite web |last=Maddox |first=Garry |date=20 May 2006 |title=Cannes-do Man In A Hurry |url=http://www.cannes.com.au/cannes-news/2006/5/20/cannesdo-man-in-a-hurry/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150505215001/http://www.cannes.com.au/cannes-news/2006/5/20/cannesdo-man-in-a-hurry/ |archive-date=5 May 2015 |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=The Age |via=cannes.com.au}}</ref> Yayinda yake yaro, an kwantar da Thalluri a asibiti na dogon lokaci tare da matsalolin koda da bututu, kuma yana da shekaru 15 kusan "yara" 15 suka yi masa fashi kuma suka yi masa wuka yayin da yake cikin ɗakin tarho, wanda ya haifar da asarar ido ɗaya.<ref name="maddox2006"/> Iyayensa sun so ya zama likita, amma ya fara karatun digiri na kasuwanci a [[Jami'ar Kudancin Australia]] yayin da yake aiki a Ofishin Haraji na Australiya, kafin ya yanke shawarar cewa yana so ya yi fina-finai.<ref name="maddox2006"/> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2006 Thalluri, tare da mai daukar hoto Nick Matthews, sun kafa kamfanin M2 Entertainment (M2E) a matsayin kamfanin samar da fina-finai da kuma samar da kudi don yin fim dinsa na farko.<ref name="cooper2010">{{Cite web |last=Cooper |first=Sarah |date=20 August 2010 |title=Murali Thalluri relaunches Australia's M2 Entertainment |url=https://www.screendaily.com/production/murali-thalluri-relaunches-australias-m2-entertainment/5017234.article |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103074955/https://www.screendaily.com/production/murali-thalluri-relaunches-australias-m2-entertainment/5017234.article |archive-date=3 November 2025 |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=[[Screen Daily]]}}</ref> ''2:37'', tare da Teresa Palmer, fim game da kashe kansa na matasa, an kammala shi lokacin da yake da shekaru 22 kuma ya sami kuɗi a kan karamin kasafin kuɗi ta hanyar kudade masu zaman kansu.<ref name="AFC">{{Cite web |title=2:37 |url=https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/the-screen-guide/t/t/22263 |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=The Screen Guide |publisher=[[Screen Australia]] |archive-date=3 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251103081040/https://www.screenaustralia.gov.au/the-screen-guide/t/t/22263 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="pais2006" /> Wasan kwaikwayo na tunanin mutum ya yi nasara sosai, yana mai da Thalluri "labari mai nasara na dare".<ref name="kornits2019">{{Cite web |last=Kornits |first=Dov |date=18 February 2019 |title=Murali Thalluri to finally follow up 2:37 |url=https://www.filmink.com.au/murali-thalluri-finally-follow-237/ |access-date=3 November 2025 |website=FilmInk}}</ref> Har ila yau, fim ne na farko da kamfanin samar da fina-finai na Adelaide Kojo, wanda kamfanin Kent Smith ya samar. Ya kasance Zaɓin hukuma a bikin fina-finai na Cannes na shekara ta 2006.<ref name="george2009">{{Cite web |last=George |first=Sandy |date=20 March 2009 |title=Kent Smith: Australia's newest mini-mogul |url=http://www.screendaily.com/kent-smith-australias-newest-mini-mogul/4043704.article |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827055940/http://www.screendaily.com/kent-smith-australias-newest-mini-mogul/4043704.article |archive-date=27 August 2009 |website=[[Screen Daily]]}}</ref><ref name="festival-cannes.com">{{Cite web |title=Festival de Cannes: 2:37 |url=http://www.festival-cannes.com/en/archives/ficheFilm/id/4362614/year/2006.html |access-date=24 June 2015 |website=festival-cannes.com}}</ref> kuma an nuna shi a bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Melbourne da Toronto . Thalluri ya ce ya yi amfani da abubuwa na kashe kansa na abokinsa da kuma yunkurin kashe kansa, wanda ya haifar da gardama bayan wasu sun zarge shi da yin ƙarya game da wannan.<ref name="pais2006"/> A watan Agustan shekara ta 2010, Thalluri ya sake kaddamar da M2E, tare da manufar tallafawa ko hada-hadar fina-finai guda biyu da gajerun fina-fukkuna biyu a kowace shekara har zuwa shekara ta 2014. Kwamitin ya hada da Nick Matthews, furodusa Nick Selth, Ian Gibbins na Arclight Films, furodura Scott Mosier, masu hada sauti Leslie Shatz da Chris David, da Michelle Krumm, wadanda a baya suka yi aiki ga Miramax da Weinstein.[1] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] rjaphvk4nzudxzmv6lcp37qkg2nt5rg 0 127816 914827 761043 2026-09-02T12:38:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914827 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Victor Josef Papanek''' (pronunciation Jamusanci: [ˈvɪktoʁ ˈjoːsɛf ˈpapanɛk]; 22 Nuwamba 1923 - 10 Janairu 1998) ɗan asalin ƙasar Austriya ne kuma ɗan asalin ƙasar Amirka ne mai tsarawa kuma malami, wanda ya zama mai ba da shawara mai ƙarfi game da ƙirar zamantakewa da ke da alhakin muhalli na samfuran, kayan aiki, da kayan aikin al'umma.<ref name="world-architects">{{Cite web |title=Victor Papanek: The Politics of Design - Weil am Rhein |url=https://www.world-architects.com/en/events/victor-papanek-the-politics-of-design |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=World-Architects |language=en}}</ref> Littafinsa Design for the Real World, wanda aka buga a 1971 kuma aka fassara shi cikin harsuna sama da 24, yana da tasiri na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Rereading Victor Papanek's "Design for the Real World" |url=https://www.metropolismag.com/ideas/rereading-design-for-the-real-world/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Metropolis |language=en-US}}</ref>{{IPA|de|ˈvɪktoʁ ˈjoːsɛf ˈpapanɛk}}{{IPA|de|ˈvɪktoʁ ˈjoːsɛf ˈpapanɛk}}{{IPA|de|ˈvɪktoʁ ˈjoːsɛf ˈpapanɛk}}{{Spaced en dash}} == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Victor Josef Papanek a [[Vienna]], Austria, a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba 1923. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Rereading Victor Papanek's "Design for the Real World" |url=https://www.metropolismag.com/ideas/rereading-design-for-the-real-world/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Metropolis |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="dunham">{{Cite web |last=Dunham |first=Katie |date=2018-10-03 |title=Victor Papanek: The Politics of Design Opens at Vitra Design Museum |url=http://blog.calarts.edu/2018/10/03/victor-papanek-the-politics-of-design-opens-at-vitra-design-museum/ |access-date=2018-12-06 |publisher=24700 News from California Institute of the Arts CalArts |language=en-US |archive-date=2018-12-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102604/http://blog.calarts.edu/2018/10/03/victor-papanek-the-politics-of-design-opens-at-vitra-design-museum/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Victor J. Papanek im Vitra Design Museum Weil am Rhein |url=https://www.architekturzeitung.com/architekturmagazin/88-architektur-design-kunst/3527-vitra-design-museum-weil-am-rhein.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181206102452/https://www.architekturzeitung.com/architekturmagazin/88-architektur-design-kunst/3527-vitra-design-museum-weil-am-rhein.html |archive-date=December 6, 2018 |access-date=December 6, 2018 |publisher=www.architekturzeitung.com |language=German}}</ref> Akwai bayanai masu rikitarwa da aka buga game da ranar haihuwar Papanek, kuma kwanakin suna tsakanin 1923 da 1927. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce Helene (née Spitz) kuma mahaifinsa Richard Papanek ne, mai sayar da abinci na Yahudawa. An haifi Victor a lokacin da yake jihar Social Democratic. <ref name="smow">{{Cite web |date=2018-09-28 |title=Victor Papanek: The Politics of Design @ the Vitra Design Museum |url=https://www.smow.com/blog/2018/09/victor-papanek-the-politics-of-design-the-vitra-design-museum/ |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=smow.de |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya halarci makaranta a Ingila.<ref name="rawsthorn" /> Mahaifinsa ya mutu a 1935, yayin da yake aiki a cikin Sojojin Faransa.<ref name="montclair">{{Cite web |date=8 March 1940 |title=Much Travelled Swiss Boy Scout Stops By For A Visit to Montclair |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/515578785/ |url-access=subscription |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=Newspapers.com |publisher=The Montclair Times |page=4 |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 1939, bayan Da Nazi Jamus ta mamaye Austria, Papanek mai shekaru 15 ya yi hijira zuwa Amurka ta hanyar Ellis Island a matsayin [[Ƴan gudun hijira|'yan gudun hijira]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Rereading Victor Papanek's "Design for the Real World" |url=https://www.metropolismag.com/ideas/rereading-design-for-the-real-world/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Metropolis |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="dunham"/> A shekara ta 1940, ya koyar da darussan Jamusanci a YMCA ta New York.<ref name="montclair"/> Bayan isowa Birnin New York, baje kolin duniya na New York na 1939 yana faruwa, wanda ya haɗa da aikin Raymond Loewy. Wannan ya tsara wasu ra'ayoyin farko na Papanek game da ƙira a matsayin nau'in dimokuradiyya. A ƙarshen shekarun 1940, Papanek ya kirkiro mai ba da shawara na farko a Birnin New York da ake kira, Design Clinic . <ref name="disegnodaily">{{Cite web |title=Beyond the Tin Can Radio |url=https://www.disegnodaily.com/article/beyond-the-tin-can-radio |access-date=2021-03-09 |publisher=DisegnoDaily}}</ref> == Ilimi == Papanek ya yi karatun gine-gine tare da Frank Lloyd Wright a Taliesin West a Arizona a cikin 1949.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Rereading Victor Papanek's "Design for the Real World" |url=https://www.metropolismag.com/ideas/rereading-design-for-the-real-world/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Metropolis |language=en-US}}</ref> Papanek ya sami digiri na farko a Cooper Union a New York (1950) kuma ya kammala karatun digiri a cikin zane a Cibiyar Fasaha ta Massachusetts (MA 1955). <ref name="disegnodaily"/> Dan gudun hijira na Berlin Paul Zucker yana da tasiri sosai a kan Papanek yayin karatunsa a Cooper Union . == Ayyuka == Papanek ya kirkiro kayayyaki na kayayyaki don Kungiyar Ilimi, Kimiyya da Al'adu ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UNESCO) da Kungiyar Lafiya ta Duniya (WHO). Volvo na Sweden ya yi kwangila da aikin zane tare da shi, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Rereading Victor Papanek's "Design for the Real World" |url=https://www.metropolismag.com/ideas/rereading-design-for-the-real-world/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Metropolis |language=en-US}}</ref> don ƙirƙirar taksi ga nakasassu. Kayan da ya tsara sun haɗa da rediyo mai ban mamaki, wanda aka yi daga gwangwani na abinci na ƙarfe kuma ana amfani da shi ta kyandir mai cin wuta, wanda aka tsara don a samar da shi da arha a kasashe masu tasowa. Har ila yau, ƙwarewarsa ta ƙira ta kai shi cikin ayyukan kamar hanyar da ta dace don watsar da tsaba da taki don sake dasa bishiyoyi a cikin ƙasa mai wahalar samun dama, da kuma aiki tare da ƙungiyar ƙira a kan abin hawa mai amfani da mutum wanda zai iya isar da nauyin rabin tan, da kuma wata ƙungiya don tsara motar da ke da ƙafa uku, mai gajiya sosai. Papanek ya sami kyaututtuka da yawa, ciki har da Kyautattun Mai zane daga National Endowment for the Arts a shekarar 1988. A shekara mai zuwa a shekara ta 1989, ya sami lambar yabo ta Duniya ta Gidauniyar IKEA . <ref name="laufer" /> === Ka'idoji da koyarwa === Ra'ayoyin Papanek game da ƙirar iconoclastic, aikin jarida, da kuma tsarinsa na musamman na duniya ga shirye-shiryen koyarwa ya kasance babban canji daga ƙungiyoyin ƙira na shekarun 1960 da 1970. <ref name="clarke-2018">{{Cite web |last=Clarke |first=Alison |date=October 2018 |title=Victor Papanek: Design, Ecology, and Global Activism |url=https://liberalartsmasters.risd.edu/ncss/events/victor-papanek-design-ecology-and-global-activism/ |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=Nature–Culture–Sustainability Studies, Rhode Island School of Design}}</ref> Ra'ayinsa game da zane shine na wani abu ko tsarin, musamman aiki a matsayin kayan aikin siyasa.<ref name="clarke-2018" /> Tare da sha'awarsa ga dukkan fannoni na zane da kuma yadda zane ya shafi mutane da muhalli, Papanek ya ji cewa yawancin abin da aka ƙera ba shi da kyau, sau da yawa ba shi da amfani har ma da aminci. Littafinsa "Design for the Real World" (1971), ya tsara yawancin waɗannan ra'ayoyin.<ref name="clarke-2021" /> === Koyarwa === A cikin mafi yawan aikinsa, Papanek ya koyar da darussan zane.[1] Ya kasance Mataimakin farfesa kuma Shugaban Sashen Zane na Kayayyaki a Makarantar Zane a Kwalejin Jihar North Carolina (1962). [undefined][2] Bugu da ƙari, Papanek ya koyar a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Ontario, Makarantar Zane ta Rhode Island, Jami'ar Purdue, Cibiyar Fasaha ta California (inda ya kasance dean), Cibiyar Fasahar Kansas City (daga 1976 zuwa 1981), Jami'ar Kansas (J.L. Constant Farfesa na Gine-gine da Zane, 1982-1998), [1] da sauran wurare a Arewacin Amurka, Turai da sauran wurare. == Mutuwa da gado == Papanek ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1998, a Lawrence, Kansas, yana da shekaru 74. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Rereading Victor Papanek's "Design for the Real World" |url=https://www.metropolismag.com/ideas/rereading-design-for-the-real-world/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Metropolis |language=en-US}}</ref> An kirkiro lambar yabo ta Victor J Papanek Social Design a matsayin hadin gwiwa tsakanin Gidauniyar Papanek, Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna, Gidan Tarihi da Zane da Cibiyar Al'adu ta Austrian, don ba da lambar yabo ga "aikin da suka tabbatar da hangen nesa na Papanek game da muhalli da / ko alhakin zamantakewa".<ref name="disegnodaily"/> A cikin 2015, Makarantar Zane ta Parsons da Gidauniyar Victor Papanek ta Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna sun gudanar da taro da nune-nunen, Yadda Abubuwa Ba Ta Aiki: Mafarki na Victor Papanak . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-11-01 |title=Rereading Victor Papanek's "Design for the Real World" |url=https://www.metropolismag.com/ideas/rereading-design-for-the-real-world/ |access-date=2021-03-08 |website=Metropolis |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2018-2021, Gidan Tarihi na Vitra da Gidauniyar Victor Papanek na Jami'ar Fasaha ta Vienna sun gudanar da nune-nunen solo, Victor Papanak: Siyasa ta Zane.<ref name="world-architects"/><ref name="smow"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1998]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ipykf9u6hhduyhhrcvv7cq4yolh4ug3 0 128608 915234 799852 2026-09-03T05:15:03Z Ummeeterh 31568 915234 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Otto Armster''' (11 ga Yulin 1891 a Preetz - 21 ga [[Satumba]] 1957) ya kasance jami'in leken asiri na soja na Jamus kuma memba ne na juriya ta [[Jamus]], wanda ke da hannu a yunkurin kashe [[Adolf Hitler]] a ranar 20 ga Yulin 1944. == Rayuwa == Armster aboki ne na Admiral Wilhelm Canaris shugaban masu leken asiri (Abwehr) kuma ya kasance yana hulɗa da da'irar juriya tun 1939. A matsayinsa na Colonel kuma shugaban ofishin leken asiri a [[Vienna]] tun watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1944, ya yi aiki tare da Georg Alexander Hansen, Hans Oster da Ludwig Gehre. Dangane da ayyukan juriya Armster yana da hulɗa na yau da kullun da Janar Friedrich Olbricht da sauran masu makirci na makircin 20 ga Yuli, ta hanyar aminin Olbricht Hermann Kaiser. Masu makirci sun sanya Armster don zama jami'in hulɗa na ƙungiyar tsaro ta XVIII ([[Salzburg]]). A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1944 'yan Gestapo sun kama Armster kuma suka kai shi Berlin, inda aka tsare shi a kurkuku mai zaman kansa a titin Lehrter har zuwa 25 ga Afrilu shekara ta 1945. A ranar 15 ga Mayu 1945 NKVD ta kama shi kuma saboda haka ta sace shi zuwa Tarayyar Soviet, inda aka tsare shi a kurkuku har zuwa 1955.[1][2] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mambobin shirin 20 ga Yuli == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Ƙarin Karatu== * Ludwig Jedlicka: Der 20. Juli 1944 in Österreich. München/Wien 1965 * Peter Hoffmann: Widerstand, Staatsstreich, Attentat. Der Kampf der Opposition gegen Hitler. München 1969/1985 {{DEFAULTSORT:Armster, Otto}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1957]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1891]] 0moyy5ssdenep4xr95mz4djg30ssxi3 0 129387 915380 765023 2026-09-03T10:12:15Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915380 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers''' (CRG) wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke gudanar da ayyukan agaji na muhalli wadda ke gudanar da ayyukan sa kai a fadin Cardiff da Kudancin Wales inda [[Volunteering|masu sa kai]] ke tsaftacewa da inganta hanyoyin ruwa: koguna, rafuka, tafkuna ko teku. Wannan na iya zama [[Clean-up (environment)|tarin shara]] na yankunan da ke kewaye da magudanar ruwa, share tarkace daga kogi ko tafki ko kuma cire [[Fly-tipping|kwari masu tashi]] . Kungiyar kuma tana gudanar da [[Habitat conservation|kula da muhalli]] a fadin birnin tare da hadin gwiwar masu kula da wuraren shakatawa na birane [[Cardiff Council|na Majalisar Cardiff]] . == Bayani == An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2009 ta hannun Dave King [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] da sauran masu sa kai masu irin wannan ra'ayi daga Keep Wales Tidy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Ana gudanar da tarurruka a faɗin Cardiff a kowane mako biyu, tun daga tsaftace bakin kogin Rhymney ko Cardiff Bay zuwa yin shinge a Grangemoor Park <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=new homes for wildlife in grangemoor park/ |url=https://cardiffjournalism.co.uk/thecardiffian/2024/03/08/new-homes-for-wildlife-in-grangemoor-park/ |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> ko ƙoƙarin kawar da bala'in Himalayan Balsam . Masu sa kai ba sa buƙatar yin rijista, kawai su halarci wani taron kamar yadda suke so. Ƙungiyar za ta iya tsammanin masu sa kai har 70 don kowane taron da aka bayar. CRG ta jaddada al'amuran zamantakewa na ɗiban shara da kuma fa'idodin muhalli. Shafin yanar gizon su ya ce "Mafi mahimmanci, masu sa kai namu suna jin daɗi!". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A wata hira da majalisar Cardiff bayan karɓar MBE ɗinsa, wanda ya kafa Dave King ya ce "Ƙungiyar Rivers ba wai kawai abin ɗiban shara ba ce. Kuna iya fita, ku yi abokai, da gaske kuna yin canji. Mun taimaka wa mutane su shirya don samun aiki, mu da'irar zamantakewa ce, kuma mu cibiyar sadarwa ce." <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Wales Online ta gabatar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka zubar da su da ba a saba gani ba da ƙungiyar ta gano. Baya ga tallafin kuɗi, <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> yawancin abin da ake samu, musamman gwangwanin ƙarfe da na nitrous oxide, ana sake yin amfani da su don ba da kuɗin agaji. <ref>{{cite news |last=Deacon |first=Thomas |date=24 May 2021 |title=The 'horrendous' amount of rubbish cleared up from Cardiff Bay in one day |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cardiff-bay-clean-up-litter-20666478 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=Wales Online |location=}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ƙungiyar ta kasance abokan hulɗa a kwamitin binciken muhalli na Majalisar Cardiff wanda ke samar da rahoton "Mayar da Kogunanmu". Wannan ya lissafa wasu daga cikin nasarorin ƙungiyar kuma ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar tana da masu sa kai 350. <ref name="restoreourrivers">{{Cite web |title=Restore Our Rivers |url=https://cardiff.moderngov.co.uk/mgConvert2PDF.aspx?ID=22185 |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, CRG ta yi rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji da aka haɗa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> Kamfanin Cardiff Rivers Group ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Nextbike yayin da suke aiki a Cardiff, inda suka sami tarkace a madadin sake haɗa kekunan da aka yi watsi da su da kamfanin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin kyaututtukan Tidy Wales na 2012, wanda Keep Wales Tidy ke gudanarwa, ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar a rukunin River Improvement kuma gaba ɗaya Tidy Wales ce ta lashe gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an ba CRG lambar yabo ta Sarauniya don hidimar sa-kai, mafi girman kyautar da za a iya bai wa ƙungiyar sa-kai, saboda "Taimakawa al'ummomi su ɗauki alhakin tsaftar magudanan ruwa na yankinsu". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an zabi CRG a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar Welsh Charity Awards, wadda WCVA ke gudanarwa, kuma ta zo ta biyu a rukunin samar da kudaden shiga <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> An karya [[Guinness World Records|tarihin Guinness World Record]] ga mafi yawan mahalarta a cikin aikin tsaftace kogi a wurare da dama a watan Maris na 2025 a kan kogin Taff, Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers tana daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka shiga cikin bayar da gudummawa ga mahalarta 1327. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e9yflo4fmcmqzc22efdc90k6ym1hbh8 915381 915380 2026-09-03T10:12:34Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915381 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers''' (CRG) wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke gudanar da ayyukan agaji na muhalli wadda ke gudanar da ayyukan sa kai a faɗin Cardiff da Kudancin Wales inda [[Volunteering|masu sa kai]] ke tsaftacewa da inganta hanyoyin ruwa: koguna, rafuka, tafkuna ko teku. Wannan na iya zama [[Clean-up (environment)|tarin shara]] na yankunan da ke kewaye da magudanar ruwa, share tarkace daga kogi ko tafki ko kuma cire [[Fly-tipping|kwari masu tashi]] . Kungiyar kuma tana gudanar da [[Habitat conservation|kula da muhalli]] a fadin birnin tare da hadin gwiwar masu kula da wuraren shakatawa na birane [[Cardiff Council|na Majalisar Cardiff]] . == Bayani == An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2009 ta hannun Dave King [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] da sauran masu sa kai masu irin wannan ra'ayi daga Keep Wales Tidy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Ana gudanar da tarurruka a faɗin Cardiff a kowane mako biyu, tun daga tsaftace bakin kogin Rhymney ko Cardiff Bay zuwa yin shinge a Grangemoor Park <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=new homes for wildlife in grangemoor park/ |url=https://cardiffjournalism.co.uk/thecardiffian/2024/03/08/new-homes-for-wildlife-in-grangemoor-park/ |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> ko ƙoƙarin kawar da bala'in Himalayan Balsam . Masu sa kai ba sa buƙatar yin rijista, kawai su halarci wani taron kamar yadda suke so. Ƙungiyar za ta iya tsammanin masu sa kai har 70 don kowane taron da aka bayar. CRG ta jaddada al'amuran zamantakewa na ɗiban shara da kuma fa'idodin muhalli. Shafin yanar gizon su ya ce "Mafi mahimmanci, masu sa kai namu suna jin daɗi!". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A wata hira da majalisar Cardiff bayan karɓar MBE ɗinsa, wanda ya kafa Dave King ya ce "Ƙungiyar Rivers ba wai kawai abin ɗiban shara ba ce. Kuna iya fita, ku yi abokai, da gaske kuna yin canji. Mun taimaka wa mutane su shirya don samun aiki, mu da'irar zamantakewa ce, kuma mu cibiyar sadarwa ce." <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Wales Online ta gabatar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka zubar da su da ba a saba gani ba da ƙungiyar ta gano. Baya ga tallafin kuɗi, <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> yawancin abin da ake samu, musamman gwangwanin ƙarfe da na nitrous oxide, ana sake yin amfani da su don ba da kuɗin agaji. <ref>{{cite news |last=Deacon |first=Thomas |date=24 May 2021 |title=The 'horrendous' amount of rubbish cleared up from Cardiff Bay in one day |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cardiff-bay-clean-up-litter-20666478 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=Wales Online |location=}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ƙungiyar ta kasance abokan hulɗa a kwamitin binciken muhalli na Majalisar Cardiff wanda ke samar da rahoton "Mayar da Kogunanmu". Wannan ya lissafa wasu daga cikin nasarorin ƙungiyar kuma ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar tana da masu sa kai 350. <ref name="restoreourrivers">{{Cite web |title=Restore Our Rivers |url=https://cardiff.moderngov.co.uk/mgConvert2PDF.aspx?ID=22185 |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, CRG ta yi rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji da aka haɗa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> Kamfanin Cardiff Rivers Group ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Nextbike yayin da suke aiki a Cardiff, inda suka sami tarkace a madadin sake haɗa kekunan da aka yi watsi da su da kamfanin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin kyaututtukan Tidy Wales na 2012, wanda Keep Wales Tidy ke gudanarwa, ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar a rukunin River Improvement kuma gaba ɗaya Tidy Wales ce ta lashe gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an ba CRG lambar yabo ta Sarauniya don hidimar sa-kai, mafi girman kyautar da za a iya bai wa ƙungiyar sa-kai, saboda "Taimakawa al'ummomi su ɗauki alhakin tsaftar magudanan ruwa na yankinsu". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an zabi CRG a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar Welsh Charity Awards, wadda WCVA ke gudanarwa, kuma ta zo ta biyu a rukunin samar da kudaden shiga <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> An karya [[Guinness World Records|tarihin Guinness World Record]] ga mafi yawan mahalarta a cikin aikin tsaftace kogi a wurare da dama a watan Maris na 2025 a kan kogin Taff, Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers tana daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka shiga cikin bayar da gudummawa ga mahalarta 1327. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4p32l373t1m59meyon1sx5yi2v8c6ks 915382 915381 2026-09-03T10:12:51Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915382 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers''' (CRG) wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke gudanar da ayyukan agaji na muhalli wadda ke gudanar da ayyukan sa kai a faɗin Cardiff da Kudancin Wales inda [[Volunteering|masu sa kai]] ke tsaftacewa da inganta hanyoyin ruwa: koguna, rafuka, tafkuna ko teku. Wannan na iya zama [[Clean-up (environment)|tarin shara]] na yankunan da ke kewaye da magudanar ruwa, share tarkace daga kogi ko tafki ko kuma cire [[Fly-tipping|kwari masu tashi]] . Ƙungiyar kuma tana gudanar da [[Habitat conservation|kula da muhalli]] a faɗin birnin tare da hadin gwiwar masu kula da wuraren shakatawa na birane [[Cardiff Council|na Majalisar Cardiff]] . == Bayani == An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2009 ta hannun Dave King [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] da sauran masu sa kai masu irin wannan ra'ayi daga Keep Wales Tidy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Ana gudanar da tarurruka a faɗin Cardiff a kowane mako biyu, tun daga tsaftace bakin kogin Rhymney ko Cardiff Bay zuwa yin shinge a Grangemoor Park <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=new homes for wildlife in grangemoor park/ |url=https://cardiffjournalism.co.uk/thecardiffian/2024/03/08/new-homes-for-wildlife-in-grangemoor-park/ |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> ko ƙoƙarin kawar da bala'in Himalayan Balsam . Masu sa kai ba sa buƙatar yin rijista, kawai su halarci wani taron kamar yadda suke so. Ƙungiyar za ta iya tsammanin masu sa kai har 70 don kowane taron da aka bayar. CRG ta jaddada al'amuran zamantakewa na ɗiban shara da kuma fa'idodin muhalli. Shafin yanar gizon su ya ce "Mafi mahimmanci, masu sa kai namu suna jin daɗi!". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A wata hira da majalisar Cardiff bayan karɓar MBE ɗinsa, wanda ya kafa Dave King ya ce "Ƙungiyar Rivers ba wai kawai abin ɗiban shara ba ce. Kuna iya fita, ku yi abokai, da gaske kuna yin canji. Mun taimaka wa mutane su shirya don samun aiki, mu da'irar zamantakewa ce, kuma mu cibiyar sadarwa ce." <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Wales Online ta gabatar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka zubar da su da ba a saba gani ba da ƙungiyar ta gano. Baya ga tallafin kuɗi, <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> yawancin abin da ake samu, musamman gwangwanin ƙarfe da na nitrous oxide, ana sake yin amfani da su don ba da kuɗin agaji. <ref>{{cite news |last=Deacon |first=Thomas |date=24 May 2021 |title=The 'horrendous' amount of rubbish cleared up from Cardiff Bay in one day |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cardiff-bay-clean-up-litter-20666478 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=Wales Online |location=}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ƙungiyar ta kasance abokan hulɗa a kwamitin binciken muhalli na Majalisar Cardiff wanda ke samar da rahoton "Mayar da Kogunanmu". Wannan ya lissafa wasu daga cikin nasarorin ƙungiyar kuma ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar tana da masu sa kai 350. <ref name="restoreourrivers">{{Cite web |title=Restore Our Rivers |url=https://cardiff.moderngov.co.uk/mgConvert2PDF.aspx?ID=22185 |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, CRG ta yi rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji da aka haɗa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> Kamfanin Cardiff Rivers Group ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Nextbike yayin da suke aiki a Cardiff, inda suka sami tarkace a madadin sake haɗa kekunan da aka yi watsi da su da kamfanin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin kyaututtukan Tidy Wales na 2012, wanda Keep Wales Tidy ke gudanarwa, ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar a rukunin River Improvement kuma gaba ɗaya Tidy Wales ce ta lashe gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an ba CRG lambar yabo ta Sarauniya don hidimar sa-kai, mafi girman kyautar da za a iya bai wa ƙungiyar sa-kai, saboda "Taimakawa al'ummomi su ɗauki alhakin tsaftar magudanan ruwa na yankinsu". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an zabi CRG a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar Welsh Charity Awards, wadda WCVA ke gudanarwa, kuma ta zo ta biyu a rukunin samar da kudaden shiga <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> An karya [[Guinness World Records|tarihin Guinness World Record]] ga mafi yawan mahalarta a cikin aikin tsaftace kogi a wurare da dama a watan Maris na 2025 a kan kogin Taff, Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers tana daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka shiga cikin bayar da gudummawa ga mahalarta 1327. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] nvdwzv51i48y4qplfzw0oh1j0gnw4hb 915383 915382 2026-09-03T10:13:03Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915383 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers''' (CRG) wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke gudanar da ayyukan agaji na muhalli wadda ke gudanar da ayyukan sa kai a faɗin Cardiff da Kudancin Wales inda [[Volunteering|masu sa kai]] ke tsaftacewa da inganta hanyoyin ruwa: koguna, rafuka, tafkuna ko teku. Wannan na iya zama [[Clean-up (environment)|tarin shara]] na yankunan da ke kewaye da magudanar ruwa, share tarkace daga kogi ko tafki ko kuma cire [[Fly-tipping|kwari masu tashi]] . Ƙungiyar kuma tana gudanar da [[Habitat conservation|kula da muhalli]] a faɗin birnin tare da haɗin gwiwar masu kula da wuraren shakatawa na birane [[Cardiff Council|na Majalisar Cardiff]] . == Bayani == An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2009 ta hannun Dave King [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] da sauran masu sa kai masu irin wannan ra'ayi daga Keep Wales Tidy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Ana gudanar da tarurruka a faɗin Cardiff a kowane mako biyu, tun daga tsaftace bakin kogin Rhymney ko Cardiff Bay zuwa yin shinge a Grangemoor Park <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=new homes for wildlife in grangemoor park/ |url=https://cardiffjournalism.co.uk/thecardiffian/2024/03/08/new-homes-for-wildlife-in-grangemoor-park/ |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> ko ƙoƙarin kawar da bala'in Himalayan Balsam . Masu sa kai ba sa buƙatar yin rijista, kawai su halarci wani taron kamar yadda suke so. Ƙungiyar za ta iya tsammanin masu sa kai har 70 don kowane taron da aka bayar. CRG ta jaddada al'amuran zamantakewa na ɗiban shara da kuma fa'idodin muhalli. Shafin yanar gizon su ya ce "Mafi mahimmanci, masu sa kai namu suna jin daɗi!". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A wata hira da majalisar Cardiff bayan karɓar MBE ɗinsa, wanda ya kafa Dave King ya ce "Ƙungiyar Rivers ba wai kawai abin ɗiban shara ba ce. Kuna iya fita, ku yi abokai, da gaske kuna yin canji. Mun taimaka wa mutane su shirya don samun aiki, mu da'irar zamantakewa ce, kuma mu cibiyar sadarwa ce." <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Wales Online ta gabatar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka zubar da su da ba a saba gani ba da ƙungiyar ta gano. Baya ga tallafin kuɗi, <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> yawancin abin da ake samu, musamman gwangwanin ƙarfe da na nitrous oxide, ana sake yin amfani da su don ba da kuɗin agaji. <ref>{{cite news |last=Deacon |first=Thomas |date=24 May 2021 |title=The 'horrendous' amount of rubbish cleared up from Cardiff Bay in one day |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cardiff-bay-clean-up-litter-20666478 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=Wales Online |location=}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ƙungiyar ta kasance abokan hulɗa a kwamitin binciken muhalli na Majalisar Cardiff wanda ke samar da rahoton "Mayar da Kogunanmu". Wannan ya lissafa wasu daga cikin nasarorin ƙungiyar kuma ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar tana da masu sa kai 350. <ref name="restoreourrivers">{{Cite web |title=Restore Our Rivers |url=https://cardiff.moderngov.co.uk/mgConvert2PDF.aspx?ID=22185 |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, CRG ta yi rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji da aka haɗa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> Kamfanin Cardiff Rivers Group ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Nextbike yayin da suke aiki a Cardiff, inda suka sami tarkace a madadin sake haɗa kekunan da aka yi watsi da su da kamfanin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin kyaututtukan Tidy Wales na 2012, wanda Keep Wales Tidy ke gudanarwa, ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar a rukunin River Improvement kuma gaba ɗaya Tidy Wales ce ta lashe gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an ba CRG lambar yabo ta Sarauniya don hidimar sa-kai, mafi girman kyautar da za a iya bai wa ƙungiyar sa-kai, saboda "Taimakawa al'ummomi su ɗauki alhakin tsaftar magudanan ruwa na yankinsu". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an zabi CRG a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar Welsh Charity Awards, wadda WCVA ke gudanarwa, kuma ta zo ta biyu a rukunin samar da kudaden shiga <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> An karya [[Guinness World Records|tarihin Guinness World Record]] ga mafi yawan mahalarta a cikin aikin tsaftace kogi a wurare da dama a watan Maris na 2025 a kan kogin Taff, Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers tana daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka shiga cikin bayar da gudummawa ga mahalarta 1327. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o3nrj15kmxz98arl3ltg9oh1ov4uf8o 915384 915383 2026-09-03T10:13:28Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915384 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers''' (CRG) wata ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke gudanar da ayyukan agaji na muhalli wadda ke gudanar da ayyukan sa kai a faɗin Cardiff da Kudancin Wales inda [[Volunteering|masu sa kai]] ke tsaftacewa da inganta hanyoyin ruwa: koguna, rafuka, tafkuna ko teku. Wannan na iya zama [[Clean-up (environment)|tarin shara]] na yankunan da ke kewaye da magudanar ruwa, share tarkace daga kogi ko tafki ko kuma cire [[Fly-tipping|kwari masu tashi]] . Ƙungiyar kuma tana gudanar da [[Habitat conservation|kula da muhalli]] a faɗin birnin tare da haɗin gwiwar masu kula da wuraren shakatawa na birane [[Cardiff Council|na Majalisar Cardiff]] . == Bayani == An kafa ƙungiyar a shekarar 2009 ta hannun Dave King [[Order of the British Empire|MBE]] da sauran masu sa kai masu irin wannan ra'ayi daga Keep Wales Tidy . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> Ana gudanar da tarurruka a faɗin Cardiff a kowane mako biyu, tun daga tsaftace bakin kogin Rhymney ko Cardiff Bay zuwa yin shinge a Grangemoor Park <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2024 |title=new homes for wildlife in grangemoor park/ |url=https://cardiffjournalism.co.uk/thecardiffian/2024/03/08/new-homes-for-wildlife-in-grangemoor-park/ |access-date=5 June 2024}}</ref> ko ƙoƙarin kawar da bala'in Himalayan Balsam . Masu sa kai ba sa buƙatar yin rijista, kawai su halarci wani taron kamar yadda suke so. Ƙungiyar za ta iya tsammanin masu sa kai har 70 don kowane taron da aka bayar. CRG ta jaddada al'amuran zamantakewa na ɗiban shara da kuma fa'idodin muhalli. Shafin yanar gizon su ya ce "Mafi mahimmanci, masu sa kai namu suna jin daɗi!". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A wata hira da majalisar Cardiff bayan karɓar MBE ɗinsa, wanda ya kafa Dave King ya ce "Ƙungiyar Rivers ba wai kawai abin ɗiban shara ba ce. Kuna iya fita, ku yi abokai, da gaske kuna yin canji. Mun taimaka wa mutane su shirya don samun aiki, mu da'irar zamantakewa ce, kuma mu cibiyar sadarwa ce." <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> A cikin 2024, Wales Online ta gabatar da wasu daga cikin abubuwan da aka zubar da su da ba a saba gani ba da ƙungiyar ta gano. Baya ga tallafin kuɗi, <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> yawancin abin da ake samu, musamman gwangwanin ƙarfe da na nitrous oxide, ana sake yin amfani da su don ba da kuɗin agaji. <ref>{{cite news |last=Deacon |first=Thomas |date=24 May 2021 |title=The 'horrendous' amount of rubbish cleared up from Cardiff Bay in one day |url=https://www.walesonline.co.uk/news/wales-news/cardiff-bay-clean-up-litter-20666478 |access-date=15 June 2024 |work=Wales Online |location=}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, ƙungiyar ta kasance abokan hulɗa a kwamitin binciken muhalli na Majalisar Cardiff wanda ke samar da rahoton "Mayar da Kogunanmu". Wannan ya lissafa wasu daga cikin nasarorin ƙungiyar kuma ya bayyana cewa ƙungiyar tana da masu sa kai 350. <ref name="restoreourrivers">{{Cite web |title=Restore Our Rivers |url=https://cardiff.moderngov.co.uk/mgConvert2PDF.aspx?ID=22185 |access-date=11 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2020, CRG ta yi rijista a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji da aka haɗa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> <ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=2 Apr 2018 |title='Largest' plastics haul in Cardiff river bank clean-up |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-south-east-wales-43620667 |access-date=5 June 2024 |work=BBC |location=}}</ref> Kamfanin Cardiff Rivers Group ya yi haɗin gwiwa da Nextbike yayin da suke aiki a Cardiff, inda suka sami tarkace a madadin sake haɗa kekunan da aka yi watsi da su da kamfanin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A cikin kyaututtukan Tidy Wales na shekarar 2012, wanda Keep Wales Tidy ke gudanarwa, ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar a rukunin River Improvement kuma gaba ɗaya Tidy Wales ce ta lashe gasar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an ba CRG lambar yabo ta Sarauniya don hidimar sa-kai, mafi girman kyautar da za a iya bai wa ƙungiyar sa-kai, saboda "Taimakawa al'ummomi su ɗauki alhakin tsaftar magudanan ruwa na yankinsu". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> A shekarar 2023, an zabi CRG a matsayin wanda zai lashe kyautar Welsh Charity Awards, wadda WCVA ke gudanarwa, kuma ta zo ta biyu a rukunin samar da kudaden shiga <ref>{{Cite web |title=Case Study:Cardiff Rivers Group- RESTORE |url=https://restorerivers.eu/wiki/index.php?title=Case_study%3ACardiff_Rivers_Group |access-date=6 June 2024}}</ref> An karya [[Guinness World Records|tarihin Guinness World Record]] ga mafi yawan mahalarta a cikin aikin tsaftace kogi a wurare da dama a watan Maris na 2025 a kan kogin Taff, Kungiyar Cardiff Rivers tana daya daga cikin kungiyoyin da suka shiga cikin bayar da gudummawa ga mahalarta 1327. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sun6jp2v0qltn27ww49j6bzqe1ct9q3 0 129504 915233 765277 2026-09-03T05:14:19Z Ummeeterh 31568 915233 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anna Metcalfe''' marubuciya ce 'yar [[Birtaniya]]. An haife ta a [[Jamus]] kuma ta yi karatun adabi a Jami'ar York . Ta ci gaba da karatun digiri na biyu a Jami'ar East Anglia, inda ta sami digiri na uku a fannin rubutu mai zurfi da kirkire-kirkire. Yanzu tana koyar da rubuce-rubuce masu kirkire-kirkire a Jami'ar Birmingham . Metcalfe ta rubuta labarai na almara. An yi ta rubuta gajerun labaranta sosai. Kundin farko na Blind Water Pass (2016) ya haɗa da labarin "Lambar Uku", wanda aka zaɓa don lambar yabo ta Sunday Times Short Story Award . Littafinta na farko Chrysalis an buga shi a shekarar 2023. A shekarar 2023, mujallar Granta ta nada Metcalfe a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun marubuta matasa a Birtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr Anna Metcalfe |url=https://www.birmingham.ac.uk/staff/profiles/fcw/metcalfe-anna.aspx}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anna Metcalfe |url=https://www.davidhigham.co.uk/authors-dh/anna-metcalfe/}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] eceni5plr459syu6sprm5q49l2eb01z 0 134496 915241 831896 2026-09-03T05:18:16Z Ummeeterh 31568 915241 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdul Bari Nadvi''' (1886 - 30 Janairu 1976) Masanin musulmi ne na [[Indiya]] wanda aka haife shi a Gundumar Barabanki kusa da [[Lucknow]], [[Uttar Pradesh]], [[Indiya]] . Mahaifinsa Hakim Abdul Khaliq dalibi ne na Maulana Mohammad Naeem Farangi Mahli . Yayansa Saad-ud-Din Ansari yana daga cikin wadanda suka kafa Jamia Millia Delhi kuma ya koyar a can na dogon lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Jamia Millia Islamia - History - Life Members |url=http://jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/profile/history/life_members-18 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Abdul Bari Nadvi ya mutu a Lucknow a shekara ta 1976. Ya bar 'ya'ya maza huɗu da mata biyu, dukansu sun mutu yanzu. == Ilimi da Ayyuka == Bayan karatunsa na farko a madrasah na gida ya tafi Nadwa-tul-Ulama don karatun sakandare. An san shi sosai a matsayin masanin kimiyya kuma marubuci ne a fannonin falsafa da tauhidin. Ya koyar a Kwalejin Gujarat da ke [[Ahmedabad]], Kwalejin Dakkan da ke [[Pune]], da Jami'ar Osmania da ke [[Hyderabad]] daga inda ya yi ritaya a matsayin farfesa, bayan da ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Sashen Falsafa. Ya kasance daya daga cikin daliban da suka fi dacewa da Allama Shibli Nomani kuma zamani ne na [[Sulaiman Nadi|Syed Sulaiman Nadvi]], Abdul Salam Nadvi, Abdul Majid Daryabadi, da Manazir Ahsan Gilani . Ya rubuta da yawa game da falsafar zamani da addini kuma ya fassara ayyukan masana falsafa da masana zamantakewa da yawa na yamma kamar George Berkeley, David Hume, [[René Descartes]], John Dewey, Henri Bergson, William James, G. F. Stout, da John S. Mackenzie. Wasu daga cikin ayyukansa an haɗa su a cikin karatun digiri da digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Osmania. Maulana Ashraf Ali Thanwi da Maulana Hussain Ahmed Madani ne suka rinjaye shi a cikin akidar addini da siyasa, dukansu ɗaliban ''Sheikh-ul-Hind'' Maulana Mahmud Hasan Deobandi ne na ƙungiyar Deobandi. Haɗin ruhaniya na yau da kullun (bay'at) ya kasance tare da Maulana Madni, amma ya kwashe karin lokaci tare da Maulan Thanwi wanda ya yi tasiri sosai ga addininsa. == Hanyar Falsafa da Jagora == [[Fayil:Nadwa_Group_picture.pdf|thumb|Hoton ƙungiyar Nadwa, 1912. Abdul Bari Nadvi yana tsaye na huɗu daga dama]] Maulana Nadvi ta sami ilimi gaba ɗaya a makarantun musulmi a Indiya kuma ba ta taɓa karatu a kwaleji ko jami'a ba. Ya koyar da kansa da tunanin Aristotle (da ƙari na Musulmi da sharhi a ciki), kuma an fallasa shi ga masu sukar Musulmi na tunanin Aristotle kamar [[Ibn Taymiyyah|Ibn Taymiyya]] da sauransu. Ya kuma koyi falsafar Musulmi ta Neo-Platonic galibi ta hanyar ayyukan Mulla Sadra da kuma ta hanyar nazarin Ilm al Kalam (tauhidin Musulmi). An kuma fallasa shi ga ra'ayoyin asali na falsafar Aristotle musamman ''Metaphysics''. A yau, ba a koyar da falsafar zamani a makarantun musulmi a Indiya da Pakistan (tare da wasu banbanci). Nadvi ya koya wa kansa ba kawai Turanci ba (tare da goyon bayan malaminsa Shibli Nomani wanda ya shirya masa tallafin karatu) har ma da falsafar kawai don son kai. Rubuce-rubucensa game da falsafar da addini, kuma musamman kan batutuwan da suka taso daga hulɗar tsakanin falsafar da addinin Musulunci an sanar da su ta hanyar addininsa, wanda Shibli, Thanwi da Madani suka rinjayi. Biyu daga cikin littattafansa daga wannan lokacin sun fito fili, suna da alaƙa da addini da tunani da kuma addini da kimiyya. Ya kuma rubuta wani babi game da mu'ujizai a cikin tarihin rayuwar [[Muhammad|Muhammadu]] na Shibli Nomani / Sulaiman Nadvi wanda yafi amfani da ra'ayoyin Hume don tabbatar da ma'ana ko yiwuwar mu'ujiza. == Ayyukan da aka rubuta == Wasu daga cikin littattafansa da rubuce-rubucen rubuce-aikacen sun hada da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Profile of Jamia Millia Islamia - History - Life Members |url=http://jmi.ac.in/aboutjamia/profile/history/life_members-18 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> '''Fassara daga Turanci zuwa Urdu''' * Ka'idodin Ilimin Dan Adam (George Berkeley) - an fassara shi zuwa Urdu a 1919, Kwalejin Dakkan Poona * Manual of Ethics (John S Mackenzie) - an fassara shi zuwa Urdu a 1923, Jami'ar Usmania Hyderabad * Manual of Psychology (G. F. Stout) - an fassara shi zuwa Urdu a 1927, Jami'ar Usmania Hyderabad * Gabatarwa ga Metaphysics (Henri Bergson) - an fassara shi zuwa Urdu a 1931, Jami'ar Usmania Hyderabad * Da'a (John Dewey da James Tufts) - an fassara su zuwa Urdu a 1932, Jami'ar Usmania Hyderabad * Magana kan Hanyoyi da Tunanin Falsafa ta Farko (René Descartes) - an fassara shi zuwa Urdu a 1932, Jami'ar Usmania Hyderabad * William James, wasu rubuce-rubuce daga 1902 zuwa 1910 - an fassara su zuwa Urdu a 1937, Jami'ar Usmania Hyderabad * Fahimtar Dan Adam (David Hume) - an fassara shi zuwa Urdu a 1938, Jami'ar Usmania Hyderabad '''Littattafai da Rubuce-rubucen Urdu''' * Blakl da kuma a Kwalejin Dakkan Poona * 1920 - معجزات انبیا (Abin da aka rubuta a cikin Allama Shibli Nomani/Sulaiman Nadvi's Seerat-ul-Nabi) * 1924 - Transwa da aka gabatar a Taron Ilimi na Mohammadan a Surat / Gujrat, Indiya * Har zuwa baya - 1948 * Za a yi amfani da shi a kan hanyar da za a yi amfani * A baya - 1955 * Aikin kamfani - 1956 * Kayan zuma da kuma ka'ida - 1962 * 1970 - Yuga da Yuga '''Littattafan Larabci''' * Shirin da aka buga a Damascus da Istanbul * الدین والدام العقلیہ, wanda aka buga a Indiya * المنھج السلامی لتربیت النفس, wanda aka buga a Indiya == Dubi ƙarin bayani == * Jerin Deobandis == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1976]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1886]] 3tndzohrnq3ugonvo3m6sbhcyw59w56 0 134519 915265 801364 2026-09-03T06:34:38Z Bencemac 9854 correct date 915265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Robert Melville Lee''' (an haife shi a ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1945) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance mai tsaron gida da kuma mai nunawa a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Arizona State Sun Devils, CCSF Rams da Pacific Tigers . An zaba shi na 441 a cikin shirin NFL / AFL na 1968 ta Minnesota Vikings na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Kasa (NFL). Ya kuma buga wa Atlanta Falcons da Los Angeles Rams wasa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Lee a Columbus, Ohio . Ya halarci kuma ya buga wasan kwallon kafa na makarantar sakandare ta Lowell High School a San Francisco. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Lee da farko ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Arizona State Sun Devils a 1963 da 1964 - haruffa a 1964. Daga nan ya halarci Kwalejin Birnin San Francisco a kakar 1965 kafin ya gama aikinsa tare da Pacific Tigers - haruffa a duka 1966 da 1967.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bob Lee NFL Stats and Bio – Pro Football Archives |url=https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerl/lee001200.html |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=www.profootballarchives.com |archive-date=2022-12-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221223182522/https://www.profootballarchives.com/playerl/lee001200.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Minnesota Vikings (na farko) === Lee started a 1971 NFC Divisional Playoff on [[Kirsimeti|Christmas]] against the Dallas Cowboys over Gary Cuozzo and Norm Snead. Lee was seven of seventeen for 86 yards—49 of those on a second quarter completion to Bob Grim—with no touchdowns and two interceptions. With the Vikings trailing 3–20 late in the third quarter, coach Bud Grant replaced Lee with Cuozzo, who led Minnesota to its lone touchdown on a 6-yard pass to Stu Voigt. Despite the late score, the team still lost 12–20.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2023}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1946]] 9emrgog9l95c8qxvopore9f7bxpnwjy 0 136246 915070 914600 2026-09-02T18:29:19Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 915070 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''LabX''' ita ce wurin gwajin hulɗar jama'a a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (NAS) - wacce a halin yanzu take a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC.]] Daga 2004 zuwa 2017, an san ta da Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Marian Koshland. <ref name="labx">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2018 |title=NAS Announces the Launch of the LabX Public Engagement Program |url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/nas-LabX.html |access-date=13 May 2018 |website=National Academy of Sciences |publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi ya ƙunshi nunin kayan tarihi waɗanda suka gabatar da batutuwan kimiyya na zamani da kimiyya ta hanyar da za a iya samu, waɗanda aka tsara don jama'a. Ya binciki batutuwan kimiyya na yanzu waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga shawarwarin manufofin jama'a na ƙasa da na duniya, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin rahotannin da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta ƙasa wadda Amurka ta gabatar. Kwalejin Kimiyya ta ƙasa ta maye gurbin gidan tarihi da LabX. == Ci gaban nuni == Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Koshland wani ɓangare ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta ƙasa. An tsara nunin ne bisa ga jagora daga kwamitocin ƙwararrun kimiyya, waɗanda suka ba da lokacinsu da ƙwarewarsu ga gidan tarihi. Kowace nunin tana da Kwamitin Jagorancin Kimiyya ko ƙungiyar ƙwararrun batutuwa waɗanda ke kula da abubuwan da aka nuna da kuma sake duba bayanai. Babban rukuni na ma'aikatan gidan tarihi ya jagoranci dukkan fannoni na zaɓin nunin, gami da haɓakawa da ƙera. Gidan tarihin ya kuma sami ra'ayoyi daga ƙungiyoyin ba da shawara, ko da a zahiri, a cikin al'umma, ko a kan layi. Gidan tarihin yana da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gidan Tarihi wanda ke da hannu a cikin tsare-tsaren dabaru. Gidan tarihin ya mayar da hankali ne kan manyan abubuwan baje kolin guda biyu: "Lab na Duniya", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], da kuma "Lab na Rayuwa", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan koyo, [[Ageing|tsufa]], [[abinci mai gina jiki]], da cututtuka masu yaduwa . Gidan tarihin yana da sashen "Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Kimiyya" wanda aka keɓe don abubuwan baje kolin hulɗa. == Asalin gidan kayan tarihi == An buɗe Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Marian Koshland a watan Afrilun 2004, an sanya wa Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Marian Koshland suna ne saboda Marian [[Marian Koshland|Koshland]], ƙwararriyar masaniyar rigakafi kuma masaniyar ilimin halittu wacce ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan halayen [[Antibodies|ƙwayoyin cuta]] . An ƙirƙiri gidan Tarihi ne sakamakon kyauta daga mijinta, [[Daniel E. Koshland Jr.|Daniel Koshland]], masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙware a nazarin enzymes da ƙwayoyin cuta. Gidan Tarihi ya yi magana da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Halitta ta Marian Koshland da ke [[Haverford College|Kwalejin Haverford]] . == Wuri == Gidan tarihin yana nan a lamba 525 E Street, NW. Shigar gidan tarihin yana kusurwar titin 6th & E Streets, NW, a unguwar Penn Quarter da ke Washington, DC. Yana da tubalan uku a arewacin National Mall . == Manazarta == qm6movlfewm9lys0lqlbo7ny0xlyfy9 915072 915070 2026-09-02T18:33:13Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 915072 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''LabX''' ita ce wurin gwajin hulɗar jama'a a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (NAS) - wacce a halin yanzu take a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC.]] Daga 2004 zuwa 2017, an san ta da Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Marian Koshland. <ref name="labx">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2018 |title=NAS Announces the Launch of the LabX Public Engagement Program |url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/nas-LabX.html |access-date=13 May 2018 |website=National Academy of Sciences |publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi ya ƙunshi nunin kayan tarihi waɗanda suka gabatar da batutuwan kimiyya na zamani da kimiyya ta hanyar da za a iya samu, waɗanda aka tsara don jama'a. Ya binciki batutuwan kimiyya na yanzu waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga shawarwarin manufofin jama'a na ƙasa da na duniya, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin rahotannin da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta ƙasa wadda Amurka ta gabatar. Kwalejin Kimiyya ta ƙasa ta maye gurbin gidan tarihi da LabX. == Ci gaban nuni == Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Koshland wani ɓangare ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta ƙasa. An tsara nunin ne bisa ga jagora daga kwamitocin ƙwararrun kimiyya, waɗanda suka ba da lokacinsu da ƙwarewarsu ga gidan tarihi. Kowace nunin tana da Kwamitin Jagorancin Kimiyya ko ƙungiyar ƙwararrun batutuwa waɗanda ke kula da abubuwan da aka nuna da kuma sake duba bayanai. Babban rukuni na ma'aikatan gidan tarihi ya jagoranci dukkan fannoni na zaɓin nunin, gami da haɓakawa da ƙera. Gidan tarihin ya kuma sami ra'ayoyi daga ƙungiyoyin ba da shawara, ko da a zahiri, a cikin al'umma, ko a kan layi. Gidan tarihin yana da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gidan Tarihi wanda ke da hannu a cikin tsare-tsaren .dabaru. Gidan tarihin ya mayar da hankali ne kan manyan abubuwan baje kolin guda biyu: "Lab na Duniya", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], da kuma "Lab na Rayuwa", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan koyo, [[Ageing|tsufa]], [[abinci mai gina jiki]], da cututtuka masu yaduwa . Gidan tarihin yana da sashen "Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Kimiyya" wanda aka keɓe don abubuwan baje kolin hulɗa. == Asalin gidan kayan tarihi == An buɗe Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Marian Koshland a watan Afrilun 2004, an sanya wa Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Marian Koshland suna ne saboda Marian [[Marian Koshland|Koshland]], ƙwararriyar masaniyar rigakafi kuma masaniyar ilimin halittu wacce ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan halayen [[Antibodies|ƙwayoyin cuta]] . An ƙirƙiri gidan Tarihi ne sakamakon kyauta daga mijinta, [[Daniel E. Koshland Jr.|Daniel Koshland]], masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙware a nazarin enzymes da ƙwayoyin cuta. Gidan Tarihi ya yi magana da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Halitta ta Marian Koshland da ke [[Haverford College|Kwalejin Haverford]] . == Wuri == Gidan tarihin yana nan a lamba 525 E Street, NW. Shigar gidan tarihin yana kusurwar titin 6th & E Streets, NW, a unguwar Penn Quarter da ke Washington, DC. Yana da tubalan uku a arewacin National Mall . == Manazarta == mwgjxlnmq9k0caoncsz7wkkvwtt7skc 915073 915072 2026-09-02T18:34:31Z Mansir Yusuf 19064 915073 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''LabX''' ita ce wurin gwajin hulɗar jama'a a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Ƙasa ta Amurka (NAS) - wacce a halin yanzu take a [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC.]] Daga 2004 zuwa 2017, an san ta da Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Marian Koshland. <ref name="labx">{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2018 |title=NAS Announces the Launch of the LabX Public Engagement Program |url=http://www.nasonline.org/news-and-multimedia/news/nas-LabX.html |access-date=13 May 2018 |website=National Academy of Sciences |publisher=National Academy of Sciences}}</ref> Gidan Tarihi ya ƙunshi nunin kayan tarihi waɗanda suka gabatar da batutuwan kimiyya na zamani da kimiyya ta hanyar da za a iya samu, waɗanda aka tsara don jama'a. Ya binciki batutuwan kimiyya na yanzu waɗanda suke da mahimmanci ga shawarwarin manufofin jama'a na ƙasa da na duniya, kamar yadda aka gabatar a cikin rahotannin da Kwalejin Kimiyya ta ƙasa wadda Amurka ta gabatar. Kwalejin Kimiyya ta ƙasa ta maye gurbin gidan tarihi da LabX. == Ci gaban nuni == Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Koshland wani ɓangare ne na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta ƙasa. An tsara nunin ne bisa ga jagora daga kwamitocin ƙwararrun kimiyya, waɗanda suka ba da lokacinsu da ƙwarewarsu ga gidan tarihi. Kowace nunin tana da Kwamitin Jagorancin Kimiyya ko ƙungiyar ƙwararrun batutuwa waɗanda ke kula da abubuwan da aka nuna da kuma sake duba bayanai. Babban rukuni na ma'aikatan gidan tarihi ya jagoranci dukkan fannoni na zaɓin nunin, gami da haɓakawa da ƙera. Gidan tarihin ya kuma sami ra'ayoyi daga ƙungiyoyin ba da shawara, ko da a zahiri, a cikin al'umma, ko a kan layi. Gidan tarihin yana da Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Gidan Tarihi wanda ke da hannu a cikin tsare-tsaren .dabaru. Gidan tarihin ya mayar da hankali ne kan manyan abubuwan baje kolin guda biyu: "Lab na Duniya", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan batutuwan da suka shafi [[Canjin yanayi|sauyin yanayi]], da kuma "Lab na Rayuwa", wanda ya mayar da hankali kan koyo, [[Ageing|tsufa]], [[abinci mai gina jiki]], da cututtuka masu yaduwa . Gidan tarihin yana da sashen "Abubuwan Al'ajabi na Kimiyya" wanda aka keɓe don abubuwan baje kolin hulɗa. == Asalin gidan kayan tarihi == An buɗe Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Marian Koshland a watan Afrilun 2004, an sanya wa Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyya na Marian Koshland suna ne saboda Marian [[Marian Koshland|Koshland]], ƙwararriyar masaniyar rigakafi kuma masaniyar ilimin halittu wacce ta gudanar da bincike mai zurfi kan halayen [[Antibodies|ƙwayoyin cuta]] . An ƙirƙiri gidan Tarihi ne sakamakon kyauta daga mijinta, [[Daniel E. Koshland Jr.|Daniel Koshland]], masanin kimiyyar kwayoyin halitta wanda ya ƙware a nazarin enzymes da ƙwayoyin cuta. Gidan Tarihi ya yi magana da Cibiyar Kimiyyar Halitta ta Marian Koshland da ke [[Haverford College|Kwalejin Haverford]] . == Wuri == Gidan tarihin yana nan a lamba 525 E Street, NW. Shigar gidan tarihin yana kusurwar titin 6th & E Streets, NW, a unguwar Penn Quarter da ke Washington, DC. Yana da tubalan uku a arewacin National Mall. == Manazarta == dmfzdxkny48kouke9et0csk88fj53r1 0 137937 915214 782423 2026-09-03T04:50:54Z Ummeeterh 31568 915214 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Nazarin Aiki Mai Hankali''', wacce aka fi sani da '''Ƙungiyar Nazarin Aiki''' ( simplified Chinese ; [[Faransanci]] : ''Mouvement Travail-Études'' ), jerin shirye-shiryen nazarin aiki ne wanda ya kawo ɗaliban Sin zuwa Faransa da Belgium, don yin aiki a masana'antu a matsayin hanyar biyan kuɗin karatunsu na al'adun Faransa da kimiyyar Yamma. Shirye-shiryen sun yi nufin horar da masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na [[Sin|China]] tsakanin shekaru 16 zuwa 30 ta hanyar gogewa ta farko a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata. <ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last3=Christopher Marquis}}</ref> : 35 An shirya shirye-shiryen ne tsakanin 1912 da 1927, galibi ta hanyar gungun masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasar Sin wadanda suka zo Paris kuma suna son gabatar da kimiyya da ra'ayin zamantakewa na Faransa ga kasar Sin. Bayan shirya ƙananan shirye-shirye tun daga shekarar 1908, a shekarar 1916, bayan barkewar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]], masu shirya taron na Sin sun yi aiki tare da gwamnatocin China da Faransa don kafa shirin Nazarin Aiki Mai Kyau, wanda ya kawo ma'aikatan China marasa ilimi, kuma suka ci gaba da kawo ɗalibai bayan ƙarshen yaƙin na 1919. Gabaɗaya, dubban 'yan China sun zo Faransa a matsayin ma'aikatan ɗalibai, kodayake ba duka membobin shirin ba ne. Sun haɗa da shugabannin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis ta China na gaba kamar Zhou Enlai da Deng Xiaoping, da kuma wasu waɗanda suka ci gaba da taka rawa a China. Ana tunawa da wannan motsi a wani ƙaramin gidan tarihi, Gidan Tarihi na Abokantaka tsakanin Faransa da Sin, a garin Montargis inda ɗaliban da suka halarci taron suka zauna. == Asalin == Tun kafin gurguzu na gurguzu ya shigo China, masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na kasar Sin sun dauki nauyin aiki da kuma ilmantar da ma'aikata. Shugabannin kungiyar 'yan gurguzu ta kasar Sin a Paris - Li Shizeng, Wu Zhihui, Zhang Renjie . Wang Jingwei, [1] Wu Yuzhang, da Cai Yuanpei - sun goyi bayan Sun Yat-sen amma sun roke shi da ya kara wani bangare na zamantakewa da al'adu ga shirin juyin juya halin siyasa nasa. Sun yi jayayya cewa mutane ba za su iya 'yantar da kansu ba, amma maza masu ilimi suna da alhakin a matsayin malamai su yi amfani da ilimin ɗabi'a da kuma daidaiton kai don nuna wa wasu hanya. A lokacin, yawancin daliban da suka tafi kasashen waje sun tafi neman tallafin karatu na gwamnati zuwa Japan, kodayake Ofishin Ilimi na kasar Sin na 1872-1881 da Shirin Ba da Lamuni na Boxer sun aika dalibai zuwa Amurka. Masu tsattsauran ra'ayi na Paris sun yi sha'awar kafa musayar ra'ayi da Faransa, wanda suka dauke shi a matsayin al'umma mai ci gaba da kuma ta duniya. [ 3 ] == Manazarta == fyz6yn0z86gp2fqby16jtlcp8dtsrl7 0 138490 915211 783503 2026-09-03T04:46:11Z Ummeeterh 31568 915211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Donald Luskin''' (An haife shi a watan [[Afrilu]] 1954) Babban Jami'in Zuba Jari ne na Trend Macrolytics LLC, wani kamfanin ba da shawara da ya kafa a shekara ta 2001, yana ba da dabarun saka hannun jari da hasashen tattalin arziki na manyan kamfanoni da bincike ga masu zuba jari na cibiyoyi . Luskin yana ba da gudummawa ga sharhi a shafin edita na Wall Street Journal, kuma yana fitowa akai-akai a Fox Business . Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na CNBC a da, edita mai ba da gudummawa kuma marubuci ga National Review Online (NRO), kuma marubuci mai rubutu a TheStreet.com . Sharhinsa na kafofin watsa labarai da bayyanarsa sun shafi saka hannun jari, tattalin arziki da siyasa. Luskin ya buga littattafai uku, ''Fihirisar Zaɓuɓɓuka da Futures: The Complete Guide'', ''Inshorar Fayil: Jagora ga Dynamic Hedging'' da kuma ''I Am John Galt: Jaruman Masu Ƙirƙira Gina Duniya da Mugayen Parasites Destroying It'' (wanda ya rubuta tare da Andrew Greta). <ref>{{Cite web |title=I Am John Galt: Today's Heroic Innovators Building the World and the Villainous Parasites Destroying It &#124; Wiley |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/I+Am+John+Galt%3A+Today%27s+Heroic+Innovators+Building+the+World+and+the+Villainous+Parasites+Destroying+It-p-9781118907535 |website=Wiley.com}}</ref> Luskin ya kuma rubuta wani shafin yanar gizo mai suna "The Conspiracy to Keep You Poor and Stupid," bisa ga taken [[Littafi|littafinsa]] da ba a buga ba tukuna. Lakabin shafin shine: "Yadda manyan gwamnati, manyan kasuwanci, manyan kafofin watsa labarai da manyan makarantu ke toshe hanyarka zuwa ga 'yancin kuɗi - kuma suna gaya maka cewa don amfanin kanka ne." Luskin mai ikirarin kansa mai sassaucin ra'ayi ne, kuma shafinsa yana da alaƙa da wasu shafukan yanar gizo na kuɗi da siyasa waɗanda ke goyon bayan irin wannan imani. == Tarihin rayuwa da nasarorin da aka samu == A cikin tsohon shafinsa na yanar gizo, Luskin ya ce "ya halarci Yale a 1973–1974; ya daina zuwa don sake shiga duniyar gaske da wuri-wuri." <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Bayan ya bar jami'a, Luskin ya yi aiki na tsawon shekaru da dama a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan kirkire-kirkire ga kamfanonin Los Angeles kamar Mattel da Teledyne, da kuma gidajen sinima na LucasFilm da [[Warner Bros.|Warner Brothers]], inda ya yi aiki a kan fitattun fina-finai kamar The Shining na Stanley Kubrick da kuma Altered States na Ken Russell . Shi da abokan aikinsa biyu sun ƙirƙiro jerin farautar dukiya ta dare ɗaya, ɗaya daga cikinsu an daidaita shi zuwa fim ɗin [[Walt Disney]] mai ''suna Midnight Madness'' . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Aikin saka hannun jari na Luskin ya fara ne a shekarar 1979, lokacin da ya fara asusun hedge a matsayin mai samar da kasuwar zaɓuɓɓuka a kasuwar hannayen jari ta Pacific . Yayin da asusunsa ke ƙaruwa da bunƙasa, ya zama mai samar da kasuwa a kasuwar zaɓuɓɓukan Board ta Chicago (inda ya taimaka wajen fara ciniki a fannin zaɓuɓɓukan index, aiwatar da kwangilar OEX ta farko) da kuma kasuwar hannayen jari ta New York, inda ya yi ciniki da kwangilar zaɓi ta farko a tarihin NYSE. A shekarar 1984 Luskin ya shiga Jefferies & Co., wani kamfanin dillali. A can a matsayinsa na babban mataimakin shugaban kasa, ya ƙirƙiro POSIT, wata hanyar sadarwa mai ratsawa wadda ke ba wa masu zuba jari na cibiyoyi damar musayar dukkan takardunsu da juna. Daga baya aka ƙirƙiri POSIT daga Jefferies a matsayin wani kamfani daban da aka yi ciniki da shi a bainar jama'a, wato Investment Technology Group . A shekarar 1987, Luskin ya shiga Wells Fargo Investment Advisors, wani sashe na Wells Fargo Bank, a matsayin babban mataimakin shugaban kasa mai kula da harkokin gudanar da zuba jari da ciniki. Ya zama mataimakin shugaban kasa lokacin da kamfanin ya hade da Nikko Securities a shekarar 1989, inda ya zama Wells Fargo Nikko Investment Advisors. Lokacin da Barclays Bank ya sayi kamfanin a shekarar 1995 kuma ya zama Barclays Global Investors, Luskin ya zama babban jami'in gudanarwa na harkokin kasuwancin duniya na kamfanin a cikin asusun hadin gwiwa . Daga baya BlackRock ya sayi kamfanin. A cikin shekaru goma sha daya da Luskin ya yi tare da kamfanin, kadarorin da ke karkashin gudanarwa sun karu daga dala biliyan 69 zuwa sama da dala biliyan 500. Luskin ya dauki nauyin kirkire-kirkire da dama a cikin asusun index da zuba jari na adadi - gami da bunkasa asusun index na cikin gida da na kasa da kasa, wadanda kowannensu ya zarce matsayinsa fiye da lokacin Luskin. Luskin ya kirkiro iyalan iShares ETF kuma ya kirkiro asusun LifePath, asusun hadin gwiwa na farko da aka yi niyya, wanda shi ne wanda aka nada a matsayin wanda ya kirkire shi bisa takardar izinin mallakar Amurka . <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A watan Agusta na shekarar 1999, a lokacin da ake fuskantar matsalar fasaha, Luskin da abokin tarayya [[Dave Nadig]] sun fara Asusun Buɗewa na MetaMarkets, asusun haɗin gwiwa na farko da ya buga ciniki da kuma lissafa hannun jarinsa a ainihin lokaci ta hanyar gidan yanar gizon sa. Wannan "bayyananne" da "buɗewa," in ji Luskin da Nadig, wani ci gaba ne a duniyar kuɗi, daidai da juyin juya halin siyasa da sauye-sauyen dimokuraɗiyya na duniya na shekarun 1990, saboda ya daidaita filin wasa ga matsakaicin mai zuba jari kuma ya hambarar da "manyan masu kuɗi." MetaMarkets.com, kamfanin da Luskin da Nadig suka kafa don gudanar da OpenFund, galibi sashin kasuwanci na kamfanin kayan alatu na duniya LVMH ne ya ba da kuɗin. Mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwZQ">Fortune</i></nowiki> ta yaba da shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin "kamfanoni mafi kyau" a Amurka a shekarar 2000. Wasu masu sharhi sun yi watsi da tsarin su a matsayin "ƙarya," ba tare da alaƙa da saka hannun ''jari'' ba: "Sun kawo allunan hira zuwa rayuwa a cikin asusun haɗin gwiwa." A lokacin da ya kai kololuwar sa, OpenFund ta sami jarin dala miliyan 45, kuma manyan mukamai na asusun sun haɗa da kamfanoni kamar JDS Uniphase da Extreme Networks . A ƙarshen 1999, OpenFund tana cikin ƴan kaɗan daga cikin asusun haɗin gwiwa mafi kyau a Amurka. Bayan kasuwa ta hauhawa a watan Maris na 2000, ƙimar kamfanonin fasaha ta faɗi kuma masu zuba jari da yawa na OpenFund sun fanshi hannun jarinsu. <ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite web |title=ClosedFund: Seeking Buyer, MetaMarkets Shuts Down Funds – TheStreet<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.thestreet.com/_tscs/funds/fundjunkie/1508923.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927215338/http://www.thestreet.com/_tscs/funds/fundjunkie/1508923.html |archive-date=September 27, 2007}}</ref> An rufe asusun a lokacin bazara na 2001, bayan rasa yawancin kuɗin masu zuba jari. Rahotannin da aka buga sun lura cewa asusun buɗe ya rasa fiye da rabin ƙimarsa. <ref name="autogenerated1" /> == Hasashen == Tsawon shekaru, wasu daga cikin hasashen Luskin sun jawo ce-ce-ku-ce. A watan Mayun 2001, lokacin da yake marubuci a shafin yanar gizo na kuɗi naStreet.com, ya yi hasashen sabuwar kasuwar hannun jari ta [[zinare]] da zinare, wanda hakan ya jawo suka mai tsanani daga abokan aikinsa, ciki har da Jim Cramer . Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ƙarar da Luskin ke yi wa Cramer ta haifar da murabus ɗinsa dagaStreet.com ta hanyar rubuce-rubuce a ainihin lokaci a kan allunan tattaunawa na shafin wanda ya zama sanadin shahara a yanar gizo. Hasashen Luskin ya sake haifar da ce-ce-ku-ce a shekarar 2008 lokacin da, a cikin wani rahoto na ra'ayin jaridar ''The Washington Post'' ta watan Satumba, ya ambaci shaidar abin da ya yi iƙirarin cewa kurakuran gaskiya ne da [[Barack Obama]] da membobin yakin neman zabensa suka yi game da yanayin tattalin arziki. Luskin ya yi iƙirarin cewa kasuwa tana da kyau, kuma Obama kawai yana amfani da yanayin tattalin arziki ne don ɓata wa John McCain suna. Duk da haka, washegari, Lehman Brothers ya shigar da ƙara a kan mafi girman fatarar kuɗi a tarihin Amurka kuma bayan kwana biyu, a ranar 16 ga Satumba, kasuwannin hannayen jari sun yi tashin gwauron zabi. Bugu da ƙari, a cikin wannan editan, ya ambaci shaidar cewa tattalin arzikin ya yi rauni, amma ba a cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki ba. Ya rubuta, "... duk wanda ya ce muna cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki, ko kuma yana kan hanya ɗaya - musamman mafi muni tun bayan Babban Bala'in Tattalin Arziki - yana ƙirƙirar ma'anarsa ta sirri ta koma bayan tattalin arziki." Ba da daɗewa ba bayan rugujewar Lehman da wasu manyan kamfanonin kuɗi da dama, tattalin arzikin ya tabarbare sosai, kuma daga baya Ofishin Bincike na Tattalin Arziki na Ƙasa ya ayyana cewa yana cikin koma bayan tattalin arziki duk shekara. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> ''Manufofin Harkokin Waje'' sun haɗa da hasashen Luskin a cikin jerin "Mafi Mummunan Hasashen 10 na 2008" a shafin yanar gizon sa. Editocin ''Littafin Yale na Magana'' sun kuma lura da lokacin da bai dace ba na editan Luskin kuma sun haɗa da hasashensa a cikin jerin "Manyan maganganu goma na 2008". An ware shi a matsayin "wasu daga cikin mafi munin sharhi, asarar kuɗi a cikin 'yan shekarun nan." == Rikici da Paul Krugman == Luskin ya kasance mai kawo cece-kuce a matsayinsa na ƙwararren masanin jama'a. Yawancin shafinsa na yanar gizo da kuma yawancin ginshiƙansa ''na NRO'' sun kasance ne ga hujjojin da ke nuna cewa [[Ɗan siyasa|'yan siyasa]], masana kimiyya da [[Kafofin yada labarai|kafofin watsa labarai]] suna karkatar da gaskiyar tattalin arziki, adadi, da yanayin da ake ciki. Yana da ƙiyayya ta musamman ga jaridar ''[[New York Times|The New York Times]]'', musamman marubuci kuma wanda ya lashe kyautar ''Nobel'' Paul Krugman, wanda ya yi ƙoƙarin karyata maganganun tattalin arziki. Luskin shi ne shugaban abin da ya kira "Krugman Truth Squad," ƙungiyar masu rubutun ra'ayin kanka a yanar gizo waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don yin cikakken bayani da kuma musanta abin da suke ɗauka a matsayin ƙarya da karkacewar Krugman. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A cewar Daniel Okrent, tsohon Editan Jama'a na ''Times'', "Luskin yana aiki a matsayin Javert zuwa Jean Valjean na Krugman. Daga wani wuri a ''National Review Online'', yana yawan kai hari ga tunanin Krugman, siyasarsa, ka'idojin tattalin arzikinsa, halinsa da kuma daidaitonsa." Luskin ya yi iƙirarin cewa aikinsa ya haifar da gyare-gyare daga Krugman da kuma "ƙaddamar da sabuwar manufar gyara ga dukkan shafin edita ''na Times'' ." Krugman yakan mayar da martani kai tsaye ga sukar Luskin. A wani lokaci Luskin ya zargi Krugman da yin kuskure a kimantawarsa kan kuɗaɗen da tasirin rage haraji na 2003. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Krugman ya mayar da martani da jerin rubuce-rubuce a shafinsa na yanar gizo. <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> A cikin wani rubutu makamancin haka, da alama yana nuni ga dagewar sukar Luskin, Krugman ya kira Luskin da "babban mai bin diddiginsa ". <ref>{{Cite web |title=I Am John Galt: Today's Heroic Innovators Building the World and the Villainous Parasites Destroying It &#124; Wiley |url=https://www.wiley.com/en-us/I+Am+John+Galt%3A+Today%27s+Heroic+Innovators+Building+the+World+and+the+Villainous+Parasites+Destroying+It-p-9781118907535 |website=Wiley.com}}</ref> Daga baya, bayan Luskin ya bayyana a wani taron sanya hannu kan littafin Krugman, Krugman ya ce game da Luskin a shirin talabijin na Fox News ''Hannity da Colmes'', "Wannan mutum ne, wannan mutum ne wanda a zahiri yake bin diddigina a yanar gizo, kuma ya taɓa bin diddigina da kaina". <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> Ƙiyayyar da ke tsakanin Luskin da Krugman ta yi tsanani har ta zama batun labarin da aka buga a ''jaridar The New Yorker'' tare da maganganu masu yawa daga mutanen biyu. Atrios ( Duncan Black ) mai rubutun ra'ayin yanar gizo ya maimaita yadda Krugman ya kwatanta Luskin a matsayin mai bin diddigin mutane, wanda hakan ya haifar da barazanar shigar da ƙarar shari'a daga lauyoyin da ke wakiltar Luskin. <ref name="Balking" /> <ref>{{Cite book}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 63byapeqor8ji9qnjdt17gn8al17urj 0 142808 915191 802550 2026-09-02T23:38:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Éveline Geneviève Anna Garnier''' (6 ga Mayu 1904 - 22 ga Oktoba 1989) ta kasance muhimmiyar adadi a cikin Noyautage des administrations publiques, wanda ke da niyyar shiga cikin Gwamnatin Vichy ta Faransa a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Ta yi amfani da aikinta a matsayin mai kula da ɗakin karatu don rufe aikinta a cikin Resistance na Faransa tare da abokin aikinta Andrée Jacob, Henri Frenay da Claude Bourdet . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dossiers administratifs des Résistantes et Résistants |url=http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/SHDGR_16P_G.pdf |access-date=2026-03-04 |archive-date=2016-09-16 |archive-url=https://archive.wikiwix.com/cache/20160917000000/http://www.servicehistorique.sga.defense.gouv.fr/sites/default/files/SHDGR_16P_G.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da iyali == An haifi Éveline Geneviève Anna Garnier a ranar 6 ga Mayu 1904 a cikin 16th arrondissement na Paris . Mahaifiyarta ita ce Jeanne Julie Gabrielle (née Maritain) (1875-1955) kuma mahaifinta Charles Marie Georges Garnier (1869-1956), farfesa a fannin wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi da harshe a Lycée Janson-de-Sailly, Sufeto Janar na Ilimi na Jama'a kuma marubuci. <ref>[https://www.persee.fr/doc/inrp_0298-5632_1997_ant_13_1_6676 Guy Caplat. GARNIER (Charles-Marie, Georges) (note biographique). Publications de l'Institut national de recherche pédagogique Année 1997 13 {{P.|285-288}}.]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Charles Marie Georges Garnier |url=https://data.bnf.fr/fr/12607868/charles-marie_garnier/ |access-date= |website=Site de la BNF}}</ref> Kakar mahaifiyarta, Geneviève Maritain (née Favre) (1855-1943), ta kasance mai fafutukar mata kuma mai zaman lafiya, 'yar masanin falsafa da malami Julie Favre da kuma ɗan siyasa da lauya Jules Favre . Kakan mahaifiyarta shine masanin falsafa Jacques Maritain, wanda ya tuba daga Furotesta zuwa Katolika a 1906 kuma daga baya ya sanya ta a matsayin babban wakilin sa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Crane |first=Richard Francis |date=2011 |title="Heart-Rending Ambivalence": Jacques Maritain and the Complexity of Postwar Catholic Philosemitism |url=https://ejournals.bc.edu/index.php/scjr/article/view/1820 |journal=Studies in Christian-Jewish Relations |language=en |volume=6 |issue=1 |doi=10.6017/scjr.v6i1.1820 |issn=1930-3777 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=texte |first=Cercle d'études Jacques et Raïssa Maritain Auteur du |date=1990 |title=Cahiers Jacques Maritain |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97699002 |access-date= |website=Gallica |language=FR}}</ref> Iyayenta, duka Furotesta, sun sake aure jim kadan kafin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=texte |first=L'Amitié Charles Péguy Auteur du |date=1962 |title=Feuillets mensuels / L'Amitié Charles Péguy |url=https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k96052134 |access-date=2019-08-24 |website=Gallica |language=FR}}.</ref> Éveline Garnier ta kasance abokin tarayya na wani memba na Resistance na Faransa, Andrée Jacob, wanda ta sadu da shi a cikin Krista da ke kusa da kawunta Jacques Maritain . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Marie-Jo Bonnet raconte les résistantes oubliées |url=https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/le-mans-72000/marie-jo-bonnet-raconte-les-resistantes-oubliees-777162}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |date=2019-09-19 |title=À Paris, les voies de la Résistance |url=https://www.lemonde.fr/idees/article/2019/09/19/a-paris-les-voies-de-la-resistance_5512356_3232.html |journal=Le Monde.fr |access-date=2020-07-06}}.</ref> == Ayyukan adawa a Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu == Ta yi aiki tare da Claude Bourdet a cikin ƙungiyar Combat, tana aiki a cikin leken asiri, daukar ma'aikata, ƙungiya, da kuma aiki kai tsaye. Ta kuma yi aiki tare da Uba Foussard, a cikin Comet Line, wanda ya ceci kuma ya dawo da 'yan saman Allied da aka harbe su a ƙasar Faransa.<ref name=":0"/> Garnier ta zama mataimakiyar sakatare janar na cibiyar sadarwa ta Noyautage des administrations publiques (NAP) a watan Satumbar 1943, tana aiki tare da abokin aikinta Andrée Jacob, (sunan lamba Danielle). Daga Maris 1944 Garnier ya kasance shugaban cibiyar sadarwa ta NAP . [1] Ta kuma taimaka wajen ceton Yahudawa ta hanyar yin musu takardun karya. Bayan 'Yanci na Faransa, ita da Andrée Jacob sun shiga ma'aikatar tsoffin mayakan Résistance et des Déportés (Ma'aikatari na Tsohon Ma'aikata na Resistance da Deportees). <ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Garnier da Andrée Jacob sun kasance cikin dangantaka sama da shekaru hamsin.<ref name=":2"/> Éveline Garnier ta mutu a ranar 22 ga Oktoba 1989 sakamakon cutar zuciya a asibitin Sainte-Périne a cikin 16th arrondissement na Paris . == Yabo == * Medal na Resistance na Faransa (1945) * Gicciye na Yaƙi 1939-1945 tare da dabino (1946) * Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta (1946) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1989]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1904]] 04snnfek9o75jt1ur15c1kze9e88c2h 0 142828 915193 890485 2026-09-02T23:54:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An Apology for Mohammed and the Koran littafi ne na 1869 na [[John Davenport (orientalist)|John Davenport]] wanda marubucin ya ba da labarin gamuwarsa da Islama. == Karɓar baƙi == An fassara shi zuwa Larabci, Farisa da Urdu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 October 2020 |title=An Apology for Mohammed PBUH and the Koran by John Davenport {{!}} 1789-1877 |url=https://nayrang.com/an-apology-for-mohammed-pbuh-and-the-koran-by-john-davenport/ |website=Nayrang |language=ur |access-date=4 March 2026 |archive-date=17 June 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210617231801/https://nayrang.com/an-apology-for-mohammed-pbuh-and-the-koran-by-john-davenport/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=تحميل دفاع وإعتذار لمحمد (ص) والقرآن موبي على كتب موبي ™ |url=https://agatha-christie.site/kutib_mubi-df_w_tdhr_lmhmd_s_wlqran_36161.html |website=agatha-christie.site |access-date=2026-03-04 |archive-date=2026-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260304142242/https://agatha-christie.site/kutib_mubi-df_w_tdhr_lmhmd_s_wlqran_36161.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ULUSLARARASI TÜRK DÜNYASININ İSLAMİYETE KATKILARI SEMPOZYUMU |url=http://ktp.isam.org.tr/pdfdrg/D172590/2007/2007_ERSAHINS.pdf |access-date=2026-03-04 |archive-date=2024-07-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705023753/http://ktp.isam.org.tr/pdfdrg/D172590/2007/2007_ERSAHINS.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>[4] <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title=Prophet Muhammad - A Rarest Genius of the World |url=https://islamigems.com/prophet-muhammad-a-rarest-genius-of-the-world-author-john-davenport/ |website=IslamiGems}}</ref> Farisa ta littafin ta lashe littafin sarauta na Iran.[5] [[Ali Khamenei]] ya yaba da littafin kuma ya ce: "Davenport ba Musulmi ba ne amma tun da yake mutum ne mai ilimi da fahimta, lokacin da yake kallon gaskiyar Alkur'ani da kuma ƙarfin ayoyin wannan littafin, ya fahimci cewa waɗannan gaskiyar ba daga iyakantaccen tunanin ɗan adam ba ne kuma saboda haka ba za a iya musanta su ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2016 |title=Ayatollah Khamenei explains why Davenport wrote "An Apology to Muhammad and Quran" |url=https://english.khamenei.ir/news/3598/Ayatollah-Khamenei-explains-why-Davenport-wrote-An-Apology-to |website=Khamenei.ir |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Muhammad]] 9v584605v0w2y04p5t7mfiatid81xfj 0 144886 915080 831394 2026-09-02T19:16:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915080 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yasmine Salah El-Din Fouad Abdel Aziz''' 'yar siyasa ce ta Masar wacce ta kasance sakatariya mai kula da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya don Yaƙi da Hamada (UNCCD) tun daga shekarar 2025.<ref>[https://press.un.org/en/2025/sga2353.doc.htm Secretary-General Appoints Yasmine Fouad of Egypt Executive Secretary of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[United Nations]], press release of 22 May 2025.</ref> A da ta kasance Ministar Muhalli a ma'aikatar Mostafa Madbouly daga shekarun 2018 zuwa 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of Environment - EEAA > About Us > About Ministry > Minister |url=https://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/aboutus/aboutministry/minister.aspx |access-date=2022-05-05 |website=www.eeaa.gov.eg |archive-date=2022-06-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629032127/https://www.eeaa.gov.eg/en-us/aboutus/aboutministry/minister.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-06-14 |title=الحكومة الجديدة.. السيرة الذاتية لياسمين فؤاد وزيرة البيئة |url=https://www.albawabhnews.com/3147093 |access-date=2023-01-05 |website=www.albawabhnews.com |archive-date=2023-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105151549/https://www.albawabhnews.com/3147093 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Fouad tana da digirin digirgir a fannin nazarin Turai da Bahar Rum daga [[Jami'ar Alkahira]] da kuma digirin digirgir a fannin kimiyyar muhalli daga [[Jami'ar Ain Shams]].<ref>[https://press.un.org/en/2025/sga2353.doc.htm Secretary-General Appoints Yasmine Fouad of Egypt Executive Secretary of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[United Nations]], press release of 22 May 2025.</ref> == Aikin siyasa == A lokacin da take minista, Fouad ta jagoranci kwamitin gudanarwa na Shirin Tsarin Haɗin Gwiwa na Yankin [[Sabon Haɗin gwiwa don Ci gaban Afirka]] (NEPAD) wanda ya haɗa da gudanar da ƙasa nai ɗorewa, hamada, bambancin halittu da daidaitawa ga sauyin yanayi bisa tsarin halittu.<ref>[https://press.un.org/en/2025/sga2353.doc.htm Secretary-General Appoints Yasmine Fouad of Egypt Executive Secretary of United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification]{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} [[United Nations]], press release of 22 May 2025.</ref> Fouad ta jagoranci taron ɓangarorin da suka shiga yarjejeniyar bambancin halittu (2018–2021) da kuma [[Taron Canjin Yanayi na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya na 2022|taron sauyin yanayi na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya na 2022]] a Sharm el-Sheikh (2021–2022).<ref>{{cite news |author=<!--not stated--> |date=16 January 2022 |title=Egypt's Environment Minister discusses preparations for COP27 Climate Conference |work=Egypt Independent |location= |url=https://egyptindependent.com/egypts-environment-minister-discusses-preparations-for-cop27-climate-conference/ |access-date=18 April 2022}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] nqdkzhqh6m88i4ye6x6f0pxfutlhkjx 0 147029 915261 824757 2026-09-03T06:06:47Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915261 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} ''''''Abena Osei'''-Poku''', (née: Abena Osei), babban jami'in kamfanoni ne [[Ghana|Dan Ghana]] kuma manajan darektan na Ecobank Ghana da Babban Jami'in Yankin [[Afirka ta Yamma|Yammacin Afirka]] (AWA) na Yankin Ecobank Group . Ta kasance tsohon manajan darakta kuma babban jami'in zartarwa na Bankin Absa Ghana (tsohon ''Bankin Barclays na Ghana''), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glitz top 100 inspirational women – Page 100 – Glitz Africa Magazine |url=https://www.glitzafrica.com/glitz-top-100-inspirational-women/100/ |access-date=2022-05-28 |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-05-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210526112709/https://www.thestandpoint.com.gh/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> inda ta yi aiki a matsayin manajan darekta na shekaru biyar daga Satumba 2018 zuwa Disamba 2023. Kafin wannan, ta yi aiki a Absa a Afirka ta Kudu, inda take da alhakin Bankin Kasuwanci da Zuba Jari a [[Gabashin Afirka|Gabas]] da Yammacin Afirka a matakin Manajan Darakta.<ref name="1R">{{Cite web |last=Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa |date=October 2021 |title=Gender Mainstreaming Awards Africa: Judge Profile: Abena Osei-Poku |url=https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211026142111/https://www.genderawards.com/judge-profile/abena-osei-poku/ |archive-date=26 October 2021 |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Genderawards.com}}</ref><ref name="2R">{{Cite web |date=2018 |title=Barclays appoints Abena Osei-Poku as new MD |url=https://ghanaguardian.com/barclays-appoints-abena-osei-poku-as-new-md |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Ghanaguardian.com |format=Ghanaguardian.com Quoting Business & Financial Times Limited}}</ref> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haife ta ne a Ghana a shekara ta 1971. Ta halarci makarantun firamare da sakandare na Ghana. An shigar da ita a [[Jami'ar Ghana]], ta kammala karatu a 1994 tare da digiri na farko a fannin Tattalin Arziki da Kididdiga. Daga baya, ta sami Jagora na Gudanar da Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Manchester a Ƙasar Ingila. <ref name="3R">{{Cite web |last=Abena Osei-Poku |date=October 2021 |title=Abena Osei-Poku: Managing Director at Absa Bank Ghana Limited |url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/abena-osei-poku-27a2bb52/?originalSubdomain=gh |access-date=25 October 2021 |website=[[LinkedIn.com]]}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFAbena_Osei-Poku2021">Abena Osei-Poku (October 2021). [https://www.linkedin.com/in/abena-osei-poku-27a2bb52/?originalSubdomain=gh "Abena Osei-Poku: Managing Director at Absa Bank Ghana Limited"]. ''[[LinkedIn.com]]''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 October</span> 2021</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == Abena Osei-Poku ta fara aikin banki a Bankin Standard Chartered a shekara ta 2002, ta yi aiki a can na tsawon shekaru bakwai. A shekara ta 2009, ta koma Bankin Barclays. Ta shafe wani ɓangare na shekaru tara masu zuwa tana aiki a matsayin babban darakta a Bankin Barclays Ghana da sauran lokutan a [[Afirka ta Kudu]], tana aiki a matsayinta na babban jami'in Barclaws Africa Group, wanda ke da alhakin ayyukan a Afirka, a waje da Afirka ta Kudu. A watan Satumbar 2018, an nada ta a matsayin manajan darakta na Bankin Barclays na Ghana, inda ta maye gurbin Patience Akyianu, wacce ta bar bankin.<ref name="2R"/><ref name="3R"/> A watan Fabrairun 2020, Abena ta kula da sauyawar Bankin Barclays Ghana zuwa Bankin Absa Ghana . <ref name="4R">{{Cite web |last=Kingsley Asare |date=11 February 2020 |title=Absa to play significant role in banking sector - MD |url=https://www.ghanaiantimes.com.gh/absa-to-play-significant-role-in-banking-sector-md/ |access-date=26 October 2021 |website=Ghana Times}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, an nada ta a matsayin Manajan Darakta na Ecobank Ghana da kuma Babban Jami'in Yankin Yammacin Afirka (AWA). <ref>{{Cite web |date=1970-01-01 |title=Abena Osei-Poku is named Managing Director of Ecobank Ghana. |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/region/manzekay/Abena-Osei-Poku-is-named-Managing-Director-of-Ecobank-Ghana-165056 |access-date=2024-01-05 |website=GhanaWeb |language=en |archive-date=2024-01-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240105221718/https://www.ghanaweb.com/region/manzekay/Abena-Osei-Poku-is-named-Managing-Director-of-Ecobank-Ghana-165056 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Sauran la'akari == Ta kasance a baya a kan allon kamfanoni da yawa, ciki har da (a) Airtel Mobile Money Limited (b) Barclays Africa Group (c) United Kingdom da Ghana Chamber of Commerce da (d) Country Kitchen Limited . <ref name="1R"/> Ya zuwa Oktoba 2021, ita ce shugabar kwamitin ba da shawara na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Lafiya a Jami'ar Ghana . Ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar shugaban kwamitin Ghana Stock Exchange, kuma memba ne na majalisun zartarwa na Ghana Association of Banks da Kwalejin Bankin Kasa. Bugu da kari, ita memba ce mai daraja na Cibiyar Kasuwanci ta Ghana kuma memba ne mai daraja na Chartered Institute of Bankers . [1] == Dubi kuma == * Jerin cibiyoyin hada-hadar kudi a Ghana == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1971]] dlzw4o8oxsa6xlon45pdz9p89az9l5y 0 147328 914854 817217 2026-09-02T13:29:32Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 914854 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Elizabeth Monroe ( wanda aka haifa a matsayin Kortright; 30 ga Yuni, 1768 – 23 ga Satumba, 1830) ita ce matar shugaban Amurka daga 1817 zuwa 1825, a matsayin matar James Monroe, shugaban Amurka na biyar. Saboda yanayin rashin lafiyar Monroe, yawancin ayyukanta a matsayin mai masaukin baki a Fadar White House an ɗauke ta ne ta hannun babbar 'yarta, Eliza Monroe Hay. == Haihuwa, iyaye, da kuma yarinta (1768–1778) == An haifi Monroe a birnin New York a ranar 30 ga Yuni, 1768, ita ce [1] yar Lawrence Kortright, wani attajiri ɗan kasuwa, da Hannah ( née Aspinwall) Kortright. [2] Kakan Elizabeth Monroe na biyu, Cornelius Jansen Kortright, an haife shi a Holland, Netherlands, a shekara ta 1645, kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa New York a shekara ta 1663. Mahaifinsa, Jan Bastiaenson Van Kortrijk, shi ma an haife shi a Holland, Netherlands a shekara ta 1618 kuma ya yi ƙaura tare da ɗansa zuwa New York. Mahaifin Jan Bastiaenson, Bastiaen Van Kortrijk, an haife shi a birnin Kortrijk da ke Flanders, Spain Netherlands, a shekara ta 1586, kuma ya yi ƙaura zuwa Holland, Netherlands, a shekara ta 1615. Mahaifin Monroe yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta New York . A lokacin Yaƙin Juyin Juya Halin Amurka, ya mallaki wasu kamfanoni masu zaman kansu da aka gina a New York, kuma an kuma rubuta cewa ya bauta wa aƙalla Baƙar fata huɗu. [3] Ya sayi filayen filaye a yankin da yanzu ake kira Delaware County, New York, kuma daga sayar da wannan ƙasa aka kafa garin Kortright, New York. Monroe ta girma a cikin gida mai manyan 'yan'uwa huɗu: Sarah, Hester, John da Mary. A cewar bayanan cocin Trinity Church, New York, mahaifiyar Monroe, Hannah, ta mutu a ranar 6 ko 7 ga Satumba, 1777, tana da shekaru 39. An rubuta musabbabin mutuwar sakamakon gadon jariri. Wani ɗan'uwan Monroe da ba a san ko shi wanene ba, yana da watanni 13, ya kamu da ciwon mara da zazzaɓi kwanaki kaɗan bayan haka. An binne Hannah da jaririn a cocin St. George da ke New York. A lokacin mutuwarsu, Monroe tana da shekaru tara. Mahaifinta bai sake yin aure ba. A ranar 3 ga Agusta, 1778, kusan shekara guda bayan mutuwar mahaifiyar Monroe, gidan iyalan Lawrence Kortright ya kusa lalacewa da gobara a lokacin gobarar da ta yi sanadiyyar lalacewa da lalata gidaje hamsin kusa da Cruger's Wharf a [[Lower Manhattan|ƙasan Manhattan]] . Daga baya wani masanin tarihi ya rubuta cewa wannan gobarar ta faru ne saboda rashin kula da sojojin Birtaniya yayin da suke jagorantar masu kashe gobara. Monroe, mai shekaru 10, tare da mahaifinta da 'yan uwanta, sun tsira daga gobarar ba tare da wani rauni ba. == Saduwa da aure (1785–1786) == Kortright ya fara jan hankalin [[James Monroe]] a shekarar 1785 yayin da yake birnin New York yana aiki a matsayin memba na Majalisar Dokokin Tarayyar Turai. William Grayson, ɗan uwan James Monroe kuma ɗan majalisar wakilai daga Virginia, ya bayyana Elizabeth da 'yan uwanta mata a matsayin waɗanda suka "yi fice sosai da kyau" a wani gidan wasan kwaikwayo wata maraice, "don rage yawan sauran akwatunan duk mazan da ke cikinsa." James Monroe, wanda a lokacin yana da shekaru 27, ya auri Elizabeth, wacce a lokacin take da shekaru 17, a ranar 16 ga Fabrairu, 1786, a gidan mahaifinta da ke birnin New York. Reverend Benjamin Moore ne ya yi auren, kuma an rubuta shi a cikin bayanan cocin Trinity Church, [[New York (jiha)|New York]]. Bayan ɗan gajeren hutun amarci a Long Island, sabbin ma'auratan sun koma birnin New York don zama tare da mahaifinta har sai da Majalisar ta dage zamanta. An haifi ɗansu na fari, wanda suka sanya wa suna Eliza Kortright Monroe, a watan Disamba, 1786, a [[Virginia]]. == Matar Jakadan (1794–1796) == A shekara ta 1794, [[George Washington]] ya naɗa James a matsayin Ministan Amurka a Faransa. A birnin Paris, a matsayin matar Ministan Amurka a lokacin Mulkin Ta'addanci, ta taimaka wajen sakin Madame La Fayette, matar Marquis de Lafayette, lokacin da ta ji an tsare ta kuma an shirya kashe ta da guillotine. Monroes sun kuma ba wa ɗan ƙasar Amurka [[Thomas Paine]] tallafi da mafaka a birnin Paris, bayan an kama shi saboda adawarsa da kisan Louis XVI . A lokacin da yake Faransa, 'yar Monroes Eliza ta zama abokiyar Hortense de Beauharnais, 'yar Napoleon, kuma 'yar uwarsa [[Napoleon]], duka 'yan matan sun sami iliminsu a makarantar Madame Jeanne Campan. An kira James daga matsayin jakada a shekara ta 1796, saboda goyon bayan da ya bai wa Faransa a adawa da Yarjejeniyar Jay. == Matar Gwamna (1799–1802) == 'Yan Monroes sun koma [[Virginia]], inda James ya zama gwamna, kuma Elizabeth ta zama Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa ta Virginia . An haifi ɗan ma'auratan, James Spence, a shekara ta 1799 amma ya mutu a shekara ta 1800. A wannan lokacin, Elizabeth ta sha fama da farfadiya da rugujewa wanda wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga [[Farfaɗiya|farfadiya]], wanda ya addabe ta har tsawon rayuwarta kuma a hankali ya sa ta takaita ayyukanta na zamantakewa. <ref name="firstladies.org">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Monroe Biography :: National First Ladies' Library |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509090316/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2016-09-07 |publisher=Firstladies.org}}</ref> An haifi ɗanta na uku na Monroe, 'yar da suka sanya wa suna Maria Hester, a Virginia a farkon shekara ta 1802. == Birtaniya (1803–1804) == A shekara ta 1803, Shugaba [[Thomas Jefferson]] ya naɗa James a matsayin Ministan Amurka a Burtaniya da Spain. Elizabeth ta ga yanayin zamantakewa a Landan bai yi kyau ba kamar yadda yake a Paris, wataƙila saboda al'ummar Burtaniya ta ƙi amincewa da Amurka ta ƙi taimaka mata a rikicin da ta yi da Faransa. A shekara ta 1804, an aika James a matsayin wakili na musamman zuwa Faransa don yin shawarwari kan Siyan Louisiana . A wannan shekarar, [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] ya gayyaci Monroes don halartar bikin naɗinsa a Paris, a matsayin wani ɓangare na tawagar Amurka ta hukuma. == Komawa Virginia da Washington (1807–1817) == 'Yan Monroes sun koma Virginia a shekarar 1807. James Monroe ya lashe zabe kuma ya koma Majalisar Wakilai ta Virginia, sannan ya ci gaba da aikinsa na lauya. A shekarar 1811, Monroe ya sake lashe zaben gwamnan Virginia, amma ya yi watanni hudu kacal. A watan Afrilun 1811, abokinsa Shugaba [[James Madison]] ya nada Sakataren Harkokin Waje na Monroe, kuma Majalisar Dattawan Amurka ta tabbatar masa da wannan matsayi. Monroe ba shi da wata alaka da Yaƙin 1812, tunda Shugaba Madison da masu fafutukar yaƙi a Majalisa sun fi rinjaye. A lokacin Yaƙin, Elizabeth ta zauna a gidajen dangin Monroe da ke Oak Hill a Loudoun County, Virginia, daga baya kuma ta koma Ashlawn-Highland a Albemarle County, Virginia . Yaƙin ya yi muni sosai, don haka Madison ta nemi taimako daga Monroe, inda ta naɗa shi Sakataren Yaƙi na Amurka a watan Satumba na 1814 bayan da Turawan Birtaniya suka ƙone Washington, waɗanda suka kwace babban birnin ƙasar suka kuma ƙone [[White House|Fadar White House]] . Monroe ya yi murabus daga Sakataren Harkokin Waje a ranar 1 ga Oktoba amma ba a taɓa naɗa wani magaji ba, don haka ya kula da ofisoshin biyu daga 1 ga Oktoba, 1814 zuwa 28 ga Fabrairu, 1815. A matsayinsa na Sakataren Yaƙi, Monroe ya tsara shirin mamaye [[Kanada]] a karo na biyu don cin nasarar Yaƙin 1812, amma an amince da yarjejeniyar zaman lafiya a watan Fabrairu na 1815, kafin a tilasta wa duk wani sojan Amurka ya koma arewa. Daga nan Monroe ya yi murabus daga Sakataren Yaƙi kuma aka sake naɗa shi Sakataren Harkokin Waje, inda ya yi aiki har zuwa 4 ga Maris, 1817, lokacin da ya gaji [[James Madison]] ya zama Shugaban Amurka na biyar a ƙasar. == Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa ta Amurka (1817–1825) == Elizabeth ta fara aikinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa a ranar 4 ga Maris, 1817, lokacin da mijinta ya fara wa'adinsa na farko a matsayin shugaban ƙasa na biyar na Amurka. Bayan ƙaura zuwa Fadar White House, Monroes sun ƙaura da dama daga cikin ɗimbin Baƙar fata da suka bauta domin ci gaba da aikin tilasta musu yin aiki. Duk da haka, har yanzu ana sake gina Fadar White House, don haka Elizabeth ta ɗauki nauyin bikin buɗe taron a gidansu na sirri da ke kan titin I, kuma wani lokaci Iyalin Farko suna zaune a Gidan Octagon. <ref name="firstladies.org">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Monroe Biography :: National First Ladies' Library |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509090316/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2016-09-07 |publisher=Firstladies.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509090316/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 "Elizabeth Monroe Biography :: National First Ladies' Library"]. Firstladies.org. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 the original] on May 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> Tunda an lalata duk kayan daki na Fadar White House, Monroes sun kawo wasu daga gidajensu na sirri. An sake zaɓen mijinta a karo na biyu a ofis a shekarar 1820, kuma Elizabeth ta halarci bikin buɗe taron da aka gudanar a Otal ɗin Brown's. Ta ci gaba da riƙe matsayinta na Uwargidan Shugaban Ƙasa har zuwa ranar 4 ga Maris, 1825. Duk da cewa Elizabeth Monroe ta sake samun girmamawa da girmamawa a lokacin wa'adin mijinta na biyu, amma ba ta yi daidai da wanda ya gabace ta ba, [[Dolley Madison]], wacce ta burge al'ummar Washington, inda ta kafa mizani da za a auna Matan Shugaban Kasa na gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Lady Biography: Elizabeth Monroe |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509090316/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2015-10-03 |publisher=[[National First Ladies' Library]]}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Elizabeth da babbar 'yarta sun yi ƙoƙarin samar da damar shiga Fadar White House ta zama mai zaman kanta a zamantakewa, tana nuna al'adun Faransa, waɗanda ba a yarda da su ba idan aka yi la'akari da kyawawan dabi'un dimokuradiyya na Amurka, kodayake wa'adin Shugaba Monroe kuma an san shi da kyawawan ji da dangantaka. Duk da haka, Elizabeth ta yi wa Janar Andrew Jackson irin wannan ra'ayi har mijinta ya riƙa ambaton ta a gare shi a cikin wasiƙun da suka rubuta. Elizabeth ta kuma sami ra'ayoyi masu kyau yayin da ma'auratan suka karɓi bakuncin Janar Lafayette na ɗan lokaci a lokacin ziyarar dawowarsa ta Amurka. <ref name="firstladies.org">{{Cite web |title=Elizabeth Monroe Biography :: National First Ladies' Library |url=http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120509090316/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 |archive-date=2012-05-09 |access-date=2016-09-07 |publisher=Firstladies.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120509090316/http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 "Elizabeth Monroe Biography :: National First Ladies' Library"]. Firstladies.org. Archived from [http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=5 the original] on May 9, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 7,</span> 2016</span>.</cite></ref> A lokacin rashin lafiyar Elizabeth, 'ya'yanta mata sun gudanar da wasu ayyukan zamantakewa, kamar yadda aka tattauna a ƙasa. Bugu da ƙari, James ko Elizabeth sun lalata wasiƙunta, tsakanin su da wasu, kafin mutuwarta. Tun daga shekarar 1982, Cibiyar Bincike ta Kwalejin Siena ta gudanar da bincike lokaci-lokaci tana neman masana tarihi su tantance matan shugabannin Amurka bisa ga jimillar maki da aka tattara kan ka'idojin da suka shafi asalinsu, darajarsu ga ƙasa, hankali, jarumtaka, nasarorin da suka samu, mutunci, shugabanci, kasancewarsu mata, mutuncin jama'a, da kuma darajar shugaban ƙasa. <ref name="Siena2014">{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2014 |title=Eleanor Roosevelt Retains Top Spot as America's Best First Lady Michelle Obama Enters Study as 5th, Hillary Clinton Drops to 6th Clinton Seen First Lady Most as Presidential Material; Laura Bush, Pat Nixon, Mamie Eisenhower, Bess Truman Could Have Done More in Office Eleanor & FDR Top Power Couple; Mary Drags Lincolns Down in the Ratings |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FirstLadies2014Release_Final.pdf |access-date=16 May 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}</ref> A ko da yaushe, masana tarihi sun sanya Monroe a cikin ƙananan rabin mata na shugabanni a cikin waɗannan binciken. Dangane da kimantawa ta jimilla, an sanya Monroe a cikin jerin: * Na 24-mafi kyau daga cikin 42 a 1982 <ref name="Siena2008" /> * Na 23-mafi kyau daga cikin 37 a shekarar 1993 <ref name="Siena2008" /> * Mafi kyawun maki 31 cikin 38 a shekarar 2003 <ref name="Siena2008" /> * Na 29-mafi kyau daga cikin 38 a shekarar 2008 <ref name="Siena2008">{{Cite web |date=December 18, 2008 |title=Ranking America's First Ladies Eleanor Roosevelt Still #1 Abigail Adams Regains 2nd Place Hillary moves from 5 th to 4 th; Jackie Kennedy from 4th to 3rd Mary Todd Lincoln Remains in 36th |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/FL_2008Release.pdf |access-date=16 May 2022 |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}</ref> * Mafi kyawun maki 30 cikin 38 a shekarar 2014 <ref name="2014Sienna1">{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Siena College Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States 2014 FirstLadies2014_Full Rankings.xls |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_A_Overall_Survey_Results.pdf |access-date=21 October 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Sienna College Research Institute/C-SPAN}}</ref> * Mafi kyawun maki 33 cikin 40 a shekarar 2020 <ref name="Siena2020results">{{Cite web |date=2020 |title=Copy of FirstLadies_Full Rankings_working_dl_2.xls |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/11/First-Ladies-Full-Rankings-2020.pdf |access-date=March 11, 2025 |website=scri.siena.edu |publisher=Siena Research Institute}}</ref> A cikin binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2014, Monroe da mijinta sun kasance a matsayi na 15 mafi girma daga cikin ma'aurata 39 na farko dangane da kasancewa "ma'aurata masu ƙarfi". <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Power Couple Score |url=https://scri.siena.edu/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Appendix_C_Power_Couples.pdf |access-date=9 October 2022 |website=scri.siena.edu/ |publisher=Siena Research Institute/C-SPAN Study of the First Ladies of the United States}}</ref> == Yara (1786–1802) == James da Elizabeth suna da 'ya'ya uku: * '''Elizabeth ("Eliza") Kortright Monroe Hay''' (1786–Janairu 27, 1840): An haife ta a Virginia a watan Disamba, 1786, Eliza ta yi karatu a makarantar Madame Jeanne Campan da ke Paris, lokacin da mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin Jakadar Amurka a Faransa. Eliza ta bayyana ga mutane da yawa masu girman kai da girman kai, masu saurin tunatar da wasu game da kyawawan halayenta da kuma matsayinta mai kyau. A ƙarshen Satumba ko farkon Oktoba 1808 ta auri George Hay, <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2022)">gazawar tabbatarwa</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> wata fitacciyar lauya a Virginia wadda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai gabatar da kara a shari'ar Aaron Burr da kuma daga baya Alkalin Gundumar Amurka. An sanya wa 'yarsu, Hortense, suna don girmama abokiyar karatunta ta yarinta kuma abokiyar karatunta, Hortense de Beauharnais, 'yar sirikar Napoleon. A lokacin shugabancin mahaifinta, Eliza ta raba yawancin al'ummar Washington da ƙin kiran matan jami'an diflomasiyya, kamar yadda aka saba, kuma ta haifar da wani tashin hankali na zamantakewa wajen rufe auren 'yar uwarta ga kowa sai dangi da abokai. Duk da duk girman kai da take nunawa, ta nuna tausayi na gaske a lokacin annobar zazzabi da ta mamaye Washington a lokacin shugabancin mahaifinta. Ta shafe dare da yawa tana kula da wadanda abin ya shafa ba tare da son kai ba. Bayan mutuwar mijinta da mahaifinta, Eliza ta koma Paris, Faransa, inda ta mutu a ranar 27 ga Janairu, 1840. * '''James Spence Monroe''' (1799–1800): Ɗansa tilo na Monroes, James Spence yana da watanni 16 lokacin da ya mutu bayan "rashin lafiya na kwanaki da yawa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Monroe |first=James |title=James Spence Monroe |url=http://academics.umw.edu/jamesmonroepapers/biography/james-spence-monroe/ |access-date=February 2, 2018 |website=The Papers of James Monroe |publisher=[[University of Mary Washington]] |quote=An unhappy event has occurr'd which has overwhelmed us with grief. At ten last night our beloved babe departed this life after several days sickness}}</ref> * '''Maria Hester Monroe Gouverneur''' (1802–20 ga Yuni, 1850) A cikin wata wasiƙa ta 12 ga Afrilu, 1802 zuwa ga James Madison, James Monroe ya bayyana cewa matarsa kwanan nan ta ƙara 'ya mace a cikin danginsu. Bayanan cocin sun nuna cewa an haifi Maria a ranar 8 ga Afrilu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trinity Church - Registers |url=https://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=10954&sacr=baptism |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161020145844/http://registers.trinitywallstreet.org/files/history/registers/display_detail.php?id=10954&sacr=baptism |archive-date=2016-10-20 |website=registers.trinitywallstreet.org}} </ref> A shekara mai zuwa, yayin da take jaririya, Maria ta raka iyayenta zuwa Landan, lokacin da James Monroe ya zama Jakadan Amurka a Kotun St. James. Bayan dawowar iyalan zuwa Amurka, Maria ta kammala makaranta a Philadelphia. A ranar 9 ga Maris, 1820, ta auri ɗan uwanta na farko, Samuel L. Gouverneur, a bikin auren farko na ɗan shugaban ƙasa a Fadar White House. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Presidents & First Ladies |url=http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_history/history_faqs-06.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110526105328/http://www.whitehousehistory.org/whha_history/history_faqs-06.html |archive-date=May 26, 2011 |access-date=March 13, 2011 |website=While House History website |publisher=The White House Historical Association}}</ref> Mutane da yawa a Washington sun soki Monroes saboda ɓoye auren; mutane 42 ne kawai daga cikin iyalin da abokai na kud da kud aka gayyata. Rashin jituwa tsakanin mijin Maria da 'yar uwarta mai magana ya kawo cikas ga dangantakar iyali bayan haka. Gouverneurs sun ƙaura zuwa Birnin New York. Tsohon Shugaba Monroe, bayan ya rasa matarsa a shekarar 1830, ya ƙaura tare da su. Shugaba John Quincy Adams ya naɗa mijinta mai kula da gidan waya na birnin New York. Maria ta rasu a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 1850, tana da shekaru 48, a Oak Hill, a Loudon County, Virginia. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2022)">tabbacin da ya gaza</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> == Mutuwa da gado (1825-1830) == Bayan wa'adin Monroe a matsayin shugaban ƙasa ya ƙare, shi da Elizabeth sun fuskanci basussuka masu yawa daga shekarun da suka yi suna aikin gwamnati, duka daga kuɗaɗen nishaɗi da ba a biya ba kuma saboda an tilasta wa Monroe ta kula da kadarorinsu daban-daban daga nesa. Monroe ya sayar da gonarsa, Highland a gundumar Albemarle don biyan basussuka, kuma duka sun yi ritaya zuwa Oak Hill a gundumar Loudoun, kusa da Washington, DC, da 'yarsu Eliza da mijinta (kodayake Hays sun ƙaura zuwa Richmond a 1825 lokacin da ya zama Alkalin Gundumar Amurka na Virginia). Duk da cewa ya yi ritaya, Elizabeth ta sami damar zuwa New York don ziyartar ƙaramar 'yarta, da kuma sauran abokai da dangi, amma ba ta sake yin ziyarar jama'a ba. Tana fama da rashin lafiya da kuma fama da cututtuka da dama na dogon lokaci (gami da ƙonewa mai tsanani daga rugujewa kusa da murhu shekara guda bayan barin Fadar White House), Elizabeth ta mutu a Oak Hill a ranar 23 ga Satumba, 1830, tana da shekaru 62, mijinta yana bin ta ƙasa da shekara ɗaya bayan haka, tana da shekaru 73. An binne ta a gidan, amma daga baya mijinta ya mutu a New York a ƙarƙashin kulawar 'yarsu kuma an binne ta a jihar arewa. An ɗauke gawarsa shekaru 25 bayan mutuwarsa don zama babban abin jan hankali yayin haɓaka Makabartar Hollywood a Richmond, Virginia . An sake binne gawar Elizabeth a can a shekarar 1903, inda aka binne ma'auratan biyu. Shirin Mata na Farko a ƙarƙashin Dokar Tsabar Kuɗin Shugaban Ƙasa ta $1 ya ba wa Ma'aikatar Kuɗi ta Amurka izinin bayar da tsabar kuɗi na zinare na 1/2 na oza da kuma kwafin lambobin yabo na tagulla don girmama matan farko na Amurka. An fitar da tsabar kuɗin Elizabeth Monroe a watan Fabrairun 2008. Wata riga da ke cikin tarin kayan tarihi na James Monroe ta nuna cewa Elizabeth ƙarama ce, ba ta wuce ƙafa 5 ba. === Alaƙa === == Manazarta == === Littattafan tarihi === * McGrath, T. (2020). ''James Monroe: Rayuwa'' . New York: Penguin Random House. {{Efn|A personal as well as political biography of James Monroe that contains significant information about Elizabeth Monroe.}} <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ricahrd Brookhiser |date=May 1, 2020 |title='James Monroe: A Life' Review: His Competency |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/james-monroe-a-life-review-his-competency-11588346211 |access-date=September 2, 2020}}</ref> === Bayanan kula === {{Notelist}} === Ambato === {{Reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==   * https://web.archive.org/web/20040301231620/http://www.whitehouse.gov/history/firstladies/em5.html * https://archive.org/stream/courtrightkortri00abbo/courtrightkortri00abbo_djvu.txt * [http://firstladies.c-span.org/FirstLady/6/Elizabeth-Monroe.aspx Elizabeth Monroe] a taron matan farko na C-SPAN '': Tasiri da Hoto'' {{S-start}} {{S-hon}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=[[First Lady of the United States]]}} {{S-aft}} {{S-end}}{{US First Ladies}}{{James Monroe}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1usaeykf3ks093wu72om0h6ejcto2q6 0 149401 915079 830674 2026-09-02T18:38:11Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 915079 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khaled Mohamed Abdelfattah Ibrahim''' (Arabic: an haife shi a ranar 22 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1999) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Masar wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai ba da dama ga ƙungiyar Al Ahly ta Firimiya ta [[Masar]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 January 2023 |title=Official: Al Ahly sign Smouha defender Khaled Abdel-Fattah |url=https://www.kingfut.com/2023/01/06/al-ahly-sign-khaled-abdel-fattah/ |access-date=27 January 2023 |website=[[King Fut]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="5" |Smouha |2019–20 | rowspan="4" |Gasar Firimiya ta Masar |8 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |8 |0 |- |2020–21 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |2021–22 |28 |2 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |30 |2 |- |2022–23 |10 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !47 !2 !3 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !50 !2 |- | rowspan="3" |Al Ahly |2022–23 | rowspan="2" |Gasar Firimiya ta Masar |14 |0 |3 |0 |6 |0 |2 |0 |25 |0 |- |2023-24 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |2 |0 |5 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !16 !0 !3 !0 !7 !0 !4 !0 !30 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Ayyuka Gabaɗaya !63 !2 !3 !0 !7 !0 !4 !0 !80 !2 |} == Daraja == '''Al Ahly''' * Gasar Firimiya ta Masar: 2022-232022–23 * Kofin Masar: 2021-22, 2022-232022–23 * Super Cup na Masar: [[2023 Egypt Super Cup|2022-23]], 2023-242023–24 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta CAF: 2022-23, 2023-24 * Kofin Afirka da Asiya da Pacific na FIFA: 2024 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 5j08vd7q50edgjte5trmgaqju3w8w03 0 149997 915121 911228 2026-09-02T20:48:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915121 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yusuf Abdulazeez''' listenⓘ (An haife shi a ranar 9 ga watan [[Maris]] na shekara ta 2002) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar [[Najeriya]] wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai kai hari ga kulob din Norrby na ƙasar Sweden a aro daga Mjällby AIF . == Ayyuka == Abdulazeez ya buga wa tawagar gida wasa a garinsu na [[Akure]] kafin ya koma [[Zamfara|Jihar Zamfara]] daga inda ya sami damar zuwa ''Savannah Scorpions'' na [[Gombe United F.C.|Gombe United]], wanda ya taimaka wajen samun ci gaba zuwa NPFL a shekarar 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe United Striker Seals Move To Mjallby AIF |url=https://bsnsports.com.ng/post/Gombe-United-Striker-Seals-Move-To-Mjallby-AIF |website=bsnsports.com.ng}}</ref> Da yake wasa a Gombe United, Abdulazee ya gama a matsayin mai zira kwallaye na biyu mafi girma a gasar zakarun [[Najeriya]] ta 2021-22, inda ya zira kwallayi 16, kwallaye 3 da ke jin kunya ga mai zira kwallon Chijioke Akuneto na Rivers United.<ref>{{Cite web |title=He can be the difference for us - Mjallby chief explains decision to sign Yusuf Abdulazeez |url=https://www.brila.net/he-can-be-the-difference-for-us-mjallby-chief-explains-decision-to-sign-yusuf-abdulazeez/ |website=brilla.net }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An amince da canja wurin zuwa kungiyar Mjällby AIF ta Sweden ta Allsvenskan a watan Satumbar 2022. Ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku don ci gaba da shi a Listerlandet har zuwa 2025. Ya fara buga wasan farko a Mjälby a ranar 16 ga Oktoba 2022 a wasan da aka yi da Hammarby IF 3-0 a gida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MJÄLBY VS. HAMMARBY 0-3 |url=https://uk.soccerway.com/matches/2022/10/16/sweden/allsvenskan/mjallby-aif/hammarby/3731033/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] 3ydhitp828nihil4vu7e26z5z9riogt 0 150194 915227 889642 2026-09-03T05:04:47Z Ummeeterh 31568 915227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Djibril Sidibé''' (An haife shi a ranar 29 ga [[Yuli]] 1992) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Faransa wanda ke taka [[Mai buga baya|leda]] a ƙungiyar Ligue 1 ta Toulouse. === Farkon aikina === Sidibé yana buga wasa a matsayin [[Mai buga baya|cikakken ɗan baya]], amma kuma ana iya amfani da shi a [[Mai buga tsakiya|tsakiyar fili]]. Ya fara aikinsa a ƙungiyar garinsu ta Troyes a shekara ta 2000 yana da shekaru takwas. <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2010 |title=Les bons débuts de Djibril Sidibé! |url=http://www.lest-eclair.fr/index.php/cms/13/article/459978/FOOT__Estac__Les_bons_debuts_de_Djibril_Sidibe__ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120804031536/http://www.lest-eclair.fr/index.php/cms/13/article/459978/FOOT__Estac__Les_bons_debuts_de_Djibril_Sidibe__ |archive-date=4 August 2012 |access-date=17 September 2010 |publisher=L'Est Eclair |language=fr}}</ref> Sidibé ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar a kakar wasa ta 2009-10 yayin da ƙungiyar ke buga wasa a gasar Championnat National, ƙungiya ta uku ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa. Ya fara buga wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan baya a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 2010 a wasan lig da Grenoble. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2010 |title=Grenoble v. Troyes Match Report |url=https://rowdie.co.uk/fixtures/260461/2010-09-17-19-00-grenoble-foot-38-vs-troyes |access-date=17 September 2010 |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Lille === Bayan ya taimaka wa Troyes ta samu gurbin shiga gasar Ligue 1, ɗan wasan mai shekaru 19 ya sanya hannu a Lille a watan Yulin 2012, a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga Mathieu Debuchy. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 July 2012 |title=Lille seal Sidibe capture |url=http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1126968/lille-sign-djibril-sidibe-as-mathieu-debuchy-heads-for-exit?cc=5901 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130102205558/http://soccernet.espn.go.com/news/story/_/id/1126968/lille-sign-djibril-sidibe-as-mathieu-debuchy-heads-for-exit?cc=5901 |archive-date=2 January 2013 |publisher=ESPNFC}}</ref> Sidibé ya fara buga wasa a Lille a ranar 25 ga Agusta 2012 a wasan da suka yi da OGC Nice, farkon wasan shi ne wasansa na farko a Ligue 1 kuma ya zira kwallo, inda ya zura kwallo a minti na 59 a wasan da suka tashi 2-2. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2012 |title=OGC NICE 2 - 2 LOSC |url=http://www.losc.fr/actualite-foot-lille/250812resultat-ogc-nice-losc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140726053002/http://www.losc.fr/actualite-foot-lille/250812resultat-ogc-nice-losc |archive-date=26 July 2014 |publisher=LILLE OSC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2012 |title=OGC Nice 2-2 LOSC Lille |url=http://www.ligue1.com/ligue1/feuille_match/75943 |publisher=LFP}}</ref> A wasan rukuni na gasar UEFA Champions League na Lille da BATE Borisov a [[Miniska|Minsk]] a ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, Sidibé ya taimaka wa Lille ta rama rashin nasarar da ta sha a gida a wasansu na 3-1 a gida da BATE Borisov ta hanyar zura kwallo daga bugun kusurwa mai nisa a rabin farko. An kori Sidibé a rabin na biyu, don bugun da aka yi masa na biyu, amma Lille ta ci gaba da samun nasara a wasansu na 2-0, inda ta tabbatar da maki daya tilo a kakar wasa ta 2012-13 ta gasar UEFA Champions League. <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2012 |title=LOSC boys drain the life from BATE |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/news/0203-0e9dd78b90c7-113076b6739d-1000--losc-loss-leaves-bate-in-peril/ |publisher=UEFA}}</ref> Sidibé ya ci wa Lille kwallon da ta daidaita da [[Paris Saint-Germain]] a wasan karshe na gasar Coupe de la Ligue na 2016 ; duk da haka PSG ta yi nasara a wasan da ci 2-1. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">ana buƙatar ambato</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> === Monaco === A ranar 8 ga Yuli 2016, Sidibé ya koma Monaco kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibril Sidibé pour 5 saisons |url=http://www.asmonaco.com/fr/article/djibril-sidibe-jusqu-en-2021-7364.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612143520/http://www.asmonaco.com/fr/article/djibril-sidibe-jusqu-en-2021-7364.html |archive-date=12 June 2018 |access-date=8 July 2016 |publisher=AS Monaco}}</ref> A ranar 22 ga [[Nuwamba]], Sidibé ya ci kwallon da Benjamin Mendy ya buga da kai, inda ya ci wa Monaco kwallo ta farko a minti na 48, sannan ya taimaka wa Thomas Lemar a minti na 53, wanda hakan ya bai wa Monaco damar doke [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] 2-1 a gida a wasan rukuni na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA na 2016-17, kuma ya tabbatar da cewa Monaco za ta kare a saman rukunin E a karshen wasannin rukuni a ranar 7 ga [[Disamba]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 November 2016 |title=AS Monaco vs Tottenham Hotspur 2016-2017 UEFA Champions League group stage Group E match summary |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefachampionsleague/match/2019347--monaco-vs-tottenham/ |publisher=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko da ya yi da Monaco, Sidibé ya taka muhimmiyar rawa yayin da kungiyar ta lashe gasar Ligue 1 a karon farko cikin shekaru 17, kuma an nada shi cikin kungiyar UNFP [[Ligue 1]] ta shekara . ==== Aron zuwa Everton ==== A ranar 7 ga Agusta 2019, Sidibé ya koma ƙungiyar [[Premier League]] [[Everton FC|ta Everton]] a matsayin aro na farko na kakar wasa; yarjejeniyar ta haɗa da zaɓin sanya komawarsa ta dindindin a ƙarshen aro. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2019 |title=Everton seal loan deal for World Cup winner Djibril Sidibe |url=https://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/everton-loan-deal-djbril-sidibe-16717960 |access-date=7 August 2019 |publisher=Liverpool Echo}}</ref> === AEK Athens === A ranar 9 ga [[Satumba]], 2022, Sidibé ya koma ƙungiyar AEK Athens ta Girka Super League kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Djibril Sidibe signed for AEK FC! |url=https://www.aekfc.gr/newsdetails/stin-aek-o-tzimpril-sintimpe-128249.htm?lang=en&path=557224377 |access-date=9 September 2022 |website=aekfc.gr}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Sidibé yana jiran tawagar Faransa ta UEFA Euro 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title=N'Golo Kante in France's Euros squad; Lacazette, Gameiro, Ben Arfa miss out |url=http://www.espnfc.co.uk/france/story/2870292/ngolo-kante-in-france-squad-for-euro-2016-but-hatem-ben-arfa-and-alexandre-lacazette-out |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160922173028/http://www.espnfc.co.uk/france/story/2870292/ngolo-kante-in-france-squad-for-euro-2016-but-hatem-ben-arfa-and-alexandre-lacazette-out |archive-date=2016-09-22 |access-date=10 June 2016 |publisher=espnfc.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2016, an kira Sidibé cikin manyan 'yan wasa a karon farko don wasan sada zumunci da Italiya da kuma wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 da Belarus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2016 |title=Corchia, Kurzawa et Sidibé appelés pour affronter l'Italie et la Biélorussie, pas Evra |url=http://sport24.lefigaro.fr/football/equipe-de-france/fil-info/corchia-kurzawa-et-sidibe-appeles-pour-affronter-l-italie-et-la-bielorussie-pas-evra-822175 |publisher=[[lefigaro.fr]]}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa a ranar 1 ga Satumba a kan na farko a Stadio San Nicola inda ya buga dukkan wasan da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Italy vs. France - 1 September 2016 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2016/09/01/world/friendlies/italy/france/2242194/ |access-date=5 September 2016 |publisher=soccerway.com}}</ref> Sidibé ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Faransa a wasan sada zumunta da suka doke Ingila da ci 3-2 a ranar 13 ga Yuni 2017. A ranar 17 ga Mayu 2018, an kira shi cikin tawagar Faransa mai 'yan wasa 23 da za su fafata a [[Kofin kwallon kafar duniya ta 2018|gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018]] a Rasha. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Alexandre Lacazette and Anthony Martial on standby for France World Cup squad and Dimitri Payet out - Football News - Sky Sports |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/12025/11376691/alexandre-lacazette-and-anthony-martial-on-standby-for-france-world-cup-squad-and-dimitri-payet-out |website=www.skysports.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Sidibé [[Musulmi]] ne daga asalin ƙasar [[Mali]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2018 |title=Beautiful diversity: Football to spur social reform as Muslim players shine for France at World Cup |url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/1759560/7-football-catalyst-change-seven-muslim-players-win-world-cup-france/ |website=tribune.com.pk}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de France]], [[FA Cup]], [[Greek Football Cup|Greek Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Coupe de la Ligue]], [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="4" |Troyes |2009–10 |Championnat National |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2010–11 | rowspan="2" |Ligue 2 |6 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |6 |0 |- |2011–12 |34 |1 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |38 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !41 !1 !3 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !45 !1 |- | rowspan="4" |Lille II |2012–13 | rowspan="3" |CFA |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |2013–14 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |- |2014–15 |2 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |1 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !6 !1 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !6 !1 |- | rowspan="5" |Lille |2012–13 | rowspan="4" |[[Ligue 1]] |14 |1 |2 |0 |1 |1 |3[c] |1 | colspan="2" |— |20 |3 |- |2013–14 |20 |0 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |24 |0 |- |2014–15 |25 |2 |1 |0 |3 |0 |3{{Efn|One appearance in UEFA Champions League, two appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |32 |2 |- |2015–16 |37 |4 |2 |0 |4 |2 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |43 |6 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !96 !7 !8 !0 !9 !3 !6 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !119 !11 |- | rowspan="6" |Monaco |2016–17 | rowspan="5" |Ligue 1 |29 |2 |2 |0 |4 |0 |12{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |47 |3 |- |2017–18 |27 |2 |1 |0 |3 |0 |3[c] |0 |1{{Efn|Appearance in [[Trophée des Champions]]}} |1 |35 |3 |- |2018–19 |26 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 |4[c] |0 |0 |0 |32 |0 |- |2020–21 |30 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |0 |- |2021–22 |17 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6{{Efn|Three appearances in UEFA Champions League, three appearances in UEFA Europa League}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |26 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !129 !4 !11 !0 !8 !0 !25 !1 !1 !1 !174 !6 |- |[[Everton FC|Everton]] (loan) |2019–20 |[[Premier League]] |25 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |AEK Athens |2022–23 | rowspan="2" |Super League Greece |12 |0 |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |17 |0 |- |2023–24 |17 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6{{Efn|Two appearances in UEFA Champions League, four appearances and one goal in UEFA Europa League}} |1 | colspan="2" |— |25 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !29 !1 !7 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !6 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !42 !2 |- | rowspan="3" |Toulouse |2024–25 | rowspan="2" |Ligue 1 |28 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |28 |0 |- |2025–26 |31 |3 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |34 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !59 !3 !3 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !62 !3 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !385 !17 !33 !0 !20 !3 !37 !3 !1 !1 !476 !24 |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== <references /> 62wdrv7dezbqosisaifr4usfberhjpu 0 150545 914901 914575 2026-09-02T14:30:26Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Ajax */ 914901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Peter Leeuwenburgh''' (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Maris shekarar 1994) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] ɗan ƙasar Holland wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] a ƙungiyar Apollon Limassol ta Cyprus. == Aikin kulob == === Ajax === Leeuwenburgh ya shiga Ajax daga SHO, ƙungiyar gida daga Oud-Beijerland, a cikin shekara ta 2004. Ya yi wasansa na farko na ƙwararru don ƙungiyar ajiyar, Jong Ajax a cikin 4-2 Eerste Divisie nasara a Jong PSV a kan 2 ga watan Satumba shekarar 2013. A ranar 4 ga watan Yuni shekarar 2015, an sanar da cewa an tura Leeuwenburgh aro zuwa FC Dordrecht don kakar wasa ta shekarar 2015-16. === Birnin Cape Town === A ranar 26 ga watan Yuli shekarar 2018, Leeuwenburgh ya sanya hannu a kulob din Cape Town City na Afirka ta Kudu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku, inda ya buga gasar [[Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Firimiya|Premier Soccer League]], wacce ita ce ta daya a fagen kwallon kafa a Afirka ta Kudu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Town City snap up Peter Leeuwenburgh |url=https://www.goal.com/en-za/news/caper-town-city-sign-ajax-amsterdam-goalkeeper-peter/135e8k00euski1quthr548qy14 |access-date=15 December 2021 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cape Town City sign Dutch goalkeeper from Ajax Amsterdam |url=https://www.timeslive.co.za/sport/soccer/2018-07-26-cape-town-city-sign-dutch-goalkeeper-from-ajax-amsterdam/ |website=Timeslive.co.za}}</ref> === Groningen === A ranar 13 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 2021, an sanar da cewa Leeuwenburgh zai koma Netherlands a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2021, don fara cinikinsa da FC Groningen, inda zai maye gurbin Sergio Padt . === Apollon Limassol === A ranar 12 ga watan Agusta shekarar 2023, Leeuwenburgh ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Apollon Limassol a Cyprus. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2023 |title=AGREEMENT IN PRINCIPLE WITH PETER LEEUWENBURGH |url=https://www.apollon.com.cy/en/agreement-in-principle-with-peter-leeuwenburgh/ |access-date=12 August 2023 |publisher=Apollon Limassol FC}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|match played 16 March 2025}}<ref>{{Soccerway|182927|access-date=25 March 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup{{Efn|Includes [[KNVB Cup]], [[Nedbank Cup]], [[Cypriot Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |League cup{{Efn|Includes [[Carling Knockout Cup|Telkom Knockout Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Continental ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="3" |Ajax |2013-14 |Eredivisie |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2014-15 |Eredivisie |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !0 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 |- | rowspan="6" |Jong Ajax |2013-14 |Eerste Divisie |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- |2014-15 |Eerste Divisie |7 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |7 |0 |- |2015-16 |Eerste Divisie |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2016-17 |Eerste Divisie |5 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2017-18 |Eerste Divisie |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !15 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !15 !0 |- |Dordrecht (loan) |2015-16 |Eerste Divisie |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |Cape Town City |2018-19 |South African Premiership |28 |0 |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[MTN 8]]}} |0 |35 |0 |- |2019-20 |South African Premiership |25 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |27 |0 |- |[[2020-21 Firimiya ta Afirka ta Kudu|2020-21]] |South African Premiership |28 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1[c] |0 |31 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !81 !0 !5 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !6 !0 !93 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Groningen |2021-22 |Eredivisie |34 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |35 |0 |- |2022-23 |Eredivisie |8 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !42 !0 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !44 !0 |- | rowspan="3" |Apollon Limassol |2023-24 |Cypriot First Division |33 |0 |4 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |37 |0 |- |2024-25 |Cypriot First Division |9 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !42 !0 !4 !0 ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— ! colspan="2" |— !46 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !182 !0 !13 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !6 !0 !202 !0 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1994]] <references /> 4o98mxks4bv7tviffsebxinvi5b8yq4 0 150792 915230 834720 2026-09-03T05:10:31Z Ummeeterh 31568 915230 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shawn Adewoye''' (An haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 2000) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Belgium wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya na kulob din Eredivisie na Dutch Fortuna Sittard. == Ayyukan kulob din == Adewoye samfurin matasa ne na makarantun KESK Leopoldsburg da Genk . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Luyckx |first=Marcel |date=2021-02-12 |title=RKC-verdediger Adewoye weet hoe hij een topscorer het leven zuur kan maken |url=https://www.bd.nl/sport/rkc-verdediger-adewoye-weet-hoe-hij-een-topscorer-het-leven-zuur-kan-maken~a8d2c30e/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=[[Brabants Dagblad]] |language=nl}}</ref> Da ya fara babban aikinsa tare da ajiyar Genk, ya koma kulob din Dutch RKC Waalwijk a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2021 |title=RKC Waalwijk plukt jonge verdediger Shawn Adewoye weg bij KRC Genk |url=https://www.hbvl.be/cnt/dmf20210131_94074172 |website=www.hbvl.be}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa na farko tare da Waalwijk a cikin asarar Eredivisie 2-0 ga Sparta Rotterdam a ranar 13 ga [[Maris]] 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sparta Rotterdam vs. RKC Waalwijk - 13 March 2021 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2021/03/13/netherlands/eredivisie/sparta-rotterdam-bv/rkc-waalwijk/3304724/ |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Yulin 2024, Adewoye ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru biyu tare da Fortuna Sittard . <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 July 2024 |title=FORTUNA VERSTERKT ACHTERHOEDE MET ADEWOYE |trans-title=FORTUNA STRENGTHENS REARGUARD WITH ADEWOYE |url=https://fortunasittard.nl/nieuws/fortuna-versterkt-achterhoede-met-adewoye |access-date=19 July 2024 |publisher=Fortuna Sittard |language=nl}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An haifi Adewoye ne a Belgian ga mahaifin Najeriya, kuma mahaifiyar Belgium ce ta asalin Italiya.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Luyckx |first=Marcel |date=2021-02-12 |title=RKC-verdediger Adewoye weet hoe hij een topscorer het leven zuur kan maken |url=https://www.bd.nl/sport/rkc-verdediger-adewoye-weet-hoe-hij-een-topscorer-het-leven-zuur-kan-maken~a8d2c30e/ |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=[[Brabants Dagblad]] |language=nl}}</ref> Shi matashi ne na kasa da kasa na Belgium, bayan ya wakilci Belgium U18s, U16s, Belgium U17s, Belgium O18s, da U19s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=RKC Waalwijk: Seizoenkaarten |url=https://www.rkcwaalwijk.nl/seizoenkaarten |website=www.rkcwaalwijk.nl}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] h90zd0br8ezr4o5oetiydw5aaftnxa5 0 150832 915407 914329 2026-09-03T11:26:43Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 915407 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Szabolcs Gergő Schön''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga watan Satumba,a shekara ta 2000) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne ɗan ƙasar Hungary wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan gefe na hagu]] ko kuma [[Mai buga baya|ɗan wasan baya na hagu]] ga Győr, wanda aka aro daga ƙungiyar EFL League One ta Bolton Wanderers, da kuma ƙungiyar ƙasa ta Hungary. <ref>{{Soccerway|szabolcs-schon/463722}}</ref> <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=FC Dallas Signs Hungarian Winger Szabolcs Schön &#124; FC Dallas |url=https://www.fcdallas.com/post/2021/04/07/fc-dallas-signs-hungarian-winger-szabolcs-sch-n |website=FC Dallas}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == A watan Afrilun 2021, Schön ya sanya hannu da FC Dallas. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=FC Dallas Signs Hungarian Winger Szabolcs Schön &#124; FC Dallas |url=https://www.fcdallas.com/post/2021/04/07/fc-dallas-signs-hungarian-winger-szabolcs-sch-n |website=FC Dallas}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.fcdallas.com/post/2021/04/07/fc-dallas-signs-hungarian-winger-szabolcs-sch-n "FC Dallas Signs Hungarian Winger Szabolcs Schön &#x7C; FC Dallas"]. </cite></ref> Ya koma Hungary a ranar 26 ga Agusta 2022, inda ya sanya hannu da Fehérvár. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dallas |first=F. C. |title=FC Dallas Transfers Winger Szabolcs Schön to MOL Fehérvár FC |url=https://www.fcdallas.com/news/fc-dallas-transfers-winger-szabolcs-schon-to-mol-fehervar-fc |website=FC Dallas}}</ref> === Bolton Wanderers === A ranar 2 ga Agusta 2024 ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku da kulob din EFL League One na Bolton Wanderers kan kudin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hungarian International Schön Wings In {{!}} Bolton Wanderers FC |url=https://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/hungarian-international-schon-wings |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=www.bwfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-08-02 |title=Schön Szabolcs Angliában folytatja, a Bolton Wanderershez igazolt – hivatalos |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/angol-labdarugas/2024/08/schon-szabolcs-angliaban-folytatja-a-bolton-wanderershez-igazolt-hivatalos |access-date=2024-08-03 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga Oktoba 2024, Schön ya zura kwallonsa ta farko ga Bolton lokacin da ya zura kwallon da ta ba wa Shrewsbury Town damar ramawa a wasan da suka tashi 2-2 a filin wasa na Toughsheet Community Stadium. ==== Győri ETO FC (bashi) ==== A ranar 1 ga Satumba 2025, Bolton ta tabbatar da cewa Schön ya koma kungiyar Győr ta kasar Hungary a matsayin aro na tsawon kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Szabi Schön joins Győri ETO FC on loan |url=https://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/szabi-schon-joins-gyori-eto-fc-loan |access-date=2025-09-01 |website=www.bwfc.co.uk |language=en}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == A ranar 1 ga Yuni 2021, Schön ya shiga cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 26 ta ƙarshe da za su wakilci Hungary a gasar UEFA Euro 2020 da aka sake tsarawa. Ya shiga wasanni biyu daga cikin uku na matakin rukuni na Hungary a gasar Euro 2020 inda Hungary ta kusan yin nasara a kan ƙungiyar da ba ta yi nasara ba wajen tserewa daga rukunin mutuwa tare da Faransa, Jamus, da Portugal. [1] Ya fara buga wa tawagar ƙasar Hungary wasa a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2021 a wasan sada zumunci da Ireland. Ya maye gurbin Ádám Szalai a minti na 88 na wasan da aka tashi 0-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2021 |title=Hungary v Ireland game report |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/lineups?gameId=599730 |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> A watan Maris na 2026, bayan dogon hutu, an kira shi don buga wa tawagar ƙasa wasa da Slovenia da Girka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-26 |title=Így vált generációt Marco Rossi – 14-en estek ki a 2024-es Eb-keretből |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/magyar-valogatott/2026/03/igy-valt-generaciot-marco-rossi-14-en-estek-ki-a-2024-es-eb-keretbol |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Maris 2026, ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙasa a wasan da suka doke Slovenia da ci 1-0 a wasan sada zumunci da suka fafata a Puskás Aréna. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-03-28 |title=A második félidőben megjött a jó játék és a gól is, a magyar válogatott legyőzte Szlovéniát |url=https://www.nemzetisport.hu/magyar-valogatott/2026/03/a-masodik-felidoben-megjott-a-jo-jatek-es-a-gol-is-a-magyar-valogatott-legyozte-szloveniat |access-date=2026-03-28 |website=Nemzeti Sport |language=hu}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|22 March 2026}}<ref>[https://uk.soccerway.com/players/szabolcs-schon/463722/ S. Schön Soccer Way]</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Jong Ajax |2018–19 |Eerste Divisie |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |1 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |MTK Budapest |2018–19 |Nemzeti Bajnokság I |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |5 |0 |- |2019–20 |Nemzeti Bajnokság II |17 |4 |7 |1 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |24 |5 |- |2020–21 |Nemzeti Bajnokság I |27 |9 |6 |2 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |33 |11 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !49 !13 !13 !3 !0 !0 !0 !0 !62 !16 |- | rowspan="3" |FC Dallas |2021 | rowspan="2" |MLS |24 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |24 |0 |- |2022 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !24 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !26 !0 |- | rowspan="4" |Fehérvár |2022–23 |Nemzeti Bajnokság I |21 |4 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |22 |4 |- |2023–24 |Nemzeti Bajnokság I |31 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |31 |0 |- |2024–25 |Nemzeti Bajnokság I |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa Conference League]]}} |0 |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !53 !4 !1 !0 !0 !0 !2 !0 !58 !4 |- |Bolton Wanderers |2024–25 |EFL League One |39 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 |3{{Efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |0 |44 |1 |- |Győr (loan) |2025–26 |Nemzeti Bajnokság I |21 |4 |3 |1 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |24 |5 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !187 !22 !20 !4 !1 !0 !5 !0 !213 !26 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 2000]] <references /> cmwu7iwx6o0ld8iwok4q68w45tew011 0 151316 915271 836321 2026-09-03T07:26:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abubakar Idris Abdullahi''' listen ⓘ (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Janairu 2006) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne]] na Najeriya wanda a halin yanzu yake buga wa ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasa ta Belgium, Jong Gent, wasa a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba . == Aikin kulob == Bayan ya taka rawar gani a ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Najeriya, an yi ta rade-radin cewa Abdullahi zai bar ƙungiyar Jega United da ke jihar Kebbi, inda ake ta rade-radin cewa ƙungiyar Porto ta Portugal ce za ta nemi ɗan wasan. [1] Duk da cewa ya yi fice a gwajin da aka yi masa, [2] maimakon haka ya koma ƙungiyar Gent ta ƙasar Belgium a watan Janairun 2024, inda aka tura shi ƙungiyar da ke kula da 'yan wasanta. [3] [4] == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An kira Abdullahi zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 ta Najeriya don shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 (wanda aka sanya wa suna ''WAFU-B U17 na 2022'' ), kuma ya zira kwallaye uku don taimakawa Najeriya lashe gasar, ciki har da kwallaye biyu a wasan ƙarshe da ta buga da Burkina Faso . An sake kiransa don shiga gasar cin kofin ƙasashen Afirka ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 na 2023, inda ya zira kwallaye a matakin rukuni da Afirka ta Kudu, amma bai iya hana Najeriya fita daga gasar kwata-kwata ba, duk da cewa ya zira kwallaye a wasan da Burkina Faso ta sha kashi da ci 2-1. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ojewunmi |first=Moses |date=10 May 2023 |title=Golden Eaglets forward Abubakar Abdullahi eyes victory over Burkina Faso |url=https://www.brila.net/golden-eaglets-forward-abubakar-abdullahi-eyes-victory-over-burkina-faso/ |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=brila.net |archive-date=30 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230530040633/https://www.brila.net/golden-eaglets-forward-abubakar-abdullahi-eyes-victory-over-burkina-faso/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Abdulhamid |first=Abdulkareem |date=11 May 2023 |title=Golden Eaglets player ratings : Ogboji night to forget, Abdullahi leaves with reputation intact |url=https://www.allnigeriasoccer.com/read_news.php?nid=47382 |access-date=11 October 2024 |website=allnigeriasoccer.com}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {{Updated|11 October 2024}}<ref>{{Soccerway|abubakar-idris-abdullahi/904873}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallaye a raga ta kulob, kakar wasa da kuma gasa ! rowspan="2" | Kulob ! rowspan="2" | Kakar wasa ! colspan="3" | Gasar League ! colspan="2" | Kofi ! colspan="2" | Wani ! colspan="2" | Jimilla |- ! Sashe ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="2" | Jong Gent | 2023–24 | rowspan="2" | Eerste Nationale | 15 | 2 | colspan="2" | – | 0 | 0 | 15 | 2 |- | 2024–25 | 6 | 4 | colspan="2" | – | 0 | 0 | 6 | 4 |- ! colspan="3" | Jimillar aiki ! 21 ! 6 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 0 ! 21 ! 6 |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] pver30g5l04d2t65n2vb7wwus8xe4xk 0 151397 915260 836553 2026-09-03T06:05:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915260 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abel Ogwuche''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Yuli 2003) [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke bugawa ƙungiyar Trelleborgs FF ta ƙasar Sweden wasa a matsayin ɗan [[Mai buga baya|wasan baya na tsakiya]] . <ref>{{Soccerway|abel-ogwuche/820818|accessdate=May 19, 2023}}</ref> == Sana'a == Ogwuche ya zo ta hanyar Tripple 44 Academy da ke [[Ibadan]] . A watan Fabrairun 2022 ya fara gwajin tare da ƙungiyar Trelleborgs FF ta Sweden. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 7, 2022 |title=TFF can start collaboration with academia in Nigeria |url=https://www.trelleborgsallehanda.se/sport/tff-kan-inleda-samarbete-med-akademi-i-nigeria-f88846e8/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Trelleborgsallehanda}}</ref> A watan da ya biyo baya ya sanya hannu a kulob ɗin kan yarjejeniyar ɗan gajeren lokaci, tare da zaɓin tsawaita wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Taiwo |first=Taiye |date=March 2, 2022 |title=Abel Ogwuche: Swedish club Trelleborgs sign Nigeria youngster |url=https://www.goal.com/en-gb/news/abel-ogwuche-swedish-club-trelleborgs-sign-nigeria-youngster/blt79208f0f419cb826 |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Goal.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bilding |first=Arthur |date=March 2, 2022 |title=TFF loan trial player Abel Ogwuche |url=https://www.skd.se/2022-03-02/tff-lanar-in-provspelaren-abel-ogwuche |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=SKD.se}}</ref> Ya fara wasa na farko a Superettan ga Trelleborgs a ranar 21 ga Agusta 2022 da Dalkurd FF . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 21, 2022 |title=TRELLEBORGS VS. DALKURD 4-2 |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2022/08/21/sweden/superettan/trelleborgs-fotbollsforening/dalkurd-ff/3731280/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Soccerway}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na 2022 aka sanar da cewa Ohwuche zai sanya hannu kan kwantiragin ƙwararre, kuma yarjejeniyar za ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ƙungiyar Sweden har zuwa 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Tunde |date=November 23, 2022 |title=Trelleborgs complete signing of Nigerian youngster Abel Ogwuche |url=https://www.brila.net/trelleborg-completes-signing-of-nigerian-youngster-abel-ogwuche/ |access-date=May 19, 2023 |website=Brilla.net |archive-date=May 19, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230519140811/https://www.brila.net/trelleborg-completes-signing-of-nigerian-youngster-abel-ogwuche/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == An sanya Ogwuche a cikin tawagar Najeriya don gasar cin kofin AFCON ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 a watan Janairun 2023. [1] An ba shi kyautar gwarzon dan wasa a wasan da suka doke Uganda a wasan kwata-kwata wanda ya tabbatar da cewa Najeriya ta cancanci shiga gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekara 20 ta 2023. [2] [3] Daga baya aka sanya shi a cikin tawagar Najeriya don gasar cin kofin duniya ta 'yan kasa da shekara 2023. [4] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2003]] 7bs4rukgescgghbyln6mc8th0vad2fy 0 152367 915385 911835 2026-09-03T10:13:59Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915385 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na ƙasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa ta 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na kasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan karshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a kokarin sake ginawa na kasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfado da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar kokarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na kasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A karkashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a [[Louisiana]], Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713020756/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115750/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar [[Maryland]] da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=November 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101004955/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 0v1gocf7b5a4rqjnja0owe1svy3e763 915386 915385 2026-09-03T10:14:16Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915386 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na ƙasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta shekarar 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na kasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan karshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a kokarin sake ginawa na kasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfado da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar kokarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na kasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A karkashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a [[Louisiana]], Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713020756/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115750/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar [[Maryland]] da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=November 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101004955/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 6ujjb55uafxdgqcejmf4zb2j4c9fbw3 915387 915386 2026-09-03T10:14:33Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915387 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na ƙasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta shekarar 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na ƙasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan karshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a kokarin sake ginawa na kasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfado da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar kokarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na kasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A karkashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a [[Louisiana]], Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713020756/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115750/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar [[Maryland]] da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=November 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101004955/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 0mgifdcj73pbh2itzkbtrk4em9bp8km 915388 915387 2026-09-03T10:14:49Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915388 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na ƙasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta shekarar 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na ƙasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan karshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a ƙoƙarin sake ginawa na kasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfaɗo da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar kokarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na kasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A karkashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a [[Louisiana]], Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713020756/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115750/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar [[Maryland]] da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=November 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101004955/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == j1w1y7vjwj8umruvozpw7xwkcz593id 915389 915388 2026-09-03T10:15:06Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915389 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na ƙasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta shekarar 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na ƙasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan ƙarshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a ƙoƙarin sake ginawa na ƙasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfaɗo da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar kokarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na kasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A karkashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a [[Louisiana]], Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713020756/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115750/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar [[Maryland]] da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=November 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101004955/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == ed5i0ryonygoa7v1goesmq1b8xtrc3t 915390 915389 2026-09-03T10:15:23Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915390 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na ƙasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta shekarar 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na ƙasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan ƙarshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a ƙoƙarin sake ginawa na ƙasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfaɗo da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar ƙoƙarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na ƙasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A karkashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a [[Louisiana]], Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713020756/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115750/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar [[Maryland]] da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=November 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101004955/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == kerte7k1enmvon0n70odqg9718y1zun 915391 915390 2026-09-03T10:15:33Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915391 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na ƙasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta shekarar 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na ƙasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan ƙarshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a ƙoƙarin sake ginawa na ƙasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfaɗo da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar ƙoƙarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na ƙasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a [[Louisiana]], Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713020756/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115750/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar [[Maryland]] da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=November 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101004955/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == df2dqwlkjkdmtna9j388aszt43j8wy7 915392 915391 2026-09-03T10:16:11Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915392 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na ƙasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta shekarar 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na ƙasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan ƙarshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a ƙoƙarin sake ginawa na ƙasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfaɗo da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar ƙoƙarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na ƙasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a [[Louisiana]], Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713020756/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin shekarar 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115750/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar [[Maryland]] da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=November 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101004955/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == drr2cq9bs4k60xlyoqyua0guulihcg6 915393 915392 2026-09-03T10:16:25Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915393 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya''' ('''LWSC''') shine kamfanin gwamnati na ƙasa wanda ke da alhakin samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta a Laberiya. An kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1973 ta hanyar Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Kasa, kamfanin yana da alhakin ci gaba, aiki, da kuma kula da samar da ruwa na jama'a da tsarin shara, tare da babban yankin aiki a babban birnin, [[Monrovia]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About the LWSC – The Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=February 4, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260204004502/https://lwsc.gov.lr/about-the-lwsc/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi == Dokar Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙasa ta shekarar 1973 ta Laberiya ta kafa Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya a matsayin magaji ga hukumomin ruwa na jama'a da ke da alhakin samar da ruwa a birane. Halitta ta tsara alhakin gwamnati na tsakiya na ruwa da ayyukan shara, musamman a Monrovia da sauran manyan cibiyoyin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resettlement Action plan (Section Two) |url=https://documents1.worldbank.org/curated/en/579431468299084972/pdf/RP15140v20REVI000PUBLIC00Box379871B.pdf |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> A lokacin yakin basasar Liberia (1989-2003), yawancin kayan aikin ruwa na ƙasar sun lalace ko kuma sun zama marasa aiki. Bayan ƙarshen rikici, LWSC ya zama babban ma'aikata a ƙoƙarin sake ginawa na ƙasa, gudanar da gyaran gaggawa da kuma farfaɗo da tsire-tsire na dogon lokaci na tsire-tire na tsabtace ruwa, cibiyoyin rarrabawa, da tashoshin famfo tare da tallafi daga masu ba da gudummawa na duniya da hukumomin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Water Supply and Sanitation in Liberia |url=https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/469d440b-908c-5303-94d0-11e6de75170a/content |website=[[Worldbank]]}}</ref> == Gudanarwa da tsari == Baya ga aikin aiki na LWSC, an tsara bangaren ruwa na Laberiya ta hanyar ƙoƙarin majalisa don karfafa mulki, tsari, da ka'idojin sabis. A cikin 2017, Majalisar Dattijai da Majalisar Dokoki ta Liberia sun zartar da Dokar Bayar da Ruwa da Wuriyar da ke kafa tsarin tsarin mulki na ƙasa wanda aka nufa don kula da samar da ruwa da ayyukan tsabta, gami da tsarin farashi, lasisi, da ka'idojin sabis, kodayake cikakken aiwatar da hukumar kula da ruwa ya samo asali a cikin shekaru masu zuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Liberian Senate passes Water Supply and Sanitation Act |url=https://stockholmwaterfoundation.org/latest/liberian-senate-passes-water-supply-sanitation-act/ |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin wannan tsarin, Hukumar Ruwa, Sanitation & Hygiene ta Laberiya daga baya ta kafa ta doka don ingantawa da tsara ruwa, tsabtace tsabtace tsabta da ci gaban bangaren tsabta da daidaitawa a fadin ma'aikatun gwamnati, LWSC, da sauran masu ruwa da tsaki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WASH Commission Act |url=https://www.undp.org/liberia/publications/wash-commission-act |access-date=28 January 2026}}</ref> == Infrastructure da ayyuka == Kamfanin Ruwa da Ruwa na Laberiya (LWSC) yana aiki da tsarin kula da ruwa na tsakiya da farko don yankin Monrovia mafi girma, yayin da yawancin mazauna, musamman a cikin yankunan da ke fadada cikin birane, sun dogara da cibiyar sadarwa ta hanyoyin da ba a sani ba.<ref name="vuawater.com">{{Cite web |title=How a City Gets its Drinking Water - A Case Study - Capital City of Monrovia, Liberia |url=https://vuawater.com/Case-Study-Files/Urban_Groundwater_Based_WS/Liberia_Monrovia_Abstract_Final-2012.pdf |website=vuawater.com}}</ref> Babban tushen ruwa na Monrovia shine [[Saint Paul River (Liberia)|Kogin St. Paul]], wanda Dutsen Kofi ya rufe shi. Jirgin mai nisan kilomita 5, mai nisan mita ɗaya yana isar da ruwa daga tafkin madatsar ruwa zuwa White Plains Water Treatment Plant a [[Louisiana]], Montserrado County . <ref name="LWSCPipeline">{{Cite web |title=LIBERIA: a 5 km pipeline supplies the White Plains drinking water plant |url=https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |access-date=29 January 2026 |website=Liberia Water and Sewer Corporation (LWSC) |archive-date=17 January 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260117141152/https://lwsc.gov.lr/wp-portfolio/liberia-a-5-km-pipeline-supplies-the-white-plains-drinking-water-plant/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An sake gyara wannan bututun kuma an sake ba da izini a cikin 2019 tare da tallafin dala miliyan 18 daga Millennium Challenge Account (MCA), maye gurbin layin da aka gina a cikin 1990. Sabon abin sha yana jawo ruwa daga sama a cikin tafkin don kauce wa shigar saline wanda ya shafi tsohuwar abin sha.<ref name="LWSCPipeline" /> Kamfanin White Plains yana da ƙirar magani na mita cubic 68,100 a kowace rana (matakin da aka samu a cikin shekarun 1970s). <ref name="LWSCPipeline"/> Bayan magani, ana adana ruwa a cikin rijiyoyi masu tsabta a wurin tare da haɗin ƙarfin kusan lita miliyan 2.5 (lita miliyan 9.5) kafin a watsa shi zuwa birni ta hanyar bututun 36-inch da 16-inch. A watan Yulin 2023, Manajan Darakta na LWSC, Alphonso Gaye ya jagoranci babban tsaftacewa na kwana biyar, disinfection, da kuma aikin kulawa a masana'antar don inganta ingancin ruwa da daidaito na aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reporter |first=FPA Staff |date=Jul 6, 2023 |title=Water Treatment Plant Gets Major Boost As MD Gaye Leads Major Endeavors |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240713020756/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/water-treatment-plant-gets-major-boost-as-md-gaye-leads-major-endeavors/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Ayyuka masu ci gaba da sabuntawa === A watan Yulin shekarar 2025, LWSC ta kaddamar da aikin haɗin ruwa na gaggawa na dala miliyan 1.48 da nufin samar da ruwa mai bututu ga gidaje 2,500 da ba a kula da su ba a Greater Monrovia, wanda [[Bankin Duniya]] ya ba da kuɗin a ƙarƙashin Laberiya Urban Resilience Project (LURP). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Boayue |first=Francis G. |date=Jul 3, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC, Public Works Launch $1.4M Emergency Water Connection Project in Montserrado |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115750/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-public-works-launch-1-4m-emergency-water-connection-project-in-montserrado/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A watan Oktoban shekarar 2025, LWSC ta ƙaddamar da wani aikin samar da ruwa na dala miliyan 2 na Amurka don faɗaɗa ayyukanta zuwa yankin kudu maso gabashin Liberia, musamman a Pleebo, Gundumar [[Maryland]] da Zwedru, Gundumar Grand Gedeh . Bangaren Pleebo ya ƙunshi haƙa rijiyoyi uku da gina tsarin amfani da hasken rana, gami da {{Convert|350|m3}} hasumiyar ruwa da {{Convert|10|km}} na bututun mai, wanda ke da nufin fara amfanar mazauna 30,000. Bangaren Zwedru ya mayar da hankali kan gyara gidaje sama da {{Convert|10|km}} na layukan rarrabawa da suka lalace don sake haɗa gidaje kusan 600. An kuma sanar da wani ɓangare na uku na Greenville, gundumar Sinoe . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jr |first=Peter P. Toe |date=Oct 30, 2025 |title=Liberia: LWSC Launches US$2 Million Water Projects in Pleebo and Zwedru to Boost Access to Clean Water |url=https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |access-date=Jan 29, 2026 |archive-date=November 1, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251101004955/https://frontpageafricaonline.com/news/liberia-lwsc-launches-us2-million-water-projects-in-pleebo-and-zwedru-to-boost-access-to-clean-water/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == he8wb5nd00936de2c3yvy2z7ro0arhy 0 152482 915347 911259 2026-09-03T09:58:25Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayu, 1998. An halicci wannan ka'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ka'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata kungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ka'idar ga kowane bangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yuni 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kxxfs18dpt6vh0xc14uz7vpotdtryyl 915348 915347 2026-09-03T09:58:46Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1998. An halicci wannan ka'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ka'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata kungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ka'idar ga kowane bangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yuni 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bfmwgrr2etl0iqakmwe6a82ftcj2twy 915349 915348 2026-09-03T09:59:01Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915349 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1998. An halicci wannan ƙa'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ka'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata kungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ka'idar ga kowane bangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yuni 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7dnknmjklpcujndkthhvqkkny31dgl5 915350 915349 2026-09-03T09:59:18Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915350 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1998. An halicci wannan ƙa'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ƙa'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata kungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ka'idar ga kowane bangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yuni 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5ok8d395tjnc7ygw866kmf12gouxm1r 915351 915350 2026-09-03T09:59:43Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915351 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1998. An halicci wannan ƙa'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ƙa'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata ƙungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ka'idar ga kowane bangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yuni 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ceyb8qr5ozede1n9col8ihbyp2db3t2 915352 915351 2026-09-03T09:59:53Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915352 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1998. An halicci wannan ƙa'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ƙa'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata ƙungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ka'idar ga kowane bangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yuni 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mrcvmrgo1gvdtwjm9tza7wedea5qw0f 915353 915352 2026-09-03T10:00:15Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915353 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1998. An halicci wannan ƙa'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ƙa'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata ƙungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilun shekarar 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ka'idar ga kowane bangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yuni 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] rc50rguzyb67pjiy4d3yleciikqsb5s 915354 915353 2026-09-03T10:00:32Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915354 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1998. An halicci wannan ƙa'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ƙa'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata ƙungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilun shekarar 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ƙa'idar ga kowane ɓangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yuni 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fvbxatpj8kmt1cr1tasjj58taxvkbmy 915355 915354 2026-09-03T10:00:51Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915355 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1998. An halicci wannan ƙa'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ƙa'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata ƙungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilun shekarar 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ƙa'idar ga kowane ɓangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yunin shekarar 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 0ztkmye978i0trm4oshkdtpholajj2l 915356 915355 2026-09-03T10:01:08Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915356 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1998. An halicci wannan ƙa'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ƙa'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata ƙungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilun shekarar 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ƙa'idar ga kowane ɓangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yunin shekarar 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta shekarar 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin wadanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ov7djz2kdp5g2abmjadr6ln69p0x7od 915358 915356 2026-09-03T10:01:36Z Ummun Sultan 23935 915358 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}[[Fayil:LatinamericaWasteWaterNorm.png|right|thumb|404x404px|Bukatar fitar da ruwa mai guba a Latin Amurka]] Ƙa'idodin fitar da ruwa mai guba suna kare tushen ruwa daga gurɓataccen ruwa da rashin kulawa. Kowace ƙasa a Latin Amurka tana da ƙa'idodinta, kuma waɗannan sun bambanta bisa ga nau'ikan amfani da ruwa, aikin gona, masana'antu ko amfani da nishaɗi. Ana kiyaye [[Ingancin ruwa]] ta hanyar sarrafa sigogin physicochemical da kwayoyin cuta. Yawancin [[Dokar Albarkatun Ruwa|dokokin ruwa]] sun haɗa da tarar don rashin bin doka. A lokuta da yawa tarar ba ta isa ba kuma ba ta daina yin laifi ba. A wasu lokuta ka'idojin ba su da kyau kuma saka idanu ba su da daidaituwa. Wannan labarin ya taƙaita mafi yawan ka'idojin fitar da ruwa a Latin Amurka, tare da matsayi na ƙasa la'akari da yawan da tsananin ƙa'idodinsu. Har ila yau, ana yin kwatankwacin nazarin ka'idojin da suka dace, da kuma ainihin bayanin shari'a ga kowace ƙasa lokacin da ba a cika ka'idoji ba. == Chile == A Chile, Ma'aikatar Ayyukan Jama'a ta haɓaka ma'auni, lambar doka ta 609, da aka amince da ita a ranar 7 ga Mayun shekarar 1998. An halicci wannan ƙa'ida tare da manufar sarrafa magudanar ruwa da aka fitar a cikin tsarin datti. Wannan ka'ida ta kafa matsakaicin fitarwa a cikin tsarin datti da kuma sigogi daban-daban da za a saka idanu, dangane da aikin tattalin arziki da kowane masana'antu ya bunkasa. Har ila yau, ya kafa hanyoyin da dole ne a yi amfani da su don ɗaukar samfurori na kowane siginar. Kula da ƙa'idar alhakin kamfanin ne wanda ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba, kasancewar mai kula da kamfanonin sabis na tsabta shine babban alhakin. Idan kamfani ya haifar da rikice-rikice a cikin sabis ɗin, dangane da inganci ko yawan abin tunawa, kamfanonin tunawa da ruwa mai guba na iya dakatar da sabis ɗin ga wannan kamfani. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2009 Aguas Andinas, wanda kamfanin Agbar na [[Ispaniya|Spain]] ke sarrafawa, zai biya tarar saboda karar da wata ƙungiya ta makwabta ta gabatar a kansa saboda wari mai banƙyama da ke fitowa daga "La Farfana", masana'antar tsabtace ruwa. Wannan yana daya daga cikin tsire-tsire masu amfani da ruwa mai guba na Aguas Andinas. Rashin wari ya haifar da matsalolin narkewa da na tunani. Kungiyar ta sanar da cewa za ta daukaka kara kan wannan hukunci, bisa ga gardamar cewa ya kasance saboda wasu abubuwan da suka faru ba tare da ikon ta ba wanda bai haifar da wani muhalli ko lahani na mutum ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ediciones Financieras S.A. |date=May 5, 2009 |title=Aguas Andinas deberá pagar multa por US$4 millones a vecinos |url=http://df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529183520/http://www.df.cl/portal2/content/df/ediciones/20090505/cont_111663.html |archive-date=May 29, 2009 |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Diario Financiero Online |language=Spanish}}</ref> A watan Yunin shekarar 2007, Ofishin Mai Kula da Lafiya (SISS) ya fara karar kamfanin takarda na Licancel bayan "ba ya bin Dokar Koli ta 90, wanda ke tsara zubar da ruwa mai guba". Kamar yadda Ofishin Superintendent ya ce, wannan shawarar ta dogara ne akan binciken da aka tura wanda ya tabbatar da cewa wannan kungiyar ta fitar da ruwan ta ba tare da bin ka'idar ba. Kamar yadda doka ta kafa wannan ofishin na iya ba da shawara da kuma amfani da takunkumi da ya dace, kamar tarar tsakanin raka'a guda ɗaya zuwa dubu na shekara-shekara (UTA). Wannan yana nufin kusan Pesos Miliyan 392.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 14, 2007 |title=Superintendencia de Servicios Sanitarios comenzó proceso de sanción contra Celco |url=http://www.lanacion.cl/prontus_noticias/site/artic/20070613/pags/20070613213522.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |website=La Nación |language=Spanish }}{{Dead link|date=June 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bolivia == Ka'idar fitarwa tana ƙarƙashin Dokar 1333, da aka amince da ita a ranar 27 ga Afrilun shekarar 1992. Wannan dokar ita ce dokar muhalli gaba ɗaya, kuma ga takamaiman shari'ar an kirkiro ka'ida don gurɓataccen ruwa. Ana amfani da wannan ƙa'idar ga kowane ɓangare da ke samar da gurɓata a cikin ruwa. A cikin yanayin fitarwa akan tsarin datti tsarin yana ƙarƙashin Babi na IV. An bayyana cewa kowane kamfani dole ne ya yarda da kamfanin da ke ba da sabis na tunawa da ruwa mai guba da iyakokin fitarwa. Ƙayyadaddun da aka gabatar a cikin wannan labarin, sune na sababbin kamfanoni da kamfanoni da ke cikin tsarin gano nau'in ruwan jiki wanda kamfanin zai fitar. A watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, duk masu samar da [[hakar ma'adinai]] da ke aiki a birnin Potosí dole ne su zubar da ruwan su zuwa wani takamaiman madatsar ruwa; in ba haka ba za a tilasta musu su dakatar da ayyukansu. Wannan sanarwa, wanda darektan muhalli da ci gaba mai dorewa, Limbert Paredes, ya yi, wanda ya nuna cewa an dauki wannan yarjejeniya tsakanin kungiyar Injiniyoyin Ma'adinai ta Potosí, wakilan doka da hukumomin Potosí County. Wadannan kamfanonin da aka girka a saman birnin dole ne su gina bututun mai don fitar da ruwan su a ƙarshen Yunin shekarar 2003, wanda ba a yi ba. Saboda wannan, an gudanar da sabon taro kuma an ba da sabon lokacin ƙarshe, 9 ga Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pinto |first=Edgar A. Amador |date=August 3, 2004 |title=Contaminacion de rios |url=http://www.ops.org.bo/servicios/?DB=B&S11=4831&SE=SN |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Organizacion Panamericana de la Salud – Bolivia |language=Spanish}}</ref> == Peru == A [[Peru]], al'ada tana da ƙananan sigogi tare da iyakoki. Wadannan sigogi sune: zafin jiki ({{Convert|35|C|F}} ° C (95 ° F)), kitse da mai (100 MG /lt), PH (5 - 8.5), BOD (1000 MG /lt) da kuma sassauci.<ref name="PE1" /> Koyaya, ma'aikatar gidaje ta haɓaka ƙa'ida mai zurfi, wanda yanzu ke ƙarƙashin bita da bincike na Ma'aikatun Muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oficina del Medio Ambiente |url=http://www.vivienda.gob.pe/ambiente/OMA1.html |access-date=May 29, 2010 |publisher=Ministerio de Vivienda, Construcción y Saneamiento, Peru |language=Spanish}}</ref> A cikin labarin yanzu, dabi'un da aka gabatar sune waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin amincewa. An kirkiro wannan sabon tsari ne saboda lalacewar da ruwan da masana'antu ke haifar da tsarin shara. Misali, a cikin shekara ta 2006 wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 58% na samfurin (kamfanoni 24) sun wuce iyakar BOD5 da aka kafa a halin yanzu.<ref name="PE2" /> A cikin wannan shekarar wani binciken ya nuna cewa kashi 57% na samfurin (kamfanoni 9) sun wuce wannan ka'ida.<ref name="PE2" />&nbsp;&nbsp; == Argentina == Dokar ƙasa da ke tsara albarkatun ruwa a Argentina ita ce Dokar 674 ta shekarar 1989, wacce Hukumar Zartarwa ta Kasa ta kafa kuma ta shafi Babban Birnin Tarayya da duk jam'iyyun [[Yankin Buenos Aires|Lardin Buenos Aires]] da ke biyan kuɗi ga tsarin Ayyukan Lafiya na Kasa. Manufar dokar ita ce kare albarkatun ruwa na kasa ta hanyar amfani da ruwa mai kyau, gurɓataccen ruwa da aiki mai kyau na shigarwar Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Kasa. Hakanan, an yi amfani da ƙuduri na 79179 na 1990, wanda ya haɗa da shirye-shiryen kayan aiki don aiwatar da Dokar 674. Wannan ƙuduri ya haɗa da sigogi na fitar da ruwa mai guba ga tsarin shara, hanyar ruwa da masu tara ruwan sama, waɗanda aka haɗa su a cikin Ƙaddamarwa A na doka. '''Bayani game da shari'a''' A watan Yunin shekara ta 2006, a Argentina yawan Kayan aiki masu nauyi daban-daban, kwayoyin cuta, nitrates da hydrocarbons sun wuce yawan adadin da ake la'akari da haɗari. Ba sa'a ba ne cewa koguna kamar Paraná, Salado del Norte, Salado del Sur, Carcarañá, de la Plata da Colorado suna daga cikin waɗanda suka fi gurɓata a Duniya. Argentina ba ta da hanyar sarrafawa don kula da ruwa mai guba ko zubar da shi. Akwai bayanai da ke da alaƙa da mahimman ruwa da yawa da ke shafar zubar da ruwa, tare da matakai masu tsanani na eutrophication saboda rashin magani. Ɗaya daga cikin gadajen asibiti huɗu yana zaune ne da wani da ke fama da rashin lafiya mai alaƙa da ruwa. A wasu yankuna na ciki na kasar, kamar Rosario da Córdoba, an gurɓata ruwa sosai har aikin da ke cikin masana'antun tsabtace ruwa ya shafi. Akwai wasu ayyukan don gina shuke-shuke na magani a cikin manyan wurare, amma fitarwa yana ci gaba da girma. Kashewa daga kamfanoni da aka kara ga na cikin gida a cikin Riachuelo-Matanza ya kai mita cubic ,000 (13,000,000 ) a kowace rana, wanda ya ninka sau biyu na matsakaicin matsakaicin kogin. Mud din da ke ciki yana da babban taro na Chrome, Copper, Mercury, [[Zinc]], da Lead. Bugu da kari, mafi yawan Lead da Chrome suna kan iyaka tsakanin majalisun Avellaneda da Lanús, a lardin [[Buenos Aires]]. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] m3fih784c9tsp5baplhhwzpu0siub45 0 154638 915331 912305 2026-09-03T09:27:13Z Usman saadu 46863 915331 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Uwar da Yara''' (A baya, ''Kasoa Mother and Child Polyclinic'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumsor did not cause deaths at Kosoa mother and child hospital – GHS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1086859/dumsor-did-not-cause-deaths-at-kosoa-mother-and.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>) asibitin jama'a ne da ke [[Kasoa]] a cikin Mazabar Awutu Senya ta Gabas ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiya]] a [[Ghana|Ghana.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Crime Check Foundation donates to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/crime-check-foundation-donates-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-government-hospital/2020/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Health Minister deploys 3 doctors, 5 midwives to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital after patient death |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/health-minister-deploys-3-doctors-5-midwives-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-after-patient-death-2026051417374304720 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=New malaria vaccines helped Ghana slash child deaths. Then Trump, others cut aid |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/health/new-malaria-vaccines-helped-ghana-slash-child-deaths-then-trump-others-cut-aid.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, Mai kula da kiwon lafiya na asibitin shine David Mekano. == Tarihi == [[John Mahama]] ya gina wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Donates Essential Items to Mother & Child Hospital in Kasoa to Commemorate June 4th Revolution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1162568/ndc-donates-essential-items-to-mother-child-hosp.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2026, [[Grace Ayensu-Danquah]] ta ba da kayan aiki ga asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Health Minister Donates Equipment To Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital To Tackle Maternal Deaths |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/1/654287 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Gidaje == A cikin shekarar 2024, an zargi wurin da sakaci na likita bayan wani yaro mai shekaru 17 mai suna Nana Adu ya mutu a can.<ref>"Faulty anaesthetic machine at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital raises patient safety alarm". 2026-02-24. Retrieved 2026-05-27.</ref> == Rudani == A cikin 2026, an ruwaito cewa wata mace mai ciki mai suna Abigail Opoku ta mutu a asibiti bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ba ta iya yin aikin tiyata ba saboda rashin gado a cikin ɗakin warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title='It doesn’t add up' – Health Committee Chair questions Kasoa ‘no bed’ claim over maternal death - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-doesnt-add-up-health-committee-chair-questions-kasoa-no-bed-claim-over-maternal-death/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abanga |first=Edwin |date=2026-04-30 |title=Father of Pregnant Woman Who Died at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital Gives Account of the Tragedy - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/303763-father-pregnant-lady-died-kasoa-hospital-shares-detailed-account-what-happened/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Daraktan Lafiya na Yankin Tsakiya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana ya fara bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Probe launched into alleged maternal death at Kasoa Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/probe-launched-into-alleged-maternal-death-at-kasoa-hospital/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lartey |first=Winifred |date=30 April 2026 |title=GHS sets up probe into maternal death at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://asaaseradio.com/ghs-sets-up-probe-into-maternal-death-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Asaase Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No Bed, No CS?” Outrage as Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital Faces Investigation |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/10/642812/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == gtz15d3xfgkdoplfde48aq0byhvuqt4 915332 915331 2026-09-03T09:27:33Z Usman saadu 46863 915332 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Asibitin Uwar da Yara''' (A baya, ''Kasoa Mother and Child Polyclinic'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dumsor did not cause deaths at Kosoa mother and child hospital – GHS |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1086859/dumsor-did-not-cause-deaths-at-kosoa-mother-and.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref>) asibitin jama'a ne da ke [[Kasoa]] a cikin Mazabar Awutu Senya ta Gabas ta [[Yankin Tsakiya (Ghana)|Yankin Tsakiya]] a [[Ghana|Ghana.]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-07-30 |title=Crime Check Foundation donates to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/general-news/crime-check-foundation-donates-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-government-hospital/2020/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-05-14 |title=Health Minister deploys 3 doctors, 5 midwives to Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital after patient death |url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/story/health-minister-deploys-3-doctors-5-midwives-to-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital-after-patient-death-2026051417374304720 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Pulse Ghana |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-01-29 |title=New malaria vaccines helped Ghana slash child deaths. Then Trump, others cut aid |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/news/health/new-malaria-vaccines-helped-ghana-slash-child-deaths-then-trump-others-cut-aid.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, Mai kula da kiwon lafiya na asibitin shine David Mekano. == Tarihi == [[John Mahama]] ya gina wurin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NDC Donates Essential Items to Mother & Child Hospital in Kasoa to Commemorate June 4th Revolution |url=https://www.modernghana.com/news/1162568/ndc-donates-essential-items-to-mother-child-hosp.html |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2026, [[Grace Ayensu-Danquah]] ta ba da kayan aiki ga asibitin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Deputy Health Minister Donates Equipment To Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital To Tackle Maternal Deaths |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/1/654287 |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Gidaje == A cikin shekarar 2024, an zargi wurin da sakaci na likita bayan wani yaro mai shekaru 17 mai suna Nana Adu ya mutu a can.<ref>"Faulty anaesthetic machine at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital raises patient safety alarm". 2026-02-24. Retrieved 2026-05-27.</ref> == Rudani == A cikin shekarar 2026, an ruwaito cewa wata mace mai ciki mai suna Abigail Opoku ta mutu a asibiti bayan da aka yi zargin cewa ba ta iya yin aikin tiyata ba saboda rashin gado a cikin ɗakin warkewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title='It doesn’t add up' – Health Committee Chair questions Kasoa ‘no bed’ claim over maternal death - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/it-doesnt-add-up-health-committee-chair-questions-kasoa-no-bed-claim-over-maternal-death/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Abanga |first=Edwin |date=2026-04-30 |title=Father of Pregnant Woman Who Died at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital Gives Account of the Tragedy - YEN.COM.GH |url=https://yen.com.gh/people/303763-father-pregnant-lady-died-kasoa-hospital-shares-detailed-account-what-happened/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=yen.com.gh |language=en}}</ref> Daraktan Lafiya na Yankin Tsakiya na Hukumar Lafiya ta Ghana ya fara bincike kan lamarin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-04-30 |title=Probe launched into alleged maternal death at Kasoa Hospital - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/probe-launched-into-alleged-maternal-death-at-kasoa-hospital/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lartey |first=Winifred |date=30 April 2026 |title=GHS sets up probe into maternal death at Kasoa Mother and Child Hospital |url=https://asaaseradio.com/ghs-sets-up-probe-into-maternal-death-at-kasoa-mother-and-child-hospital/ |access-date=27 May 2026 |website=Asaase Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=“No Bed, No CS?” Outrage as Kasoa Mother & Child Hospital Faces Investigation |url=https://www.modernghana.com/videonews/cititv/10/642812/ |access-date=2026-05-27 |website=www.modernghana.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == ju9ik5kkvx65ti3pwwc98wwk3ifzmjk 0 155483 915071 849558 2026-09-02T18:32:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915071 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Muizenberg_ZA_bathing_huts.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Muizenberg]] Cape Metropole (babban Cape Town) yana da rairayin bakin teku iri-iri da aka raba zuwa yankuna uku ta yankin Cape Peninsula: * False Bay, gami da doguwar rairayin bakin teku da ke gudana daga Gordon's Bay zuwa Muizenberg, da ƙananan rairayin kan teku a gefen Gabas na Cape Peninsula * Tekun Atlantika, tare da Yammacin (Atlantic) na yankin Cape * '''Blaauwberg / West Coast''', tare da bakin tekun Blaauwberg da ke gudana zuwa Arewa daga Cape Town Tekun da ke False Bay yana da kimanin digiri 6 da ya fi zafi fiye da Tekun Atlantika da Yammacin Yamma. A cikin 2011, Lonely Planet ya lissafa Cape Town na biyu a cikin jerin manyan biranen rairayin bakin teku 10 na duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-01-20 |title=10 best beach cities |url=http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/cape-town/travel-tips-and-articles/76442 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110128082727/http://www.lonelyplanet.com/south-africa/cape-town/travel-tips-and-articles/76442 |archive-date=2011-01-28 |access-date=2011-01-25 |publisher=[[Lonely Planet]]}}</ref> == Bayar Ƙarya == [[Fayil:Fish_hoek_beach.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Rashin teku na kifi]] [[Fayil:Boulders_Beach_Suedafrika.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|[[Boulders Bakin ruwah|Boulders Beach]] cike da 'yan Afirka PenguinsPenguins na Afirka]] [[Fayil:Windmill_panorama_2.jpg|thumb|Yankin Jirgin Ruwa]] Tsawon rairayin bakin teku yana gudana ba tare da katsewa ba don cikakken faɗin False Bay daga Muizenberg zuwa Gordon's Bay, yana samar da bakin tekun Cape Flats. Tare da dutsen Cape Peninsula, akwai ƙananan rairayin bakin teku da yawa a ƙarƙashin duwatsu waɗanda aka fi karewa daga yaduwar yamma fiye da rairayin rairayin kan iyakar arewa. Har ila yau, akwai wani doguwar rairayin bakin teku a gefen gabas na bay a ƙarƙashin Kogelberg. * Buffels Bay, yankin Cape * Smitswinkel Bay * [[Fishermans Beach|Yankin Kifi]] * [[Froggy Pond|Ruwan Tsuntsu]] * Windmill Beach 34°12′04′′S 18°27′24′′E / 34.201°S 18.456667°E / -34.201; 18.45666667 karamin rairayin bakin teku ne a ƙasa da filin golf a Froggy Pond, garin Simon. An kewaye shi da manyan duwatsun dutse, kuma yana da ƙananan duwatsu guda biyu da aka raba ta ƙungiyar manyan duwatsu. Yankin kudancin yana da ɗan ƙanƙanta kuma ya fi zurfi, kuma yana buɗewa zuwa bay zuwa gabas. Yankin arewa yana da faɗi, ba shi da zurfi kuma an kare shi sosai daga kumbura. Yankin yin iyo ne mai aminci. Kudancin kudancin sanannen shafin ne don nutsewa kuma ana amfani dashi sau da yawa don horo na matakin shigarwa yayin da ake kare ruwa kuma shigarwa da fita suna da sauƙi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Windmill Beach |url=https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/see-all-city-facilities/our-recreational-facilities/Beaches/Windmill%20Beach |access-date=22 October 2023 |website=www.capetown.gov.za± |archive-date=6 June 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250606201645/https://www.capetown.gov.za/Family%20and%20home/see-all-city-facilities/our-recreational-facilities/Beaches/Windmill%20Beach |url-status=dead }}</ref> * [[Boulders Bakin ruwah|Boulders Beach]] * [[Long Beach, Simon's Town|Long Beach, garin Simon]] * Glencairn * Kifi Hoek * Kalk Bay * St James * Muizenberg * Strandfontein * Gidan rairayin bakin teku na Monwabisi, Khayelitsha * Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Macassar * Yankin * Gordon's Bay * Kogel Bay (Kogelbaai), kudu da Gordon's Bay, kusa da Rooiels . == Yammacin Yamma == Yankin rairayin bakin teku na Yamma suna da tsawo, rairayin kankara a arewacin Cape Town. Yanayin iska da hawan igiyar ruwa sun sa waɗannan rairayin bakin teku suka shahara don hawan igiya da hawan jirgin ruwa. ==manazarta== 81ncg4xc3cqlijjurn4r5b21lhql24y 0 156273 915318 890733 2026-09-03T08:38:48Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915318 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Infobox person | name = Adesegun Akin-Olugbade | image = | citizenship = Nigerian | education = [[Nigerian Law School]] | alma_mater = [[King’s College London]]<br/>[[Harvard Law School]] | occupation = lawyer | honours = [[Officer of the Order of the Niger|OON]] }} '''Adesegun Akin-Olugbade''' (an haife shi Nuwamba 4th 1962) lauya ne kuma mai kula da kudi a Najeriya.<ref name=>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade – Utica Capital Limited |url=https://uticacap.com/board-of-directors/dr-adesegun-a-akin-olugbade/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Akin-Olugbade ya yi karatun shari'a a Kwalejin King's London, inda ya sami LL. B (Hons) da LL. M. Daga baya ya sami LL. M da SJD daga Harvard Law School<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anaesoronye |first=Modestus |date=2021-10-05 |title=NSIA Insurance names Akin-Olugbade new board chairman |url=https://businessday.ng/insurance/article/nsia-insurance-names-akin-olugbade-new-board-chairman/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[BusinessDay (Nigeria)|BusinessDay]]}}</ref> a 1991. Ya kammala ci gaba da shirye-shiryen ilimi na zartarwa a cibiyoyin da suka hada da Cibiyar Nazarin Gudanarwa ta Duniya (IMD), Kwalejin Shugaba ta Wharton, da HEC Montreal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=WSG Press Release: Dr. Adesegun Akin-Olugbade Joins the AELEX Team as International Counsel - AELEX |url=https://members-staging.worldservicesgroup.com/releases.asp?action=press&pressid=9509 |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=members-staging.worldservicesgroup.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kasance mai karɓar [[Taslim Olawale Elias|Kyautar Alkalin Taslim Elias]] kuma ya kasance Mafi Kyawun Dalibi a [[Makarantar Koyan Lauya ta Najeriya|Makarantar Shari'a ta Najeriya]] a 1984 kuma an shigar da shi cikin Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya a wannan shekarar.<ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade – AF-AP Partnership |url=https://afap-partnership.org/about-us/team/dr-adesegun-a-akin-olugbade/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=21 February 2024 |title=AFAP Appoints Akin-Olugbade Member Board of Trustees |url=https://independent.ng/afap-appoints-akin-olugbade-member-board-of-trustees/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Famuyiwa |first=Damilare |date=2019-08-08 |title=World Trade Board appoints a Nigerian as first African member |url=https://nairametrics.com/2019/08/08/world-trade-board-appoints-a-nigerian-as-first-african-member/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Akin-Olugbade ya fara aikinsa a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Tarayya Najeriya a matsayin Mai ba da shawara na Jiha. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade – AF-AP Partnership |url=https://afap-partnership.org/about-us/team/dr-adesegun-a-akin-olugbade/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 1991, ya shiga Bankin Raya Afirka (AfDB). Yayinda yake a AfDB, an tura shi zuwa Bankin Kasuwanci na Afirka a matsayin Babban Jami'in Shari'a wanda ya kafa shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-05-22 |title=Afreximbank Commemorates Founders Day |url=https://www.afreximbank.com/afreximbank-commemorates-founders-day/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=African Export-Import Bank |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-12-09 |title=New path for African financing |url=https://www.iflr.com/article/2a63733ixysbvckuq7a97/new-path-for-african-financing |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=IFLR |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin Janar mai ba da shawara da Babban Darakta a AfDB har zuwa 2011. A lokacin da yake aiki a AfDB, ya taka rawar gani wajen kafa Cibiyar Taimako ta Shari'a ta Afirka (ALSF). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adesegun Aki-Olugbade – GC Powerlist |url=https://www.legal500.com/gc-powerlist/africa-2017/adesegun-aki-olugbade/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade |url=https://worldtradesymposium.com/person/dr-adesegun-akin-olugbade |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=World Trade Symposium |language=en |archive-date=2025-08-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804024240/https://worldtradesymposium.com/person/dr-adesegun-akin-olugbade |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Bank |first=African Development |date=2021-12-03 |title=1998/02 |url=https://www.afdb.org/en/about-us/organisational-structure/administrative-tribunal/judgments/1998/02-47255 |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=African Development Bank Group |language=en}}</ref> Ya kasance Babban Darakta, Janar Mai ba da shawara, da Sakataren Kamfanin Kasuwanci na [[Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka (AFC)|Kamfanin Kudi na Afirka]] (AFC) kuma Ba Babban Daraktoci na Ecobank Group daga 2014 zuwa 2017.<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2018-11-13 |title=Akin-Olugbade bows out at AFC |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/akin-olugbade-bows-out-at-afc/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anthony |date=2018-11-22 |title=AFC announces tenure completion of pioneer general counsel |url=https://guardian.ng/appointments/afc-announces-tenure-completion-of-pioneer-general-counsel/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Jeremiah |first=Urowayino |date=2017-10-12 |title=Ecobank announces board changes |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/10/ecobank-announces-board-changes/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> Shi ne wanda ya kafa kuma Babban Abokin Hulɗa na Luwaji Nominees . Yana da matsayi Mai ba da shawara a kamfanonin lauyoyi na kasa da kasa ciki har da Aelex Legal da Of Counsel[[:en:Of_counsel|l]],<ref>{{Cite news |last= |first= |date=2024-02-21 |title=AFAP Appoints Akin-Olugbade Member Board of Trustees |url=https://independent.ng/afap-appoints-akin-olugbade-member-board-of-trustees/ |access-date=2025-07-27 |language=en-GB |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Clifford Chance {{!}} Clifford Chance strengthens Africa Practice with hire of former Executive Director/General Counsel of Africa Finance Corporation |url=https://www.cliffordchance.com/content/cliffordchance/news/news/2019/05/clifford-chance-strengthens-africa-practice-with-hire-of-former-.html |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Clifford Chance |language=en}}</ref>. shi memba ne na Kwamitin Shari'ar Kudi na Duniya na Ƙungiyar Shari'a ta Duniya (MOCOMILA) kuma mai kula da Ƙungiyar Shariʼa ta Duniya, Sashin Najeriya (ILA-NG). A watan Yulin 2025, Shugaba [[Bola Tinubu]] ya nada shi Shugaban Hukumar Kula da Tsarin Mulki ta Najeriya (NISO).<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Tinubu Approves Board Members for the Nigerian Independent System Operator (NISO) – The Statehouse, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-tinubu-approves-board-members-for-the-nigerian-independent-system-operator-niso/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724115337/https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-tinubu-approves-board-members-for-the-nigerian-independent-system-operator-niso/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karbuwa == A cikin 2012, gwamnatin Najeriya ta ba Akin-Olugbade taken [[Order of the Niger|Jami'in Order of the Niger]] (OON). A cikin 2019, ya zama memba na farko na Afirka na Hukumar Ciniki ta Duniya . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Famuyiwa |first=Damilare |date=2019-08-08 |title=World Trade Board appoints a Nigerian as first African member |url=https://nairametrics.com/2019/08/08/world-trade-board-appoints-a-nigerian-as-first-african-member/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |website=Nairametrics |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, memba ne na rayuwa na [[Gidauniyar Kare Hakkin Najeriya]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade – Utica Capital Limited |url=https://uticacap.com/board-of-directors/dr-adesegun-a-akin-olugbade/ |access-date=2025-07-25 |language=en-US}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://uticacap.com/board-of-directors/dr-adesegun-a-akin-olugbade/ "Dr. Adesegun A. Akin-Olugbade – Utica Capital Limited"]<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-07-25</span></span>.</cite></ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9m4smz0n78jauykv59ka2imsxe2yok0 0 156746 915213 900702 2026-09-03T04:47:23Z Ummeeterh 31568 915213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Robert Kenneth Kraft''' (An haife shi 5 ga [[Yuni]] 1941) fitaccen ɗan kasuwa ne kuma mai kungiyoyin wasanni a [[Amurka]]. Shi ne shugaban kuma mamallakin kamfanin [[Kraft Group]] da kuma ƙungiyar [[New England Patriots]] ta [[National Football League]] (NFL), da kuma [[New England Revolution]] ta [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS).<ref>{{cite book |title=The Dynasty: New England Patriots |publisher=Penguin Press |year=2020}}</ref> == Rayuwa da ilimi == An haife shi a Brookline, Massachusetts. Ya yi karatu a [[Columbia University]] sannan daga baya ya halarci Harvard Business School. == Sana'a == Robert Kraft ya fara harkar kasuwanci a fannin takarda da marufi kafin ya fadada zuwa saka jari da mallakar kungiyoyin wasanni. == Nasarori == * Mallakar New England Patriots * Gina Gillette Stadium * Faɗaɗa Kraft Group zuwa manyan kasuwanci == Muhimmanci == Ana daukar Robert Kraft a matsayin daya daga cikin fitattun masu kungiyar wasanni a Amurka saboda tasirinsa a NFL da MLS. == Duba kuma == * [[Gillette Stadium]] * [[New England Patriots]] * [[New England Revolution]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:‘Yan kasuwa na Amurka]] [[Category:Masu kungiyoyin wasanni]] [[Category:1941 haihuwa]] [[Category:Mutanen Massachusetts]] jxgmh0fzu1axy69cmgxe91pxs0osk2f 0 159436 915185 890472 2026-09-02T22:29:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zanzibar Fasinjoji da RoRo Ferry Terminal Project''' (wanda aka fi sani da Maruhubi Ferry Terminal System Project) haɗin gwiwa jama'a ne (PPP) ci gaban ababen more rayuwa a Maruhubi (Mpigaduri), a Tsibirin Unguja, Zanzibar, Tanzania . Kamfanin Zanzibar Ferry Development Company (ZF Devco b.v.) <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 6, 2025 |title=ZF Devco |url=https://www.zfdevco.com/ |website=ZF Devco}}</ref> ne ke jagorantar aikin tare da haɗin gwiwar Gwamnatin juyin juya halin Zanzibar ta hanyar Zanzibar Ports Corporation. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar Ports Cooperation |url=https://www.zpc.go.tz/ |website=www.zpc.go.tz }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yana daga cikin shirin gwamnati na zamani don inganta sufuri na teku da inganta haɗin kai tsakanin Zanzibar da Tanzania. == Tarihi == Gwamnati ta ware kusan dala miliyan 250 don sabon tashar jiragen ruwa a Maruhubi don sauƙaƙa matsalar a Malindi kuma ya bi ka'idodin duniya. Hukumomi suna sa ran cewa nan da shekara ta 2027 duk ayyukan fasinja da Malindi ke sarrafawa a halin yanzu za a sake komawa sabon tashar a Maruhubi. == Zane, Ci gaba da Ƙungiya == Ana haɓaka aikin ne a ƙarƙashin Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu (PPP) . A farkon 2024, Kamfanin Zanzibar Ports Corporation ya sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar izini tare da ZF Devco b.v., ƙungiyar kamfanonin Dutch da Tanzanian, don gina, tallafawa, tsarawa, da kuma gudanar da sabon kayan aiki. Clyde &amp;amp; Co sun ba da sabis na ba da shawara na shari'a don yarjejeniyar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 February 2024 |title=Clyde & Co advises ZF Devco on development of a new Passenger Ferry and Ro-Ro Terminal in Zanzibar |url=https://www.clydeco.com/en/about/news/2024/02/clyde-co-advises-zf-devco-on-new-passenger-ferry |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=Clyde & Co |archive-date=11 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250911154112/https://www.clydeco.com/en/about/news/2024/02/clyde-co-advises-zf-devco-on-new-passenger-ferry |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kungiyar ƙira da tsarawa sun haɗa da C Concept Design b.v., Rebel, <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 8, 2024 |title=Adviseur en investeerder voor de toekomst &#124; Rebel |url=https://rebelgroup.com/nl/ |website=Rebelgroup}}</ref> Delta Marine Consultants, <ref>{{Cite web |title=DMC &#124; |url=https://www.dmc.nl/ |website=www.dmc.nl}}</ref> OrangeGaia, <ref>{{Cite web |title=OrangeGaia - Invest with Purpose |url=https://orangegaia.com/ |website=orangegaia.com}}</ref> Borgh Go, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Borgh Go |url=https://borghgo.com/ |website=Borgh Go}}</ref> CDR, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home - CDR International |url=https://cdr-international.nl/}}</ref> MultiStruct, <ref>{{Cite web |title=MultiStruct Tanzania Ltd (MSL) |url=https://www.multistruct.co.tz/}}</ref> Songoro Marine Transport, [3] da Kengo TZ.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Songoro Marine Transport LTD – Specialists in shipbuilding & marine construction |url=https://songoromarine.com/ |website=Songoro Marine Transport LTD}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kengo Strategic Consulting Tanzania |url=https://www.kengo.africa/ |website=Kengo}}</ref> Babban shirin yana da tashar fasinja, RoRo (roll-on / roll-off) tashar motar, ayyukan al'umma, otal da wuraren karɓar baƙi, nune-nunen da kayan sayarwa. Abubuwan dorewa kamar makamashi na Hasken rana, riƙe ruwa, da tattara ruwan sama an haɗa su cikin shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zanzibar Ferry and RoRo Terminal |url=https://www.ccdx.nl/projects/zanzibar-ferry-and-roro-terminal |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=C Concept Design BV}}</ref> Cibiyar Jane Goodall (JGI) a Zanzibar ta taimaka wajen sake komawa mangrove da kiyayewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025 |title=ZF Devco and Jane Goodall Institute complete successful mangrove conservation relocation in Zanzibar |url=https://zfdevco.com/press/zf-devco-and-jane-goodall-institute-complete-successful-mangrove-conservation-relocation-in-zanzibar |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=ZF Devco}}</ref> == Yankin aikin da Matakai == Shafin ci gaban ya rufe kusan hekta 29, gami da hekta 19 na ƙasar da aka sake dawowa, wanda ke arewacin Stone Town a Maruhubi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=ZF Devco and the Revolutionary Government of Zanzibar unveil partnership for the development of the Passenger and RoRo Ferry Terminal |url=https://www.zfdevco.com/press/zf-devco-and-the-revolutionary-government-of-zanzibar-rgov-unveil-partnership-for-the-development-of-the-passenger-and-roro-ferry-terminal-in-zanzibar-tanzania |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=ZF Devco}}</ref> Mataki na A (Mataki na A.1, Mataki naA.2 da Mataki na 3), yana mai da hankali kan mahimman kayan aikin ruwa: tashar jirgin ruwa ta fasinja (kimanin 22,000 m2), tashar RoRo (kimani 4,000 m2), da kuma wuraren al'umma. Ana sa ran matakai na baya don ƙara cibiyar dabaru, wuraren baje kolin, ofisoshi, otal-otal, siyarwa, da kuma yiwuwar kayan aiki don Takis na ruwa da Jiragen ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2024 |title=Zanzibar signs US$400 million deal for passenger port construction |url=https://abdas.org/2024/01/31/zanzibar-signs-us400-million-deal-for-passenger-port-construction/ |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=African Business Development Association |archive-date=15 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251115091302/https://abdas.org/2024/01/31/zanzibar-signs-us400-million-deal-for-passenger-port-construction/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Jimlar saka hannun jari a duk matakai an kiyasta tsakanin dala miliyan 350 da dala miliyan 400, tare da Mataki A wanda aka kimanta a kusan dala miliyan 250. == Gine-gine == Ginin ya fara ne a hukumance a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024 tare da fara Mataki na A.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2024 |title=Construction Begins on Zanzibar Passenger and RoRo Ferry Terminal |url=https://www.ccdx.nl/news/construction-begins-on-zanzibar-passenger-and-roro-ferry-terminal |access-date=6 October 2025 |publisher=C Concept Design BV}}</ref> An tsara jimlar lokacin gini a watanni 36, tare da kammalawar da ake tsammani a shekara ta 2027. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] brpec25go5xmrc2rv7azujw8129p0bi 0 159731 915276 881476 2026-09-03T07:44:49Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367903970|Akintola Olufemi Eyiwunmi]]" 915276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Akintola Olufemi Eyiwunmi, CON''' (27 ga Mayu 1936 – 20 ga Yuni 2008), ya kasance lauya kuma alƙalin Najeriya. Ya taɓa zama alƙali a Babban Kotun Jihar Legas, sannan daga baya ya zama Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya'''.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice of the Supreme Court |url=http://supremecourt.gov.ng/Profile/details/76 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222210259/http://supremecourt.gov.ng/Profile/details/76 |archive-date=22 February 2016 |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=supremecourt.gov.ng}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi '''Mai Shari'a Eyiwunmi''' a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1936 a Jihar Legas, da ke yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa a CMS Grammar School da kuma Methodist Boys' High School, Legas, inda ya samu Takardar Shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka (West Africa School Certificate) a shekarar 1948. A shekarar 1957, ya tafi Jami'ar Hull, inda ya karanci Shari'a, kuma ya samu digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a a watan Yulin 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyiwunmi last memories |url=http://akintola-ejiwunmi.last-memories.com/ |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=lastmemories.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan lauya == Bayan an kira shi zuwa kotun Ingila, ya koma Najeriya a matsayin magatakarda a [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] a shekarar 1962. A shekara ta 1963, ya shiga Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Oyo a Ibadan inda ya sami lambar yabo ta tallafi don karatu don LL.M. a cikin Dokar Air da Space ta Duniya a [[Jami'ar McGill]] a Kanada, wanda ya kammala a 1964. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Ex-S'Court Judge, Akintola Ejiwunmi, Dies At 73 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200806230425.html |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> Ya koma Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Ibadan a 1964 kuma an nada shi mai ba da shawara a ofishin Darakta na Masu gabatar da kara kuma an tura shi Jihar Legas a 1967, a wannan shekarar da aka kafa jihar. A shekara ta 1974, an naɗa shi Darakta na Masu Gabatar da Ƙara na Jihar Legas, sannan daga baya aka naɗa shi Babban Lauyan Gwamnati (Solicitor General) a shekara ta 1978. Ya riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa ranar 23 ga Mayu 1979, lokacin da aka naɗa shi alƙali a Babbar Kotun Jihar Legas. A shekara ta 1988, ya zama Mai Shari'a a Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Justice Akintola Olufemi Ejiwunmi – Adieu |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200806270113.html |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1998, an nada shi a benci na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]], inda ya yi ritaya a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2006, a matsayin Mai Shari'a. A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2006, kafin ya yi ritaya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Shugaban kasa kan Gyaran Tsarin Gudanar da Adalci a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2008, shekaru biyu bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama memba na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Sanda ta Najeriya, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribute to late Justice Akintola eyiwunmi |url=http://www.psc.gov.ng/node/146 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315073012/http://psc.gov.ng/node/146 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=Police Service Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashola Mourns Ejiwunmi, Oliver De Coque |url=http://www.tundefashola.com/archives/news/2008/06/22/20080622N01.html |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=tundefashola.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Shari'a na Kotun daukaka kara ta Najeriya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] czfaymynb8kucrputuzham6x85p9ili 915277 915276 2026-09-03T07:45:29Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915277 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akintola Olufemi Eyiwunmi, CON''' (27 ga Mayu 1936 – 20 ga Yuni 2008), ya kasance lauya kuma alƙalin Najeriya. Ya taɓa zama alƙali a Babban Kotun Jihar Legas, sannan daga baya ya zama Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya'''.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice of the Supreme Court |url=http://supremecourt.gov.ng/Profile/details/76 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222210259/http://supremecourt.gov.ng/Profile/details/76 |archive-date=22 February 2016 |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=supremecourt.gov.ng}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi '''Mai Shari'a Eyiwunmi''' a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1936 a Jihar Legas, da ke yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa a CMS Grammar School da kuma Methodist Boys' High School, Legas, inda ya samu Takardar Shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka (West Africa School Certificate) a shekarar 1948. A shekarar 1957, ya tafi Jami'ar Hull, inda ya karanci Shari'a, kuma ya samu digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a a watan Yulin 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyiwunmi last memories |url=http://akintola-ejiwunmi.last-memories.com/ |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=lastmemories.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan lauya == Bayan an kira shi zuwa kotun Ingila, ya koma Najeriya a matsayin magatakarda a [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] a shekarar 1962. A shekara ta 1963, ya shiga Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Oyo a Ibadan inda ya sami lambar yabo ta tallafi don karatu don LL.M. a cikin Dokar Air da Space ta Duniya a [[Jami'ar McGill]] a Kanada, wanda ya kammala a 1964. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Ex-S'Court Judge, Akintola Ejiwunmi, Dies At 73 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200806230425.html |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> Ya koma Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Ibadan a 1964 kuma an nada shi mai ba da shawara a ofishin Darakta na Masu gabatar da kara kuma an tura shi Jihar Legas a 1967, a wannan shekarar da aka kafa jihar. A shekara ta 1974, an naɗa shi Darakta na Masu Gabatar da Ƙara na Jihar Legas, sannan daga baya aka naɗa shi Babban Lauyan Gwamnati (Solicitor General) a shekara ta 1978. Ya riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa ranar 23 ga Mayu 1979, lokacin da aka naɗa shi alƙali a Babbar Kotun Jihar Legas. A shekara ta 1988, ya zama Mai Shari'a a Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Justice Akintola Olufemi Ejiwunmi – Adieu |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200806270113.html |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1998, an nada shi a benci na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]], inda ya yi ritaya a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2006, a matsayin Mai Shari'a. A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2006, kafin ya yi ritaya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Shugaban kasa kan Gyaran Tsarin Gudanar da Adalci a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2008, shekaru biyu bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama memba na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Sanda ta Najeriya, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribute to late Justice Akintola eyiwunmi |url=http://www.psc.gov.ng/node/146 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315073012/http://psc.gov.ng/node/146 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=Police Service Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashola Mourns Ejiwunmi, Oliver De Coque |url=http://www.tundefashola.com/archives/news/2008/06/22/20080622N01.html |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=tundefashola.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Shari'a na Kotun daukaka kara ta Najeriya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ps6b80ok7cbhy7p7l4gfw04iyirc6je 915335 915277 2026-09-03T09:41:43Z Baby juuu 38856 915335 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akintola Olufemi Eyiwunmi, CON''' (27 ga watan Mayu 1936 – 20 ga Yuni 2008), ya kasance lauya kuma alƙalin Najeriya. Ya taɓa zama alƙali a Babban Kotun Jihar Legas, sannan daga baya ya zama Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli ta Najeriya'''.'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Justice of the Supreme Court |url=http://supremecourt.gov.ng/Profile/details/76 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222210259/http://supremecourt.gov.ng/Profile/details/76 |archive-date=22 February 2016 |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=supremecourt.gov.ng}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi '''Mai Shari'a Eyiwunmi''' a watan Mayu na shekara ta 1936 a Jihar Legas, da ke yankin kudu maso yammacin Najeriya. Ya yi karatunsa a CMS Grammar School da kuma Methodist Boys' High School, Legas, inda ya samu Takardar Shaidar Makarantar Yammacin Afirka (West Africa School Certificate) a shekarar 1948. A shekarar 1957, ya tafi Jami'ar Hull, inda ya karanci Shari'a, kuma ya samu digirinsa na farko a fannin shari'a a watan Yulin 1961.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Eyiwunmi last memories |url=http://akintola-ejiwunmi.last-memories.com/ |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=lastmemories.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan lauya == Bayan an kira shi zuwa kotun Ingila, ya koma Najeriya a matsayin magatakarda a [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]] a shekarar 1962. A shekara ta 1963, ya shiga Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Oyo a Ibadan inda ya sami lambar yabo ta tallafi don karatu don LL.M. a cikin Dokar Air da Space ta Duniya a [[Jami'ar McGill]] a Kanada, wanda ya kammala a 1964. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: Ex-S'Court Judge, Akintola Ejiwunmi, Dies At 73 |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200806230425.html |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> Ya koma Ma'aikatar Shari'a, Ibadan a 1964 kuma an nada shi mai ba da shawara a ofishin Darakta na Masu gabatar da kara kuma an tura shi Jihar Legas a 1967, a wannan shekarar da aka kafa jihar. A shekara ta 1974, an naɗa shi Darakta na Masu Gabatar da Ƙara na Jihar Legas, sannan daga baya aka naɗa shi Babban Lauyan Gwamnati (Solicitor General) a shekara ta 1978. Ya riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa ranar 23 ga Mayu 1979, lokacin da aka naɗa shi alƙali a Babbar Kotun Jihar Legas. A shekara ta 1988, ya zama Mai Shari'a a Kotun Ɗaukaka Ƙara ta Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hon. Justice Akintola Olufemi Ejiwunmi – Adieu |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/200806270113.html |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=allAfrica.com}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga Nuwamba, 1998, an nada shi a benci na [[Kotun Koli Ta Najeriya|Kotun Koli ta Najeriya]], inda ya yi ritaya a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2006, a matsayin Mai Shari'a. A ranar 15 ga Maris, 2006, kafin ya yi ritaya, ya yi aiki a matsayin Shugaban Hukumar Shugaban kasa kan Gyaran Tsarin Gudanar da Adalci a Najeriya. A shekara ta 2008, shekaru biyu bayan ya yi ritaya, ya zama memba na Hukumar Kula da 'Yan Sanda ta Najeriya, matsayin da ya rike har zuwa mutuwarsa a ranar 20 ga Yuni, 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tribute to late Justice Akintola eyiwunmi |url=http://www.psc.gov.ng/node/146 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315073012/http://psc.gov.ng/node/146 |archive-date=15 March 2015 |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=Police Service Commission}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Fashola Mourns Ejiwunmi, Oliver De Coque |url=http://www.tundefashola.com/archives/news/2008/06/22/20080622N01.html |access-date=29 April 2015 |website=tundefashola.com}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin Shari'a na Kotun daukaka kara ta Najeriya == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Legas]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] 32rwdv4jgiyquzkcwzwxad3mhvbp9ew 0 160576 915084 885651 2026-09-02T19:20:18Z Zahrah0 14848 An kirkira ta fassara "References" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368556180|Prince Hezekiah]]" 915084 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} .'''Yarima Hezekiah Vincent''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai ƙirƙirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kiɗe-kiɗe da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === '''Yarima Hezekiya''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka, ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Yarima Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] == Bayyanawa == Yarima Hezekiya ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci, daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa Gwamnoni da yawa da ayyukan Gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar [[Bayelsa]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Jihar Cross Rivers, da [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin ko Master of Ceremonies, bukukuwan aure, kambi, keɓewa.<ref name="tdl" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 9dyqxp6j5qklscu82ps8x2fwxg3k6vi 0 161400 915286 890146 2026-09-03T07:52:58Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915286 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ayotunde Ayomide Phillips''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1949) lauya ce ta Najeriya kuma tsohon [[Alƙalin Alƙalin Jihar Legas|Babban Alkalin Jihar Legas]] .<ref>{{Cite news |title=Moral issues raised over Lagos Chief Judge's book launch. - P.M. NEWS Nigeria |url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/12/01/moral-issues-raised-over-lagos-chief-judges-book-launch/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=JUSTICE AYOTUNDE PHILLIP's son marries baby mama |url=http://encomium.ng/justice-ayotunde-phillips-son-marries-baby-mama/ |work=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ayotunde Ayomide Williams a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1949, a [[Landan]], ɗan fari na marigayi Mai Shari'a [[James Oladipo Williams]] da Henrietta Aina Williams, alƙali da aka haifa a [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Justice Ayotunde Phillips Archives - The Nation |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/tag/justice-ayotunde-phillips/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929135336/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/tag/justice-ayotunde-phillips/ |archive-date=2013-09-29 |access-date=2015-04-24 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> a halarci makarantar firamare a London kafin ta koma Najeriya tare da dan uwanta, Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade . Ta sami jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a [[Queen's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarauniya, Legas]], da Ibadan Grammar School kafin ta ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a watan Yunin 1973. Ta kammala aikin tilas na shekara guda na Matasa a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Enugu kuma an kira ta zuwa mashaya a shekara ta 1974.<ref>{{Cite news |title=And Philips steps in |url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/the-law-you/and-philips-steps-in/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826051756/http://www.punchng.com/feature/the-law-you/and-philips-steps-in/ |archivedate=2012-08-26 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan lauya == Ta fara aikinta a [[Kehinde Sofola]]'s Chambers a watan Nuwamba 1975, shekara guda bayan an kira ta zuwa mashaya. Ta bar majalisar a watan Satumbar 1976 don shiga ayyukan Kamfanin Ci Gaban Jihar Legas da Dukiya a matsayin Jami'in Shari'a kuma ta hau matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a a shekarar 1990, a wannan shekarar ta sami canji zuwa Ma'aikatar Shari'a inda ta kai matsayin Alkalin Babban Kotun a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Our Correspondent |title=New Telegraph – Lagos CJ: Historic succession of two sisters |url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/lagos-cj-historic-succession-of-two-sisters/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514111130/http://newtelegraphonline.com/lagos-cj-historic-succession-of-two-sisters/ |archive-date=2015-05-14 |website=newtelegraphonline.com}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2012, [[Babatunde Fashola]] ta nada ta a matsayin [[Alƙalin Alƙalin Jihar Legas|Babban Alkalin]] kuma bayan da ta yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2014, Mai Shari'a Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade, ƙanwarta ta gaje ta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fashola Swears in Atilade as Lagos Chief Judge, Articles - THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/fashola-swears-in-atilade-as-lagos-chief-judge/186904/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163608/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/fashola-swears-in-atilade-as-lagos-chief-judge/186904/ |archivedate=2015-04-02 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/atilade-makes-history-succeeds-sibling-acting-lagos-chief-judge/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Atilade makes history, succeeds sibling as acting Lagos Chief Judge|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9tgiimainfjvi1t00evvb7dj0o961ji 915289 915286 2026-09-03T07:55:06Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915289 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ayotunde Ayomide Phillips | image = | image_size = | caption = | office1 = [[Chief Judge of Lagos State]] | term_start1 = 10 June 2012 | term_end1 = 26 July 2014 | office2 = | term_start2 = | term_end2 = | office3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | predecessor3 = [[Inumidun Akande]] | successor3 = [[Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade]] | birth_name = Ayotunde Adeyoola Williams | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1949|07|26}} | birth_place = [[London]], UK | death_date = | death_place = | party = }} '''Ayotunde Ayomide Phillips''' (an haife ta a ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1949) lauya ce ta Najeriya kuma tsohon [[Alƙalin Alƙalin Jihar Legas|Babban Alkalin Jihar Legas]] .<ref>{{Cite news |title=Moral issues raised over Lagos Chief Judge's book launch. - P.M. NEWS Nigeria |url=http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2013/12/01/moral-issues-raised-over-lagos-chief-judges-book-launch/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[P.M. News]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=JUSTICE AYOTUNDE PHILLIP's son marries baby mama |url=http://encomium.ng/justice-ayotunde-phillips-son-marries-baby-mama/ |work=Encomium Magazine}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Ayotunde Ayomide Williams a ranar 26 ga Yuli 1949, a [[Landan]], ɗan fari na marigayi Mai Shari'a [[James Oladipo Williams]] da Henrietta Aina Williams, alƙali da aka haifa a [[Najeriya]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Justice Ayotunde Phillips Archives - The Nation |url=http://thenationonlineng.net/new/tag/justice-ayotunde-phillips/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130929135336/http://thenationonlineng.net/new/tag/justice-ayotunde-phillips/ |archive-date=2013-09-29 |access-date=2015-04-24 |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[The Nation (Nigeria)|The Nation]]}}</ref> a halarci makarantar firamare a London kafin ta koma Najeriya tare da dan uwanta, Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade . Ta sami jarrabawar takardar shaidar makarantar Afirka ta Yamma a [[Queen's College, Lagos|Kwalejin Sarauniya, Legas]], da Ibadan Grammar School kafin ta ci gaba zuwa [[Jami'ar Lagos|Jami'ar Legas]] inda ta sami digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a watan Yunin 1973. Ta kammala aikin tilas na shekara guda na Matasa a Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Jihar Enugu kuma an kira ta zuwa mashaya a shekara ta 1974.<ref>{{Cite news |title=And Philips steps in |url=http://www.punchng.com/feature/the-law-you/and-philips-steps-in/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120826051756/http://www.punchng.com/feature/the-law-you/and-philips-steps-in/ |archivedate=2012-08-26 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan lauya == Ta fara aikinta a [[Kehinde Sofola]]'s Chambers a watan Nuwamba 1975, shekara guda bayan an kira ta zuwa mashaya. Ta bar majalisar a watan Satumbar 1976 don shiga ayyukan Kamfanin Ci Gaban Jihar Legas da Dukiya a matsayin Jami'in Shari'a kuma ta hau matsayin mai ba da shawara kan shari'a a shekarar 1990, a wannan shekarar ta sami canji zuwa Ma'aikatar Shari'a inda ta kai matsayin Alkalin Babban Kotun a shekarar 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Our Correspondent |title=New Telegraph – Lagos CJ: Historic succession of two sisters |url=http://newtelegraphonline.com/lagos-cj-historic-succession-of-two-sisters/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150514111130/http://newtelegraphonline.com/lagos-cj-historic-succession-of-two-sisters/ |archive-date=2015-05-14 |website=newtelegraphonline.com}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2012, [[Babatunde Fashola]] ta nada ta a matsayin [[Alƙalin Alƙalin Jihar Legas|Babban Alkalin]] kuma bayan da ta yi ritaya a watan Yunin 2014, Mai Shari'a Oluwafunmilayo Olajumoke Atilade, ƙanwarta ta gaje ta.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Fashola Swears in Atilade as Lagos Chief Judge, Articles - THISDAY LIVE |url=http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/fashola-swears-in-atilade-as-lagos-chief-judge/186904/ |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402163608/http://www.thisdaylive.com/articles/fashola-swears-in-atilade-as-lagos-chief-judge/186904/ |archivedate=2015-04-02 |newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/07/atilade-makes-history-succeeds-sibling-acting-lagos-chief-judge/|location=Lagos, Nigeria|title=Atilade makes history, succeeds sibling as acting Lagos Chief Judge|newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 575h7qbo3b2i7zd7xtv7ny7b2rb2v7l 0 161696 915102 914165 2026-09-02T19:46:57Z Zahrah0 14848 /* Bolton Wanderers */ 915102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jay Francis Spearing''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta alif 1988) [[ƙungiyar ƙwallon Kafa|ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Ingila wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|ɗan wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya]] . Shi ɗan wasa ne kuma koci a makarantar horar da 'yan wasan Liverpool FC . Ya fara aikinsa da [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] a matsayin ɗan wasan matasa a shekarar alif 1997. Ya ci gaba da zama a [[Filin Wasa na anfield|Anfield]] tsawon shekaru 16 kafin ya bar Bolton Wanderers a shekarar 2013. Bayan shekaru huɗu a Bolton, ya koma Blackpool, wanda aka haɓaka zuwa League One a shekarar 2017, da farko har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa ta Shekarar 2017 zuwa 18. Ya koma ƙungiyar ta dindindin a lokacin bazara mai zuwa kuma ya ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa shekarar 2020, kafin ya koma Tranmere Rovers na tsawon shekaru biyu kafin ya yi ritaya daga buga wasa sannan ya koma koyarwa. == Sana'ar wasa == === Liverpool === ==== Ajiye kuɗi Shekarar (2007 zuwa 2010) ==== An girma a Wallasey, Merseyside, Spearing shine kyaftin na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekarar 18 ta Liverpool wadda ta lashe gasar FA Youth Cup a shekarar. Ya buga kakar wasa ta baya a wasan ƙarshe da [[Manchester City F.C.|Manchester City]], amma bai buga mafi yawan kakar wasa ba saboda karyewar ƙafa. An ɗaukaka shi zuwa Melwood a lokacin bazara na Shekarar 2007 don yin atisaye tare da ƙungiyar farko ta Liverpool bayan ya yi fice a Kwalejin ƙungiyar. Ya kasance yana da hannu a ƙungiyar tun yana ɗan shekara bakwai. An zaɓe shi a matsayin ɗan wasa mafi kyau a Torneo di Renate, gasar ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20, suna fafatawa da ƙungiyoyi kamar Milan da Parma . Hakanan yana cikin ƙungiyar Reserve da ta lashe gasar Premier Reserve League a kakar wasa ta Shekarar 2007-08. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jay Spearing |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/history/past-players/jay-spearing |access-date=20 July 2014 |publisher=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> ==== kakar Shekarar 2008 Zuwa 09 ==== Spearing ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko a ranar 9 ga watan Disamba Shekarar 2008, inda ya maye gurbinsa a wasan da suka doke [[PSV Eindhoven|PSV]] da ci 3-1 [[UEFA Champions League|a gasar zakarun Turai]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2008 |title=PSV 1 – Liverpool 3: match report |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/match/fixtures/first-team/p-s-v-v-liverpool-2008-12-09-20-45-00/last-match-statistics |access-date=2014-07-20 |publisher=Liverpoolfc.com}}</ref> Spearing ya kuma bayyana a wasan da Reds ta doke [[Real Madrid CF|Real Madrid]] da ci 4-0 a zagaye na biyu na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 31 ga watan Maris Shekarar 2009, manajan Liverpool Rafael Benítez ya sanar da cewa zai bai wa Spearing sabuwar kwangila, tare da wani matashin ɗan wasa Stephen Darby . A ranar 6 ga Yuli Shekarar 2009, Spearing ya amince da sabuwar kwangilar shekaru uku da Liverpool. ==== Komawa Leicester City a matsayin aro ==== [[Fayil:Jay_Spearing1.png|right|thumb|317x317px|Spear yana bugawa [[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] wasa da Cardiff City a ranar 30 ga Maris 2010]] A ranar 22 ga Maris Shekarar ta 2010, Liverpool ta tabbatar da cewa Spearing zai koma kungiyar Championship [[Leicester City F.C.|ta Leicester City]] a matsayin aro har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta Shekarar 2009 zuwa 10, inda zai hade da tsohon abokin wasansa na Liverpool Jack Hobbs . Wasansa na farko ya zo ne bayan kwana biyu, tun daga rashin nasarar da ''Foxes'' {{'}} samu a gasar Championship a hannun Reading da ci 2-1. Wasansa na ƙarshe a Leicester shi ne ranar 12 ga Mayu a wasan kusa da na ƙarshe na gasar Championship, inda Leicester ta lashe 3-2, amma bai isa ya kai wasan karshe ba saboda sun sha kashi a bugun fenariti. Ya buga wasanni tara ga Leicester kuma ya zura kwallo daya tilo da ya ci wa ƙungiyar a wasan da suka yi da Watford a gida da ci 4-1. ==== kakar Wasan Shekarar 2010 zuwa 11 ==== An saka Spearing a cikin tawagar Liverpool mai mutum 21 a kakar wasan Premier ta Na Shekarar 2010 Zuwa 11 . Ya fara kuma ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan farko na wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League da Liverpool ta yi da FK Rabotnički ta Macedoniya, kuma ya shigo wasa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a [[Filin Wasa na anfield|Anfield]] a wasa na biyu. A ranar 16 ga Satumba, ya sake buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan farko na rukunin farko na Liverpool da Steaua București, wanda shi ne karo na farko da ya fara wasa a Anfield, inda ya ba David Ngog damar zura kwallo ta hudu kuma ta karshe yayin da Liverpool ta yi nasara da ci 4-1. A ranar 22 ga watan Satumba, ya shiga cikin wasan da Liverpool ta fitar da Northampton Town ta League Cup a zagaye na uku ; Liverpool ta sha kashi 4-2 a bugun fenariti bayan an tashi kunnen doki 2-2. A ranar 21 ga Oktoba, ya buga cikakken mintuna 90 a wasan zagaye na uku na rukunin Liverpool, wanda aka tashi 0-0 da ƙungiyar Napoli tare da tsohon ɗan wasan baya na Liverpool Andrea Dossena . Spearing ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da Liverpool ta doke Bolton Wanderers da ci 1-0 a gasar Premier a ranar 31 ga Watan Oktoba. Ya shigo fili a minti na 90 na nasarar da Liverpool ta samu a kan Chelsea da ci 2-0 a ranar 7 ga Nuwamba Shekarar 2010, nan take ya yi tasiri ta hanyar buga ƙwallo mai ƙarfi don taimakawa ƙoƙarin Maxi Rodríguez . A ranar 20 ga Nuwamba, an ruwaito cewa Spearing ya karye a idon sawunsa a lokacin atisaye kuma zai yi jinyar makonni shida. Ya fara buga wasansa na farko a shekarar 2011 da [[Everton FC|Everton]] a ranar 16 ga Janairu. A hirar bayan wasan, kocin Liverpool Kenny Dalglish ya yaba wa matashin dan wasan tsakiya kuma ya yi barkwanci cewa [[Steven Gerrard]] ba zai sake shiga kungiyar farko ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Rice |first=Jimmy |date=21 January 2011 |title=Kenny on derby, owners & Jay |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/kenny-on-derby-owners-jay |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110119030311/http://www.liverpoolfc.tv/news/latest-news/kenny-on-derby-owners-jay |archive-date=19 January 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Maris, Spearing ya fara wani wasan lig, inda suka fafata da [[Sunderland A.F.C.|Sunderland]] . Spearing ya lashe bugun fenariti, wanda Dirk Kuyt ya yi amfani da shi ya sa Liverpool ta ci 1-0. Daga nan Spearing ya ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin ɗan wasan farko a ƙungiyar, inda Steven Gerrard da Christian Poulsen ba su da shi. A sauran kakar wasan Premier, ya ƙulla alaƙar tsakiya da Lucas . A wasan da suka yi da [[Arsenal F.C.|Arsenal]] a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, Spearing ya ba da fanareti na minti 98, wanda [[Robin van Persie]] ya zura kwallo, wanda hakan ya sa wasan ya zama 1-0. Wasan ya ƙare da ci 1-1. Duk da haka, Spearing ya lashe kyautar ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa kyau daga Sky Sports kuma an yaba masa bayan wasan saboda jajircewarsa, ƙarfin aikinsa da kuma ƙarfinsa. Ya sami kyautar ɗan wasan da ya fi kowa kyau a gidan yanar gizon Liverpool sau uku a kakar wasa. A watan Mayun Shekarar 2011, ƙungiyar ta sanar da cewa ta tsawaita kwangilarsa, kuma an haɗa shi cikin tawagar 'yan wasa 40 na wucin gadi ta Ingila 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 don gasar cin kofin Turai ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 21 ta bazara ta Shekarar 2011, tare da abokin wasansa na Liverpool [[Andy Carroll]] . ==== kakar Wasan Shekarar 2011 Zuwa 12 ==== [[Fayil:Jay_Spearing_2011_Singapore.jpg|thumb|341x341px|Yin harbi a lokacin atisaye kafin kakar wasa]] A kakar wasa ta Shekarar 2011 zuwa 12, Spearing ya sanya lamba 20, inda tsohon lamba 26 da ya saya aka yi wa sabon dan wasa Charlie Adam rijista. Nan da nan Spearing ya faɗi a tsakiyar Liverpool bayan isowar 'yan wasan tsakiya Adam, Jordan Henderson da Stewart Downing . A ranar 20 ga Yuli Shekarar 2011, an ba da rahoton cewa Spearing zai yi la'akari da zaɓin komawa Wolverhampton Wanderers a matsayin aro, amma ƙungiyar ta ƙi amincewa da tsarin nata, tana mai cewa Spearing yana cikin shirinsu. Daga baya Spearing ya yi watsi da jita-jitar yana mai cewa yana son yin fafutuka don samun gurbinsa a cikin 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya. Ya fara kakar wasa ta bana da Exeter City a gasar League Cup a ranar 24 ga Agusta shekarar 2011. Sakamakon ya ƙare da nasara 3-1 ga Liverpool. An kore shi a karon farko a aikinsa na ƙwararru a lokacin da Liverpool ta sha kashi a hannun Fulham da ci 1-0 a ranar 5 ga Disamba. A watan Mayu Shekara ta 2012, Spearing yana cikin 'yan wasa goma sha ɗaya da suka fara wasa a wasan ƙarshe na gasar FA Cup, inda Liverpool ta sha kashi a hannun Chelsea. ==== kakar Wasa ta Shekarar 2012 Zuwa 13 ==== Sabon kocin Liverpool Brendan Rodgers ya bayyana Spearing a matsayin "ɗan wasa mai kyau mai kyawawan halaye" wanda ke da "ruhin ƙungiyar a cikin zuciyarsa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sean Bradbury |date=9 July 2012 |title=Brendan Rodgers: Jay Spearing has the soul of Liverpool FC in his heart (VIDEO) |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/liverpool-fc/liverpool-fc-news/2012/07/09/brendan-rodgers-jay-spearing-has-the-soul-of-liverpool-fc-in-his-heart-video-100252-31357504/ |website=liverpoolecho}}</ref> Ya fara wasan farko na gasa a kakar wasa ta bana a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar UEFA Europa League da ƙungiyar Belarusian Gomel, inda ya buga cikakken mintuna 90, sannan ya buga wasa a wasan dawowa a Anfield. Wasansa na ƙarshe na kakar wasa a Liverpool ya zo ne a matsayin farkon wasan da suka doke Hearts da ci 1-0 a wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar Europa League a ranar 23 ga Agusta 2012. ==== Komawa Bolton Wanderers aro ==== A ranar 31 ga Agusta Shekara ta 2012, Spearing ya koma ƙungiyar Championship ta Bolton Wanderers a kan yarjejeniyar aro na tsawon kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spearing leaves on loan |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/spearing-leaves-on-loan |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902083613/http://liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/spearing-leaves-on-loan |archive-date=2 September 2012 |access-date=31 August 2012 |publisher=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> Wasansa na farko ya zo ne kwana ɗaya bayan rashin nasara da Bolton ta yi da Hull City da ci 3-1. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 September 2012 |title=Hull City 3-1 Bolton |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/19378191 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a Bolton a ranar 20 ga Oktoba yayin da ƙungiyar ta doke Bristol City da ci 3-2, inda ya zura ƙwallon Bolton ta biyu, wadda ta daidaita maki. A ranar 25 ga Afrilu 2013, an naɗa Spearing a matsayin ɗan wasan da ya fi kowanne a kakar wasa ta Bolton Wanderers Supporters Association (BWSA). An kuma naɗa shi a ranar 20 ga Mayu, inda aka naɗa shi ɗan wasan da ya fi kowanne a kakar wasa ta ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012/13 BWFC Player of the Season – Jay Spearing |url=http://www.burndenaces.co.uk/2013/05/04/201213-bwfc-player-of-the-season-jay-spearing.html |website=Burnden Aces}}</ref> ==== Komawa Liverpool ==== A ƙarshen kakar wasa ta Bolton a gasar Championship, Spearing ya koma Anfield. <ref>{{Cite web |last=James Pearce |date=27 April 2013 |title=Blood Red: Jay Spearing returns to Melwood |url=http://www.liverpoolecho.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/blood-red-jay-spearing-returns-3572003 |website=liverpoolecho}}</ref> Duk da cewa bai buga wasa ɗaya ba a sauran wasannin ƙungiyar, ya kasance a matsayin mai tsaron baya ga Jamie Carragher mai ritaya a wasan ƙarshe na gasar Premier ta 2012-13 da Queens Park Rangers . A watan Yulin Shekarar 2013, an sayar da £1.75&nbsp;Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Blackburn Rovers ta Championship ta gabatar da tayin miliyan daya kan Spearing, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alan Nixon |date=7 July 2013 |title=Liverpool transfer news: Jay Spearing will be sold to Blackburn for £1.5million – Mirror Online |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/liverpool-transfer-news-jay-spearing-2036660 |website=mirror}}</ref> wanda Liverpool ta ki amincewa da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2013 |title=Liverpool Agree 拢1.75m Fee With Blackburn Rovers For Midfielder Jay Spearing |url=http://www.caughtoffside.com/2013/07/09/liverpool-agree-1-75m-fee-with-blackburn-rovers-for-midfielder-jay-spearing/ |website=caughtoffside.com}}</ref> Duk da haka, Blackburn ta kasa cimma yarjejeniya da Spearing, kuma yarjejeniyar ta gaza. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Alan Nixon |date=14 July 2013 |title=Liverpool flop Jay Spearing turns down move to Blackburn – because he wants to return to Bolton – Mirror Online |url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/liverpool-flop-jay-spearing-turns-2053605 |website=mirror}}</ref> Spearing ya buga wasan sada zumunci na farko da Liverpool ta buga a kakar wasa ta bana da Preston North End <ref>{{Cite web |title=Preston v Liverpool – 13th Jul 2013 – Commentary – Friendly Match – Sky Sports Football |url=http://www1.skysports.com/football/live/match/286995/commentary |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> kuma an saka shi cikin tawagar da za ta fafata da ƙungiyar a lokacin bazara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tour 2015 |url=http://www.lfctour.com/news/latest-news/rodgers-names-28-man-tour-squad |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130719062130/http://www.lfctour.com/news/latest-news/rodgers-names-28-man-tour-squad |archive-date=19 July 2013 |access-date=16 July 2013 |website=Liverpool FC}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2013, Liverpool ta shaida wa Spearing cewa yana da 'yancin barin kungiyar, <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 August 2013 |title=Jay Spearing to swap Liverpool for Bolton |url=http://www.eyefootball.com/news/15002/Jay-Spearing-to-swap-Liverpool-for-Bolton.html |website=eyefootball}}</ref> inda Liverpool ta shiga tattaunawa da Bolton kan yiwuwar komawa filin wasa na Reebok . === Bolton Wanderers === [[Fayil:Chelsea_2_Bolton_Wanderers_1_Chelsea_progress_to_the_next_round_of_the_Capital_One_cup_(15351554392).jpg|right|thumb|Yana bugawa Bolton Wanderers wasa da [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]] a gasar League Cup, 2014]] A ranar 8 ga watan Agusta Shekara ta 2013, an sanar da cewa an cimma yarjejeniya tsakanin Liverpool da Bolton bisa ga gwajin lafiya a rana ɗaya da yamma. An tabbatar a ranar 9 ga Agusta cewa Spearing ya amince da yarjejeniyar shekaru huɗu kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marc Iles |title=Wanderers confirm signing of Jay Spearing from Liverpool |url=http://www.theboltonnews.co.uk/sport/wanderers/wanderersnews/10603036._/? |website=The Bolton News}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Spearing completes Bolton switch |url=http://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/latest-news/142065-spearing-completes-bolton-switch? |website=Liverpool FC}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=BWFC Staff |title=Jay's back |url=http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jays-back-9.813-980446.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130812211732/http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jays-back-9.813-980446.aspx |archive-date=12 August 2013 |access-date=9 August 2013 |website=bwfc.co.uk}}</ref> kuma ya fara wasa washegari a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Reading . Jaridar Manchester Evening News ta bayyana wannan karon a matsayin "wasan da ya dace da wasa". <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baxter |first=Trevor |date=2013-08-12 |title=Jay Spearing seeking a return ticket |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/jay-spearing-seeking-return-ticket-5700531 |access-date=2022-04-23 |website=Manchester Evening News |language=en}}</ref> A watan Satumba na Shekarar 2013, an bai wa Spearing kyaftin a Bolton Wanderers duk lokacin da mai ci Zat Knight ya fito daga cikin 'yan wasa 11 da za su fara wasa, duk da cewa ya riƙe kambun kambun lokacin da Knight ya dawo cikin ƙungiyar tare da duka biyun a cikin jerin 'yan wasa. A ranar 26 ga Yuli na Shekarar 2014, ƙungiyar ta tabbatar da cewa Spearing zai gaji Knight a matsayin kyaftin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=@OfficialBWFC |title=Jay Spearing officially announced as new club captain |url=http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jay-spearing-officially-announced-as-new-club-captain-26.7.14-1783426.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160324085420/http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/jay-spearing-officially-announced-as-new-club-captain-26.7.14-1783426.aspx |archive-date=24 March 2016 |access-date=26 July 2014 |website=bwfc.co.uk}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Agusta Shekara ta 2015, an kori Spearing da katin gargadi na biyu a wasan farko na kakar gasar Championship ta 2015–16 da Derby County . <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2015 |title=Bolton and Derby play a draw in the opener |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/33744110 |access-date=8 August 2015 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> Kwallon da Spearing ya ci a ranar farko ta kakar wasa ta 2016–17 da Sheffield United ta lashe kyautar Kwallon Watan Agusta. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=@OfficialBWFC |title=Jay Spearing wins Sky Bet League One's August Goal of the Month award |url=http://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/article/2016-17/jay-spearing-wins-sky-bet-league-ones-august-goal-of-the-month-award-3310910.aspx }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Yulin shekarar 2017, kulob din ya tabbatar da cewa Spearing ya tafi bayan ya kasa cimma matsaya kan sabuwar kwangila. Wani sashe a kwangilarsa a Bolton ya tanadi cewa idan ya buga wasanni sama da 22 na gasar Championship a kowace kakar wasa, dole ne su biya Liverpool £100,000. Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa ya buga wasanni 21 kacal a 2014–15 da kuma 22 a 2015–16 saboda Bolton ba ta iya biyan kuɗin da aka kayyade ba, wanda hakan ya sa aka ba shi aro a karon farko, kuma aka kore shi daga tawagar a karo na biyu. Wannan da alama bai shafi League One ba. ==== Blackburn Rovers (aron) ==== A ranar 30 ga watan Janairu shekara ta 2015, an ba Spearing aro ga ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Blackburn Rovers ta Championship har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rovers are delighted to confirm the capture of Bolton Wanderers midfielder Jay Spearing. |url=http://www.rovers.co.uk/news/article/rovers-jay-spearing-2236391.aspx |access-date=30 January 2015 |publisher=Rovers}}</ref> === Blackpool === A ranar 4 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 2017, Spearing ya koma Blackpool har zuwa ƙarshen kakar wasa. Ya zira kwallayensa na farko a Blackpool lokacin da ya zira kwallaye biyu a wasan da suka doke Bradford City da ci 3-2 a ranar 8 ga Satumba 2018. Ya sanya ƙungiyar ta zama ta dindindin a lokacin bazara. Spearing ya bar Blackpool a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2019 zuwa 20, bayan shekaru uku, bayan ya kasa cimma yarjejeniya kan sabon kwantiragi. === Tranmere Rovers === A ranar 5 ga Agusta Shekara ta 2020, Spearing ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu da ƙungiyar Tranmere Rovers ta garinsu. An naɗa shi ɗan wasan da ya fi kowanne a kakar wasa ta 2020-21. An fitar da Spearing a ƙarshen kakar wasa ta 2021-22 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2022 |title=2021/22 retained and released list |url=https://www.tranmererovers.co.uk/news/2022/may/202122-retained-and-released-list/ |access-date=10 May 2022 |website=tranmererovers.co.uk}}</ref> === Komawa Liverpool === A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni shekara ta 2022, ban da aikinsa na horar da ' yan ƙasa da shekara 18, an yi wa Spearing rijista a matsayin ɗan wasa na ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 23 a matsayin ɗan wasa mai shekaru da yawa. <ref name="playercoach">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2022 |title=ACADEMY Jay Spearing makes return to Liverpool as U18s coach |url=https://www.liverpoolfc.com/news/jay-spearing-makes-return-liverpool-u18s-coach |access-date=11 July 2022 |publisher=Liverpool F.C.}}</ref> <ref name="Mirror24">{{Cite web |date=11 March 2024 |title=Jay Spearing sent-off for Liverpool Under-21s while appearing as player-coach |url=https://metro.co.uk/2024/03/11/forgotten-liverpool-man-sent-off-under-21s-player-coach-20442512/?ico=zone-widget_sport_football |access-date=11 March 2024 |publisher=The Mirror}}</ref> Ya fara buga wasa na biyu a Liverpool a ranar 20 ga watan Satumba, shekarar 2022, inda ya buga wa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara ta 21 ta Liverpool wasa da Rochdale a gasar cin kofin EFL . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arthur starts and Jay Spearing re-debuts in tight Liverpool U21s defeat |url=https://www.thisisanfield.com/2022/09/arthur-starts-and-jay-spearing-re-debuts-in-tight-liverpool-u21s-defeat/ |access-date=29 September 2022 |website=This is Anfield}}</ref> Spearing ya sake bugawa Liverpool wasa a shekarar 2025, inda ya fara da Burton Albion, kuma a gasar cin kofin EFL . == Aikin koyarwa == A ranar 17 ga watan Yuni shekera ta 2022, Spearing ya koma [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] don zama kocin ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 18, kuma zai ci gaba da aikinsa a matsayin ɗan wasa domin an yi masa rijista a matsayin ɗan wasa mai shekaru sama da shekaru a ƙungiyar Liverpool U21. <ref name="playercoach" /> <ref name="Mirror24" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == A watan Disamba na shekarar 2022, Spearing ya bayyana cewa an gano yana da cutar Addison, bayan an garzaya da shi asibiti a ranar Kirsimeti. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jay Spearing explains how "cracking tan" left him in hospital at Christmas |url=https://www.thisisanfield.com/2022/12/jay-spearing-explains-how-cracking-tan-left-him-in-hospital-at-christmas/ |access-date=29 December 2022 |website=This is Anfield}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == {{Updated|match played 2 September 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |FA Cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Europe ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- | rowspan="6" |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |2008–09 |[[Premier League]] |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Champions League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |2 |0 |- |2009–10 |Premier League |3 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2010–11 |Premier League |11 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |8{{Efn|Appearances in [[UEFA Europa League]]}} |0 | colspan="2" |— |20 |0 |- |2011–12 |Premier League |16 |0 |4 |0 |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |25 |0 |- |2012–13 |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |3[b] |0 | colspan="2" |— |3 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !30 !0 !4 !0 !8 !0 !13 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !55 !0 |- |[[Leicester City F.C.|Leicester City]] (loan) |2009–10<ref name="sb0910" /> |Championship |7 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearances in [[EFL Championship play-offs|Championship play-offs]]}} |0 |9 |1 |- |Bolton Wanderers (loan) |2012–13<ref name="sb1213" /> |Championship |37 |2 |2 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |39 |2 |- | rowspan="5" |Bolton Wanderers |2013–14 |Championship |45 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |46 |2 |- |2014–15 |Championship |21 |1 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |23 |1 |- |2015–16 |Championship |22 |2 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |23 |2 |- |2016–17 |League One |37 |3 |3 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |2{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |0 |42 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !162 !10 !8 !0 !1 !0 ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !173 !10 |- |Blackburn Rovers (loan) |2014–15<ref name="sb1415" /> |Championship |15 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |15 |1 |- | rowspan="4" |Blackpool |2017–18 |League One |33 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1[d] |0 |35 |0 |- |2018–19 |League One |42 |4 |3 |1 |4 |1 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |49 |6 |- |2019–20 |League One |30 |2 |4 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1[d] |0 |36 |2 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !105 !6 !8 !1 !5 !1 ! colspan="2" |— !2 !0 !120 !8 |- | rowspan="3" |Tranmere Rovers |2020–21 |League Two |43 |1 |3 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |7{{Efn|Five appearances in [[EFL Trophy]] and two appearances in [[EFL League Two play-offs]]}} |0 |54 |1 |- |2021–22 |League Two |32 |3 |2 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |35 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !75 !4 !5 !0 !2 !0 !0 !0 !8 !0 !89 !4 |- | rowspan="5" |Liverpool U-21s |2022–23 |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1[d] |0 |1 |0 |- |2023–24 |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |3[d] |0 |3 |0 |- |2024–25 |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |2[d] |0 |2 |0 |- |2025–26 |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |1[d] |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !7 !0 !7 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !394 !22 !25 !1 !16 !1 !13 !0 !20 !0 !468 !24 |} {{Notelist}} == Daraja == [[Fayil:Liverpool_players_looking_for_family.jpg|right|thumb|Yana yin mashi ''(daga dama)'' tare da abokan wasansa na Liverpool bayan sun lashe gasar cin kofin ƙwallon ƙafa ta 2012]] '''Liverpool''' * Kofin Gasar Kwallon Kafa : Shekarar 2011 zuwa 12 * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar cin kofin FA : 2011–12 '''Bolton Wanderers''' * Gasar EFL League One : 2016–17 '''Tranmere Rovers''' * Wanda ya zo na biyu a gasar EFL : 2020–21 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Ɗan wasan Bolton Wanderers na shekarar: 2012–13 <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 April 2016 |title=Voting now open for Player of the Year award |url=https://www.bwfc.co.uk/news/2016/april/voting-now-open-for-player-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=20 October 2017 |publisher=Bolton Wanderers F.C.}}</ref> * Manufar Gasar EFL ta Ɗaya a Watan: Agusta Shekara ta 2016 <ref name="auto"/> * Ɗan wasan Tranmere Rovers na shekara: 2020–21 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.liverpoolfc.com/team/academy/staff/jay-spearing Bayanin martaba] a gidan yanar gizon Liverpool FC * {{UEFA player}} ( [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist|2}} pxygz8qn9pk7q6junb5geq83daji498 0 162034 915200 903577 2026-09-03T03:45:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915200 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ogagbe Oghenechovwe Blessing (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2004), wanda aka fi sani da 2 Milly Star, [[Ɗan wasa|ɗan wasan kwaikwayo]] ne na Najeriya, [[mawaƙi]] kuma TikToker . <ref>{{Cite web|title=Meet the top 10 child actors making waves in Nollywood this year|url=https://thetimesngr.com/meet-the-top-10-child-actors-making-waves-in-nollywood-this-year/|date= 18 December 2015 |access-date=9 February 2026|website=The Times Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Erezi |first=Dennis |date=2025-08-08 |title=2 Milly Star speaks on approach among Nigerian TikTok creators |url=https://guardian.ng/news/2-milly-star-speaks-on-unique-approach-among-nigerian-tiktok-creators/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-10 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=From Child Actor to Digital-Age Entertainer: The Rise of 2 Milly Star|url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2025/08/06/from-child-actor-to-digital-age-entertainer-the-rise-of-2-milly-star/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |language=en-US|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Edubi |first=Omotayo |date=2025-08-08 |title=Nigerian TikTok creator 2 Milly Star expands into music with debut EP |url=https://thesun.ng/nigerian-tiktok-creator-2-milly-star-expands-into-music-with-debut-ep/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2026-02-10 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212065141/https://thesun.ng/nigerian-tiktok-creator-2-milly-star-expands-into-music-with-debut-ep/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fi saninsa da rawar da ya taka a matsayin ''Musa'' a kan tarihin tarihin tarihin Najeriya na [[Kunle Afolayan]] [[October 1 (fim)|''Oktoba 1'']] . == Ayyuka == Blessing ta fara fitowa a matsayin jarumi a shekarar 2014, a fim ɗin Oktoba 1. A shekarar 2019, ya fito a cikin fim ɗin Three Thieves a matsayin Larry.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yunusa |first=Abubakar |date=2025-08-06 |title=How TikTok Is Reshaping Nollywood’s Next Generation: The Case of 2 Milly Star |url=https://sevanews.com/how-tiktok-is-reshaping-nollywoods-next-generation-the-case-of-2-milly-star/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=Seva News |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260219003916/https://sevanews.com/how-tiktok-is-reshaping-nollywoods-next-generation-the-case-of-2-milly-star/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Balancing fame, education and reinvention: 2 Milly Star’s quietly expanding career |url=https://thetimesngr.com/balancing-fame-education-and-reinvention-2-milly-stars-quietly-expanding-career/ |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=TheTimes Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> Since then, he has appeared in several movies including ''The Herbert Macaulay Affair'' (2019), ''The Wait'' (2021), ''Strangers'' (2022), and ''Elesin Ọbá: The King's Horseman'' (2022).<ref name=":4">{{Cite news|author=PD|title=Historical Film Elesin Oba: The King’s Horseman Hits Nigerian Cinemas|url=https://peoplesdailyng.com/historical-film-elesin-oba-the-kings-horseman-hits-nigerian-cinemas/|location=Abuja, Nigeria|date=30 October 2022|access-date=9 February 2026|newspaper=[[Peoples Daily (Nigeria)|Peoples Daily]]}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 2025, 2 Milly Star ya fitar da waƙarsa ta farko ta biyar JOY .<ref>{{Cite news|author=Abisola Shojobi|title=2 Milly Star releases Debut EP ‘JOY’|url=https://dailytrust.com/2-milly-star-releases-debut-ep-joy/?noamp=available#google_vignette|date= 29 July 2025|access-date=9 February 2026|newspaper=[[Daily Trust]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Abisola |first=Shojobi |date=2025-08-03 |title=Nigerian Musician 2 Milly Star Speaks On Originality In Creative Work |url=https://independent.ng/nigerian-musician-2-milly-star-speaks-on-originality-in-creative-work/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-10 |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Anayo |first=Peter |date=2025-07-30 |title=The unfolding story of 2 Milly Star |url=https://championnews.com.ng/2025/07/30/the-unfolding-story-of-2-milly-star/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2026-02-10 |newspaper=[[Daily Champion]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-11-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251104202351/https://championnews.com.ng/2025/07/30/the-unfolding-story-of-2-milly-star/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * ''[[October 1 (fim)|Oktoba 1]]'' a matsayin Musa (2014) * ''[[Three Thieves (fim 2019)|<nowiki/>'Yan fashi Uku]]'' a matsayin Larry (2019) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-08-05 |title=Balancing fame, education and reinvention: 2 Milly Star’s quietly expanding career |url=https://thetimesngr.com/balancing-fame-education-and-reinvention-2-milly-stars-quietly-expanding-career/ |access-date=2026-02-11 |website=TheTimes Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> * Harkokin Herbert Macaulay a matsayin Fola (2019) * ''Sufeto K'' a matsayin H4 (2017-2020) <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Nollywood.com |title=Ogagbe Blessing |url=https://nollywood.com/people/2-milly-star |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Nollywood |language=en}}</ref> * ''[[The Wait (2021 fim)|Jira]]'' a matsayin Larry (2021) * ''[[Swallow|Ruwa]]'' (2021) <ref name=":5" /> * ''Ka so Ni'' a matsayin Mike (2021) <ref name=":5" /> * ''[[Strangers (fim na 2022)|Baƙi]]'' kamar Layi (2022) * ''[[Elesin Oba, The king's Horseman|Elesin Oba: Mai Hawan Sarki]]'' a matsayin Albarka (2022) <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=2 Milly Star : biographie, filmographie, photos & vidéos |url=https://www.nrmagazine.com/cinema/people/1761629/2-milly-star |access-date=2026-02-22 |website=Nrmagazine |language=fr}}</ref> * Bankin Bayani (2024) <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /> == Bayanan da aka yi == * JOY EP 2025<ref>{{Cite news |last=Anayo |first=Peter |date=2025-08-06 |title=Promise and Patience: Measuring early career of 2 Milly Star |url=https://championnews.com.ng/2025/08/06/promise-and-patience-measuring-early-career-of-2-milly-star/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2026-02-11 |newspaper=[[Daily Champion]] |language=en-US |archive-date=2026-07-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260721214540/https://championnews.com.ng/2025/08/06/promise-and-patience-measuring-early-career-of-2-milly-star/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Arogbonlo |first=Israel |date=2025-08-10 |title=Singer 2 Milly Star marks musical debut with EP |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/singer-2-milly-star-marks-musical-debut-with-ep/ |access-date=2026-02-10 |newspaper=[[Nigerian Tribune]]|language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Edubi |first=Omotayo |date=2025-08-08 |title=Nigerian TikTok creator 2 Milly Star expands into music with debut EP |url=https://thesun.ng/nigerian-tiktok-creator-2-milly-star-expands-into-music-with-debut-ep/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |access-date=2026-02-10 |newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]] |language=en |archive-date=2025-12-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212065141/https://thesun.ng/nigerian-tiktok-creator-2-milly-star-expands-into-music-with-debut-ep/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Abisola |first=Shojobi |date=2025-08-09 |title=Nigerian TikTok Creator 2 Milly Star Releases Surprise Debut EP “Joy” |url=https://independent.ng/nigerian-tiktok-creator-2-milly-star-releases-surprise-debut-ep-joy/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2026-02-10 |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * 2 Milly Star a kan [[IMDb]]. * 2 Milly Star a kan Spotify. * 2 Milly Star a kan Apple Music . [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Delta]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2004]] ovuu1yci9xirobf5alvxcp0by8sh3sx 0 162418 915406 888575 2026-09-03T11:17:20Z Baby juuu 38856 An kirkira ta fassara "Personal life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326503399|Abdullah Al-Hafith]]" 915406 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Abdullah Fareed Al Hafith''' (Arabic, an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia, wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya na ƙungiyar Saudi Pro League Al-Khaleej . <ref name="soccerway">{{Cite web |date= |title=Saudi Arabia - Abdullah Al Hafith - Profile with news, career statistics and history - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/abdullah-al-hafith/197874/ |access-date=2013-09-09 |publisher=Int.soccerway.com}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Abdullah ɗan'uwan ɗan wasan [[Ibrahim Al-Hafith]] ne. == Ayyukan kulob din == Ya fara aikinsa tare da Al-Ittifaq a cikin Saudi Professional League . Ya shiga kulob din Leiria na Portugal a shekarar 2011. Bayan an sake kulob din a shekarar 2012, ya shiga Paços Ferreira . === Al-Hilal === A cikin 2013, Abdullah ya shiga [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] . A ranar 10 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, Abdulla ya zira kwallo na farko ga Al-Hilal a kan Al-Fayha . A ranar 8 ga watan Janairun 2018, Abdullah ya zira kwallo na biyu a kan tsohon kulob dinsa Ettifaq gab da lokacin tashi saidai Al-Hilal ta rama inda aka tashi wasan kunnen doki 1-1 daya da daya <ref>{{Cite web |title=Al Hilal vs. Al Ittifaq - 8 January 2018 - Soccerway |url=https://int.soccerway.com/matches/2018/01/08/saudi-arabia/pro-league/al-hilal-riyadh/al-ittifaq-dammam/2478010/}}</ref> === Al-Ittihad === A ranar 18 ga watan Agustan 2021, Al-Hafith ya koma Al-Ittihad a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar shekarar 2021-22. <ref>{{Cite web |title=الحافظ يعزز دفاع الاتحاد |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/739968}}</ref> === Al-Khaleej === A ranar 6 ga Satumba 2025, yakoma Al-Hafith Al-Khaleej kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=الخليج يضم عبدالله الحافظ |url=https://www.sportksa.net/main/archives/496930}}</ref> == Rayuwarta == Abdullah ɗan'uwan ɗan wasa [[Ibrahim Al-Hafith]] ne. == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 30 May 2025}}<ref>{{cite web |title=ABDULLAH AL HAFITH |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/abdullah-al-hafith/197874/}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="2" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin Kasa ! colspan="2" |Kofin League ! colspan="2" |Yankin nahiyar ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="1" |Al-Ettifaq |2011–12 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 |- | rowspan="1" |Haɗin Leiria |2011–12 |4 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- | rowspan="1" |Yankin Ferreira |2012–13 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- | rowspan="8" |[[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] |2013–14 |1 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- |2014–15 |2 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |0 |- |2015–16 |1 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- |2016–17 |16 |0 |3 |0 |2 |0 |11 |0 |0 |0 |32 |0 |- |2017–18 |13 |2 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |14 |2 |- |2018–19 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |4 |1 |0 |0 |4 |1 |- |2019–20 |15 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |3 |0 |1{{Efn|Appearances in [[FIFA Club World Cup]]|name=CWC}} |0 |20 |0 |- !Jimillar !48 !2 !6 !0 !3 !0 !19 !1 !1 !0 !77 !3 |- | rowspan="1" |Hajer (rashin bashi) |2015–16 |13 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |14 |0 |- | rowspan="1" |Al-Ettifaq (rashin aro) |2018–19 |9 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |9 |0 |- | rowspan="5" |Al-Wehda |2020–21 |22 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |23 |0 |- |2022–23 |20 |1 |3 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |23 |1 |- |2023–24 |24 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearance(s) in [[Saudi Super Cup]]|name=SC}} |0 |27 |1 |- |2024–25 |26 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |28 |1 |- !Jimillar !92 !3 !7 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !1 !0 !101 !3 |- | rowspan="1" |Al-Ittihad (rashin kuɗi) |2021–22 |8 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- | rowspan="1" |Al-Khaleej |2025–26 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Adadin aikinsa !175 !5 !16 !0 !3 !0 !20 !1 !2 !0 !216 !6 |} <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Notelist}} == Daraja == === Kungiyar === ; [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] * Saudi Professional League: 2016-17, 2017-18, 2019-202019–20 * Kofin Sarki: 2015, 2017 * Kofin Saudiyya: 2015, 2018 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta AFC: 2019 == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|abdullah-al-hafith/197874}} {{Khaleej FC squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Al Hilal SFC players]] [[Rukuni:Saudi pro League players]] dyyizsman3eqiiou83clz03fgig90un 0 163202 915205 903583 2026-09-03T03:59:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin Lissafi Mai Ci Gaba''' ( '''AP''' ) '''1: Tsarin Lissafi Mai Tushe''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based Course – AP Central {{!}} College Board |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-1 |access-date=2024-09-04 |website=apcentral.collegeboard.org |language=en}}</ref> (wanda kuma aka sani da '''AP Physics 1''' ) darasi ne na gabatarwa na kimiyyar lissafi na shekara guda wanda Hukumar Kwaleji ke gudanarwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirinta na Ci Gaba . An yi niyya ne don wakiltar wani kwas na jami'a mai tushen algebra na zangon karatu ɗaya a fannin makanikai . Tare da AP Physics 2, an gudanar da jarrabawar AP Physics 1 ta farko a shekarar 2015. == Tarihi == Kwas ɗin AP Physics B mai yawan lissafi ya yi aiki a matsayin darasin da Hukumar Kwaleji ta tsara bisa ga algebra tsawon shekaru arba'in. A matsayin wani ɓangare na sake fasalin da Hukumar Kwaleji ta yi wa darussan kimiyya, an dakatar da AP Physics B; saboda haka, an ƙirƙiri AP Physics 1 da 2 tare da jagora daga Majalisar Bincike ta Ƙasa da Gidauniyar Kimiyya ta Ƙasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Physics 1 and AP Physics 2 {{!}} Advances in AP<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://advancesinap.collegeboard.org/math-and-science/physics |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018200254/http://advancesinap.collegeboard.org/math-and-science/physics |archive-date=2014-10-18 |access-date=2013-12-15}}</ref> Wannan kwas ɗin ya ƙunshi kayan karatun digiri na farko na [[Jami'a|fannin]] kimiyyar lissafi da ake bayarwa a jami'o'in Amurka waɗanda ke amfani da mafi kyawun hanyoyin koyar da ilimin kimiyyar lissafi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Greg |date=23 January 2016 |title=What does a 5 on the AP Physics 1 Exam mean? It still means an A, but read on... |url=https://jacobsphysics.blogspot.com/2016/01/what-does-5-on-ap-physics-1-exam-mean.html |access-date=14 June 2017 |website=Jacobs Physics |publisher=Greg Jacobs |archive-date=12 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171012095322/https://jacobsphysics.blogspot.com/2016/01/what-does-5-on-ap-physics-1-exam-mean.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (March 2025)">tushen da aka buga da kansa?</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> An fara azuzuwan farko na AP Physics 1 a shekarar makaranta ta 2014-2015, tare da jarrabawar AP ta farko a watan Mayu na 2015. A cikin shekaru biyar na farko, AP Physics 1 ta rufe ƙarfi da motsi, dokokin kiyayewa, raƙuman ruwa, da wutar lantarki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jacobs |first=Greg |date=25 July 2011 |title=Jacobs Physics: AP Physics 1 and 2 Redesign (as it stands now) and Honors Physics I |url=https://jacobsphysics.blogspot.com/2011/07/ap-physics-1-and-2-redesign-as-it.html |access-date=16 April 2023 |archive-date=16 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230416113849/https://jacobsphysics.blogspot.com/2011/07/ap-physics-1-and-2-redesign-as-it.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="The material near this tag may rely on a self-published source. (March 2025)">tushen da aka buga da kansa?</span>]]'' &#x5D;</sup> Tun daga shekarar 2021, AP Physics 1 ya ƙunshi batutuwa na makanikai kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2006 |title=The Course |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-1/course?course=ap-physics-1-algebra-based |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218175633/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics-1/course?course=ap-physics-1-algebra-based |archive-date=2020-12-18 |access-date=25 December 2020 |website=AP Physics 1: The Course |publisher=The College Board}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, Hukumar Kwaleji ta sanar da cewa za a yi canje-canje a manhajar karatu don azuzuwan AP Physics na jarrabawar 2025. Ga AP Physics 1, wannan ya ƙara wasu abubuwa a cikin jerin batutuwan da aka tattauna a jarrabawar, yanzu shine sashe na ƙarshe na manhajar. A da, an yi magana a kan wannan batu a matsayin sashin farko na AP Physics 2 . A cikin manhajar da aka yi wa kwaskwarima, ruwaye sun rufe kashi 10-15% na jarrabawar AP Physics 1. Hukumar Kwaleji ta yi wasu ƙananan canje-canje ga manhajar karatu, kamar samar da daidaito don motsi mai sauƙi na jituwa, alaƙa tsakanin motsi na juyawa da na fassara, da manufofin koyo da suka shafi iko. <ref>{{Cite web |title=AP Physics Revisions for 2024-25 |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics/revisions-2024-25 |access-date=2 May 2024 |archive-date=1 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240501084434/https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/courses/ap-physics/revisions-2024-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manhaja ta Manhaja == AP Physics 1 kwas ne na farko na kimiyyar lissafi na matakin kwaleji wanda ya dogara da aljabra wanda ya haɗa da batutuwa na makanikai kamar motsi, ruwa, ƙarfi, motsi, kuzari, motsi mai jituwa, da juyawa. Hukumar Kwaleji ta buga wani tsarin manhaja wanda ya ƙunshi manyan ra'ayoyi guda takwas waɗanda aka gina AP Physics 1 a kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=Winter 2024 |title=AP Physics 1: Algebra-Based |url=https://apcentral.collegeboard.org/media/pdf/ap-physics-1-course-and-exam-description-effective-fall-2024.pdf |access-date=21 May 2024 |website=collegeboard.org}}</ref> An gina tambayoyin jarrabawa ne ta hanyar yin nuni kai tsaye ga abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin manhajar karatu. Ana gwada fahimtar ɗalibai game da kowane batu game da ƙwarewa da yawa - wato, tambayoyi suna buƙatar ɗalibai su yi amfani da dalilai na adadi, rabin adadi, inganci, da gwaji a kowane fanni na abun ciki. {| class="wikitable" ! align="center" |Raka'a ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- align="center" | Kinematics | Kashi 10-15% |- align="center" | Ƙarfi da Tsarin Fassara | Kashi 18-23% |- align="center" | Aiki, [[Makamashi]] da Wutar Lantarki | Kashi 18-23% |- align="center" | Layin Momentum | Kashi 10-15% |- align="center" | Juyawa da Juyawa | Kashi 10-15% |- align="center" | Makamashi da Motsin Tsarin Juyawa | 5-8% |- align="center" | Sauye-sauye | 5-8% |- align="center" | Ruwa | Kashi 10-15% |} Abubuwan da ke cikin AP Physics 1 sun yi karo sosai da na AP Physics C: Mechanics . Duk da haka, AP Physics 1 ya dogara ne akan algebra kuma ba shi da ra'ayoyi masu tushen lissafi a cikin AP Physics C: Mechanics. Wani bambanci kuma shi ne cewa AP Physics C: Mechanics ba ya rufe ruwa, yayin da AP Physics 1 ke rufewa. == Jarrabawa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Sashe ! Tambayoyi ! Lokaci ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- | Sashe na I: Zaɓuka da Yawa | 40 MCQ | Awa 1 minti 20 | 50% |- | Sashe na II: Amsa Kyauta | 4 FRQ | Awa 1 minti 40 | 50% |} === An Yi Nazari Kan Ayyukan Kimiyya === Ana kuma tantance Sashen Zaɓuɓɓuka da Amsa Kyauta na Jarrabawar AP Physics 1 bisa ga ayyukan kimiyya. Ga tebura da ke wakiltar ayyukan da aka tantance da kuma nauyinsu ga ɓangarorin biyu na jarrabawar {| class="wikitable" |+Sashe na 1: Zaɓuka da Yawa ! Aikin Kimiyya ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- | 2. Tsarin Lissafi | 55-75% |- | 3. Tsarin Gwaji da Bincike | 25-35% |} {| class="wikitable" |+Sashe na 2: Amsa Kyauta ! Aikin Kimiyya ! Nauyin Jarrabawa |- | 1. Fassara Tsakanin Wakilai | Kashi 20-35% |- | 2. Tsarin Lissafi | Kashi 30-40% |- | 3. Tsarin Gwaji da Bincike | Kashi 35-45% |} === Rarraba maki === Rarraba maki na jarrabawa tun daga shekarar 2015 kamar haka: {| class="wikitable" !Score !2015 !2016 !2017 !2018<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2018/Student-Score-Distributions-2018.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2022}}</ref> !2019<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2019/Student-Score-Distributions-2019.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2022}}</ref> !2020<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2020/Student-Score-Distributions-2020.pdf |access-date=June 9, 2021}}</ref> !2021<ref>{{Cite web |title=STUDENT SCORE DISTRIBUTIONS |url=https://secure-media.collegeboard.org/digitalServices/pdf/research/2021/2021-ap-student-score-distributions.pdf |access-date=July 23, 2022}}</ref> !2022 !2023 !2024 !2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Past AP Physics 1 Score Distributions |url=https://apstudents.collegeboard.org/about-ap-scores/score-distributions/ap-physics-1 |url-status=live |access-date=January 30, 2026 |website=apstudents.collegeboard.org}}</ref> |- !'''5''' |5.0% |4.6% |5.4% |5.2% |6.2% |8.8% |6.9% |7.9% |8.8% |10.2% |19.8% |- !'''4''' |13.6% |14.0% |16.2% |15% |17.8% |17.9% |16.3% |17.0% |18.3% |17.9% |24.7% |- !'''3''' |20.7% |21.2% |20.3% |19.5% |20.6% |24.8% |18.9% |18.3% |18.5% |19.2% |22.9% |- !'''2''' |29.8% |30.2% |29.1% |29.1% |29.3% |26.5% |26.4% |27.1% |28.0% |26.1% |13.4% |- !'''1''' |31.0% |30.0% |29.0% |31.2% |26.1% |21.9% |31.4% |29.6% |26.4% |26.6% |19.2% |- !'''% of Scores 3 or Higher''' |39.2% |39.8% |41.9% |39.7% |44.6% |51.6% |42.1% |43.3% |45.6% |47.3% |67.3% |- !'''Mean''' |2.32 |2.33 |2.40 |2.34 |2.49 |2.65 |2.41 |2.47 |2.55 |2.59 |3.12 |- !'''Standard Deviation''' |1.19 |1.17 |1.21 |1.21 |1.22 |1.25 |1.27 |1.29 |1.29 |1.32 |1.39 |- !'''Number of Students''' |171,074 |169,304 |170,447 |170,653 |161,071 |149,488 |136,238 |144,526 |159,582 |164,481 |174,401 |} == Duba kuma == * AP Physics == Manazarta == byqgezxbrsbey880c0or481k4wmgmor 0 163419 915327 903781 2026-09-03T09:24:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915327 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | suna = Agubamah Edgar | ƙasa = Najeriya | sana'a = Malamin jami'a, mai bincike | mukami = Senior Lecturer | jami'a = [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] | fanni = [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] da [[hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] }} '''Agubamah Edgar''' malamin jami'a ne kuma mai bincike ɗan Najeriya a fannin [[kimiyyar siyasa]] da [[hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]]. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya, Jihar Kaduna, a Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa da Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa.<ref name="ABUprofile">{{cite web |title=AGUBAMAH Edgar |url=https://profile.abu.edu.ng/staff-details/?token=P18531 |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Agubamah Edgar ya yi karatun digirin farko na [[Bachelor of Arts|BA]] a fannin tarihi a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello, Zariya. Daga baya ya yi digirin [[Master of Science|MSc]] a Kimiyyar Siyasa, musamman Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, a wannan jami'a. Ya kuma samu [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] a Kimiyyar Siyasa, a fannin Nazarin Hulɗar Ƙasa da Ƙasa, daga Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> Bayanan Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello sun nuna cewa yana cikin Sashen Kimiyyar Siyasa, kuma shafin sashen ya lissafa shi cikin ma'aikatan ilimi.<ref name="ABUprofile"/><ref name="ABUstaff">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff |url=https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/academic-staff/ |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=11 August 2026 |archive-date=30 July 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260730062635/https://socialsciences.abu.edu.ng/departments/politicalscience-and-internationalstudies/academic-staff/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Bincike == Babban fannonin binciken Agubamah Edgar sun haɗa da [[hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]], nazarin dabarun tsaro, manufofin ƙasa da ƙasa da nazarin siyasa.<ref name="ResearchProfile">{{cite web |title=Dr. Edgar Agubamah |url=https://biography.omicsonline.org/nigeria/umaru-musa-yaradua-university-katsina/dr-edgar-agubamah-638017 |website=OMICS International |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> Shafin Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello ya lissafa wallafe-wallafe da dama da ya rubuta, ciki har da kasidu na mujallu da littattafai. Daga cikin batutuwan da ya yi bincike a kansu akwai [[rikicin siyasa]], [[rikicin zaɓe]], tsaron ƙasa, cin hanci da rashawa, ƙungiyoyin farar hula, sauyin yanayi, hulɗar Najeriya da sauran ƙasashe, da haɗin kan yankin Afirka.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> A shekarar 2014, ya wallafa binciken ''Nigeria-Russia Relations: After and Now'', wanda ya tattauna dangantakar Najeriya da [[Rasha]] da kuma sauye-sauyen dangantakar bayan rushewar Tarayyar Soviet.<ref name="Russia">{{cite journal |last=Agubamah |first=Edgar |title=Nigeria-Russia Relations: After and Now |journal=European Scientific Journal |volume=10 |issue=14 |date=May 2014 |url=https://files.core.ac.uk/download/pdf/328024298.pdf |access-date=11 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ya kuma yi bincike kan batun [[rikicin zaɓe]] a Najeriya, rikicin kabilanci, tsaron ƙasa, da dangantakar siyasa tsakanin Najeriya da wasu ƙasashe.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa == Edgar Agubamah ya yi wallafe-wallafe kan dangantakar Najeriya da ƙasashe kamar [[Amurka]], Rasha, [[Sin]], [[Brazil]] da sauran ƙasashe. Daga cikin ayyukansa akwai bincike kan dangantakar Najeriya da Brazil tun daga shekarar 1960, shirin [[Belt and Road Initiative]] na Sin, da diflomasiyyar samar da ababen more rayuwa na Sin a Afirka.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> A shekarar 2024, ya kasance marubucin binciken ''Hezbollah Involvement in Israel-Hamas War: Causes and Implications 2023–2024'', wanda aka wallafa a ''Kashere Journal of Politics and International Relations'' tare da Stephanie Theresa Odigbo.<ref name="KJ">{{cite web |title=Hezbollah Involvement in Israel-Hamas War: Causes and Implications 2023-2024 |url=https://www.journals.fukashere.edu.ng/index.php/kjpir/article/view/398 |website=Kashere Journal of Politics and International Relations |date=5 November 2024 |access-date=11 August 2026 }}</ref> A cikin shekarun baya-bayan nan, bincikensa ya kuma shafi dangantakar Sin da Najeriya, rikicin Kongo, rikicin China da Taiwan, rikicin Kamaru da Najeriya, da manufofin sauyin yanayi.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru == Agubamah Edgar mamba ne mai rijista na [[Nigeria Political Science Association]] (NPSA) da International Research and Development Institute: Research and Development Network.<ref name="ABUprofile"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Duba kuma == * [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] * [[Kimiyyar siyasa]] * [[Hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] * [[Siyasar Najeriya]] * [[Tsaron ƙasa]] * [[Sauyin yanayi]] [[Rukuni:Malaman jami'a 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana kimiyyar siyasa 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Malaman Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] [[Rukuni:Masu bincike 'yan Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Masana hulɗar ƙasa da ƙasa]] [[Rukuni:Masana siyasar Najeriya]] m6n0ni6bvzrflwb34fdmvxede1tkrzr 0 163729 915275 908567 2026-09-03T07:36:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915275 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox biography | name = Abubakar Mamuda | office = [[Rajistara|Rajista]] na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] | term_start = 2022 | occupation = Ma'aikacin jami'a | employer = [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] }} '''Abubakar Mamuda''' ma’aikacin jami’a ne ɗan jihar Yobe dake arewa maso gabashin tarayyar Najeriya, wanda ke riƙe da matsayin Magatakarda (Registrar) na Jami’ar Tarayya ta Gashua da ke Jihar Yobe. Majalisar Gudanarwar jami’ar ta amince da naɗinsa a matsayin Magatakarda na dindindin a watan Nuwamba 2021, kuma wa’adin farko na muƙaminsa ya kasance na shekaru biyar.<ref name="appointment">{{cite news |last=Yusuf |first=A. |title=Mamuda appointed Registrar of FUGA |url=https://blueprint.ng/mamuda-appointed-registrar-of-fuga/ |work=Blueprint |date=11 November 2021 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi == Mamuda ya samu digirin [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] da [[Master of Science|M.Sc.]] a fannin [[Kimiyyar Siyasa|Political Science]]. Ya kuma samu M.Sc. a fannin Human Resources Management and Development daga [[Jami'ar Salford]] da ke Manchester, Ingila. Daga baya ya kammala digirin [[PhD]] a Political Economy and Development Studies daga [[Jami'ar Abuja]].<ref name="education">{{cite news |last=Orude |first=Paul |title=Federal University Gashua gets new registrar, Librarian, Bursar and Director of Works |url=https://thesun.ng/federal-university-gashua-gets-new-registrar-librarian-bursar-and-director-of-works/ |work=The Sun Nigeria |date=12 November 2021 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki == Kafin naɗinsa a Federal University Gashua, Mamuda ya kasance Rajista na [[Federal University of Lafia]] a Jihar Nasarawa. Ya koma Federal University Gashua bayan an naɗa shi Rajista na jami'ar a shekarar 2021.<ref name="appointment"/> A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba 2021, Majalisar Gudanarwar Federal University Gashua ta amince da naɗin Mamuda a matsayin Rajista na dindindin. An bayyana cewa naɗin nasa ya biyo bayan shawarwarin Kwamitin Zaɓe na Majalisar da Majalisar Dattawa ta jami'ar.<ref name="appointment"/> Jaridar ''Independent Nigeria'' ta kuma tabbatar da naɗinsa tare da wasu manyan jami'an gudanarwa, ciki har da Bursar, Librarian da Director of Works and Physical Planning.<ref name="independent">{{cite news |last=Attah |first=William |title=FUGA Appoints Four Principal Officers |url=https://independent.ng/fuga-appoints-four-principal-officers/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=12 November 2021 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, takardun hukuma na Federal University Gashua sun ci gaba da bayyana Dr. Abubakar Mamuda a matsayin Rajista na jami'ar.<ref name="FUGA2024">{{cite web |title=Federal University Gashua Official Weekly Bulletin |url=https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/weekly-bulletin_compressed.pdf |website=Federal University Gashua |date=October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, sanarwar jami'ar kan ayyukan gudanarwa ta sake sanya sunan Dr. Abubakar Mamuda a matsayin Rajista na Federal University Gashua.<ref name="FUGA2025">{{cite web |title=Federal University Gashua Special Bulletin |url=https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/SpecialBulletinSat09_compressed.pdf |website=Federal University Gashua |date=9 August 2025 |access-date=14 August 2026 |archive-date=6 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251106083601/https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/08/SpecialBulletinSat09_compressed.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru == A lokacin naɗinsa a matsayin Rajista na Federal University Gashua, an bayyana Mamuda a matsayin memba na ƙungiyoyin ƙwararru da dama.<ref name="independent"/> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Adamawa]] [[Category:Rajistocin jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu digirin digirgir na Jami'ar Abuja]] czo0m8omz1l5e5abvc5r6m89vj6y4vl 0 163745 915394 908610 2026-09-03T10:27:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915394 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Aina Babatunde | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin lissafi | employer = [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin lissafi, kimiyyar ruwa da zafi }} '''Aina Babatunde''' malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma masanin [[lissafi]]. Yana aiki a Sashen Mathematics na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]], Jihar Yobe. Bincikensa ya fi mayar da hankali kan [[magnetohydrodynamics]], computational fluid dynamics, kwararar ruwa ta cikin abubuwa masu ramuka da kuma canja wurin zafi da ɗaukar sinadarai.<ref name="RG">{{cite web |title=Aina BABATUNDE |url=https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Aina-Babatunde |website=ResearchGate |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki == Aina Babatunde malami ne a Sashen Mathematics na [[Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]], Jihar Yobe. Bayanansa na bincike sun danganta shi da Sashen Mathematics na jami'ar.<ref name="RG"/> A ranar 3 ga Oktoba 2024, Majalisar Gudanarwar Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua ta amince da ɗaga matsayinsa daga Senior Lecturer zuwa matsayin [[Reader]]. An jera sunansa cikin malaman jami'ar 17 da aka ɗaga zuwa wannan matsayi.<ref name="FUGA">{{cite web |title=FUGA Gets 3 New Professors, 17 Readers |url=https://fugashua.edu.ng/wp-content/uploads/2024/10/weekly-bulletin_compressed.pdf |website=Federal University Gashua |date=October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Jaridar ''Independent Nigeria'' ta kuma ruwaito cewa Aina Babatunde yana cikin manyan malaman da aka ɗaga zuwa matsayin Reader a taron Majalisar Gudanarwar jami'ar na 3 Oktoba 2024.<ref name="Independent">{{cite news |last=Abisoye |first=Olusegun |title=Federal University Gashua Announces Promotions Of 3 As Professors, 17 As Readers |url=https://independent.ng/federal-university-gashua-announces-promotions-of-3-as-professors-17-as-readers/ |work=Independent Nigeria |date=4 October 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da bincike == Bayanai da aka wallafa game da Aina sun nuna cewa ya kammala [[PhD]] a Applied Mathematics daga [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da ke Zariya. Ya kuma yi aiki a Federal University Gashua, inda ya gudanar da bincike a fannin lissafi mai amfani.<ref name="Academia">{{cite web |title=Aina Babatunde, PhD |url=https://abuportal-ng.academia.edu/ainababatunde |website=Ahmadu Bello University |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> Babban fannonin bincikensa sun haɗa da magnetohydrodynamics, computational fluid dynamics, flow through porous media da heat and mass transfer.<ref name="RG"/> == Bincike == A shekarar 2019, Aina ya kasance marubucin bincike kan MHD natural convection flow a cikin inclined micro-porous-channel. Binciken ya yi nazari kan tasirin magnetic field da suction ko injection a kan kwararar ruwa da zafi.<ref name="MHD2019">{{cite journal |last=Aina |first=Babatunde |author2=Malgwi, Peter Bukar |title=MHD Convection Fluid and Heat Transfer in an Inclined Micro-Porous-Channel |journal=Nonlinear Engineering |year=2019 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/nleng-2018-0085/html |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, ya wallafa bincike kan tasirin thermal radiation a natural convection flow a cikin vertical micro-channel. Binciken ya yi amfani da hanyoyin nazarin lissafi wajen nazarin yanayin zafi da saurin ruwa.<ref name="Thermal">{{cite journal |last=Aina |first=Babatunde |title=Thermal Radiation Effect on Fully Developed Natural Convection Flow in a Vertical Micro-Channel |journal=Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=20–28 |year=2020 |doi=10.4314/NJBAS.v28i2.3 |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/njbas/article/view/204095 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A shekarar 2021, Aina da Basant Kumar Jha sun wallafa bincike kan MHD mixed convection flow a inclined porous channel mai time-periodic boundary condition. Binciken ya yi amfani da tsarin lissafi wajen nazarin kwararar ruwa mai ɗauke da wutar lantarki da zafi.<ref name="Porous">{{cite journal |last=Jha |first=Basant Kumar |author2=Aina, Babatunde |title=MHD Mixed Convection Flow in an Inclined Porous Channel Having Time-Periodic Boundary Condition |journal=Journal of Porous Media |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=69–91 |year=2021 |doi=10.1615/JPorMedia.v24.i6.50 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/350903302_MHD_MIXED_CONVECTION_FLOW_IN_AN_INCLINED_POROUS_CHANNEL_HAVING_TIME-PERIODIC_BOUNDARY_CONDITION_MHD_MIXED_CONVECTION_FLOW_IN_AN_INCLINED_POROUS_CHANNEL |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Aina ya kasance cikin marubutan bincike kan haɗin tasirin Darcy da viscous dissipation a steady natural convection flow a cikin vertical tube mai ɗauke da porous material. Binciken ya yi amfani da tsarin Brinkman-Darcy da homotopy perturbation method wajen nazarin yanayin kwararar ruwa da zafi.<ref name="Darcy">{{cite journal |last=Daramola |first=Deborah Abiola |author2=Aina, Babatunde |author3=Gambo, Jeremiah Jerry |title=Combined effects of Darcy and Viscous Dissipation on Steady Natural Convection flow in a Vertical Tube partially filled with Porous Material with asymmetric thermal boundary conditions |journal=International Journal of Science for Global Sustainability |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=266–273 |year=2024 |doi=10.57233/ijsgs.v10i2.683 |url=https://fugus-ijsgs.com.ng/index.php/ijsgs/article/view/683 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Aina ya kasance cikin marubutan bincike kan Generalised Four Step Adams-Moulton Second Derivative Method, wata sabuwar hanyar lissafi don warware stiff ordinary differential equations.<ref name="Adams">{{cite journal |last=Hambagda |first=Buba M. T. |author2=Atsi, Kaze |author3=Aina, Babatunde |title=Generalised Four Step Adams-Moulton Second Derivative Method for the Solution Stiff Ordinary Differential Equations |journal=Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis |volume=32 |issue=10s |pages=1074–133 |year=2025 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/391836363_Generalised_Four_Step_Adams-Moulton_Second_Derivative_Method_for_the_Solution_Stiff_Ordinary_Differential_Equations |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2026, Aina ya kasance cikin marubutan binciken ''Block Hybrid Method for Accurate Solutions of Higher-Order Differential Equations''. Binciken ya gabatar da wata hanyar block hybrid domin warware differential equations na mataki na biyu, na uku da na huɗu.<ref name="Hybrid">{{cite journal |last=Samuel |first=Hannatu |author2=Tumba, Pius |author3=Babatunde, Aina |author4=Dauda, Abubakar Ahmad |author5=Waziri, Maina |title=Block Hybrid Method for Accurate Solutions of Higher-Order Differential Equations |journal=FUDMA Journal of Sciences |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=314–325 |year=2026 |doi=10.33003/fjs-2026-1003-4597 |url=https://fjs.fudutsinma.edu.ng/index.php/fjs/article/view/4597 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana lissafi na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana lissafi mai amfani]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Tarayya ta Gashua]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar ruwa]] [[Category:Masana ilmin zafi]] [[Category:Mutanen Najeriya]] b29vd1sfbe5usuyiy1exp43l9x1p02v 0 163746 915377 903786 2026-09-03T10:11:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915377 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aiga Rasch''' (9 ga Yuli 1941 - 24 ga Disamba 2009) ƙwararriyar mai zane ce ta Jamus, mai zane-zane, kuma mai zane. <ref name="ARlautKD">{{Cite web |last=Klaus Doderer |last2=Sven Haarmann |title=Aiga Rasch im Lexikon |url=http://www.rocky-beach.com/special/aiga/aiga-lex.html |access-date=2 January 2017 |publisher=Brigitta Dammann, i.A. rocky-beach.com}}</ref> <ref name="AElautMK">{{Cite web |title=Trauer um Aiga Rasch |url=http://www.hoerspielland.de/hl-60.1.1833-60.0.10.html?layout=4 |access-date=2 January 2017 |publisher=Malte Köhne i.A. hoerspielland}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Asalin iyali da kuma yarinta === An haifi Aiga Rasch a [[Stuttgart]] a farkon shekarun [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] . Mahaifinta, Bodo Rasch (1903–1995), da ƙanenta, Mahmoud Bodo Rasch, ƙwararrun masu zane-zane ne na avant-garde. <ref name="ARlautCM">{{Cite web |last=Christoph Meurer |date=11 October 2016 |title=Koblenzer Museum widmet sich der Künstlerin der Drei Fragezeichen |url=http://www.general-anzeiger-bonn.de/region/koeln-und-rheinland/Koblenzer-Museum-widmet-sich-der-K%C3%BCnstlerin-der-Drei-Fragezeichen-article3379217.html |access-date=2 January 2017 |publisher=Bonner Zeitungsdruckerei und Verlagsanstalt H. Neusser GmbH (General-Anzeiger)}}</ref> Mahaifiyarta, Lilo Rasch-Naegele (1914–1978), mai ɗaukar hoto ce ta kayan kwalliya da zane-zane, <ref name="ARlautspiegel">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2015 |title=Aiga Rasch Die Illustratorin der "drei ???" ... Ihre Titelbilder trugen dazu bei, dass "Die drei ???" Kultstatus erlangten. Heute wäre die Illustratorin Aiga Rasch 74 Jahre alt geworden. Google würdigt die Künstlerin mit einem Doodle. |url=http://www.spiegel.de/kultur/literatur/aiga-rasch-google-doodle-fuer-die-illustratorin-der-drei-a-1042756.html |access-date=2 January 2017 |publisher=[[Der Spiegel]] (online)}}</ref> kuma memba ce a ƙungiyar masu fasaha a kusa da Willi Baumeister . <ref name="LRNlautRV">{{Cite web |last=Rainer Vogt |date=13 December 2014 |title=Lilo Rasch-Naegele zum 100. ... Sie prägte das Bild der modernen Frau |url=http://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.lilo-rasch-naegele-zum-100-sie-praegte-das-bild-der-modernen-frau.a6c4cb4b-fac0-40c8-b8f2-679131507b3e.html |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Stuttgarter Nachrichten |publisher=Stuttgarter Nachrichten Verlagsgesellschaft mbH |archive-date=3 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170103002815/http://www.stuttgarter-nachrichten.de/inhalt.lilo-rasch-naegele-zum-100-sie-praegte-das-bild-der-modernen-frau.a6c4cb4b-fac0-40c8-b8f2-679131507b3e.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta koma yin zane tun tana ƙarama, domin a lokacin shekarun da suka biyo bayan ƙarshen Yaƙin, babu kayan wasan yara: maimakon haka, mahaifiyarta ta ba ta goga da fenti ko da kuwa bututun fenti sun yi mata wahala ga yatsun yaron su iya sarrafa su da daidaito. Ta girma tana zaune a gidan iyali da iyayenta suka gina bayan 1945 a gefen filin shakatawa na Schönbuch da ke kudu maso yammacin [[Stuttgart]], da farko tana shirin zama marubuciya. Ta ji daɗin karatunta a "Friedenschule" (a zahiri: ''"Makarantar Zaman Lafiya"'' ) da ke Stuttgart, inda ake samun abincin makaranta daga ɗakin girki na sojojin Amurka, Stuttgart, bayan da sojojin Amurka suka mamaye a ƙarshen yaƙin. Daga baya ta tuna cewa abincin makaranta da aka samu ya "fi lafiya fiye da yadda yake" ( ''"gesünder als sie schmeckt"'' ). <ref name="ARlautAR">{{Cite web |title=Wer ist Aiga Rasch? |url=http://www.aiga.de/ueberaiga.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131191940/http://www.aiga.de/ueberaiga.asp |archive-date=31 January 2018 |access-date=2 January 2017 |publisher=Brigitta Dammann, i.A. rocky-beach.com}}</ref> Ba da daɗewa ba kafin ta kammala jarrabawar kammala makaranta ( <nowiki><i id="mwMg">Abitur</i></nowiki> ) ta shiga gasar rubuce-rubuce ta littattafai da Kosmos Verlag ta shirya. Gabatarwarta ta haɗa da nata zane-zane. Wannan ya ba ta damar gabatar da wani "fayil" na tayi ga gidan buga littattafai, wanda mahaifiyarta ta riga ta yi aiki a matsayin mai zane mai zaman kansa. Ga Aigo Rasch, wannan gasa ta rubuce-rubuce ta farko ita ce farkon abin da daga baya ya zama doguwar dangantaka mai nasara da Kosmos. <ref name="ARlautGalerieBB">{{Cite web |date=22 November 2014 |title=Die geheimen Bilder: Aiga Rasch und Die drei ??? |url=https://galerie.bietigheim-bissingen.de/nc/deutsch/ausstellungen/vorschau/vorschau/?tx_cal_controller%5Bview%5D=event&tx_cal_controller%5Btype%5D=tx_cal_phpicalendar&tx_cal_controller%5Buid%5D=1937&tx_cal_controller%5Blastview%5D=view-list%7Cpage_id-1058&tx_cal_controller%5Byear%5D=2014&tx_cal_controller%5Bmonth%5D=11&tx_cal_controller%5Bday%5D=22&cHash= |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Publicity for an exhibition held at Bietigheim-Bissingen at the end of 2014, featuring book-covers designed by Aiga Rasch |publisher=Städtische Galerie, Bietigheim-Bissingen }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> === Zaɓuɓɓukan sana'a === [[Fayil:Aiga_Rasch_Jonas_auf_der_Flucht_durch_Lappland,_Erika_Klopp_Verlag,_1972.jpg|right|thumb|404x404px| "Jonas auf der Flucht durch Lappland", murfin littafin Aiga Rasch, 1972]] Bayan ta yi nasarar tattaunawa kan jarrabawar kammala karatunta, sai ta koma Jami'ar Tübingen inda karatunta ya shafi karatun Jamusanci, Falsafa da Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam. <ref name="ARlautBild">{{Cite web |date=9 July 2015 |title=Fünf Fakten zur Illustratorin der drei ??? |url=http://www.bild.de/unterhaltung/leute/die-drei-fragezeichen/google-doodle-zu-ehren-der-cover-illustratorin-41704728.bild.html |access-date=2 January 2017 |publisher=[[Bild]], Berlin}}</ref> Tana da sha'awar guje wa yin gogayya da mahaifiyarta a fannin sana'a, <ref name="ARlautAR"/> kuma ana ta maganar yiwuwar samun aiki a matsayin ɗan jarida. A lokacin hutun bazara ta yi aikin sa kai tare da jaridar ayyuka ta [[:de:Ilseder Hütte|Ilseder Hütte (kayan aikin ƙarfe)]] inda aka sake gano baiwarta a matsayin mai zane. A shekarar 1961 ta daina karatunta ta fara aurenta na farko a cikin aurenta biyu. <ref name="ARlautMMK">{{Cite web |date=October 2016 |title=Aiga Rasch – Die drei ??? und die rätselhaften Bilder |url=http://www.mittelrhein-museum.de/aiga-rasch-die-drei-fragezeichen-und-die-raetselhaften-bilder/ |access-date=2 January 2017 |website=Publicity for an exhibition held at Koblenz at the end of 2016 and the first weeks of 2017, featuring images by Aiga Rasch |publisher=Mittelrhein Museum Koblenz}}</ref> A shekarar 1962 ta halarci wani kwas na shirye-shirye da nufin kai ta ga samun karbuwa a matsayin ɗaliba a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Jiha da ke Stuttgart, amma ba da daɗewa ba ta yi watsi da wannan ra'ayi. Wani malami ya soki aikinta saboda ya yi kama da wanda mahaifiyarta ta shirya: ya ba da shawarar cewa za ta ci gaba da kyau a matsayin mai fasaha "mai koyar da kanta" kuma yanzu ta bi wannan shawarar, tare da sakamako mai kyau. <ref name="ARlautspiegel"/> Daga baya ita da kanta ta lura cewa, aƙalla lokacin da ta fara aiki, kasancewar 'yar Lilo Rasch-Naegele taimako ne kuma cikas ne. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1941]] j6mkg7f5o4pmxgtt2boqnw3f0e25kwy 0 163763 915303 898046 2026-09-03T08:09:15Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Adam Saleh Adam | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin kimiyyar kwamfuta | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]] | known_for = Bincike da koyarwa a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta }} '''Adam Saleh Adam''' malamin jami'a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma masanin [[kimiyyar kwamfuta]]. Yana aiki a [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]] da ke [[Damaturu]], Jihar Yobe. Yana aiki a Directorate of Information and Communication Technology (DICT) na jami'ar, inda yake matsayin Head of Software Unit.<ref name="DICT">{{cite web |title=DICT Staff |url=https://ysu.edu.ng/ysu/dict-staff/ |website=Yobe State University |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da aiki == Adam Saleh Adam malami ne a Sashen Computer Science na [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]]. Shafin sashen ya nuna cewa yana da digirin B.Sc. kuma matsayinsa na ilimi shi ne Graduate Assistant. An kuma bayyana fannonin sha'awarsa da suka haɗa da programming, data science da [[artificial intelligence]].<ref name="CS">{{cite web |title=Academic Staff Detail: Adam Saleh Adam |url=https://cs.ysu.edu.ng/acadstaffdetail.php?asid=1 |website=Yobe State University, Department of Computer Science |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A Directorate of Information and Communication Technology na jami'ar, Adam yana jagorantar Software Unit. Ayyukan da jami'ar ta danganta da wannan sashen sun haɗa da haɓakawa da kula da manhajojin yanar gizo da na cloud, da kuma wasu ayyukan da suka shafi aika takardun shaidar karatu na jami'ar.<ref name="DICT"/> == Bincike da koyarwa == Adam Saleh Adam yana da alaƙa da bincike a fannin kimiyyar kwamfuta, musamman [[web development]], relational databases da web application programming.<ref name="RG">{{cite web |title=Yobe State University |url=https://www.researchgate.net/institution/Yobe-State-University/members |website=ResearchGate |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> Ya kasance marubucin binciken ''Automated Hydroponic System using Wireless Sensor Networks'', wanda ya yi nazari kan amfani da tsarin sadarwar na'urori marasa waya wajen sarrafa tsarin noman hydroponics.<ref name="Hydroponic">{{cite web |title=Automated Hydroponic System using Wireless Sensor Networks |url=https://yobestateuniversity.academia.edu/AdamSalehAdam |website=Yobe State University on Academia.edu |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> Haka kuma, ya shirya kayan koyarwa na darussan kimiyyar kwamfuta a [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]]. Daga cikin su akwai ''Computer Programming I'' (CSC2301), wanda ya ƙunshi gabatarwa ga programming, hanyoyin warware matsaloli, flowcharts da algorithm development.<ref name="Programming">{{cite web |title=Lecture Note on Computer Programming I |url=https://www.studocu.com/row/document/yobe-state-university-damaturu/computer-science/csc2301-note-lecture-notes-1/6851858 |website=Studocu |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, an kuma danganta sunansa da kayan koyarwa na darasin Artificial Intelligence (CSC4209) a Sashen Computer Science na Yobe State University.<ref name="AI">{{cite web |title=CSC4209 Lecture Note on Artificial Intelligence |url=https://www.studypool.com/documents/38204646/csc4209-note-v1 |website=Studypool |access-date=14 August 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Fannonin ƙwarewa == Fannonin da aka danganta da Adam Saleh Adam sun haɗa da: * [[Web development]] * Programming * [[Data science]] * [[Artificial intelligence]] * Relational databases * Web application programming.<ref name="CS"/><ref name="RG"/> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana kimiyyar kwamfuta na Najeriya]] [[Category:Masu shirya manhajojin kwamfuta]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Masu bincike a fannin ilimin kwamfuta]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] 2aqc6bnqtsxvrkvhs0jdamnf1aymslh 0 163771 915357 901064 2026-09-03T10:01:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915357 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ahmed Mallum | honorific_prefix = Dr. | occupation = Malamin jami'a, masanin tattalin arziki | employer = [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]] | known_for = Bincike a fannin tattalin arziki da ci gaban tattalin arziki }} '''Ahmed Mallum''' malamin jami’a ne ɗan Najeriya kuma masanin tattalin arziki. Yana aiki a Sashen Tattalin Arziƙi (Economics) na Jami’ar Jihar Yobe da ke Damaturu, Jihar Yobe. A shekarar 2024, Majalisar Gudanarwar Jami’ar ta amince da ɗaga matsayinsa zuwa matsayin Farfesa Mataimaki (Associate Professor/Reader).<ref name="promotion">{{cite web |title=Yobe State University Promotes Dr. Ahmed Mallum to Associate Professor |url=https://myschoolnews.ng/yobe-state-university-promotes-dr-ahmed-mallum-to-associate-professor |website=MySchoolNews |date=13 December 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Aiki == Ahmed Mallum yana cikin malaman Sashen Economics na [[Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]]. A cikin wata sanarwar jami'ar ta shekarar 2024, an bayyana shi a matsayin shugaban Sashen Economics bayan zaɓen shugabannin sassan jami'ar da aka gudanar a watan Disamba 2023.<ref name="YSUNewsletter">{{cite web |title=Yobe State University Monthly Newsletter – February 2024 |url=https://ysu.edu.ng/nl/pdf/YSU_Newsletter_Feb2024.pdf |website=Yobe State University |date=February 2024 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, an ba shi matsayin Associate Professor (Reader) bayan amincewar Majalisar Gudanarwar Yobe State University.<ref name="promotion"/> == Bincike == Ahmed Mallum yana gudanar da bincike a fannonin [[tattalin arziki]], ci gaban tattalin arziki, aikin yi, talauci, kuɗin Musulunci da manufofin tattalin arziki. A shekarar 2020, Mallum tare da Babagana Mala Musti sun wallafa bincike mai taken ''An Assessment of the Effect of Casual Employment on the Level of Poverty and Economic Growth in Nigeria''. An wallafa binciken a ''Journal of Business and Economic Development'', juzu'i na 5, lamba ta 3, shafuka daga na 172 zuwa 177.<ref name="casual">{{cite journal |last=Musti |first=Babagana Mala |author2=Mallum, Ahmed |title=An Assessment of the Effect of Casual Employment on the Level of Poverty and Economic Growth in Nigeria |journal=Journal of Business and Economic Development |volume=5 |issue=3 |pages=172–177 |year=2020 |doi=10.11648/j.jbed.20200503.17 |url=https://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/article/10.11648/j.jbed.20200503.17 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Mallum da Babagana Mala Musti sun wallafa bincike kan tasirin rancen [[microfinance]] wajen samar da guraben aikin yi a Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Jihar Borno. An wallafa binciken a ''Dutse Journal of Economics and Development Studies''.<ref name="microfinance">{{cite journal |last=Mallum |first=Ahmed |author2=Musti, Mala Babagana |title=Impact of Microfinance Loan on Employment Opportunities in Maiduguri Metropolitan Council, Borno State, Nigeria |journal=Dutse Journal of Economics and Development Studies |year=2019 |url=https://fud.edu.ng/journals/dujeds/2019_DEC_Vol_8/017_DUJEDS_AHMED%20MALLUM.pdf |access-date=14 August 2026 |archive-date=29 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240629023604/https://fud.edu.ng/journals/dujeds/2019_DEC_Vol_8/017_DUJEDS_AHMED%20MALLUM.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekarar 2020, Mallum da Hadiza Baba Ibrahim sun wallafa bincike kan tasirin rashin aikin yi ga matasa a Yola South Local Government Area, Jihar Adamawa.<ref name="youth">{{cite journal |last=Mallum |first=Ahmed |author2=Ibrahim, Hadiza Baba |title=Social-Economic implication of youth unemployment in Yola South Local Government, Adamawa State, Nigeria |journal=Yola Journal of Management Innovations |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=145–157 |year=2020 |url=https://ttl.run.edu.ng/bib/44319 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Mallum ya wallafa bincike mai taken ''Subsidy Removal in Nigeria – Issues, Challenges and the Way Forward''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan tasirin cire tallafin man fetur ga tattalin arzikin Najeriya da rayuwar jama'a.<ref name="subsidy">{{cite journal |last=Mallum |first=Ahmed |title=Subsidy Removal in Nigeria- Issues, Challenges and the way Forward |journal=Journal of Economics and Development Policy |volume=7 |issue=1 |year=2024 |url=https://www.ijedp.com/upload/Vol%2007%20No.%2001%2010.pdf |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2025, Mallum ya wallafa bincike mai taken ''Financial Inclusion and Economic Development in Northern Nigeria: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications''. Binciken ya yi nazari kan alaƙar hada-hadar kuɗi da ci gaban tattalin arziki a Arewacin Najeriya.<ref name="financial">{{cite journal |last=Mallum |first=Ahmed |title=Financial Inclusion and Economic Development in Northern Nigeria: Empirical Evidence and Policy Implications |journal=ADSU International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Management |volume=10 |issue=4 |year=2025 |url=https://ajaefm.adsu.edu.ng/index.php/journals/article/view/338 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2026, Mallum da Idris Mohammed Yaro sun wallafa bincike kan ƙalubale da damar samar da aikin yi ga matasa a Jihar Yobe.<ref name="employment">{{cite journal |last=Mallum |first=Ahmed |author2=Yaro, Idris Mohammed |title=Challenges and Prospects of Youth Employment in Yobe State, Nigeria: A Quantitative Analysis |journal=ADSU International Journal of Applied Economics, Finance and Management |volume=11 |issue=1 |year=2026 |url=https://ajaefm.adsu.edu.ng/index.php/journals/article/view/363 |access-date=14 August 2026 }}</ref> == Fannonin bincike == Fannonin binciken Ahmed Mallum sun haɗa da: * [[Tattalin arziki]] * Ci gaban tattalin arziki * Aikin yi da rashin aikin yi * Talauci * [[Microfinance|Ƙananan kuɗaɗen jari (microfinance)]] * Hada-hadar kuɗi * Kuɗin Musulunci * Manufofin tattalin arziki.<ref name="casual"/><ref name="financial"/> == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Malaman jami'o'in Najeriya]] [[Category:Masana tattalin arziki na Najeriya]] [[Category:Ma'aikatan Jami'ar Jihar Yobe]] [[Category:Masu bincike na Najeriya]] [[Category:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] rvuc5uh3a5tmew6a7jn7pqgz36fhyu6 0 163898 914874 899312 2026-09-02T13:55:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Sir_Walter_Bodmer.jpg|alt=Sir Walter Bodmer|thumb|Walter Bodmer yana gabatar da shi a taron ICG-18 a Nanjing. China]] '''Sir Walter Fred Bodmer''' FRS FRSE (an haife shi 10 Janairun 1936 ) ɗan asalin ƙasar Jamus ne ɗan asalin ƙasar Burtaniya. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Bodmer a [[Frankfurt]], Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BSI HONORARY MEMBER: Sir Walter Bodmer |url=http://www.immunology.org/Page.aspx?pid=1194 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402172312/https://www.immunology.org/sslpage.aspx?pid=1194 |archive-date=2 April 2015 |publisher=British Society of Immunology}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a Manchester Grammar School kuma ya ci gaba da karatun Tripos na lissafi a Jami'ar Cambridge a matsayin dalibi na Kwalejin Clare, Cambridge . An ba shi lambar yabo ta PhD a 1959 daga Cambridge don bincike kan yawan jama'a a cikin linzamin kwamfuta da ''Primula vulgaris'' (primrose) wanda Ronald Fisher ke kula da shi. == Ayyuka da bincike == A cikin 1961 Bodmer ya shiga dakin gwaje-gwaje na Joshua Lederberg a sashen kwayoyin halitta na [[Jami'ar Stanford]] a matsayin Mai bincike na postdoctoral, yana ci gaba da aikinsa a kan kwayoyin halitta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Early Computers at Stanford |url=http://forum.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/Early_Computers_at_Stanford |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813185609/http://forum.stanford.edu/wiki/index.php/Early_Computers_at_Stanford |archive-date=13 August 2014 |publisher=Stanford University}}</ref> A shekara ta 1962 an nada Walter Bodmer a bangaren koyarwa a Stanford. Ya bar Jami'ar Stanford a shekarar 1970 ya zama farfesa na farko na kwayoyin halitta a [[Jami'ar Oxford]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Homepage |url=http://www.hertford.ox.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=490&Itemid=581 |access-date=2026-08-15 |archive-date=2011-07-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716112056/http://www.hertford.ox.ac.uk/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=490&Itemid=581 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bodmer ya kasance Mataimakin Shugaban Royal Institution daga 1981 har zuwa 1982. Bodmer ya haɓaka samfuran don ƙwayoyin halittar jama'a kuma ya yi aiki a kan tsarin antigen na leukocyte na ɗan adam da kuma amfani da ƙwayoyin halitta don nazarin haɗi ɗan adam. A shekara ta 1985 ya jagoranci kwamitin Royal Society wanda ya rubuta Rahoton Bodmer; an yaba da wannan tare da fara motsi don fahimtar jama'a game da kimiyya. Rahoton ya taimaka wajen haifar da kirkirar Kwamitin kan fahimtar Kimiyya ta Jama'a (COPUS) a 1987. Bodmer na ɗaya daga cikin na farko da ya ba da shawarar ra'ayin Human Genome Project . <ref name="hugo">{{Cite web |title=HUGO presidents |url=http://www.hugo-international.org/abt_hugopresidents.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150408001521/http://www.hugo-international.org/abt_hugopresidents.php |archive-date=8 April 2015}}</ref> A shekara ta 1987 ya karbi lambar yabo ta Ellison-Cliffe daga Royal Society of Medicine . Ya kasance darektan bincike (1979-1991) sannan kuma darektan janar (1991-1996) na Asusun Binciken Ciwon daji na Imperial. Ya kuma kasance Shugaba Jami'ar Salford, Ingila (1995-2005; Sir Martin Harris ya gaje shi) kuma shugaban Kwalejin Hertford, Oxford (1996-2005; Dr. John Landers ya gaje masa). A shekara ta 2005, an nada Bodmer don jagorantar aikin fam miliyan 2.3 (kimanin dala miliyan 4.5) ta Wellcome Trust a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] don bincika tsarin kwayar halitta na Burtaniya - aikin Mutanen tsibirin Burtaniya. &nbsp;&nbsp;Farfesa Peter Donnelly na Oxford (masanin ilimin kwayoyin halitta da kididdiga) da kuma Babban Binciken Wellcome Trust Lon Cardon sun haɗu da shi. Bodmer ya ce, "Manufarmu ita ce nuna yanayin kwayar halitta na yawan mutanen Burtaniya kuma su danganta wannan da shaidar tarihi da archaeological".Masu binciken sun gabatar da wasu binciken da suka samu ga jama'a ta hanyar jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin na Channel 4 "Faces of Britain". A ranar 14 ga Afrilu 2007, Channel 4 a [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] ta watsa wani shirin da ya nuna binciken da aka samu a yanzu. Aikin ya ɗauki samfurori na DNA daga daruruwan masu sa kai a duk faɗin Burtaniya, suna neman ɓangarorin DNA da za su bayyana alamun halittu na raƙuman ruwa na masu mulkin mallaka - Celts, Saxon, Vikings, da sauransu - a sassa daban-daban na Burtaniya. Binciken ya nuna cewa mamayewar Viking na Burtaniya galibi daga Vikings na Danish ne yayin da Vikings na Norway suka zauna a Tsibirin Orkney. An gabatar da wannan binciken kwanan nan a taron Cibiyar Galton kan 'New Light on Old Britons' a cikin 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Events – The Galton Institute |url=https://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/past-events/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123170010/https://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/past-events/ |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Bodmer ya riga ya yi aiki tare da Cibiyar Galton a matsayin shugabanta daga 2008 zuwa 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Presidents – The Galton Institute |url=https://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/history/past-presidents/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201123165849/https://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/history/past-presidents/ |archive-date=23 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kasance shugaban dakin gwaje-gwaje na ciwon daji da immunogenetics a Cibiyar Weatherall ta Molecular Medicine a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] tun daga shekara ta 1996. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Walter Bodmer |url=https://www.oncology.ox.ac.uk/team/walter-bodmer |access-date=2020-12-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> Binciken bincike na dakin gwaje-gwaje ya haɗa da mahimman kwayoyin halitta da ilmin halitta na ciwon daji. === Daraja da kyaututtuka === Bodmer ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa ciki har da:   Takardar shaidarsa ta zaben zuwa Royal Society ta karanta: {{Blockquote|Distinguished for his theoretical and experimental contributions to genetics. His analyses of population genetics models, especially human, his contribution to the understanding of bacterial transformation, to the understanding of the HL-A system, and to the use of somatic cell hybrids for human linkage studies are outstanding. Few scientists have contributed distinguished work in such a range of fields, and involving such a range of experience of techniques, mathematical and experimental, and such a range of organisms.}} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Mahaifin Bodmer Bayahude ne don haka an tilasta wa iyalin su bar Nazi Jamus; a 1938, sun zauna a [[Manchester]], Ingila. A shekara ta 1956, Walter Bodmer ya auri Julia Bodmer (née Pilkington; 1934-2001); ta kuma zama sanannen masanin kwayoyin halitta. Suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu da mace. == Tattaunawa == == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070425162918/http://www.channel4.com/history/microsites/H/history/e-h/face.html Channel 4s "Fuskokin Burtaniya"] * Walter Bodmera kanTarihin Kungiyar Binciken Kiwon Lafiya ta zamanishafin yanar gizon * [https://web.archive.org/web/20080604134228/http://www.imm.ox.ac.uk/pages/research/cancer_research/colorectal.htm Binciken ciwon daji na launi a IMM] * [http://www.bodley.ox.ac.uk/dept/scwmss/wmss/online/modern/bodmer/bodmer.html Katalog na tarihin Sir Walter Bodmer da Lady Julia Bodmer da aka gudanar a ɗakin karatu na Bodleian, Jami'ar Oxford] * [http://www.york.ac.uk/depts/maths/histstat/people/bodmer.gif Hotuna na masu lissafi: Walter Bodmer] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060421111737/http://www.abc.net.au/rn/science/ss/stories/s1499065.htm Tattaunawar Rediyon Kasa na Australia tare da Sir Walter] * Portraits of Sir Walter Fred Bodmera cikinNational Portrait Gallery, London [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ocdepidwvkpksjofsblbnwwwj6qs44t 0 164149 915192 903346 2026-09-02T23:43:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''ČT edu''' shafin yanar gizo ne na gidan talabijin na Czech, wanda ke ba malamai, ɗalibai da iyaye dubban gajerun bidiyo don ƙara wa koyarwa. Bidiyon ya ƙunshi batutuwa daga makarantun gaba da firamare, firamare da sakandare kuma an raba su bisa ga maki, amma kuma bisa ga darussan da kuma takamaiman fannin da suka tattauna. Tsarin shafin yanar gizon ya dogara ne akan shirye-shiryen ilimi na tsarin. == Tarihi == Gidan Talabijin na Czech ya ƙaddamar da aikin a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 2020. Wanda ya kafa shi shine {{Interlanguage link|Alžběta Plívová|cs}} . <ref name="MediaGuru 010420">{{Cite web |date=1 April 2020 |title=ČT spouští vzdělávací web ČT edu, na úvod má tři tisíce videí |url=https://www.mediaguru.cz/clanky/2020/03/ct-spousti-vzdelavaci-web-ct-edu-na-uvod-ma-tri-tisice-videi/ |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=MediaGuru.cz |language=cs}}</ref> Gidan Talabijin na Czech ya mayar da martani ga wannan dokar ta baci da aka ayyana a yankin Jamhuriyar Czech a ranar 12 ga watan Maris, a shekara ta 2020, dangane da annobar COVID-19 da kuma rufe makarantun Czech. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Venturová |first=Jitka |last2=Kučerová |first2=Tereza |date=13 March 2020 |title=Česká televize spustí vzdělávací pořady pro školáky. Nabídli se učitelé |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/ceska-televize-vysilani-pro-skolaky-vyucovani-pro-ucitele.A200313_105931_domaci_kuce |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=iDNES.cz |language=cs}}</ref> Tare da shirye-shiryen ilimi na UčíTelka da Škola doma, sun mayar da martani ta wata hanya ga dokar ta-baci da aka ayyana a yankin Jamhuriyar Czech a ranar 12 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 2020 sakamakon annobar COVID-19, gidan yanar gizon, wanda aka tsara ƙaddamar da shi a shekarar 2021 kuma ana tsammanin zai zama taimakon dijital don koyarwa ta fuska da fuska, cikin sauri ya zama kayan aiki da ake amfani da shi sosai don ilimin nesa. Tun daga farko, shafin yanar gizon yana samuwa kyauta ga duk masu amfani. == Abubuwan da ke ciki == An zaɓi bidiyon ČT edu daga shirye-shiryen Talabijin na Czech da suka riga suka kasance ta hanyar ƙwararrun ma'aikatan koyarwa da malamai waɗanda suka amince da darasin da aka bayar daga makarantu da yankuna daban-daban. An ƙirƙiri takaddun aiki don batutuwa na koyarwa musamman don dalilan ČT edu tare da haɗin gwiwar masu koyarwa, ko wasu ƙwararru (misali, Samet na školách, Post Bellum, Cibiyar Nazarin Tsarin Mulkin Kama-karya ). Ana zaɓar bidiyon da suka ƙunshi abubuwa ɗaya-ɗaya dangane da damar darasin makaranta da kuma babban aikinsu, wato don ƙara wa wasu hanyoyin koyarwa. Ga kowane bidiyo, ČT edu kuma yana ba da zaɓi don kunna dukkan shirin a cikin sigar asali, wacce ba a taƙaita ba. Malamai galibi suna amfani da bidiyo a matsayin kayan aiki na misali, don ƙara wa koyarwa da kuma kayan aiki don ba wa ɗalibi aikin gida. Bayanin da aka gabatar ta hanyar sauti yana tayar da sha'awa da motsin rai a cikin ɗalibai, kuma tare da wasu majiyoyi, yana tallafawa haddacewa ko fahimtar abubuwan da aka tattauna. Malamai za su iya amfani da bidiyo bisa doka a cikin koyarwarsu ba tare da keta haƙƙin mallaka ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Venturová |first=Jitka |date=5 October 2020 |title=Studentům a učitelům zavřených středních škol pomůže s výukou ČT edu |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/mediahub/stredni-skoly-vyuka-ct-edu.A201005_100651_mediahub_jpl |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=iDNES.cz |language=cs}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Kwararrun alkalai na bikin fina-finai na Zlín na duniya sun yaba wa abubuwan da ke cikin ČT edu a matsayin wani babban nasara da ta taimaka wajen rage tasirin rikicin kan ilimin yara, gami da yaɗa kimiyya. Juri sun ba da kyautar fim ta musamman a ranar 4 ga Satumba, 2020 ČT edu tare da Hukumar Fasaha ta Jamhuriyar Czech, "Domin yaɗa kimiyya tsakanin matasa". <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 September 2020 |title=Poprvé udělujeme filmovou cenu Technologické agentury ČR |url=https://www.zlinfest.cz/26981n-poprve-udelujeme-filmovou-cenu-technologicke-agentury-cr |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=[[Zlín Film Festival]] |language=cs |archive-date=21 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210921151831/https://www.zlinfest.cz/26981n-poprve-udelujeme-filmovou-cenu-technologicke-agentury-cr |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gidan Talabijin na Czech ya lashe kyautar kamfanin da ya fi daukar hankali a shekara kan ayyukan ilimi a lokacin [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 November 2020 |title=Česká televize získala za vzdělávací projekty ocenění TOP odpovědná firma |url=https://mam.cz/novinky/2020-11/ceska-televize-ziskala-za-vzdelavaci-projekty-oceneni-top-odpovedna-firma/ |access-date=4 February 2024 |website=Marketing & Media |language=cs |archive-date=3 December 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241203023224/https://www.mam.cz/novinky/2020-11/ceska-televize-ziskala-za-vzdelavaci-projekty-oceneni-top-odpovedna-firma/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == 8bksjtucbu5ronufk6klj6v1i9tl59e 0 164351 915122 908208 2026-09-02T20:51:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915122 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Yusuf Buba Yakub | image = | image_size = | alt = | caption = | honorific_prefix = [[The Honourable]] | office4 = Chairman, House Committee on Nigeria-China Relations & House Committee on Foreign Affairs<br>[[House of Representatives of Nigeria]]<br>from [[Adamawa State|Adamawa]] | term_start4 = 9 June 2015 | term_end4 = 11 June 2023 | predecessor4 = | successor4 = | constituency4 = [[Gombi]]/[[Hong, Nigeria|Hong]] | office3 = Chairman, House Committee of Nigeria-China Relations | predecessor3 = | successor3 = Jaafaru Yakubu, 2023 | office2 = Member, [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)]], Representing Gombi/Hong Federal Constituency, Adamawa State. | term_start2 = 9 June 2015 | term_end2 = 11 June 2023 | predecessor2 = Haske Hananiya Francis | office1 = 9th Assembly, [[House of Representatives (Nigeria)]] Chairman, House Committee on Foreign Affairs | term_start1 = 11 June 2019 | term_end1 = 11 June 2023 | predecessor1 = [[Nnenna Elendu Ukeje]] | successor1 = Jibrin Abdulmumuni | office = Director General, Nigerian Technical Aid Corps (also known as Directorate of Technical Aid Corps),[[Ministry of Foreign Affairs]](Nigeria) | president = [[Bola Tinubu]] | term_start = 22 August 2023 | term_end = | predecessor = [[Pius Olakunle Osunyikanmi]] | successor = | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1968|08|13|df=y}} | birth_place = [[Kaduna State]], Nigeria | death_date = | death_place = | party = [[All Progressive Congress]] (2013–present) | other_party = {{plainlist| * [[Social Democratic Party (Nigeria)|Social Democratic Party]] (1992 - 1993) * [[People's Democratic Party (Nigeria)|People's Democratic Party]] (1999) }} | spouse = Nancy Buba | children = | relations = | alma_mater = {{plainlist| * Army Children's School, New Cantoment 'A' Kaduna * [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University]] * [[University of Abuja]] }} | occupation = {{hlist|Politician|Farmer}} | profession = | awards = | successor2 = [[James Shaibu Barka]] | term_start3 = 2016 | term_end3 = 2019 }}   <references /> '''Yusuf Buba Yakub''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasan Najeriya ne kuma Darakta Janar na yanzu na Kungiyar Taimako ta Fasaha ta Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Tinubu Appoints New Chief Executive Officers in Two Agencies and Directs Outgoing NIMC DG/CEO to Commence 90-Day Preretirement Leave – The Statehouse, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-tinubu-appoints-new-chief-executive-officers-in-two-agencies-and-directs-outgoing-nimc-dg-ceo-to-commence-90-day-preretirement-leave/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608012232/https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-tinubu-appoints-new-chief-executive-officers-in-two-agencies-and-directs-outgoing-nimc-dg-ceo-to-commence-90-day-preretirement-leave/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance memba na Majalisar Wakilai (Nijeriya) wanda ke wakiltar Gombi / Hong Tarayyar Tarayya ta [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]] daga 2015 zuwa 2023.<ref>{{Cite news |title=list of house of reps members for 2015 |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/top-news/182259-list-new-house-of-reps-members-for-nigerias-8th-national-assembly.html?tztc=1 |access-date=2024-06-08 |newspaper=[[Premium Times]]}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yakub ya fito ne daga Garaha a yankin Hong, Jihar Adamawa, Najeriya. An haife shi a Kaduna, [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], kuma ya halarci Makarantar Yara ta Sojoji a shekara ta 1979.<ref name=":12">{{Cite AV media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XlwQl6i_2Y8|title=THE CHILDHOOD DAYS OF HONORABLE YUSUF BUBA YAKUB|date=2023-03-08|last=The Kaine Kranda Show|access-date=2024-06-10|via=YouTube}}</ref>Daga Kaduna, ya koma Maiha, Jihar Adamawa, kuma ya halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Gwamnati, Maiha . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hon. Yusuf Buba Yakub educational archive, National Assembly {{!}} Federal Republic of Nigeria |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170328130001mp_/http://www.nassnig.org/mp/profile/668 |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref> Daga baya ya shiga Kwalejin Nazarin Farko a [[Yola]] da Kwalejin Ilimin Shari'a, inda ya sami difloma a Shari'a. Ya kammala shirye-shiryen digiri: Advanced Diploma in Business Administration a Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa, Bauchi da Bachelor of Science in Political Science, Jami'ar Abbuja, FCT . <ref name=":0"/> Har ila yau, yana da takardar shaidar a cikin Gudanarwa da Cin Hanci da rashawa a Cibiyar Shari'a ta Duniya ta Washington DC, Amurka. == Ayyukan siyasa == An zabi Yakub a Majalisar Wakilai ta Najeriya a shekarar 2015 a matsayin mai wakiltar Gombi / Hung Tarayyar Tarayya ta Jihar Adamawa kuma an nada shi shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Dangantakar Najeriya da Sin. A duk lokacin da yake aiki ya goyi bayan Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona ta China-Nijeriya a shekarar 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Chinese Embassy Holds China-Nigeria Agricultural Modernization Cooperation Forum |url=http://ng.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zngx/201705/t20170518_7031704.htm |website=ng.china-embassy.gov.cn}}</ref> An sake zabarsa a shekarar 2019 kuma ya yi aiki na wa'adi biyu. Ya kasance babban mai takara ga ofishin Kakakin Majalisar Wakilai a shekarar 2019, inda ya gudu tare da [[Femi Gbajabiamila|Femi]] [[:en:Femi_Gbajabiamila|Gbajabiamila]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=REPS SPEAKERSHIP: Yakub toes APC's line, steps down - Vanguard News |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2019/06/reps-speakership-yakub-toes-apcs-line-steps-down-4/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref> An nada shi Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar<ref>{{Cite news |title=Reps committee visits Jamaica, seeks to strengthen bilateral relationship |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2021/09/reps-committee-visits-jamaica-seeks-to-strengthen-bilateral-relationship/#google_vignette |location=Lagos, Nigeria |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]}}</ref>kan Harkokin Waje a Majalisar Wakilai ta 9. Ya taimaka wajen bunkasa dangantakar diflomasiyya ta zaman lafiya tsakanin Najeriya da Ghana lokacin da babban rikicin kasa da kasa ya kusan barke saboda ayyukan da suka tsaya a kan dangantakar zaman lafiya tsakanin kasashen biyu, daya daga cikinsu shine rushewar Babban Hukumar Kula da Gidajen Najeriya a Accra Ghana a cikin 2020. Jagorinsa ya ba da gudummawa ga warware rikicin cikin lumana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Demolishing Nigerian High Commission property can spark diplomatic row – Yusuf Yakub |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/NewsArchive/Demolishing-Nigerian-High-Commission-property-can-spark-diplomatic-row-Yusuf-Yakub-986545}}</ref> A lokacin wa'adin na biyu na Yakub a Majalisar Wakilai a matsayin Shugaban Kwamitin Majalisar kan Harkokin Waje, ya gabatar da sauye-sauye da yawa a hedkwatar Ma'aikatar da Ofishin Jakadancin Najeriya a kasashen waje wajen ba da kuɗin kasafin kuɗi, tare da aikin kulawa kan kuɗin kasafin kudi.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Adedapo |first=Adebiyi |date=2022-11-03 |title=Reps Fume Over Foreign Affairs Extra Budgetary Spending |url=https://leadership.ng/reps-fume-over-foreign-affairs-extra-budgetary-spending/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |language=en-US |newspaper=[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]}}</ref> * Darakta Janar, Rundunar Taimako ta Fasaha ta Najeriya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to Nigerian Technical Aid Corps |url=https://ntac.gov.ng/en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608012232/https://ntac.gov.ng/en |archive-date=8 June 2024 |access-date=8 June 2024 |website=ntac.gov.ng}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, Najeriya. 22 ga Agusta 2023 - Har zuwa Ranar. * memba, Majalisar Wakilai 2015 - 2023; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Citizen Science Nigeria |url=https://citizensciencenigeria.org/public-offices/persons/yusuf-buba-yakub |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=citizensciencenigeria.org |language=en}}</ref> * Shugaban, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Harkokin Waje, Majalisar Wakilai, Najeriya 2019 - 2023; <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-24 |title=House of Reps Committee Investigates Alleged Shady Deal in Ministry of Foreign Affairs |url=https://www.thelegislatureng.com/house-of-reps-committee-investigates-alleged-shady-deal-in-ministry-of-foreign-affairs/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=THE LEGISLATURE |language=en-US}}</ref> * Shugaban, Kwamitin Majalisar kan Najeriya - Dangantakar Sin, Majalisar Wakilai, Najeriya 2016 - 2019; <ref>{{Cite web |last=ITEdgeNews |date=2017-01-31 |title=National Assembly pushes stronger Nigeria, China ties on technology transfer |url=https://www.itedgenews.africa/national-assembly-pushes-stronger-nigeria-china-ties-on-technology-transfer/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=ITEdgeNews |language=en-US}}</ref> * Shugaban, Kwamitin AD HOC na Majalisar Wakilai kan satar 'yan mata na makarantar Dapchi 2017; <ref>{{Cite web |last=Busari |first=Bukola Adebayo, Stephanie |date=2018-03-26 |title=Freed Dapchi girl: Boko Haram told us 'don't go back to school' |url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/03/26/africa/nigeria-dapchi-school-boko-haram-intl/index.html |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> * Shugaban, Kwamitin Majalisar Wakilai na AD HOC don Bincike da Ƙayyade Dalilin da ya sa ba a sanya Complexes na Gabas don Amfani mafi Girma ba, 2019. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki, Kwamitin Shugaban kasa kan Shirye-shiryen Arewa maso Gabas (PCNI) 2016 - 2018. * Shugaban kasa, Ci gaban Jam'iyyar Democrat (Jam'iyyar Siyasa) 2008 - 2014. * Mai ba da kuɗi ga karamar hukuma, Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SDP), Yankin Karamar Hukuma ta Hong, Jihar Adamawa 1992 - 1993. * Sakataren Shirye-shiryen Jiha, Jam'iyyar United Nigeria Congress Party (UNCP), Jihar Adamawa, 1996 - 1998. * memba, Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kasa, Jam'iyyar Demokradiyya ta Jama'a (PDP) 1999. * Mai ba da kuɗi na ƙasa, Ci gaban Jam'iyyar Democrat (ACD) 2005 - 2006. * Shugaban, Kwamitin Fasaha, Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Jam'iyyun (IPAC) 2011 - 2014. * Tsohon memba na kasa, Action AC, Jam'iyyar Siyasa) 2006 - 2008. * memba, Kwamitin Zartarwa na Kasa, All Progressives Congress (APC). A ranar 22 ga watan Agustan 2023, Shugaban Najeriya, Bola Ahmed Tinubu ya nada Yakub a matsayin Darakta Janar na Kungiyar Taimako ta Fasaha ta Najeriya (wanda aka fi sani da Darakta na Kungiyar Taimakon Fasaha), wata hukuma a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Tarayya, Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adedayo |first=Hakeem |date=2023-08-22 |title=President Tinubu appoints New CEOs In Two Agencies |url=https://nta.ng/2023/08/22/president-tinubu-appoints-new-ceos-in-two-agencies/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |website=Nigerian Television Authority - Africa's Largest TV Network |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608180926/https://nta.ng/2023/08/22/president-tinubu-appoints-new-ceos-in-two-agencies/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar iyali == == Kyautar == * Kyautar Doctorate ta Professional Fellowship ta Cibiyar Chartered Economists of Nigeria (ICEN) <ref>{{Cite web |last=newsrendezvousng |date=2023-12-10 |title=NTAC Boss Bags ICEN's Doctorate Honours, Dedicates Certificate to Pres. Tinubu |url=https://rendezvous.news.blog/2023/12/10/ntac-boss-buba-bags-icens-doctorate-dedicates-certificate-to-president-tinubu/ |access-date=2024-10-14 |website=News Rendezvous |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Jam'iyyar siyasa == Yakub memba ne na Jam'iyyar Gudanarwa ta Najeriya, All Progressives Congress (APC) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-17 |title=BUBA DESCRIBES PARTY AS A GROWING PAN- NIGERIA PLATFORM AS HE URGES NIGERIANS TO EMBRACE PARTY IN THEIR NUMBERS. - |url=https://www.thegreenlandnews.com.ng/2021/02/17/buba-describes-party-as-a-growing-pan-nigeria-platform-as-he-urges-nigerians-to-embrace-party-in-their-numbers/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608180925/https://www.thegreenlandnews.com.ng/2021/02/17/buba-describes-party-as-a-growing-pan-nigeria-platform-as-he-urges-nigerians-to-embrace-party-in-their-numbers/ |archive-date=8 June 2024 |access-date=2024-06-08 |language=en-US}}</ref> == __LEAD_SECTION__ == '''Yusuf Buba Yakub''' (an haife shi a ranar 13 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1968) ɗan siyasa ne a Tarayyar Najeriya ne kuma Darakta Janar na yanzu na Ƙungiyar Taimako ta Fasaha ta Najeriya tun daga shekara ta 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President Tinubu Appoints New Chief Executive Officers in Two Agencies and Directs Outgoing NIMC DG/CEO to Commence 90-Day Preretirement Leave – The Statehouse, Abuja |url=https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-tinubu-appoints-new-chief-executive-officers-in-two-agencies-and-directs-outgoing-nimc-dg-ceo-to-commence-90-day-preretirement-leave/ |access-date=2024-06-08 |language=en-US |archive-date=2024-06-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240608012232/https://statehouse.gov.ng/news/president-tinubu-appoints-new-chief-executive-officers-in-two-agencies-and-directs-outgoing-nimc-dg-ceo-to-commence-90-day-preretirement-leave/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance memba a Majalisar Wakilai (Nijeriya) wanda ke wakiltar Gombi da Hong a Majalisar Tarayya daga [[Adamawa|Jihar Adamawa]] daga shekarar 2015 zuwa shekara ta 2023. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1968]] pzg7vt9ptbg1ma3qujmwk9ud1qsoxxu 0 164687 915105 904040 2026-09-02T20:04:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Blessing Adeyemi Mobolade (an haife shi a ranar 12 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1979) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Finley |first=Bruce |date=May 17, 2023 |title=Colorado Springs residents for first time elect Black mayor |url=https://www.denverpost.com/2023/05/17/colorado-springs-elect-first-black-mayor-yemi-mobolade/ |access-date=May 18, 2023 |publisher=Denverpost.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 17, 2023 |title=Colorado Springs mayoral candidate questionnaire: Blessing "Yemi" Mobolade |url=https://www.cpr.org/2023/03/17/colorado-springs-mayoral-candidate-questionnaire-blessing-yemi-mobolade/ |access-date=June 8, 2023 |publisher=[[KRCC]]}}</ref> ɗan kasuwa ne kuma ɗan siyasan Amurka. Shi ne magajin gari na 42 na Colorado Springs, Colorado, an rantsar da shi a ranar 6 ga watan Yuni, a shekara ta 2023 . == Rayuwa ta farko da aiki == An haifi '''Yemi Mobolade''' kuma ya taso a '''Legas, Najeriya'''. Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a fannin '''kuɗi da harkar zuba jari''' a kamfanin ExxonMobil, yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta kasance '''malamar makarantar sakandare'''. Yana da babban ɗan’uwa guda ɗaya da ƙananan ’yan’uwa mata guda biyu. Iyayensa sun karɓi '''Addinin Kiristanci''' tun suna matasa, sannan suka nemi ilimi da ya taimaka musu wajen samun sana’o’in da suke yi. '''Addini yana da muhimmiyar rawa''' a rayuwar Mobolade da iyalinsa. Sunansa, '''Adeyemi''', yana nufin '''“rawanin ya dace da ni”''' (''the crown fits me''). Iyayensa sun ɗauki salon rayuwa na haɗa '''aikin addini da sana’a''', domin nuna cewa duka addini da ci gaban sana’a suna da muhimmanci a rayuwa.<ref name=":13">{{Cite web |last=Rabey |first=Steve |date=2023-08-20 |title=Yemi's journey: From Nigeria to America to Colorado Springs mayor |url=https://gazette.com/life/yemis-journey-from-nigeria-to-america-to-colorado-springs-mayor/article_667c5756-3bc6-11ee-8985-af6d366abffc.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250827212024/https://gazette.com/life/yemis-journey-from-nigeria-to-america-to-colorado-springs-mayor/article_667c5756-3bc6-11ee-8985-af6d366abffc.html |archive-date=2025-08-27 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Colorado Springs Gazette |language=en}}</ref> A watan '''Agustan a shekara ta''' 1997 ya yi ƙaura shi kaɗai zuwa '''Amurka'''. Ya halarci '''Bethel University''' da ke Indiana, wata makaranta mai zaman kanta ta Kirista. A shekarar '''2001''', ya kammala karatunsa a makarantar, inda ya samu '''digirin Bachelor of Science (BSc) a Computer Information Systems''' da kuma '''Bachelor of Arts (BA) a Business Administration'''. Daga baya, ya ci gaba da karatun digiri na gaba, inda ya samu '''digirin Master’s a Management and Leadership''' daga '''Indiana Wesleyan University'''. Haka kuma, ya samu '''Master of Divinity (M.Div.)''' daga '''A.W. Tozer Theological Seminary'''.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Keith |first=Tony |date=2023-03-04 |title=In-depth interview with City of Colorado Springs mayoral candidate Yemi Mobolade |url=https://www.kktv.com/2023/03/04/in-depth-interview-with-city-colorado-springs-mayoral-candidate-yemi-mobolade/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.kktv.com |language=en}}</ref> === Rayuwa ta mutum === Mobolade ya zama ɗan ƙasar Amurka a cikin sadu da matarsa, Abbey, a Indiana; suna da 'ya'ya uku.<ref name="gazette">{{Cite web |last=Jent |first=Breeanna |date=May 10, 2023 |title=Colorado Springs mayor's race: Yemi Mobolade looking to blaze a new trail as 'an agent of good disruption' |url=https://gazette.com/election-coverage/colorado-springs-mayors-race-yemi-mobolade-looking-to-blaze-a-new-trail-as-an-agent/article_96da5cbe-ebbb-11ed-93aa-1f8a5c8da4a9.html |access-date=May 16, 2023 |website=Colorado Springs Gazette}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Rascoe |first=Ayesha |date=May 21, 2023 |title=Colorado Springs Mayor-elect Yemi Mobolade reflects on his historic victory |url=https://www.npr.org/2023/05/21/1177391846/colorado-springs-mayor-elect-yemi-mobolade-reflects-on-his-historic-victory |access-date=June 4, 2023 |website=NPR}}</ref> Yanzu tana aiki a matsayin malami na cikakken lokaci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=brooke.nevins@gazette.com |first=Brooke Nevins |date=2023-05-12 |title=Meet Abbey Mobolade: Mayoral candidate's wife sees advocacy as a 'responsibility and a gift' |url=https://gazette.com/election-coverage/meet-abbey-mobolade-mayoral-candidates-wife-sees-advocacy-as-a-responsibility-and-a-gift/article_37214602-edaa-11ed-be34-6bf8465c8f7a.html |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Colorado Springs Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Yayinda yake Legas, Mobolade ya bayyana cewa ba shi da tarin abubuwan tunawa da yaro, wanda zai iya nuna alamar rauni na yaro.<ref name=":222">{{Cite web |last=Estabrook · |first=Rachel |date=2023-10-25 |title=Interview: Colorado Springs Mayor Yemi Mobolade on his journey to the U.S., the American Dream, and finding 'the real Yemi' |url=https://www.cpr.org/2023/10/25/colorado-springs-mayor-yemi-mobolade-interview-american-dream-politics/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Colorado Public Radio |language=en}}</ref> Ya girma a cikin al'adun Yoruba, wanda ƙauye ya girma.<ref name=":222" /> Ya fi mayar da hankali ga al'umma fiye da na mutum. Ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai son sani" tun yana ƙarami, yana tambayar abubuwan da ke kewaye da shi. Mahaifinsa da ke aiki a ExxonMobil yana nufin koyaushe yana tafi. Mobolade ya haɓaka dangantaka ta yaƙi da alaƙar ƙarancin sadarwa tare da mahaifinsa sakamakon rashin mahaifinsa.<ref name=":222" /> Duk da haka, har yanzu yana da daraja sosai ga dangi.<ref name=":222" /> Lokacin da Mobolade ya kusan shekara 30, <ref name=":222"/> ya fuskanci matsalar bangaskiya da kiwon lafiya tare da sauran batutuwan kiwon lafiya. Daga baya ya gano cewa yana da cututtukan rigakafi guda uku, ba tare da ba da cikakkun bayanai ba. Ya zaɓi ya fita yamma don ya kasance a waje da duwatsu.<ref name=":222" /> Ya koma Colorado a shekara ta 2010. Canjin Mobolade zuwa magajin gari ya faru ne ta hanyar alakarsa da cocin a Colorado Springs. Ƙungiyar Kirista da Missionary Alliance sun hayar da Mobolade don buɗe sabon coci da aiki tare da shi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rabey |first=Steve |date=2023-08-20 |title=Yemi's journey: From Nigeria to America to Colorado Springs mayor |url=https://gazette.com/life/yemis-journey-from-nigeria-to-america-to-colorado-springs-mayor/article_667c5756-3bc6-11ee-8985-af6d366abffc.html |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Colorado Springs Gazette |language=en}}</ref> Mobolade ya kafa gidajen cin abinci guda biyu, The Wild Goose da Good Neighbors Meeting House . Ya kuma kafa coci a cikin Christian and Missionary Alliance, kuma ya kasance shugaban hidima a Cocin Presbyterian na farko na Colorado Springs tsakanin shekara ta 2015 zuwa shekara 2017Mobolade ya kasance mataimakin shugaban riƙe kasuwanci na Colorado Springs' Chamber of Commerce daga Shekara ta 2017 zuwa shekara ta 2019 kuma manajan ci gaban kananan kasuwanci na Colorado Spring daga shekara ta 2019 zuwa shekara ta 2022.<ref name=":03">{{Cite web |date=2024-11-05 |title=Blessing "Yemi" Mobolade: International Student, Ministry Leader, and Mayor |url=https://triangle.indwes.edu/yemi-mobolade/#:~:text=In%20August%201996,%20when%20Mobolade,States%20was%20a%20difficult%20one. |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Triangle Magazine {{!}} Indiana Wesleyan University |language=en}}</ref> A cikin wannan rawar, an ba Mobolade aiki tare da inganta ci gaban kasuwanci wanda ke jan hankalin aiki da kasuwanci ga birni.<ref name=":13"/> == Magajin garin Colorado Springs == Mobolade ya sanar da takararsa a matsayin magajin gari na Colorado Springs a Zaben 2023 a matsayin Dan siyasa mai zaman kansa a watan Afrilun a shekara A cikin zaben fidda gwani na jam'iyya, wanda aka gudanar a ranar 4 ga Afrilu, Mobolade ya kammala a matsayi na farko a cikin 'yan takara 12 tare da kashi 29 cikin 100 na kuri'un, yana ci gaba zuwa zaben na biyu da aka yi da dan jam'iyyar Republican Wayne W. Williams, tsohon sakataren jihar, wanda ya samu kashi 20. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Zubeck |first=Pam |date=April 5, 2023 |title=Mobolade faces Williams in Springs mayoral runoff |url=https://www.csindy.com/news/mobolade-faces-williams-in-springs-mayoral-runoff/article_25fbb38a-d3f1-11ed-956d-3375fff72d49.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230517030513/https://www.csindy.com/news/mobolade-faces-williams-in-springs-mayoral-runoff/article_25fbb38a-d3f1-11ed-956d-3375fff72d49.html |archive-date=May 17, 2023 |access-date=April 5, 2023 |website=Colorado Springs Indy}}</ref> Mobolade ya kayar da Williams a zaben da aka yi a ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, kashi 57 cikin dari zuwa kashi 43, ya zama magajin gari na farko da aka zaba a matsayin magajin gari kuma magajin gari wanda ba na Jamhuriyar Republican ba na farko a birnin (Leon Young, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin magaji na wucin gadi a shekarar 1997, shi ne magajin gari baƙi na farko duk da cewa Majalisar Birnin ta nada shi). <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Mayoral election in Colorado Springs, Colorado (2023) |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Mayoral_election_in_Colorado_Springs,_Colorado_(2023) |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Ballotpedia |language=en}}</ref><ref name="Mannion">{{Cite web |last=Mannion |first=Hillary |author-link= |date= |title=Leon Young |url=https://www.cspm.org/articles/leon-young/ |access-date=January 24, 2021 |website=[[Colorado Springs Pioneer Museum]]}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Mai neman takara !Jimlar kuri'u !% na jefa kuri'a |- |Yemi Mobolade |32,429 |29.8% |- |Wayne W. Williams |20,908 |19.2% |- |Sallie Clark |19,384 |17.8% |- |Darryl Glenn |9,470 |8.7% |- |Longinos Gonzales Jr. |8,622 |7.9% |- |Jonathan Tiehen |5,405 |5.0% |- |Andrew Dalby |4,825 |4.4% |- |Tom Strand |2,597 |2.4% |- |Lawrence Martinez |1,823 |1.7% |- |Christopher Mitchell |1,248 |1.1% |- |Kaplan Rodebaugh |1,129 |1.0% |- |Jim Miller |948 |0.9% |} Runoff na Mayoral <ref>{{Cite web |title=2023-05-16_election_-_official_statement_of_votes_cast.pdf {{!}} City of Colorado Springs |url=https://coloradosprings.gov/document/2023-05-16election-officialstatementofvotescast.pdf |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=coloradosprings.gov}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ |Mai neman takara |Jimillar kuri'u |% na kuri'u |- |Yemi Mobolade |71,491 |57.51% |- |Wayne W. Williams |52,812 |42.49% |} == Matsayi na siyasa == === Shige da fice === A matsayinsa na baƙo da kansa, Mobolade ya lura da rikitarwa da wahalar hanyoyin shari'a game da shige da fice.<ref name=":222"/> Mobolade ya ambaci shige da fice daga iyakar kudu maso yamma a cikin wata sanarwa a farkon 2024. Ya ba da fifiko ga mazauna yanzu da ke amfana daga dala masu biyan haraji akan sabbin baƙi. Ya lakafta tsarin shige da fice a kan iyakar kudanci a matsayin "rikice" kuma ya bayyana a fili cewa Colorado Springs ba birni ne mai tsarki ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mayor Yemi's statement regarding southwest migrants {{!}} City of Colorado Springs |url=https://coloradosprings.gov/news/mayor-yemis-statement-regarding-southwest-migrants |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=coloradosprings.gov}}</ref> Yana tallafawa aikin kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na al'umma har zuwa yanzu don samar da gidaje na wucin gadi ga baƙi waɗanda suka sami hanyar zuwa Colorado Springs, amma ya jaddada cewa albarkatunsu suna da iyaka. Ya ci gaba da hulɗa da mafaka masu zaman kansu da kuma Ofishin Gudanar da Gaggawa na Yankin Pikes Peak . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mobolade |first=Yemi |date=2024-02-04 |title=GUEST COLUMN: City prepared to monitor and respond to migrants {{!}} Yemi Mobolade |url=https://gazette.com/opinion/guest-column-city-prepared-to-monitor-and-respond-to-migrants-yemi-mobolade/article_05144706-c2aa-11ee-bcbf-a769b490129a.html |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Colorado Springs Gazette |language=en |archive-date=2024-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240304075134/https://gazette.com/opinion/guest-column-city-prepared-to-monitor-and-respond-to-migrants-yemi-mobolade/article_05144706-c2aa-11ee-bcbf-a769b490129a.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Tsaron jama'a === Yana neman ya kashe direbobin da ba su da aminci ta hanyar mai da hankali kan saurin gudu da amfani da barasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-24 |title=WATCH: A recap of Mayor Mobolade's monthly press briefing |url=https://www.koaa.com/news/covering-colorado/watch-a-recap-of-mayor-mobolades-monthly-press-briefing |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=KOAA News 5 |language=en}}</ref> A lokacin da yake ofis, an ƙaddamar da shirin radar mai sauri kuma an aiwatar da shi a Yankunan makaranta, wuraren gini, wuraren zama, da wuraren da ke kusa da wuraren shakatawa.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-06-06 |title=June 6: Mayor Yemi hits first year mark with track record of positive accomplishments |url=https://www.fox21news.com/news/june-6-mayor-yemi-hits-first-year-mark-with-track-record-of-positive-accomplishments/ |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=FOX21 News Colorado |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Mobolade yana so ya rufe gibin da ke cikin karancin jami'an [[Ɗan sanda|'yan sanda]] a Colorado Springs. Yana fatan isa ga darajar "ƙarfin da aka ba da izini" na jami'ai 818.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-07 |title=Year one: A look at Mayor Mobolade's progress |url=https://www.koaa.com/news/covering-colorado/year-one-a-look-at-mayor-mobolades-progress |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=KOAA News 5 |language=en}}</ref> === Infrastructure === A farkon wa'adinsa, Ballot Issue 2C ya riga ya fara aiki. An yi amfani da harajin tallace-tallace don gyara hanyoyi da yawa a Colorado Springs, gami da ta hanyar zuba kankare da shimfiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-25 |title=Mayor addresses crime, homelessness and roads |url=https://news.yahoo.com/news/mayor-addresses-crime-homelessness-roads-022002267.html?guccounter=1 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=Yahoo News |language=en-US}}</ref> Mobolade ta goyi bayan 2C kuma ta nuna godiya ga sake wucewa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MSN |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/us/mayor-mobolade-expresses-gratitude-for-passing-of-2c/ar-AA1tE086 |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=www.msn.com}}</ref> A cewar ofishin Mobolade, a cikin shekara ta farko a ofis, an cika ramuka 101,181 kuma an shigar da alamomi don Yankunan biyar na makaranta. Tare da kudade daga shirin 2C, an gina daidai da mil 179 na hanyoyi da mil 47.5 na hanya a Colorado Springs. An kuma gina tashar wuta ta 24 a wannan lokacin. Tare da burin fadada iyakokin birni, Mobolade ya tsara wani shiri mai taken AnnexCOS . <ref name=":0"/> === Gidaje === Mobolade yana da shirin matakai da yawa don magance batun rashin gida a Colorado Springs. Yana da niyyar daidaita adanawa wuraren jama'a tare da tabbatar da cewa mutanen da ba su da gida suna da wurin da za su yi barci. Don cimma wannan, yana da niyyar samar da kudade ga ayyukan gidaje da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Mobolade kuma tana tallafawa Shirin WorkCOS na Colorado Springs, wanda ke ba da damar aiki ga mutanen da ba su da gidaje.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-10 |title=Colorado Springs Mayor Yemi Mobolade delivers State of the City address highlighting works to improve the city |url=https://www.koaa.com/news/covering-colorado/colorado-springs-mayor-yemi-mobolade-delivers-state-of-the-city-address-highlighting-works-to-improve-the-city |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=KOAA News 5 |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2024, birnin yana fama da karancin gidaje saboda karuwar yawan jama'a. Mobolade yana ganin shi da fifiko don rufe gibin wadata-duka. Ya ce yana da mahimmanci a kiyaye ma'aikatan gari, kamar malamai da [[Ungozoma|ma'aikatan jinya]], a cikin birni. Ya kirkiro sashen Gidaje da Al'umma. Bugu da ƙari, gidaje masu araha 345 sun shiga gini a cikin shekara ta farko a matsayin magajin gari.<ref name=":0"/> === Ƙarfin tattalin arziki === Ɗaya daga cikin burin Mobolade a lokacin da ya shiga ofis shine karfafa ƙarfin tattalin arziki. Ya yi ƙoƙari ya tabbatar da wannan burin ta hanyoyi da yawa. Ya hayar da mai kula da ci gaban ma'aikata da kuma mai kula da kananan kamfanoni. Ya kuma gabatar da shirin Business Navigator, tare da burin taimakawa 'yan kasuwa wajen amfani da albarkatun gwamnati.<ref name=":0"/> == Bangaskiya da al'umma == Mobolade ya kafa COSILoveYou da CityServe Day, ƙungiyar ba da riba da kuma motsi wanda ke tattara majami'u sama da 100 daga ƙungiyoyi daban-daban don yin hidima a Colorado Springs.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mayor Yemi Mobolade {{!}} City of Colorado Springs |url=https://coloradosprings.gov/mayor-yemi-mobolade |access-date=2024-12-11 |website=coloradosprings.gov}}</ref> Ta hanyar COSILoveYou, Mobolade ya gina "City Gospel Movement" a Colorado Springs - haɗin gwiwa tsakanin majami'u na gida da shugabannin al'umma don canza birnin. A cikin 2023, masu sa kai 3,831 daga majami'u 72 sun taru don Ranar CityServe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home {{!}} cosiloveyou.com |url=https://cosiloveyou.com |access-date=2024-12-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin magajin gari na manyan birane 50 a Amurka * Jerin magajin gari na Colorado Springs, Colorado * Jerin magajin gari na farko na Afirka == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == {{S-start}} {{S-off}} {{S-bef}} {{S-ttl|title=Mayor of [[Colorado Springs, Colorado|Colorado Springs]]}} {{S-inc}} {{S-end}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kkndumqu4afqu3lfruqgk2t969oxmva 0 164871 914907 904922 2026-09-02T14:56:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914907 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wilhelmine von Schwertzell''' ( daga shekara ta 1787 zuwa shekara ta 1863) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bunzel |first=Anja |title=Johanna Kinkel Research in the Twenty-First Century {{!}} Women's Philharmonic Advocacy |url=https://wophil.org/kinkel/ |access-date=2022-11-09 |language=en-US}}</ref> marubuciya ce ta Jamusanci, mawaƙa, kuma masanin gargajiya wanda ya taimaka wa Wilhelm Grimm tattara tatsuniyoyi. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=29. Juli─01. September ¤ WTB: • Willingshäuser Malersymposium • - Künstlerkolonie Willingshausen |url=https://www.malerkolonie.de/index.php/id-29-juli01-september-wtb-willingshaeuser-malersymposium.html |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.malerkolonie.de |archive-date=2022-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221110000033/https://www.malerkolonie.de/index.php/id-29-juli01-september-wtb-willingshaeuser-malersymposium.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> An haifi Schwertzell a Willingshausen ga Luise Freiin von Bozenburg-Stadtfeld da Georg von Schwertzel . <ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Rebel |first=Hermann |date=1988 |title=Why Not 'Old Marie'... Or Someone Very Much like Her? A Reassessment of the Question about the Grimms' Contributors from a Social Historical Perspective |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4285654 |journal=Social History |volume=13 |issue=1 |pages=1–24 |doi=10.1080/03071028808567699 |issn=0307-1022 |jstor=4285654 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ba a san komai game da iliminta ba. Ta sadu da Wilhelm Grimm ta hanyar ɗan'uwanta Fritz, wanda ya yi karatu tare da Wilhelm a Kassel da Marburg . Wilhelm da Wilhelmine sun yi rubutu sosai; akalla 75 daga cikin wasikun su sun tsira.<ref name=":0"/> 'Yan uwan Grimm (Jacob da Wilhelm) sun tattara mutane ko tatsuniyoyi daga tushe da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle (www.dw.com) |first=Deutsche |title=Baśnie braci Grimm od 200 lat bawią nie tylko dzieci {{!}} DW {{!}} 19.12.2012 |url=https://www.dw.com/pl/ba%C5%9Bnie-braci-grimm-od-200-lat-bawi%C4%85-nie-tylko-dzieci/a-16466938 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=DW.COM |language=pl-PL}}</ref> Schwertzell ya ba da gudummawa aƙalla ɗaya: ''Gevatter Tod (Grim Reaper) ''. Ta kuma rubuta wani labari game da dutse na rune da dukiyar da aka binne a matsayin kyauta ga Wilhelm a ranar haihuwarsa.<ref name=":1"/> Heinrich Albert Probst ne ya buga waƙoƙin Schwertzell <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zwoelf Lieder von Göthe, Fouqué, Hebel, Tiek u. Uhland für eine, zwei und drei Sing-Stimmen mit Begleitung des Piano-Forte {{!}} WorldCat.org |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/931655004 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> (daga baya Kistner & Siegel). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kistner |url=https://imslp.org/wiki/Kistner |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=imslp.org}}</ref> Littattafanta sun hada da: == Littafin == * Leben und liebe eine Novelle [Rayuwa da Ƙauna: A Novella] (tare da Franz Horn da Julie von Reutern) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Schwertzell |first=Wilhelmine |title=Leben und Liebe eine Novelle |url=https://www.worldcat.org/title/1099357966 |access-date=2022-11-09 |website=www.worldcat.org |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 6avod8htaozrhfb0mty70omitz80coa 0 165302 914921 907285 2026-09-02T15:26:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Winnie Bamara''' (an haife ta a shekarar 1939 ko 1940; – 1987) ita ce mace 'yar asalin ƙasar Australiya ta farko da ta yi zane a salon Turawa na gaskiya. Ikonta na zana al'amuran da suka dace kuma daga tunawa kawai ya jawo hankalin jama'a a shekarun 1950. An yaba mata da "mace Albert Namatjira" == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Winnie Bamara a shekara ta 1939 <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=The Port Augusta City Council's Annual Report 2009-2010 |url=https://www.portaugusta.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0017/223703/Annual_Report_-_2009_2010.pdf |website=Port Augusta City Council}}</ref> ko 1940 <ref name=":0" /> a Tashar Nullarbor ta Kudu Australia kusa da Ooldea a kan layin Gabas da Yamma. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara bakwai, an kai ta tashar mishan ta Plymouth Brethren Umeewarra Aborigines kusa da babbar titin Port Augusta. Ta tuna da shan wahala daga "yashi" mai zafi a idanunta ([[trachoma]], a zahiri), don magani wanda Winnie ta kwashe watanni uku a Asibitin Yara na Adelaide kuma a can ma ta kamu da cutar shan inna, amma ba a lura da wannan ba har sai bayan ta koma tashar mishan. Polio ya shafi hannun hagu na Winnie wanda ya fi na dama. Daga baya, ta kuma sha wahala daga [[Ciwon suga|Ciwon sukari]]. [[Fayil:Winnie_Bamara_Painting,_22.3cm_x_17cm.jpg|thumb|Hoton Winnie Bamara. 22.3cm x 17cm. Mai shi ne ya ɗora shi.]] == Kwarewar fasaha == Ta halarci [[makarantar mishan]], wani gini mai cike da ƙarfe, inda aka lura cewa lokacin da take asibiti ya shafi iliminta, amma malaminta Miss M. Cantle ya lura kuma ya ƙarfafa iyawarta ta zana, ya ba ta akwatin watercolours wanda aka gano cewa, ba tare da wani umarni ba, za ta iya yin zane-zane a kusa da Port Augusta, gaba ɗaya daga ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya. A cikin wata hira da jarida ta 1957 Cantle ya ruwaito; {{Blockquote|"On outings to the Flinders Range, Minnie [sic] seems able to make a mental photograph of a landscape in three-dimensional colour. She does no sketching or painting on the spot but paints the scene in watercolour at the mission."<ref>'A Namatjira in skirts,' ''The Sydney Morning Herald'', Sunday, Oct 27, 1957, p.13</ref>}} Bamara ta zama malama a Makarantar Ofishin Jakadancin a cikin shekaru 20. Bamara ta image-making ya kasance a cikin Yammacin wakilci style kuma an yaba ta da "matsayin hoto". Ita ce mace ta farko ta asalin Australiya da aka sani da yin aiki a cikin hanyar gaskiya. Kokarin samar mata da darussan a cikin karatun wasiƙa, kuma daga mai zane-zane mai ziyara, ya zama mara amfani, kuma Cantle ta goyi bayan bukatar saurayi mai zane don koyo da kanta. Duk da haka, a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1957 malamai a Makarantar Fasaha ta Kasa a Sydney, wacce ta ba da karatun wasiƙa, ta ba ta karatun kyauta kuma a watan Disamba ta tashi a can kuma ta kwashe mako guda a Makarantar, amma ba ta da hankali sosai don yin magana da malamai ko abokan ɗalibai. Shugaban makarantar, Mista L. Roy Davies, ya ce: "Yana da ban mamaki cewa yarinya da ba a horar da ita ba a tashar mishan ta asali ya kamata ta zana hotuna masu kyau na kewaye da ita. " == Sunansa == Kwarewar Bamara ta ja hankalin Adelaide da jaridu na jihohi. A shekara ta 1959 mai daukar hoto David Beal, ya wuce aikin a kan hanyarsa ta dawowa daga wani aiki a arewacin Australia, ya tsaya don daukar hoto da misalai na aikinta. A wannan lokacin Ofishin Jakadancin ya cika da yara 59 da ke zaune a Gidan, wanda ke kula da wasu yara 49 da ke zaune akan Ajiyar tare da iyalansu. Jaridar Beal mai suna The Sunday Mail ta nuna sha'awar ƙarfafawa da tallata ayyukanta, kuma ta ɗauki nauyin wani baje koli a Adelaide a ɗakin karatu na jama'a da ke North Terrace a watan Fabrairun 1959, inda aka buɗe bikin, wanda Magajin Garin Port Augusta na wancan lokacin, Mr Lyn Riches, wanda shi ma Kakakin Majalisar Adelaide ne ya jagorance ta. Saboda haka, ya gabatar da manyan mutane da yawa na Australiya da na ƙasashen waje ga zane-zanen Winnie. Shahararren ɗan jaridar Kudancin Ostiraliya Sir Lloyd Dumas ya buɗe shirin ga masu sauraro 200, kuma, waɗanda baƙi 8,000 suka gani, ya ƙare. == Ayyukansa na baya == A shekara ta 1961 Bamara ta kammala shekarar farko ta karatu a [[Jami'ar Kudancin Australia|Makarantar Fasaha ta Kudancin Australia]] a Adelaide inda aka ba ta kyautar Frank da David Bulbeck don mafi kyawun ɗalibai a cikin mai a wannan shekarar. Ta nuna a cikin 1963 a cikin Advertiser Open-Air Art Exhibition . Lokacin da Anita Staude ta yi hira da Winnie a Ceduna a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1984 Bamara har yanzu tana zanen a shekara arba'in da biyar, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bamara |first=Winnie |last2=Staude |first2=Anita |date=13 December 1984 |title=Winnie Bamara interviewed by Anita Staude at Ceduna (summary of transcript) |url=https://archival.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/prg/PRG824_1_13_Mattingley_WinnieBamara.pdf |website=State Library of South Australia}}</ref> kuma a shekarar 1985 an ba ta $ 1400 don sayen kayan fasaha daga Hukumar Fasaha ta Aboriginal. A shekarar 1987, Bamara, wacce ke zaune kusa da Maralinga, ta samar da wani zane na wani fosta da ke nuna adawa da gwajin nukiliya a Maralinga, don Majalisar Australiya don Kwantar da Hankali da Zaman Lafiya don Ranar Maralinga, 1987 wanda mujallar Common Ground ta shirya tare da goyon bayan mutanen al'ummar Maralinga-Tjarutja. Hotonta ya nuna fashewar bam din nukiliya a filayen Maralinga yayin da wasu 'yan asalin ƙasar uku ke tsaye suna kallo, tare da rubutun da ke tattauna tarihin gwajin bam din nukiliya na Gwamnatin Burtaniya a Maraling a takaice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Poster, nuclear testing at Maralinga, paper, ink on paper, Australia, [1980-1990] |url=https://collection.maas.museum/object/344249 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422011224/https://collection.maas.museum/object/344249 |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=2020-08-01 |website=collection.maas.museum |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A cikin shekarun 1960 Bamara ta auri William Fredrick Smith (1942 - 2014) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Division |first=Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation |title=1083/44 - Volume 44: Images 8701-8981 - SAMA 1083 Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation Division |url=http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/sama1083/1083-44.htm |access-date=2020-08-02 |website=archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au |language=en-gb |archive-date=2019-04-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402024858/http://archives.samuseum.sa.gov.au/sama1083/1083-44.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> kuma 'ya'yansu sune Russell, Robyn, Anthony, da Shona, da Eugene da Lillian, wadanda dukansu sun mutu a lokacin mutuwarsa <ref>{{Cite web |title=TRIBUTES |url=http://tributes.adelaidenow.com.au/notice/72702066 |access-date=2020-08-01 |website=tributes.adelaidenow.com.au }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> An lura da ita a matsayin "matattu" Winnie Bamara a cikin mutuwar mijinta Smith na 2014 a cikin Adelaide Advertiser . Winnie ta mutu a Asibitin Royal Adelaide a shekarar 1987.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yumpu.com |title=Annual Report 2008/2009 - Port Augusta - SA.Gov.au |url=https://www.yumpu.com/en/document/read/50959822/annual-report-2008-2009-port-augusta-sagovau |access-date=2026-02-15 |website=yumpu.com |language=en}}</ref> An binne ta a cikin Babban Kabari na Port Augusta tare da Nellie Bamara . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Port Augusta General Cemetery |url=https://www.australiancemeteries.com.au/sa/pt_augusta/ptaugustacarldata.htm |access-date=2020-08-07 |website=www.australiancemeteries.com.au}}</ref> == Karɓar baƙi == A kan kallon aikinta kafin nune-nunen farko, darektan National Gallery of Australia Robert Campbell ya ce; {{Blockquote|"I understand that Winnie Bambara [sic] has had no tuition or contact with other watercolour painters, and so it was a surprise to find that her work was so sophisticated, suggesting that she had studied the work of some of the earlier English watercolorists. While obviously we cannot expect a high standard in the work of so young an artist, it is interesting to find that there is not even a hint of the primitive outlook of some of the [[Arrernte people|Aranda]] artists. How she will develop and whether some guidance would really be helpful it is difficult to say."}} Rubuta a cikin The Canberra Times game da "Aboriginal Art Show" a Kwalejin Kimiyya a Acton, Canberra, inda aka nuna aikinta tare da na Gordon Waye da Bill Lennon, mai sukar Melbourne [[John Reed (mai kula da zane-zane)|John Reed]] ya kira ta "kyauta", yana kwatanta aikinta da na ɗan gudun hijirar Belgium da mai zane-zane na Australiya Henri Bastin . Marubutan da masu sukar sau da yawa suna kwatanta Bamara da Albert Namatjira, kodayake yanzu ba a tuna da ita sosai ba. Shugaba a Makarantar Fasaha ta Kasa L. Ron Davies ya ba da rahoton cewa; {{Blockquote|She has been shown examples of Namatjira’s work but has not tried to model her style on them. I’ve been told that after seeing Namatjira’s work she said, ‘That is his country. My country is different,’ and she went on painting in her own style."<ref name=":5" />}} Ayyukan Bamara tun daga lokacin sun fi raguwa daga hankali kuma a gwanjo a cikin 2015 aikinta a kan takarda ya kawo $ 110 kawai, kuma zane-zanenta kasa da $ 100.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Buying or Selling - Bamara, Winnie - Australian Art Auction Records |url=https://www.artrecord.com/index.cfm/artist/12689-bamara-winnie/buying-or-selling/ |access-date=2020-08-01 |website=www.artrecord.com}}</ref> == Nuni == * 1959: Nunin zane-zane na Winnie Bamara: wanda The Sunday Mail ya tallafawa, ɗakin karatu na jama'a, North Terrace, 17-24 Fabrairu * 1963: ''Mai tallatawa'' Aikin Fasaha na sararin samaniya, Adelaide * 1974: Nuni na Fasaha na Aboriginal a Kwalejin Kimiyya a Acton, Canberra * 2010, Mayu: ''Winnie Bamara - Yarinyar mai jin kunya tare da idanu masu daukar hoto'', Cibiyar Al'adu ta Port Augusta <ref name=":2" /> == Tarin abubuwa == An gabatar da zanen Bamara ga Shugaba Sukarno na [[Indonesiya|Indonesia]], kuma [[Philip Mountbatten|Yarima Philip]] ya sayi daya. * Gidan Tarihi na Kasa na Ostiraliya == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 00ntxkmj6dfadioe7xjq8du6xs3sy09 0 165370 915259 907742 2026-09-03T05:38:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915259 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Abdullah Al-Dawsari''' ( A Arabic: عبد الله الدوسري; An haife shi a 23 ga watan June 1990) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne ɗan ƙasar Saudiyya, wanda a halin yanzu yake taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron baya <ref>{{Cite web |title=عبدالله مبارك الدوسري - Abdullah Al Dawsari |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=38743 |access-date=2026-08-25 |archive-date=2022-08-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220817083416/https://www.kooora.com/?player=38743 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === ; Al-Hilal * Saudi Professional League: 2009-10, 2010-112010–11 * Kofin Yarima na Saudiyya: 2009-10, 2010-11, 11-12, 2012-132012–13 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|abdullah-al-dossri/66848}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1990]] t1lnzra0nwn9zujy4tm0exeubfe5qds 0 165575 914880 909684 2026-09-02T14:15:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wasan rarraba giya''' (wanda kuma aka sani da '''wasan giya''' ) wasa ne na ilimi wanda ake amfani da shi don fuskantar matsalolin daidaitawa na yau da kullun na tsarin samar da kayayyaki. Yana nuna kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo inda mahalarta da dama ke wasa da juna. Wasan yana wakiltar sarkar samar da kayayyaki tare da tsari mara tsari inda matsaloli ke tasowa saboda rashin raba bayanai. <ref name="SCA">{{Cite web |title=Beer Game {{!}} Simulation Based Game for Supply Chain Managers |url=https://www.supplychain-academy.net/beer-game/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=Supply Chain Academy |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-09-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928152748/https://supplychain-academy.net/beer-game/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan wasan yana bayyana mahimmancin raba bayanai, kula da sarkar samar da kayayyaki da kuma haɗin gwiwa a duk tsawon tsarin sarkar samar da kayayyaki . Saboda rashin bayanai, masu samar da kayayyaki, masana'antun, masu sayar da kayayyaki da abokan ciniki galibi ba su da cikakken fahimtar menene ainihin buƙatar oda. Abin da ya fi ban sha'awa a wasan shi ne cewa kowace ƙungiya ba ta da iko a kan wani ɓangare na sarkar samar da kayayyaki. Saboda haka, kowace ƙungiya tana da iko mai mahimmanci kawai akan ɓangarenta na sarkar samar da kayayyaki. Kowace ƙungiya za ta iya yin tasiri sosai ga dukkan sarkar samar da kayayyaki ta hanyar yin odar da yawa ko ƙasa da haka wanda zai iya haifar da tasirin bullwhip . Saboda haka, tsarin da ƙungiya za ta bi ya dogara sosai kan shawarar sauran ƙungiyoyin. <ref name="TBG">{{Cite web |date=2019-03-02 |title=The Beergame |url=https://beergame.org/the-game/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=beergame.org |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == Jay Wright Forrester ne ya ƙirƙiro Wasan Giya a Makarantar Gudanarwa ta MIT Sloan a shekarar 1960. Wasan giya ya samo asali ne sakamakon aikinsa kan yanayin tsarin . <ref name="TBG" /> == Dokoki == A cikin wasan giya, mahalarta sun tsara tsarin samar da kayayyaki mai matakai huɗu. Aikin shine samar da kuma isar da giyar: masana'antar tana samarwa, sauran matakai uku kuma tana isar da giyar har sai ta isa ga abokin ciniki a ƙarshen sarkar. Manufar wasan ita ce biyan buƙatun abokan ciniki tare da ƙarancin kashe kuɗi akan oda da kaya. Ana buga wasan a zagaye 24 kuma a kowane zagaye na wasan dole ne a yi matakai huɗu masu zuwa: # Duba isarwa: Nawa ne adadin giya da ake bayarwa ga ɗan wasa daga dillalin. # Duba oda: Nawa na'urorin da abokin ciniki ya yi oda. # Isayar da giya: Isayar da giya gwargwadon iyawar ɗan wasa don biyan buƙata (a cikin wannan wasan ana yin matakin ta atomatik). # Yi shawarar oda: Ka yanke shawara kan adadin raka'o'in da ake buƙata don yin oda don adana kaya. Kamar yadda aka faɗa a baya, akwai matakai huɗu, masu ƙera kayayyaki, masu rarrabawa, masu samar da kayayyaki, da masu sayar da kayayyaki, tare da tazarar sadarwa ta makonni biyu zuwa ga masu samar da kayayyaki zuwa ga masu samar da kayayyaki da kuma jinkirin samar da kayayyaki na makonni biyu zuwa ga masu samar da kayayyaki zuwa ga masu samar da kayayyaki. Akwai kuɗin maki ɗaya don riƙe kayan da suka wuce gona da iri da kuma kuɗin maki ɗaya ga duk wani abin da ya rage (tsohon abin da ya rage + oda - kayan da ake da su a yanzu). A cikin sigar wasan allo, 'yan wasa ba za su iya ganin komai ba sai abin da aka sanar da su ta hanyar takarda da lambobi a kansu, suna nuna oda ko samfur. Dillalin yana ɗaukar kaya daga kan kati don abin da abokin ciniki ke buƙata, kuma mai ƙera ya yi oda wanda, a sakamakon haka, ya zama samfuri cikin makonni huɗu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-01-16 |title=Understanding the Beer Game - transentis.com - |url=https://www.transentis.com/understanding-the-beer-game/ |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=transentis.com |language=en-US}}</ref> 'Yan wasa suna kallon junansu a cikin tsarin samar da kayayyaki, suna ƙoƙarin gano inda abubuwa ke tafiya ba daidai ba. Ƙungiyar ko sarkar samar da kayayyaki da ta cimma mafi ƙarancin jimillar kuɗaɗen da aka kashe. A ƙarshen tattaunawar, an bayyana cewa waɗannan ji sun zama ruwan dare kuma cewa halayen da suka dogara da waɗannan ji a cikin sarƙoƙin samar da kayayyaki suna haifar da tasirin bugun zuciya . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sterman |first=John D. |date=March 1989 |title=Modeling Managerial Behavior: Misperceptions of Feedback in a Dynamic Decision Making Experiment |journal=Management Science |language=en |volume=35 |issue=3 |pages=321–339 |doi=10.1287/mnsc.35.3.321 |issn=0025-1909 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wasan ya nuna ta wata hanya mai jan hankali tasirin rashin fahimtar tsarin da kuma rashin sadarwa mai kyau ga ko da sarkar samar da kayayyaki mai sauƙi da manufa. Duk da cewa 'yan wasa galibi suna nuna rashin cikakken bayani game da odar abokan ciniki a matsayin babban dalilin rashin kyawun aikin ƙungiyar a wasan, nazarin mafi ƙarancin maki da za a iya samu ta amfani da dabarun da suka fi dacewa a ƙarƙashin yanayi daban-daban yana nuna ƙimar da ake tsammani na cikakken bayani na 0 don wasan da aka saba, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Thompson |first=Kimberly M. |last2=Badizadegan |first2=Nima D. |date=2015 |title=Valuing Information in Complex Systems: An Integrated Analytical Approach to Achieve Optimal Performance in the Beer Distribution Game |url=http://authors.library.caltech.edu/65681/1/07360108.pdf |journal=IEEE Access |volume=3 |pages=2677–2686 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2015.2505730 |issn=2169-3536 |doi-access=free}}</ref> kuma kwaikwayon da ya haɗa da ba wa 'yan wasa cikakken bayani har yanzu ya nuna rashin kyawun aikin ƙungiyar. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Croson |first=Rachel |last2=Donohue |first2=Karen |last3=Katok |first3=Elena |last4=Sterman |first4=John |date=2005 |title=Order Stability in Supply Chains: Coordination Risk and the Role of Coordination Stock |journal=APA PsycExtra |doi=10.1037/e640112011-046 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> == Sarkar samar da kayayyaki == Sarkar samar da kayayyaki ita ce hanyar sadarwa tsakanin kamfani da masu samar da kayayyaki don samarwa da rarraba wani takamaiman samfur ga mai siye na ƙarshe. Wannan hanyar sadarwa ta ƙunshi ayyuka daban-daban, mutane, ƙungiyoyi, bayanai, da albarkatu. Tsarin samar da kayayyaki kuma yana wakiltar matakan da ake ɗauka don isar da samfurin ko sabis daga yanayinsa na asali zuwa ga abokin ciniki. Kamfanoni ne ke haɓaka hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki don su iya rage farashinsu kuma su ci gaba da yin gogayya a fannin kasuwanci. Yana da mahimmanci a fahimci yadda ake sarrafa tsarin samar da kayayyaki ta hanyar da ta dace. Gudanar da sarkar samar da kayayyaki (SCM) shine kula da kwararar kayayyaki da ayyuka kuma ya haɗa da dukkan hanyoyin da ke canza kayan aiki zuwa samfuran ƙarshe. Ya ƙunshi daidaita ayyukan kasuwanci ta hanyar samar da kayayyaki don haɓaka ƙimar abokin ciniki da kuma samun fa'ida a kasuwa. SCM tana wakiltar ƙoƙarin da masu samar da kayayyaki ke yi na haɓaka da aiwatar da hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki waɗanda suka fi inganci da tattalin arziki gwargwadon iko. Tsarin samar da kayayyaki ya shafi komai tun daga samarwa zuwa haɓaka samfura har zuwa tsarin bayanai da ake buƙata don jagorantar waɗannan ayyukan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kenton |first=Will |title=How Supply Chains Work |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/supplychain.asp |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> Yawanci, SCM tana ƙoƙarin sarrafa ko haɗa samarwa, jigilar kaya, da rarrabawa samfura a tsakiya. Ta hanyar sarrafa tsarin samar da kayayyaki, kamfanoni suna iya rage farashi mai yawa da kuma isar da kayayyaki ga masu amfani da sauri. Ana yin hakan ne ta hanyar kiyaye tsauraran matakan kula da kaya na cikin gida, samarwa na cikin gida, rarrabawa, tallace-tallace, da kuma tarin kayayyaki na masu sayar da kayayyaki na kamfani. SCM ta dogara ne akan ra'ayin cewa kusan kowace samfurin da ke zuwa kasuwa yana samo asali ne daga ƙoƙarin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban waɗanda suka samar da sarkar samar da kayayyaki. Duk da cewa hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki sun wanzu tsawon shekaru, yawancin kamfanoni kwanan nan ne suka mai da hankali a kansu a matsayin wani ƙarin daraja ga ayyukansu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hayes |first=Adam |title=Supply Chain Management (SCM): What You Need to Know |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/scm.asp |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=Investopedia |language=en}}</ref> == Tasirin bulala == Tasirin bulala (ko tasirin bulala ko whipsaw) sanannen alama ce ta matsalolin daidaitawa a cikin hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na gargajiya. Yana nufin rawar da adadin oda na lokaci-lokaci ke takawa yayin da mutum ke tafiya sama a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki zuwa ƙarshen samarwa. Ko da lokacin da buƙata ta tabbata, ƙananan bambance-bambance a cikin wannan buƙatar, a cikin shagunan sayar da kayayyaki, suna ƙara haɓaka kansu sosai ta hanyar sarkar samar da kayayyaki. Sakamakon da ya biyo baya shine cewa adadin oda ya zama ba daidai ba. Mako guda ɗaya mai zafi sosai, sannan sifili na gaba. An fara amfani da kalmar ne a kusan shekarar 1990 lokacin da [[Procter & Gamble]] ya fahimci cewa tsarin tsari mara kyau da kuma ƙaru a cikin tsarin samar da jarirai na jarirai. Sakamakon tasirin bullwhip, akwai rashin inganci iri-iri a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki: <ref name="SCA" /> * manyan matakan hannun jari (aminci) * matakan sabis na abokin ciniki mara kyau * rashin amfani da ƙarfin aiki * matsalolin da suka shafi hasashen buƙatu * a ƙarshe farashi mai tsada da ƙarancin matakan amincewa tsakanin kamfanoni Duk da cewa tasirin ba sabon abu bane, har yanzu matsala ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci a cikin hanyoyin samar da kayayyaki na zamani. Gabaɗaya, dalilan da ke haifar da tasirin bullwhip sune: <ref name="SCA" /> * Yin oda a cikin sarkar: Yana faruwa ne lokacin da kowane memba a cikin sarkar ya yi odar adadi fiye da yadda yake buƙata, yana karkatar da adadin da aka buƙata na asali. * Canjin farashi: Rangwame na musamman da canje-canjen farashi na iya sa masu siye su yi amfani da damar, wanda ke haifar da samarwa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba da kuma gurɓataccen buƙata. * Amfani da bayanan buƙata ba bisa ƙa'ida ba: Lokacin da bayanan buƙatun da suka gabata don sabbin ƙiyasi ba sa la'akari da canje-canje. * Rashin sadarwa: Wannan na iya haifar da ƙuntatawa idan ba a gudanar da ayyuka yadda ya kamata ba, wannan yawanci yana faruwa ne lokacin da ƙungiyoyi suka gano buƙatar samfura daban-daban a cikin hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa daban-daban na sarkar samar da kayayyaki. * Manufofin dawo da kaya kyauta: Abokan ciniki na iya ƙara yawan buƙatu saboda ƙarancin kayayyaki, idan abokan ciniki ba za su iya mayar da kayayyaki ba, dillalai za su ci gaba da ƙara yawan buƙatunsu, soke oda da haifar da ƙarin kayayyaki ko kayayyaki. == Nau'o'i == Akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa yadda ake yin wasan giya. An yi bayani dalla-dalla kan hanyoyi daban-daban a ƙasa. === Wasan allo na gargajiya === Sigar gargajiya ta wasan giya wasan allo ne na zahiri inda mutane ke motsa abubuwa na gaske. Alamun da ke kan allon suna wakiltar oda da hannun jari na tsarin sarkar samar da kayayyaki. Babban rashin amfani shi ne cewa wannan nau'in wasan giya yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da sigar software. Bugu da ƙari, yana da matuƙar wahala a yi amfani da shi domin mutane suna buƙatar abubuwa na zahiri waɗanda ke wakiltar kaya a kan allon. Bugu da ƙari, matakan kaya na sauran matakan sarkar samar da kayayyaki a bayyane suke kuma saboda haka suna da wuyar ƙiyastawa. <ref name="TBG" /> === Sigar tebur === Jami'ar Klagenfurt ce ta gabatar da wannan nau'in wasan giya. Ana iya buga wasan ta amfani da takardun takarda inda 'yan wasa dole ne su rubuta lambobi a saman. Wannan nau'in wasan hanya ce mai amfani wajen jigilar kayayyaki da kayayyaki a cikin sarkar samar da kayayyaki. Bugu da ƙari, akwai mutum ɗaya da ke da matsayin mai lissafin kuɗi wanda ke lura da duk abin da ke faruwa. ==== An daidaita ==== Sigar tebur da aka daidaita sigar da aka faɗaɗa ce ta sigar tebur inda aka cire mai lissafin kuɗi don cimma wasa mafi sauƙi. Domin yin wannan wasan, ana buƙatar takardar lissafi da kwamfutar tafi-da-gidanka a kan kowane teburi. Ana amfani da kwamfyutocin tafi-da-gidanka don zanen gado na mutane, wanda ke kawar da haɗarin yin kuskuren lissafin matakan kaya. <ref name="TBG" /> === Software === Sigar software ta wasan giya hanya ce ta yanar gizo. Ana iya amfani da wannan hanyar ko dai a matsayin gwajin kwaikwayon ɗan wasa ɗaya ko kuma gwajin kwaikwayon wasan kwaikwayo na 'yan wasa da yawa. <ref name="TBG" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a0tx99t5cvrafg7jlfj0pz482w3o3i2 0 165706 915089 911457 2026-09-02T19:30:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915089 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yazmeen Ann Ryan''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1999) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai gaba ko kuma mai tsakiya ga Denver Summit FC na Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL) da ƙungiyar ƙwallon Kafa ta Amurka. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga TCU Horned Frogs kuma Portland Thorns FC ta tsara ta shida a cikin 2021 NWSL Draft . Ta yi wasa na shekaru biyu a Portland kafin ta shiga NJ / NJ/NY Gotham FC . Ryan ya lashe Gasar Zakarun NWSL sau biyu, kowannensu tare da Portland da Gotham. == Rayuwa ta farko == Ryan ya girma a Norman, Oklahoma, kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Norman North. Ta buga wa kungiyar Oklahoma Celtic wasa. A matsayinta na sabon shiga, ta jagoranci Norman North zuwa gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta mata ta farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Norman North soccer: Yazmeen Ryan selected 6th overall in NWSL draft |url=https://www.normantranscript.com/sports/high_school_sports/norman-north-soccer-yazmeen-ryan-selected-6th-overall-in-nwsl-draft/article_989a404a-5695-11eb-bc49-9b09f6dac2cb.html |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=The Norman Transcript}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Ryan ya shiga kungiyar TCU Horned Frogs a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya a shekarar 2017 kuma ya jagoranci tawagar a shekarar 2020. Ta jagoranci tawagar zuwa gasar zakarun Big 12 na farko; duk da haka, Ryan ya rasa wasan zakarun saboda rauni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 16, 2020 |title=TCU soccer makes history: A look into their record season |url=https://www.tcu360.com/2020/11/tcu-soccer-makes-history-a-look-into-their-record-season/ |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=TCU360}}</ref> Yayinda yake a kwaleji, Ryan ya buga wa Oklahoma City FC na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata kuma an sanya masa suna a cikin kulob din mafi kyawun XI.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Oklahoma City FC History |url=https://www.oklahomacityfc.com/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231118163821/https://www.oklahomacityfc.com/history |archive-date=November 18, 2023 |access-date=January 17, 2021 |website=Oklahomacityfc.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Ƙaya ta Portland === An tsara Ryan a No. 6 gabaɗaya ta Portland Thorns a cikin 2021 NWSL Draft . Ryan shine "babban burin" na Thorns. Bayan sun yi ƙoƙari su yi ciniki a cikin matsayi na 4, Thorns daga ƙarshe sun yi ciniki da zaɓuɓɓuka biyu daga baya tare da ramin ƙasa da ƙasa don matsawa don zaɓar Ryan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 14, 2021 |title=Meet The Draftees: Yazmeen Ryan |url=https://www.stumptownfooty.com/2021/1/14/22231230/meet-the-draftees-yazmeen-ryan-portland-thorns-fc-mark-parsons-tcu-horned-frogs-byu-midfielder |access-date=January 16, 2021 |website=Stumptown Footy |archive-date=January 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114183938/https://www.stumptownfooty.com/2021/1/14/22231230/meet-the-draftees-yazmeen-ryan-portland-thorns-fc-mark-parsons-tcu-horned-frogs-byu-midfielder |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ryan ya bayyana a cikin sahun farawa na Portland Thorns a gasar zakarun NWSL ta 2022 a ranar 29 ga Oktoba, 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yazmeen Ryan 2022 Match Logs |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/22502cce/matchlogs/2022/summary/Yazmeen-Ryan-Match-Logs |access-date=December 22, 2022 |website=FBRef}}</ref> === NJ/NY Gotham FC === A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2023, an sayar da Ryan zuwa NJ / NJ/NY Gotham FC a matsayin wani ɓangare na cinikin ƙungiyoyi uku. Ta yi mafi yawan bayyanar ga Gotham na kowane dan wasa a kakar 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Gotham FC Stats |url=https://fbref.com/en/squads/8e306dc6/2023/all_comps/Gotham-FC-Stats-All-Competitions |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=[[FBref.com]]}}</ref> Ta fara ne a gasar zakarun NWSL ta 2023, inda Gotham ta doke OL Reign 2-1 . === Houston Dash === Houston Dash ta sanar a ranar 7 ga Disamba, 2024, cewa sun sayi Ryan daga Gotham don musayar $ 80,000 a cikin kudaden canja wurin intra-league, $ 400,000 na kuɗin rabawa, da kuma wurin jerin sunayen duniya na NWSL na 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |last=FC |first=Houston Dynamo |title=Houston Dash Acquire Two-Time NWSL Champion Yazmeen Ryan from NJ/NY Gotham FC {{!}} Houston Dynamo |url=https://www.houstondynamofc.com/houstondash/news/houston-dash-acquire-two-time-nwsl-champion-yazmeen-ryan-from-nj-ny-gotham-fc |access-date=2024-12-27 |website=Houston Dynamo FC |language=en}}</ref> A cikin kakar wasa daya da ta yi a Houston, Ryan ta fara wasanni 24 kuma ta jagoranci Dash a duka kwallaye da harbe-harbe a raga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2026-03-19 |title=Denver Summit FC Acquires Yazmeen Ryan & Delanie Sheehan from Houston Dash |url=https://www.denversummitfc.com/news/player-signings/denver-summit-fc-acquires-yazmeen-ryan-delanie-sheehan-from-houston-dash/ |access-date=2026-03-20 |website=Denver FC |language=en-US}}</ref> === Taron Denver === A watan Maris na shekara ta 2026, Dash ta sayar da Ryan da abokin aiki Delanie Sheehan zuwa kungiyar fadada NWSL Denver Summit FC. . <ref name=":1" /> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Ryan ya buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar 'yan kasa da shekaru 18 ta Amurka a watan Afrilun 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. U-18 WNT overpowers Switzerland U-19 side 3-1 in friendly |url=https://www.soccerwire.com/news/u-s-u-18-wnt-overpowers-switzerland-u-19-side-3-1-in-friendly/}}</ref> da uku a kungiyar 'Yan kasa da shekaru 23 a watan Afrilu na 2019 <ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. U-18 Women's National Team draws Switzerland U-19s 1-1 |url=https://www.soccerwire.com/news/u-s-u-18-womens-national-team-plays-switzerland-u-19s-to-1-1-draw/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=U-23 WNT Opens La Manga Tournament in Spain with 1-0 Win Against Sweden |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/04/u23-wnt-opens-la-manga-tournament-in-spain-with-10-win-against-sweden |website=www.ussoccer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. U-23 WNT Falls to France 3-1 at La Manga Tournament in Spain |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2019/04/us-u23-wnt-falls-to-france-31-at-la-manga-tournament-in-spain |website=www.ussoccer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Twitter |url=https://x.com/USYNT/status/1116117063217700870}}</ref> Ta sami kira ta na farko zuwa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024 don yawon shakatawa na lambar zinare ta Olympics. Ryan ta samu lambar yabo ta farko a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2024, a cikin nasarar 3-1 a kan Iceland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Downs Iceland 3-1 in First Match Following Olympic Gold |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/10/usa-vs-iceland-score-result-highlights-match-recap-oct-24 |access-date=2024-10-25 |website=www.ussoccer.com |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiya === {{Updated|November 2, 2025}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Yazmeen Ryan - stats, career and market value |url=https://www.fotmob.com/players/1266129/yazmeen-ryan |access-date=2024-11-18 |website=www.ussoccer.com |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin{{Efn|Includes the [[NWSL Challenge Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Wasanni{{Efn|Includes [[NWSL Playoffs]].}} ! colspan="2" |Continental{{Efn|Includes [[CONCACAF W Champions Cup]].}} ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Portland Thorns FC |2021 | rowspan="2" |NWSL |10 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |11 |0 |- |2022 |18 |2 |5 |1 |2 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |3 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !28 !2 !5 !1 !3 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !36 !3 |- | rowspan="3" |NJ/NY Gotham FC |2023 | rowspan="2" |NWSL |21 |1 |6 |1 |3 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |30 |3 |- |2024 |25 |5 |1 |0 |2 |0 |3 |3 |4{{Efn|Includes the [[NWSL x Liga MX Femenil Summer Cup]]}} |1 |35 |9 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !46 !6 !7 !1 !5 !1 !3 !3 !4 !1 !65 !12 |- |Houston Dash |2025 |NWSL |22 |4 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |22 |4 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !96 !12 !12 !2 !8 !0 !3 !3 !4 !1 !123 !19 |} === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played October 29, 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ƙungiyar Ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Amurka |2024 |4 |0 |- |2025 |11 |2 |- |2026 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !16 !2 |} : ''Scores da sakamakon lissafin burin Amurka na farko, shafi na ci yana nuna ci bayan kowane burin Ryan.'' {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Jerin burin kasa da kasa da Yazmeen Ryan ya zira ! scope="col" |A'a. ! scope="col" |Ranar ! scope="col" |Wurin da ake ciki ! scope="col" |Abokin hamayya ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Sakamakon ! scope="col" |Gasar ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- | style="text-align:center" |1 |June 29, 2025 |Cincinnati, Ohio |{{Fbw|IRL}} | style="text-align:center" |3–0 | style="text-align:center" |4–0 | rowspan="2" |Abokantaka |<ref group="m" name="goal025">{{Cite web |date=June 29, 2025 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Defeats Ireland 4-0 to Reach 600 Wins in 40th Year of the USWNT Program |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2025/06/uswnt-lynn-biyendolo-ireland-alyssa-thompson |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center" |2 |July 2, 2025 |[[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]] |{{Fbw|CAN}} | style="text-align:center" |3–0 | style="text-align:center" |3–0 |<ref group="m" name="goal026">{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2025 |title=U.S. Women's National Team Rolls Past Canada 3-0 in Allstate Continental Clásico to Record Fifth Straight Shutout Win |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2025/07/uswnt-rolls-past-canada-3-0-sam-coffey-claire-hutton-goals |website=U.S. Soccer}}</ref> |- |} == Daraja == '''Portland Thorns FC''' * Gasar NWSL: 2022 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Azzi |first=Alex |date=October 30, 2022 |title=Portland Thorns win 2022 NWSL Championship, MVP Smith scores game winner |url=https://onherturf.nbcsports.com/2022/10/29/portland-thorns-win-2022-nwsl-championship/ |access-date=November 1, 2022 |website=On Her Turf |language=en-US}}</ref> '''NJ/NY Gotham FC''' * Gasar NWSL: 2023 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=November 11, 2023 |title=NWSL Championship highlights: Gotham FC crowned champions as Rapinoe, Krieger end careers |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/nwsl/2023/11/11/nwsl-championship-megan-rapinoe-live-updates-ol-reign-gotham-fc/71539239007/ |access-date=November 12, 2022 |website=USA Today |language=en-US}}</ref> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * NWSL na biyu XI: 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |last=NWSL |date=2024-11-18 |title=NWSL Announces Winners of 2024 NWSL Best XI Awards, presented by Amazon Prime {{!}} National Women's Soccer League Official Site |url=https://www.nwslsoccer.com/news/nwsl-announces-winners-of-2024-nwsl-best-xi-awards-presented-by-amazon-prime |access-date=2024-11-19 |website=NWSL |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] 6zksgsxh7e350nyqplluoixei3x4s0y 0 165768 915087 912026 2026-09-02T19:22:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915087 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yawan caji na shekara-shekara''' ('''APR'''), <ref>{{Cite web |title=EUR-Lex - 51996AC1091 - EN |url=http://eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:51996AC1091:EN:HTML |website=eur-lex.europa.eu}}</ref> wanda ya dace da wani lokaci ga '''APR mai suna''' kuma wani lokacin ga APR ('''EAPR'''), <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 May 2024 |title=Justice and Consumers |url=http://ec.europa.eu/consumers/rights/fin_serv_en.htm |website=European Commission - European Commission}}</ref> shine yawan riba na shekara guda (shekara), maimakon kawai kuɗin kowane wata, kamar yadda aka yi amfani da shi akan rance, rancen jinginar gida, [[katin bashi]], <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-10-14 |title=What is APR on a Credit Card? – Credit Police |url=https://creditpolice.net/what-is-apr-on-a-credit-card/ |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=CreditPolice |language=en-US}}</ref> da dai sauransu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the APR in the loan? |url=https://vayonline.vclick.vn/apr-la-gi-va-cach-tinh-apr |access-date= |website=vclick.vn |archive-date=2025-09-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250914053723/https://vayonline.vclick.vn/apr-la-gi-va-cach-tinh-apr |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wadannan kalmomi suna da ma'anar doka a wasu ƙasashe ko [[Yanke hukunci|hukunce-hukunce]] doka, amma a Amurka: <ref name="USfed" /> :* ''APR mai suna'' shine ƙimar riba mai sauƙi (na shekara guda). :* Matsakaicin APR shine kuɗin + riba mai yawa (wanda aka lissafa a fadin shekara guda). A wasu yankuna, kashi na shekara-shekara (APR) shine kwatankwacin sauƙaƙe ga ingancin riba wanda mai ba da bashi zai biya akan rance. A cikin ƙasashe da yawa da hukunce-hukunce, ana buƙatar masu ba da rance (kamar bankunan) don bayyana "farashin" rance ta wata hanya mai daidaitawa a matsayin hanyar [[Kariyar mabuƙaci|kariya ta mabukaci]]. An yi niyyar APR (mai tasiri) don sauƙaƙa kwatanta masu ba da rance da zaɓuɓɓukan rance. == Ma'anoni da yawa na APR mai tasiri == Ana lissafin APR mai suna ta hanyar ninka yawan riba don lokacin biyan kuɗi ta yawan lokutan biyan kuɗi a cikin shekara guda. Koyaya, ainihin ma'anar doka na "APR mai tasiri", ko EAR, na iya bambanta sosai a kowane iko, dangane da nau'in kudaden da aka haɗa, kamar kudaden shiga, kudaden Asalin rance, cajin sabis na kowane wata, ko kudaden marigayi. An kira ingantaccen APR da "gaskiya-gaskiya" a kowace shekara. Lissafi don ingantaccen APR, a matsayin kuɗin + riba mai yawa, na iya bambanta dangane da ko kudaden da aka biya na gaba, kamar asali ko kudaden shiga, an kara su zuwa duk adadin, ko kuma an bi da su azaman rancen gajeren lokaci saboda biyan kuɗi na farko. Lokacin da aka biya kuɗin farawa a matsayin biyan kuɗi na farko (s), ma'aunin da aka biya na iya ƙara riba, kamar yadda aka jinkirta ta hanyar ƙarin lokacin biyan kuɗi (s). Za'a iya lissafin ingancin kashi na shekara-shekara aƙalla hanyoyi uku: * ta hanyar kara yawan riba na kowace shekara, ba tare da la'akari da kudade ba; * ana ƙara kuɗin asali zuwa ma'auni saboda, kuma ana ɗaukar jimlar kuɗin a matsayin tushen ƙididdigar riba mai mahimmanci; * Kudin asali ana biyan su azaman rancen gajeren lokaci. Wannan rancen ya kamata a biya shi a cikin biyan kuɗi na farko (s), kuma an biya ma'aunin da ba a biya ba a matsayin rancen dogon lokaci na biyu. Ƙarin biyan kuɗi na farko (s) an sadaukar da shi don biyan kuɗin asali da cajin riba a wannan ɓangaren. Misali, la'akari da rancen $ 100 wanda dole ne a biya shi bayan wata daya, tare da 5%, tare da kuɗin $ 10. Idan ba a la'akari da kuɗin ba, wannan rancen yana da APR mai tasiri na kusan 80% (1.0512 = 1.7959, wanda shine kusan karuwar 80%). Idan aka yi la'akari da kuɗin $ 10, riba ta kowane wata tana ƙaruwa da 10% ($ 10 / $ 100), kuma APR mai tasiri ya zama kusan 435% (1.1512 = 5.3503, wanda ya yi daidai da karuwar 435%. Don haka akwai akalla "APRs masu tasiri" guda biyu: 80% da 435%. Dokoki sun bambanta game da ko dole ne a haɗa kudade a cikin lissafin APR. == Manazarta == j9rjl3va0fdul7j6xibkh1drif4b5j8 0 165844 915405 912675 2026-09-03T11:14:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915405 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyar Saint Andrew ko Ƙungiyar Caledonian wata irin ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke bikin da kuma tallata al’adun Scotland. Ana samun irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi a sassa daban-daban na duniya, musamman a wuraren da aka samu yawan ƙaura daga Scotland a tarihi. Haka kuma, birane masu matsakaici ko manya a ko’ina na iya samun isassun ’yan Scotland da suka zauna a ƙasashen waje domin kafa irin wannan ƙungiya. Galibi ƙungiyoyin ba sa neman riba ko kuma ƙungiyoyin agaji ne. Wasu kuma suna da wasu sunaye kamar “St Andrews & Caledonian Club of [Wuri]”, “[Wuri] Scottish Association”, “North British Society of [Wuri]”, “[Wuri] Scots Club”, da sauransu. == Manufa == Ƙungiyoyin farko irin waɗannan an kafa su ne musamman a matsayin ƙungiyoyin taimakon juna ko wasu ƙungiyoyin bayar da tallafin juna, inda mambobi ke tara kuɗaɗe domin ba da taimako ga mambobi da iyalansu bayan ƙaura da kuma a wasu lokuta, saka jari a kasuwancin ’yan Scotland, da bayar da tallafin karatu ga zuriyarsu, da sauransu. A yau, yawancinsu sun faɗaɗa ayyukansu, ko kuma an kafa wasu daga baya ne domin mayar da hankali gaba ɗaya kan shirya ayyukan zamantakewa al’adu da fasaha, tare da inganta kiyaye al’adun Scotland<ref name="saintandrewssociety.org">{{cite web |title=About Us |url=http://saintandrewssociety.org/about/ |website=St. Andrew's Society of Charleston SC |access-date=2026-08-30 |archive-date=2016-08-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160802223839/http://saintandrewssociety.org/about/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> — galibi ba tare da sauran shirye-shiryen agaji na kuɗi ba, musamman a ƙananan ƙungiyoyi.<ref>The Council of Scottish Clans & Associations maintains a database of known organisations of this sort and several other types, including clan/family societies, and [[Pan-Celticism|pan-Celtic]] event organisers. Its entries note which declare that they provide scholarships and other financial grants, and few entries do so. Typical example: {{cite web |date=2023 |title=Associations: Hawaiian Scottish Association |url=https://www.cosca.scot/associations/hawaiian-scottish-association |access-date=3 August 2025 |work=CoSCA.scot |publisher=Council of Scottish Clans & Associations}} However, it is reliant on self-reporting of information by organisations' staff, and is not always current.</ref> Irin wannan ƙungiya kan shiga cikin shirya wasannin Highland Games na jama’a da ake gudanarwa duk shekara da kuma bukukuwan rawa a yankinsu, ko kuma ta kasance ita kaɗai ke shirya su. Sai dai wasu manyan bukukuwan, ciki har da Grandfather Mountain HG da Stone Mountain HG, ƙungiyoyi ne masu zaman kansu waɗanda ba sa neman riba, kuma ƙungiyoyin Caledonian da Saint Andrew daban-daban a yankunansu kan ba da gudummawa wajen shirya su.<ref name="saintandrewssociety.org"/>&nbsp;– often without any remaining financial charitible programmes, especially among the smaller clubs.<ref> Lokacin da wani yanki ya kasance yana da ƙungiyoyi fiye da ɗaya irin waɗannan, misali ƙungiyar Saint Andrews da ƙungiyar Caledonian, ya zama ruwan dare su haɗe daga ƙarshe. Wani lokaci ma sukan haɗe da ƙungiyar adabi ta Burns Club da ke yankin. Hakan ya fi faruwa musamman yayin da ayyukansu ke ƙara karkata zuwa shirya bukukuwa da ayyukan zamantakewa da al’adu, maimakon bayar da tallafin agaji. Wasu daga cikin irin waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna takaita zama mamba ga mutanen da aka haifa a Scotland, amma mafi yawansu suna buɗe wa zuriyar mutanen Scotland, ko kuma ba su da wasu ƙa’idojin zama mamba. Waɗanda ke bayar da tallafin karatu da sauran ayyukan agaji na iya takaita waɗannan ayyukan ga mutanen da aka haifa a Scotland ko zuriyarsu. Kaɗan daga cikinsu har yanzu suna karɓar maza ne kawai a matsayin mambobi, duk da cewa hakan yana ƙara zama ba kasafai ba. Wannan ya samo asali ne daga ƙungiyoyin farko da aka kafa su a matsayin ƙungiyoyin taimakon ’yan’uwa na maza. Wasu daga cikin waɗanda har yanzu suke aiki da wannan tsarin suna da ƙungiyoyin mata masu alaƙa da su sosai ko kuma rassan ƙungiyoyin mata. Wasu daga cikin ƙungiyoyin ’yan Scotland da ke ƙasashen waje suna da wata alaƙa marar ƙarfi da asalin Saint Andrew's Society na Edinburgh, Scotland, amma da yawa daga cikinsu ba su da wannan alaƙar. == Yankin Afirka == === Kenya === == Yankin Amurka == === Brazil === === Kanada === === Chile === === Mexico === === Panama === === Amurka === ==== Alabama ==== ==== California ==== ==== Colorado ==== ==== Connecticut ==== ==== Florida ==== ==== Georgia ==== ==== Hawaii ==== ==== Illinois ==== ==== Indiya ==== ==== Kansas ==== ==== Louisiana ==== ==== Maryland ==== ==== Massachusetts ==== ==== Michigan ==== ==== Minnesota ==== ==== Missouri ==== ==== Nevada ==== ==== New Hampshire ==== == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == tl6w9agyyikkygbdijnpktaj9omdcjf 0 165933 915252 913234 2026-09-03T05:25:43Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915252 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}}'''Adulbari bin Awad ath-Thubaity''' (Arabic) [[Liman|Imam]] ne kuma Khatib a [[Masallacin Annabi]], [[Madinah|Madina]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 June 2022 |title=Imam: Sheikh Dr. Abdul Bari bin Awwaad Ath-Thubaity Title: It is Allah Who created you in a state of weakness, then developed weakness into strength, then developed strength into weakness and old age. |url=https://wmn.gov.sa/public/?module=module_894348&main_subject=main_882834&subject=subject_545737 |access-date=15 September 2024 |website=wmn.gov.sa |language=arabic }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-03-28 |title=Naif attends international Sunnah prize ceremony |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/340803 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-11-19 |title=Istisqa prayer performed throughout Saudi Arabia |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/600465 |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=Saudigazette |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=عبدالباري بن عوض الثبيتي |url=https://midad.com/scholar/261/%D8%B9%D8%A8%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A-%D8%A8%D9%86-%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B6-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A |archive-url= |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=مداد |language=ar}}</ref> Kuma tsohon baƙon imam na [[Sallah Tarawihi|Taraweeh]] a [[Masjid al-Haram]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2024-02-15 |title=Shaykh Abdul Bari al-Thubaiti |url=https://peopleofmadina.com/shaykh-abdul-bar-al-thubayti/ |access-date=2024-09-15 |website=People of Madina |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Abdul Bari Ath Thobaity - عبدالبارئ الثبيتي - Holy Quran on Assabile |url=https://www.assabile.com/abdul-bari-ath-thobaity-38/abdul-bari-ath-thobaity.htm |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=www.assabile.com}}</ref> == Haihuwar == An haifi Abdulbari bin Awwaad ath-Thubaity a shekara ta 1960 ''{{Small|(1380 [[Hijri year|AH]])}}'' a [[Makkah|Makka]], [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudi Arabia]] . == Ilimi == Sheikh Abdul Bari Al thubaity ya kammala karatunsa na farko a makarantun [[Makkah|Makka]]. Ya kuma haddace [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]] tun yana ƙarami. Ya sami digiri na farko a shekarar 1984 da kuma digiri na biyu a [[Shari'a|Shari'ar Shari'a]] a shekarar 1995 daga [[Jami'ar Sarki Abdulaziz]] . Daga nan ya sami Ph.D a [[Fiƙihu|Fiqh]] (dokar Islama) a shekara ta 2001, daga Jami'ar Islama ta Madina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-01-14 |title=AbdulBari ath-Thubaity |url=https://www.listennotes.com/podcasts/abdulbari-ath-thubaity-muslim-central-Oib3ytevmTV/ |access-date=2024-09-19 |website=Listen Notes |language=en}}</ref> == Imam da Khatib a masallatai biyu masu tsarki == === A [[Masjid al-Haram]] === An nada Abdulbari ath-Thubaity a matsayin baƙon imam na tsawon shekaru 4 a [[Masjid al-Haram]], [[Makkah|Makka]] daga 1990 zuwa 1993 don Addu'o'in [[Sallah Tarawihi|Tarawih]] a lokacin watan Ramadan . Ya kuma shiga cikin dare na kammalawar 1990 da 1992, tare da [[Ali Bin Abdul Rahman Al-Huzaify|Ali al-Hudhayfi]] da Abdullah Khulaifi a cikin 1990, da kuma [[Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais|al-Sudais]] a cikin dare na ƙarshe na 1992. Bayan wa'adinsa ya ƙare, a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa [[Sallah Tarawihi|Tarawih]] ne kawai [[Abdul Rahman Al-Sudais|al-Sudais]] da [[Saud Al-Shuraim|Saud al-Shuraim]] suka jagoranci === A [[Masallacin Annabi]] === An nada shi a matsayin [[Liman|Imam]] da Khatib na [[Masallacin Annabi]] a [[Madinah|Madina]] a shekarar 1994. <ref name=":0" /> Ya jagoranci addu'o'in [[Sallah Tarawihi|Tarawih]] a kai a kai har zuwa 2007, lokacin da ya sauka saboda dalilai na kiwon lafiya (ciwon daji na thyroid). Tun daga wannan lokacin, a lokacin watan Ramadan, yawanci ana shirya shi don jagorantar [[Sallan Magariba|Addu'o'in Fajar da Maghrib]] a cikin watan, sai dai idan yanayin kiwon lafiya ya hana shi yin hakan. == Bayanan da aka ambata == ==Manazarta== <references /> * [https://www.assabile.com/abdul-bari-ath-thobaity-38/abdul-bari-ath-thobaity.htm Karatun Alkur'ani da tarihin Abdulbari ath-Thubaity a assabile.com] {{Imams of the Two Holy Mosques}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] tazxikky5nnw2mhilw17r4ooj8na9rk 0 165956 914876 913461 2026-09-02T13:58:39Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Walter Ransom Gail Baker''' (an haife shi a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba, 1892 - ya mutu a ranar 30 ta Oktoba, 1960) masanin injiniyan lantarki ne na Amurka.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 1961 |title=Obituary: Walter R. G. Baker |url=http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v14/i1/p98_s1?bypassSSO=1 |journal=Physics Today |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=98 |doi=10.1063/1.3057377 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2026-08-31 |archive-date=2013-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060122/http://www.physicstoday.org/resource/1/phtoad/v14/i1/p98_s1?bypassSSO=1 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya kasance mataimakin shugaban Janar Electric, kuma ya kasance Darakta na Injiniya na Kungiyar Masana'antun Rediyo (yanzu Electronic Industries Alliance). A kan shawarar James Lawrence Fly, Shugaban Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya (FCC), Baker ya kafa Kwamitin Talabijin na Kasa, ko NTSC, a cikin 1940.<ref name="SMPTE">[[Donald G. Fink]], [http://www.ntsc-tv.com/ntsc-main-01.htm The Forces at Work Behind the NTSC Standards], a paper presented at the 122nd annual SMPTE Technical Conference, November 9–14, 1980, New York, N.Y.</ref><ref name="IEEE-Walter Baker">{{cite web|url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Walter_Baker |title=Walter Baker |work=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=[[IEEE]] |access-date=2010-11-20}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Rediyo (IRE) a shekarar 1947. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a Lockport, New York, a cikin 1892. Ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Union tare da BS a aikin injiniya a shekarar 1916. Ya yi aiki tare da Janar Electric a 1916 kuma ya yi aiki a rediyo don aikace-aikacen soja a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]].<ref name=obit/> Ya sami MS a cikin injiniyan lantarki daga Kwalejin Union, a cikin 1919.<ref name=obit/> Ya mutu a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, 1960.<ref name=obit>{{cite news |title=Dr. W.R.G. Baker, TV Pioneer, Dead. Vice President for Research at Syracuse Was Former General Electric Officer |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/31/archives/drirgbaker-tv-pioneer-dead-vice-president-for-research-at-syracuse-.html |quote= The scientist, whose full name was Walter Ransom Gail Baker, was born in Lockport. He graduated in 1916 from Union College, later receiving a master ... |work=[[New York Times]] |date=October 31, 1960 |access-date=2010-11-20 }}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da girmamawa == Walter Baker ya sami kyaututtuka da girmamawa masu zuwa: <ref name="IEEE-Walter Baker" /> * Medal din SMPTE David Sarnoff a shekarar 1959 * Kyautar masu kafa IRE a shekarar 1958 * Medal of Freedom na Sojoji a 1953 * Medal of Honor na IRE a 1952 * Babban memba na Eta Kappa Nu a cikin 1954 * IRE Fellow a cikin 1928 * Da farko ana kiranta W.R.G. Baker Award wanda Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Rediyo (IRE) ta bayar, an kirkireshi ne a 1956 daga gudummawa daga Dokta Walter R. G. Baker ga IRE. An ci gaba da bayar da kyautar a matsayin lambar yabo ta IEEE W.R.G. Baker ta kwamitin daraktocin Cibiyar Injiniyoyin Lantarki da Injiniyoyin Injiniya (IEEE), bayan kungiyar IRE ta haɗu cikin IEEE.<ref name="IEEE-Baker-Award">{{Cite web |title=IEEE W.R.G. Baker Award |url=http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/recognitions/baker.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100406071738/http://www.ieee.org/about/awards/recognitions/baker.html |archive-date=April 6, 2010 |access-date=November 20, 2010 |publisher=IEEE}}</ref> Alamar kira ta (sa'an nan) -Janar Electric mallakar gidan talabijin a Schenectady, WRGB (sa'annan tashar NBC, ta shiga CBS a 1981), an zaba ta ne don girmama shi. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1960]] d0sdskw1zuoc5d52iu02jepxk5rl5oc 0 166051 915408 914149 2026-09-03T11:43:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915408 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Alana Murphy''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2005) 'yar wasan kwallon kafa ce ta Australiya wacce ke taka leda a matsayin '[[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] a kungiyar Nottingham Forest ta Super League 2 ta mata da kuma tawagar ƙasar Australia . Ta taba buga wa kungiyar mata ta A-League Melbourne Victory da 2. Kungiyar Frauen-Bundesliga SC Sand . <ref name="Melbourne Victory Player Profile">{{Cite web |title=Player profile – Alana Murphy |url=https://melbournevictory.com.au/squads/dkb26sjoyytij801e3ycqt0mi?slug=dkb26sjoyytij801e3ycqt0mi&competition=7p85tm8wjdbrab8yssm2ea9sk&teams=trkzv6lll4lsq6r4bafwzxp8&selected=WOMEN |access-date=4 January 2024 |publisher=[[Melbourne Victory FC]] |archive-date=4 January 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240104005532/https://melbournevictory.com.au/squads/dkb26sjoyytij801e3ycqt0mi?slug=dkb26sjoyytij801e3ycqt0mi&competition=7p85tm8wjdbrab8yssm2ea9sk&teams=trkzv6lll4lsq6r4bafwzxp8&selected=WOMEN |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="sand">{{Cite web |last=Woods |first=Julia |date=12 August 2025 |title=Alana Murphy signs with SC Sand in the 2. Frauen-Bundesliga |url=https://www.myfootball.com.au/news/alana-murphy-signs-sc-sand-2-frauen-bundesliga |publisher=My Football}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == Alana ta halarci Kwalejin Wasanni ta [[Kwalejin Sakandare ta Rowville]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=MacKenzie |first=Craig |date=2017-11-13 |title=Is Alana Murphy a Matilda in waiting? |url=https://www.mpnews.com.au/2017/11/13/is-alana-murphy-a-matilda-in-waiting/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=MPNEWS |language=en-US}}</ref> a matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin kwallon kafa. Alana Murphy ta fara buga kwallon kafa a Langwarrin kuma, a matsayin ƙarama, ta buga wa Box Hill United da Cibiyar Horar da Kasa ta Victoria wasa kafin ta shiga kungiyar A-league ta Melbourne Victory (2021-yanzu) tare da matsayi biyu a Blacktown Spartans (2022, 2023) a New South Wales Premier Leagues . <ref name="MacKenzie">{{Cite web |last=MacKenzie |first=Craig |date=17 February 2025 |title=No longer a Matilda in waiting |url=https://baysidenews.com.au/2025/02/17/no-longer-a-matilda-in-waiting/ |access-date=17 February 2025 |website=Bayside News}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2025, Murphy ta bar Melbourne Victory a ƙarshen kwangilarta kuma ta shiga kulob din Jamus SC Sand . <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 August 2025 |title=Alana Murphy departs Melbourne Victory |url=https://melbournevictory.com.au/news/alana-murphy-departs-melbourne-victory/ |website=[[Melbourne Victory FC|Melbourne Victory]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=11 August 2025 |title=SC Sand verpflichtet Alana Murphy |trans-title=SC Sand signs Alana Murphy |url=https://www.sc-sand.de/artikel/92993/sc-sand-verpflichtet-alana-murphy |website=[[SC Sand]] |language=de}}</ref> === Dajin Nottingham === A ranar 2 ga Fabrairu 2026, Murphy ta sanya hannu tare da kungiyar Nottingham Forest ta Super League 2 a kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin har zuwa Yuni 2027. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 February 2026 |title=Forest Women sign Alana Murphy |url=https://www.nottinghamforest.co.uk/news/2026/february/02/forest-women-sign-alana-murphy/ |website=Nottingham Forest Football Club}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Murphy ta buga wa ƙungiyar Junior Matildas a shekarar 2019, sannan ta fara buga wa Young Matildas daga shekarar 2022. A watan Fabrairu na shekarar 2025, Murphy ta samu kiran farko zuwa babbar ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙasar Australia (Matildas) domin gasar SheBelieves Cup ta 2025, a matsayin wadda aka maye gurbin Clare Wheeler saboda rauni. Bayan ta shiga tawagar Matildas, wani marubuci daga Australian Associated Press ya bayyana irin ƙwazonta na baya-bayan nan da cewa: “’yar wasan tsakiya mai tsaron baya ce mai ƙarfi da ƙwarewa, wadda ta ci kwallo ɗaya tare da bayar da taimakon cin kwallo guda a wasanni 15 da ta buga a wannan kakar.” == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2005]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o7cups54j0qnrlmymh38bfewrdia8i6 0 166098 914931 914677 2026-09-02T16:02:22Z Baby juuu 38856 914931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Comenius.JPG|thumb| Ginin Jami'ar Comenius a [[Bratislava]]]] '''Vysoká škola''' kalma ce da ake amfani da ita ga cibiyoyin ilimi na gaba da sakandare a Slovakia da Jamhuriyar [[Czech]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Higher education |url=https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/eurypedia/slovakia/higher-education |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> Ana iya fassara kalmar Slovak/Czech a matsayin '''''"makarantar ilimi mai zurfi"''''' (a zahiri ''"makarantar sakandare"'', <ref>{{Cite web |last=Universities |first=Support |date=2025-11-24 |title=What is the difference between “vysoká škola” and university? - Live & Study - Czech Universities |url=https://www.czechuniversities.com/article/what-is-the-difference-between-vysoka-skola-and-university |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=www.czechuniversities.com}}</ref> kwatanta kalmar ''" Hochschule "'' ta Jamusanci) ko kuma, saboda rashin wasu maganganu, ana fassara ta zuwa Turanci a matsayin '''''" kwaleji "''''' . <ref>{{Cite web |title=What is the translation of "vysoká škola" in English? |url=https://en.bab.la/dictionary/czech-english/vysok%C3%A1-%C5%A1kola}}</ref> Kalmar na iya nufin dukkan makarantun ilimi mafi girma (watau manyan makarantu ), ko kuma, a ma'ana mafi ƙanƙanta, sai waɗanda ba [[Jami'a|jami'o'i]] ba ne kawai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Higher education |url=https://eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu/eurypedia/czechia/higher-education |access-date=2026-03-31 |website=eurydice.eacea.ec.europa.eu}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * Jerin jami'o'i da kwalejoji a Slovakia * Jerin jami'o'i a Jamhuriyar Czech == Manazarta == j8gphtl1v5vkfyhkkgodhyg7ekcocca 0 166101 914908 914684 2026-09-02T15:07:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 914908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Edmondson''' (kimanin 1874–1951) shine ɗan wasan kwaikwayo [[Afirkawan Amurka|na Ba'amurke ɗan Afirka]] na farko da aka ba shi wasan kwaikwayo na mutum ɗaya a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani da ke [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] (1937). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barat |first=Charlotte |title=The Artist Wasn't Present: On MoMA's Fumbled First Showing of Black American Art |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/among-others-blackness-at-moma-excerpt-12972/ |access-date=2025-04-01}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Edmondson a wani lokaci a watan Disamba na shekarar 1874 a gonar Compton da ke gundumar Davidson, Tennessee . {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Bai san ranar haihuwarsa ba saboda gobarar da ta lalata Littafi Mai Tsarki na iyali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=10 things to know about William Edmondson |url=https://www.christies.com/features/William-Edmondson-10-things-to-know-8027-1.aspx |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114194045/https://www.christies.com/features/William-Edmondson-10-things-to-know-8027-1.aspx |archive-date=January 14, 2017 |access-date=September 26, 2024 |website=Christie's |language=en}}</ref> Edmondson yana ɗaya daga cikin yara shida da Orange da Jane Edmondson suka haifa waɗanda a da suka zama bayi kafin su yi aiki a matsayin masu raba amfanin gona. Saboda samun dama ta musamman game da launin fata da launin fata, an ba wa " mulattoes " a gonar aikin da ya fi daraja, yayin da Edmonsons galibi ke aiki a gonakin masara da kuma kula da dabbobi. Iyalan Edmondson sun yi aiki a gonar kuma suna samun dala 12 a wata. A waɗannan lokutan a gonakin masara, zai ga "mala'iku a cikin gajimare" kuma ya yi imani cewa Allah ne ke magana da shi. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Edmondson bai da ilimi sosai ko kuma bai yi karatu ba. Lokacin da mahaifinsa ya mutu a ƙarshen shekarar 1889, Edmondson mai shekaru 16 ya ƙi ci gaba da aiki ba tare da gajiyawa ba a gonar ya koma Nashville. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Ya sami kyakkyawan aiki a sabbin shagunan jirgin ƙasa na Nashville, Chattanooga da St. Louis . Bayan raunin da ya samu a shagunan jirgin ƙasa a shekarar 1907, Edmondson ya ɗauki aiki a matsayin mai kula da tsofaffi a [[Nashville Women's Hospital|Asibitin Mata na Nashville]], inda ya yi aiki har zuwa lokacin da aka rufe asibitin a shekarar 1931. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} A wannan lokacin, iyalan Edmondson sun zauna a Nashville a hukumance yayin da mahaifiyarsa, Jane, ita ce ta ƙarshe da ta bar Compton Plantation. Lokacin da yake ɗan shekara 39, albashinsa a Asibitin Mata ya ba shi damar siyan ƙaramin gida da fili mai faɗi a Edgehill, wata unguwa da ke da rabe-rabe a yankin Vanderbilt-Belmont na Nashville. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Edmondson bai taɓa yin aure ba kuma yana zaune a gidan tare da mahaifiyarsa da 'yar'uwarsa, da kuma, lokaci-lokaci, wasu 'yan'uwa, 'yan'uwa mata, da 'yan'uwa maza. Da mutuwar Jane a shekarar 1922, 'yar'uwar Edmonson, Sarah, ta zama matar gidan ba da daɗewa ba. An ce sau da yawa tana shirya gasasshen abinci na iyali wanda ke ɗauke da dariya da labarai. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Lokacin da aka rufe asibitin a shekarar 1931, Edmondson ya fara aiki a wasu ayyukan ɗan lokaci, kuma a lokacin hutunsa, ya sassaka a bayan gidansa ya sayar da kayan lambu. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} A shekarar 1948 Edmondson ya daina sassaka. A ranar 7 ga Fabrairu, 1951, yana da shekaru saba'in da shida, ya mutu a hankali a gidansa da ke Nashville, Tennessee, inda rashin lafiya ta tilasta masa kwanciya barci na tsawon watanni da dama. Ganin cewa shi ne ɗan'uwansa na ƙarshe da ya rasu, 'yan'uwansa mata biyar da 'yan'uwansa maza bakwai suka yi jana'izarsa wadda aka yi washegari. An binne Edmondson a Makabartar Dutsen Ararat, wacce yanzu haka [[Kabari na Greenwood (Nashville, Tennessee)|ita ce Makabartar Greenwood (Nashville, Tennessee)]], tsohuwar makabartar baƙar fata a Nashville. A yau babu alamar kabarin Edmondson domin a lokacin ana amfani da akwatunan katako masu araha don binne 'yan Afirka 'yan Amurka. Yayin da itacen ya ruɓe, zai sa alamun kaburbura su nutse cikin ƙasa. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} An rasa bayanan binne gawarwakin Dutsen Ararat a lokacin gobara, don haka ba a san ainihin wurin da aka binne shi ba. == Aikin fasaha == Edmondson ya shiga duniyar sassaka yana da shekaru kusan 60 a shekara ta 1934. Ya ba da rahoton cewa ya sami wahayi daga Allah, wanda ya gaya masa ya fara sassaka: "Ina kan hanyar shiga da wasu tsoffin sassaka na dutse sai na ji wata murya tana gaya mini in ɗauki kayan aikina in fara aiki a kan dutsen kabari. Na kalli sama a sama kuma a can da rana tsaka, ya rataye dutsen kabari don in yi. Na san Allah ne yake gaya mini abin da zan yi." Ya sassaka kaburbura musamman daga gungu na duwatsun dutse da aka yi watsi da su daga gine-ginen da aka rushe, waɗanda manyan motocin kamfanoni suka kai masa. Kabarin Edmondson mai sa hannu yana nuna manyan haruffa masu ƙarfi da aka sassaka a cikin dutsen. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Ya fara aikinsa ne ta hanyar yin aiki a kan waɗannan kaburbura, waɗanda ya sayar ko ya bai wa abokai da danginsa a cikin al'umma. Ba da daɗewa ba ya fara sassaka kayan ado na ciyawa, wuraren wanka na tsuntsaye, da kuma sassaka na ado. A cikin farfajiyar gidansa an rataye wata alama "Dutse-Kabari. Na Sayarwa. Lambu. Kayan Ado. Aikin Dutse WM Edmondson." Aikin Edmondson ya samu tasiri ne daga imaninsa [[Kiristanci|na Kirista]] da kuma kasancewarsa memba a wata cocin Primitive Baptist da ke kusa. Zane-zanensa suna da siffofi masu sauƙi kuma masu ƙarfi, waɗanda suka kama daga ƙafa ɗaya zuwa uku a tsayi, da yawa suna raba alamar addininsa ta musamman. Ya sassaka siffofi na haruffan Littafi Mai Tsarki, mala'iku, kurciyoyi, kunkuru, gaggafa, zomaye, dawakai da sauran halittu na gaske da na ban mamaki. Siffarsa ''ta Jirgin Nuhu'' ta tsaya tsayi a tsakiyar bayan gidansa. Ya ƙunshi matakai huɗu na dutse mai sassaka daban-daban kuma shine kawai aikin gine-gine da ya wanzu a cikin tarinsa. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Ya sassaka gumakan al'umma kamar masu wa'azi, lauyoyi da malaman makaranta, shahararrun mutane na wancan lokacin waɗanda suke da muhimmanci ga al'ummar Afirka ta Amurka, kamar [[Jack Johnson (boxer)|Jack Johnson,]] ɗan wasan kyauta. <ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=William Edmondson |url=https://www.riccomaresca.com/portfolio-items/william-edmondson/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108170430/https://www.riccomaresca.com/portfolio-items/william-edmondson/ |archive-date=November 8, 2020 |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=Ricco Maresca Gallery}}</ref> Ya kuma sassaka wasu fitattun mutane kamar Uwargidan Shugaban Kasa [[Eleanor Roosevelt]] . <ref name=":6" /> Edmondson ya kuma ƙirƙiri ƙaramin adadi na mutane tsirara. Yawancin siffofi da aka sassaka na Edmonson suna da fuskoki da aka sassaka a kan wani tushe mai siffar ƙwallo, tare da ƙaramin baki da ke tsaye a ƙarƙashin hanci a tsaye, suna biye da shi don haɗawa da lanƙwasa goshin. Wani lokaci yakan yanke shawarar kada ya sassaka gira, sai ya zaɓi ya faɗaɗa hancin. Ana kyautata zaton ya yi haka ne domin ya sami damar haɗa launin fata a cikin tarin ayyukansa na zane-zane. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Ko da yake da sauƙin amfani da fasaharsa, halayyar da aka fi sani da sassaka na Edmondson ita ce girman siffofin da aka sassaka a ciki ko daga dutse mai daraja. An yi zane mai kama da na ganganci tsakanin santsi, sassaka, gogewa ko kuma ƙazanta a cikin kowace sassaka. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Ana iya ganin fasahar fuska, girman jiki, da kuma yanayin rubutu a cikin fitaccen aikin Edmonson na ''Bess da Joe'' da kuma tare da ''Mary da Martha'' . {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Edmondson ya samu dimbin jama'a a Edgehill domin an nuna yawancin siffofinsa ba kawai a farfajiyarsa ba, har ma a gidajen makwabta da lambuna. Bayan 'yan shekaru da fara aikin sassaka na Edmondson, mai sha'awar zane-zane na Kwalejin Peabody, Sidney Hirsch, ya yi yawo a Edgehill ya ci karo da tarin sassaka mai yawa na Edmondson. An rubuta wannan a sarari a matsayin "ganowar" Edmondson na Sidney Mttron Hirsch . Hirsch da kansa mai tattara zane-zanen Afirka, Gabas ta Tsakiya, da Gabashin Asiya ne kuma ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan magoya bayan Edmondson. <ref name=":3" /> Da wannan fallasar, abokan Hirsch da sauran 'yan uwansa na Nashville sun sayi sassaken Edmondson don gidajensu, lambuna, da ofisoshinsu, waɗanda daga baya aka nuna su a cikin baje kolin kayan tarihi a Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian American Art da Gidan Tarihi na Cheekwood Botanical da Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha . <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Marshall |first=Jennifer Jane |date=2017 |title=Nashville, New York, Paris, and Nashville: William Edmondson, Mobilized and Unmoved |journal=American Art |volume=31 |issue=2 |pages=69–76 |doi=10.1086/694068 |s2cid=193905394 |via=Art & Architecture Source}}</ref> Daga cikin abokan Hirsch, Alfred da Elizabeth Starr, Alfred, babban abokin tarayya na jerin gidajen sinima da ke kula da al'ummar baƙar fata, da matarsa Elizabeth, mai zane, suma sun zama masu goyon baya da goyon bayan aikin Edmondson. Sun gabatar da Edmondson ga wasu abokansa na fasaha, ciki har da abokin Starr na lokacin ƙuruciyarsa Meyer (Mike) Wolfe da matarsa Louise Dahl-Wolfe . Dahl-Wolfe mai ɗaukar hoto ne wanda kwanan nan ya fara aiki a mujallar kayan kwalliya ''ta Harper's Bazaar'' da ke [[New York (birni)|New York]] . Ta yi sama da hotuna ɗari na Edmondson a wurin aiki a shagon bayan gidansa, wanda ta gabatar wa editan ''Harper's Bazaar'' . Ta yi ƙoƙarin buga aikinsa amma fitaccen ɗan jarida William Randolph Hearst yana da wariya game da nuna fasahar 'yan Negro domin bai ɗauke su a matsayin bayi ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=William Edmondson, Sculptor born |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/william-edmondson-a-down-home-artist-forging-beauty-from-stone/ |access-date=September 30, 2024 |website=aaregistry.org}}</ref> Daga nan ta jawo hankalin ayyukan Edmondson ga Thomas Mabry, ɗan ƙasar Tennesse da kuma shugabansa Alfred Barr, darektan Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani (MoMA). {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} == Nunin Nunin == [[Fayil:Bird_ca._1937.jpg|alt=|thumb|291x291px| Tsuntsaye ca. 1937, an sassaka dutse mai daraja, kyauta daga Margaret Z. Robson]] An bai wa Edmondson nunin sassaka guda 12 na mutum ɗaya, na farko da wani ɗan Afirka Ba'amurke ya gabatar a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Zamani daga 20 ga Oktoba zuwa 1 ga Disamba, 1937 a wani wuri na wucin gadi da Gidan Tarihi ya mallaka a Cibiyar Rockefeller . MoMA za ta rarraba ayyukan Edmonson a matsayin "na zamani na asali". <ref>{{Cite web |last=English |first=Darby |date=July 17, 2019 |title=The Artist Wasn't Present: On MoMA's Fumbled First Showing of Black American Art |url=https://www.artnews.com/art-news/news/among-others-blackness-at-moma-excerpt-12972/}}</ref> {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} A shekarar 1938, ta hanyar tasirin MoMA, an saka sassaken William Edmondson a cikin "Ƙarni Uku na Fasaha a Amurka" a [[Faris|birnin Paris]] . Sha'awar aikinsa a fagen ƙasa da na duniya ba ta daɗe ba, kuma ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin sabon abu, ko kuma misali na "tsohon" tunawa da launin fata na wani tsohon mai sassaka dutse na Negro wanda ba shi da ilimi. A yankin, Alfred Starr ya ci gaba da tallata ayyukan Edmondson ga abokansa na fasaha da waɗanda suka sani, waɗanda suka sayi aiki kai tsaye daga "yankin sassaka" na Edmondson ko kuma ta hanyar Lyzon Gallery na gida. Starr ya gabatar da shahararren mai ɗaukar hoto na zamani Edward Weston ga Edmondson a shekarar 1941, kuma Weston ya yi hotuna masu ban sha'awa da dama na Edmondson a wurin aiki a shagonsa da farfajiyarsa. Haka kuma a shekarar 1941, ya sami wani wasan kwaikwayo na kaɗaici da aka ba shi a lokacin rayuwarsa, a Nashville Art Gallery. Bayan an yi nunin faifai na lokaci-lokaci a cikin shekarun 1950 da 1960 (galibi a matsayin wani ɓangare na nunin "fasaha ta jama'a"), mai tattarawa Edmund Fuller ya rubuta tarihin rayuwar Edmondson wanda aka buga a 1973. An saka sassaken nasa a cikin wani gagarumin baje kolin " Ƙarni Biyu na Fasahar Baƙar fata ta Amurka " wanda shugaban Sashen Fasaha na Jami'ar Fisk, David Driskell, ya shirya a shekarar 1976. A shekarar 1981, sabon Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Tennessee ya buɗe da wani baje kolin kai tsaye tare da sassaka guda shida na Edmondson waɗanda ke ɗauke da sassaka da aka aro daga tarin Elizabeth Starr, {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} kuma kasidu a cikin kundin da ke tare da su sun yi ƙoƙarin ɗaukaka darajar aikin Edmondson a matsayin fasaha mai kyau. A cikin shekarun 1980 da 1990, an nuna sassaka na Edmondson sosai, kodayake sau da yawa a cikin mahallin iyakance na lakabin "waje", "fasahar gargajiya", "koyar da kai", da "wauta". {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} A shekarar 1999, Gidan Tarihi na Cheekwood na Nashville ya kafa wani babban baje kolin tafiye-tafiye da kundin bayanai na baya-bayan nan wanda ya haɗa da zurfafan rubuce-rubuce kan tarihin rayuwarsa da aikinsa. Wannan baje kolin ya haɗa da sassaka da aka bayar daga tarin iyalan Fletcher, Formosa, da Overton. {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} Wani baje kolin da aka yi a shekarar 2006, mai taken "William Edmondson, Bill Traylor, and the Modernist Impulse", ya haɗa Edmondson da wani sanannen mai zane wanda ya koyar da kansa kuma ya yi jayayya da karɓuwar Edmondson a matsayin mai zane ba tare da iyakance lakabi ba. Wannan baje kolin ya nuna sassaka ashirin da ɗaya na Edmondson wanda shine mafi girman tarin fasahar Edmondson a ƙasar. A shekarar 2016, Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian American Art ya sami ɗaya daga cikin manyan kyaututtukan ayyukan fasaha na gargajiya daga Margaret Z. Robson, daga cikinsu akwai sassaka uku na Edmondson. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baptiste |first=Laura |date=December 13, 2016 |title=Smithsonian American Art Museum Acquires Major Collection of Self-Taught American Art |url=https://www.si.edu/newsdesk/releases/smithsonian-american-art-museum-acquires-major-collection-self-taught-american-art |website=Smithsonian}}</ref> Ana nuna fasahar Edmondson har abada a Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Newark, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Jama'ar Amurka, Gidan Tarihi da Zane-zane na Hirshhorn, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Philadelphia, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Abby Aldrich Rockefeller, Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha na Amurka na Smithsonian da Gidan Tarihi na Montclair da ke New Jersey. == Gado == Tun bayan rasuwarsa, ayyukan Edmondson sun fara samun yabo daga masu suka da masu tattarawa, kuma sassaken sa sun tara har zuwa dala $70,000-$300,000 a gwanjo. A watan Janairun 2016, an sayar da "A Boxer" a wani gwanjon sirri kan dala $785,000 mafi girman farashin da aka taɓa biya don aikin Edmondson. <ref name=":5" /> == Zaɓaɓɓun nune-nunen da aka zaɓa kwanan nan == * Gidan Tarihi na Cheekwood na Fasaha, Nashville, TN ** An shirya ''Fasahar William Edmondson'' a shekarar 1999 tare da Gidan Tarihi na Fasahar Jama'a na Amurka, New York, NY {{Sfn|Edmondson|Thompson|Freeman|1999}} ** ''William Edmondson da Abokai: Breaking the Mould, 2014'' ** [https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/exhibitions/past-exhibitons/edmondson-2017/ ''Wahayi daga Sama: Rayuwa da Aikin William Edmondson''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323184631/https://cheekwood.org/explore/art-4/exhibitions/past-exhibitons/edmondson-2017/ |date=2019-03-23 }} Archived , 2017 == Tarin ayyukan Edmondson == * American Folk Art Museum, New York, NY * [https://collections.artsmia.org/search/William%20Edmondson Cibiyar Fasaha ta Minneapolis, Minneapolis, MN] * [https://www.nga.gov/features/exhibitions/outliers-and-american-vanguard-artist-biographies/william-edmondson.html An adana Gidan Tarihi na Ƙasa na Fasaha] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240523165806/https://www.nga.gov/features/exhibitions/outliers-and-american-vanguard-artist-biographies/william-edmondson.html |date=2024-05-23 }} Archived , Washington, DC * [https://americanart.si.edu/search?query=Edmondson Gidan Tarihi na Smithsonian na Fasahar Amurka], Washington, DC * [http://www.tnstate.edu/library/digital/EDMONDS.HTM Laburaren Jihar Tennessee], Nashville, TN * [https://tnmuseum.org/temporary-exhibits/temporary%20exhibits/insearchofthenew Gidan Tarihi na Jihar Tennessee], Nashville, TN * [https://cheekwood.org/ Gidan Tarihi na Cheekwood na Fasaha], Nashville, TN, yana da mafi girman tarin sassaka na William Edmondson. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3ycwx1y0y0sjobtieu5pdzjot7anh2f 0 166116 914833 914817 2026-09-02T13:06:32Z Mahuta 11340 914833 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> ==Manazarta== hy56yu784b9x4gsiwdjzn93bwyrjp5v 914843 914833 2026-09-02T13:15:08Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914843 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. ==Manazarta== 2mk5nb2j5yxctmlztj96raxjasxmvp8 914844 914843 2026-09-02T13:17:18Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama. ==Manazarta== ftrdqsrl5msgt18rv898pj46ygdj5pf 914845 914844 2026-09-02T13:18:32Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914845 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> ==Manazarta== ois1kbu401iehardki0xswyrtv83t7o 914847 914845 2026-09-02T13:20:59Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914847 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. ==Manazarta== 0r9nernb10wnveeht98ffb0m6hx3jzu 914848 914847 2026-09-02T13:24:31Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914848 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''. ==Manazarta== 1dlo7kcey6ge4e8d5mcnat795o8049u 914850 914848 2026-09-02T13:26:06Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914850 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka. ==Manazarta== q63pkpf47q558jflqbj3pebqkkcvrf8 914852 914850 2026-09-02T13:27:15Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914852 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa. ==Manazarta== cy72lznpuvopvmy58jljc6q1owm24ja 914853 914852 2026-09-02T13:28:33Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914853 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi. ==Manazarta== 9ubreuumu57s3e8wp42zln2i7fc6to5 914855 914853 2026-09-02T13:30:17Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914855 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. ==Manazarta== hj9jlrp8vunfqd629cmmaugskx30tqm 914858 914855 2026-09-02T13:32:48Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914858 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba. ==Manazarta== 4snq8bvsoj51fd2qcp9hv7zp557yn5p 914859 914858 2026-09-02T13:33:58Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914859 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref> ==Manazarta== eo51m6jjmp84fb50lyzfbw5r30fi49w 914861 914859 2026-09-02T13:36:05Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914861 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta. ==Manazarta== iojhv2hgu0gg51sekosh4a95drp15lr 914864 914861 2026-09-02T13:38:02Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914864 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref>Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston. ==Manazarta== fgfkiwwd4d7am3njksbkwrpvvj024fl 914865 914864 2026-09-02T13:39:09Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914865 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref name=":0">Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston.<ref name=":0" /> ==Manazarta== 0cmk76jsgrpur37utge10wawsj8zl0u 914866 914865 2026-09-02T13:40:02Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref name=":0">Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2012, Gwamnan Massachusetts [[Deval Patrick]] ne ya nada Altman don ya jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Massachusetts. ==Manazarta== jlc8q49pk2ua4ke7skg0xjlolsv78kq 914867 914866 2026-09-02T13:40:45Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Aiki */ 914867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref name=":0">Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2012, Gwamnan Massachusetts [[Deval Patrick]] ne ya nada Altman don ya jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Massachusetts.<ref>"Altman To Chair Board Of New Cost-Control Health Policy Commission". ''www.wbur.org''. November 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> ==Manazarta== 3pp42bmb7gva2e3pypum4wgzyzp8b5y 914868 914867 2026-09-02T13:42:33Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 914868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref name=":0">Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2012, Gwamnan Massachusetts [[Deval Patrick]] ne ya nada Altman don ya jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Massachusetts.<ref>"Altman To Chair Board Of New Cost-Control Health Policy Commission". ''www.wbur.org''. November 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sir da Mutuwa== ==Manazarta== mpq3eq7aygmh0fcr5zqp7y3vx3jo1ul 914869 914868 2026-09-02T13:44:20Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Rayuwa ta sir da Mutuwa */ 914869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref name=":0">Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2012, Gwamnan Massachusetts [[Deval Patrick]] ne ya nada Altman don ya jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Massachusetts.<ref>"Altman To Chair Board Of New Cost-Control Health Policy Commission". ''www.wbur.org''. November 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sir da Mutuwa== Altman ya mutu a Arewacin Carolina a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2026, yana da shekaru 88 a duniya. ==Manazarta== jraw4re4gqloijc6v3anl1zau42h36o 914870 914869 2026-09-02T13:45:00Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Rayuwa ta sir da Mutuwa */ 914870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref name=":0">Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2012, Gwamnan Massachusetts [[Deval Patrick]] ne ya nada Altman don ya jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Massachusetts.<ref>"Altman To Chair Board Of New Cost-Control Health Policy Commission". ''www.wbur.org''. November 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sir da Mutuwa== Altman ya mutu a Arewacin Carolina a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2026, yana da shekaru 88 a duniya.<ref>"Stuart Altman, former Brandeis president and economic adviser to US presidents, dies at 88". The Boston Globe. January 18, 2026. Retrieved January 18, 2026.</ref> ==Manazarta== t22v8ltfjwlclzbah0miv9b65hlivjm 914872 914870 2026-09-02T13:46:29Z Abubakar Yusuf Gusau 14813 /* Rayuwa ta sir da Mutuwa */ 914872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref name=":0">Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2012, Gwamnan Massachusetts [[Deval Patrick]] ne ya nada Altman don ya jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Massachusetts.<ref>"Altman To Chair Board Of New Cost-Control Health Policy Commission". ''www.wbur.org''. November 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sir da Mutuwa== Altman ya mutu a Arewacin Carolina a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2026, yana da shekaru 88 a duniya.<ref>"Stuart Altman, former Brandeis president and economic adviser to US presidents, dies at 88". The Boston Globe. January 18, 2026. Retrieved January 18, 2026.</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan [[Edward Altman]]. ==Manazarta== g0fb44y1160gj9t64a2wy8tcdzdhrcx 914878 914872 2026-09-02T14:05:26Z Baban Asiya 15906 /* Aiki */ 914878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref name=":0">Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2012, Gwamnan Massachusetts [[Deval Patrick]] ne ya nada Altman don ya jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Massachusetts.<ref>"Altman To Chair Board Of New Cost-Control Health Policy Commission". ''www.wbur.org''. November 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sir da Mutuwa== Altman ya mutu a Arewacin Carolina a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2026, yana da shekaru 88 a duniya.<ref>"Stuart Altman, former Brandeis president and economic adviser to US presidents, dies at 88". The Boston Globe. January 18, 2026. Retrieved January 18, 2026.</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan [[Edward Altman]]. ==Manazarta== kan2wezspf9ikgo5dukn8mwe1hc2ekz 914892 914878 2026-09-02T14:20:51Z Baby juuu 38856 914892 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref name=":0">Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru 12 a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2012, Gwamnan Massachusetts [[Deval Patrick]] ne ya nada Altman don ya jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Massachusetts.<ref>"Altman To Chair Board Of New Cost-Control Health Policy Commission". ''www.wbur.org''. November 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sir da Mutuwa== Altman ya mutu a Arewacin Carolina a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2026, yana da shekaru 88 a duniya.<ref>"Stuart Altman, former Brandeis president and economic adviser to US presidents, dies at 88". The Boston Globe. January 18, 2026. Retrieved January 18, 2026.</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan [[Edward Altman]]. ==Manazarta== 5cxs1ziegcdtawdmskiflqkdqjpz1pv 914894 914892 2026-09-02T14:21:23Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Aiki */ 914894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Stuart Harold Altman'''<ref>"Meet the man Massachusetts thinks can crack its health pending problem". ''The Washington Post''. November 5, 2012.</ref><ref>"Economic Scene: President's Tax Credits for Disabled". ''The New York Times''.</ref><ref>"Medicare for All? 'Crazy,' 'Socialized' and Unlikely". ''The New York Times''. September 19, 2009.</ref>(8 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta, 1937 - 1 ga watan Janairu shekarata, 2026) masanin tattalin arziki Ba'amurke ne wanda muradin bincike ya kasance a fannin manufofin kiwon lafiya na tarayya da na jihohi.Shi ne Sol C. Chaikin Farfesa na National Health Policy a Jami'ar Brandeis, a cikin [[Heller School for Social Policy and Management]]. Ana ɗaukar Altman ɗaya daga cikin manyan mutane masu tasiri a cikin lafiyar Amurka.<ref name=":0">Becker, Cindy (March 11, 2008). "Altman joins care-management company's board". ''Modern Healthcare''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> Ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban riko na Brandeis daga shekarata 1990 zuwa 1991.<ref>Mohl, Bruce (January 12, 2016). "Stuart Altman: Health care watchdog". CommonWealth Magazine. Retrieved April 18, 2017.</ref> ==Aiki== Daga cikin nasarorin da ya samu na ƙwararru, Altman ya yi shekaru goma sha biyu (12) a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙididdigar Ƙididdigar Biyan Kuɗi (ProPac) da aka kafa don ba da shawara ga Majalisa da gwamnati game da tsarin tsarin biyan kuɗi na Asibiti (DRG) na Medicare Diagnostic Related Group (DRG).<ref>"New Cost Control Asked on Medicare". ''The New York Times''. June 9, 1991.</ref> Har ila yau, ya kasance shugaban dandalin masana'antun kiwon lafiya wanda ke tattaro shugabannin kungiyoyi daban-daban daga sassa daban-daban na kiwon lafiya don samar da mafita ga matsalolin da ke fuskantar tsarin kiwon lafiya. Altman ya shawarci shugabannin Nixon, Clinton da Obama.<ref>"Kennedy's Lasting Devotion To Health Care For All". ''NPR.org''. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref>Daga shekara ta 1997 zuwa 1999, ya yi aiki a kan Hukumar Bipartisan ta Kasa ta Shugaba [[Bill Clinton]] a kan makomar [[Medicare]], wani kwamiti mai mambobi 14 da ke da alhakin ba wa shugaban kasa shawarwari don taimakawa Medicare ya ci gaba da kasancewa. Ya kasance marubucin wani littafi kan tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka, '' Manufofin Al'ummar Aging Society''.Littafin ya rubuta bayanan da aka tattara daga masana a manufofin jama'a da kiwon lafiya, tattalin arziki, doka, da gudanarwa don gano batutuwa masu mahimmanci da kuma gano ainihin zaɓuka.Daga mukamai daga masu sassaucin ra'ayi zuwa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya, masu ba da gudummawa suna ɗaukar ra'ayi mai yawa game da ilimin falsafa, tattalin arziki, da shirye-shirye na shirye-shiryen kariyar zamantakewa ga tsofaffin Amurkawa.Suna yin tambayoyi da yawa kuma suna ba da shawarar haɗaɗɗun ra'ayi na yadda al'ummarmu za su iya samar da mafi kyawun bukatun yawan tsofaffi.Altman ya haɗu da wani littafi tare da David Shactman mai suna ''Power, Politics, and Universal Health Care'' (2011), wanda tarihin kiwon lafiya a Amurka a cikin karni na 20 zuwa 21 ya bayyana, a ƙarshe ya sanya shirin kiwon lafiya na Obama a cikin hangen nesa na tarihi. A cikin shekara ta 2008, an nada Altman a cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Inspiris, kamfani mai zaman kansa, kamfanin kula da kiwon lafiya da riba.<ref>"People: Inspiris adds economist to board". ''NashvillePost.com''.</ref>Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin manyan Lincare Holdings da Aveta.Altman kuma darekta ne a kan allunan marasa riba na [[EmblemHealth]] da [[Tufts-New England Medical Center]] a Boston.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2012, Gwamnan Massachusetts [[Deval Patrick]] ne ya nada Altman don ya jagoranci Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Massachusetts.<ref>"Altman To Chair Board Of New Cost-Control Health Policy Commission". ''www.wbur.org''. November 2012. Retrieved May 18, 2021.</ref> ==Rayuwa ta sir da Mutuwa== Altman ya mutu a Arewacin Carolina a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu shekara ta, 2026, yana da shekaru 88 a duniya.<ref>"Stuart Altman, former Brandeis president and economic adviser to US presidents, dies at 88". The Boston Globe. January 18, 2026. Retrieved January 18, 2026.</ref> Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan [[Edward Altman]]. ==Manazarta== i96ytrf1wc102m3g9oxu3edkpuk8ep2 0 166122 914914 914814 2026-09-02T15:22:10Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tarihi */ 914914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Firamare ta Sir Ellis Kadoorie (S)''' ( Chinese ) makarantar firamare ce da gwamnati ke gudanarwa a cikin So Kon Po, gundumar Wan Chai, [[Hong Kong]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.sekps.edu.hk/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |publisher=Sir Ellis Kadoorie (S) Primary School |quote=Address: 9, Eastern Hospital Road, Sookunpo, Hong Kong}}</ref> == Tarihi == Sir Ellis Kadoorie ya gina makarantar ne domin ilmantar da mazauna asalin Kudancin Asiya. Kadoorie ta buɗe makaranta a shekarar 1891, <ref name="SirKadoorieSchoolProfile">{{Cite web |title=School Vision and School Mission |url=https://sekps.edu.hk/en/school-vision-and-school-mission |access-date=2022-11-23 |publisher=Sir Ellis Kadoorie (S) Primary School}}</ref> a Sai Ying Poon . <ref name="Schoolhist">{{Cite web |title=School History & Background |url=http://seksswk.edu.hk/ourschool.php |access-date=2021-07-08 |publisher=Sir Ellis Kadoorie Secondary School}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, 1916, Gwamnan Hong Kong ya ƙirƙiri Makarantar Ellis Kadoorie ta Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1916 |title=Appendix O Report of the Director of Education for the Year 1916 |url=https://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/a1916/295.pdf |publisher=[[Governor of Hong Kong]] |pages=3–4}}</ref> Manufarta ita ce ilmantar da yara 'yan asalin Kudancin Asiya. <ref name="Primaryschhist">{{Cite web |title=School Vision and School Mission |url=https://sekps.edu.hk/en/school-vision-and-school-mission |access-date=2021-07-08 |publisher=Sir Ellis Kadoorie (S) Primary School}}</ref> Da farko makarantar firamare ce kawai, <ref name="Schoolhist" /> kuma ta yara maza ne kawai. Ginin asali yana da hawa biyu. An rufe makarantar Kadoorie a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. <ref name="SirKadoorieSchoolProfile" /> Ta sake fara aiki a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1946; yawancin ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar Sin ne, amma kaɗan ne daga cikin 'yan asalin Kudancin Asiya. A da, Makarantar Kadoorie tana da lokutan aiki daban-daban safe da rana. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Sin sun halarci aikin rana (Makarantar PM) yayin da 'yan asalin ƙasar Asiya ta Kudu suka halarci aikin safe (Makarantar AM). <ref name="SirKadoorieSchoolProfile" /> Zuwa shekarar 1953 an sami ƙaruwa a yawan ɗaliban Kudancin Asiya. <ref name="Postwarspeech" /> Gwamnatin Hong Kong ta ayyana makarantar AM a matsayin makarantar 'yan Kudancin Asiya tun daga ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1953. An sake rubuta manhajar wannan ɓangaren don biyan buƙatun ɗaliban Kudancin Asiya. Bugu da ƙari, hanyar koyarwa ta zama Turanci; a da Sinanci ne. Kadoorie kuma ta zama makarantar koyar da yara ta haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="Postwarspeech" /> Ginin da yake a yanzu, mai azuzuwa 24 a hawa biyar, an buɗe shi a shekarar 1959, kuma an lalata ginin da ya gabata. Dr John SL Woo ne ya jagoranci ginin. An ƙara matakan sakandare a shekarun 1960. <ref name="Schoolhist" /> A shekarar 1975, ya zama makaranta ta yini ɗaya kuma ba a sake yin aikin safe da rana ba. <ref name="SirKadoorieSchoolProfile" /> An fara Form 4 a shekarar 1977, kuma Form 5 ta fara a shekarar 1978. <ref name="Studentssing">{{Cite web |date=1994-03-22 |title=Students sing their gratitude |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/67729/students-sing-their-gratitude |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref> A shekarar 1985, makarantar tana da ɗalibai 282 a azuzuwa goma a matakin sakandare. A shekarar 1980, an raba Makarantar Kadoorie zuwa makarantu daban-daban na matakin firamare da sakandare. <ref name="Primaryschhist" /> An buɗe Makarantar Sakandare ta Sir Ellis Kadoorie (West Kowloon) a shekarar 2000, inda ta ɗauki matakan sakandare. <ref name="SirKadoorieSchoolProfile" /> Makarantar sakandare ta bayyana cewa gadonta ya samo asali ne daga Makarantar Kadoorie da aka kafa a Sai Ying Poon. <ref name="Schoolhist" /> == Alƙaluma == Makarantar ta mayar da hankali kan kafa dangantaka tsakanin kabilu daban-daban. A shekarar 1985, ƙabilun Sinawa su ne rukuni na uku mafi girma na ɗalibai, kuma ɗaliban asalin Indiya da Pakistan, bi da bi, su ne rukuni na farko da na biyu mafi girma na ɗalibai. Sauran ɗaliban sun fito ne daga Burma (Myanmar), Koriya, Nepal, Philippines, Portugal, da Thailand. == Manhaja ta Manhaja == An bayar da harshen Sinanci a shekarar 1985 a matsayin harshen waje. A kusan shekarar 1985, makarantar ta fara bayar da darussan [[Faransanci]], kuma tana da darussa kan nau'ikan [[Indiyanci|Hindustani]] na [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] da [[Urdu]] . Urdu shine kawai harshen da ba Turanci ba da ake da shi don karatu a 1939, kodayake masu gudanar da makarantu sun ji cewa Urdu ba ta da amfani a kasuwanci kuma sun yi la'akari da barin wasu harsuna su yi karatu; ''SCMP'' ta rubuta cewa Urdu "ya kasance abin tuntuɓe ga [ɗaliban] tsawon shekaru da yawa." A shekarar 1953, bayan da makarantar ta zama hanyar sadarwa ta Turanci, an samar da Sinanci da duka rajistar Hindustani a matsayin harsunan da ba na Turanci ba. == Ayyuka == A shekarar 1939, jaridar ''South China Morning Post'' ta ruwaito cewa makarantar tana ƙoƙarin raba ɗalibai bisa ga shekarunsu, domin kasancewar shekarun ɗalibai daban-daban ya sa ya yi wahala a ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodin aji. == Duba kuma == * Jerin makarantu a Gundumar Wan Chai * Jerin makarantun gwamnati a Hong Kong * Jerin makarantun firamare a Hong Kong == Manazarta == 2jppl7646mae18i7qxilmka3pc0zbrf 914916 914914 2026-09-02T15:22:47Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Tarihi */ 914916 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Firamare ta Sir Ellis Kadoorie (S)''' ( Chinese ) makarantar firamare ce da gwamnati ke gudanarwa a cikin So Kon Po, gundumar Wan Chai, [[Hong Kong]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.sekps.edu.hk/ |access-date=2022-11-22 |publisher=Sir Ellis Kadoorie (S) Primary School |quote=Address: 9, Eastern Hospital Road, Sookunpo, Hong Kong}}</ref> == Tarihi == Sir Ellis Kadoorie ya gina makarantar ne domin ilmantar da mazauna asalin Kudancin Asiya. Kadoorie ta buɗe makaranta a shekarar 1891, <ref name="SirKadoorieSchoolProfile">{{Cite web |title=School Vision and School Mission |url=https://sekps.edu.hk/en/school-vision-and-school-mission |access-date=2022-11-23 |publisher=Sir Ellis Kadoorie (S) Primary School}}</ref> a Sai Ying Poon . <ref name="Schoolhist">{{Cite web |title=School History & Background |url=http://seksswk.edu.hk/ourschool.php |access-date=2021-07-08 |publisher=Sir Ellis Kadoorie Secondary School}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Oktoba, a shekara ta 1916, Gwamnan Hong Kong ya ƙirƙiri Makarantar Ellis Kadoorie ta Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |year=1916 |title=Appendix O Report of the Director of Education for the Year 1916 |url=https://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkgro/view/a1916/295.pdf |publisher=[[Governor of Hong Kong]] |pages=3–4}}</ref> Manufarta ita ce ilmantar da yara 'yan asalin Kudancin Asiya. <ref name="Primaryschhist">{{Cite web |title=School Vision and School Mission |url=https://sekps.edu.hk/en/school-vision-and-school-mission |access-date=2021-07-08 |publisher=Sir Ellis Kadoorie (S) Primary School}}</ref> Da farko makarantar firamare ce kawai, <ref name="Schoolhist" /> kuma ta yara maza ne kawai. Ginin asali yana da hawa biyu. An rufe makarantar Kadoorie a lokacin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu. <ref name="SirKadoorieSchoolProfile" /> Ta sake fara aiki a ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 1946; yawancin ɗaliban 'yan asalin ƙasar Sin ne, amma kaɗan ne daga cikin 'yan asalin Kudancin Asiya. A da, Makarantar Kadoorie tana da lokutan aiki daban-daban safe da rana. 'Yan asalin ƙasar Sin sun halarci aikin rana (Makarantar PM) yayin da 'yan asalin ƙasar Asiya ta Kudu suka halarci aikin safe (Makarantar AM). <ref name="SirKadoorieSchoolProfile" /> Zuwa shekarar 1953 an sami ƙaruwa a yawan ɗaliban Kudancin Asiya. <ref name="Postwarspeech" /> Gwamnatin Hong Kong ta ayyana makarantar AM a matsayin makarantar 'yan Kudancin Asiya tun daga ranar 1 ga Satumba, 1953. An sake rubuta manhajar wannan ɓangaren don biyan buƙatun ɗaliban Kudancin Asiya. Bugu da ƙari, hanyar koyarwa ta zama Turanci; a da Sinanci ne. Kadoorie kuma ta zama makarantar koyar da yara ta haɗin gwiwa. <ref name="Postwarspeech" /> Ginin da yake a yanzu, mai azuzuwa 24 a hawa biyar, an buɗe shi a shekarar 1959, kuma an lalata ginin da ya gabata. Dr John SL Woo ne ya jagoranci ginin. An ƙara matakan sakandare a shekarun 1960. <ref name="Schoolhist" /> A shekarar 1975, ya zama makaranta ta yini ɗaya kuma ba a sake yin aikin safe da rana ba. <ref name="SirKadoorieSchoolProfile" /> An fara Form 4 a shekarar 1977, kuma Form 5 ta fara a shekarar 1978. <ref name="Studentssing">{{Cite web |date=1994-03-22 |title=Students sing their gratitude |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/67729/students-sing-their-gratitude |access-date=2021-07-08}}</ref> A shekarar 1985, makarantar tana da ɗalibai 282 a azuzuwa goma a matakin sakandare. A shekarar 1980, an raba Makarantar Kadoorie zuwa makarantu daban-daban na matakin firamare da sakandare. <ref name="Primaryschhist" /> An buɗe Makarantar Sakandare ta Sir Ellis Kadoorie (West Kowloon) a shekarar 2000, inda ta ɗauki matakan sakandare. <ref name="SirKadoorieSchoolProfile" /> Makarantar sakandare ta bayyana cewa gadonta ya samo asali ne daga Makarantar Kadoorie da aka kafa a Sai Ying Poon. <ref name="Schoolhist" /> == Alƙaluma == Makarantar ta mayar da hankali kan kafa dangantaka tsakanin kabilu daban-daban. A shekarar 1985, ƙabilun Sinawa su ne rukuni na uku mafi girma na ɗalibai, kuma ɗaliban asalin Indiya da Pakistan, bi da bi, su ne rukuni na farko da na biyu mafi girma na ɗalibai. Sauran ɗaliban sun fito ne daga Burma (Myanmar), Koriya, Nepal, Philippines, Portugal, da Thailand. == Manhaja ta Manhaja == An bayar da harshen Sinanci a shekarar 1985 a matsayin harshen waje. A kusan shekarar 1985, makarantar ta fara bayar da darussan [[Faransanci]], kuma tana da darussa kan nau'ikan [[Indiyanci|Hindustani]] na [[Harshen Hindu|Hindi]] da [[Urdu]] . Urdu shine kawai harshen da ba Turanci ba da ake da shi don karatu a 1939, kodayake masu gudanar da makarantu sun ji cewa Urdu ba ta da amfani a kasuwanci kuma sun yi la'akari da barin wasu harsuna su yi karatu; ''SCMP'' ta rubuta cewa Urdu "ya kasance abin tuntuɓe ga [ɗaliban] tsawon shekaru da yawa." A shekarar 1953, bayan da makarantar ta zama hanyar sadarwa ta Turanci, an samar da Sinanci da duka rajistar Hindustani a matsayin harsunan da ba na Turanci ba. == Ayyuka == A shekarar 1939, jaridar ''South China Morning Post'' ta ruwaito cewa makarantar tana ƙoƙarin raba ɗalibai bisa ga shekarunsu, domin kasancewar shekarun ɗalibai daban-daban ya sa ya yi wahala a ci gaba da bin ƙa'idodin aji. == Duba kuma == * Jerin makarantu a Gundumar Wan Chai * Jerin makarantun gwamnati a Hong Kong * Jerin makarantun firamare a Hong Kong == Manazarta == o4ffl5uuo5dels8dq2b1bhg8t145i0g 0 166123 914897 914822 2026-09-02T14:24:01Z Baby juuu 38856 /* Yadda aka ɗauki ɗalibai aiki */ 914897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gina makarantar '''Little Outfit Schoolhouse''' a shekarar 1940 a kudu maso gabashin [[Arizona]] . Tana kan Little Outfit Ranch a San Rafael Valley, kimanin mil goma gabas-kudu maso gabas da Patagonia, a gundumar Santa Cruz, wacce ke iyaka da Mexico a kudu kuma tana da nisan mil 80 daga kan iyakar gabas ta Arizona da [[New Mexico]] . A farkon da tsakiyar ƙarni na ashirin, makarantun kiwon [[Dabbobin Kiwo|dabbobi]] sun zama muhimmin ɓangare na tsarin ilimi a jihohin yamma da yawa kuma Arizona ce ke jagorantar ƙasar a jimillar adadin. Manufar ta kafa manyan ƙa'idodi na ilimi, amma kuma ta mai da hankali sosai kan manufofin Tsohon Yammacin Amurka, ayyukan waje masu tsauri, da 'yancin kai na ruhi. Makarantar Little Outfit Ranch ta ba da kyakkyawan misali na wannan hanyar ilimi kuma a shekara ta 2009 aka sanya makarantar da kanta a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa . Kamfanin Little Outfit Preservation Group, Inc. ne ke kula da wannan makaranta. == Tarihi == Harry Fryer ne ya gina filin makarantar a shekarar 1917, kuma a shekarar 1940 Buel da Katharine Hutchinson suka sayi filin suka sanya masa suna The Little Outfit Ranch. Sun gina [[Makarantar ɗaki ɗaya|makarantar daki ɗaya]], kuma daga baya a wannan shekarar suka buɗe Makarantar Little Outfit Ranch. An fara makarantar a cikin shekaru biyu na farko amma daga baya duk maza ne, yawanci suna da ɗalibai 20 zuwa 25 kuma suna karatu a aji 3 zuwa 8. Malamai suna da ƙarfi amma an fi mai da hankali kan hanyoyin Yamma kuma an ba wa kowane ɗalibi doki. == Yankin da ke kewaye == Har yanzu kwarin San Rafael ba shi da yawan jama'a, ana amfani da ciyawa mai kyau musamman a matsayin wurin kiwo ga shanu. Gidan da ya fi kusa har yanzu shekaru saba'in bayan haka har yanzu yana da nisan mil ɗaya, kuma a shekarun 1940, wayar tarho mafi kusa tana tafiya mil goma. Tsawon wurin yana da ƙafa 5,100, inda dutsen da ake kira Old Hutch, a gefen [[arewa]] na gonar, ya kai kusan ƙafa 6,000. Hanyar shiga gonar tana kusa da FR 799, Canelo Pass Road—wata doguwar hanya mai ƙura da ja wadda ke kaiwa ga ƙaramin garin Patagonia. == Wadanda suka kafa kungiyar == Mutanen da suka kafa Makarantar Little Outfit Ranch, Katharine ("Kit") da Buel Hutchinson, sun ƙaura daga [[Chicago]] tare da 'ya'yansu uku; Ann, Mary, da Ned a shekarar 1940. Tabbas kasada ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin dalilansu na ƙaura zuwa irin wannan yanki mai nisa, amma wannan matakin zai kuma magance matsalar rashin lafiya da Ned ke fama da ita - tari mai ɗorewa wanda ya ɓace kawai lokacin da ya zauna makonni da yawa a kan 76 Ranch kusa da Willcox, Arizona . Kit Hutchinson ita ce shugabar gonar, shugabar makarantar, kuma uwa ce ga yaran. Tana iya hawa tare da mafi kyawunsu kuma galibi tana shirya farautar dukiya a kan dawakai. Ta koyar da Turanci ga manyan yaran kuma ta yi sauri ta yi amfani da damar koyo kamar tseren Tucson, tafiye-tafiyen [[Kirsimeti]] zuwa Mexico, da kuma ganin taron 'yan sanda na ƙarshe na sojojin Indiya a Fort Huachuca . Ta rubuta wasannin kwaikwayo ga yaran don su yi wasa a kan dandamali a bayan makarantar. Ta kuma yi waƙoƙi game da rayuwa a Little Outfit, ta shirya bukukuwan kammala karatun digiri, sannan ta ci gaba da sanar da iyaye yadda 'ya'yansu maza suke.   Buel Hutchinson ya koma gonarsa ta dindindin a shekarar 1942. Ya kasance manajan tallace-tallace na Kamfanin Warfield Spice Company wanda mahaifin Kit ya mallaka. A gonar ya kula da kayan aiki da injuna daban-daban, masana'antar samar da wutar lantarki, kayan gidan madara da sauransu. Ya kasance mai son yara maza kuma malami ne mai kyau - a fannin ilimi da wasanni (Buel ne ya kafa tarihin mafi tsayin gudu a ƙwallon ƙafa a Jami'ar Chicago ). == Yadda aka ɗauki ɗalibai aiki == Talla da za ta jawo hankalin ɗalibai ya dogara ne kawai da maganar baki, amma kuma an yi amfani da ƙasidu da ke tallata makarantar. Wani labari a ''Arizona Highways'' ya bayyana wasu makarantun kiwon dabbobi da ke aiki a shekarar (1940), da kuma irin karbuwar da suke da ita, da kuma fa'idar da suke da ita ga Arizona. Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Tucson ta fitar da wani ƙasida da ke nuna makarantun gona goma sha uku da ke kewaye da Tucson, ciki har da Makarantar Ƙananan Kayan Aiki. Yankin [[Chicago]] ya samar da ɗalibai da yawa saboda Hutchinson ya zauna a can kafin ya sayi Little Outfit Ranch. Jaridar [[Chicago Tribune]] ta buga wani cikakken labari a shafinta na "Makarantar 'Yan Kasuwa" tare da hotuna da yawa da ke nuna yaran Chicago na gida da ke halartar Makarantar 'Yan Kaya ta Little Outfit. == Manufar makarantar kiwo == Manufar koyar da kiwo a gona ta kasance mai matuƙar jan hankali ga iyaye waɗanda ke fama da cututtuka daban-daban, musamman [[Cutar Asthma|asma]] . Mutane da yawa sun yi imani cewa yanayi mai kyau zai iya taimakawa wajen murmurewa daga matasa marasa lafiya. Iyayen sun yi fatan cewa iska mai tsabta da dumi tare da ayyukan motsa jiki da makarantar kiwon dabbobi ke bayarwa ban da aikin ilimi, za su taimaka wa 'ya'yansu su farfaɗo da jikinsu. Umarni kan manufofin 'yan kaboyi - 'yancin kai, gaskiya, da kuma son yin aiki tukuru sun ƙara wa sha'awar makarantar kiwon dabbobi. Ba da daɗewa ba Arizona ta jagoranci ƙasar a yawan makarantun kiwon dabbobi. == Rufe makaranta == Rufe Makarantar Ƙananan Kayan Aiki - A matsayinta na ƙaramar cibiya mai zaman kanta, Makarantar Ƙananan Kayan Aiki ta dogara ne gaba ɗaya kan babban ƙoƙari daga masu ita, Hutchinson's. Babu shakka, wani muhimmin abin da ya fi daukar hankali a ci gaba da karatunsu shi ne kammala karatun 'ya'yansu wanda aka kammala a ƙarshen shekarun 1940. Murabus ɗin Slim Mayo - ɗan gwagwarmayar makarantar - a shekarar 1947 ya sa makarantar ba ta da ɗaya daga cikin manyan malamai. Duk da cewa ilimin makarantun firamare ya tsaya a shekarar 1950, makarantar ta ci gaba da zama cibiyar ilimi tsawon shekaru da yawa bayan haka, tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar sansanin bazara mai aiki. Domin kuwa kyakkyawan misali ne na ilimin makarantar gona wanda yake da matuƙar muhimmanci a Arizona a farkon ƙarni na ashirin, an ƙara gidan makarantar The Little Outfit Schoolhouse a cikin Rijistar Wurare na Tarihi na Ƙasa a ranar 8 ga Janairu, 2009. Kamfanin Little Outfit Preservation Group, Inc. ne ke kula da wannan makaranta. == Duba kuma == * [[Little Red Schoolhouse (Beyerville, Arizona)]] * Jerin wuraren tarihi na ƙasa a gundumar Santa Cruz, Arizona == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9czgxj92mi8t10t0s53n246h5vv10t4 0 166124 914823 2026-09-02T12:04:57Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1334197996|Jenaplan schools]]" 914823 wikitext text/x-wiki gina su ne bisa ga ra'ayin koyarwa wanda malamin [[Jamus]] [[Peter Petersen (pedagogue)|Peter Petersen]] ya ƙirƙira kuma ya kafa daga 1923-1927. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Petersen |url=http://www.dibb.de/petersen-jena-plan-schule.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102062121/http://dibb.de/petersen-jena-plan-schule.php |archive-date=2020-01-02 |access-date=2014-10-27}}</ref> Kwamitin [[Landan|London]] ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar Jenaplan don shirya taro na 4 na Sabuwar Ƙungiyar Ilimi a Locarno a shekarar 1927. Petersen ya ƙirƙiro manufarsa a Jami'ar Jena (don haka kalmar ta zama ta ƙarshe), inda ya kasance shugaban Sashen Ilimi tun daga shekarar 1923. Manyan ra'ayoyin sune koyo mai zaman kansa ta hanyar yin aiki, haɗin gwiwa da rayuwar al'umma, nauyin da yara da iyaye ke ɗauka tare. Manyan nau'ikan ilimi bisa ga tsarin Jenaplan sune: * Koyarwa: (na fannoni daban-daban) koyarwa ta asali, aiki kyauta (zaɓin horo kyauta), koyar da kwas (a fannoni na musamman) * Biki da bukukuwa: da'irar safe, bikin rufe mako, bukukuwan ranar haihuwa, rajista da sauransu * Tattaunawa: tattaunawa ta zagaye-zagaye, rahotanni, tattaunawa, fayyace muhawara da sauransu. * Yi wasa ( wasa kyauta, wasannin koyo, wasannin dakatarwa, wasannin motsa jiki, wasan kwaikwayo): wannan yana tallafawa ci gaban ƙananan yara, yana koyar da ƙa'idodi don halayen zamantakewa, yana haɓaka hankali Makarantun Jenaplan suna aiki bisa ga ƙa'idodi 20 na asali, misali: * Kowanne ɗan adam yana da nasaba. Saboda haka, kowane yaro da kowane babba yana da ƙima da ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba da kuma [[mutunci]] na musamman. * Kowane ɗan adam yana da 'yancin haɓaka asalinsa, ba tare da la'akari da [[Ƙabilar|ƙabila]], ƙasa, [[yanayin zamantakewa]], [[addini]], [[falsafa]] ko iyawa/ [[Nakasa|nakasa ba]] . * Kowanne mutum ana gane shi gaba ɗaya. Ana ci gaba da mu'amala da su ta wannan hanyar, duk inda zai yiwu. * Ya kamata mutane su yi aiki ga al'umma wadda ke girmama darajar da ba za a iya maye gurbinta ba da kuma mutuncin kowane ɗan adam. * Ya kamata mutane su yi aiki ga al'umma wadda ke ba da dama da kwarin gwiwa don haɓaka asalin kowane mutum. == Makarantu == Makarantun Jenaplan a [[Jamus]], da sauransu suna cikin waɗannan: [[Fayil:Jenaplan_School,_Jena.jpg|thumb| ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a Jena]] * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a [[Jena]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.jenaplan-schule-jena.de/ |website=jenaplan-schule-jena.de}}</ref> * ''Kaleidoskop Jena - Jenaplanschule'' a cikin Jena (lambar Lobeda) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.kaleidoskop.jena.de/ |website=kaleidoskop.jena.de}}</ref> * ''Evangelische Schule St. Marien'' a Neubrandenburg * ''Freie Comenius Schule'' a Darmstadt * ''[http://lernzeitraeume.de Freie Schule LernZeitRäume]'' in Dossenheim (kusa da Heidelberg ) * ''Jenaplanschule'' a Rostock * ''Jenaplanschule'' in Hungen * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a [[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] * ''Jenaplan-Gymnasium'' a Nürnberg * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a Weimar * [[:de:Laborschule Dresden|''Makarantar Labour'']] a [[Dresden]] * ''Lauterschule'' a Suhl Makarantun Jenaplan a [[Holand|Netherlands]] suna cikin jimillar makarantun Jenaplan 190: * Jenaplan OSG Sevenwolden a Heerenveen, Friesland * Jenaplanschool 't Wilde Woud a Haren, Groningen * Jenaplanschool 't Vlot a Hoogezand, Groningen * OBS De Woldstroom a Meppel, Drenthe * JenaXL in Zwolle, Overijssel * OJS Het Palet a cikin Hardenberg, Overijssel * Jenaplanschool Pierson a cikin Hengelo, Gelderland * De Zonnewijzer in Heerhugowaard, Noord Holland * Makarantar Jenaplan De Kring a Oegstgeest, Zuid Holland Sauran makarantun Jenaplan suna cikin [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Austriya|Austria]], South Tyrol ( [[Italiya]] ), da [[Japan]] . == Manazarta == be3qxb3sy8o8zwcla2co2vr0f7tggqi 914824 914823 2026-09-02T12:05:27Z Arcdanumma047 38699 914824 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} gina su ne bisa ga ra'ayin koyarwa wanda malamin [[Jamus]] [[Peter Petersen (pedagogue)|Peter Petersen]] ya ƙirƙira kuma ya kafa daga 1923-1927. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Petersen |url=http://www.dibb.de/petersen-jena-plan-schule.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102062121/http://dibb.de/petersen-jena-plan-schule.php |archive-date=2020-01-02 |access-date=2014-10-27}}</ref> Kwamitin [[Landan|London]] ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar Jenaplan don shirya taro na 4 na Sabuwar Ƙungiyar Ilimi a Locarno a shekarar 1927. Petersen ya ƙirƙiro manufarsa a Jami'ar Jena (don haka kalmar ta zama ta ƙarshe), inda ya kasance shugaban Sashen Ilimi tun daga shekarar 1923. Manyan ra'ayoyin sune koyo mai zaman kansa ta hanyar yin aiki, haɗin gwiwa da rayuwar al'umma, nauyin da yara da iyaye ke ɗauka tare. Manyan nau'ikan ilimi bisa ga tsarin Jenaplan sune: * Koyarwa: (na fannoni daban-daban) koyarwa ta asali, aiki kyauta (zaɓin horo kyauta), koyar da kwas (a fannoni na musamman) * Biki da bukukuwa: da'irar safe, bikin rufe mako, bukukuwan ranar haihuwa, rajista da sauransu * Tattaunawa: tattaunawa ta zagaye-zagaye, rahotanni, tattaunawa, fayyace muhawara da sauransu. * Yi wasa ( wasa kyauta, wasannin koyo, wasannin dakatarwa, wasannin motsa jiki, wasan kwaikwayo): wannan yana tallafawa ci gaban ƙananan yara, yana koyar da ƙa'idodi don halayen zamantakewa, yana haɓaka hankali Makarantun Jenaplan suna aiki bisa ga ƙa'idodi 20 na asali, misali: * Kowanne ɗan adam yana da nasaba. Saboda haka, kowane yaro da kowane babba yana da ƙima da ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba da kuma [[mutunci]] na musamman. * Kowane ɗan adam yana da 'yancin haɓaka asalinsa, ba tare da la'akari da [[Ƙabilar|ƙabila]], ƙasa, [[yanayin zamantakewa]], [[addini]], [[falsafa]] ko iyawa/ [[Nakasa|nakasa ba]] . * Kowanne mutum ana gane shi gaba ɗaya. Ana ci gaba da mu'amala da su ta wannan hanyar, duk inda zai yiwu. * Ya kamata mutane su yi aiki ga al'umma wadda ke girmama darajar da ba za a iya maye gurbinta ba da kuma mutuncin kowane ɗan adam. * Ya kamata mutane su yi aiki ga al'umma wadda ke ba da dama da kwarin gwiwa don haɓaka asalin kowane mutum. == Makarantu == Makarantun Jenaplan a [[Jamus]], da sauransu suna cikin waɗannan: [[Fayil:Jenaplan_School,_Jena.jpg|thumb| ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a Jena]] * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a [[Jena]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.jenaplan-schule-jena.de/ |website=jenaplan-schule-jena.de}}</ref> * ''Kaleidoskop Jena - Jenaplanschule'' a cikin Jena (lambar Lobeda) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.kaleidoskop.jena.de/ |website=kaleidoskop.jena.de}}</ref> * ''Evangelische Schule St. Marien'' a Neubrandenburg * ''Freie Comenius Schule'' a Darmstadt * ''[http://lernzeitraeume.de Freie Schule LernZeitRäume]'' in Dossenheim (kusa da Heidelberg ) * ''Jenaplanschule'' a Rostock * ''Jenaplanschule'' in Hungen * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a [[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] * ''Jenaplan-Gymnasium'' a Nürnberg * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a Weimar * [[:de:Laborschule Dresden|''Makarantar Labour'']] a [[Dresden]] * ''Lauterschule'' a Suhl Makarantun Jenaplan a [[Holand|Netherlands]] suna cikin jimillar makarantun Jenaplan 190: * Jenaplan OSG Sevenwolden a Heerenveen, Friesland * Jenaplanschool 't Wilde Woud a Haren, Groningen * Jenaplanschool 't Vlot a Hoogezand, Groningen * OBS De Woldstroom a Meppel, Drenthe * JenaXL in Zwolle, Overijssel * OJS Het Palet a cikin Hardenberg, Overijssel * Jenaplanschool Pierson a cikin Hengelo, Gelderland * De Zonnewijzer in Heerhugowaard, Noord Holland * Makarantar Jenaplan De Kring a Oegstgeest, Zuid Holland Sauran makarantun Jenaplan suna cikin [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Austriya|Austria]], South Tyrol ( [[Italiya]] ), da [[Japan]] . == Manazarta == ag9bzl09xvqmmu1td5bpggg01ize8ea 914991 914824 2026-09-02T16:35:51Z Baby juuu 38856 914991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} gina su ne bisa ga ra'ayin koyarwa wanda malamin [[Jamus]] [[Peter Petersen (pedagogue)|Peter Petersen]] ya ƙirƙira kuma ya kafa daga shekara ta 1923-1927. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Petersen |url=http://www.dibb.de/petersen-jena-plan-schule.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102062121/http://dibb.de/petersen-jena-plan-schule.php |archive-date=2020-01-02 |access-date=2014-10-27}}</ref> Kwamitin [[Landan|London]] ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar Jenaplan don shirya taro na 4 na Sabuwar Ƙungiyar Ilimi a Locarno a shekarar 1927. Petersen ya ƙirƙiro manufarsa a Jami'ar Jena (don haka kalmar ta zama ta ƙarshe), inda ya kasance shugaban Sashen Ilimi tun daga shekarar 1923. Manyan ra'ayoyin sune koyo mai zaman kansa ta hanyar yin aiki, haɗin gwiwa da rayuwar al'umma, nauyin da yara da iyaye ke ɗauka tare. Manyan nau'ikan ilimi bisa ga tsarin Jenaplan sune: * Koyarwa: (na fannoni daban-daban) koyarwa ta asali, aiki kyauta (zaɓin horo kyauta), koyar da kwas (a fannoni na musamman) * Biki da bukukuwa: da'irar safe, bikin rufe mako, bukukuwan ranar haihuwa, rajista da sauransu * Tattaunawa: tattaunawa ta zagaye-zagaye, rahotanni, tattaunawa, fayyace muhawara da sauransu. * Yi wasa ( wasa kyauta, wasannin koyo, wasannin dakatarwa, wasannin motsa jiki, wasan kwaikwayo): wannan yana tallafawa ci gaban ƙananan yara, yana koyar da ƙa'idodi don halayen zamantakewa, yana haɓaka hankali Makarantun Jenaplan suna aiki bisa ga ƙa'idodi 20 na asali, misali: * Kowanne ɗan adam yana da nasaba. Saboda haka, kowane yaro da kowane babba yana da ƙima da ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba da kuma [[mutunci]] na musamman. * Kowane ɗan adam yana da 'yancin haɓaka asalinsa, ba tare da la'akari da [[Ƙabilar|ƙabila]], ƙasa, [[yanayin zamantakewa]], [[addini]], [[falsafa]] ko iyawa/ [[Nakasa|nakasa ba]] . * Kowanne mutum ana gane shi gaba ɗaya. Ana ci gaba da mu'amala da su ta wannan hanyar, duk inda zai yiwu. * Ya kamata mutane su yi aiki ga al'umma wadda ke girmama darajar da ba za a iya maye gurbinta ba da kuma mutuncin kowane ɗan adam. * Ya kamata mutane su yi aiki ga al'umma wadda ke ba da dama da kwarin gwiwa don haɓaka asalin kowane mutum. == Makarantu == Makarantun Jenaplan a [[Jamus]], da sauransu suna cikin waɗannan: [[Fayil:Jenaplan_School,_Jena.jpg|thumb| ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a Jena]] * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a [[Jena]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.jenaplan-schule-jena.de/ |website=jenaplan-schule-jena.de}}</ref> * ''Kaleidoskop Jena - Jenaplanschule'' a cikin Jena (lambar Lobeda) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.kaleidoskop.jena.de/ |website=kaleidoskop.jena.de}}</ref> * ''Evangelische Schule St. Marien'' a Neubrandenburg * ''Freie Comenius Schule'' a Darmstadt * ''[http://lernzeitraeume.de Freie Schule LernZeitRäume]'' in Dossenheim (kusa da Heidelberg ) * ''Jenaplanschule'' a Rostock * ''Jenaplanschule'' in Hungen * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a [[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] * ''Jenaplan-Gymnasium'' a Nürnberg * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a Weimar * [[:de:Laborschule Dresden|''Makarantar Labour'']] a [[Dresden]] * ''Lauterschule'' a Suhl Makarantun Jenaplan a [[Holand|Netherlands]] suna cikin jimillar makarantun Jenaplan 190: * Jenaplan OSG Sevenwolden a Heerenveen, Friesland * Jenaplanschool 't Wilde Woud a Haren, Groningen * Jenaplanschool 't Vlot a Hoogezand, Groningen * OBS De Woldstroom a Meppel, Drenthe * JenaXL in Zwolle, Overijssel * OJS Het Palet a cikin Hardenberg, Overijssel * Jenaplanschool Pierson a cikin Hengelo, Gelderland * De Zonnewijzer in Heerhugowaard, Noord Holland * Makarantar Jenaplan De Kring a Oegstgeest, Zuid Holland Sauran makarantun Jenaplan suna cikin [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Austriya|Austria]], South Tyrol ( [[Italiya]] ), da [[Japan]] . == Manazarta == 5l62eamnha5o4gxv2ess9wdszf3j5j1 914995 914991 2026-09-02T16:42:46Z Baby juuu 38856 914995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} gina su ne bisa ga ra'ayin koyarwa wanda malamin [[Jamus]] [[Peter Petersen (pedagogue)|Peter Petersen]] ya ƙirƙira kuma ya kafa daga shekara ta 1923-1927. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Peter Petersen |url=http://www.dibb.de/petersen-jena-plan-schule.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200102062121/http://dibb.de/petersen-jena-plan-schule.php |archive-date=2020-01-02 |access-date=2014-10-27}}</ref> Kwamitin [[Landan|London]] ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar Jenaplan don shirya taro na 4 na Sabuwar Ƙungiyar Ilimi a Locarno a shekarar 1927. Petersen ya ƙirƙiro manufarsa a Jami'ar Jena (don haka kalmar ta zama ta ƙarshe), inda ya kasance shugaban Sashen Ilimi tun daga shekara ta 1923. Manyan ra'ayoyin sune koyo mai zaman kansa ta hanyar yin aiki, haɗin gwiwa da rayuwar al'umma, nauyin da yara da iyaye ke ɗauka tare. Manyan nau'ikan ilimi bisa ga tsarin Jenaplan sune: * Koyarwa: (na fannoni daban-daban) koyarwa ta asali, aiki kyauta (zaɓin horo kyauta), koyar da kwas (a fannoni na musamman) * Biki da bukukuwa: da'irar safe, bikin rufe mako, bukukuwan ranar haihuwa, rajista da sauransu * Tattaunawa: tattaunawa ta zagaye-zagaye, rahotanni, tattaunawa, fayyace muhawara da sauransu. * Yi wasa ( wasa kyauta, wasannin koyo, wasannin dakatarwa, wasannin motsa jiki, wasan kwaikwayo): wannan yana tallafawa ci gaban ƙananan yara, yana koyar da ƙa'idodi don halayen zamantakewa, yana haɓaka hankali Makarantun Jenaplan suna aiki bisa ga ƙa'idodi 20 na asali, misali: * Kowanne ɗan adam yana da nasaba. Saboda haka, kowane yaro da kowane babba yana da ƙima da ba za a iya maye gurbinsa ba da kuma [[mutunci]] na musamman. * Kowane ɗan adam yana da 'yancin haɓaka asalinsa, ba tare da la'akari da [[Ƙabilar|ƙabila]], ƙasa, [[yanayin zamantakewa]], [[addini]], [[falsafa]] ko iyawa/ [[Nakasa|nakasa ba]] . * Kowanne mutum ana gane shi gaba ɗaya. Ana ci gaba da mu'amala da su ta wannan hanyar, duk inda zai yiwu. * Ya kamata mutane su yi aiki ga al'umma wadda ke girmama darajar da ba za a iya maye gurbinta ba da kuma mutuncin kowane ɗan adam. * Ya kamata mutane su yi aiki ga al'umma wadda ke ba da dama da kwarin gwiwa don haɓaka asalin kowane mutum. == Makarantu == Makarantun Jenaplan a [[Jamus]], da sauransu suna cikin waɗannan: [[Fayil:Jenaplan_School,_Jena.jpg|thumb| ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a Jena]] * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a [[Jena]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=https://www.jenaplan-schule-jena.de/ |website=jenaplan-schule-jena.de}}</ref> * ''Kaleidoskop Jena - Jenaplanschule'' a cikin Jena (lambar Lobeda) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Home |url=http://www.kaleidoskop.jena.de/ |website=kaleidoskop.jena.de}}</ref> * ''Evangelische Schule St. Marien'' a Neubrandenburg * ''Freie Comenius Schule'' a Darmstadt * ''[http://lernzeitraeume.de Freie Schule LernZeitRäume]'' in Dossenheim (kusa da Heidelberg ) * ''Jenaplanschule'' a Rostock * ''Jenaplanschule'' in Hungen * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a [[Nuremberg|Nürnberg]] * ''Jenaplan-Gymnasium'' a Nürnberg * ''Jenaplan-Schule'' a Weimar * [[:de:Laborschule Dresden|''Makarantar Labour'']] a [[Dresden]] * ''Lauterschule'' a Suhl Makarantun Jenaplan a [[Holand|Netherlands]] suna cikin jimillar makarantun Jenaplan 190: * Jenaplan OSG Sevenwolden a Heerenveen, Friesland * Jenaplanschool 't Wilde Woud a Haren, Groningen * Jenaplanschool 't Vlot a Hoogezand, Groningen * OBS De Woldstroom a Meppel, Drenthe * JenaXL in Zwolle, Overijssel * OJS Het Palet a cikin Hardenberg, Overijssel * Jenaplanschool Pierson a cikin Hengelo, Gelderland * De Zonnewijzer in Heerhugowaard, Noord Holland * Makarantar Jenaplan De Kring a Oegstgeest, Zuid Holland Sauran makarantun Jenaplan suna cikin [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Austriya|Austria]], South Tyrol ( [[Italiya]] ), da [[Japan]] . == Manazarta == mdo6oaa7vuvmby3tmqmkysxkf496ue8 0 166125 914825 2026-09-02T12:06:08Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368110485|Laupāhoehoe Community Public Charter School]]" 914825 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makarantar Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Laupāhoehoe Community''', wacce a da take '''Makarantar Sakandare da Firamare ta Laupāhoehoe,''' makaranta ce ta haya (kuma tsohuwar makarantar gwamnati, makarantar sakandare ta haɗin gwiwa, makarantar sakandare da [[Makarantar Firamare|firamare]] ) ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Hawaii . Tana hidimar aji na kindergarten zuwa aji goma sha biyu kuma an kafa ta a shekarar 1904. == Janar bayani == Makarantar tana cikin Laupāhoehoe, Hawaii a gundumar Hawaii a Tsibirin ʻ, Amurka. Harabar makarantar tana kan babbar hanyar Mamalahoa kuma tana kallon teku. Laupāhoehoe ba shi da makarantun ciyarwa. Mascot ɗin shine Seasider kuma launukan makarantarsa shuɗi ne da zinariya . A halin yanzu tana hidimar aji na Pre-Kindergarten zuwa aji na sha biyu. == Tarihi == An fara Makarantar Laupāhoehoe a shekarar 1883 <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010-06-17 |title=Laupahoehoe charter plans get back on track |url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2010/06/17/hawaii-news/whatever-happened-to/laupahoehoe-charter-plans-get-back-on-track/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |language=en-US}}</ref> ga ɗalibai daga Al'ummomin Hamakua Coastal Sugar Cane da kuma al'ummomin kamun kifi. An kafa makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1904. Makarantar, wacce aka fara ginawa a yankin Laupāhoehoe, ta fuskanci mummunan ambaliyar tsunami a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1946. An rasa ɗalibai ashirin da malamai huɗu a cikin tsunamL. Yanzu haka wani abin tunawa ga matattu yana tsaye a kan Laupāhoehoe Point. An kammala sabon harabar jami'a kuma an buɗe ƙofofinta a watan Satumba na 1952 a wurin da take a yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Campus & Facilities |url=http://www.lcpcs.org/about/our_campus___facilities |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=www.lcpcs.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Farawa == Ana gudanar da atisayen kammala karatun Makarantar Yarjejeniya ta Jama'a ta Laupāhoehoe a watan Mayu. == Manazarta == skwj8g949iuuoz1bf2pe92bh8i51h6d 914826 914825 2026-09-02T12:08:13Z Arcdanumma047 38699 914826 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Makarantar Yarjejeniyar Jama'a ta Laupāhoehoe Community''', wacce a da take '''Makarantar Sakandare da Firamare ta Laupāhoehoe,''' makaranta ce ta haya (kuma tsohuwar makarantar gwamnati, makarantar sakandare ta haɗin gwiwa, makarantar sakandare da [[Makarantar Firamare|firamare]] ) ta Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Hawaii . Tana hidimar aji na kindergarten zuwa aji goma sha biyu kuma an kafa ta a shekarar 1904. == Janar bayani == Makarantar tana cikin Laupāhoehoe, Hawaii a gundumar Hawaii a Tsibirin ʻ, Amurka. Harabar makarantar tana kan babbar hanyar Mamalahoa kuma tana kallon teku. Laupāhoehoe ba shi da makarantun ciyarwa. Mascot ɗin shine Seasider kuma launukan makarantarsa shuɗi ne da zinariya . A halin yanzu tana hidimar aji na Pre-Kindergarten zuwa aji na sha biyu. == Tarihi == An fara Makarantar Laupāhoehoe a shekarar 1883 <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2010-06-17 |title=Laupahoehoe charter plans get back on track |url=https://www.staradvertiser.com/2010/06/17/hawaii-news/whatever-happened-to/laupahoehoe-charter-plans-get-back-on-track/ |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |language=en-US}}</ref> ga ɗalibai daga Al'ummomin Hamakua Coastal Sugar Cane da kuma al'ummomin kamun kifi. An kafa makarantar sakandare a shekarar 1904. Makarantar, wacce aka fara ginawa a yankin Laupāhoehoe, ta fuskanci mummunan ambaliyar tsunami a ranar 1 ga Afrilu, 1946. An rasa ɗalibai ashirin da malamai huɗu a cikin tsunamL. Yanzu haka wani abin tunawa ga matattu yana tsaye a kan Laupāhoehoe Point. An kammala sabon harabar jami'a kuma an buɗe ƙofofinta a watan Satumba na 1952 a wurin da take a yanzu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Campus & Facilities |url=http://www.lcpcs.org/about/our_campus___facilities |access-date=2023-01-21 |website=www.lcpcs.org |language=en-US}}</ref> == Farawa == Ana gudanar da atisayen kammala karatun Makarantar Yarjejeniya ta Jama'a ta Laupāhoehoe a watan Mayu. == Manazarta == nrnn9dx63404s8znxvmlzp36bqno0o1 0 166126 914830 2026-09-02T12:46:24Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1318677913|Charlotte, Northern Territory]]" 914830 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}'''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Charlotte''' wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin . Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007. Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 3ukxr8qcztgz3xcrbgbqz7nfo4l66mu 914831 914830 2026-09-02T12:48:37Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914831 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charlotte''' wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin . Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007. Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2lfeehn3jd62xz1m1y0yq4q35anzeng 914835 914831 2026-09-02T13:07:49Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914835 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charlotte''' wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin . Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007. Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} k9k2psmy1spzafm9g5aob11nxdjwd1r 914837 914835 2026-09-02T13:09:01Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914837 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charlotte''' wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu. An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007. Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mal35lpel61oy96xk896j9xxpnwui33 914840 914837 2026-09-02T13:11:52Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914840 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charlotte''' wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007. Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} o0uxyupb502st60lyx17032vsttzpx3 914841 914840 2026-09-02T13:13:20Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914841 wikitext text/x-wiki __NOTOC__ {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2019}} {{Use Australian English|date= April 2019}} {{Infobox Australian place | type = suburb | name = Charlotte | state = nt | image = | caption = | image_alt = | relief = | coordinates = {{coord| 12.846 |S| 130.794 |E|format=dms|display=inline,title}} | coord_ref = <ref name="NT-Placenames">{{cite web| title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte |url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=22332 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate= 18 April 2019}}</ref> | pushpin_map_caption = | pushpin_label_position = | map_alt = | pop = 18 | pop_year = {{CensusAU|2016}} | pop_footnotes = <ref name ="Census2016">{{Census 2016 AUS|id = SSC70054|name = Charlotte (State Suburb)|quick = on | accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> | poprank = | density = | density_footnotes = | established = 4 April 2007 | established_footnotes = <ref name="NT-Placenames"/> | postcode = 0822<ref name=postcode>{{cite web|title= Charlotte Postcode|url= https://www.postcode-finders.com.au/nt-charlotte-postcode |publisher= postcode-finders.com.au |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> | elevation = | elevation_footnotes = | timezone = [[UTC9:30|ACST]] | utc = +9:30 | dist1 = 36 | dir1 = S | location1 = [[Darwin City, Northern Territory|Darwin City]] | dist2 = | dir2 = | location2 = | lga = Unincorporated area<ref name="Dundee-map"/> | region = | stategov = [[Electoral division of Daly|Daly]]<ref name=NTEC>{{cite web|title=Division of Daly|url=https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|publisher=Northern Territory Electoral Commission|accessdate=18 April 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091055/https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|url-status=dead}}</ref> | fedgov = [[division of Lingiari|Lingiari]]<ref name=AEC>{{cite web|title=Federal electoral division of Lingiari|url=https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/nt/lingiari.html|publisher=Australian Electoral Commission|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> | maxtemp = 33.7 | maxtemp_footnotes =<ref name = climate>{{cite web|title=Monthly climate statistics: Summary statistics BATCHELOR AIRPORT (nearest weather station) |url=https://www.bom.gov.au/climate/averages/tables/cw_014272.shtml|publisher=Commonwealth of Australia, Bureau of Meteorology|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> | mintemp = 21.2 | mintemp_footnotes =<ref name = climate/> | rainfall = 1564.4 | rainfall_footnotes = <ref name = climate/> | near-n = [[Cox Peninsula, Northern Territory|Cox Peninsula]] | near-ne = [[Blackmore, Northern Territory|Blackmore]] | near-e = [[Blackmore, Northern Territory|Blackmore]]<br/>[[Darwin River, Northern Territory|Darwin River]]<br/>[[Collett Creek, Northern Territory|Collett Creek]] | near-se = [[Finniss Valley, Northern Territory|Finniss Valley]] | near-s = [[Rakula, Northern Territory|Rakula]] | near-sw = [[Rakula, Northern Territory|Rakula]] | near-w = [[Bynoe, Northern Territory|Bynoe]]<br/>[[Rakula, Northern Territory|Rakula]] | near-nw = [[Cox Peninsula, Northern Territory|Cox Peninsula]] | near = | footnotes = Locations<ref name=postcode/><br/>Adjoining localities<ref name=NT-Atlas>{{cite web |title=Charlotte |url=http://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/imfPublic/imf.jsp?site=nt_atlas&qhlt=true&qsel=true&qbuf=0.15&qry=PLACE_ID=22332&qlyr=113|website=NT Atlas and Spatial Data Directory |publisher=Northern Territory Government |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Dundee-map">{{cite web|title=Localities within Un-Incorporated area (map)|url=https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate=19 April 2019|date=29 October 1997|quote=the Un-Incorporated area described as either 'Dundee', 'West of Coomalie Shire and Litchfield Municipality' or 'Un-incorporated area - west of Litchfield and Palmerston Municipality' on the official website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101726/https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> }} '''Charlotte''' wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007. Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} khf2vdetkntihh7jf1vstuunhtlbb97 914842 914841 2026-09-02T13:14:45Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914842 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charlotte''' wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007. Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} o0uxyupb502st60lyx17032vsttzpx3 914846 914842 2026-09-02T13:20:13Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914846 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Charlotte''' wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007.<ref name="NT-Placenames"/> Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} kxgcwgcuv4mx3c9vgc3nhm9t04twuny 914849 914846 2026-09-02T13:24:52Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914849 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<ref name="NT-Placenames">{{cite web| title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte |url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=22332 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate= 18 April 2019}}</ref> '''Charlotte''' wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007.<ref name="NT-Placenames"/> Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dgaktuutxyvaf0readcpu4h1c7p0m3d 914851 914849 2026-09-02T13:27:01Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914851 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<ref name="NT-Placenames">{{cite web| title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte |url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=22332 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate= 18 April 2019}}</ref> '''Charlotte'''<ref name ="Census2016">{{Census 2016 AUS|id = SSC70054|name = Charlotte (State Suburb)|quick = on | accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007.<ref name="NT-Placenames"/> Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} oqgzuzhnxrx26t5l5o765ymv252aa69 914857 914851 2026-09-02T13:32:10Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914857 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<ref name="NT-Placenames">{{cite web| title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte |url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=22332 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate= 18 April 2019}}</ref> '''Charlotte'''<ref name ="Census2016">{{Census 2016 AUS|id = SSC70054|name = Charlotte (State Suburb)|quick = on | accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name=postcode>{{cite web|title= Charlotte Postcode|url= https://www.postcode-finders.com.au/nt-charlotte-postcode |publisher= postcode-finders.com.au |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007.<ref name="NT-Placenames"/> Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta. Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} r0lfdlh5mfity5xka5h5b72trx9medu 914873 914857 2026-09-02T13:53:10Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<ref name="NT-Placenames">{{cite web| title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte |url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=22332 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate= 18 April 2019}}</ref> '''Charlotte'''<ref name ="Census2016">{{Census 2016 AUS|id = SSC70054|name = Charlotte (State Suburb)|quick = on | accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name=postcode>{{cite web|title= Charlotte Postcode|url= https://www.postcode-finders.com.au/nt-charlotte-postcode |publisher= postcode-finders.com.au |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007.<ref name="NT-Placenames"/> Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park. Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta.<ref name=NTEC>{{cite web|title=Division of Daly|url=https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|publisher=Northern Territory Electoral Commission|accessdate=18 April 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091055/https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ms0lto59v3nr07si7qluvl9dfubhq4d 914875 914873 2026-09-02T13:56:55Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914875 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<ref name="NT-Placenames">{{cite web| title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte |url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=22332 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate= 18 April 2019}}</ref> '''Charlotte'''<ref name ="Census2016">{{Census 2016 AUS|id = SSC70054|name = Charlotte (State Suburb)|quick = on | accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name=postcode>{{cite web|title= Charlotte Postcode|url= https://www.postcode-finders.com.au/nt-charlotte-postcode |publisher= postcode-finders.com.au |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007.<ref name="NT-Placenames"/> Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park.<ref name=postcode/><br/>Adjoining localities<ref name=NT-Atlas>{{cite web |title=Charlotte |url=http://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/imfPublic/imf.jsp?site=nt_atlas&qhlt=true&qsel=true&qbuf=0.15&qry=PLACE_ID=22332&qlyr=113|website=NT Atlas and Spatial Data Directory |publisher=Northern Territory Government |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Dundee-map">{{cite web|title=Localities within Un-Incorporated area (map)|url=https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate=19 April 2019|date=29 October 1997|quote=the Un-Incorporated area described as either 'Dundee', 'West of Coomalie Shire and Litchfield Municipality' or 'Un-incorporated area - west of Litchfield and Palmerston Municipality' on the official website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101726/https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta.<ref name=NTEC>{{cite web|title=Division of Daly|url=https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|publisher=Northern Territory Electoral Commission|accessdate=18 April 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091055/https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b5h3p3jcy39k4tuu2pv5i2wkhtu4eu7 914877 914875 2026-09-02T13:58:47Z A Sulaiman Z 13085 914877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<ref name="NT-Placenames">{{cite web| title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte |url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=22332 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate= 18 April 2019}}</ref> '''Charlotte'''<ref name ="Census2016">{{Census 2016 AUS|id = SSC70054|name = Charlotte (State Suburb)|quick = on | accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name=postcode>{{cite web|title= Charlotte Postcode|url= https://www.postcode-finders.com.au/nt-charlotte-postcode |publisher= postcode-finders.com.au |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2007.<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=AEC>{{cite web|title=Federal electoral division of Lingiari|url=https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/nt/lingiari.html|publisher=Australian Electoral Commission|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park.<ref name=postcode/><br/>Adjoining localities<ref name=NT-Atlas>{{cite web |title=Charlotte |url=http://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/imfPublic/imf.jsp?site=nt_atlas&qhlt=true&qsel=true&qbuf=0.15&qry=PLACE_ID=22332&qlyr=113|website=NT Atlas and Spatial Data Directory |publisher=Northern Territory Government |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Dundee-map">{{cite web|title=Localities within Un-Incorporated area (map)|url=https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate=19 April 2019|date=29 October 1997|quote=the Un-Incorporated area described as either 'Dundee', 'West of Coomalie Shire and Litchfield Municipality' or 'Un-incorporated area - west of Litchfield and Palmerston Municipality' on the official website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101726/https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta.<ref name=NTEC>{{cite web|title=Division of Daly|url=https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|publisher=Northern Territory Electoral Commission|accessdate=18 April 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091055/https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ehxt9zu23rmphemho0nqvh674tqs4dt 914889 914877 2026-09-02T14:19:03Z Baby juuu 38856 914889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<ref name="NT-Placenames">{{cite web| title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte |url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=22332 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate= 18 April 2019}}</ref> '''Charlotte'''<ref name ="Census2016">{{Census 2016 AUS|id = SSC70054|name = Charlotte (State Suburb)|quick = on | accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name=postcode>{{cite web|title= Charlotte Postcode|url= https://www.postcode-finders.com.au/nt-charlotte-postcode |publisher= postcode-finders.com.au |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2007.<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=AEC>{{cite web|title=Federal electoral division of Lingiari|url=https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/nt/lingiari.html|publisher=Australian Electoral Commission|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park.<ref name=postcode/><br/>Adjoining localities<ref name=NT-Atlas>{{cite web |title=Charlotte |url=http://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/imfPublic/imf.jsp?site=nt_atlas&qhlt=true&qsel=true&qbuf=0.15&qry=PLACE_ID=22332&qlyr=113|website=NT Atlas and Spatial Data Directory |publisher=Northern Territory Government |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Dundee-map">{{cite web|title=Localities within Un-Incorporated area (map)|url=https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate=19 April 2019|date=29 October 1997|quote=the Un-Incorporated area described as either 'Dundee', 'West of Coomalie Shire and Litchfield Municipality' or 'Un-incorporated area - west of Litchfield and Palmerston Municipality' on the official website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101726/https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta.<ref name=NTEC>{{cite web|title=Division of Daly|url=https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|publisher=Northern Territory Electoral Commission|accessdate=18 April 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091055/https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6c67oi781cgwwdwqlum93kh5urf4ui3 914896 914889 2026-09-02T14:22:35Z Baby juuu 38856 914896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}}<ref name="NT-Placenames">{{cite web| title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte |url= https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view.jsp?id=22332 |website= NT Place Names Register|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate= 18 April 2019}}</ref> '''Charlotte'''<ref name ="Census2016">{{Census 2016 AUS|id = SSC70054|name = Charlotte (State Suburb)|quick = on | accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> wani gari ne a Yankin Arewacin Ostiraliya wanda ke da nisan kilomita 36 (22 kudu da babban birnin yankin Darwin .<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=postcode/> Ya ƙunshi ƙasa a cikin iyakokin sashin cadastral na Ɗari na Hughes a arewa da waɗancan ɓangarorin daruruwan Finniss da [[Hundred of Hart|Hart]] da ke da iyaka da Kogin Finniss a kudu.<ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name=postcode>{{cite web|title= Charlotte Postcode|url= https://www.postcode-finders.com.au/nt-charlotte-postcode |publisher= postcode-finders.com.au |accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan Kogin Charlotte wanda aka tsara shi tare da Kogin Annie a shekarar 1869 ta ƙungiyar bincike daga balaguron gwamnatin Kudancin Australia karkashin jagorancin George Goyder. Tushen hukuma ya nuna cewa an sanya wa koguna biyu suna bayan dangin mutane a cikin ƙungiyar binciken. An buga iyakokin yankin da sunan a ranar 4 ga watan Afrilu a shekara ta 2007.<ref name="NT-Placenames"/><ref name=AEC>{{cite web|title=Federal electoral division of Lingiari|url=https://www.aec.gov.au/profiles/nt/lingiari.html|publisher=Australian Electoral Commission|accessdate=18 April 2019}}</ref> Hanyar Cox Peninsula ta wuce a ko'ina cikin yankin tare da hanyoyi masu zuwa da ke rami zuwa yamma da kudu bi da bi - Hanyar Fog Bay da Hanyar Litchfield Park.<ref name=postcode/><br/>Adjoining localities<ref name=NT-Atlas>{{cite web |title=Charlotte |url=http://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/imfPublic/imf.jsp?site=nt_atlas&qhlt=true&qsel=true&qbuf=0.15&qry=PLACE_ID=22332&qlyr=113|website=NT Atlas and Spatial Data Directory |publisher=Northern Territory Government |accessdate=19 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="Dundee-map">{{cite web|title=Localities within Un-Incorporated area (map)|url=https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf|publisher=Northern Territory Government|accessdate=19 April 2019|date=29 October 1997|quote=the Un-Incorporated area described as either 'Dundee', 'West of Coomalie Shire and Litchfield Municipality' or 'Un-incorporated area - west of Litchfield and Palmerston Municipality' on the official website|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318101726/https://placenames.nt.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/404784/Dundee_A3.pdf|archive-date=18 March 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yankin Horar da Kangaroo Flats, wani kayan aikin Sojojin Tsaro na Australiya, yana cikin iyakokin yankin.<ref name="NT-Placenames-map">{{Cite web |title=Place Names Register Extract for Charlotte (map) |url=https://www.ntlis.nt.gov.au/placenames/view_map.jsp?lat=-12.846&lon=130.794&bbkm=25 |access-date=18 April 2019 |website=NT Place Names Register |publisher=Northern Territory Government}}</ref> Ƙididdigar Australiya ta 2016 wacce aka gudanar a watan Agustan 2016 ta ba da rahoton cewa Charlotte tana da mutane 18 da ke zaune a cikin iyakokinta.<ref name=NTEC>{{cite web|title=Division of Daly|url=https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|publisher=Northern Territory Electoral Commission|accessdate=18 April 2019|archive-date=27 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327091055/https://ntec.nt.gov.au/Electoral-divisions/division-profiles/division-profiles/division-of-daly|url-status=dead}}</ref> Charlotte tana cikin sashin tarayya na Lingiari, yankin zaɓe na Daly kuma a cikin yankunan da ba a haɗa su ba na Yankin Arewa.<ref name=AEC/><ref name=NT-Atlas/><ref name= NTEC/><ref name="Dundee-map"/> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6oyopgn0lvgumdtljf3kyfkwnhmo705 0 166127 914860 2026-09-02T13:35:43Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343721295|Gerry van der Linden]]" 914860 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gertrude Maria Johanna Catharina "Gerry" van der Linden''' (an haife ta 25 Nuwamba 1952) marubuciya ce ta Holland . <ref name="dbnl">{{Cite web |title=Linden, Gerry van der |url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001schr01_01/bork001schr01_01_0692.php |publisher=Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren |language=nl}}</ref> An haife ta ne a Eindhoven . <ref name="dbnl" /> Van der Linden ta buga tarin waƙoƙinta na farko De Aantekening (The Note) a shekarar 1978. Ta koma Amurka a 1979, tana zaune a Birnin New York da San Francisco na shekaru hudu masu zuwa. Bayan ta koma Netherlands, ta wallafa littafinta na biyu na waka ''Val op na rand'' (Fall on the Edge) a shekarar 1990.<ref name="pi">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2012 |title=Gerry van der Linden |url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/21731/6/Gerry-van-der-Linden |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192539/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/21731/6/Gerry-van-der-Linden |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=October 1, 2015 |publisher=Poetry International Rotterdam}}</ref> Van der Linden yana koyar da shayari da rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa a Makarantar Rubuce-rufe ta Amsterdam . Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitin Cibiyar PEN a Netherlands. Waƙoƙinta sun bayyana a cikin fassarar a cikin litattafai da wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a Bulgaria, Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Indonesia, Makidoniya da Slovenia.<ref name="pi" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] ltegp5quddrdfor8t8gcirn92myoakj 914862 914860 2026-09-02T13:36:10Z Usman saadu 46863 914862 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gertrude Maria Johanna Catharina "Gerry" van der Linden''' (an haife ta 25 Nuwamba 1952) marubuciya ce ta Holland . <ref name="dbnl">{{Cite web |title=Linden, Gerry van der |url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001schr01_01/bork001schr01_01_0692.php |publisher=Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren |language=nl}}</ref> An haife ta ne a Eindhoven . <ref name="dbnl" /> Van der Linden ta buga tarin waƙoƙinta na farko De Aantekening (The Note) a shekarar 1978. Ta koma Amurka a 1979, tana zaune a Birnin New York da San Francisco na shekaru hudu masu zuwa. Bayan ta koma Netherlands, ta wallafa littafinta na biyu na waka ''Val op na rand'' (Fall on the Edge) a shekarar 1990.<ref name="pi">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2012 |title=Gerry van der Linden |url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/21731/6/Gerry-van-der-Linden |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192539/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/21731/6/Gerry-van-der-Linden |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=October 1, 2015 |publisher=Poetry International Rotterdam}}</ref> Van der Linden yana koyar da shayari da rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa a Makarantar Rubuce-rufe ta Amsterdam . Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitin Cibiyar PEN a Netherlands. Waƙoƙinta sun bayyana a cikin fassarar a cikin litattafai da wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a Bulgaria, Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Indonesia, Makidoniya da Slovenia.<ref name="pi" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] p1f2mju5v4exi3kigjxalh9rckxf36b 914863 914862 2026-09-02T13:36:42Z Usman saadu 46863 914863 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gertrude Maria Johanna Catharina "Gerry" van der Linden''' (an haife ta 25 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1952) marubuciya ce ta Holland . <ref name="dbnl">{{Cite web |title=Linden, Gerry van der |url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001schr01_01/bork001schr01_01_0692.php |publisher=Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren |language=nl}}</ref> An haife ta ne a Eindhoven . <ref name="dbnl" /> Van der Linden ta buga tarin waƙoƙinta na farko De Aantekening (The Note) a shekarar 1978. Ta koma Amurka a 1979, tana zaune a Birnin New York da San Francisco na shekaru hudu masu zuwa. Bayan ta koma Netherlands, ta wallafa littafinta na biyu na waka ''Val op na rand'' (Fall on the Edge) a shekarar 1990.<ref name="pi">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2012 |title=Gerry van der Linden |url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/21731/6/Gerry-van-der-Linden |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192539/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/21731/6/Gerry-van-der-Linden |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=October 1, 2015 |publisher=Poetry International Rotterdam}}</ref> Van der Linden yana koyar da shayari da rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa a Makarantar Rubuce-rufe ta Amsterdam . Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitin Cibiyar PEN a Netherlands. Waƙoƙinta sun bayyana a cikin fassarar a cikin litattafai da wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a Bulgaria, Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Indonesia, Makidoniya da Slovenia.<ref name="pi" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] n488nhet9kezasvzwfxlbp2gaia02v1 914890 914863 2026-09-02T14:20:21Z Baby juuu 38856 914890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gertrude Maria Johanna Catharina "Gerry" van der Linden''' (an haife ta 25 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1952) marubuciya ce ta Holland . <ref name="dbnl">{{Cite web |title=Linden, Gerry van der |url=http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/bork001schr01_01/bork001schr01_01_0692.php |publisher=Digitale Bibliotheek voor de Nederlandse Letteren |language=nl}}</ref> An haife ta ne a Eindhoven . <ref name="dbnl" /> Van der Linden ta buga tarin waƙoƙinta na farko De Aantekening (The Note) a shekarar 1978. Ta koma Amurka a shekarar 1979, tana zaune a Birnin New York da San Francisco na shekaru hudu masu zuwa. Bayan ta koma Netherlands, ta wallafa littafinta na biyu na waka ''Val op na rand'' (Fall on the Edge) a shekarar 1990.<ref name="pi">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2012 |title=Gerry van der Linden |url=http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/21731/6/Gerry-van-der-Linden |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192539/http://www.poetryinternationalweb.net/pi/site/poet/item/21731/6/Gerry-van-der-Linden |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=October 1, 2015 |publisher=Poetry International Rotterdam}}</ref> Van der Linden yana koyar da shayari da rubuce-rubuce masu ban sha'awa a Makarantar Rubuce-rufe ta Amsterdam . Ta yi aiki a kan kwamitin Cibiyar PEN a Netherlands. Waƙoƙinta sun bayyana a cikin fassarar a cikin litattafai da wallafe-wallafe daban-daban a Bulgaria, Ingila, Faransa, Jamus, Indonesia, Makidoniya da Slovenia.<ref name="pi" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] 59y516ljyq37wylxyewfzcddviplqpq 0 166128 914879 2026-09-02T14:14:15Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370182056|Adam Federici]]" 914879 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adam Jay Federici''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1985) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . Federici ya fara babban aikinsa a Wolverhampton Wanderers a shekara ta 2003, amma ya kasance a wurin na ɗan lokaci kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Torres . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau a ƙungiyar Italiya, ya koma Reading a shekarar 2005, kuma bayan ya yi aro a Maidenhead United, Northwood da Carshalton Athletic, ya zama ƙwararre a shekarar 2006. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aro zuwa Bristol City, Federici ya fara buga wa Reading wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . Duk da haka, har yanzu bai iya kawar da Marcus Hahnemann daga matsayinsa na farko ba, kuma ya ci gaba da zama zaɓi na biyu, har ma ya je aro zuwa Southend United a 2008. Duk da haka, bayan wannan lokacin aro, raunin da Hahnemann ya samu ya ba Federici damar yin dogon wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a cikin 'yan wasan tsawon shekaru da dama. Federici ya shafe shekaru goma tare da Royals kafin ya koma AFC Bournemouth a watan Mayun 2015. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na biyu da na uku a Dean Court kuma ya koma Stoke City a watan Yulin 2018. Ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Yulin 2020, inda ya koma Macarthur, inda ya buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa daya kafin ya yi ritaya. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Federici ya fara aikinsa a Huskisson Football Club, kudu maso gabashin Nowra, kuma yana cikin Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru 17. Federici ya yi gwaje-gwaje a Sheffield Wednesday kuma Bolton Wanderers kafin a fara shari'a a Wolverhampton Wanderers ya sa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a watan Fabrairun 2003 har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2003 |title=Keeper looking to impress |url=http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0,,10307~349172,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902140518/http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10307~349172%2C00.html |archive-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya a kulob din Torres na Italiya, ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi gwaji a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] amma bai samu yarjejeniya ba. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 3qcnxyoox41erg96qy6ftn96d3hdk6c 914881 914879 2026-09-02T14:16:03Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370182056|Adam Federici]]" 914881 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adam Jay Federici''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1985) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . Federici ya fara babban aikinsa a Wolverhampton Wanderers a shekara ta 2003, amma ya kasance a wurin na ɗan lokaci kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Torres . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau a ƙungiyar Italiya, ya koma Reading a shekarar 2005, kuma bayan ya yi aro a Maidenhead United, Northwood da Carshalton Athletic, ya zama ƙwararre a shekarar 2006. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aro zuwa Bristol City, Federici ya fara buga wa Reading wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . Duk da haka, har yanzu bai iya kawar da Marcus Hahnemann daga matsayinsa na farko ba, kuma ya ci gaba da zama zaɓi na biyu, har ma ya je aro zuwa Southend United a 2008. Duk da haka, bayan wannan lokacin aro, raunin da Hahnemann ya samu ya ba Federici damar yin dogon wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a cikin 'yan wasan tsawon shekaru da dama. Federici ya shafe shekaru goma tare da Royals kafin ya koma AFC Bournemouth a watan Mayun 2015. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na biyu da na uku a Dean Court kuma ya koma Stoke City a watan Yulin 2018. Ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Yulin 2020, inda ya koma Macarthur, inda ya buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa daya kafin ya yi ritaya. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Federici ya fara aikinsa a Huskisson Football Club, kudu maso gabashin Nowra, kuma yana cikin Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru 17. Federici ya yi gwaje-gwaje a Sheffield Wednesday kuma Bolton Wanderers kafin a fara shari'a a Wolverhampton Wanderers ya sa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a watan Fabrairun 2003 har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2003 |title=Keeper looking to impress |url=http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0,,10307~349172,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902140518/http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10307~349172%2C00.html |archive-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya a kulob din Torres na Italiya, ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi gwaji a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] amma bai samu yarjejeniya ba. === Karatu === Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Reading a watan Janairun 2005 bisa sharadin da ba na kwangila ba, kuma nan take aka ba shi aro ga Maidenhead. Ya yi rabin kakar wasa ta 2005-06 a matsayin aro a Carshalton Athletic . Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru ga Reading a lokacin bazara na 2006, kuma a wasan sada zumunci na gaba a ranar 15 ga Yuli, ya zura kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka yi da Bromley, bayan an buga shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na wucin gadi. Ya koma Bristol City a kan yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2006, amma an sake kiransa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba ba tare da ya buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa ba. A ranar 12 ga Maris 2007, Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Reading don ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2008-09 . A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ƙungiyar Reading ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasan zagaye na 5 na gasar cin kofin FA a Old Trafford, inda matashin mai tsaron gidan Aussie ya yi wasu kyawawan tsare-tsare a wani wasa mai ban mamaki ga ƙungiyar. Saboda wannan wasan, an nada shi a matsayin "Ɗan wasan zagaye na FA" a zagaye na 5. Duk da haka, a wasan sake kunnawa na ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, Federici ya sami dare da zai manta da shi gaba ɗaya yayin da Reading ta zura kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna shida na farko. Federici ya fara buga gasar a wasan da Reading ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a hannun [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2007, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci sakamakon raunin da mai tsaron gida na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya samu a cinyarsa. Federici ya sake fitowa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a lokacin wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Blackburn Rovers bayan da Marcus Hahnemann ya ji rauni a hannunsa. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 51i3ayssp9f5qkxsru2rhml8fe5d8c0 914882 914881 2026-09-02T14:16:38Z Baby juuu 38856 914882 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adam Jay Federici''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu 1985) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . Federici ya fara babban aikinsa a Wolverhampton Wanderers a shekara ta 2003, amma ya kasance a wurin na ɗan lokaci kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Torres . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau a ƙungiyar Italiya, ya koma Reading a shekarar 2005, kuma bayan ya yi aro a Maidenhead United, Northwood da Carshalton Athletic, ya zama ƙwararre a shekarar 2006. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aro zuwa Bristol City, Federici ya fara buga wa Reading wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . Duk da haka, har yanzu bai iya kawar da Marcus Hahnemann daga matsayinsa na farko ba, kuma ya ci gaba da zama zaɓi na biyu, har ma ya je aro zuwa Southend United a 2008. Duk da haka, bayan wannan lokacin aro, raunin da Hahnemann ya samu ya ba Federici damar yin dogon wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a cikin 'yan wasan tsawon shekaru da dama. Federici ya shafe shekaru goma tare da Royals kafin ya koma AFC Bournemouth a watan Mayun 2015. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na biyu da na uku a Dean Court kuma ya koma Stoke City a watan Yulin 2018. Ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Yulin 2020, inda ya koma Macarthur, inda ya buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa daya kafin ya yi ritaya. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Federici ya fara aikinsa a Huskisson Football Club, kudu maso gabashin Nowra, kuma yana cikin Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru 17. Federici ya yi gwaje-gwaje a Sheffield Wednesday kuma Bolton Wanderers kafin a fara shari'a a Wolverhampton Wanderers ya sa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a watan Fabrairun 2003 har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2003 |title=Keeper looking to impress |url=http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0,,10307~349172,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902140518/http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10307~349172%2C00.html |archive-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya a kulob din Torres na Italiya, ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi gwaji a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] amma bai samu yarjejeniya ba. === Karatu === Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Reading a watan Janairun 2005 bisa sharadin da ba na kwangila ba, kuma nan take aka ba shi aro ga Maidenhead. Ya yi rabin kakar wasa ta 2005-06 a matsayin aro a Carshalton Athletic . Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru ga Reading a lokacin bazara na 2006, kuma a wasan sada zumunci na gaba a ranar 15 ga Yuli, ya zura kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka yi da Bromley, bayan an buga shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na wucin gadi. Ya koma Bristol City a kan yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2006, amma an sake kiransa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba ba tare da ya buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa ba. A ranar 12 ga Maris 2007, Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Reading don ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2008-09 . A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ƙungiyar Reading ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasan zagaye na 5 na gasar cin kofin FA a Old Trafford, inda matashin mai tsaron gidan Aussie ya yi wasu kyawawan tsare-tsare a wani wasa mai ban mamaki ga ƙungiyar. Saboda wannan wasan, an nada shi a matsayin "Ɗan wasan zagaye na FA" a zagaye na 5. Duk da haka, a wasan sake kunnawa na ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, Federici ya sami dare da zai manta da shi gaba ɗaya yayin da Reading ta zura kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna shida na farko. Federici ya fara buga gasar a wasan da Reading ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a hannun [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2007, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci sakamakon raunin da mai tsaron gida na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya samu a cinyarsa. Federici ya sake fitowa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a lokacin wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Blackburn Rovers bayan da Marcus Hahnemann ya ji rauni a hannunsa. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] 2fevzprtpng08f2e62uh0mghgnqx7dz 914883 914882 2026-09-02T14:17:19Z Baby juuu 38856 914883 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adam Jay Federici''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu a shekarar 1985) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . Federici ya fara babban aikinsa a Wolverhampton Wanderers a shekara ta 2003, amma ya kasance a wurin na ɗan lokaci kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Torres . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau a ƙungiyar Italiya, ya koma Reading a shekarar 2005, kuma bayan ya yi aro a Maidenhead United, Northwood da Carshalton Athletic, ya zama ƙwararre a shekarar 2006. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aro zuwa Bristol City, Federici ya fara buga wa Reading wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . Duk da haka, har yanzu bai iya kawar da Marcus Hahnemann daga matsayinsa na farko ba, kuma ya ci gaba da zama zaɓi na biyu, har ma ya je aro zuwa Southend United a 2008. Duk da haka, bayan wannan lokacin aro, raunin da Hahnemann ya samu ya ba Federici damar yin dogon wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a cikin 'yan wasan tsawon shekaru da dama. Federici ya shafe shekaru goma tare da Royals kafin ya koma AFC Bournemouth a watan Mayun 2015. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na biyu da na uku a Dean Court kuma ya koma Stoke City a watan Yulin 2018. Ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Yulin 2020, inda ya koma Macarthur, inda ya buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa daya kafin ya yi ritaya. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Federici ya fara aikinsa a Huskisson Football Club, kudu maso gabashin Nowra, kuma yana cikin Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru 17. Federici ya yi gwaje-gwaje a Sheffield Wednesday kuma Bolton Wanderers kafin a fara shari'a a Wolverhampton Wanderers ya sa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a watan Fabrairun 2003 har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2003 |title=Keeper looking to impress |url=http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0,,10307~349172,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902140518/http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10307~349172%2C00.html |archive-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya a kulob din Torres na Italiya, ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi gwaji a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] amma bai samu yarjejeniya ba. === Karatu === Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Reading a watan Janairun 2005 bisa sharadin da ba na kwangila ba, kuma nan take aka ba shi aro ga Maidenhead. Ya yi rabin kakar wasa ta 2005-06 a matsayin aro a Carshalton Athletic . Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru ga Reading a lokacin bazara na 2006, kuma a wasan sada zumunci na gaba a ranar 15 ga Yuli, ya zura kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka yi da Bromley, bayan an buga shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na wucin gadi. Ya koma Bristol City a kan yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2006, amma an sake kiransa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba ba tare da ya buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa ba. A ranar 12 ga Maris 2007, Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Reading don ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2008-09 . A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ƙungiyar Reading ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasan zagaye na 5 na gasar cin kofin FA a Old Trafford, inda matashin mai tsaron gidan Aussie ya yi wasu kyawawan tsare-tsare a wani wasa mai ban mamaki ga ƙungiyar. Saboda wannan wasan, an nada shi a matsayin "Ɗan wasan zagaye na FA" a zagaye na 5. Duk da haka, a wasan sake kunnawa na ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, Federici ya sami dare da zai manta da shi gaba ɗaya yayin da Reading ta zura kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna shida na farko. Federici ya fara buga gasar a wasan da Reading ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a hannun [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2007, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci sakamakon raunin da mai tsaron gida na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya samu a cinyarsa. Federici ya sake fitowa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a lokacin wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Blackburn Rovers bayan da Marcus Hahnemann ya ji rauni a hannunsa. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] r9d6018475gz2h6s0oq918igvbgw0lr 914885 914883 2026-09-02T14:17:35Z Baby juuu 38856 914885 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adam Jay Federici''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1985) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . Federici ya fara babban aikinsa a Wolverhampton Wanderers a shekara ta 2003, amma ya kasance a wurin na ɗan lokaci kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Torres . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau a ƙungiyar Italiya, ya koma Reading a shekarar 2005, kuma bayan ya yi aro a Maidenhead United, Northwood da Carshalton Athletic, ya zama ƙwararre a shekarar 2006. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aro zuwa Bristol City, Federici ya fara buga wa Reading wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . Duk da haka, har yanzu bai iya kawar da Marcus Hahnemann daga matsayinsa na farko ba, kuma ya ci gaba da zama zaɓi na biyu, har ma ya je aro zuwa Southend United a 2008. Duk da haka, bayan wannan lokacin aro, raunin da Hahnemann ya samu ya ba Federici damar yin dogon wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a cikin 'yan wasan tsawon shekaru da dama. Federici ya shafe shekaru goma tare da Royals kafin ya koma AFC Bournemouth a watan Mayun 2015. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na biyu da na uku a Dean Court kuma ya koma Stoke City a watan Yulin 2018. Ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Yulin 2020, inda ya koma Macarthur, inda ya buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa daya kafin ya yi ritaya. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Federici ya fara aikinsa a Huskisson Football Club, kudu maso gabashin Nowra, kuma yana cikin Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru 17. Federici ya yi gwaje-gwaje a Sheffield Wednesday kuma Bolton Wanderers kafin a fara shari'a a Wolverhampton Wanderers ya sa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a watan Fabrairun 2003 har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2003 |title=Keeper looking to impress |url=http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0,,10307~349172,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902140518/http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10307~349172%2C00.html |archive-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya a kulob din Torres na Italiya, ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi gwaji a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] amma bai samu yarjejeniya ba. === Karatu === Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Reading a watan Janairun 2005 bisa sharadin da ba na kwangila ba, kuma nan take aka ba shi aro ga Maidenhead. Ya yi rabin kakar wasa ta 2005-06 a matsayin aro a Carshalton Athletic . Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru ga Reading a lokacin bazara na 2006, kuma a wasan sada zumunci na gaba a ranar 15 ga Yuli, ya zura kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka yi da Bromley, bayan an buga shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na wucin gadi. Ya koma Bristol City a kan yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2006, amma an sake kiransa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba ba tare da ya buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa ba. A ranar 12 ga Maris 2007, Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Reading don ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2008-09 . A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ƙungiyar Reading ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasan zagaye na 5 na gasar cin kofin FA a Old Trafford, inda matashin mai tsaron gidan Aussie ya yi wasu kyawawan tsare-tsare a wani wasa mai ban mamaki ga ƙungiyar. Saboda wannan wasan, an nada shi a matsayin "Ɗan wasan zagaye na FA" a zagaye na 5. Duk da haka, a wasan sake kunnawa na ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, Federici ya sami dare da zai manta da shi gaba ɗaya yayin da Reading ta zura kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna shida na farko. Federici ya fara buga gasar a wasan da Reading ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a hannun [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2007, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci sakamakon raunin da mai tsaron gida na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya samu a cinyarsa. Federici ya sake fitowa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a lokacin wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Blackburn Rovers bayan da Marcus Hahnemann ya ji rauni a hannunsa. [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] elva7ykj9vq87uy7oifk5mmbg3sz3lf 914886 914885 2026-09-02T14:17:38Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370182056|Adam Federici]]" 914886 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adam Jay Federici''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1985) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . Federici ya fara babban aikinsa a Wolverhampton Wanderers a shekara ta 2003, amma ya kasance a wurin na ɗan lokaci kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Torres . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau a ƙungiyar Italiya, ya koma Reading a shekarar 2005, kuma bayan ya yi aro a Maidenhead United, Northwood da Carshalton Athletic, ya zama ƙwararre a shekarar 2006. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aro zuwa Bristol City, Federici ya fara buga wa Reading wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . Duk da haka, har yanzu bai iya kawar da Marcus Hahnemann daga matsayinsa na farko ba, kuma ya ci gaba da zama zaɓi na biyu, har ma ya je aro zuwa Southend United a 2008. Duk da haka, bayan wannan lokacin aro, raunin da Hahnemann ya samu ya ba Federici damar yin dogon wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a cikin 'yan wasan tsawon shekaru da dama. Federici ya shafe shekaru goma tare da Royals kafin ya koma AFC Bournemouth a watan Mayun 2015. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na biyu da na uku a Dean Court kuma ya koma Stoke City a watan Yulin 2018. Ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Yulin 2020, inda ya koma Macarthur, inda ya buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa daya kafin ya yi ritaya. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Federici ya fara aikinsa a Huskisson Football Club, kudu maso gabashin Nowra, kuma yana cikin Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru 17. Federici ya yi gwaje-gwaje a Sheffield Wednesday kuma Bolton Wanderers kafin a fara shari'a a Wolverhampton Wanderers ya sa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a watan Fabrairun 2003 har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2003 |title=Keeper looking to impress |url=http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0,,10307~349172,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902140518/http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10307~349172%2C00.html |archive-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya a kulob din Torres na Italiya, ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi gwaji a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] amma bai samu yarjejeniya ba. === Karatu === Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Reading a watan Janairun 2005 bisa sharadin da ba na kwangila ba, kuma nan take aka ba shi aro ga Maidenhead. Ya yi rabin kakar wasa ta 2005-06 a matsayin aro a Carshalton Athletic . Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru ga Reading a lokacin bazara na 2006, kuma a wasan sada zumunci na gaba a ranar 15 ga Yuli, ya zura kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka yi da Bromley, bayan an buga shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na wucin gadi. Ya koma Bristol City a kan yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2006, amma an sake kiransa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba ba tare da ya buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa ba. A ranar 12 ga Maris 2007, Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Reading don ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2008-09 . A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ƙungiyar Reading ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasan zagaye na 5 na gasar cin kofin FA a Old Trafford, inda matashin mai tsaron gidan Aussie ya yi wasu kyawawan tsare-tsare a wani wasa mai ban mamaki ga ƙungiyar. Saboda wannan wasan, an nada shi a matsayin "Ɗan wasan zagaye na FA" a zagaye na 5. Duk da haka, a wasan sake kunnawa na ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, Federici ya sami dare da zai manta da shi gaba ɗaya yayin da Reading ta zura kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna shida na farko. Federici ya fara buga gasar a wasan da Reading ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a hannun [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2007, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci sakamakon raunin da mai tsaron gida na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya samu a cinyarsa. Federici ya sake fitowa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a lokacin wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Blackburn Rovers bayan da Marcus Hahnemann ya ji rauni a hannunsa. [[Fayil:Adam_Federici.png|right|thumb|292x292px| Federici a shekarar 2008.]] Federici ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta League One Southend United a matsayin aro na wata guda a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2008, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka doke Leyton Orient da ci 3-0 washegari. An tsawaita lokacin aro na tsawon wata guda a watan Oktoba, daga baya mai tsaron gidan ya koma Reading bayan ya buga wasanni 10 a Southend. A watan Disamba, jim kaɗan bayan ya dawo daga zaman aro, Federici ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa, wanda hakan ya sa ya ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2011. A watan Disamba, Federici ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko ta Reading, saboda raunin da ya ji a cinyarsa da mai tsaron raga na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya daɗe yana yi a wasan da suka yi da Blackpool, wanda hakan ya sa [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron ragar]] Amurka ya yi jinya na tsawon makonni da dama. Bayan ya shigo wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a ƙarshen wasan, Federici ya ci gaba da buga cikakken wasansa na farko a gasar tsakanin lokutan da suka fafata da Norwich City, inda ya samu yabo daga manaja Steve Coppell saboda rawar da ya taka. A ranar 26 ga Disamba 2008, Federici ya zura kwallo a minti na 96 bayan an dawo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da Michael Duberry ya cire kwallon da kai daga layin daga kusurwar Stephen Hunt, wanda hakan ya bai wa Reading damar rama kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Cardiff City . A sabon kakar wasa ta 2009-10, an bai wa Federici rigar lamba 1 bayan an saki Marcus Hahnemann. Ya yi nasarar ceton "mafi kyawun ceto biyu" a tarihin rayuwarsa a wasan Championship da [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea]] a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2009, inda ya ceci bugun fenariti da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida biyu a wasan da Reading ta tashi kunnen doki 0-0. Federici yana cikin manyan 'yan wasan Reading da suka kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin FA a shekarar 2015, karo na farko da Reading ta kai zagayen karshe na hudu tun shekarar 1927. A wasan kusa da na karshe, bayan ya yi muhimman tsare-tsare a tsawon wasan, Federici ya yi laifin wanda ya ci wa Arsenal kwallo a karin lokaci daga Alexis Sánchez, yayin da ya bar kwallon ta fita daga hannunsa da kuma tsakanin kafafunsa. Kocin Reading Steve Clarke ya kare kuma ya yaba wa Federici bayan wasan, yana mai cewa da ba su ma kai wannan matakin ba idan ba tare da ƙoƙarinsa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2015 |title=Reading 1-2 Arsenal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32261616 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === AFC Bournemouth === A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2015, Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta ga AFC Bournemouth bayan kwangilarsa ta kare a Reading. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2015 |title=Adam Federici: Bournemouth sign Reading goalkeeper |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32900802 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Bournemouth ta ba da Federici aro ga [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2017, a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka tsara za ta ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Adam Federici: Nottingham Forest sign Bournemouth goalkeeper on loan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41118085 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> An soke bashin da aka ba shi a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2017, bayan raunin da ya samu a lokacin da yake buga wasa a ƙasashen waje wanda ya buƙaci tiyata. === Stoke City === A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2018 Federici ya koma ƙungiyar EFL Championship ta Stoke City kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Experienced goalkeeper joins the Potters |url=https://www.stokecityfc.com/news/adam-becomes-third-new-signing |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Stoke City}}</ref> Federici ya yi kakar wasa ta 2018-19 a matsayin madadin Jack Butland wanda ya fara bugawa wasa a gasar cin kofin EFL da kuma gasar cin kofin FA . Wasansa na Championship kawai ya faru ne da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2019, inda Butland bai buga wasa ba saboda [[hutun iyaye]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Stoke City debutant reflects on tough season – but why Middlesbrough display was still a 'big step forward' |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/adam-federici-stoke-jack-butland-2780561 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Federici ya sake fara kakar wasa ta 2019–20 a matsayin madadin Butland, amma ya buga wasa sau biyu a ƙarshen watan Agusta bayan Stoke ta fara kakar wasa mara kyau inda Butland ya yi kurakurai da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2019 |title=We are behind the manager insists Stoke City's new number one |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/stoke-city-adam-federici-jones-3249247 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Nathan Jones ya mayar da Butland a matsayin wanda zai yi nasara na ɗan lokaci, amma wasu ƙarin kurakurai sun sa Federici ya buga dukkan wasannin a watan Oktoban 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title='Egos put aside' – New Stoke City no1 confident in quality |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/stoke-city-goalkeeper-adam-federici-3459715 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> An maye gurbin Jones da Michael O'Neill a watan Nuwamba na 2019 wanda ya mayar da Butland kuma Federici aka mayar da shi zaɓi na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2020 |title=Explained: The key issues affecting player contracts and summer transfer window at Stoke City |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/stoke-city-contracts-summer-2020-3994114 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Stoke ta sallami Federici a watan Yulin 2020 bayan kawo karshen kwantiraginsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title=Club announce retained list |url=https://www.stokecityfc.com/news/2020/july/Club-announce-retained-list/ |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=Stoke City}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] reddeq4z6g32102ok5ltvbjva0wn75l 914887 914886 2026-09-02T14:18:13Z Baby juuu 38856 914887 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adam Jay Federici''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1985) ɗan wasan Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon kafa ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . Federici ya fara babban aikinsa a Wolverhampton Wanderers a shekara ta 2003, amma ya kasance a wurin na ɗan lokaci kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Torres . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau a ƙungiyar Italiya, ya koma Reading a shekarar 2005, kuma bayan ya yi aro a Maidenhead United, Northwood da Carshalton Athletic, ya zama ƙwararre a shekarar 2006. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aro zuwa Bristol City, Federici ya fara buga wa Reading wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . Duk da haka, har yanzu bai iya kawar da Marcus Hahnemann daga matsayinsa na farko ba, kuma ya ci gaba da zama zaɓi na biyu, har ma ya je aro zuwa Southend United a 2008. Duk da haka, bayan wannan lokacin aro, raunin da Hahnemann ya samu ya ba Federici damar yin dogon wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a cikin 'yan wasan tsawon shekaru da dama. Federici ya shafe shekaru goma tare da Royals kafin ya koma AFC Bournemouth a watan Mayun 2015. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na biyu da na uku a Dean Court kuma ya koma Stoke City a watan Yulin 2018. Ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Yulin 2020, inda ya koma Macarthur, inda ya buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa daya kafin ya yi ritaya. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Federici ya fara aikinsa a Huskisson Football Club, kudu maso gabashin Nowra, kuma yana cikin Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru 17. Federici ya yi gwaje-gwaje a Sheffield Wednesday kuma Bolton Wanderers kafin a fara shari'a a Wolverhampton Wanderers ya sa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a watan Fabrairun 2003 har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2003 |title=Keeper looking to impress |url=http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0,,10307~349172,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902140518/http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10307~349172%2C00.html |archive-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya a kulob din Torres na Italiya, ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi gwaji a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] amma bai samu yarjejeniya ba. === Karatu === Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Reading a watan Janairun 2005 bisa sharadin da ba na kwangila ba, kuma nan take aka ba shi aro ga Maidenhead. Ya yi rabin kakar wasa ta 2005-06 a matsayin aro a Carshalton Athletic . Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru ga Reading a lokacin bazara na 2006, kuma a wasan sada zumunci na gaba a ranar 15 ga Yuli, ya zura kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka yi da Bromley, bayan an buga shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na wucin gadi. Ya koma Bristol City a kan yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2006, amma an sake kiransa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba ba tare da ya buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa ba. A ranar 12 ga Maris 2007, Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Reading don ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2008-09 . A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ƙungiyar Reading ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasan zagaye na 5 na gasar cin kofin FA a Old Trafford, inda matashin mai tsaron gidan Aussie ya yi wasu kyawawan tsare-tsare a wani wasa mai ban mamaki ga ƙungiyar. Saboda wannan wasan, an nada shi a matsayin "Ɗan wasan zagaye na FA" a zagaye na 5. Duk da haka, a wasan sake kunnawa na ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, Federici ya sami dare da zai manta da shi gaba ɗaya yayin da Reading ta zura kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna shida na farko. Federici ya fara buga gasar a wasan da Reading ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a hannun [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2007, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci sakamakon raunin da mai tsaron gida na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya samu a cinyarsa. Federici ya sake fitowa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a lokacin wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Blackburn Rovers bayan da Marcus Hahnemann ya ji rauni a hannunsa. [[Fayil:Adam_Federici.png|right|thumb|292x292px| Federici a shekarar 2008.]] Federici ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta League One Southend United a matsayin aro na wata guda a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2008, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka doke Leyton Orient da ci 3-0 washegari. An tsawaita lokacin aro na tsawon wata guda a watan Oktoba, daga baya mai tsaron gidan ya koma Reading bayan ya buga wasanni 10 a Southend. A watan Disamba, jim kaɗan bayan ya dawo daga zaman aro, Federici ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa, wanda hakan ya sa ya ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2011. A watan Disamba, Federici ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko ta Reading, saboda raunin da ya ji a cinyarsa da mai tsaron raga na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya daɗe yana yi a wasan da suka yi da Blackpool, wanda hakan ya sa [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron ragar]] Amurka ya yi jinya na tsawon makonni da dama. Bayan ya shigo wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a ƙarshen wasan, Federici ya ci gaba da buga cikakken wasansa na farko a gasar tsakanin lokutan da suka fafata da Norwich City, inda ya samu yabo daga manaja Steve Coppell saboda rawar da ya taka. A ranar 26 ga Disamba 2008, Federici ya zura kwallo a minti na 96 bayan an dawo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da Michael Duberry ya cire kwallon da kai daga layin daga kusurwar Stephen Hunt, wanda hakan ya bai wa Reading damar rama kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Cardiff City . A sabon kakar wasa ta 2009-10, an bai wa Federici rigar lamba 1 bayan an saki Marcus Hahnemann. Ya yi nasarar ceton "mafi kyawun ceto biyu" a tarihin rayuwarsa a wasan Championship da [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea]] a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2009, inda ya ceci bugun fenariti da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida biyu a wasan da Reading ta tashi kunnen doki 0-0. Federici yana cikin manyan 'yan wasan Reading da suka kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin FA a shekarar 2015, karo na farko da Reading ta kai zagayen karshe na hudu tun shekarar 1927. A wasan kusa da na karshe, bayan ya yi muhimman tsare-tsare a tsawon wasan, Federici ya yi laifin wanda ya ci wa Arsenal kwallo a karin lokaci daga Alexis Sánchez, yayin da ya bar kwallon ta fita daga hannunsa da kuma tsakanin kafafunsa. Kocin Reading Steve Clarke ya kare kuma ya yaba wa Federici bayan wasan, yana mai cewa da ba su ma kai wannan matakin ba idan ba tare da ƙoƙarinsa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2015 |title=Reading 1-2 Arsenal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32261616 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === AFC Bournemouth === A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2015, Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta ga AFC Bournemouth bayan kwangilarsa ta kare a Reading. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2015 |title=Adam Federici: Bournemouth sign Reading goalkeeper |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32900802 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Bournemouth ta ba da Federici aro ga [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2017, a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka tsara za ta ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Adam Federici: Nottingham Forest sign Bournemouth goalkeeper on loan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41118085 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> An soke bashin da aka ba shi a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2017, bayan raunin da ya samu a lokacin da yake buga wasa a ƙasashen waje wanda ya buƙaci tiyata. === Stoke City === A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2018 Federici ya koma ƙungiyar EFL Championship ta Stoke City kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Experienced goalkeeper joins the Potters |url=https://www.stokecityfc.com/news/adam-becomes-third-new-signing |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Stoke City}}</ref> Federici ya yi kakar wasa ta 2018-19 a matsayin madadin Jack Butland wanda ya fara bugawa wasa a gasar cin kofin EFL da kuma gasar cin kofin FA . Wasansa na Championship kawai ya faru ne da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2019, inda Butland bai buga wasa ba saboda [[hutun iyaye]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Stoke City debutant reflects on tough season – but why Middlesbrough display was still a 'big step forward' |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/adam-federici-stoke-jack-butland-2780561 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Federici ya sake fara kakar wasa ta 2019–20 a matsayin madadin Butland, amma ya buga wasa sau biyu a ƙarshen watan Agusta bayan Stoke ta fara kakar wasa mara kyau inda Butland ya yi kurakurai da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2019 |title=We are behind the manager insists Stoke City's new number one |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/stoke-city-adam-federici-jones-3249247 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Nathan Jones ya mayar da Butland a matsayin wanda zai yi nasara na ɗan lokaci, amma wasu ƙarin kurakurai sun sa Federici ya buga dukkan wasannin a watan Oktoban 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title='Egos put aside' – New Stoke City no1 confident in quality |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/stoke-city-goalkeeper-adam-federici-3459715 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> An maye gurbin Jones da Michael O'Neill a watan Nuwamba na 2019 wanda ya mayar da Butland kuma Federici aka mayar da shi zaɓi na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2020 |title=Explained: The key issues affecting player contracts and summer transfer window at Stoke City |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/stoke-city-contracts-summer-2020-3994114 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Stoke ta sallami Federici a watan Yulin 2020 bayan kawo karshen kwantiraginsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title=Club announce retained list |url=https://www.stokecityfc.com/news/2020/july/Club-announce-retained-list/ |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=Stoke City}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] bhblmtlr01ipxs4gjsxqfpx4ih2sa07 914888 914887 2026-09-02T14:18:48Z Abdurra'uf 23412 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370182056|Adam Federici]]" 914888 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Adam Jay Federici''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1985) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . Federici ya fara babban aikinsa a Wolverhampton Wanderers a shekara ta 2003, amma ya kasance a wurin na ɗan lokaci kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Torres . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau a ƙungiyar Italiya, ya koma Reading a shekarar 2005, kuma bayan ya yi aro a Maidenhead United, Northwood da Carshalton Athletic, ya zama ƙwararre a shekarar 2006. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aro zuwa Bristol City, Federici ya fara buga wa Reading wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . Duk da haka, har yanzu bai iya kawar da Marcus Hahnemann daga matsayinsa na farko ba, kuma ya ci gaba da zama zaɓi na biyu, har ma ya je aro zuwa Southend United a 2008. Duk da haka, bayan wannan lokacin aro, raunin da Hahnemann ya samu ya ba Federici damar yin dogon wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a cikin 'yan wasan tsawon shekaru da dama. Federici ya shafe shekaru goma tare da Royals kafin ya koma AFC Bournemouth a watan Mayun 2015. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na biyu da na uku a Dean Court kuma ya koma Stoke City a watan Yulin 2018. Ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Yulin 2020, inda ya koma Macarthur, inda ya buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa daya kafin ya yi ritaya. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Federici ya fara aikinsa a Huskisson Football Club, kudu maso gabashin Nowra, kuma yana cikin Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru 17. Federici ya yi gwaje-gwaje a Sheffield Wednesday kuma Bolton Wanderers kafin a fara shari'a a Wolverhampton Wanderers ya sa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a watan Fabrairun 2003 har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2003 |title=Keeper looking to impress |url=http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0,,10307~349172,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902140518/http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10307~349172%2C00.html |archive-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya a kulob din Torres na Italiya, ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi gwaji a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] amma bai samu yarjejeniya ba. === Karatu === Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Reading a watan Janairun 2005 bisa sharadin da ba na kwangila ba, kuma nan take aka ba shi aro ga Maidenhead. Ya yi rabin kakar wasa ta 2005-06 a matsayin aro a Carshalton Athletic . Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru ga Reading a lokacin bazara na 2006, kuma a wasan sada zumunci na gaba a ranar 15 ga Yuli, ya zura kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka yi da Bromley, bayan an buga shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na wucin gadi. Ya koma Bristol City a kan yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2006, amma an sake kiransa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba ba tare da ya buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa ba. A ranar 12 ga Maris 2007, Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Reading don ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2008-09 . A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ƙungiyar Reading ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasan zagaye na 5 na gasar cin kofin FA a Old Trafford, inda matashin mai tsaron gidan Aussie ya yi wasu kyawawan tsare-tsare a wani wasa mai ban mamaki ga ƙungiyar. Saboda wannan wasan, an nada shi a matsayin "Ɗan wasan zagaye na FA" a zagaye na 5. Duk da haka, a wasan sake kunnawa na ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, Federici ya sami dare da zai manta da shi gaba ɗaya yayin da Reading ta zura kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna shida na farko. Federici ya fara buga gasar a wasan da Reading ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a hannun [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2007, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci sakamakon raunin da mai tsaron gida na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya samu a cinyarsa. Federici ya sake fitowa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a lokacin wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Blackburn Rovers bayan da Marcus Hahnemann ya ji rauni a hannunsa. [[Fayil:Adam_Federici.png|right|thumb|292x292px| Federici a shekarar 2008.]] Federici ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta League One Southend United a matsayin aro na wata guda a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2008, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka doke Leyton Orient da ci 3-0 washegari. An tsawaita lokacin aro na tsawon wata guda a watan Oktoba, daga baya mai tsaron gidan ya koma Reading bayan ya buga wasanni 10 a Southend. A watan Disamba, jim kaɗan bayan ya dawo daga zaman aro, Federici ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa, wanda hakan ya sa ya ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2011. A watan Disamba, Federici ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko ta Reading, saboda raunin da ya ji a cinyarsa da mai tsaron raga na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya daɗe yana yi a wasan da suka yi da Blackpool, wanda hakan ya sa [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron ragar]] Amurka ya yi jinya na tsawon makonni da dama. Bayan ya shigo wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a ƙarshen wasan, Federici ya ci gaba da buga cikakken wasansa na farko a gasar tsakanin lokutan da suka fafata da Norwich City, inda ya samu yabo daga manaja Steve Coppell saboda rawar da ya taka. A ranar 26 ga Disamba 2008, Federici ya zura kwallo a minti na 96 bayan an dawo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da Michael Duberry ya cire kwallon da kai daga layin daga kusurwar Stephen Hunt, wanda hakan ya bai wa Reading damar rama kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Cardiff City . A sabon kakar wasa ta 2009-10, an bai wa Federici rigar lamba 1 bayan an saki Marcus Hahnemann. Ya yi nasarar ceton "mafi kyawun ceto biyu" a tarihin rayuwarsa a wasan Championship da [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea]] a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2009, inda ya ceci bugun fenariti da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida biyu a wasan da Reading ta tashi kunnen doki 0-0. Federici yana cikin manyan 'yan wasan Reading da suka kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin FA a shekarar 2015, karo na farko da Reading ta kai zagayen karshe na hudu tun shekarar 1927. A wasan kusa da na karshe, bayan ya yi muhimman tsare-tsare a tsawon wasan, Federici ya yi laifin wanda ya ci wa Arsenal kwallo a karin lokaci daga Alexis Sánchez, yayin da ya bar kwallon ta fita daga hannunsa da kuma tsakanin kafafunsa. Kocin Reading Steve Clarke ya kare kuma ya yaba wa Federici bayan wasan, yana mai cewa da ba su ma kai wannan matakin ba idan ba tare da ƙoƙarinsa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2015 |title=Reading 1-2 Arsenal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32261616 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === AFC Bournemouth === A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2015, Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta ga AFC Bournemouth bayan kwangilarsa ta kare a Reading. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2015 |title=Adam Federici: Bournemouth sign Reading goalkeeper |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32900802 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Bournemouth ta ba da Federici aro ga [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2017, a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka tsara za ta ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Adam Federici: Nottingham Forest sign Bournemouth goalkeeper on loan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41118085 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> An soke bashin da aka ba shi a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2017, bayan raunin da ya samu a lokacin da yake buga wasa a ƙasashen waje wanda ya buƙaci tiyata. === Stoke City === A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2018 Federici ya koma ƙungiyar EFL Championship ta Stoke City kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Experienced goalkeeper joins the Potters |url=https://www.stokecityfc.com/news/adam-becomes-third-new-signing |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Stoke City}}</ref> Federici ya yi kakar wasa ta 2018-19 a matsayin madadin Jack Butland wanda ya fara bugawa wasa a gasar cin kofin EFL da kuma gasar cin kofin FA . Wasansa na Championship kawai ya faru ne da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2019, inda Butland bai buga wasa ba saboda [[hutun iyaye]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Stoke City debutant reflects on tough season – but why Middlesbrough display was still a 'big step forward' |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/adam-federici-stoke-jack-butland-2780561 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Federici ya sake fara kakar wasa ta 2019–20 a matsayin madadin Butland, amma ya buga wasa sau biyu a ƙarshen watan Agusta bayan Stoke ta fara kakar wasa mara kyau inda Butland ya yi kurakurai da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2019 |title=We are behind the manager insists Stoke City's new number one |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/stoke-city-adam-federici-jones-3249247 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Nathan Jones ya mayar da Butland a matsayin wanda zai yi nasara na ɗan lokaci, amma wasu ƙarin kurakurai sun sa Federici ya buga dukkan wasannin a watan Oktoban 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title='Egos put aside' – New Stoke City no1 confident in quality |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/stoke-city-goalkeeper-adam-federici-3459715 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> An maye gurbin Jones da Michael O'Neill a watan Nuwamba na 2019 wanda ya mayar da Butland kuma Federici aka mayar da shi zaɓi na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2020 |title=Explained: The key issues affecting player contracts and summer transfer window at Stoke City |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/stoke-city-contracts-summer-2020-3994114 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Stoke ta sallami Federici a watan Yulin 2020 bayan kawo karshen kwantiraginsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title=Club announce retained list |url=https://www.stokecityfc.com/news/2020/july/Club-announce-retained-list/ |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=Stoke City}}</ref> === Macarthur FC === A watan Yulin 2020, an sanar da Federici a matsayin dan wasa na uku da Macarthur FC ta saya kafin kakar wasa ta farko a gasar A-League . An nada Federici a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar kafin kakar wasa ta Macarthur FC ta 2021–22, duk da haka, a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2021, jim kaɗan kafin fara kakar wasa, ya sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru saboda rauni. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Federici ya buga wa ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Australia wasa a gasar FIFA World Youth Championship ta 2005 . An gayyace shi zuwa wani horo tare da manyan 'yan wasan Australia a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2007 kafin wasan sada zumunta da Denmark a Landan, sannan ya sami cikakken kiran farko ga manyan 'yan wasan don wasansu da Uruguay a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2007. An kuma zaɓi Federici don ya buga wa Ostiraliya wasa a gasar Olympics ta Beijing ta 2008 .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2013}} Wasansa na farko ya zo ne jim kaɗan kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 da New Zealand, kuma ya kasance madadin Mark Schwarzer ga Ostiraliya a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a dukkan wasannin rukuni uku da suka buga. Ya kuma sami damar bugawa ƙungiyar Marcello Lippi ta Italiya wasa saboda asalinsa na Italiya. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2011, Federici ya fara wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Oman inda ya yi nasarar kare kwallo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida daga Ahmed Mubarak . Ostiraliya ta ci gaba da cin nasara da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia-Oman |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=257791/match=300172571/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519011952/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=257791/match=300172571/report.html |archive-date=19 May 2014 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=FIFA}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Federici career statistics |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=42171 |access-date=3 March 2013 |website=Soccerbase |publisher=Centurycomm}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Wolverhampton Wanderers |2002–03 |First Division |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |Torres |2003–04 |Serie C1 |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- | rowspan="12" |Reading |2004–05 |Championship |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2005–06 |Championship |0 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2006–07 |[[Premier League]] |2 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6 |0 |- |2007–08 |Premier League |0 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- |2008–09 |Championship |15 |1 |1 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |18 |1 |- |2009–10 |Championship |46 |0 |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |52 |0 |- |2010–11 |Championship |34 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 |39 |0 |- |2011–12 |Championship |46 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |47 |0 |- |2012–13 |Premier League |21 |0 |3 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |26 |0 |- |2013–14 |Championship |2 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- |2014–15 |Championship |43 |0 |5 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |49 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !209 !1 !25 !0 !11 !0 !3 !0 !248 !1 |- |Maidenhead United (loan) |2004–05<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maidenhead United Past Players |url=http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/maidenheadunited/a/past-players-13215.html?page=2 |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Maidenhead United F.C}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Player details 2004–05: Adam Federici |url=http://www.soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2004/player_details.php?playerid=7694 |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=SoccerFacts UK}}</ref> |Conference South |15 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |15 |0 |- |Northwood (loan) |2005–06<ref>{{Cite web |title=Players A–Z: Adam Federici |url=http://www.northwoodfc.com/AZ/F/Federici%20Adam.htm |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Northwood F.C}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Uxbridge 1 Northwood 0 |url=http://www.northwoodfc.com/Archives/archives-reports/Reports%200506/Uxbridge%20A.htm |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Northwood F.C}}</ref> |Southern Premier |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |5 |0 |- |Carshalton Athletic (loan) |2005–06<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player details 2005–06: Adam Federici |url=http://www.soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2005/player_details.php?playerid=7694 |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=SoccerFacts UK}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=2005–06 First team stats |url=http://www.carshaltonathletic.org/1stteam/stats.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621081153/http://www.carshaltonathletic.org/1stteam/stats.htm |archive-date=21 June 2006 |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Carshalton Athletic F.C}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=2005–06 First team fixtures |url=http://carshaltonathletic.org/1stteam/fixtures.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430105547/http://carshaltonathletic.org/1stteam/fixtures.htm |archive-date=30 April 2006 |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Carshalton Athletic F.C}}</ref> |Conference South |25 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |7 |0 |32 |0 |- |Bristol City (loan) |2006–07<ref name="2006/07" /> |League One |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |Southend United (loan) |2008–09<ref name="2008/09" /> |League One |10 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |10 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |AFC Bournemouth |2015–16 |Premier League |6 |0 |3 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |12 |0 |- |2016–17 |Premier League |2 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2017–18 |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !8 !0 !4 !0 !5 !0 !0 !0 !17 !0 |- |[[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] (loan) |2017–18<ref name="2017/18" /> |Championship |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Stoke City |2018–19 |Championship |1 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2019–20 |Championship |7 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !8 !0 !2 !0 !4 !0 !0 !0 !14 !0 |- |Macarthur FC |2020–21 |A-League |28 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |0 |0 |28 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !312 !1 !31 !0 !17 !0 !11 !0 !371 !1 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta zura da kuma shekarar da ta gabata <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Federici |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/22723/Adam_Federici.html |access-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="7" | Ostiraliya | 2010 | 3 | 0 |- | 2011 | 3 | 0 |- | 2012 | 1 | 0 |- | 2013 | 1 | 0 |- | 2014 | 1 | 0 |- | 2015 | 6 | 0 |- | 2016 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 16 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Karatu''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa : 2011–12 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Safar Zinare ta Zakarun Kwallon Kafa : 2011–12 <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Football League |date=7 June 2012 |title=Golden Glove Award Winners Announced |url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/latestnews/20120607/golden-glove-award-winners-announced_2293301_2805034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611075749/http://www.football-league.co.uk/latestnews/20120607/golden-glove-award-winners-announced_2293301_2805034 |archive-date=11 June 2012 |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=The Football League}}</ref> * Ɗan Wasan Karatu na Kakar Wasanni : 2014–15 * Ɗan wasan Watan Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ƙwallon ƙafa : Fabrairu 2012 * Ƙungiyar PFA ta A-League ta kakar wasa: 2020–21 == Manazarta == == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Adam Federici at the Australian Olympic Committee * Adam Federici at Olympics.com * Adam Federici at Olympedia * Adam Federici at Soccerbase * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121212101955/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/socceroos/players/Adam-Federici/2371 FFA – Socceroo profile] * [http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Players/F/FE.html#FedericiAdam OzFootball profile] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mgk78d6pvaj9x7d1nlrc46mh6doft4j 914891 914888 2026-09-02T14:20:50Z Abdurra'uf 23412 inganta muqala 914891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Adam Jay Federici''' (an haife shi a ranar 31 ga Janairu 1985) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Ostiraliya wanda ya taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron gida]] . Federici ya fara babban aikinsa a Wolverhampton Wanderers a shekara ta 2003, amma ya kasance a wurin na ɗan lokaci kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya koma Torres . Bayan kakar wasa mai kyau a ƙungiyar Italiya, ya koma Reading a shekarar 2005, kuma bayan ya yi aro a Maidenhead United, Northwood da Carshalton Athletic, ya zama ƙwararre a shekarar 2006. Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci na aro zuwa Bristol City, Federici ya fara buga wa Reading wasa a kakar wasa ta 2006-07 . Duk da haka, har yanzu bai iya kawar da Marcus Hahnemann daga matsayinsa na farko ba, kuma ya ci gaba da zama zaɓi na biyu, har ma ya je aro zuwa Southend United a 2008. Duk da haka, bayan wannan lokacin aro, raunin da Hahnemann ya samu ya ba Federici damar yin dogon wasa a cikin ƙungiyar, kuma ya kasance a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa a cikin 'yan wasan tsawon shekaru da dama. Federici ya shafe shekaru goma tare da Royals kafin ya koma AFC Bournemouth a watan Mayun 2015. An yi amfani da shi a matsayin mai tsaron gida na biyu da na uku a Dean Court kuma ya koma Stoke City a watan Yulin 2018. Ya koma Ostiraliya a watan Yulin 2020, inda ya koma Macarthur, inda ya buga wasa na tsawon kakar wasa daya kafin ya yi ritaya. == Aikin kulob == === Farkon aikina === Federici ya fara aikinsa a Huskisson Football Club, kudu maso gabashin Nowra, kuma yana cikin Cibiyar Wasanni ta Australiya kafin ya koma Ingila yana da shekaru 17. Federici ya yi gwaje-gwaje a Sheffield Wednesday kuma Bolton Wanderers kafin a fara shari'a a Wolverhampton Wanderers ya sa ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar da ba ta da kwangila a watan Fabrairun 2003 har zuwa sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2003 |title=Keeper looking to impress |url=http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0,,10307~349172,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902140518/http://www.wolves.co.uk/page/News/0%2C%2C10307~349172%2C00.html |archive-date=2 September 2012 |publisher=Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C}}</ref> Bayan kakar wasa daya a kulob din Torres na Italiya, ya koma Ingila, inda ya yi gwaji a [[Leeds United F.C.|Leeds United]] amma bai samu yarjejeniya ba. === Karatu === Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar komawa Reading a watan Janairun 2005 bisa sharadin da ba na kwangila ba, kuma nan take aka ba shi aro ga Maidenhead. Ya yi rabin kakar wasa ta 2005-06 a matsayin aro a Carshalton Athletic . Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiraginsa na farko na ƙwararru ga Reading a lokacin bazara na 2006, kuma a wasan sada zumunci na gaba a ranar 15 ga Yuli, ya zura kwallo ɗaya tilo a wasan da suka yi da Bromley, bayan an buga shi a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na wucin gadi. Ya koma Bristol City a kan yarjejeniyar aro a ranar 29 ga Agusta 2006, amma an sake kiransa a ranar 27 ga Oktoba ba tare da ya buga wa babbar kungiyar wasa ba. A ranar 12 ga Maris 2007, Federici ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekaru biyu da Reading don ci gaba da zama a kulob din har zuwa karshen kakar wasa ta 2008-09 . A ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, 2007, ƙungiyar Reading ta yi kunnen doki 1-1 da [[Manchester United F.C.|Manchester United]] a wasan zagaye na 5 na gasar cin kofin FA a Old Trafford, inda matashin mai tsaron gidan Aussie ya yi wasu kyawawan tsare-tsare a wani wasa mai ban mamaki ga ƙungiyar. Saboda wannan wasan, an nada shi a matsayin "Ɗan wasan zagaye na FA" a zagaye na 5. Duk da haka, a wasan sake kunnawa na ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, Federici ya sami dare da zai manta da shi gaba ɗaya yayin da Reading ta zura kwallaye uku a cikin mintuna shida na farko. Federici ya fara buga gasar a wasan da Reading ta sha kashi da ci 1-0 a hannun [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]] a ranar 1 ga Afrilun 2007, inda ya buga wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a lokacin hutun rabin lokaci sakamakon raunin da mai tsaron gida na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya samu a cinyarsa. Federici ya sake fitowa a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa a lokacin wasan da suka tashi 3-3 da Blackburn Rovers bayan da Marcus Hahnemann ya ji rauni a hannunsa. [[Fayil:Adam_Federici.png|right|thumb|292x292px| Federici a shekarar 2008.]] Federici ya koma ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta League One Southend United a matsayin aro na wata guda a ranar 25 ga Satumba 2008, ya fara buga wasa a wasan da suka doke Leyton Orient da ci 3-0 washegari. An tsawaita lokacin aro na tsawon wata guda a watan Oktoba, daga baya mai tsaron gidan ya koma Reading bayan ya buga wasanni 10 a Southend. A watan Disamba, jim kaɗan bayan ya dawo daga zaman aro, Federici ya sanya hannu kan tsawaita kwantiraginsa, wanda hakan ya sa ya ci gaba da zama a ƙungiyar har zuwa lokacin bazara na 2011. A watan Disamba, Federici ya fara buga wasa a ƙungiyar farko ta Reading, saboda raunin da ya ji a cinyarsa da mai tsaron raga na farko Marcus Hahnemann ya daɗe yana yi a wasan da suka yi da Blackpool, wanda hakan ya sa [[Mai tsaran raga|mai tsaron ragar]] Amurka ya yi jinya na tsawon makonni da dama. Bayan ya shigo wasa a matsayin wanda aka maye gurbinsa a ƙarshen wasan, Federici ya ci gaba da buga cikakken wasansa na farko a gasar tsakanin lokutan da suka fafata da Norwich City, inda ya samu yabo daga manaja Steve Coppell saboda rawar da ya taka. A ranar 26 ga Disamba 2008, Federici ya zura kwallo a minti na 96 bayan an dawo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida bayan da Michael Duberry ya cire kwallon da kai daga layin daga kusurwar Stephen Hunt, wanda hakan ya bai wa Reading damar rama kwallo a wasan da suka tashi 1-1 da Cardiff City . A sabon kakar wasa ta 2009-10, an bai wa Federici rigar lamba 1 bayan an saki Marcus Hahnemann. Ya yi nasarar ceton "mafi kyawun ceto biyu" a tarihin rayuwarsa a wasan Championship da [[Swansea City A.F.C.|Swansea]] a ranar 18 ga Agusta 2009, inda ya ceci bugun fenariti da kuma bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida biyu a wasan da Reading ta tashi kunnen doki 0-0. Federici yana cikin manyan 'yan wasan Reading da suka kai wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin FA a shekarar 2015, karo na farko da Reading ta kai zagayen karshe na hudu tun shekarar 1927. A wasan kusa da na karshe, bayan ya yi muhimman tsare-tsare a tsawon wasan, Federici ya yi laifin wanda ya ci wa Arsenal kwallo a karin lokaci daga Alexis Sánchez, yayin da ya bar kwallon ta fita daga hannunsa da kuma tsakanin kafafunsa. Kocin Reading Steve Clarke ya kare kuma ya yaba wa Federici bayan wasan, yana mai cewa da ba su ma kai wannan matakin ba idan ba tare da ƙoƙarinsa ba. <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 April 2015 |title=Reading 1-2 Arsenal |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32261616 |publisher=BBC Sport}}</ref> === AFC Bournemouth === A ranar 27 ga Mayu 2015, Federici ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar canja wuri kyauta ga AFC Bournemouth bayan kwangilarsa ta kare a Reading. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2015 |title=Adam Federici: Bournemouth sign Reading goalkeeper |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/32900802 |access-date=29 May 2015 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> Bournemouth ta ba da Federici aro ga [[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] a ranar 31 ga Agusta 2017, a cikin yarjejeniyar da aka tsara za ta ci gaba har zuwa Janairu 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=31 August 2017 |title=Adam Federici: Nottingham Forest sign Bournemouth goalkeeper on loan |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/football/41118085 |publisher=[[BBC Sport]]}}</ref> An soke bashin da aka ba shi a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 2017, bayan raunin da ya samu a lokacin da yake buga wasa a ƙasashen waje wanda ya buƙaci tiyata. === Stoke City === A ranar 3 ga Yulin 2018 Federici ya koma ƙungiyar EFL Championship ta Stoke City kan kuɗin da ba a bayyana ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Experienced goalkeeper joins the Potters |url=https://www.stokecityfc.com/news/adam-becomes-third-new-signing |access-date=3 July 2018 |website=Stoke City}}</ref> Federici ya yi kakar wasa ta 2018-19 a matsayin madadin Jack Butland wanda ya fara bugawa wasa a gasar cin kofin EFL da kuma gasar cin kofin FA . Wasansa na Championship kawai ya faru ne da [[Middlesbrough FC|Middlesbrough]] a ranar 19 ga Afrilu 2019, inda Butland bai buga wasa ba saboda [[hutun iyaye]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=20 April 2019 |title=Stoke City debutant reflects on tough season – but why Middlesbrough display was still a 'big step forward' |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/adam-federici-stoke-jack-butland-2780561 |access-date=8 May 2019 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Federici ya sake fara kakar wasa ta 2019–20 a matsayin madadin Butland, amma ya buga wasa sau biyu a ƙarshen watan Agusta bayan Stoke ta fara kakar wasa mara kyau inda Butland ya yi kurakurai da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 August 2019 |title=We are behind the manager insists Stoke City's new number one |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/stoke-city-adam-federici-jones-3249247 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Nathan Jones ya mayar da Butland a matsayin wanda zai yi nasara na ɗan lokaci, amma wasu ƙarin kurakurai sun sa Federici ya buga dukkan wasannin a watan Oktoban 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title='Egos put aside' – New Stoke City no1 confident in quality |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/football-news/stoke-city-goalkeeper-adam-federici-3459715 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> An maye gurbin Jones da Michael O'Neill a watan Nuwamba na 2019 wanda ya mayar da Butland kuma Federici aka mayar da shi zaɓi na uku. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 March 2020 |title=Explained: The key issues affecting player contracts and summer transfer window at Stoke City |url=https://www.stokesentinel.co.uk/sport/football/transfer-news/stoke-city-contracts-summer-2020-3994114 |access-date=6 July 2020 |website=Stoke Sentinel}}</ref> Stoke ta sallami Federici a watan Yulin 2020 bayan kawo karshen kwantiraginsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2020 |title=Club announce retained list |url=https://www.stokecityfc.com/news/2020/july/Club-announce-retained-list/ |access-date=13 July 2020 |website=Stoke City}}</ref> === Macarthur FC === A watan Yulin 2020, an sanar da Federici a matsayin dan wasa na uku da Macarthur FC ta saya kafin kakar wasa ta farko a gasar A-League . An nada Federici a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar kafin kakar wasa ta Macarthur FC ta 2021–22, duk da haka, a ranar 23 ga Oktoba 2021, jim kaɗan kafin fara kakar wasa, ya sanar da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru saboda rauni. == Aikin ƙasa da ƙasa == Federici ya buga wa ƙungiyar ' yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Australia wasa a gasar FIFA World Youth Championship ta 2005 . An gayyace shi zuwa wani horo tare da manyan 'yan wasan Australia a ranar 29 ga Janairu 2007 kafin wasan sada zumunta da Denmark a Landan, sannan ya sami cikakken kiran farko ga manyan 'yan wasan don wasansu da Uruguay a ranar 2 ga Yuni 2007. An kuma zaɓi Federici don ya buga wa Ostiraliya wasa a gasar Olympics ta Beijing ta 2008 .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=June 2013}} Wasansa na farko ya zo ne jim kaɗan kafin gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2010 da New Zealand, kuma ya kasance madadin Mark Schwarzer ga Ostiraliya a matsayin wanda ba a yi amfani da shi ba a dukkan wasannin rukuni uku da suka buga. Ya kuma sami damar bugawa ƙungiyar Marcello Lippi ta Italiya wasa saboda asalinsa na Italiya. A ranar 11 ga Oktoba 2011, Federici ya fara wasan neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya da Oman inda ya yi nasarar kare kwallo daga bugun daga kai sai mai tsaron gida daga Ahmed Mubarak . Ostiraliya ta ci gaba da cin nasara da ci 3-0. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australia-Oman |url=https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=257791/match=300172571/report.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519011952/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/matches/round=257791/match=300172571/report.html |archive-date=19 May 2014 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=FIFA}}</ref> == Ƙididdigar aiki == === Kulob === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |- |+Appearances and goals by club, season and competition<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Federici career statistics |url=http://www.soccerbase.com/players/player.sd?player_id=42171 |access-date=3 March 2013 |website=Soccerbase |publisher=Centurycomm}}</ref> ! rowspan="2" |Club ! rowspan="2" |Season ! colspan="3" |League ! colspan="2" |National cup ! colspan="2" |League Cup ! colspan="2" |Other ! colspan="2" |Total |- !Division !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals !Apps !Goals |- |Wolverhampton Wanderers |2002–03 |First Division |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |Torres |2003–04 |Serie C1 |5 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- | rowspan="12" |Reading |2004–05 |Championship |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2005–06 |Championship |0 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- |2006–07 |[[Premier League]] |2 |0 |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |6 |0 |- |2007–08 |Premier League |0 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- |2008–09 |Championship |15 |1 |1 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |18 |1 |- |2009–10 |Championship |46 |0 |6 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |52 |0 |- |2010–11 |Championship |34 |0 |2 |0 |0 |0 |3 |0 |39 |0 |- |2011–12 |Championship |46 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |47 |0 |- |2012–13 |Premier League |21 |0 |3 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |26 |0 |- |2013–14 |Championship |2 |0 |1 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |4 |0 |- |2014–15 |Championship |43 |0 |5 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" |— |49 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !209 !1 !25 !0 !11 !0 !3 !0 !248 !1 |- |Maidenhead United (loan) |2004–05<ref>{{Cite web |title=Maidenhead United Past Players |url=http://www.pitchero.com/clubs/maidenheadunited/a/past-players-13215.html?page=2 |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Maidenhead United F.C}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Player details 2004–05: Adam Federici |url=http://www.soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2004/player_details.php?playerid=7694 |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=SoccerFacts UK}}</ref> |Conference South |15 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |15 |0 |- |Northwood (loan) |2005–06<ref>{{Cite web |title=Players A–Z: Adam Federici |url=http://www.northwoodfc.com/AZ/F/Federici%20Adam.htm |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Northwood F.C}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=Uxbridge 1 Northwood 0 |url=http://www.northwoodfc.com/Archives/archives-reports/Reports%200506/Uxbridge%20A.htm |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Northwood F.C}}</ref> |Southern Premier |4 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |1 |0 |5 |0 |- |Carshalton Athletic (loan) |2005–06<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player details 2005–06: Adam Federici |url=http://www.soccerfactsuk.co.uk/s2005/player_details.php?playerid=7694 |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=SoccerFacts UK}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=2005–06 First team stats |url=http://www.carshaltonathletic.org/1stteam/stats.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621081153/http://www.carshaltonathletic.org/1stteam/stats.htm |archive-date=21 June 2006 |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Carshalton Athletic F.C}}<br /><br />{{Cite web |title=2005–06 First team fixtures |url=http://carshaltonathletic.org/1stteam/fixtures.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060430105547/http://carshaltonathletic.org/1stteam/fixtures.htm |archive-date=30 April 2006 |access-date=3 March 2013 |publisher=Carshalton Athletic F.C}}</ref> |Conference South |25 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |7 |0 |32 |0 |- |Bristol City (loan) |2006–07<ref name="2006/07" /> |League One |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |Southend United (loan) |2008–09<ref name="2008/09" /> |League One |10 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |10 |0 |- | rowspan="4" |AFC Bournemouth |2015–16 |Premier League |6 |0 |3 |0 |3 |0 | colspan="2" |— |12 |0 |- |2016–17 |Premier League |2 |0 |1 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2017–18 |Premier League |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !8 !0 !4 !0 !5 !0 !0 !0 !17 !0 |- |[[Nottingham Forest FC|Nottingham Forest]] (loan) |2017–18<ref name="2017/18" /> |Championship |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |— |0 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Stoke City |2018–19 |Championship |1 |0 |2 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |5 |0 |- |2019–20 |Championship |7 |0 |0 |0 |2 |0 | colspan="2" |— |9 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Total !8 !0 !2 !0 !4 !0 !0 !0 !14 !0 |- |Macarthur FC |2020–21 |A-League |28 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" |– |0 |0 |28 |0 |- ! colspan="3" |Career total !312 !1 !31 !0 !17 !0 !11 !0 !371 !1 |} {{Notelist}} === Na Ƙasa da Ƙasa === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanar da kwallayen da ƙungiyar ƙasa ta zura da kuma shekarar da ta gabata <ref>{{Cite web |title=Adam Federici |url=http://www.national-football-teams.com/player/22723/Adam_Federici.html |access-date=19 October 2013 |publisher=National Football Teams}}</ref> ! Tawagar ƙasa ! Shekara ! Manhajoji ! Ƙwallaye |- | rowspan="7" | Ostiraliya | 2010 | 3 | 0 |- | 2011 | 3 | 0 |- | 2012 | 1 | 0 |- | 2013 | 1 | 0 |- | 2014 | 1 | 0 |- | 2015 | 6 | 0 |- | 2016 | 1 | 0 |- ! colspan="2" | Jimilla ! 16 ! 0 |} == Daraja == '''Karatu''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kwallon Kafa : 2011–12 '''Mutum ɗaya''' * Safar Zinare ta Zakarun Kwallon Kafa : 2011–12 <ref>{{Cite web |last=The Football League |date=7 June 2012 |title=Golden Glove Award Winners Announced |url=http://www.football-league.co.uk/latestnews/20120607/golden-glove-award-winners-announced_2293301_2805034 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120611075749/http://www.football-league.co.uk/latestnews/20120607/golden-glove-award-winners-announced_2293301_2805034 |archive-date=11 June 2012 |access-date=9 July 2020 |website=The Football League}}</ref> * Ɗan Wasan Karatu na Kakar Wasanni : 2014–15 * Ɗan wasan Watan Gasar Kwallon Kafa ta Ƙwallon ƙafa : Fabrairu 2012 * Ƙungiyar PFA ta A-League ta kakar wasa: 2020–21 == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * Adam Federici at the Australian Olympic Committee * Adam Federici at Olympics.com * Adam Federici at Olympedia * Adam Federici at Soccerbase * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121212101955/http://www.footballaustralia.com.au/socceroos/players/Adam-Federici/2371 FFA – Socceroo profile] * [http://www.ozfootball.net/ark/Players/F/FE.html#FedericiAdam OzFootball profile] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1985]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] == Manazarta == iio8qe9grevb61r4kxpyq1hguaipwpb 0 166129 914893 2026-09-02T14:21:18Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1317016477|Free State of Coburg]]" 914893 wikitext text/x-wiki Free State of Coburg (Jamusanci: ) ƙaramar ƙasa ce ta tsakiya (1918-1920) a farkon shekarun Jamhuriyar Weimar . An kafa shi ne bayan rushewar Duchy na Saxe-Coburg da Gotha a lokacin Juyin juya halin Jamus na 1918-1919. Duke Charles Edward ya yi murabus, kuma Coburg ya rabu da Saxe-Gotha saboda yawancin bambance-bambance na siyasa tare da maƙwabcinsa mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi. Bayan sauyawa ta zaman lafiya ta Coburg zuwa gwamnatin jamhuriya, yawancin jama'a sun ki amincewa da hadin kai tare da Thuringia, kuma Coburg ya haɗu da Bavaria a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1920. == Yanayin da ya gabata == Wanda ya riga ya kasance Free State of Coburg shi ne Duchy na Saxe-Coburg da Gotha . Da farko ya kasance duchy biyu, wanda aka yi mulki a cikin hadin kai, amma tare da aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1852, taye ya zama ainihin hadin kai. Duchy daga wannan lokacin ya raba ministocin jihar kuma yana da ''Landtag'' na kowa (makiyar doka ta jihar), 11 daga cikin mambobinsu suna wakiltar Coburg da 19 Gotha. Saxe-Coburg da Gotha sun zama jihar da ta kafa Daular Jamus a 1871, tare da kujeru biyu a cikin Reichstag da ɗaya a cikin Bundesrat. Mai mulkinta na ƙarshe shi ne Duke Charles Edward (1900-1918). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Staatsgrundgesetz für die Herzogthümer Coburg und Gotha |trans-title=State Constitution for the Duchies Coburg and Gotha |url=https://www.verfassungen.de/th/Sachsen-Coburg%20und%20Gotha/verf52-i.htm |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Verfassungen der Welt |language=de}}</ref> == Juyin Juya Halin 1918 == Duchy na Saxe-Coburg da Gotha sun rabu a lokacin juyin juya halin 1918-1919, wanda ya kawo karshen Daular Jamus da dukkan gidajen sarauta na Jamus a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. Juyin juya halin ya fara ne a ƙarshen Oktoba 1918 tare da tawaye na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a Kiel. Masu tayar da kayar baya sun kafa Majalisar ma'aikata da sojoji kuma a farkon Nuwamba sun yada tawaye a duk faɗin Jamus. Sarkin sarakuna Wilhelm II ya gudu zuwa Holland a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, kuma majalisun da sauri sun karɓi iko daga hukumomin soja, na sarauta da na farar hula da ke akwai tare da ƙarancin juriya ko zubar da jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sturm |first=Reinhard |date=23 December 2011 |title=Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19 |trans-title=From Empire to Republic 1918/19 |url=https://www.bpb.de/themen/nationalsozialismus-zweiter-weltkrieg/dossier-nationalsozialismus/168748/vom-kaiserreich-zur-republik-1918-19/#node-content-title-12 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung |language=de}}</ref> Juyin juya halin ya kai Saxe-Coburg da Gotha a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1918 lokacin da sojoji a filin jirgin saman soja na Gotha suka kafa majalisar ma'aikata da sojoji tare da goyon bayan memba na Gotha Reichstag Wilhelm Bock. Kashegari, a babban filin kasuwar Gotha, Bock ya ayyana majalisa ta zama gwamnatin wucin gadi ta sabuwar Jamhuriyar Gotha kuma ya ayyana Duke Charles Edward da aka tsige. Majalisar wakilai na jama'a, duk mambobinsu na jam'iyyar Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), sannan suka karɓi iko a Gotha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ellrich |first=Hartmut |date=2017 |title=Monarchisches Erbe und Landesbewusstsein in Thüringen und Bayern nach 1918 bzw. 1945 |trans-title=Monarchical Heritage and Regional Identity in Thuringia and Bavaria after 1918 and 1945 |url=https://perspectivia.net//servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/ploneimport_derivate_00010439/ellrich_erbe.doc.pdf |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=Perspectivia |page=24 |language=de}}</ref> Yanayin da ke Coburg bai bunkasa sosai ba. A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba an kafa majalisa ta sojoji, amma kawai don mayar da martani ga umarni daga mukaddashin Babban Kwamandan Sojoji a Kassel. Reinhold Artmann na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SPD) ne ya jagoranci majalisar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=Die Novemberrevolution von 1918 in Coburg, Teil I |trans-title=The November Revolution of 1918 in Coburg. Part I. |url=https://www.stadtgeschichte-coburg.de/blog/2011/04/19/die-novemberrevolution-von-1918-in-coburg-teil-i/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Stadt Coburg |language=de}}</ref> Ba a kafa majalisa ta ma'aikata ba har sai 12 ga Nuwamba, wanda Johann Stegner, shi ma memba ne na SPD, ya jagoranci. Har zuwa wannan lokacin kwamitin wucin gadi ne ke wakiltar ma'aikatan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Die Novemberrevolution von 1918 in Coburg, Teil III |trans-title=The November Revolution of 1918 in Coburg. Part III. |url=https://www.stadtgeschichte-coburg.de/blog/2014/06/27/die-novemberrevolution-von-1918-in-coburg-teil-iii/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Stadt Coburg |language=de}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba wani zanga-zanga a Coburg wanda SPD ta shirya ya faru cikin lumana. Lieutenant Colonel Hans von Erffa, kwamandan rundunar soji da ke cikin birni, ya yi murabus bisa bukatar wakilan ma'aikata da sojoji. Magajin garin Coburg, ya fuskanci bukatar cewa ya ba da damar wakilan su kula da gwamnatin birni, nan da nan ya amince. A ma'aikatar jihar, duk da , [[:de:Ernst Fritsch (Landrat)|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="201" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Interlanguage link","href":"./Template:Interlanguage_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Hermann Quarck"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Hermann Quarck"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Hermann_Quarck?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hermann Quarck" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Hermann Quarck [de] da </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Ernst Fritsch|de|Ernst Fritsch (Landrat)}} [de] sun ki amincewa da kwamitocin juyin juya hali amma sun amince da hadin kai tare da su yayin da suke ci gaba da kula da gwamnatin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Die Novemberrevolution von 1918 in Coburg, Teil II |trans-title=The November Revolution of 1918 in Coburg. Part II. |url=https://www.stadtgeschichte-coburg.de/blog/2014/06/27/die-novemberrevolution-von-1918-in-coburg-teil-ii/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Stadt Coburg |language=de}}</ref> A wani zaman majalisa na hadin gwiwa na Saxe-Coburg da Gotha a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, mambobin sun karbi takardar da Duke ya sanya hannu wanda ya bayyana cewa zai bar ayyukansa na gwamnati amma ba cewa yana barin mulki ba. Mambobin USPD da majalisun ma'aikatan Gotha da sojoji sun yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don soke kundin tsarin mulkin Duchy kuma su maye gurbinsa da jamhuriya ta Soviet. Bayan kuri'ar, majalisar da aka haɗu ta rushe kanta.<ref name=":4" /> Wannan da kuma abdication na Duke sun cire biyu daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da suka ɗaure Coburg da Gotha tare. Idan aka ba su bambance-bambance na siyasa, rabuwa da rabi biyu na tsohon duchy ya zama abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba.<ref name=":0" /> Majalisar ma'aikatan Coburg da sojoji ta kafa kwamitin zartarwa mai mambobi uku. Tare da ma'aikatar jihar wacce ta ba da izinin ci gaba da aiki, ta kafa gwamnatin Coburg. A idanun wasu masana tarihi, abin da ya faru a Coburg ba juyin juya halin gaskiya ba ne: <ref name=":0" /><blockquote>Mutum ba zai iya magana game da juyin juya halin gaske ba, tunda tsoffin fitattun sun kasance a ofis kuma sun riƙe darajarsu. Gaskiyar cewa babu wani juyin juya hali na gaske da ya faru tabbas za a iya bayyana shi da rashin masana'antu a Coburg.</blockquote>A ranar 7 ga Yuni 1919, Duke Charles Edward ya kammala yarjejeniya tare da Free State of Coburg kan kadarorinsa da diyya. An ba shi izinin ci gaba da Callenberg Castle da wasu ƙananan kadarori kuma ya sami alamomi miliyan 1.5 don ragowar da jihar ta karbe, wasu daga cikinsu sun tafi kai tsaye zuwa Coburg kuma wasu zuwa Gidauniyar Jihar Coburg ({{Lang|de|Coburger Landesstiftung}}). <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=1919: Die Abfindung von Herzog Carl Eduard und die Gründung der Coburger Landesstiftung |trans-title=1919: The Settlement with Duke Carl Eduard and the Establishment of the Coburg State Foundation |url=https://www.stadtgeschichte-coburg.de/blog/2011/04/19/1919-die-abfindung-von-herzog-carl-eduard-und-die-gruendung-der-coburger-landesstiftung/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Stadt Coburg |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == ikdahvjrhwo94iebtj6k7fsrafz2ml3 914895 914893 2026-09-02T14:21:50Z Usman saadu 46863 914895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Free State of Coburg (Jamusanci: ) ƙaramar ƙasa ce ta tsakiya (1918-1920) a farkon shekarun Jamhuriyar Weimar . An kafa shi ne bayan rushewar Duchy na Saxe-Coburg da Gotha a lokacin Juyin juya halin Jamus na 1918-1919. Duke Charles Edward ya yi murabus, kuma Coburg ya rabu da Saxe-Gotha saboda yawancin bambance-bambance na siyasa tare da maƙwabcinsa mafi tsattsauran ra'ayi. Bayan sauyawa ta zaman lafiya ta Coburg zuwa gwamnatin jamhuriya, yawancin jama'a sun ki amincewa da hadin kai tare da Thuringia, kuma Coburg ya haɗu da Bavaria a ranar 1 ga Yuli 1920. == Yanayin da ya gabata == Wanda ya riga ya kasance Free State of Coburg shi ne Duchy na Saxe-Coburg da Gotha . Da farko ya kasance duchy biyu, wanda aka yi mulki a cikin hadin kai, amma tare da aiwatar da Kundin Tsarin Mulki na 1852, taye ya zama ainihin hadin kai. Duchy daga wannan lokacin ya raba ministocin jihar kuma yana da ''Landtag'' na kowa (makiyar doka ta jihar), 11 daga cikin mambobinsu suna wakiltar Coburg da 19 Gotha. Saxe-Coburg da Gotha sun zama jihar da ta kafa Daular Jamus a 1871, tare da kujeru biyu a cikin Reichstag da ɗaya a cikin Bundesrat. Mai mulkinta na ƙarshe shi ne Duke Charles Edward (1900-1918). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Staatsgrundgesetz für die Herzogthümer Coburg und Gotha |trans-title=State Constitution for the Duchies Coburg and Gotha |url=https://www.verfassungen.de/th/Sachsen-Coburg%20und%20Gotha/verf52-i.htm |access-date=29 August 2025 |website=Verfassungen der Welt |language=de}}</ref> == Juyin Juya Halin 1918 == Duchy na Saxe-Coburg da Gotha sun rabu a lokacin juyin juya halin 1918-1919, wanda ya kawo karshen Daular Jamus da dukkan gidajen sarauta na Jamus a ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. Juyin juya halin ya fara ne a ƙarshen Oktoba 1918 tare da tawaye na ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa a Kiel. Masu tayar da kayar baya sun kafa Majalisar ma'aikata da sojoji kuma a farkon Nuwamba sun yada tawaye a duk faɗin Jamus. Sarkin sarakuna Wilhelm II ya gudu zuwa Holland a ranar 10 ga Nuwamba, kuma majalisun da sauri sun karɓi iko daga hukumomin soja, na sarauta da na farar hula da ke akwai tare da ƙarancin juriya ko zubar da jini.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sturm |first=Reinhard |date=23 December 2011 |title=Vom Kaiserreich zur Republik 1918/19 |trans-title=From Empire to Republic 1918/19 |url=https://www.bpb.de/themen/nationalsozialismus-zweiter-weltkrieg/dossier-nationalsozialismus/168748/vom-kaiserreich-zur-republik-1918-19/#node-content-title-12 |access-date=23 August 2025 |website=Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung |language=de}}</ref> Juyin juya halin ya kai Saxe-Coburg da Gotha a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba 1918 lokacin da sojoji a filin jirgin saman soja na Gotha suka kafa majalisar ma'aikata da sojoji tare da goyon bayan memba na Gotha Reichstag Wilhelm Bock. Kashegari, a babban filin kasuwar Gotha, Bock ya ayyana majalisa ta zama gwamnatin wucin gadi ta sabuwar Jamhuriyar Gotha kuma ya ayyana Duke Charles Edward da aka tsige. Majalisar wakilai na jama'a, duk mambobinsu na jam'iyyar Independent Social Democratic Party (USPD), sannan suka karɓi iko a Gotha.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Ellrich |first=Hartmut |date=2017 |title=Monarchisches Erbe und Landesbewusstsein in Thüringen und Bayern nach 1918 bzw. 1945 |trans-title=Monarchical Heritage and Regional Identity in Thuringia and Bavaria after 1918 and 1945 |url=https://perspectivia.net//servlets/MCRFileNodeServlet/ploneimport_derivate_00010439/ellrich_erbe.doc.pdf |access-date=24 August 2025 |website=Perspectivia |page=24 |language=de}}</ref> Yanayin da ke Coburg bai bunkasa sosai ba. A ranar 9 ga watan Nuwamba an kafa majalisa ta sojoji, amma kawai don mayar da martani ga umarni daga mukaddashin Babban Kwamandan Sojoji a Kassel. Reinhold Artmann na Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party (SPD) ne ya jagoranci majalisar. <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=Die Novemberrevolution von 1918 in Coburg, Teil I |trans-title=The November Revolution of 1918 in Coburg. Part I. |url=https://www.stadtgeschichte-coburg.de/blog/2011/04/19/die-novemberrevolution-von-1918-in-coburg-teil-i/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Stadt Coburg |language=de}}</ref> Ba a kafa majalisa ta ma'aikata ba har sai 12 ga Nuwamba, wanda Johann Stegner, shi ma memba ne na SPD, ya jagoranci. Har zuwa wannan lokacin kwamitin wucin gadi ne ke wakiltar ma'aikatan.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Die Novemberrevolution von 1918 in Coburg, Teil III |trans-title=The November Revolution of 1918 in Coburg. Part III. |url=https://www.stadtgeschichte-coburg.de/blog/2014/06/27/die-novemberrevolution-von-1918-in-coburg-teil-iii/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Stadt Coburg |language=de}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga Nuwamba wani zanga-zanga a Coburg wanda SPD ta shirya ya faru cikin lumana. Lieutenant Colonel Hans von Erffa, kwamandan rundunar soji da ke cikin birni, ya yi murabus bisa bukatar wakilan ma'aikata da sojoji. Magajin garin Coburg, ya fuskanci bukatar cewa ya ba da damar wakilan su kula da gwamnatin birni, nan da nan ya amince. A ma'aikatar jihar, duk da , [[:de:Ernst Fritsch (Landrat)|daga]]&#x5D;<nowiki>-linkid="201" data-mw='{"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"Interlanguage link","href":"./Template:Interlanguage_link"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"Hermann Quarck"},"2":{"wt":"de"}},"i":0}}]}' data-mw-i18n='{"title":{"lang":"x-page","key":"red-link-title","params":["Hermann Quarck"]}}' data-ve-no-generated-contents="true" href="./Hermann_Quarck?action=edit&redlink=1" id="mwSA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Hermann Quarck" typeof="mw:Transclusion mw:LocalizedAttrs">Hermann Quarck [de] da </nowiki>{{Interlanguage link|Ernst Fritsch|de|Ernst Fritsch (Landrat)}} [de] sun ki amincewa da kwamitocin juyin juya hali amma sun amince da hadin kai tare da su yayin da suke ci gaba da kula da gwamnatin jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2014 |title=Die Novemberrevolution von 1918 in Coburg, Teil II |trans-title=The November Revolution of 1918 in Coburg. Part II. |url=https://www.stadtgeschichte-coburg.de/blog/2014/06/27/die-novemberrevolution-von-1918-in-coburg-teil-ii/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Stadt Coburg |language=de}}</ref> A wani zaman majalisa na hadin gwiwa na Saxe-Coburg da Gotha a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, mambobin sun karbi takardar da Duke ya sanya hannu wanda ya bayyana cewa zai bar ayyukansa na gwamnati amma ba cewa yana barin mulki ba. Mambobin USPD da majalisun ma'aikatan Gotha da sojoji sun yi ƙoƙari ba tare da nasara ba don soke kundin tsarin mulkin Duchy kuma su maye gurbinsa da jamhuriya ta Soviet. Bayan kuri'ar, majalisar da aka haɗu ta rushe kanta.<ref name=":4" /> Wannan da kuma abdication na Duke sun cire biyu daga cikin manyan hanyoyin da suka ɗaure Coburg da Gotha tare. Idan aka ba su bambance-bambance na siyasa, rabuwa da rabi biyu na tsohon duchy ya zama abin da ba za a iya gujewa ba.<ref name=":0" /> Majalisar ma'aikatan Coburg da sojoji ta kafa kwamitin zartarwa mai mambobi uku. Tare da ma'aikatar jihar wacce ta ba da izinin ci gaba da aiki, ta kafa gwamnatin Coburg. A idanun wasu masana tarihi, abin da ya faru a Coburg ba juyin juya halin gaskiya ba ne: <ref name=":0" /><blockquote>Mutum ba zai iya magana game da juyin juya halin gaske ba, tunda tsoffin fitattun sun kasance a ofis kuma sun riƙe darajarsu. Gaskiyar cewa babu wani juyin juya hali na gaske da ya faru tabbas za a iya bayyana shi da rashin masana'antu a Coburg.</blockquote>A ranar 7 ga Yuni 1919, Duke Charles Edward ya kammala yarjejeniya tare da Free State of Coburg kan kadarorinsa da diyya. An ba shi izinin ci gaba da Callenberg Castle da wasu ƙananan kadarori kuma ya sami alamomi miliyan 1.5 don ragowar da jihar ta karbe, wasu daga cikinsu sun tafi kai tsaye zuwa Coburg kuma wasu zuwa Gidauniyar Jihar Coburg ({{Lang|de|Coburger Landesstiftung}}). <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2011 |title=1919: Die Abfindung von Herzog Carl Eduard und die Gründung der Coburger Landesstiftung |trans-title=1919: The Settlement with Duke Carl Eduard and the Establishment of the Coburg State Foundation |url=https://www.stadtgeschichte-coburg.de/blog/2011/04/19/1919-die-abfindung-von-herzog-carl-eduard-und-die-gruendung-der-coburger-landesstiftung/ |access-date=5 September 2025 |website=Stadt Coburg |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == b8ocl7bge3dlpvc9e3gpdp7il1kwou6 0 166130 914904 2026-09-02T14:43:50Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1357305524|Stephanie Stumph]]" 914904 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Stephanie Stumph''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1984 a [[Dresden]]) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Jamus. Ita 'yar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Wolfgang Stumph . == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Stumph a matsayin 'yar Wolfgang da Christine Stumph ne a ranar 7 ga Yulin 1984. A lokacin yarinta, ta raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa kuma ta yi rawa.<ref name="mdr1">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2009 |title=Stephanie Stumph im Porträt |url=http://www.mdr.de/riverboat/1702863-hintergrund-1116814.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409185105/http://www.mdr.de/riverboat/1702863-hintergrund-1116814.html |archive-date=April 9, 2009 |access-date=4 December 2009 |publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] |language=German}}</ref> Daga baya ta dauki darussan rawa na sana'a, da kuma darussan piano da violin. Bayan kammala Abitur a shekara ta 2003, ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Kiɗa da Wasanni ta Felix Mendelssohn a [[Leipzig]] . <ref name="mdr1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] bsuahbvtcr0xr3fl53emcfgret9kukp 914905 914904 2026-09-02T14:44:12Z Usman saadu 46863 914905 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stephanie Stumph''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 1984 a [[Dresden]]) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Jamus. Ita 'yar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Wolfgang Stumph . == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Stumph a matsayin 'yar Wolfgang da Christine Stumph ne a ranar 7 ga Yulin 1984. A lokacin yarinta, ta raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa kuma ta yi rawa.<ref name="mdr1">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2009 |title=Stephanie Stumph im Porträt |url=http://www.mdr.de/riverboat/1702863-hintergrund-1116814.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409185105/http://www.mdr.de/riverboat/1702863-hintergrund-1116814.html |archive-date=April 9, 2009 |access-date=4 December 2009 |publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] |language=German}}</ref> Daga baya ta dauki darussan rawa na sana'a, da kuma darussan piano da violin. Bayan kammala Abitur a shekara ta 2003, ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Kiɗa da Wasanni ta Felix Mendelssohn a [[Leipzig]] . <ref name="mdr1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] 924srn8dbzosc1lyn57fcxkx1ynllma 914910 914905 2026-09-02T15:15:48Z Baby juuu 38856 914910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Stephanie Stumph''' (an haife ta a ranar 7 ga watan Yulin a shekara ta 1984 a [[Dresden]]) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Jamus. Ita 'yar ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne Wolfgang Stumph . == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Stumph a matsayin 'yar Wolfgang da Christine Stumph ne a ranar 7 ga Yulin 1984. A lokacin yarinta, ta raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa kuma ta yi rawa.<ref name="mdr1">{{Cite web |date=30 March 2009 |title=Stephanie Stumph im Porträt |url=http://www.mdr.de/riverboat/1702863-hintergrund-1116814.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090409185105/http://www.mdr.de/riverboat/1702863-hintergrund-1116814.html |archive-date=April 9, 2009 |access-date=4 December 2009 |publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] |language=German}}</ref> Daga baya ta dauki darussan rawa na sana'a, da kuma darussan piano da violin. Bayan kammala Abitur a shekara ta 2003, ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Kiɗa da Wasanni ta Felix Mendelssohn a [[Leipzig]] . <ref name="mdr1" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] 1w6kltdlww8tg12ov2wpvv94jj0foro 0 166131 914922 2026-09-02T15:28:00Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326504053|Saleh Al-Saqri]]" 914922 wikitext text/x-wiki  Shekara '''Saleh Al-Saqri''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1979) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia da ya yi ritaya wanda ya buga a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Al-Tai, Al-Ittihad da Al-Etiffaq . <ref>{{Cite web |title=صالح الصقري - Saleh Al-Saqri |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=4652}}</ref> Ya kuma buga wa tawagar Saudi Arabia wasa. Al-Saqri ya buga wa Saudi Arabia wasa a gasar zakarun (champipnship) na duniya ta FIFA ta 1999 a Nageriy[[Najeriya|a]]<ref>{{FIFA player|181868}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Al-Ittihad''' * Saudi Professional League: 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2006-07, 2008-092008–09 * Kofin Sarki: 2010 * Kofin Yarima na Sarauta: 2001, 2004 * Kofin Saudiyya da Masar: 2001, 2003 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta AFC: 2004, 2005 * Kofin Masu Gasar Asiya: 1998-991998–99 * Gasar Zakarun Larabawa: 2004-052004–05 '''Saudi Arabia''' * Kofin Tekun Larabawa: 2002 * Kofin Larabawa: 2002 {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{NFT player|5715}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] 3gd602ha1cszq3itb143sx5xqm6et46 914923 914922 2026-09-02T15:30:48Z Baby juuu 38856 914923 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Saleh Al-Saqri''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1979) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia da ya yi ritaya wanda ya buga a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga Al-Tai, Al-Ittihad da Al-Etiffaq . <ref>{{Cite web |title=صالح الصقري - Saleh Al-Saqri |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=4652}}</ref> Ya kuma buga wa tawagar Saudi Arabia wasa. Al-Saqri ya buga wa Saudi Arabia wasa a gasar zakarun (champipnship) na duniya ta FIFA ta 1999 a Nageriy[[Najeriya|a]]<ref>{{FIFA player|181868}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Al-Ittihad''' * Saudi Professional League: 1999-2000, 2000-01, 2002-03, 2006-07, 2008-092008–09 * Kofin Sarki: 2010 * Kofin Yarima na Sarauta: 2001, 2004 * Kofin Saudiyya da Masar: 2001, 2003 * Gasar Zakarun Turai ta AFC: 2004, 2005 * Kofin Masu Gasar Asiya: 1998-991998–99 * Gasar Zakarun Larabawa: 2004-052004–05 '''Saudi Arabia''' * Kofin Tekun Larabawa: 2002 * Kofin Larabawa: 2002 {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{NFT player|5715}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] 5pb94d1kmu77o6cbf1pssms7nwebiyn 0 166132 914924 2026-09-02T15:39:56Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362376658|Meshal Al-Sebyani]]" 914924 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Meshal Khairallah Al-Sebyani''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Al-Ettifaq . <ref>{{Cite web |title=MESHAL AL-SEBYANI |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mashel-ali/627245/}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Al-Sebyani ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar matasa ta Al-Faisaly . Ya fara bugawa tawagar farko wasa a shekara ta 2019. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2024, Al-Sebyani ya shiga Al-Ettifaq kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الاتفاق يعلن التعاقد مع مشعل الصبياني |url=https://www.alyaum.com/article/6544894}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Al-Faisaly''' * Kofin Sarki: 2020-212020–21 '''Saudi Arabia U23''' * Kofin Asiya na U-23 na AFC: 2022 * Gasar WAFF U-23: 2022 {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|meshal-alsebyani/627245}} {{Ettifaq FC squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] epzqjy4dl6je5dhdz3hvrg9gujixvt2 914925 914924 2026-09-02T15:41:11Z Baby juuu 38856 914925 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Meshal Khairallah Al-Sebyani''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2001) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Al-Ettifaq . <ref>{{Cite web |title=MESHAL AL-SEBYANI |url=https://int.soccerway.com/players/mashel-ali/627245/}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Al-Sebyani ya kasance memba na ƙungiyar matasa ta Al-Faisaly . Ya fara bugawa tawagar farko wasa a shekara ta 2019. A ranar 6 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2024, Al-Sebyani ya shiga Al-Ettifaq kan yarjejeniyar shekaru uku.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الاتفاق يعلن التعاقد مع مشعل الصبياني |url=https://www.alyaum.com/article/6544894}}</ref> == Daraja == '''Al-Faisaly''' * Kofin Sarki: 2020-212020–21 '''Saudi Arabia U23''' * Kofin Asiya na U-23 na AFC: 2022 * Gasar WAFF U-23: 2022 {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|meshal-alsebyani/627245}} {{Ettifaq FC squad}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2001]] kv2hyic4ewlhgur3easp1je0dv5p5mx 0 166133 914927 2026-09-02T15:53:12Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326500424|Abdulaziz Al-Saran]]" 914927 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Abdulaziz Al-Saran''' ( Da larabci: عبد العزيز السعران; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1984) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Saudiyya, wanda ya kasance yana taka leda a matsayin Dan wasan gaba.. == Ayyuka == Al-Saran ya fara aikinsa a kungiyar matasa ta [[Ushaiger Club|Ushaiger]] kafin ya shiga [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] . Daga nan sai ya bar kulob din ya shiga Al-Shabab . <ref>{{Cite web |title=السعران: كورونا عطل طموحاتي |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/694893}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2012, ya bar Al-Shabab kuma ya shiga [[Al-Nassr]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=النصر يضم السعران لثلاث سنوات |url=http://www.alriyadh.com/702778}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, Al-Saran ya bar [[Al-Nassr]] kuma ya shiga Al-Faisaly . <ref>{{Cite web |title=الفيصلي وقع مع السعران |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/427276}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Al-Faisaly ya sake shi kuma daga baya ya shiga Al-Nahda . <ref>{{Cite web |title=السعران يجري مخالصة مع الفيصلي ويقترب من النهضة |url=http://www.sportksa.net/main/archives/167400}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Al-Shabab''' * Saudi Professional League: 2003-04, 2005-06, 2011-122011–12 * Kofin Sarki: 2008, 2009 * Kofin Tarayyar Saudiyya: 2008-09, 2009-102009–10 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|abdulaziz-al-saran/66951}} * {{NFT player|33964}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] qu4yatj8aktsj4co2i5p22uotd0l6e6 914928 914927 2026-09-02T15:54:07Z Baby juuu 38856 914928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Abdulaziz Al-Saran''' ( Da larabci: عبد العزيز السعران; an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Janairu, 1984) tsohon ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na ƙasar Saudiyya, wanda ya kasance yana taka leda a matsayin Dan wasan gaba.. == Ayyuka == Al-Saran ya fara aikinsa a kungiyar matasa ta [[Ushaiger Club|Ushaiger]] kafin ya shiga [[Al Hilal SFC|Al-Hilal]] . Daga nan sai ya bar kulob din ya shiga Al-Shabab . <ref>{{Cite web |title=السعران: كورونا عطل طموحاتي |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/694893}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun 2012, ya bar Al-Shabab kuma ya shiga [[Al-Nassr]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=النصر يضم السعران لثلاث سنوات |url=http://www.alriyadh.com/702778}}</ref> A ranar 16 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2013, Al-Saran ya bar [[Al-Nassr]] kuma ya shiga Al-Faisaly . <ref>{{Cite web |title=الفيصلي وقع مع السعران |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/427276}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Al-Faisaly ya sake shi kuma daga baya ya shiga Al-Nahda . <ref>{{Cite web |title=السعران يجري مخالصة مع الفيصلي ويقترب من النهضة |url=http://www.sportksa.net/main/archives/167400}}</ref> == Daraja == === Kungiyar === '''Al-Shabab''' * Saudi Professional League: 2003-04, 2005-06, 2011-122011–12 * Kofin Sarki: 2008, 2009 * Kofin Tarayyar Saudiyya: 2008-09, 2009-102009–10 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|abdulaziz-al-saran/66951}} * {{NFT player|33964}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1984]] tk7pdhjnymc8dzuon81qfg3t6f1xput 0 166134 914934 2026-09-02T16:07:28Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345609169|Khaled Al-Samiri]]" 914934 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Khaled Mohammed Al-Samiri''' (An haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Damac . <ref>{{Cite web |title=إحصائيات رابطة دوري المحترفين السعودي 2016/2017 |url=http://www.slstat.com/spl2016-2017ar/player.php?id=1786 |access-date=31 October 2016 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=خالد محمد السميري - Khaled Al Samiri |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=101772}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu 2020, Al-Samiri ya koma Al-Faisaly kan aro daga Al-Ittihad kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الاتحاد يوافق على إعارة السميري |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/717320}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2022, Al-Samiri ya shiga Al-Khaleej kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الخليج يستعير لاعب الاتحاد السميري |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2022/20220828/sp10.htm}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yulin 2023, Al-Samiri ya shiga Al-Khaleej kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميًا.. الخليج يتعاقد مع لاعب الوسط خالد السميري |url=https://www.alyaum.com/article/6476323}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2025, Al-Samiri ya shiga Damac.<ref>{{Cite web |title=إدارة نادي ضمك تتعاقد مع خالد السميري |url=https://damac.sa/?p=12966}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Al-Samiri ya buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa tare da Saudi Arabia Under-20 a ranar 28 ga Disamba 2017 a kan Senegal (0-2), a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 ta 2017. Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa. == Daraja == ; Al-Ittihad * Kofin Yarima na Saudiyya: 2016-172016–17 * Kofin Sarki: 2018 ; Al-Faisaly * Kofin Sarki: 2020-212020–21 == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|khaled-al-samiri/465886}} {{Damac F.C. squad}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 9dv1q4gv2r4mahed67x12ielrpq73jd 914942 914934 2026-09-02T16:10:44Z Baby juuu 38856 914942 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khaled Mohammed Al-Samiri''' (An haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Damac . <ref>{{Cite web |title=إحصائيات رابطة دوري المحترفين السعودي 2016/2017 |url=http://www.slstat.com/spl2016-2017ar/player.php?id=1786 |access-date=31 October 2016 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=خالد محمد السميري - Khaled Al Samiri |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=101772}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu 2020, Al-Samiri ya koma Al-Faisaly kan aro daga Al-Ittihad kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الاتحاد يوافق على إعارة السميري |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/717320}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta 2022, Al-Samiri ya shiga Al-Khaleej kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الخليج يستعير لاعب الاتحاد السميري |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2022/20220828/sp10.htm}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yulin 2023, Al-Samiri ya shiga Al-Khaleej kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميًا.. الخليج يتعاقد مع لاعب الوسط خالد السميري |url=https://www.alyaum.com/article/6476323}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2025, Al-Samiri ya shiga Damac.<ref>{{Cite web |title=إدارة نادي ضمك تتعاقد مع خالد السميري |url=https://damac.sa/?p=12966}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Al-Samiri ya buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa tare da Saudi Arabia Under-20 a ranar 28 ga Disamba 2017 a kan Senegal (0-2), a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 ta 2017. Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa. == Daraja == ; Al-Ittihad * Kofin Yarima na Saudiyya: 2016-172016–17 * Kofin Sarki: 2018 ; Al-Faisaly * Kofin Sarki: 2020-212020–21 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|khaled-al-samiri/465886}} {{Damac F.C. squad}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] o6s5ijirsz9h9m56tjezzy8ewwkekso 915014 914942 2026-09-02T16:58:23Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1345609169|Khaled Al-Samiri]]" 915014 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Khaled Mohammed Al-Samiri''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Damac . <ref>{{Cite web |title=إحصائيات رابطة دوري المحترفين السعودي 2016/2017 |url=http://www.slstat.com/spl2016-2017ar/player.php?id=1786 |access-date=31 October 2016 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=خالد محمد السميري - Khaled Al Samiri |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=101772}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2020, Al-Samiri ya koma Al-Faisaly kan aro daga Al-Ittihad kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الاتحاد يوافق على إعارة السميري |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/717320}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2022, Al-Samiri ya shiga Al-Khaleej kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الخليج يستعير لاعب الاتحاد السميري |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2022/20220828/sp10.htm}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2023, Al-Samiri ya shiga Al-Khaleej kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميًا.. الخليج يتعاقد مع لاعب الوسط خالد السميري |url=https://www.alyaum.com/article/6476323}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2025, Al-Samiri ya shiga Damac.<ref>{{Cite web |title=إدارة نادي ضمك تتعاقد مع خالد السميري |url=https://damac.sa/?p=12966}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Al-Samiri ya buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa tare da Saudi Arabia Under-20 a ranar 28 ga Disamba 2017 a kan Senegal (0-2), a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 ta 2017. Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa. == Daraja == ; Al-Ittihad * Kofin Yarima na Saudiyya: 2016-172016–17 * Kofin Sarki: 2018 ; Al-Faisaly * Kofin Sarki: 2020-212020–21 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|khaled-al-samiri/465886}} {{Damac F.C. squad}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 44jpy933fsakbn9227uru77wxp87yqq 915016 915014 2026-09-02T16:59:04Z Baby juuu 38856 915016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Khaled Mohammed Al-Samiri''' (Arabic; an haife shi a ranar 1 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1997) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na Damac . <ref>{{Cite web |title=إحصائيات رابطة دوري المحترفين السعودي 2016/2017 |url=http://www.slstat.com/spl2016-2017ar/player.php?id=1786 |access-date=31 October 2016 |publisher=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=خالد محمد السميري - Khaled Al Samiri |url=https://www.kooora.com/?player=101772}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == A ranar 27 ga watan Janairu a shekara ta 2020, Al-Samiri ya koma Al-Faisaly kan aro daga Al-Ittihad kan yarjejeniyar watanni shida.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الاتحاد يوافق على إعارة السميري |url=https://arriyadiyah.com/717320}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta a shekara ta 2022, Al-Samiri ya shiga Al-Khaleej kan aro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=الخليج يستعير لاعب الاتحاد السميري |url=https://www.al-jazirah.com/2022/20220828/sp10.htm}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 2023, Al-Samiri ya shiga Al-Khaleej kan yarjejeniya ta dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=رسميًا.. الخليج يتعاقد مع لاعب الوسط خالد السميري |url=https://www.alyaum.com/article/6476323}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Agustan 2025, Al-Samiri ya shiga Damac.<ref>{{Cite web |title=إدارة نادي ضمك تتعاقد مع خالد السميري |url=https://damac.sa/?p=12966}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Al-Samiri ya buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa tare da Saudi Arabia Under-20 a ranar 28 ga Disamba 2017 a kan Senegal (0-2), a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA U-20 ta 2017. Ya kuma buga wasanni biyu a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa. == Daraja == ; Al-Ittihad * Kofin Yarima na Saudiyya: 2016-172016–17 * Kofin Sarki: 2018 ; Al-Faisaly * Kofin Sarki: 2020-212020–21 == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Soccerway|khaled-al-samiri/465886}} {{Damac F.C. squad}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] tfv71jid3zkd47g339pawg155lu4a9j 0 166135 914982 2026-09-02T16:28:36Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362526206|Abuaagla Abdalla]]" 914982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist}}  '''Abuaagla Abdallah Muhamed Ahmed''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sudan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ne na ƙungiyar Firimiya ta Sudan Al-Hilal SC da ƙungiyar ƙasar Sudan . Ya fara buga wasan farko a duniya a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2015, a wasan cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 domin cin Zambia 0-1. A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2018, Ahmed ya ci kwallo na farko ga Sudan a kan Madagascar a wasan cancantar gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019 a cikin nasara 1-3. == Daraja == '''Sudan''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka: matsayi na uku, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAN 2018: Sudan beat Libya on penalties to claim bronze |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/chan-2018-sudan-beat-libya-on-penalties-to-claim-bronze/191zafcym5e41138k9obfwrcb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204013416/https://www.goal.com/en/news/chan-2018-sudan-beat-libya-on-penalties-to-claim-bronze/191zafcym5e41138k9obfwrcb |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |access-date=April 11, 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African Nations Championship 2018-Sudan Squad |url=https://africa.espn.com/football/team/squad/_/id/4319/league/CAF.CHAMPIONSHIP/season/2018 |access-date=April 11, 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Abuaagla Abdallaa National-Football-Teams.com {{Sudan squad 2025 Africa Cup of Nations}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 09si0aorb9xfgiws3sgakrgwonb5bro 914984 914982 2026-09-02T16:29:30Z Baby juuu 38856 914984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist}}  '''Abuaagla Abdallah Muhamed Ahmed''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sudan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ne na ƙungiyar Firimiya ta Sudan Al-Hilal SC da ƙungiyar ƙasar Sudan . Ya fara buga wasan farko a duniya a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2015, a wasan cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 2018 domin cin Zambia 0-1. A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2018, Ahmed ya ci kwallo na farko ga Sudan a kan Madagascar a wasan cancantar gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019 a cikin nasara 1-3. == Daraja == '''Sudan''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka: matsayi na uku, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAN 2018: Sudan beat Libya on penalties to claim bronze |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/chan-2018-sudan-beat-libya-on-penalties-to-claim-bronze/191zafcym5e41138k9obfwrcb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204013416/https://www.goal.com/en/news/chan-2018-sudan-beat-libya-on-penalties-to-claim-bronze/191zafcym5e41138k9obfwrcb |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |access-date=April 11, 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African Nations Championship 2018-Sudan Squad |url=https://africa.espn.com/football/team/squad/_/id/4319/league/CAF.CHAMPIONSHIP/season/2018 |access-date=April 11, 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Abuaagla Abdallaa National-Football-Teams.com {{Sudan squad 2025 Africa Cup of Nations}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] 6wxiqybj42zgrwmbys8yatovl6qrsiu 914986 914984 2026-09-02T16:30:02Z Baby juuu 38856 914986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Reflist}}  '''Abuaagla Abdallah Muhamed Ahmed''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1993) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Sudan wanda ke taka leda a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ne na ƙungiyar Firimiya ta Sudan Al-Hilal SC da ƙungiyar ƙasar Sudan . Ya fara buga wasan farko a duniya a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2015, a wasan cancantar gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta shekarar 2018 domin cin Zambia 0-1. A ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 2018, Ahmed ya ci kwallo na farko ga Sudan a kan Madagascar a wasan cancantar gasar cin kofin Afirka ta 2019 a cikin nasara 1-3. == Daraja == '''Sudan''' * Gasar Cin Kofin Kasashen Afirka: matsayi na uku, 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=CHAN 2018: Sudan beat Libya on penalties to claim bronze |url=https://www.goal.com/en/news/chan-2018-sudan-beat-libya-on-penalties-to-claim-bronze/191zafcym5e41138k9obfwrcb |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180204013416/https://www.goal.com/en/news/chan-2018-sudan-beat-libya-on-penalties-to-claim-bronze/191zafcym5e41138k9obfwrcb |archive-date=February 4, 2018 |access-date=April 11, 2026 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=African Nations Championship 2018-Sudan Squad |url=https://africa.espn.com/football/team/squad/_/id/4319/league/CAF.CHAMPIONSHIP/season/2018 |access-date=April 11, 2026 |language=en}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * Abuaagla Abdallaa National-Football-Teams.com {{Sudan squad 2025 Africa Cup of Nations}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] cm7g2vn8524vdw56ufj4b7sfxor53xe 0 166136 914992 2026-09-02T16:36:49Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355876334|Rudolf Hamburger]]" 914992 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rudolf Albert Hamburger''' (3 ga Mayu 1903 - 1 ga Disamba 1980) ya kasance masanin gine-ginen [[Bauhaus]] na Jamus. Yawancin ayyukansa mafi muhimmanci an gudanar da su ne a [[Shanghai]] inda ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki tsakanin 1930 da 1936. A ƙarshen 1930, an dauki matarsa Ursula Kuczynski don yin aiki don leken asiri na Soviet; ya goyi bayan ayyukanta na leken asiri a hanyoyi daban-daban har zuwa kisan aurensu a 1939, bayan haka ya shiga cikin leken asiri ga Soviets a kansa.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> A shekara ta 1943 ya ƙare a [[Tehran]] inda sojojin Burtaniya suka kasance da yawa. Sojojin Amurka da sojojin Burtaniya sun ɗaure shi a kurkuku, lokacin da ya sami nasarar tserewa ya tafi Tarayyar Soviet don neman mafaka. Kwanaki uku bayan ya isa [[Moscow]] an kama shi. Ya shafe shekaru goma masu zuwa a cikin sansanonin aiki, kuma bayan wasu shekaru biyu a cikin "bautar cikin gida" ya sami damar barin Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1955. Ya koma [[Dresden]] kuma ya ci gaba da aikin gine-gine. Rudolf Hamburger sananne ne ga ɗaliban leken asiri a matsayin mijin farko na Ursula Kuczynski, wanda aka yi bikin a wasu sassan a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗan leken asiri na Stalin" ("Stalins beste Spionin"). <ref name="WienerZeRW">{{Cite web |last=[[:de:Thomas Karny|Thomas Karny]] |date=11 May 2007 |title="Sonja" – Stalins beste Spionin |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_reflexionen/kompendium/101753_Sonja-Stalins-beste-Spionin.html |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Kompendium - Wiener Zeitung Online |publisher=[[Wiener Zeitung]] (online)}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Tushen da farkon shekarun === An haifi Rudolf Hamburger a Landeshut, wani karamin gari a gefen kudancin Lower Silesia . Shi ne na biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya uku da iyayensa suka rubuta, dukansu yara maza ne. A cikin 1890 mahaifinsa, Max Hamburger (1868-1952), ya gaji daga kawunsa daya daga cikin masana'antun masana'antu da yawa a garin. Ofisoshin gwamnati da wuraren ajiya sun kasance kusa da gidan iyali.<ref name="Firmengeschichte" /> A cikin shekarun 1920 kasuwancin ya dauki ma'aikata 850.<ref name="Firmengeschichte">{{Cite web |title=Firmengeschichten .... Firma Albert Hamburger AG, Bahnhofstraße 23 |url=http://www.ak-landeshut.de/?page_id=4417 |access-date=8 July 2018 |publisher=Arbeitskreis Landeshut in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}</ref> Max Hamburger ya kasance shugaban majalisar kasuwanci ta gida na shekaru da yawa kuma, ba a saba da shi ba ga ajin sa, mai fafutuka ne a Siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi.<ref name="ChildhoodBrotherVictor" /> Else Gradenwitz, mahaifiyar yaron, 'yar banki ce: ta kula da matan da ke aiki a masana'antar kuma ta samar da makarantar sakandare ga yaransu.<ref name="ChildhoodBrotherVictor" /> Kakanninmu duk sun zauna a Breslau kuma hutun hutu a cikin birni sun kasance akai-akai. A cikin 1908, wanda "Krupp settlement" ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a [[Essen]], kamfanin ya gina gidan gidaje ("''"Sedilung"''") ga ma'aikata. Hamburger zai bayyana yadda ya girma a matsayin Bayahude mai sassaucin ra'ayi. An ƙarfafa shi, tun yana yaro, ya yi wasa tare da 'ya'yan ma'aikata a masana'antar kuma, har ya shiga siyasa, ya raba halin ci gaban mahaifinsa.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, bayan ya mutu, wani aboki na Ingila zai bayyana Rudolf Hamburger a matsayin "kwaminisanci na Victorian na karshe". <ref name="RHlautUG">{{Cite web |last=Ulrich Gellermann |date=23 December 2013 |title=Die Kirche der Kommunisten zu einem Bericht aus dem GULAG (book review) |url=http://www.rationalgalerie.de/kritik/die-kirche-der-kommunisten.html |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Rationalgalerie}}</ref> === Shekaru na ɗalibai === Friederich Iwan, mai zane-zane na gida, ya koya wa Rudolf Hamburger zane yayin da yake yaro. Ya samu nasarar kammala karatunsa kuma ya koma Munich don nazarin gine-gine a 1922. Kisan Ministan Harkokin Waje, Walther Rathenau, a wannan shekarar ya zo ne a matsayin wani mummunan rauni. Rathenau ya kasance babban aboki na mahaifinsa: abin da ya faru da kuma hauhawar tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama, wanda ya kasance da wuya a rasa a Munich, ya nuna rashin ƙarfi na sabon tsarin siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Gine-gine na zamani waɗanda suka rinjaye shi musamman a cikin shekaru biyu da ya yi a [[München|babban birnin Bavaria]] sun haɗa da Theodor Fischer (1863-1938), Gabriel von Seidl da Jamusanci Bestelmeyer (1874-1942). Ya koma [[Dresden]] a 1924 inda ya yi karatu na kusan shekara guda, kuma ya sadu da [[:de:Richard Paulick (Architekt)|Richard Paulick]], abokin aikin gine-gine wanda ya zama babban aboki. Ayyukansu za su kasance masu rikitarwa akai-akai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. A cikin 1925 Hamburger da Paulick sun koma Technische Hochschule a Berlin-Charlottenburg (yanzu Technische Universität Berlin), inda suka raba masauki. Hans Poelzig ne ya koya musu, wanda ɗaliban suka bauta masa. Poelzig ya yi watsi da hanyoyin koyarwa na gargajiya, a maimakon haka yana gudanar da azuzuwan a cikin ɗakunan karatunsa a [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha]], kuma yana ba wa ɗalibansa ayyukan daga kwamitocinsa na yanzu. Abokan dalibai, kamar yadda Hamburger daga baya ya tuna, sun haɗa da ɗaliban Jamusanci na al'ada, Croiatian, wani aristocrat na Austrian, wani Jafananci wanda ya tsara ciki a cikin inuwa mai kyau, mai rikici da yarinyar Hungary tare da imani mara kyau game da basirarta. Sau da yawa ƙungiyar da ke kewaye da teburinsa sun haɗa da saurayi mai ladabi, matashi mai ladabi da jin daɗi, kamar sauran, don sanin aikin gine-ginen. Dalibai, kuma kusan kowa da kowa, za su koyi game da Albert Speer bayan 1933. Rudolf Hamburger ya fito da digiri a shekarar 1927. <ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> A cikin 1926, yayin da yake dalibi a Berlin, Rudolf Hamburger ya sadu da Ursula Kuczynski, ƙwararren mataimakin kantin littattafai. Wani mataimakin kantin sayar da littattafai mai ban mamaki, sabon abokinsa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida na masanin ilimin lissafi René Kuczynski. Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a watan Mayu 1926 lokacin da take da shekaru 19. Ursula ya himmatu sosai a siyasa kuma yana da basira mai ban tsoro. Su biyun sun zama abokai sannan kuma masoya. Sun yi aure a Berlin a 1929. === Manazarta === Sanin [[:de:Richard Paulick (Architekt)|Richard Paulick]] a lokacin shekarunsa a Dresden ya kawo Rudolf Hamburger cikin hulɗa da [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|Ra'ayoyin dimokuradiyya na zamantakewa]]. A Berlin abokantakarsa da Ursula ta gabatar da shi ga masu ilimi na hagu, kuma ya saba da burin waɗanda suka yi imani da sabuwar al'umma mafi kyau. Ya sami kansa yana janyewa daga ra'ayin mazan jiya na wasu a cikin sana'ar gine-gine, kuma ya ja kansa ga kyakkyawan ra'ayi mai zaman lafiya wanda masu zane-zane kamar [[Käthe Kollwitz]] ke wakilta. Ya nisanta kansa daga gwagwarmayar siyasa ta yau da kullun. Bai shiga jam'iyyar siyasa ba. Amma ya shiga "Red Aid", kungiyar kula da lafiyar ma'aikata da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Wani memba shi ne mahaifin Ursula, René Kuczynski . Hamburger ya fara karanta [[Karl Marx|Marx]] da Engels. "Ba na zama mai lura kawai ba. Na fahimci yanayin tsarin zamantakewar aji kuma na samo daga wannan wajibi ne na shiga cikin gwagwarmayar aji. Amma har yanzu ina da wahala in dauki mataki na gaba, zuwa gwagwarmaya ta siyasa. Har yanzu ina da karfi sosai ga rayuwar dangina ta tsakiya, tare da tsoffin nuna bambanci da halaye .... Sama da komai an ware ni da halin ƙiyayya da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta nuna wa SPD" ("Ich wurde nicht fem fem fem femutchenchen und und und und Sch Sch Sch Schutsutsutsutschenchenchenchen.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK">{{Cite web |last=Kögel |first=Eduard |last2=Hassenpflug |first2=Dieter |date=2006 |title=Zwei Poelzigschüler in der Emigration: Rudolf Hamburger und Richard Paulick zwischen Shanghai und Ost-Berlin (1930–1955) |url=https://e-pub.uni-weimar.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/929/file/diss+koegel_pdfa.pdf |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur an der Fakultät Architektur der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar |publisher=University Library Bauhaus-Universität Weimar}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] pt6yomxqzl3wyylvrjmg3o5lc6zxm6p 914993 914992 2026-09-02T16:37:13Z Usman saadu 46863 914993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rudolf Albert Hamburger''' (3 ga Mayu 1903 - 1 ga Disamba 1980) ya kasance masanin gine-ginen [[Bauhaus]] na Jamus. Yawancin ayyukansa mafi muhimmanci an gudanar da su ne a [[Shanghai]] inda ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki tsakanin 1930 da 1936. A ƙarshen 1930, an dauki matarsa Ursula Kuczynski don yin aiki don leken asiri na Soviet; ya goyi bayan ayyukanta na leken asiri a hanyoyi daban-daban har zuwa kisan aurensu a 1939, bayan haka ya shiga cikin leken asiri ga Soviets a kansa.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> A shekara ta 1943 ya ƙare a [[Tehran]] inda sojojin Burtaniya suka kasance da yawa. Sojojin Amurka da sojojin Burtaniya sun ɗaure shi a kurkuku, lokacin da ya sami nasarar tserewa ya tafi Tarayyar Soviet don neman mafaka. Kwanaki uku bayan ya isa [[Moscow]] an kama shi. Ya shafe shekaru goma masu zuwa a cikin sansanonin aiki, kuma bayan wasu shekaru biyu a cikin "bautar cikin gida" ya sami damar barin Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1955. Ya koma [[Dresden]] kuma ya ci gaba da aikin gine-gine. Rudolf Hamburger sananne ne ga ɗaliban leken asiri a matsayin mijin farko na Ursula Kuczynski, wanda aka yi bikin a wasu sassan a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗan leken asiri na Stalin" ("Stalins beste Spionin"). <ref name="WienerZeRW">{{Cite web |last=[[:de:Thomas Karny|Thomas Karny]] |date=11 May 2007 |title="Sonja" – Stalins beste Spionin |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_reflexionen/kompendium/101753_Sonja-Stalins-beste-Spionin.html |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Kompendium - Wiener Zeitung Online |publisher=[[Wiener Zeitung]] (online)}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Tushen da farkon shekarun === An haifi Rudolf Hamburger a Landeshut, wani karamin gari a gefen kudancin Lower Silesia . Shi ne na biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya uku da iyayensa suka rubuta, dukansu yara maza ne. A cikin 1890 mahaifinsa, Max Hamburger (1868-1952), ya gaji daga kawunsa daya daga cikin masana'antun masana'antu da yawa a garin. Ofisoshin gwamnati da wuraren ajiya sun kasance kusa da gidan iyali.<ref name="Firmengeschichte" /> A cikin shekarun 1920 kasuwancin ya dauki ma'aikata 850.<ref name="Firmengeschichte">{{Cite web |title=Firmengeschichten .... Firma Albert Hamburger AG, Bahnhofstraße 23 |url=http://www.ak-landeshut.de/?page_id=4417 |access-date=8 July 2018 |publisher=Arbeitskreis Landeshut in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}</ref> Max Hamburger ya kasance shugaban majalisar kasuwanci ta gida na shekaru da yawa kuma, ba a saba da shi ba ga ajin sa, mai fafutuka ne a Siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi.<ref name="ChildhoodBrotherVictor" /> Else Gradenwitz, mahaifiyar yaron, 'yar banki ce: ta kula da matan da ke aiki a masana'antar kuma ta samar da makarantar sakandare ga yaransu.<ref name="ChildhoodBrotherVictor" /> Kakanninmu duk sun zauna a Breslau kuma hutun hutu a cikin birni sun kasance akai-akai. A cikin 1908, wanda "Krupp settlement" ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a [[Essen]], kamfanin ya gina gidan gidaje ("''"Sedilung"''") ga ma'aikata. Hamburger zai bayyana yadda ya girma a matsayin Bayahude mai sassaucin ra'ayi. An ƙarfafa shi, tun yana yaro, ya yi wasa tare da 'ya'yan ma'aikata a masana'antar kuma, har ya shiga siyasa, ya raba halin ci gaban mahaifinsa.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, bayan ya mutu, wani aboki na Ingila zai bayyana Rudolf Hamburger a matsayin "kwaminisanci na Victorian na karshe". <ref name="RHlautUG">{{Cite web |last=Ulrich Gellermann |date=23 December 2013 |title=Die Kirche der Kommunisten zu einem Bericht aus dem GULAG (book review) |url=http://www.rationalgalerie.de/kritik/die-kirche-der-kommunisten.html |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Rationalgalerie}}</ref> === Shekaru na ɗalibai === Friederich Iwan, mai zane-zane na gida, ya koya wa Rudolf Hamburger zane yayin da yake yaro. Ya samu nasarar kammala karatunsa kuma ya koma Munich don nazarin gine-gine a 1922. Kisan Ministan Harkokin Waje, Walther Rathenau, a wannan shekarar ya zo ne a matsayin wani mummunan rauni. Rathenau ya kasance babban aboki na mahaifinsa: abin da ya faru da kuma hauhawar tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama, wanda ya kasance da wuya a rasa a Munich, ya nuna rashin ƙarfi na sabon tsarin siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Gine-gine na zamani waɗanda suka rinjaye shi musamman a cikin shekaru biyu da ya yi a [[München|babban birnin Bavaria]] sun haɗa da Theodor Fischer (1863-1938), Gabriel von Seidl da Jamusanci Bestelmeyer (1874-1942). Ya koma [[Dresden]] a 1924 inda ya yi karatu na kusan shekara guda, kuma ya sadu da [[:de:Richard Paulick (Architekt)|Richard Paulick]], abokin aikin gine-gine wanda ya zama babban aboki. Ayyukansu za su kasance masu rikitarwa akai-akai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. A cikin 1925 Hamburger da Paulick sun koma Technische Hochschule a Berlin-Charlottenburg (yanzu Technische Universität Berlin), inda suka raba masauki. Hans Poelzig ne ya koya musu, wanda ɗaliban suka bauta masa. Poelzig ya yi watsi da hanyoyin koyarwa na gargajiya, a maimakon haka yana gudanar da azuzuwan a cikin ɗakunan karatunsa a [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha]], kuma yana ba wa ɗalibansa ayyukan daga kwamitocinsa na yanzu. Abokan dalibai, kamar yadda Hamburger daga baya ya tuna, sun haɗa da ɗaliban Jamusanci na al'ada, Croiatian, wani aristocrat na Austrian, wani Jafananci wanda ya tsara ciki a cikin inuwa mai kyau, mai rikici da yarinyar Hungary tare da imani mara kyau game da basirarta. Sau da yawa ƙungiyar da ke kewaye da teburinsa sun haɗa da saurayi mai ladabi, matashi mai ladabi da jin daɗi, kamar sauran, don sanin aikin gine-ginen. Dalibai, kuma kusan kowa da kowa, za su koyi game da Albert Speer bayan 1933. Rudolf Hamburger ya fito da digiri a shekarar 1927. <ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> A cikin 1926, yayin da yake dalibi a Berlin, Rudolf Hamburger ya sadu da Ursula Kuczynski, ƙwararren mataimakin kantin littattafai. Wani mataimakin kantin sayar da littattafai mai ban mamaki, sabon abokinsa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida na masanin ilimin lissafi René Kuczynski. Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a watan Mayu 1926 lokacin da take da shekaru 19. Ursula ya himmatu sosai a siyasa kuma yana da basira mai ban tsoro. Su biyun sun zama abokai sannan kuma masoya. Sun yi aure a Berlin a 1929. === Manazarta === Sanin [[:de:Richard Paulick (Architekt)|Richard Paulick]] a lokacin shekarunsa a Dresden ya kawo Rudolf Hamburger cikin hulɗa da [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|Ra'ayoyin dimokuradiyya na zamantakewa]]. A Berlin abokantakarsa da Ursula ta gabatar da shi ga masu ilimi na hagu, kuma ya saba da burin waɗanda suka yi imani da sabuwar al'umma mafi kyau. Ya sami kansa yana janyewa daga ra'ayin mazan jiya na wasu a cikin sana'ar gine-gine, kuma ya ja kansa ga kyakkyawan ra'ayi mai zaman lafiya wanda masu zane-zane kamar [[Käthe Kollwitz]] ke wakilta. Ya nisanta kansa daga gwagwarmayar siyasa ta yau da kullun. Bai shiga jam'iyyar siyasa ba. Amma ya shiga "Red Aid", kungiyar kula da lafiyar ma'aikata da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Wani memba shi ne mahaifin Ursula, René Kuczynski . Hamburger ya fara karanta [[Karl Marx|Marx]] da Engels. "Ba na zama mai lura kawai ba. Na fahimci yanayin tsarin zamantakewar aji kuma na samo daga wannan wajibi ne na shiga cikin gwagwarmayar aji. Amma har yanzu ina da wahala in dauki mataki na gaba, zuwa gwagwarmaya ta siyasa. Har yanzu ina da karfi sosai ga rayuwar dangina ta tsakiya, tare da tsoffin nuna bambanci da halaye .... Sama da komai an ware ni da halin ƙiyayya da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta nuna wa SPD" ("Ich wurde nicht fem fem fem femutchenchen und und und und Sch Sch Sch Schutsutsutsutschenchenchenchen.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK">{{Cite web |last=Kögel |first=Eduard |last2=Hassenpflug |first2=Dieter |date=2006 |title=Zwei Poelzigschüler in der Emigration: Rudolf Hamburger und Richard Paulick zwischen Shanghai und Ost-Berlin (1930–1955) |url=https://e-pub.uni-weimar.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/929/file/diss+koegel_pdfa.pdf |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur an der Fakultät Architektur der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar |publisher=University Library Bauhaus-Universität Weimar}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] g658pdgwu8ch4keru5aqvvcpr2gdooa 914994 914993 2026-09-02T16:37:48Z Usman saadu 46863 914994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rudolf Albert Hamburger''' (3 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1903 - 1 ga Disamba 1980) ya kasance masanin gine-ginen [[Bauhaus]] na Jamus. Yawancin ayyukansa mafi muhimmanci an gudanar da su ne a [[Shanghai]] inda ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki tsakanin 1930 da 1936. A ƙarshen 1930, an dauki matarsa Ursula Kuczynski don yin aiki don leken asiri na Soviet; ya goyi bayan ayyukanta na leken asiri a hanyoyi daban-daban har zuwa kisan aurensu a 1939, bayan haka ya shiga cikin leken asiri ga Soviets a kansa.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> A shekara ta 1943 ya ƙare a [[Tehran]] inda sojojin Burtaniya suka kasance da yawa. Sojojin Amurka da sojojin Burtaniya sun ɗaure shi a kurkuku, lokacin da ya sami nasarar tserewa ya tafi Tarayyar Soviet don neman mafaka. Kwanaki uku bayan ya isa [[Moscow]] an kama shi. Ya shafe shekaru goma masu zuwa a cikin sansanonin aiki, kuma bayan wasu shekaru biyu a cikin "bautar cikin gida" ya sami damar barin Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1955. Ya koma [[Dresden]] kuma ya ci gaba da aikin gine-gine. Rudolf Hamburger sananne ne ga ɗaliban leken asiri a matsayin mijin farko na Ursula Kuczynski, wanda aka yi bikin a wasu sassan a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗan leken asiri na Stalin" ("Stalins beste Spionin"). <ref name="WienerZeRW">{{Cite web |last=[[:de:Thomas Karny|Thomas Karny]] |date=11 May 2007 |title="Sonja" – Stalins beste Spionin |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_reflexionen/kompendium/101753_Sonja-Stalins-beste-Spionin.html |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Kompendium - Wiener Zeitung Online |publisher=[[Wiener Zeitung]] (online)}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Tushen da farkon shekarun === An haifi Rudolf Hamburger a Landeshut, wani karamin gari a gefen kudancin Lower Silesia . Shi ne na biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya uku da iyayensa suka rubuta, dukansu yara maza ne. A cikin 1890 mahaifinsa, Max Hamburger (1868-1952), ya gaji daga kawunsa daya daga cikin masana'antun masana'antu da yawa a garin. Ofisoshin gwamnati da wuraren ajiya sun kasance kusa da gidan iyali.<ref name="Firmengeschichte" /> A cikin shekarun 1920 kasuwancin ya dauki ma'aikata 850.<ref name="Firmengeschichte">{{Cite web |title=Firmengeschichten .... Firma Albert Hamburger AG, Bahnhofstraße 23 |url=http://www.ak-landeshut.de/?page_id=4417 |access-date=8 July 2018 |publisher=Arbeitskreis Landeshut in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}</ref> Max Hamburger ya kasance shugaban majalisar kasuwanci ta gida na shekaru da yawa kuma, ba a saba da shi ba ga ajin sa, mai fafutuka ne a Siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi.<ref name="ChildhoodBrotherVictor" /> Else Gradenwitz, mahaifiyar yaron, 'yar banki ce: ta kula da matan da ke aiki a masana'antar kuma ta samar da makarantar sakandare ga yaransu.<ref name="ChildhoodBrotherVictor" /> Kakanninmu duk sun zauna a Breslau kuma hutun hutu a cikin birni sun kasance akai-akai. A cikin 1908, wanda "Krupp settlement" ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a [[Essen]], kamfanin ya gina gidan gidaje ("''"Sedilung"''") ga ma'aikata. Hamburger zai bayyana yadda ya girma a matsayin Bayahude mai sassaucin ra'ayi. An ƙarfafa shi, tun yana yaro, ya yi wasa tare da 'ya'yan ma'aikata a masana'antar kuma, har ya shiga siyasa, ya raba halin ci gaban mahaifinsa.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, bayan ya mutu, wani aboki na Ingila zai bayyana Rudolf Hamburger a matsayin "kwaminisanci na Victorian na karshe". <ref name="RHlautUG">{{Cite web |last=Ulrich Gellermann |date=23 December 2013 |title=Die Kirche der Kommunisten zu einem Bericht aus dem GULAG (book review) |url=http://www.rationalgalerie.de/kritik/die-kirche-der-kommunisten.html |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Rationalgalerie}}</ref> === Shekaru na ɗalibai === Friederich Iwan, mai zane-zane na gida, ya koya wa Rudolf Hamburger zane yayin da yake yaro. Ya samu nasarar kammala karatunsa kuma ya koma Munich don nazarin gine-gine a 1922. Kisan Ministan Harkokin Waje, Walther Rathenau, a wannan shekarar ya zo ne a matsayin wani mummunan rauni. Rathenau ya kasance babban aboki na mahaifinsa: abin da ya faru da kuma hauhawar tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama, wanda ya kasance da wuya a rasa a Munich, ya nuna rashin ƙarfi na sabon tsarin siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Gine-gine na zamani waɗanda suka rinjaye shi musamman a cikin shekaru biyu da ya yi a [[München|babban birnin Bavaria]] sun haɗa da Theodor Fischer (1863-1938), Gabriel von Seidl da Jamusanci Bestelmeyer (1874-1942). Ya koma [[Dresden]] a 1924 inda ya yi karatu na kusan shekara guda, kuma ya sadu da [[:de:Richard Paulick (Architekt)|Richard Paulick]], abokin aikin gine-gine wanda ya zama babban aboki. Ayyukansu za su kasance masu rikitarwa akai-akai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. A cikin 1925 Hamburger da Paulick sun koma Technische Hochschule a Berlin-Charlottenburg (yanzu Technische Universität Berlin), inda suka raba masauki. Hans Poelzig ne ya koya musu, wanda ɗaliban suka bauta masa. Poelzig ya yi watsi da hanyoyin koyarwa na gargajiya, a maimakon haka yana gudanar da azuzuwan a cikin ɗakunan karatunsa a [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha]], kuma yana ba wa ɗalibansa ayyukan daga kwamitocinsa na yanzu. Abokan dalibai, kamar yadda Hamburger daga baya ya tuna, sun haɗa da ɗaliban Jamusanci na al'ada, Croiatian, wani aristocrat na Austrian, wani Jafananci wanda ya tsara ciki a cikin inuwa mai kyau, mai rikici da yarinyar Hungary tare da imani mara kyau game da basirarta. Sau da yawa ƙungiyar da ke kewaye da teburinsa sun haɗa da saurayi mai ladabi, matashi mai ladabi da jin daɗi, kamar sauran, don sanin aikin gine-ginen. Dalibai, kuma kusan kowa da kowa, za su koyi game da Albert Speer bayan 1933. Rudolf Hamburger ya fito da digiri a shekarar 1927. <ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> A cikin 1926, yayin da yake dalibi a Berlin, Rudolf Hamburger ya sadu da Ursula Kuczynski, ƙwararren mataimakin kantin littattafai. Wani mataimakin kantin sayar da littattafai mai ban mamaki, sabon abokinsa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida na masanin ilimin lissafi René Kuczynski. Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a watan Mayu 1926 lokacin da take da shekaru 19. Ursula ya himmatu sosai a siyasa kuma yana da basira mai ban tsoro. Su biyun sun zama abokai sannan kuma masoya. Sun yi aure a Berlin a 1929. === Manazarta === Sanin [[:de:Richard Paulick (Architekt)|Richard Paulick]] a lokacin shekarunsa a Dresden ya kawo Rudolf Hamburger cikin hulɗa da [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|Ra'ayoyin dimokuradiyya na zamantakewa]]. A Berlin abokantakarsa da Ursula ta gabatar da shi ga masu ilimi na hagu, kuma ya saba da burin waɗanda suka yi imani da sabuwar al'umma mafi kyau. Ya sami kansa yana janyewa daga ra'ayin mazan jiya na wasu a cikin sana'ar gine-gine, kuma ya ja kansa ga kyakkyawan ra'ayi mai zaman lafiya wanda masu zane-zane kamar [[Käthe Kollwitz]] ke wakilta. Ya nisanta kansa daga gwagwarmayar siyasa ta yau da kullun. Bai shiga jam'iyyar siyasa ba. Amma ya shiga "Red Aid", kungiyar kula da lafiyar ma'aikata da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Wani memba shi ne mahaifin Ursula, René Kuczynski . Hamburger ya fara karanta [[Karl Marx|Marx]] da Engels. "Ba na zama mai lura kawai ba. Na fahimci yanayin tsarin zamantakewar aji kuma na samo daga wannan wajibi ne na shiga cikin gwagwarmayar aji. Amma har yanzu ina da wahala in dauki mataki na gaba, zuwa gwagwarmaya ta siyasa. Har yanzu ina da karfi sosai ga rayuwar dangina ta tsakiya, tare da tsoffin nuna bambanci da halaye .... Sama da komai an ware ni da halin ƙiyayya da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta nuna wa SPD" ("Ich wurde nicht fem fem fem femutchenchen und und und und Sch Sch Sch Schutsutsutsutschenchenchenchen.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK">{{Cite web |last=Kögel |first=Eduard |last2=Hassenpflug |first2=Dieter |date=2006 |title=Zwei Poelzigschüler in der Emigration: Rudolf Hamburger und Richard Paulick zwischen Shanghai und Ost-Berlin (1930–1955) |url=https://e-pub.uni-weimar.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/929/file/diss+koegel_pdfa.pdf |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur an der Fakultät Architektur der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar |publisher=University Library Bauhaus-Universität Weimar}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] 5czd59gtmfsimnuieb0kyfl9hdqtc4a 914996 914994 2026-09-02T16:43:54Z Baby juuu 38856 914996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rudolf Albert Hamburger''' (3 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 1903 - 1 ga watan Disamba 1980) ya kasance masanin gine-ginen [[Bauhaus]] na Jamus. Yawancin ayyukansa mafi muhimmanci an gudanar da su ne a [[Shanghai]] inda ya zauna kuma ya yi aiki tsakanin 1930 da 1936. A ƙarshen 1930, an dauki matarsa Ursula Kuczynski don yin aiki don leken asiri na Soviet; ya goyi bayan ayyukanta na leken asiri a hanyoyi daban-daban har zuwa kisan aurensu a 1939, bayan haka ya shiga cikin leken asiri ga Soviets a kansa.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> A shekara ta 1943 ya ƙare a [[Tehran]] inda sojojin Burtaniya suka kasance da yawa. Sojojin Amurka da sojojin Burtaniya sun ɗaure shi a kurkuku, lokacin da ya sami nasarar tserewa ya tafi Tarayyar Soviet don neman mafaka. Kwanaki uku bayan ya isa [[Moscow]] an kama shi. Ya shafe shekaru goma masu zuwa a cikin sansanonin aiki, kuma bayan wasu shekaru biyu a cikin "bautar cikin gida" ya sami damar barin Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1955. Ya koma [[Dresden]] kuma ya ci gaba da aikin gine-gine. Rudolf Hamburger sananne ne ga ɗaliban leken asiri a matsayin mijin farko na Ursula Kuczynski, wanda aka yi bikin a wasu sassan a matsayin "mafi kyawun ɗan leken asiri na Stalin" ("Stalins beste Spionin"). <ref name="WienerZeRW">{{Cite web |last=[[:de:Thomas Karny|Thomas Karny]] |date=11 May 2007 |title="Sonja" – Stalins beste Spionin |url=http://www.wienerzeitung.at/themen_channel/wz_reflexionen/kompendium/101753_Sonja-Stalins-beste-Spionin.html |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Kompendium - Wiener Zeitung Online |publisher=[[Wiener Zeitung]] (online)}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Tushen da farkon shekarun === An haifi Rudolf Hamburger a Landeshut, wani karamin gari a gefen kudancin Lower Silesia . Shi ne na biyu daga cikin 'ya'ya uku da iyayensa suka rubuta, dukansu yara maza ne. A cikin 1890 mahaifinsa, Max Hamburger (1868-1952), ya gaji daga kawunsa daya daga cikin masana'antun masana'antu da yawa a garin. Ofisoshin gwamnati da wuraren ajiya sun kasance kusa da gidan iyali.<ref name="Firmengeschichte" /> A cikin shekarun 1920 kasuwancin ya dauki ma'aikata 850.<ref name="Firmengeschichte">{{Cite web |title=Firmengeschichten .... Firma Albert Hamburger AG, Bahnhofstraße 23 |url=http://www.ak-landeshut.de/?page_id=4417 |access-date=8 July 2018 |publisher=Arbeitskreis Landeshut in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland}}</ref> Max Hamburger ya kasance shugaban majalisar kasuwanci ta gida na shekaru da yawa kuma, ba a saba da shi ba ga ajin sa, mai fafutuka ne a Siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi.<ref name="ChildhoodBrotherVictor" /> Else Gradenwitz, mahaifiyar yaron, 'yar banki ce: ta kula da matan da ke aiki a masana'antar kuma ta samar da makarantar sakandare ga yaransu.<ref name="ChildhoodBrotherVictor" /> Kakanninmu duk sun zauna a Breslau kuma hutun hutu a cikin birni sun kasance akai-akai. A cikin 1908, wanda "Krupp settlement" ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a [[Essen]], kamfanin ya gina gidan gidaje ("''"Sedilung"''") ga ma'aikata. Hamburger zai bayyana yadda ya girma a matsayin Bayahude mai sassaucin ra'ayi. An ƙarfafa shi, tun yana yaro, ya yi wasa tare da 'ya'yan ma'aikata a masana'antar kuma, har ya shiga siyasa, ya raba halin ci gaban mahaifinsa.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> Shekaru da yawa bayan haka, bayan ya mutu, wani aboki na Ingila zai bayyana Rudolf Hamburger a matsayin "kwaminisanci na Victorian na karshe". <ref name="RHlautUG">{{Cite web |last=Ulrich Gellermann |date=23 December 2013 |title=Die Kirche der Kommunisten zu einem Bericht aus dem GULAG (book review) |url=http://www.rationalgalerie.de/kritik/die-kirche-der-kommunisten.html |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Rationalgalerie}}</ref> === Shekaru na ɗalibai === Friederich Iwan, mai zane-zane na gida, ya koya wa Rudolf Hamburger zane yayin da yake yaro. Ya samu nasarar kammala karatunsa kuma ya koma Munich don nazarin gine-gine a 1922. Kisan Ministan Harkokin Waje, Walther Rathenau, a wannan shekarar ya zo ne a matsayin wani mummunan rauni. Rathenau ya kasance babban aboki na mahaifinsa: abin da ya faru da kuma hauhawar tsattsauran ra'ayi na dama, wanda ya kasance da wuya a rasa a Munich, ya nuna rashin ƙarfi na sabon tsarin siyasa mai sassaucin ra'ayi. Gine-gine na zamani waɗanda suka rinjaye shi musamman a cikin shekaru biyu da ya yi a [[München|babban birnin Bavaria]] sun haɗa da Theodor Fischer (1863-1938), Gabriel von Seidl da Jamusanci Bestelmeyer (1874-1942). Ya koma [[Dresden]] a 1924 inda ya yi karatu na kusan shekara guda, kuma ya sadu da [[:de:Richard Paulick (Architekt)|Richard Paulick]], abokin aikin gine-gine wanda ya zama babban aboki. Ayyukansu za su kasance masu rikitarwa akai-akai a cikin shekarun da suka biyo baya. A cikin 1925 Hamburger da Paulick sun koma Technische Hochschule a Berlin-Charlottenburg (yanzu Technische Universität Berlin), inda suka raba masauki. Hans Poelzig ne ya koya musu, wanda ɗaliban suka bauta masa. Poelzig ya yi watsi da hanyoyin koyarwa na gargajiya, a maimakon haka yana gudanar da azuzuwan a cikin ɗakunan karatunsa a [[Kwalejin Fasaha, Berlin|Kwalejin Fasaha]], kuma yana ba wa ɗalibansa ayyukan daga kwamitocinsa na yanzu. Abokan dalibai, kamar yadda Hamburger daga baya ya tuna, sun haɗa da ɗaliban Jamusanci na al'ada, Croiatian, wani aristocrat na Austrian, wani Jafananci wanda ya tsara ciki a cikin inuwa mai kyau, mai rikici da yarinyar Hungary tare da imani mara kyau game da basirarta. Sau da yawa ƙungiyar da ke kewaye da teburinsa sun haɗa da saurayi mai ladabi, matashi mai ladabi da jin daɗi, kamar sauran, don sanin aikin gine-ginen. Dalibai, kuma kusan kowa da kowa, za su koyi game da Albert Speer bayan 1933. Rudolf Hamburger ya fito da digiri a shekarar 1927. <ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK" /> A cikin 1926, yayin da yake dalibi a Berlin, Rudolf Hamburger ya sadu da Ursula Kuczynski, ƙwararren mataimakin kantin littattafai. Wani mataimakin kantin sayar da littattafai mai ban mamaki, sabon abokinsa kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya shida na masanin ilimin lissafi René Kuczynski. Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis a watan Mayu 1926 lokacin da take da shekaru 19. Ursula ya himmatu sosai a siyasa kuma yana da basira mai ban tsoro. Su biyun sun zama abokai sannan kuma masoya. Sun yi aure a Berlin a 1929. === Manazarta === Sanin [[:de:Richard Paulick (Architekt)|Richard Paulick]] a lokacin shekarunsa a Dresden ya kawo Rudolf Hamburger cikin hulɗa da [[Dimokuradiyya zamantakewa|Ra'ayoyin dimokuradiyya na zamantakewa]]. A Berlin abokantakarsa da Ursula ta gabatar da shi ga masu ilimi na hagu, kuma ya saba da burin waɗanda suka yi imani da sabuwar al'umma mafi kyau. Ya sami kansa yana janyewa daga ra'ayin mazan jiya na wasu a cikin sana'ar gine-gine, kuma ya ja kansa ga kyakkyawan ra'ayi mai zaman lafiya wanda masu zane-zane kamar [[Käthe Kollwitz]] ke wakilta. Ya nisanta kansa daga gwagwarmayar siyasa ta yau da kullun. Bai shiga jam'iyyar siyasa ba. Amma ya shiga "Red Aid", kungiyar kula da lafiyar ma'aikata da ke da alaƙa da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis. Wani memba shi ne mahaifin Ursula, René Kuczynski . Hamburger ya fara karanta [[Karl Marx|Marx]] da Engels. "Ba na zama mai lura kawai ba. Na fahimci yanayin tsarin zamantakewar aji kuma na samo daga wannan wajibi ne na shiga cikin gwagwarmayar aji. Amma har yanzu ina da wahala in dauki mataki na gaba, zuwa gwagwarmaya ta siyasa. Har yanzu ina da karfi sosai ga rayuwar dangina ta tsakiya, tare da tsoffin nuna bambanci da halaye .... Sama da komai an ware ni da halin ƙiyayya da Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta nuna wa SPD" ("Ich wurde nicht fem fem fem femutchenchen und und und und Sch Sch Sch Schutsutsutsutschenchenchenchen.<ref name="RH(uRP)lautEK">{{Cite web |last=Kögel |first=Eduard |last2=Hassenpflug |first2=Dieter |date=2006 |title=Zwei Poelzigschüler in der Emigration: Rudolf Hamburger und Richard Paulick zwischen Shanghai und Ost-Berlin (1930–1955) |url=https://e-pub.uni-weimar.de/opus4/frontdoor/deliver/index/docId/929/file/diss+koegel_pdfa.pdf |access-date=8 July 2018 |website=Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doktor-Ingenieur an der Fakultät Architektur der Bauhaus-Universität Weimar |publisher=University Library Bauhaus-Universität Weimar}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1903]] 9razxrb0wyz7c80tlpm0xie6bkgn8m9 0 166137 914997 2026-09-02T16:49:16Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1171206844|List of 2006 Winter Paralympics medal winners]]" 914997 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />An gudanar da Wasannin Paralympics na hunturu na 2006 a [[Torino|Turin]], [[Italiya]], daga 10 ga Maris zuwa 19 ga Maris 2006. Kimanin 'yan wasa 486 daga Kwamitocin Paralympic na kasa 39 (NPCs) sun shiga cikin waɗannan Wasannin. Wasannin sun nuna abubuwan da suka faru na lambobin yabo 58 a cikin horo 5 da aka haɗa a wasanni 4. Gudun keken guragu ya fara wasan Paralympic na farko. Yawancin rarrabawar nakasassu waɗanda aka gudanar a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban a cikin Wasannin Paralympics na hunturu na 2002 an gudanar da su tare a wasannin Paralympic na 2006. An ba masu fafatawa lokaci mai mahimmanci bisa ga ainihin lokacin su da kuma matakin nakasa na mai fafatawa. Wannan ya haifar da raguwar yawan lambobin yabo da ake bayarwa. {| class="toc" summary="Contents" | align="center" |'''Abinda ke ciki''' |- | # Gudun kankara # Biathlon # Gudun kankara | valign="top" | # # Hockey na kankara # Gudun keken guragu | valign="top" | |- | colspan="3" align="center" |'''Shugabannin lambobin yabo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Bayanan da aka ambata''' |} == Gudun kankara == {|{{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's downhill<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's downhill}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Pascale Casanova (skier)|Pascale Casanova]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Laurie Stephens]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kuniko Obinata]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Claudia Loesch]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Reinhild Moeller]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iveta Chlebakova]]|SVK|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's Super-G<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's super-G}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Kuliskova]]|CZE|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA||2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Laurie Stephens]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kuniko Obinata]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kimberly Joines]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lauren Woolstencroft]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Danja Haslacher]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's giant slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's giant slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Pascale Casanova (skier)|Pascale Casanova]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kuniko Obinata]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Laurie Stephens]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Daila Dameno]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lauren Woolstencroft]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Andrea Rothfuss]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Pascale Casanova (skier)|Pascale Casanova]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Stephani Victor]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Daila Dameno]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatsuko Aoki]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Allison Jones (athlete)|Allison Jones]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sandy Dukat]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's downhill<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's downhill}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Gradwohl]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Williamson (alpine skier)|Chris Williamson]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nicolas Berejny]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kevin Bramble]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Devlin-Young]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Denis Barbet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Michael Milton (skier)|Michael Milton]]|AUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Walter Lackner]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's Super-G<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's super-G}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gianmaria Dal Maistro]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Radomir Dudas]]|SVK|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Williamson (alpine skier)|Chris Williamson]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Martin Braxenthaler]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Harald Eder]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Robert Froehle]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Walter Lackner]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Toby Kane]]|AUS|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's giant slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's giant slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nicolas Berejny]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gianmaria Dal Maistro]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Eric Villalon]]|ESP|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Martin Braxenthaler]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taiki Morii]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Juergen Egle]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Masahiko Tokai]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Thomas Pfyl]]|SUI|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nicolas Berejny]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Eric Villalon]]|ESP|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Gradwohl]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Martin Braxenthaler]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Harald Eder]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Juergen Egle]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Robert Meusburger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Thomas Pfyl]]|SUI|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |} == Biathlon == {|{{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's 7.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 7.5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Verena Bentele]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Miyuki Kobayashi (skier)|Miyuki Kobayashi]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Elvira Ibraginova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Svitlana Tryfonova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alena Gorbunova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anne Floriet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 10 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 12.5km#Sitting (10 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Svitlana Tryfonova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 12.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 12.5km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Miyuki Kobayashi (skier)|Miyuki Kobayashi]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tetyana Smyrnova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Verena Bentele]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anne Floriet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Shoko Ota]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 7.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 7.5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Irek Mannanov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vitaliy Lukyanenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vladimir Kiselev]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sergiy Khyzhnyak]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Rustam Garifoullin]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Josef Giesen]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nils Erik Ulset]]|NOR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 12.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – 12.5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vitaliy Lukyanenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Irek Mannanov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Wilhelm Brem]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vladimir Kiselev]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Mikhail Terentiev]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Rustam Garifoullin]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alfis Makamedinov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nils Erik Ulset]]|NOR|2006 Winter}} |} == Gudun kankara == {|{{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 2.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 5 km#Sitting (2.5 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Liudmila Vauchok]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Verena Bentele]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lioubov Vasilieva]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Katarzyna Rogowiec]]|POL|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 5 km <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 10 km#Sitting (5 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Liudmila Vauchok]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Colette Bourgonje]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 10 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 10 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lioubov Vasilieva]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yadviha Skarabahataya]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anne Floriet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 10 km <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 15 km#Sitting (10 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Liudmila Vauchok]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Colette Bourgonje]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 15 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 15 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lioubov Vasilieva]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yadviha Skarabahataya]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Katarzyna Rogowiec]]|POL|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row"| Women's 3 x 2.5 km Relay <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 3 x 2.5 km Relay}} | |''{{flagIPCteam|RUS|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]<br>[[Irina Polyakova]]<br>[[Lioubov Vasilieva]] |''{{flagIPCteam|BLR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Yadviha Skarabahataya]]<br>[[Larysa Varona]]<br>[[Liudmila Vauchok]] |''{{flagIPCteam|UKR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Yuliya Batenkova]]<br>[[Olena Iurkovska]]<br>[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]] |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Frank Hoefle]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Helge Flo]]|NOR|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alain Marguerettaz]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Steve Cook (skier)|Steve Cook]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Siarhei Silchanka]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Thomas Oelsner]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 10 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 10 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vasili Shaptsiaboi]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Valery Koupchinsky]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sergej Shilov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Steve Cook (skier)|Steve Cook]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alfis Makamedinov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kirill Mikhaylov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Men's 15 km <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 20 km#Sitting (15 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sergej Shilov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Men's 20 km Free<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 20 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Oleh Munts]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vasili Shaptsiaboi]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kirill Mikhaylov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alfis Makamedinov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Steve Cook (skier)|Steve Cook]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row"| Men's 1 x 3.75 km + 2 x 5 km Relay <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 1 x 3.75 km + 2 x 5 km Relay}} | |''{{flagIPCteam|NOR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Kjartan Haugen]]<br>[[Karl Einar Henriksen]]<br>[[Andreas Hustveit]] |''{{flagIPCteam|RUS|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Rustam Garifoullin]]<br>[[Irek Mannanov]]<br>[[Sergej Shilov]] |''{{flagIPCteam|UKR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Vitaliy Lukyanenko]]<br>[[Vladyslav Morozov]]<br>[[Oleh Munts]] |} == Gudun keken guragu == {| {{MedalistTable}} |- ! scope="row"|Mixed | {{flagIPCteam|CAN|2006 Winter}}<br>[[Chris Daw]]<br>[[Gerry Austgarden]]<br>[[Gary Cormack]]<br>[[Sonja Gaudet]]<br>[[Karen Blachford]] | {{flagIPCteam|GBR|2006 Winter}}<br>[[Frank Duffy (curler)|Frank Duffy]]<br>[[Michael McCreadie]]<br>[[Tom Killin]]<br>[[Angie Malone]]<br>[[Ken Dickson (athlete)|Ken Dickson]] | {{flagIPCteam|SWE|2006 Winter}}<br>[[Jalle Jungnell]]<br>[[Glenn Ikonen]]<br>[[Rolf Johansson]]<br>[[Anette Wilhelm]]<br>[[Bernt Sjoeberg]] |} == Hockey na kankara == {|{{MedalistTable}} |- valign="top" ! scope="row" rowspan=2|Team |{{flagIPCteam|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCteam|NOR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCteam|USA|2006 Winter}} |- valign="top" | [[Jeremy Booker]]<br> [[Bradley Bowden]]<br> [[Billy Bridges]]<br> [[Marc Dorion]]<br> [[Raymond Grassi]]<br> [[Jean Labonte]]<br> [[Herve Lord]]<br> [[Shawn Matheson]]<br> [[Graeme Murray]]<br> [[Todd Nicholson]]<br> [[Mark Noot]]<br> [[Paul Rosen]]<br> [[Benoit St.Amand]]<br> [[Dany Verner]]<br> [[Greg Westlake]] | [[Helge Bjornstad]]<br> [[Eskil Hagen]]<br> [[Atle Haglund]]<br> [[Loyd Remi Johansen]]<br> [[Roger Johansen (sledge hockey)|Roger Johansen]]<br> [[Kjetil Korbu Nilsen]]<br> [[Knut Andre Norstoga]]<br> [[Rolf Einar Pedersen]]<br> [[Tommy Rovelstad]]<br> [[Kjell Vidar Royne]]<br> [[Johan Siqveland]]<br> [[Stig Tore Svee]]<br> [[Morten Vaernes]]<br> [[Arne Vik]] | [[Steve Cash (sledge hockey)|Steve Cash]]<br> [[Taylor Chace]]<br> [[David Conklin]]<br> [[James Connelly (sledge hockey)|James Connelly]]<br> [[Bradley Emmerson]]<br> [[Manny Guerra Jr.]]<br> [[Michael Hallman]]<br> [[Lonnie Hannah II]]<br> [[Joe Howard (sledge hockey)|Joe Howard]]<br> [[Tim Jones (sledge hockey)|Tim Jones]]<br> [[Taylor Lipsett]]<br> [[Christopher Manns]]<br> [[Alex Salamone]]<br> [[Kip St.Germaine]]<br> [[Andrew Yohe]] |} == Shugabannin lambobin yabo == 'Yan wasan da suka lashe akalla lambobin zinare biyu ko akalla lambun zinare uku an jera su a ƙasa. {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col" |Mai tsere ! scope="col" |Al'umma ! scope="col" |Wasanni ! scope="col" style="background-color: gold" |'''Zinariya''' ! scope="col" style="background-color: silver" |'''Azurfa''' ! scope="col" style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''Gishiri''' ! scope="col" |Jimillar |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Olena|Iurkovska||Iurkovska, Olena}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |4 |1 |1 |6 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Yuliya|Batenkova||Batenkova, Yuliya}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |0 |2 |3 |5 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lioubov|Vasilieva||Vasilieva, Lioubov}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |3 |0 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Taras|Kryjanovski||Kryjanovski, Taras}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |2 |0 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Solène|Jambaqué||Jambaqué, Solène}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Gerd|Schoenfelder||Schoenfelder, Gerd}} | align="left" | Jamus  (GER) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Brian|McKeever||McKeever, Brian}} | align="left" | Kanada  (CAN) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |1 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Anna|Burmistrova||Burmistrova, Anna}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |3 |0 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Liudmila|Vauchok||Vauchok, Liudmila}} | align="left" | Belarus  (BLR) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |3 |0 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Sabine|Gasteiger||Gasteiger, Sabine}} | align="left" | Ostiraliya  (AUT) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |2 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Tatiana|Ilyuchenko||Ilyuchenko, Tatiana}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |2 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Iurii|Kostiuk||Kostiuk, Iurii}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |2 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Silvia|Parente||Parente, Silvia}} | align="left" | Italiya  (ITA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |0 |3 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lyudmyla|Pavlenko||Pavlenko, Lyudmyla}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |0 |1 |3 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Martin|Braxenthaler||Braxenthaler, Martin}} | align="left" | Jamus  (GER) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |3 |0 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Pascale|Casanova}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Laurie|Stephens||Stephens, Laurie}} | align="left" | Amurka  (Amurka) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Rustam|Garifoullin||Garifoullin, Rustam}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |1 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nicolas|Berejny||Berejny, Nicolas}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |0 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Steve|Cook|Steve Cook (skier)}} | align="left" | Amurka  (Amurka) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |0 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Verena|Bentele||Bentele, Verena}} | align="left" | Jamus  (GER) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |0 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Irek|Mannanov||Mannanov, Irek}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |2 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Kuniko|Obinata||Obinata, Kuniko}} | align="left" | Japan  (JPN) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |2 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Vitaliy|Lukyanenko||Lukyanenko, Vitaliy}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |1 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Anne|Floriet||Floriet, Anne}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |0 |2 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Alfis|Makamedinov||Makamedinov, Alfis}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |0 |3 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Yadviha|Skarabahataya||Skarabahataya, Yadviha}} | align="left" | Belarus  (BLR) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |0 |2 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Sergej|Shilov||Shilov, Sergej}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |0 |2 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Katarzyna|Rogowiec||Rogowiec, Katarzyna}} | align="left" | Poland  (POL) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |0 |0 |2 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Vladimir|Kiselev||Kiselev, Vladimir}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon |2 |0 |0 |2 |- |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == bhvqrkdtebriwhnxa9pbpfsyiupu8x5 914999 914997 2026-09-02T16:49:41Z Gwanki 3834 914999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />An gudanar da Wasannin Paralympics na hunturu na 2006 a [[Torino|Turin]], [[Italiya]], daga 10 ga Maris zuwa 19 ga Maris 2006. Kimanin 'yan wasa 486 daga Kwamitocin Paralympic na kasa 39 (NPCs) sun shiga cikin waɗannan Wasannin. Wasannin sun nuna abubuwan da suka faru na lambobin yabo 58 a cikin horo 5 da aka haɗa a wasanni 4. Gudun keken guragu ya fara wasan Paralympic na farko. Yawancin rarrabawar nakasassu waɗanda aka gudanar a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban a cikin Wasannin Paralympics na hunturu na 2002 an gudanar da su tare a wasannin Paralympic na 2006. An ba masu fafatawa lokaci mai mahimmanci bisa ga ainihin lokacin su da kuma matakin nakasa na mai fafatawa. Wannan ya haifar da raguwar yawan lambobin yabo da ake bayarwa. {| class="toc" summary="Contents" | align="center" |'''Abinda ke ciki''' |- | # Gudun kankara # Biathlon # Gudun kankara | valign="top" | # # Hockey na kankara # Gudun keken guragu | valign="top" | |- | colspan="3" align="center" |'''Shugabannin lambobin yabo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Bayanan da aka ambata''' |} == Gudun kankara == {|{{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's downhill<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's downhill}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Pascale Casanova (skier)|Pascale Casanova]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Laurie Stephens]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kuniko Obinata]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Claudia Loesch]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Reinhild Moeller]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iveta Chlebakova]]|SVK|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's Super-G<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's super-G}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Kuliskova]]|CZE|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA||2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Laurie Stephens]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kuniko Obinata]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kimberly Joines]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lauren Woolstencroft]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Danja Haslacher]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's giant slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's giant slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Pascale Casanova (skier)|Pascale Casanova]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kuniko Obinata]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Laurie Stephens]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Daila Dameno]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lauren Woolstencroft]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Andrea Rothfuss]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Pascale Casanova (skier)|Pascale Casanova]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Stephani Victor]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Daila Dameno]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatsuko Aoki]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Allison Jones (athlete)|Allison Jones]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sandy Dukat]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's downhill<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's downhill}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Gradwohl]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Williamson (alpine skier)|Chris Williamson]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nicolas Berejny]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kevin Bramble]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Devlin-Young]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Denis Barbet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Michael Milton (skier)|Michael Milton]]|AUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Walter Lackner]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's Super-G<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's super-G}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gianmaria Dal Maistro]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Radomir Dudas]]|SVK|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Williamson (alpine skier)|Chris Williamson]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Martin Braxenthaler]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Harald Eder]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Robert Froehle]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Walter Lackner]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Toby Kane]]|AUS|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's giant slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's giant slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nicolas Berejny]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gianmaria Dal Maistro]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Eric Villalon]]|ESP|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Martin Braxenthaler]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taiki Morii]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Juergen Egle]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Masahiko Tokai]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Thomas Pfyl]]|SUI|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nicolas Berejny]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Eric Villalon]]|ESP|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Gradwohl]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Martin Braxenthaler]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Harald Eder]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Juergen Egle]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Robert Meusburger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Thomas Pfyl]]|SUI|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |} == Biathlon == {|{{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's 7.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 7.5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Verena Bentele]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Miyuki Kobayashi (skier)|Miyuki Kobayashi]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Elvira Ibraginova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Svitlana Tryfonova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alena Gorbunova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anne Floriet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 10 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 12.5km#Sitting (10 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Svitlana Tryfonova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 12.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 12.5km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Miyuki Kobayashi (skier)|Miyuki Kobayashi]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tetyana Smyrnova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Verena Bentele]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anne Floriet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Shoko Ota]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 7.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 7.5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Irek Mannanov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vitaliy Lukyanenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vladimir Kiselev]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sergiy Khyzhnyak]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Rustam Garifoullin]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Josef Giesen]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nils Erik Ulset]]|NOR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 12.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – 12.5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vitaliy Lukyanenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Irek Mannanov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Wilhelm Brem]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vladimir Kiselev]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Mikhail Terentiev]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Rustam Garifoullin]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alfis Makamedinov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nils Erik Ulset]]|NOR|2006 Winter}} |} == Gudun kankara == {|{{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 2.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 5 km#Sitting (2.5 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Liudmila Vauchok]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Verena Bentele]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lioubov Vasilieva]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Katarzyna Rogowiec]]|POL|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 5 km <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 10 km#Sitting (5 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Liudmila Vauchok]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Colette Bourgonje]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 10 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 10 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lioubov Vasilieva]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yadviha Skarabahataya]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anne Floriet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 10 km <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 15 km#Sitting (10 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Liudmila Vauchok]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Colette Bourgonje]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 15 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 15 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lioubov Vasilieva]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yadviha Skarabahataya]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Katarzyna Rogowiec]]|POL|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row"| Women's 3 x 2.5 km Relay <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 3 x 2.5 km Relay}} | |''{{flagIPCteam|RUS|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]<br>[[Irina Polyakova]]<br>[[Lioubov Vasilieva]] |''{{flagIPCteam|BLR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Yadviha Skarabahataya]]<br>[[Larysa Varona]]<br>[[Liudmila Vauchok]] |''{{flagIPCteam|UKR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Yuliya Batenkova]]<br>[[Olena Iurkovska]]<br>[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]] |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Frank Hoefle]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Helge Flo]]|NOR|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alain Marguerettaz]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Steve Cook (skier)|Steve Cook]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Siarhei Silchanka]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Thomas Oelsner]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 10 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 10 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vasili Shaptsiaboi]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Valery Koupchinsky]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sergej Shilov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Steve Cook (skier)|Steve Cook]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alfis Makamedinov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kirill Mikhaylov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Men's 15 km <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 20 km#Sitting (15 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sergej Shilov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Men's 20 km Free<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 20 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Oleh Munts]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vasili Shaptsiaboi]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kirill Mikhaylov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alfis Makamedinov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Steve Cook (skier)|Steve Cook]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row"| Men's 1 x 3.75 km + 2 x 5 km Relay <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 1 x 3.75 km + 2 x 5 km Relay}} | |''{{flagIPCteam|NOR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Kjartan Haugen]]<br>[[Karl Einar Henriksen]]<br>[[Andreas Hustveit]] |''{{flagIPCteam|RUS|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Rustam Garifoullin]]<br>[[Irek Mannanov]]<br>[[Sergej Shilov]] |''{{flagIPCteam|UKR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Vitaliy Lukyanenko]]<br>[[Vladyslav Morozov]]<br>[[Oleh Munts]] |} == Gudun keken guragu == {| {{MedalistTable}} |- ! scope="row"|Mixed | {{flagIPCteam|CAN|2006 Winter}}<br>[[Chris Daw]]<br>[[Gerry Austgarden]]<br>[[Gary Cormack]]<br>[[Sonja Gaudet]]<br>[[Karen Blachford]] | {{flagIPCteam|GBR|2006 Winter}}<br>[[Frank Duffy (curler)|Frank Duffy]]<br>[[Michael McCreadie]]<br>[[Tom Killin]]<br>[[Angie Malone]]<br>[[Ken Dickson (athlete)|Ken Dickson]] | {{flagIPCteam|SWE|2006 Winter}}<br>[[Jalle Jungnell]]<br>[[Glenn Ikonen]]<br>[[Rolf Johansson]]<br>[[Anette Wilhelm]]<br>[[Bernt Sjoeberg]] |} == Hockey na kankara == {|{{MedalistTable}} |- valign="top" ! scope="row" rowspan=2|Team |{{flagIPCteam|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCteam|NOR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCteam|USA|2006 Winter}} |- valign="top" | [[Jeremy Booker]]<br> [[Bradley Bowden]]<br> [[Billy Bridges]]<br> [[Marc Dorion]]<br> [[Raymond Grassi]]<br> [[Jean Labonte]]<br> [[Herve Lord]]<br> [[Shawn Matheson]]<br> [[Graeme Murray]]<br> [[Todd Nicholson]]<br> [[Mark Noot]]<br> [[Paul Rosen]]<br> [[Benoit St.Amand]]<br> [[Dany Verner]]<br> [[Greg Westlake]] | [[Helge Bjornstad]]<br> [[Eskil Hagen]]<br> [[Atle Haglund]]<br> [[Loyd Remi Johansen]]<br> [[Roger Johansen (sledge hockey)|Roger Johansen]]<br> [[Kjetil Korbu Nilsen]]<br> [[Knut Andre Norstoga]]<br> [[Rolf Einar Pedersen]]<br> [[Tommy Rovelstad]]<br> [[Kjell Vidar Royne]]<br> [[Johan Siqveland]]<br> [[Stig Tore Svee]]<br> [[Morten Vaernes]]<br> [[Arne Vik]] | [[Steve Cash (sledge hockey)|Steve Cash]]<br> [[Taylor Chace]]<br> [[David Conklin]]<br> [[James Connelly (sledge hockey)|James Connelly]]<br> [[Bradley Emmerson]]<br> [[Manny Guerra Jr.]]<br> [[Michael Hallman]]<br> [[Lonnie Hannah II]]<br> [[Joe Howard (sledge hockey)|Joe Howard]]<br> [[Tim Jones (sledge hockey)|Tim Jones]]<br> [[Taylor Lipsett]]<br> [[Christopher Manns]]<br> [[Alex Salamone]]<br> [[Kip St.Germaine]]<br> [[Andrew Yohe]] |} == Shugabannin lambobin yabo == 'Yan wasan da suka lashe akalla lambobin zinare biyu ko akalla lambun zinare uku an jera su a ƙasa. {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col" |Mai tsere ! scope="col" |Al'umma ! scope="col" |Wasanni ! scope="col" style="background-color: gold" |'''Zinariya''' ! scope="col" style="background-color: silver" |'''Azurfa''' ! scope="col" style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''Gishiri''' ! scope="col" |Jimillar |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Olena|Iurkovska||Iurkovska, Olena}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |4 |1 |1 |6 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Yuliya|Batenkova||Batenkova, Yuliya}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |0 |2 |3 |5 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lioubov|Vasilieva||Vasilieva, Lioubov}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |3 |0 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Taras|Kryjanovski||Kryjanovski, Taras}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |2 |0 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Solène|Jambaqué||Jambaqué, Solène}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Gerd|Schoenfelder||Schoenfelder, Gerd}} | align="left" | Jamus  (GER) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Brian|McKeever||McKeever, Brian}} | align="left" | Kanada  (CAN) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |1 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Anna|Burmistrova||Burmistrova, Anna}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |3 |0 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Liudmila|Vauchok||Vauchok, Liudmila}} | align="left" | Belarus  (BLR) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |3 |0 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Sabine|Gasteiger||Gasteiger, Sabine}} | align="left" | Ostiraliya  (AUT) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |2 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Tatiana|Ilyuchenko||Ilyuchenko, Tatiana}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |2 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Iurii|Kostiuk||Kostiuk, Iurii}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |2 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Silvia|Parente||Parente, Silvia}} | align="left" | Italiya  (ITA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |0 |3 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lyudmyla|Pavlenko||Pavlenko, Lyudmyla}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |0 |1 |3 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Martin|Braxenthaler||Braxenthaler, Martin}} | align="left" | Jamus  (GER) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |3 |0 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Pascale|Casanova}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Laurie|Stephens||Stephens, Laurie}} | align="left" | Amurka  (Amurka) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Rustam|Garifoullin||Garifoullin, Rustam}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |1 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nicolas|Berejny||Berejny, Nicolas}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |0 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Steve|Cook|Steve Cook (skier)}} | align="left" | Amurka  (Amurka) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |0 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Verena|Bentele||Bentele, Verena}} | align="left" | Jamus  (GER) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |0 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Irek|Mannanov||Mannanov, Irek}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |2 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Kuniko|Obinata||Obinata, Kuniko}} | align="left" | Japan  (JPN) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |2 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Vitaliy|Lukyanenko||Lukyanenko, Vitaliy}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |1 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Anne|Floriet||Floriet, Anne}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |0 |2 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Alfis|Makamedinov||Makamedinov, Alfis}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |0 |3 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Yadviha|Skarabahataya||Skarabahataya, Yadviha}} | align="left" | Belarus  (BLR) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |0 |2 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Sergej|Shilov||Shilov, Sergej}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |0 |2 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Katarzyna|Rogowiec||Rogowiec, Katarzyna}} | align="left" | Poland  (POL) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |0 |0 |2 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Vladimir|Kiselev||Kiselev, Vladimir}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon |2 |0 |0 |2 |- |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == op9zqksmd1sdmkkrqtb6umchax36a9f 915003 914999 2026-09-02T16:51:49Z Gwanki 3834 915003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />An gudanar da Wasannin Paralympics na hunturu na 2006 a [[Torino|Turin]], [[Italiya]], daga 10 ga Maris zuwa 19 ga Maris 2006. Kimanin 'yan wasa 486 daga Kwamitocin Paralympic na kasa 39 (NPCs) sun shiga cikin waɗannan Wasannin. Wasannin sun nuna abubuwan da suka faru na lambobin yabo 58 a cikin horo 5 da aka haɗa a wasanni 4. Gudun keken guragu ya fara wasan Paralympic na farko.<ref name="SMH1">[[Sydney Morning Herald]]: [http://www.smh.com.au/news/Sport/Aussie-Paralympians-expect-fewer-medals/2006/03/08/1141701545264.html Aussie Paralympians expect fewer medals] March 8, 2006.</ref> Yawancin rarrabawar nakasassu waɗanda aka gudanar a matsayin abubuwan da suka faru daban-daban a cikin Wasannin Paralympics na hunturu na 2002 an gudanar da su tare a wasannin Paralympic na 2006. An ba masu fafatawa lokaci mai mahimmanci bisa ga ainihin lokacin su da kuma matakin nakasa na mai fafatawa. Wannan ya haifar da raguwar yawan lambobin yabo da ake bayarwa. {| class="toc" summary="Contents" | align="center" |'''Abinda ke ciki''' |- | # Gudun kankara # Biathlon # Gudun kankara | valign="top" | # # Hockey na kankara # Gudun keken guragu | valign="top" | |- | colspan="3" align="center" |'''Shugabannin lambobin yabo'''&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;'''Bayanan da aka ambata''' |} == Gudun kankara == {|{{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's downhill<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's downhill}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Pascale Casanova (skier)|Pascale Casanova]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Laurie Stephens]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kuniko Obinata]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Claudia Loesch]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Reinhild Moeller]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iveta Chlebakova]]|SVK|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's Super-G<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's super-G}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Kuliskova]]|CZE|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA||2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Laurie Stephens]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kuniko Obinata]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kimberly Joines]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lauren Woolstencroft]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Danja Haslacher]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's giant slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's giant slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Pascale Casanova (skier)|Pascale Casanova]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kuniko Obinata]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Laurie Stephens]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Daila Dameno]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lauren Woolstencroft]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Andrea Rothfuss]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Pascale Casanova (skier)|Pascale Casanova]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sabine Gasteiger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Silvia Parente]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Stephani Victor]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Daila Dameno]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatsuko Aoki]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Allison Jones (athlete)|Allison Jones]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Solène Jambaqué]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sandy Dukat]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's downhill<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's downhill}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Gradwohl]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Williamson (alpine skier)|Chris Williamson]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nicolas Berejny]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kevin Bramble]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Devlin-Young]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Denis Barbet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Michael Milton (skier)|Michael Milton]]|AUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Walter Lackner]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's Super-G<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's super-G}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gianmaria Dal Maistro]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Radomir Dudas]]|SVK|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Chris Williamson (alpine skier)|Chris Williamson]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Martin Braxenthaler]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Harald Eder]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Robert Froehle]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Walter Lackner]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Toby Kane]]|AUS|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's giant slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's giant slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nicolas Berejny]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gianmaria Dal Maistro]]|ITA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Eric Villalon]]|ESP|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Martin Braxenthaler]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taiki Morii]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Juergen Egle]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Masahiko Tokai]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Thomas Pfyl]]|SUI|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's slalom<br />{{DetailsLink|Alpine skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's slalom}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nicolas Berejny]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Eric Villalon]]|ESP|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Gradwohl]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Martin Braxenthaler]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Harald Eder]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Juergen Egle]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Robert Meusburger]]|AUT|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Thomas Pfyl]]|SUI|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Gerd Schoenfelder]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |} == Biathlon == {|{{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Women's 7.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 7.5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Verena Bentele]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Miyuki Kobayashi (skier)|Miyuki Kobayashi]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Elvira Ibraginova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Svitlana Tryfonova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alena Gorbunova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anne Floriet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 10 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 12.5km#Sitting (10 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Svitlana Tryfonova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 12.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 12.5km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Miyuki Kobayashi (skier)|Miyuki Kobayashi]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tetyana Smyrnova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Verena Bentele]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anne Floriet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Shoko Ota]]|JPN|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 7.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 7.5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Irek Mannanov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vitaliy Lukyanenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vladimir Kiselev]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sergiy Khyzhnyak]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Rustam Garifoullin]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Josef Giesen]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nils Erik Ulset]]|NOR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 12.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Biathlon at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – 12.5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vitaliy Lukyanenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Irek Mannanov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Wilhelm Brem]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vladimir Kiselev]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Mikhail Terentiev]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Rustam Garifoullin]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alfis Makamedinov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Nils Erik Ulset]]|NOR|2006 Winter}} |} == Gudun kankara == {|{{MedalistTableParalympics|type=Event}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 2.5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 5 km#Sitting (2.5 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Liudmila Vauchok]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Verena Bentele]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lioubov Vasilieva]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Katarzyna Rogowiec]]|POL|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 5 km <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 10 km#Sitting (5 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Liudmila Vauchok]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Colette Bourgonje]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 10 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 10 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lioubov Vasilieva]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yadviha Skarabahataya]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anne Floriet]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Women's 10 km <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 15 km#Sitting (10 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Liudmila Vauchok]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Olena Iurkovska]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Colette Bourgonje]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Women's 15 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 15 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Lioubov Vasilieva]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yadviha Skarabahataya]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Katarzyna Rogowiec]]|POL|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Anna Burmistrova]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Yuliya Batenkova]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row"| Women's 3 x 2.5 km Relay <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Women's 3 x 2.5 km Relay}} | |''{{flagIPCteam|RUS|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Tatiana Ilyuchenko]]<br>[[Irina Polyakova]]<br>[[Lioubov Vasilieva]] |''{{flagIPCteam|BLR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Yadviha Skarabahataya]]<br>[[Larysa Varona]]<br>[[Liudmila Vauchok]] |''{{flagIPCteam|UKR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Yuliya Batenkova]]<br>[[Olena Iurkovska]]<br>[[Lyudmyla Pavlenko]] |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 5 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 5 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Frank Hoefle]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Helge Flo]]|NOR|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alain Marguerettaz]]|FRA|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Steve Cook (skier)|Steve Cook]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Siarhei Silchanka]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Thomas Oelsner]]|GER|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="3"| Men's 10 km<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 10 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vasili Shaptsiaboi]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Valery Koupchinsky]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sergej Shilov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Steve Cook (skier)|Steve Cook]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alfis Makamedinov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kirill Mikhaylov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="1"| Men's 15 km <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 20 km#Sitting (15 km)}} |sitting |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Iurii Kostiuk]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Taras Kryjanovski]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Sergej Shilov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row" rowspan="2"| Men's 20 km Free<br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 20 km}} |visually <br>impaired |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Oleh Munts]]|UKR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Brian McKeever]]|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Vasili Shaptsiaboi]]|BLR|2006 Winter}} |- |standing |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Kirill Mikhaylov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Alfis Makamedinov]]|RUS|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCmedalist|[[Steve Cook (skier)|Steve Cook]]|USA|2006 Winter}} |- ! scope="row"| Men's 1 x 3.75 km + 2 x 5 km Relay <br />{{DetailsLink|Cross-country skiing at the 2006 Winter Paralympics – Men's 1 x 3.75 km + 2 x 5 km Relay}} | |''{{flagIPCteam|NOR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Kjartan Haugen]]<br>[[Karl Einar Henriksen]]<br>[[Andreas Hustveit]] |''{{flagIPCteam|RUS|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Rustam Garifoullin]]<br>[[Irek Mannanov]]<br>[[Sergej Shilov]] |''{{flagIPCteam|UKR|2006 Winter}}''<br>[[Vitaliy Lukyanenko]]<br>[[Vladyslav Morozov]]<br>[[Oleh Munts]] |} == Gudun keken guragu == {| {{MedalistTable}} |- ! scope="row"|Mixed | {{flagIPCteam|CAN|2006 Winter}}<br>[[Chris Daw]]<br>[[Gerry Austgarden]]<br>[[Gary Cormack]]<br>[[Sonja Gaudet]]<br>[[Karen Blachford]] | {{flagIPCteam|GBR|2006 Winter}}<br>[[Frank Duffy (curler)|Frank Duffy]]<br>[[Michael McCreadie]]<br>[[Tom Killin]]<br>[[Angie Malone]]<br>[[Ken Dickson (athlete)|Ken Dickson]] | {{flagIPCteam|SWE|2006 Winter}}<br>[[Jalle Jungnell]]<br>[[Glenn Ikonen]]<br>[[Rolf Johansson]]<br>[[Anette Wilhelm]]<br>[[Bernt Sjoeberg]] |} == Hockey na kankara == {|{{MedalistTable}} |- valign="top" ! scope="row" rowspan=2|Team |{{flagIPCteam|CAN|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCteam|NOR|2006 Winter}} |{{flagIPCteam|USA|2006 Winter}} |- valign="top" | [[Jeremy Booker]]<br> [[Bradley Bowden]]<br> [[Billy Bridges]]<br> [[Marc Dorion]]<br> [[Raymond Grassi]]<br> [[Jean Labonte]]<br> [[Herve Lord]]<br> [[Shawn Matheson]]<br> [[Graeme Murray]]<br> [[Todd Nicholson]]<br> [[Mark Noot]]<br> [[Paul Rosen]]<br> [[Benoit St.Amand]]<br> [[Dany Verner]]<br> [[Greg Westlake]] | [[Helge Bjornstad]]<br> [[Eskil Hagen]]<br> [[Atle Haglund]]<br> [[Loyd Remi Johansen]]<br> [[Roger Johansen (sledge hockey)|Roger Johansen]]<br> [[Kjetil Korbu Nilsen]]<br> [[Knut Andre Norstoga]]<br> [[Rolf Einar Pedersen]]<br> [[Tommy Rovelstad]]<br> [[Kjell Vidar Royne]]<br> [[Johan Siqveland]]<br> [[Stig Tore Svee]]<br> [[Morten Vaernes]]<br> [[Arne Vik]] | [[Steve Cash (sledge hockey)|Steve Cash]]<br> [[Taylor Chace]]<br> [[David Conklin]]<br> [[James Connelly (sledge hockey)|James Connelly]]<br> [[Bradley Emmerson]]<br> [[Manny Guerra Jr.]]<br> [[Michael Hallman]]<br> [[Lonnie Hannah II]]<br> [[Joe Howard (sledge hockey)|Joe Howard]]<br> [[Tim Jones (sledge hockey)|Tim Jones]]<br> [[Taylor Lipsett]]<br> [[Christopher Manns]]<br> [[Alex Salamone]]<br> [[Kip St.Germaine]]<br> [[Andrew Yohe]] |} == Shugabannin lambobin yabo == 'Yan wasan da suka lashe akalla lambobin zinare biyu ko akalla lambun zinare uku an jera su a ƙasa. {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center" ! scope="col" |Mai tsere ! scope="col" |Al'umma ! scope="col" |Wasanni ! scope="col" style="background-color: gold" |'''Zinariya''' ! scope="col" style="background-color: silver" |'''Azurfa''' ! scope="col" style="background-color: #cc9966" |'''Gishiri''' ! scope="col" |Jimillar |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Olena|Iurkovska||Iurkovska, Olena}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |4 |1 |1 |6 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Yuliya|Batenkova||Batenkova, Yuliya}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |0 |2 |3 |5 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lioubov|Vasilieva||Vasilieva, Lioubov}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |3 |0 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Taras|Kryjanovski||Kryjanovski, Taras}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |2 |0 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Solène|Jambaqué||Jambaqué, Solène}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Gerd|Schoenfelder||Schoenfelder, Gerd}} | align="left" | Jamus  (GER) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Brian|McKeever||McKeever, Brian}} | align="left" | Kanada  (CAN) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |1 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Anna|Burmistrova||Burmistrova, Anna}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |3 |0 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Liudmila|Vauchok||Vauchok, Liudmila}} | align="left" | Belarus  (BLR) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |3 |0 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Sabine|Gasteiger||Gasteiger, Sabine}} | align="left" | Ostiraliya  (AUT) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |2 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Tatiana|Ilyuchenko||Ilyuchenko, Tatiana}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |2 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Iurii|Kostiuk||Kostiuk, Iurii}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |2 |1 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Silvia|Parente||Parente, Silvia}} | align="left" | Italiya  (ITA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |0 |3 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lyudmyla|Pavlenko||Pavlenko, Lyudmyla}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |0 |1 |3 |4 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Martin|Braxenthaler||Braxenthaler, Martin}} | align="left" | Jamus  (GER) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |3 |0 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Pascale|Casanova}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Laurie|Stephens||Stephens, Laurie}} | align="left" | Amurka  (Amurka) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |1 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Rustam|Garifoullin||Garifoullin, Rustam}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |1 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nicolas|Berejny||Berejny, Nicolas}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |0 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Steve|Cook|Steve Cook (skier)}} | align="left" | Amurka  (Amurka) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |0 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Verena|Bentele||Bentele, Verena}} | align="left" | Jamus  (GER) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |2 |0 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Irek|Mannanov||Mannanov, Irek}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |2 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Kuniko|Obinata||Obinata, Kuniko}} | align="left" | Japan  (JPN) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |1 |2 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Vitaliy|Lukyanenko||Lukyanenko, Vitaliy}} | align="left" | Ukraine  (UKR) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |1 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Anne|Floriet||Floriet, Anne}} | align="left" | Faransa  (FRA) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |1 |0 |2 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Alfis|Makamedinov||Makamedinov, Alfis}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon / Skiing<br /> |0 |3 |0 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Yadviha|Skarabahataya||Skarabahataya, Yadviha}} | align="left" | Belarus  (BLR) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |0 |2 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Sergej|Shilov||Shilov, Sergej}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |0 |2 |1 |3 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Katarzyna|Rogowiec||Rogowiec, Katarzyna}} | align="left" | Poland  (POL) | align="left" |Gudun kankara |2 |0 |0 |2 |- ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Vladimir|Kiselev||Kiselev, Vladimir}} | align="left" | Rasha  (RUS) | align="left" |Biathlon |2 |0 |0 |2 |- |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == liobb4xfeg7z2w6yn311j2p4gqscmua 0 166138 914998 2026-09-02T16:49:24Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1326504009|Mishaal Al-Saeed]]" 914998 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mishaal Al-Saeed''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1983) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mishaal Al-Saeed Stats, Goals, Records, Assists, Cups and more |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/8f5a5bac/Mishaal-Al-Saeed |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda a halin yanzu ke bugawa a matsayin mey taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Al-Wehda a cikin Saudi Professional League . == Manufofin kasa da kasa == {| class="wikitable" !# !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1 |Nuwamba 22, 2010 |22 ga Mayu filin wasa, Aden, Yemen |{{Fb|Yemen}} |4–0 |Nasara |Kofin Gulf na 2010 |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{NFT player}} * [http://www.slstat.com/spl2010-2011en/player.php?id=8 Bayanan Saudi League] {{Saudi Arabia Squad 2011 AFC Asian Cup}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] f4niy62j1x2ljjwr6b6u6b03kt5334d 915001 914998 2026-09-02T16:49:51Z Baby juuu 38856 915001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mishaal Al-Saeed''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga watan Yuli a shekara ta 1983) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mishaal Al-Saeed Stats, Goals, Records, Assists, Cups and more |url=https://fbref.com/en/players/8f5a5bac/Mishaal-Al-Saeed |access-date=2022-12-09 |website=FBref.com |language=en}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwallon kafa ne na Saudi Arabia wanda a halin yanzu ke bugawa a matsayin mey taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Al-Wehda a cikin Saudi Professional League . == Manufofin kasa da kasa == {| class="wikitable" !# !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |1 |Nuwamba 22, 2010 |22 ga Mayu filin wasa, Aden, Yemen |{{Fb|Yemen}} |4–0 |Nasara |Kofin Gulf na 2010 |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{NFT player}} * [http://www.slstat.com/spl2010-2011en/player.php?id=8 Bayanan Saudi League] {{Saudi Arabia Squad 2011 AFC Asian Cup}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1983]] gp6nyn2xsg3vpeg1b6lbbzbdac9sb5x 2 166139 915002 2026-09-02T16:51:27Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ Ƙirƙirar shafin Koyarwa 915002 wikitext text/x-wiki Shafin koyarwa na iezblwqp9hlj0up76tn01941v2azj7s 915004 915002 2026-09-02T16:52:42Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 Salihu Aliyu moved page [[User:Salihu Aliyu sannox]] to [[User:Salihu Aliyu sanbox]] 915002 wikitext text/x-wiki Shafin koyarwa na iezblwqp9hlj0up76tn01941v2azj7s 915006 915004 2026-09-02T16:53:26Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 Salihu Aliyu moved page [[User:Salihu Aliyu sanbox]] to [[User:Salihu Aliyu/sandbox]] 915002 wikitext text/x-wiki Shafin koyarwa na iezblwqp9hlj0up76tn01941v2azj7s 915010 915006 2026-09-02T16:56:54Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 915010 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, 4bb4bbryyh4bsmv3gs05s7b81xe1cf6 915011 915010 2026-09-02T16:57:52Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 915011 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban. rxr9walckxa8g8q4f5uew3x058ggfgi 915017 915011 2026-09-02T17:00:39Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 915017 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban. ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. qo2osddjl0zn3oswafufxprdospaosi 915024 915017 2026-09-02T17:11:36Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 915024 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban. ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabia bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a makarantar ATBU Bauchi. djhmcuqqlr5zvd4p4ierooz9t25zdlo 915032 915024 2026-09-02T17:16:37Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 915032 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban. ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabia bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatun a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Jalo Jalingo. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a makarantar ATBU Bauchi. j6ns4skspw4xg6l0yzjg5zhxf4ctgmu 915036 915032 2026-09-02T17:18:43Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Ilimi */ 915036 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban. ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabia bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatun a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a makarantar ATBU Bauchi. 40j2l64gsdmi4cs2uwekzoeiovxgq3i 915045 915036 2026-09-02T17:38:13Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 915045 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabia bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatun a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a makarantar ATBU Bauchi. 5n5djadvq6i7cb5f7z119cch1rw29fk 915050 915045 2026-09-02T17:40:59Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 915050 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabia bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatun a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a makarantar ATBU Bauchi. 6xlq2yoxxn3by9miisaps3apvwocnzh 2 166140 915005 2026-09-02T16:52:42Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 Salihu Aliyu moved page [[User:Salihu Aliyu sannox]] to [[User:Salihu Aliyu sanbox]] 915005 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Salihu Aliyu sanbox]] my1vd6ll2dazvmzdykx0qjgwrwh1kfc 2 166141 915007 2026-09-02T16:53:26Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 Salihu Aliyu moved page [[User:Salihu Aliyu sanbox]] to [[User:Salihu Aliyu/sandbox]] 915007 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Salihu Aliyu/sandbox]] izsd8osviizfitjb56kxaqklskolmlo 0 166142 915008 2026-09-02T16:54:43Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1305333736|Best U.S. Female Olympian ESPY Award]]" 915008 wikitext text/x-wiki An gabatar da kyautar ESPY ta Olympic mafi kyau, ta Wasanni Wasannin Mata da aka fi sani da Kyautar ESPY mafi kyawun Mata ta Amurka a kowace shekara tun daga shekara ta 2009 ga 'yar wasan mata ko ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da Kwamitin Wasannin Wasano na Amurka da kuma wasan da ke fafatawa a duniya da aka yanke hukunci a matsayin mafi kyau. Kyautar tana aiki ne don maye gurbin Kyautar ESPY ta Mata mafi Kyawu, wacce aka gabatar a shekara ta 2005, da Kyautar ESpY ta Amurka mafi Kyawu da aka gabatar a 2006. Masu jefa kuri'a ne ke gudanar da kyautar ta hanyar [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] daga tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka uku zuwa biyar da kwamitin Zabe ESPN ya zaɓa, kuma ana ba da kyautar a watan Yuni don nuna aikin da nasarori a cikin watanni goma sha biyu da suka gabata. == Jerin masu nasara == {| class="wikitable" |- style="white-space: nowrap;" !Shekara !Mai tsere !Wasanni da aka yi gasa !Sauran wadanda aka zaba |- |2009 |Shawn Johnson |Wasan motsa jiki |Natalie Coughlin (Ruwa) Dawn Harper (Hanya da filin) Nastia Liukin (Gymnastics) <br /><br /> |- |2010 |[[Lindsey Vonn]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2010 |title=Brees wins male athlete award, 3 other ESPYS |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/news/story?id=5381428}}</ref> |Gudun kankara |Hannah Kearney (Skiing) Julia Mancuso (Skiying) <br /> |- |2011 | colspan="3" rowspan="2" align="center" |''Babu lambar yabo da aka bayar'' |- |2012 |- |2013 |Missy Franklin |Yin iyo |Gabby Douglas (Gymnastics) Aly Raisman (Gymmastics) <br /> |- |2014 |Jamie Anderson |Jirgin kankara |Maddie Bowman (Half-pipe skiing) Meryl Davis (Ice dance) Kaitlyn Farrington (Snowboarding) Mikaela Shiffrin (Alpine skiing) <br /><br /><br /> |- |2015 | colspan="3" rowspan="2" align="center" |''Babu lambar yabo da aka bayar'' |- |2016 |- |2017 |[[Simone Biles]] |Wasan motsa jiki |[[Allyson Felix]] (Hanya da filin) Katie Ledecky (Ruwa) Simone Manuel (Ruwa<br /><br /> |- |2018 |Chloe Kim<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Omar |date=18 July 2018 |title=ESPY Awards: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-espy-awards-winners-see-all-winners-1128082/item/espys-2018-nominations-best-female-olympian-1121646 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> |Jirgin kankara |Mikaela Shiffrin (Skiing) Jamie Anderson (Snowboarding) Jocelyne Lamoureux (Ice hockey) <br /><br /> |- |2019 | colspan="3" rowspan="3&quot;" align="center" |''Babu lambar yabo da aka bayar'' |- |2020 |- |- |2021 |- |2022 |Katie Ledecky<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2022 |title=2022 ESPYS: Full list of award winners |url=https://www.espn.com/espys/story/_/id/34271763/2022-espys-award-winners |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |Yin iyo |[[Allyson Felix]] (Track da filin) Sunisa Lee (Gymnastics) Oksana Masters (Cross country skiing) <br /><br /> |- |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == h68dqiia3lrainyv2wqovijo16jbn49 915009 915008 2026-09-02T16:55:04Z Gwanki 3834 915009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An gabatar da kyautar ESPY ta Olympic mafi kyau, ta Wasanni Wasannin Mata da aka fi sani da Kyautar ESPY mafi kyawun Mata ta Amurka a kowace shekara tun daga shekara ta 2009 ga 'yar wasan mata ko ƙungiyar da ke da alaƙa da Kwamitin Wasannin Wasano na Amurka da kuma wasan da ke fafatawa a duniya da aka yanke hukunci a matsayin mafi kyau. Kyautar tana aiki ne don maye gurbin Kyautar ESPY ta Mata mafi Kyawu, wacce aka gabatar a shekara ta 2005, da Kyautar ESpY ta Amurka mafi Kyawu da aka gabatar a 2006. Masu jefa kuri'a ne ke gudanar da kyautar ta hanyar [[Yanar gizo|Intanet]] daga tsakanin zaɓuɓɓuka uku zuwa biyar da kwamitin Zabe ESPN ya zaɓa, kuma ana ba da kyautar a watan Yuni don nuna aikin da nasarori a cikin watanni goma sha biyu da suka gabata. == Jerin masu nasara == {| class="wikitable" |- style="white-space: nowrap;" !Shekara !Mai tsere !Wasanni da aka yi gasa !Sauran wadanda aka zaba |- |2009 |Shawn Johnson |Wasan motsa jiki |Natalie Coughlin (Ruwa) Dawn Harper (Hanya da filin) Nastia Liukin (Gymnastics) <br /><br /> |- |2010 |[[Lindsey Vonn]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 July 2010 |title=Brees wins male athlete award, 3 other ESPYS |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/news/story?id=5381428}}</ref> |Gudun kankara |Hannah Kearney (Skiing) Julia Mancuso (Skiying) <br /> |- |2011 | colspan="3" rowspan="2" align="center" |''Babu lambar yabo da aka bayar'' |- |2012 |- |2013 |Missy Franklin |Yin iyo |Gabby Douglas (Gymnastics) Aly Raisman (Gymmastics) <br /> |- |2014 |Jamie Anderson |Jirgin kankara |Maddie Bowman (Half-pipe skiing) Meryl Davis (Ice dance) Kaitlyn Farrington (Snowboarding) Mikaela Shiffrin (Alpine skiing) <br /><br /><br /> |- |2015 | colspan="3" rowspan="2" align="center" |''Babu lambar yabo da aka bayar'' |- |2016 |- |2017 |[[Simone Biles]] |Wasan motsa jiki |[[Allyson Felix]] (Hanya da filin) Katie Ledecky (Ruwa) Simone Manuel (Ruwa<br /><br /> |- |2018 |Chloe Kim<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Omar |date=18 July 2018 |title=ESPY Awards: Full List of Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/2018-espy-awards-winners-see-all-winners-1128082/item/espys-2018-nominations-best-female-olympian-1121646 |access-date=16 March 2020 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> |Jirgin kankara |Mikaela Shiffrin (Skiing) Jamie Anderson (Snowboarding) Jocelyne Lamoureux (Ice hockey) <br /><br /> |- |2019 | colspan="3" rowspan="3&quot;" align="center" |''Babu lambar yabo da aka bayar'' |- |2020 |- |- |2021 |- |2022 |Katie Ledecky<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 20, 2022 |title=2022 ESPYS: Full list of award winners |url=https://www.espn.com/espys/story/_/id/34271763/2022-espys-award-winners |access-date=July 20, 2022 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |Yin iyo |[[Allyson Felix]] (Track da filin) Sunisa Lee (Gymnastics) Oksana Masters (Cross country skiing) <br /><br /> |- |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 2mn3pzthb9blmyq8fb4y3re495u2y05 0 166143 915012 2026-09-02T16:57:52Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301340512|BT Sport Action Woman Awards]]" 915012 wikitext text/x-wiki Kyautar BT Sport Action Woman jerin kyaututtuka ne na kowane wata da na shekara-shekara da BT Sport ta gabatar ga 'yan wasan mata ko ƙungiyar wasanni, yawanci ta Birtaniya, wacce aka yanke musu hukunci sun kasance mafi kyawun wannan watan ko shekara. Zaɓin jama'a ga wanda ya ci nasara daga jerin sunayen da BT Sport ta zaɓa. == Matar Aiki ta Shekara ==   An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta BT Sport Action Woman of the Year bisa ga kuri'un jama'a, wanda ke nuna jerin sunayen goma da BT Sport ta zaba. Kowane wanda aka zaba yana da goyon baya daga jakadan su, ko daga duniyar wasanni ne ko nishaɗi. An sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar na farko a shekarar 2013 kuma an gabatar da shi tare da kyautar a kan The Clare Balding Show a watan Janairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BT's ActionWoman of the Year Awards: Terms and Conditions |url=http://sport.bt.com/womeninsport/terms-and-conditions-S11363852122556 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204224728/http://sport.bt.com/womeninsport/terms-and-conditions-S11363852122556 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> An sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar 2014 kuma an gabatar da shi tare da shi a bikin farko na BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Awards da aka gudanar a cikin ɗakunan BT Sport a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award 2014: Voting terms and conditions |url=http://sport.bt.com/watchnow/programmes/bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-2014-voting-terms-and-conditions-S11363940265748 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2014 |title=BT Sport to broadcast 2014 Action Woman Awards |url=http://sport-onthebox.com/2014/12/05/bt-sport-to-broadcast-2014-action-woman-awards/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Sport on the Box}}</ref> Haka zai faru a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award 2015: Voting terms and conditions |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-2015-voting-terms-and-conditions-S11364013954262 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204224747/http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-2015-voting-terms-and-conditions-S11364013954262 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2015 |title=BT Sport Unveils Nominees For The 2015 BT Sport Action Woman Of The Year Award |url=http://lifeandfitnessmag.ie/%E2%80%8Bbt-sport-unveils-nominees-for-the-2015-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bbt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Life and Fitness}}</ref>[needs update] === 2013 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2013 |Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain bike) <br /> |Natasha Dowie ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) <br /> |Ba Stanford ba (Triathlon) <br /> |Ellie Simmonds (Ruwa) [[Cricket]])" id="mwRQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Heather Knight (cricketer)">Heather Knight (Cricket) Sophie Christiansen (Equestrian) Charley Hull (Golf) Katie Summerhayes (Skiing) Christine Ohuruogu (Track and field) [[Tennis]])" id="mwVA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Laura Robson (tennis)">Laura Robson (Tennis) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atherton crowned BT's Action Woman of the Year |url=http://sport.bt.com/women-in-sport/atherton-crowned-bts-action-woman-of-the-year-S11363869915641 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport names Action Woman of the Year |url=http://www.btplc.com/BTToday/NewsList/BTSportnamesActionWomanoftheYear/index.htm |access-date=13 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=Rachel Atherton crowned BT Sport Action Woman of the Year |url=http://www.sportsister.com/2014/01/27/rachel-atherton-crowned-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Sport Sister}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2014 |title=Rachel Atherton crowned BT's Action Woman of the Year |url=http://totalwomenscycling.com/news/rachel-atherton-crowned-bts-action-woman-of-the-year-19972/#IkHo2u38dfe6Lgra.97 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014953/http://totalwomenscycling.com/news/rachel-atherton-crowned-bts-action-woman-of-the-year-19972/#IkHo2u38dfe6Lgra.97 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |publisher=Total Women's Cycling}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2013 |title=BT Sport announce shortlist for the first BT Action Woman Awards |url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=AEC91A97-0DA8-482E-8416-A2E0DBD8A966 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=AEC91A97-0DA8-482E-8416-A2E0DBD8A966 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2013 |title=BT Sport announce shortlist for the first BT Action Woman Awards |url=http://www.sportsister.com/2013/11/27/bt-sport-announce-shortlist-for-the-first-bt-action-woman-awards/ |publisher=Sport Sister}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2013 |title=Brownlees pick Non Stanford for BT Action Woman |url=http://www.220triathlon.com/news/brownlees-pick-non-stanford-for-bt-action-woman/7949.html |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=220 Triathlon}}</ref> |} === 2014 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2014 |'''Charlotte Dujardin''' (Equestrian) <br /> |Shauna Coxsey (Hawan dutse) <br /> |Jo Pavey (Hanya da filin) <br /> |Charlotte Edwards ([[Kurket|Cricket]]) Jordanne Whiley ([[Tennis]]) Fara Williams (Kungiyar kwallon kafa) Emily Scarratt (Rugby union) Helen Glover da [[Heather Stanning]] (Rowing) Claudia Fragapane (Gymnastics na fasaha) Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dujardin crowned BT Sport Action Woman |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/dujardin-crowned-bt-sport-action-woman-S11363948569670 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2014 |title=Charlotte Dujardin scoops 2014 BT sport action woman award |url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=4374E2E6-6629-45B8-BB16-E3D729462FD4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032427/http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=4374E2E6-6629-45B8-BB16-E3D729462FD4 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2014 |title=Charlotte Dujardin is BT Sport's Action Woman of the Year 2014 |url=http://4theloveofsport.co.uk/2014/12/10/charlotte-dujardin-is-bt-sports-action-woman-of-the-year-2014/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=4 the Love of Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2014 |title=WOMEN IN SPORT RECOGNISED AT THE BT SPORT ACTION WOMAN AWARDS |url=http://www.goodhousekeeping.co.uk/lifestyle/gh-women-celebrity-interviews/women-in-sport-recognised-at-the-bt-sport-action-woman-awards |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Good House Keeping}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Women – The Contenders |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-the-contenders-S11363940260913 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman of the Year shortlist |url=http://www.btplc.com/BTToday/NewsList/BTSportsActionWomanoftheYearshortlist/index.htm |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2014 |title=Shortlist unveiled for 2014 BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award |url=http://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/bt/pressreleases/shortlist-unveiled-for-2014-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-1169965 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=My News Desk}}</ref> |} === 2015 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2015 |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta Ingila<br /> |Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila (Field hockey) <br /> |Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain bike) <br /> |Jessica Ennis-Hill (Track da filin) Ƙungiyar Ingila ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) [[Nicola Adams]] (Kwallon ƙafa mai son) Oxford Boat Race crew (Rowing) Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain biking) Sarah Outen (Adventure) Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ingila (Field hockey) Georgina Hermitage (Track and field) Johanna Konta ([[Tennis]]) Lizzie Armistead (Road cycling) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2015 |title=England Lionesses crowned 2015 BT Sport Action Woman Award winners |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/england-lionesses-crowned-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-award-winners-S11364025295665 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203041427/http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/england-lionesses-crowned-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-award-winners-S11364025295665 |archive-date=3 December 2015 |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2015 |title=England scoop BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/england/womens/2015/dec/england-women-win-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=[[The Football Association|FA]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2015 |title=ATHERTON CLAIMS THIRD IN BT SPORT AWARDS VOTE |url=https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/mtb/article/20151202-Atherton-claims-third-in-BT-Sport-awards-vote-0 |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=[[British Cycling]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vote for your Action Woman of the Year 2015 |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/vote-for-your-action-woman-of-the-year-2015-S11364013953287 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=BT Sport Action Women of the Year Awards. The 10 contenders |url=http://www.themixedzone.co.uk/bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year-awards-the-10-contenders/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116063241/http://www.themixedzone.co.uk/bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year-awards-the-10-contenders/ |archive-date=16 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=The Mixed Zone}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Bt Sport unveils nominees for the 2015 Bt Sport Action Woman of the Year Award |url=http://www.triradar.com/news/bt-sport-unveils-nominees-for-the-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014314/http://www.triradar.com/news/bt-sport-unveils-nominees-for-the-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Tri Radar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2015 |title=BT Sport announces Action Woman of the Year award nominees |url=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/off-the-pitch/news/bt-sport-announces-woman-of-the-year-award-nominees_256227.html#$$nxs1dh&&t5z3eopeEeWSkRLSE+ce5Q$$ |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Sports Mole}}</ref> |} === 2016 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2016 |Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain bike) <br /> |Charlotte Dujardin (Mai hawa) |Maddie Hinch (Hockey na filin) |Sarah Storey (Hanyar da tseren keke) Kadeena Cox (Hanyar tseren keke da filin) Laura Kenny (Hanyar keke) [[Nicola Adams]] (Boxing) [[Taekwondo]])" id="mwAUs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jade Jones (taekwondo)">Jade Jones (Taekwondo) Hannah Cockroft (Hanyar Hanya da filin) Jo Konta ([[Tennis]]) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2016 |title=Rachel Atherton wins BT’s Action Woman of 2016 |url=https://www.mbr.co.uk/news/rachel-atherton-wins-bts-action-woman-of-2016-353956 |access-date=13 December 2016 |website=MBR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2016 |title=Four British cyclists on BT Sport Action Woman of the Year 2016 shortlist |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/four-british-cyclists-bt-sport-action-woman-year-2016-shortlist-300731 |access-date=13 November 2016 |website=Cycling Weekly}}</ref> |} === 2017 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2017 |'''Jodie Taylor''' ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) <br /> |Mallory Franklin (Canoeing) |Jo Konta ([[Tennis]]) |Hannah Cockroft (Track da filin) Tammy Beaumont ([[Kurket|Cricket]]) Elise Christie (Short-track speed skating) Anya Shrubsole (Crick) Katy McLean (Rugby union) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2017 |title=Jodie Taylor named BT Sport’s Action Woman of the Year |url=http://4theloveofsport.co.uk/2017/12/05/jodie-taylor-named-bt-sports-action-woman-of-the-year/ |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=4 the Love of Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2017 |title=BT Sport celebrates women’s sport with the BT Sport Action Women of the Year Award |url=https://www.svgeurope.org/blog/headlines/bt-sport-celebrates-womens-sport-with-the-bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=SVG Europe}}</ref> |} === 2018 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2018 |'''Dina Asher Smith''' (Track da filin) <br /> | | |Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) Fran Kirby (Football) [[Lucy Bronze]] (Footkey) Georgia Hall (Golf) Vicky Holland (Triathlon) Laura Kenny (Track cycling) [[Menna Fitzpatrick]] (Alpine skiing) [[Jennifer Kehoe|Jen Kehoe]] (Alpine sking) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2018 |title=Asher-Smith crowned BT Sport Action Women of the Year |url=https://elephantsport.myblog.arts.ac.uk/2018/12/05/asher-smith-crowned-bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year/ |access-date=13 November 2019 |website=Elephant Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2018 |title=ASHER-SMITH NAMED BT SPORT ACTION WOMAN OF YEAR |url=https://www.britishathletics.org.uk/news-and-features/asher-smith-named-bt-sport-action-woman-of-year/ |access-date=13 November 2019 |publisher=[[British Athletics]]}}</ref> |} == Matar Aiki ta Watan == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta BT Sport Action Woman of the Month bisa ga kuri'un jama'a, wanda ke nuna jerin sunayen yawanci biyar da BT Sport ta zaba. Kowane mai nasara ana sanar da shi kuma ana gabatar da shi tare da kyautar su a kan The Clare Balding Show . === 2014 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:70px;" |Wata ! style="width:120px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:300px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |Janairu | | | |- |Fabrairu | |Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) Eve Muirhead (Curling) Jenny Jones (Snowboarding) [[Susie Wolff]] (Formula daya) Joanna Rowsell (Track cycling) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=February's Action Woman contenders (February 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/februarys-action-woman-contenders-S11363881137593 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Maris | |[[Kelly Gallagher (mai wasan tseren ƙanƙara)|Kelly Gallagher]] (Skiing Alpine) Charlotte Evans (Skiying) Laura Massaro (Squash) Katarina Johnson-Thompson (Track and field) Charley Hull (Golf) Quevega (National farauta racing) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (March 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363888691790 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Afrilu | |Zoe Smith (Weightlifting) Charlotte Evans (Skiing) Jazz Carlin (Swimming) Charlotte Dujardin (Equestrian) Lizzie Armitstead (Hanyar keke) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (April 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363897478716 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Mayu | |Heather Watson ([[Tennis]]) Shauna Coxsey (Hawan dutse) Becky Downie (Wasan motsa jiki na fasaha) Morgan Lake (Track da filin) Helena Costa ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (May 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363907654955 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuni | |Helen Glover da [[Heather Stanning]] (Rowing) Jo Harten (Netball) Dina Asher-Smith (Track da filin) Katie Ormerod (Snowboarding) Gidauniyar Elena Baltacha<br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (June 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363915853029 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuli | |Libby Clegg (Track da filin) Claudia Fragapane (Gymnastics na fasaha) Shona Richards (Track and field) Jordanne Whiley ([[Tennis]]) Kat Copeland da Imogen Walsh (Rowing) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards (July 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-S11363923556896 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Agusta | |Emily Scarratt (Rugby union) [[Eni Aluko|Eniola Aluko]] (Association football) Jo Pavey (Track and field) Zara Phillips (Equestrian) Great Britain 4 × 100 m relay team (Track da filin) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (August 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363929953842 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Satumba | |Joanne Eccles (Equestrian) Samantha Murray (Pentathlon na zamani) Emma Pooley (Hanyar keke) [[Tiffany Porter]] (Track da filin) Mambobin Royal & AncientGolf Club a St Andrews (Golf) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (September 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11409805340927 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Oktoba | | | |- |Nuwamba | | | |- |Disamba | | | |} === 2015 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:70px;" |Wata ! style="width:120px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:300px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |Janairu | |Katie Summerhayes (Skiing) Heather Watson ([[Tennis]]) Stephanie Roche (Kungiyar kwallon kafa) Sarah Outen (Adventure) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=January's Action Woman contenders (January 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/januarys-action-woman-contenders-S11363958690259 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Fabrairu | |Katarina Johnson-Thompson (Track da filin) [[Taekwondo]])" id="mwAss" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jade Jones (taekwondo)">Jade Jones (Taekwondo) Sarah Storey (Track and Road cycling) Samantha Murray (Modern pentathlon) Katy McLean (Rugby union) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=February's Action Woman contenders (February 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/februarys-action-woman-contenders-S11363965445426 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2015 |title=February's BT Sport Action Woman contenders |url=http://www.sportsister.com/2015/03/05/februarys-bt-sport-action-woman-contenders/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Sport Sister}}</ref> |- |Maris | |Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) Heather Watson ([[Tennis]]) Zoe Gillings (Snowboarding) Nina Carberry (National farauta racing) Bethany Firth (Swimming) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=March's Action Woman contenders (March 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/marchs-action-woman-contenders-S11363972334783 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Afrilu | |Anastasia Chitty (Rowing) Ellie da Becky Downie (Gymnastics na fasaha) Jazmin Carlin (Ruwa) Charlotte Dujardin (Equestrian) Dani King (Hanyar keke) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman contenders for April (April 2015) |url=https://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sports-action-woman-contenders-for-april-S11363978629253 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Mayu | |Dina Asher-Smith (Track da filin) Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain biking) Pamela Cookey (Netball) Bianca Walkden ([[Taekwondo]]) Great Britain 4 × 400 m relay team (Track and field) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman contenders for May (May 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sports-action-woman-contenders-for-may-S11363983780718 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuni | |Samantha Davies (Yachting) Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Burtaniya (Hockey) Kat Copeland da Charlotte Taylor (Rowing) [[Nicola Adams]] (Football) Hannah Barnes (Hanyar keke) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman contenders for June (June 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/video/bt-sports-action-woman-contenders-for-june-91363990462396 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuli | |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta Ingila Tully Kearney (Ruwanci) Jordanne Whiley ([[Tennis]]) Shu Pillinger (Ultra cycling) Shara Proctor (Track and field) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport Action Woman of the Year: The latest contenders (July 2015) |url=https://twitter.com/BTSportAW/status/628561148405661696 |access-date=13 November 2015 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> |- |Agusta | |Jessica Ennis-Hill (Track da filin) Bianca Walkden ([[Taekwondo]]) Victoria Pendleton (Amateur jockey) Maddie Hinch (Field hockey) Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain biking) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=August's Action Woman of the Year contenders (August 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/video/augusts-action-woman-of-the-year-contenders-91364001695772 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Satumba | |Danielle Carter (Kungiyar kwallon kafa) Ba Stanford ba Vicky Holland (Triathlon) Johanna Konta ([[Tennis]]) Lizzie Armistead (Hanyar keke) Abbey Ling, Charlotte Kerwood da Kirsty Barr (Trap shooting) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Action Woman of the Year Award contenders (September 2015) |url=https://twitter.com/BTSportAW/status/651349465018699776 |access-date=13 November 2015 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> |- |Oktoba | | | |- |Nuwamba | | | |- |Disamba | | | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://sport.bt.com/bt-sport-action-woman-01414698247362 BT Sport Action Woman] BT Sport. * Ayyukan Mata BT Sport. 3i69xlgcw2hi4mx356tihnw6sxfgntv 915013 915012 2026-09-02T16:58:14Z Gwanki 3834 915013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kyautar BT Sport Action Woman jerin kyaututtuka ne na kowane wata da na shekara-shekara da BT Sport ta gabatar ga 'yan wasan mata ko ƙungiyar wasanni, yawanci ta Birtaniya, wacce aka yanke musu hukunci sun kasance mafi kyawun wannan watan ko shekara. Zaɓin jama'a ga wanda ya ci nasara daga jerin sunayen da BT Sport ta zaɓa. == Matar Aiki ta Shekara ==   An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta BT Sport Action Woman of the Year bisa ga kuri'un jama'a, wanda ke nuna jerin sunayen goma da BT Sport ta zaba. Kowane wanda aka zaba yana da goyon baya daga jakadan su, ko daga duniyar wasanni ne ko nishaɗi. An sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar na farko a shekarar 2013 kuma an gabatar da shi tare da kyautar a kan The Clare Balding Show a watan Janairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BT's ActionWoman of the Year Awards: Terms and Conditions |url=http://sport.bt.com/womeninsport/terms-and-conditions-S11363852122556 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204224728/http://sport.bt.com/womeninsport/terms-and-conditions-S11363852122556 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> An sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar 2014 kuma an gabatar da shi tare da shi a bikin farko na BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Awards da aka gudanar a cikin ɗakunan BT Sport a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award 2014: Voting terms and conditions |url=http://sport.bt.com/watchnow/programmes/bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-2014-voting-terms-and-conditions-S11363940265748 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2014 |title=BT Sport to broadcast 2014 Action Woman Awards |url=http://sport-onthebox.com/2014/12/05/bt-sport-to-broadcast-2014-action-woman-awards/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Sport on the Box}}</ref> Haka zai faru a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award 2015: Voting terms and conditions |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-2015-voting-terms-and-conditions-S11364013954262 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204224747/http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-2015-voting-terms-and-conditions-S11364013954262 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2015 |title=BT Sport Unveils Nominees For The 2015 BT Sport Action Woman Of The Year Award |url=http://lifeandfitnessmag.ie/%E2%80%8Bbt-sport-unveils-nominees-for-the-2015-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bbt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Life and Fitness}}</ref>[needs update] === 2013 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2013 |Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain bike) <br /> |Natasha Dowie ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) <br /> |Ba Stanford ba (Triathlon) <br /> |Ellie Simmonds (Ruwa) [[Cricket]])" id="mwRQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Heather Knight (cricketer)">Heather Knight (Cricket) Sophie Christiansen (Equestrian) Charley Hull (Golf) Katie Summerhayes (Skiing) Christine Ohuruogu (Track and field) [[Tennis]])" id="mwVA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Laura Robson (tennis)">Laura Robson (Tennis) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atherton crowned BT's Action Woman of the Year |url=http://sport.bt.com/women-in-sport/atherton-crowned-bts-action-woman-of-the-year-S11363869915641 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport names Action Woman of the Year |url=http://www.btplc.com/BTToday/NewsList/BTSportnamesActionWomanoftheYear/index.htm |access-date=13 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=Rachel Atherton crowned BT Sport Action Woman of the Year |url=http://www.sportsister.com/2014/01/27/rachel-atherton-crowned-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Sport Sister}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2014 |title=Rachel Atherton crowned BT's Action Woman of the Year |url=http://totalwomenscycling.com/news/rachel-atherton-crowned-bts-action-woman-of-the-year-19972/#IkHo2u38dfe6Lgra.97 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014953/http://totalwomenscycling.com/news/rachel-atherton-crowned-bts-action-woman-of-the-year-19972/#IkHo2u38dfe6Lgra.97 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |publisher=Total Women's Cycling}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2013 |title=BT Sport announce shortlist for the first BT Action Woman Awards |url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=AEC91A97-0DA8-482E-8416-A2E0DBD8A966 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=AEC91A97-0DA8-482E-8416-A2E0DBD8A966 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2013 |title=BT Sport announce shortlist for the first BT Action Woman Awards |url=http://www.sportsister.com/2013/11/27/bt-sport-announce-shortlist-for-the-first-bt-action-woman-awards/ |publisher=Sport Sister}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2013 |title=Brownlees pick Non Stanford for BT Action Woman |url=http://www.220triathlon.com/news/brownlees-pick-non-stanford-for-bt-action-woman/7949.html |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=220 Triathlon}}</ref> |} === 2014 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2014 |'''Charlotte Dujardin''' (Equestrian) <br /> |Shauna Coxsey (Hawan dutse) <br /> |Jo Pavey (Hanya da filin) <br /> |Charlotte Edwards ([[Kurket|Cricket]]) Jordanne Whiley ([[Tennis]]) Fara Williams (Kungiyar kwallon kafa) Emily Scarratt (Rugby union) Helen Glover da [[Heather Stanning]] (Rowing) Claudia Fragapane (Gymnastics na fasaha) Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dujardin crowned BT Sport Action Woman |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/dujardin-crowned-bt-sport-action-woman-S11363948569670 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2014 |title=Charlotte Dujardin scoops 2014 BT sport action woman award |url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=4374E2E6-6629-45B8-BB16-E3D729462FD4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032427/http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=4374E2E6-6629-45B8-BB16-E3D729462FD4 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2014 |title=Charlotte Dujardin is BT Sport's Action Woman of the Year 2014 |url=http://4theloveofsport.co.uk/2014/12/10/charlotte-dujardin-is-bt-sports-action-woman-of-the-year-2014/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=4 the Love of Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2014 |title=WOMEN IN SPORT RECOGNISED AT THE BT SPORT ACTION WOMAN AWARDS |url=http://www.goodhousekeeping.co.uk/lifestyle/gh-women-celebrity-interviews/women-in-sport-recognised-at-the-bt-sport-action-woman-awards |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Good House Keeping}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Women – The Contenders |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-the-contenders-S11363940260913 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman of the Year shortlist |url=http://www.btplc.com/BTToday/NewsList/BTSportsActionWomanoftheYearshortlist/index.htm |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2014 |title=Shortlist unveiled for 2014 BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award |url=http://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/bt/pressreleases/shortlist-unveiled-for-2014-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-1169965 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=My News Desk}}</ref> |} === 2015 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2015 |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta Ingila<br /> |Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila (Field hockey) <br /> |Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain bike) <br /> |Jessica Ennis-Hill (Track da filin) Ƙungiyar Ingila ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) [[Nicola Adams]] (Kwallon ƙafa mai son) Oxford Boat Race crew (Rowing) Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain biking) Sarah Outen (Adventure) Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ingila (Field hockey) Georgina Hermitage (Track and field) Johanna Konta ([[Tennis]]) Lizzie Armistead (Road cycling) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2015 |title=England Lionesses crowned 2015 BT Sport Action Woman Award winners |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/england-lionesses-crowned-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-award-winners-S11364025295665 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203041427/http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/england-lionesses-crowned-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-award-winners-S11364025295665 |archive-date=3 December 2015 |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2015 |title=England scoop BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/england/womens/2015/dec/england-women-win-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=[[The Football Association|FA]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2015 |title=ATHERTON CLAIMS THIRD IN BT SPORT AWARDS VOTE |url=https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/mtb/article/20151202-Atherton-claims-third-in-BT-Sport-awards-vote-0 |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=[[British Cycling]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vote for your Action Woman of the Year 2015 |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/vote-for-your-action-woman-of-the-year-2015-S11364013953287 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=BT Sport Action Women of the Year Awards. The 10 contenders |url=http://www.themixedzone.co.uk/bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year-awards-the-10-contenders/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116063241/http://www.themixedzone.co.uk/bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year-awards-the-10-contenders/ |archive-date=16 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=The Mixed Zone}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Bt Sport unveils nominees for the 2015 Bt Sport Action Woman of the Year Award |url=http://www.triradar.com/news/bt-sport-unveils-nominees-for-the-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014314/http://www.triradar.com/news/bt-sport-unveils-nominees-for-the-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Tri Radar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2015 |title=BT Sport announces Action Woman of the Year award nominees |url=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/off-the-pitch/news/bt-sport-announces-woman-of-the-year-award-nominees_256227.html#$$nxs1dh&&t5z3eopeEeWSkRLSE+ce5Q$$ |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Sports Mole}}</ref> |} === 2016 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2016 |Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain bike) <br /> |Charlotte Dujardin (Mai hawa) |Maddie Hinch (Hockey na filin) |Sarah Storey (Hanyar da tseren keke) Kadeena Cox (Hanyar tseren keke da filin) Laura Kenny (Hanyar keke) [[Nicola Adams]] (Boxing) [[Taekwondo]])" id="mwAUs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jade Jones (taekwondo)">Jade Jones (Taekwondo) Hannah Cockroft (Hanyar Hanya da filin) Jo Konta ([[Tennis]]) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2016 |title=Rachel Atherton wins BT’s Action Woman of 2016 |url=https://www.mbr.co.uk/news/rachel-atherton-wins-bts-action-woman-of-2016-353956 |access-date=13 December 2016 |website=MBR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2016 |title=Four British cyclists on BT Sport Action Woman of the Year 2016 shortlist |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/four-british-cyclists-bt-sport-action-woman-year-2016-shortlist-300731 |access-date=13 November 2016 |website=Cycling Weekly}}</ref> |} === 2017 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2017 |'''Jodie Taylor''' ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) <br /> |Mallory Franklin (Canoeing) |Jo Konta ([[Tennis]]) |Hannah Cockroft (Track da filin) Tammy Beaumont ([[Kurket|Cricket]]) Elise Christie (Short-track speed skating) Anya Shrubsole (Crick) Katy McLean (Rugby union) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2017 |title=Jodie Taylor named BT Sport’s Action Woman of the Year |url=http://4theloveofsport.co.uk/2017/12/05/jodie-taylor-named-bt-sports-action-woman-of-the-year/ |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=4 the Love of Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2017 |title=BT Sport celebrates women’s sport with the BT Sport Action Women of the Year Award |url=https://www.svgeurope.org/blog/headlines/bt-sport-celebrates-womens-sport-with-the-bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=SVG Europe}}</ref> |} === 2018 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2018 |'''Dina Asher Smith''' (Track da filin) <br /> | | |Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) Fran Kirby (Football) [[Lucy Bronze]] (Footkey) Georgia Hall (Golf) Vicky Holland (Triathlon) Laura Kenny (Track cycling) [[Menna Fitzpatrick]] (Alpine skiing) [[Jennifer Kehoe|Jen Kehoe]] (Alpine sking) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2018 |title=Asher-Smith crowned BT Sport Action Women of the Year |url=https://elephantsport.myblog.arts.ac.uk/2018/12/05/asher-smith-crowned-bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year/ |access-date=13 November 2019 |website=Elephant Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2018 |title=ASHER-SMITH NAMED BT SPORT ACTION WOMAN OF YEAR |url=https://www.britishathletics.org.uk/news-and-features/asher-smith-named-bt-sport-action-woman-of-year/ |access-date=13 November 2019 |publisher=[[British Athletics]]}}</ref> |} == Matar Aiki ta Watan == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta BT Sport Action Woman of the Month bisa ga kuri'un jama'a, wanda ke nuna jerin sunayen yawanci biyar da BT Sport ta zaba. Kowane mai nasara ana sanar da shi kuma ana gabatar da shi tare da kyautar su a kan The Clare Balding Show . === 2014 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:70px;" |Wata ! style="width:120px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:300px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |Janairu | | | |- |Fabrairu | |Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) Eve Muirhead (Curling) Jenny Jones (Snowboarding) [[Susie Wolff]] (Formula daya) Joanna Rowsell (Track cycling) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=February's Action Woman contenders (February 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/februarys-action-woman-contenders-S11363881137593 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Maris | |[[Kelly Gallagher (mai wasan tseren ƙanƙara)|Kelly Gallagher]] (Skiing Alpine) Charlotte Evans (Skiying) Laura Massaro (Squash) Katarina Johnson-Thompson (Track and field) Charley Hull (Golf) Quevega (National farauta racing) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (March 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363888691790 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Afrilu | |Zoe Smith (Weightlifting) Charlotte Evans (Skiing) Jazz Carlin (Swimming) Charlotte Dujardin (Equestrian) Lizzie Armitstead (Hanyar keke) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (April 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363897478716 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Mayu | |Heather Watson ([[Tennis]]) Shauna Coxsey (Hawan dutse) Becky Downie (Wasan motsa jiki na fasaha) Morgan Lake (Track da filin) Helena Costa ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (May 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363907654955 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuni | |Helen Glover da [[Heather Stanning]] (Rowing) Jo Harten (Netball) Dina Asher-Smith (Track da filin) Katie Ormerod (Snowboarding) Gidauniyar Elena Baltacha<br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (June 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363915853029 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuli | |Libby Clegg (Track da filin) Claudia Fragapane (Gymnastics na fasaha) Shona Richards (Track and field) Jordanne Whiley ([[Tennis]]) Kat Copeland da Imogen Walsh (Rowing) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards (July 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-S11363923556896 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Agusta | |Emily Scarratt (Rugby union) [[Eni Aluko|Eniola Aluko]] (Association football) Jo Pavey (Track and field) Zara Phillips (Equestrian) Great Britain 4 × 100 m relay team (Track da filin) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (August 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363929953842 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Satumba | |Joanne Eccles (Equestrian) Samantha Murray (Pentathlon na zamani) Emma Pooley (Hanyar keke) [[Tiffany Porter]] (Track da filin) Mambobin Royal & AncientGolf Club a St Andrews (Golf) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (September 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11409805340927 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Oktoba | | | |- |Nuwamba | | | |- |Disamba | | | |} === 2015 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:70px;" |Wata ! style="width:120px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:300px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |Janairu | |Katie Summerhayes (Skiing) Heather Watson ([[Tennis]]) Stephanie Roche (Kungiyar kwallon kafa) Sarah Outen (Adventure) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=January's Action Woman contenders (January 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/januarys-action-woman-contenders-S11363958690259 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Fabrairu | |Katarina Johnson-Thompson (Track da filin) [[Taekwondo]])" id="mwAss" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jade Jones (taekwondo)">Jade Jones (Taekwondo) Sarah Storey (Track and Road cycling) Samantha Murray (Modern pentathlon) Katy McLean (Rugby union) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=February's Action Woman contenders (February 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/februarys-action-woman-contenders-S11363965445426 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2015 |title=February's BT Sport Action Woman contenders |url=http://www.sportsister.com/2015/03/05/februarys-bt-sport-action-woman-contenders/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Sport Sister}}</ref> |- |Maris | |Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) Heather Watson ([[Tennis]]) Zoe Gillings (Snowboarding) Nina Carberry (National farauta racing) Bethany Firth (Swimming) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=March's Action Woman contenders (March 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/marchs-action-woman-contenders-S11363972334783 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Afrilu | |Anastasia Chitty (Rowing) Ellie da Becky Downie (Gymnastics na fasaha) Jazmin Carlin (Ruwa) Charlotte Dujardin (Equestrian) Dani King (Hanyar keke) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman contenders for April (April 2015) |url=https://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sports-action-woman-contenders-for-april-S11363978629253 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Mayu | |Dina Asher-Smith (Track da filin) Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain biking) Pamela Cookey (Netball) Bianca Walkden ([[Taekwondo]]) Great Britain 4 × 400 m relay team (Track and field) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman contenders for May (May 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sports-action-woman-contenders-for-may-S11363983780718 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuni | |Samantha Davies (Yachting) Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Burtaniya (Hockey) Kat Copeland da Charlotte Taylor (Rowing) [[Nicola Adams]] (Football) Hannah Barnes (Hanyar keke) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman contenders for June (June 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/video/bt-sports-action-woman-contenders-for-june-91363990462396 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuli | |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta Ingila Tully Kearney (Ruwanci) Jordanne Whiley ([[Tennis]]) Shu Pillinger (Ultra cycling) Shara Proctor (Track and field) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport Action Woman of the Year: The latest contenders (July 2015) |url=https://twitter.com/BTSportAW/status/628561148405661696 |access-date=13 November 2015 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> |- |Agusta | |Jessica Ennis-Hill (Track da filin) Bianca Walkden ([[Taekwondo]]) Victoria Pendleton (Amateur jockey) Maddie Hinch (Field hockey) Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain biking) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=August's Action Woman of the Year contenders (August 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/video/augusts-action-woman-of-the-year-contenders-91364001695772 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Satumba | |Danielle Carter (Kungiyar kwallon kafa) Ba Stanford ba Vicky Holland (Triathlon) Johanna Konta ([[Tennis]]) Lizzie Armistead (Hanyar keke) Abbey Ling, Charlotte Kerwood da Kirsty Barr (Trap shooting) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Action Woman of the Year Award contenders (September 2015) |url=https://twitter.com/BTSportAW/status/651349465018699776 |access-date=13 November 2015 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> |- |Oktoba | | | |- |Nuwamba | | | |- |Disamba | | | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://sport.bt.com/bt-sport-action-woman-01414698247362 BT Sport Action Woman] BT Sport. * Ayyukan Mata BT Sport. 53vu53a20uuotn878s2enr1y6uga2tw 915015 915013 2026-09-02T16:58:34Z Gwanki 3834 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 915015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kyautar BT Sport Action Woman jerin kyaututtuka ne na kowane wata da na shekara-shekara da BT Sport ta gabatar ga 'yan wasan mata ko ƙungiyar wasanni, yawanci ta Birtaniya, wacce aka yanke musu hukunci sun kasance mafi kyawun wannan watan ko shekara. Zaɓin jama'a ga wanda ya ci nasara daga jerin sunayen da BT Sport ta zaɓa. == Matar Aiki ta Shekara ==   An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta BT Sport Action Woman of the Year bisa ga kuri'un jama'a, wanda ke nuna jerin sunayen goma da BT Sport ta zaba. Kowane wanda aka zaba yana da goyon baya daga jakadan su, ko daga duniyar wasanni ne ko nishaɗi. An sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar na farko a shekarar 2013 kuma an gabatar da shi tare da kyautar a kan The Clare Balding Show a watan Janairun 2014. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BT's ActionWoman of the Year Awards: Terms and Conditions |url=http://sport.bt.com/womeninsport/terms-and-conditions-S11363852122556 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204224728/http://sport.bt.com/womeninsport/terms-and-conditions-S11363852122556 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> An sanar da wanda ya lashe kyautar 2014 kuma an gabatar da shi tare da shi a bikin farko na BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Awards da aka gudanar a cikin ɗakunan BT Sport a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award 2014: Voting terms and conditions |url=http://sport.bt.com/watchnow/programmes/bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-2014-voting-terms-and-conditions-S11363940265748 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2014 |title=BT Sport to broadcast 2014 Action Woman Awards |url=http://sport-onthebox.com/2014/12/05/bt-sport-to-broadcast-2014-action-woman-awards/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Sport on the Box}}</ref> Haka zai faru a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award 2015: Voting terms and conditions |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-2015-voting-terms-and-conditions-S11364013954262 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200204224747/http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-2015-voting-terms-and-conditions-S11364013954262 |archive-date=4 February 2020 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2015 |title=BT Sport Unveils Nominees For The 2015 BT Sport Action Woman Of The Year Award |url=http://lifeandfitnessmag.ie/%E2%80%8Bbt-sport-unveils-nominees-for-the-2015-%E2%80%8B%E2%80%8Bbt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Life and Fitness}}</ref>[needs update] === 2013 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2013 |Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain bike) <br /> |Natasha Dowie ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) <br /> |Ba Stanford ba (Triathlon) <br /> |Ellie Simmonds (Ruwa) [[Cricket]])" id="mwRQ" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Heather Knight (cricketer)">Heather Knight (Cricket) Sophie Christiansen (Equestrian) Charley Hull (Golf) Katie Summerhayes (Skiing) Christine Ohuruogu (Track and field) [[Tennis]])" id="mwVA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Laura Robson (tennis)">Laura Robson (Tennis) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Atherton crowned BT's Action Woman of the Year |url=http://sport.bt.com/women-in-sport/atherton-crowned-bts-action-woman-of-the-year-S11363869915641 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport names Action Woman of the Year |url=http://www.btplc.com/BTToday/NewsList/BTSportnamesActionWomanoftheYear/index.htm |access-date=13 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 January 2014 |title=Rachel Atherton crowned BT Sport Action Woman of the Year |url=http://www.sportsister.com/2014/01/27/rachel-atherton-crowned-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Sport Sister}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 January 2014 |title=Rachel Atherton crowned BT's Action Woman of the Year |url=http://totalwomenscycling.com/news/rachel-atherton-crowned-bts-action-woman-of-the-year-19972/#IkHo2u38dfe6Lgra.97 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014953/http://totalwomenscycling.com/news/rachel-atherton-crowned-bts-action-woman-of-the-year-19972/#IkHo2u38dfe6Lgra.97 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |publisher=Total Women's Cycling}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 November 2013 |title=BT Sport announce shortlist for the first BT Action Woman Awards |url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=AEC91A97-0DA8-482E-8416-A2E0DBD8A966 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032035/http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=AEC91A97-0DA8-482E-8416-A2E0DBD8A966 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2013 |title=BT Sport announce shortlist for the first BT Action Woman Awards |url=http://www.sportsister.com/2013/11/27/bt-sport-announce-shortlist-for-the-first-bt-action-woman-awards/ |publisher=Sport Sister}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=27 November 2013 |title=Brownlees pick Non Stanford for BT Action Woman |url=http://www.220triathlon.com/news/brownlees-pick-non-stanford-for-bt-action-woman/7949.html |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=220 Triathlon}}</ref> |} === 2014 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2014 |'''Charlotte Dujardin''' (Equestrian) <br /> |Shauna Coxsey (Hawan dutse) <br /> |Jo Pavey (Hanya da filin) <br /> |Charlotte Edwards ([[Kurket|Cricket]]) Jordanne Whiley ([[Tennis]]) Fara Williams (Kungiyar kwallon kafa) Emily Scarratt (Rugby union) Helen Glover da [[Heather Stanning]] (Rowing) Claudia Fragapane (Gymnastics na fasaha) Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dujardin crowned BT Sport Action Woman |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/dujardin-crowned-bt-sport-action-woman-S11363948569670 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2014 |title=Charlotte Dujardin scoops 2014 BT sport action woman award |url=http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=4374E2E6-6629-45B8-BB16-E3D729462FD4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032427/http://www.btplc.com/News/Articles/ShowArticle.cfm?ArticleID=4374E2E6-6629-45B8-BB16-E3D729462FD4 |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2014 |title=Charlotte Dujardin is BT Sport's Action Woman of the Year 2014 |url=http://4theloveofsport.co.uk/2014/12/10/charlotte-dujardin-is-bt-sports-action-woman-of-the-year-2014/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=4 the Love of Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2014 |title=WOMEN IN SPORT RECOGNISED AT THE BT SPORT ACTION WOMAN AWARDS |url=http://www.goodhousekeeping.co.uk/lifestyle/gh-women-celebrity-interviews/women-in-sport-recognised-at-the-bt-sport-action-woman-awards |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Good House Keeping}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Women – The Contenders |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-the-contenders-S11363940260913 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman of the Year shortlist |url=http://www.btplc.com/BTToday/NewsList/BTSportsActionWomanoftheYearshortlist/index.htm |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=[[BT Sport|BT]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 November 2014 |title=Shortlist unveiled for 2014 BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award |url=http://www.mynewsdesk.com/uk/bt/pressreleases/shortlist-unveiled-for-2014-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award-1169965 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=My News Desk}}</ref> |} === 2015 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2015 |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta Ingila<br /> |Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila (Field hockey) <br /> |Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain bike) <br /> |Jessica Ennis-Hill (Track da filin) Ƙungiyar Ingila ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) [[Nicola Adams]] (Kwallon ƙafa mai son) Oxford Boat Race crew (Rowing) Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain biking) Sarah Outen (Adventure) Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Ingila (Field hockey) Georgina Hermitage (Track and field) Johanna Konta ([[Tennis]]) Lizzie Armistead (Road cycling) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2015 |title=England Lionesses crowned 2015 BT Sport Action Woman Award winners |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/england-lionesses-crowned-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-award-winners-S11364025295665 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151203041427/http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/england-lionesses-crowned-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-award-winners-S11364025295665 |archive-date=3 December 2015 |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2015 |title=England scoop BT Sport Action Woman of the Year Award |url=http://www.thefa.com/news/england/womens/2015/dec/england-women-win-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=[[The Football Association|FA]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2015 |title=ATHERTON CLAIMS THIRD IN BT SPORT AWARDS VOTE |url=https://www.britishcycling.org.uk/mtb/article/20151202-Atherton-claims-third-in-BT-Sport-awards-vote-0 |access-date=1 December 2015 |publisher=[[British Cycling]]}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Vote for your Action Woman of the Year 2015 |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/vote-for-your-action-woman-of-the-year-2015-S11364013953287 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=BT Sport Action Women of the Year Awards. The 10 contenders |url=http://www.themixedzone.co.uk/bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year-awards-the-10-contenders/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116063241/http://www.themixedzone.co.uk/bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year-awards-the-10-contenders/ |archive-date=16 November 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=The Mixed Zone}}</ref><br /><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 November 2015 |title=Bt Sport unveils nominees for the 2015 Bt Sport Action Woman of the Year Award |url=http://www.triradar.com/news/bt-sport-unveils-nominees-for-the-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014314/http://www.triradar.com/news/bt-sport-unveils-nominees-for-the-2015-bt-sport-action-woman-of-the-year-award/ |archive-date=17 November 2015 |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Tri Radar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2015 |title=BT Sport announces Action Woman of the Year award nominees |url=http://www.sportsmole.co.uk/off-the-pitch/news/bt-sport-announces-woman-of-the-year-award-nominees_256227.html#$$nxs1dh&&t5z3eopeEeWSkRLSE+ce5Q$$ |access-date=13 November 2013 |publisher=Sports Mole}}</ref> |} === 2016 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2016 |Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain bike) <br /> |Charlotte Dujardin (Mai hawa) |Maddie Hinch (Hockey na filin) |Sarah Storey (Hanyar da tseren keke) Kadeena Cox (Hanyar tseren keke da filin) Laura Kenny (Hanyar keke) [[Nicola Adams]] (Boxing) [[Taekwondo]])" id="mwAUs" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jade Jones (taekwondo)">Jade Jones (Taekwondo) Hannah Cockroft (Hanyar Hanya da filin) Jo Konta ([[Tennis]]) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2016 |title=Rachel Atherton wins BT’s Action Woman of 2016 |url=https://www.mbr.co.uk/news/rachel-atherton-wins-bts-action-woman-of-2016-353956 |access-date=13 December 2016 |website=MBR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=17 November 2016 |title=Four British cyclists on BT Sport Action Woman of the Year 2016 shortlist |url=https://www.cyclingweekly.com/news/latest-news/four-british-cyclists-bt-sport-action-woman-year-2016-shortlist-300731 |access-date=13 November 2016 |website=Cycling Weekly}}</ref> |} === 2017 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2017 |'''Jodie Taylor''' ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) <br /> |Mallory Franklin (Canoeing) |Jo Konta ([[Tennis]]) |Hannah Cockroft (Track da filin) Tammy Beaumont ([[Kurket|Cricket]]) Elise Christie (Short-track speed skating) Anya Shrubsole (Crick) Katy McLean (Rugby union) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2017 |title=Jodie Taylor named BT Sport’s Action Woman of the Year |url=http://4theloveofsport.co.uk/2017/12/05/jodie-taylor-named-bt-sports-action-woman-of-the-year/ |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=4 the Love of Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2017 |title=BT Sport celebrates women’s sport with the BT Sport Action Women of the Year Award |url=https://www.svgeurope.org/blog/headlines/bt-sport-celebrates-womens-sport-with-the-bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year-award/ |access-date=13 November 2018 |website=SVG Europe}}</ref> |} === 2018 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:15px;" |Shekara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:170px;" |Wanda ya zo na biyu ! style="width:170px;" |Matsayi na uku ! style="width:280px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |2018 |'''Dina Asher Smith''' (Track da filin) <br /> | | |Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) Fran Kirby (Football) [[Lucy Bronze]] (Footkey) Georgia Hall (Golf) Vicky Holland (Triathlon) Laura Kenny (Track cycling) [[Menna Fitzpatrick]] (Alpine skiing) [[Jennifer Kehoe|Jen Kehoe]] (Alpine sking) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2018 |title=Asher-Smith crowned BT Sport Action Women of the Year |url=https://elephantsport.myblog.arts.ac.uk/2018/12/05/asher-smith-crowned-bt-sport-action-women-of-the-year/ |access-date=13 November 2019 |website=Elephant Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 December 2018 |title=ASHER-SMITH NAMED BT SPORT ACTION WOMAN OF YEAR |url=https://www.britishathletics.org.uk/news-and-features/asher-smith-named-bt-sport-action-woman-of-year/ |access-date=13 November 2019 |publisher=[[British Athletics]]}}</ref> |} == Matar Aiki ta Watan == <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>An yanke shawarar lambar yabo ta BT Sport Action Woman of the Month bisa ga kuri'un jama'a, wanda ke nuna jerin sunayen yawanci biyar da BT Sport ta zaba. Kowane mai nasara ana sanar da shi kuma ana gabatar da shi tare da kyautar su a kan The Clare Balding Show . === 2014 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:70px;" |Wata ! style="width:120px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:300px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |Janairu | | | |- |Fabrairu | |Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) Eve Muirhead (Curling) Jenny Jones (Snowboarding) [[Susie Wolff]] (Formula daya) Joanna Rowsell (Track cycling) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=February's Action Woman contenders (February 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/februarys-action-woman-contenders-S11363881137593 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Maris | |[[Kelly Gallagher (mai wasan tseren ƙanƙara)|Kelly Gallagher]] (Skiing Alpine) Charlotte Evans (Skiying) Laura Massaro (Squash) Katarina Johnson-Thompson (Track and field) Charley Hull (Golf) Quevega (National farauta racing) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (March 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363888691790 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Afrilu | |Zoe Smith (Weightlifting) Charlotte Evans (Skiing) Jazz Carlin (Swimming) Charlotte Dujardin (Equestrian) Lizzie Armitstead (Hanyar keke) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (April 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363897478716 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Mayu | |Heather Watson ([[Tennis]]) Shauna Coxsey (Hawan dutse) Becky Downie (Wasan motsa jiki na fasaha) Morgan Lake (Track da filin) Helena Costa ([[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]]) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (May 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363907654955 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuni | |Helen Glover da [[Heather Stanning]] (Rowing) Jo Harten (Netball) Dina Asher-Smith (Track da filin) Katie Ormerod (Snowboarding) Gidauniyar Elena Baltacha<br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (June 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363915853029 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuli | |Libby Clegg (Track da filin) Claudia Fragapane (Gymnastics na fasaha) Shona Richards (Track and field) Jordanne Whiley ([[Tennis]]) Kat Copeland da Imogen Walsh (Rowing) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards (July 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-S11363923556896 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Agusta | |Emily Scarratt (Rugby union) [[Eni Aluko|Eniola Aluko]] (Association football) Jo Pavey (Track and field) Zara Phillips (Equestrian) Great Britain 4 × 100 m relay team (Track da filin) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (August 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11363929953842 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Satumba | |Joanne Eccles (Equestrian) Samantha Murray (Pentathlon na zamani) Emma Pooley (Hanyar keke) [[Tiffany Porter]] (Track da filin) Mambobin Royal & AncientGolf Club a St Andrews (Golf) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Action Woman Awards: The latest contenders (September 2014) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/action-woman-awards-the-latest-contenders-S11409805340927 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Oktoba | | | |- |Nuwamba | | | |- |Disamba | | | |} === 2015 === {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 95%" ! style="width:70px;" |Wata ! style="width:120px;" |Wanda ya ci nasara ! style="width:300px;" |Sauran Nominations ! style="width:10px;" |Ref |- |Janairu | |Katie Summerhayes (Skiing) Heather Watson ([[Tennis]]) Stephanie Roche (Kungiyar kwallon kafa) Sarah Outen (Adventure) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=January's Action Woman contenders (January 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/januarys-action-woman-contenders-S11363958690259 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Fabrairu | |Katarina Johnson-Thompson (Track da filin) [[Taekwondo]])" id="mwAss" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Jade Jones (taekwondo)">Jade Jones (Taekwondo) Sarah Storey (Track and Road cycling) Samantha Murray (Modern pentathlon) Katy McLean (Rugby union) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=February's Action Woman contenders (February 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/februarys-action-woman-contenders-S11363965445426 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2015 |title=February's BT Sport Action Woman contenders |url=http://www.sportsister.com/2015/03/05/februarys-bt-sport-action-woman-contenders/ |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Sport Sister}}</ref> |- |Maris | |Lizzy Yarnold (Skeleton) Heather Watson ([[Tennis]]) Zoe Gillings (Snowboarding) Nina Carberry (National farauta racing) Bethany Firth (Swimming) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=March's Action Woman contenders (March 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/marchs-action-woman-contenders-S11363972334783 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Afrilu | |Anastasia Chitty (Rowing) Ellie da Becky Downie (Gymnastics na fasaha) Jazmin Carlin (Ruwa) Charlotte Dujardin (Equestrian) Dani King (Hanyar keke) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman contenders for April (April 2015) |url=https://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sports-action-woman-contenders-for-april-S11363978629253 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Mayu | |Dina Asher-Smith (Track da filin) Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain biking) Pamela Cookey (Netball) Bianca Walkden ([[Taekwondo]]) Great Britain 4 × 400 m relay team (Track and field) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman contenders for May (May 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/more-sport-hub/women-in-sport/bt-sports-action-woman-contenders-for-may-S11363983780718 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuni | |Samantha Davies (Yachting) Ƙungiyar Ƙasar Burtaniya (Hockey) Kat Copeland da Charlotte Taylor (Rowing) [[Nicola Adams]] (Football) Hannah Barnes (Hanyar keke) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport's Action Woman contenders for June (June 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/video/bt-sports-action-woman-contenders-for-june-91363990462396 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Yuli | |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa]] ta Ingila Tully Kearney (Ruwanci) Jordanne Whiley ([[Tennis]]) Shu Pillinger (Ultra cycling) Shara Proctor (Track and field) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=BT Sport Action Woman of the Year: The latest contenders (July 2015) |url=https://twitter.com/BTSportAW/status/628561148405661696 |access-date=13 November 2015 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> |- |Agusta | |Jessica Ennis-Hill (Track da filin) Bianca Walkden ([[Taekwondo]]) Victoria Pendleton (Amateur jockey) Maddie Hinch (Field hockey) Rachel Atherton (Downhill mountain biking) <br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=August's Action Woman of the Year contenders (August 2015) |url=http://sport.bt.com/video/augusts-action-woman-of-the-year-contenders-91364001695772 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=[[BT Sport]]}}</ref> |- |Satumba | |Danielle Carter (Kungiyar kwallon kafa) Ba Stanford ba Vicky Holland (Triathlon) Johanna Konta ([[Tennis]]) Lizzie Armistead (Hanyar keke) Abbey Ling, Charlotte Kerwood da Kirsty Barr (Trap shooting) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Latest Action Woman of the Year Award contenders (September 2015) |url=https://twitter.com/BTSportAW/status/651349465018699776 |access-date=13 November 2015 |via=[[Twitter]]}}</ref> |- |Oktoba | | | |- |Nuwamba | | | |- |Disamba | | | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://sport.bt.com/bt-sport-action-woman-01414698247362 BT Sport Action Woman] BT Sport. * Ayyukan Mata BT Sport. rhehc00qnsvgo381u9iqn06gfacfdw5 0 166144 915018 2026-09-02T17:00:58Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1237197308|Flo Hyman Award]]" 915018 wikitext text/x-wiki An ba da kyautar tunawa da Flo Hyman kowace shekara tsakanin 1987 da 2004 ta Gidauniyar Wasannin Mata da ke Washington, DC, Amurka, a Ranar Wasanni ta Ƙasa ta 'Yan Mata da Mata a Ƙungiyar ga mace 'yar wasa, ba tare da la'akari da ƙasar da aka fafata ba ko kuma wasanni, an yanke mata hukuncin cewa ta kama mafi kyawun... mutunci, ruhi, da kuma jajircewa ga ƙwarewa ta 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ta Amurka Flo Hyman, mai fafutukar daidaita jinsi a wasanni da kuma amincewa da Dokar Maido da Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta 1988 wadda ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani a watan Janairun 1986. An bayar da kyautar ne bisa la'akari da rawar da 'yan wasa ke takawa da kuma fafutukar agaji, musamman a fannin [ƙara] damarmakin wasanni ga dukkan 'yan mata da mata . == Jerin masu nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Recipient ! scope="col" |Nationality ! scope="col" |Sport contested ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref |- |1987 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Martina|Navratilova}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |1988 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Jackie|Joyner-Kersee}} | United States |Athletics | |- |1989 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Evelyn|Ashford}} | United States |Athletics | |- |1990 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Chris|Evert}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |1991 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Diana|Golden-Brosnihan}} | United States |Paralympic alpine skiing | |- |1992 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nancy|Lopez}} | United States |Golf | |- |1993 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lynette|Woodard}} | United States |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] | |- |1994 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Patty|Sheehan}} | United States |Golf | |- |1995 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Mary Lou|Retton}} | United States |Artistic gymnastics | |- |1996 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Donna|de Varona}} | United States |Swimming | |- |1997 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Billie Jean|King}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |1998 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nadia|Comăneci}} | Romania |Artistic gymnastics | |- |1999 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Bonnie|Blair}} | United States |Speedskating | |- |2000 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Monica|Seles}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |2001 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lisa|Leslie}} | United States |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] | |- |2002 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Dot|Richardson}} | United States |Softball | |- |2003 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nawal|El Moutawakel}} | Morocco |Athletics |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2003 |title=Flo Hyman Memorial Award Presented to Olympic Gold Medalist Nawal El Moutawakel |url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_607.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515210552/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_607.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |access-date=March 9, 2011 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> |- |2004 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Kristi|Yamaguchi}} | United States |Figure skating | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == r2i0n84ircrcmegdoazdgxd4tamlngy 915019 915018 2026-09-02T17:01:13Z Gwanki 3834 915019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An ba da kyautar tunawa da Flo Hyman kowace shekara tsakanin 1987 da 2004 ta Gidauniyar Wasannin Mata da ke Washington, DC, Amurka, a Ranar Wasanni ta Ƙasa ta 'Yan Mata da Mata a Ƙungiyar ga mace 'yar wasa, ba tare da la'akari da ƙasar da aka fafata ba ko kuma wasanni, an yanke mata hukuncin cewa ta kama mafi kyawun... mutunci, ruhi, da kuma jajircewa ga ƙwarewa ta 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ta Amurka Flo Hyman, mai fafutukar daidaita jinsi a wasanni da kuma amincewa da Dokar Maido da Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta 1988 wadda ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani a watan Janairun 1986. An bayar da kyautar ne bisa la'akari da rawar da 'yan wasa ke takawa da kuma fafutukar agaji, musamman a fannin [ƙara] damarmakin wasanni ga dukkan 'yan mata da mata . == Jerin masu nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Recipient ! scope="col" |Nationality ! scope="col" |Sport contested ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref |- |1987 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Martina|Navratilova}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |1988 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Jackie|Joyner-Kersee}} | United States |Athletics | |- |1989 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Evelyn|Ashford}} | United States |Athletics | |- |1990 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Chris|Evert}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |1991 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Diana|Golden-Brosnihan}} | United States |Paralympic alpine skiing | |- |1992 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nancy|Lopez}} | United States |Golf | |- |1993 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lynette|Woodard}} | United States |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] | |- |1994 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Patty|Sheehan}} | United States |Golf | |- |1995 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Mary Lou|Retton}} | United States |Artistic gymnastics | |- |1996 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Donna|de Varona}} | United States |Swimming | |- |1997 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Billie Jean|King}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |1998 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nadia|Comăneci}} | Romania |Artistic gymnastics | |- |1999 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Bonnie|Blair}} | United States |Speedskating | |- |2000 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Monica|Seles}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |2001 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lisa|Leslie}} | United States |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] | |- |2002 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Dot|Richardson}} | United States |Softball | |- |2003 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nawal|El Moutawakel}} | Morocco |Athletics |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2003 |title=Flo Hyman Memorial Award Presented to Olympic Gold Medalist Nawal El Moutawakel |url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_607.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515210552/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_607.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |access-date=March 9, 2011 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> |- |2004 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Kristi|Yamaguchi}} | United States |Figure skating | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == n3jpo3kcprt9iuq90vcni2auuvrmnws 915020 915019 2026-09-02T17:02:39Z Gwanki 3834 915020 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An ba da kyautar tunawa da Flo Hyman kowace shekara tsakanin 1987 da 2004 ta Gidauniyar Wasannin Mata da ke Washington, DC, Amurka, a Ranar Wasanni ta Ƙasa ta 'Yan Mata da Mata a Ƙungiyar ga mace 'yar wasa, ba tare da la'akari da ƙasar da aka fafata ba ko kuma wasanni, an yanke mata hukuncin cewa ta kama mafi kyawun... mutunci, ruhi, da kuma jajircewa ga ƙwarewa ta 'yar wasan ƙwallon raga ta Amurka Flo Hyman, mai fafutukar daidaita jinsi a wasanni da kuma amincewa da Dokar Maido da Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama ta 1988 wadda ta mutu ba zato ba tsammani a watan Janairun 1986. An bayar da kyautar ne bisa la'akari da rawar da 'yan wasa ke takawa da kuma fafutukar agaji, musamman a fannin [ƙara] damarmakin wasanni ga dukkan 'yan mata da mata.<ref name=description>{{cite web|url=http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/cgi-bin/iowa/about/awards/results.html?record=15 |title=Flo Hyman Memorial Award description |access-date=October 6, 2007 |publisher=[[Women's Sports Foundation]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070812150940/http://www.womenssportsfoundation.org/cgi-bin/iowa/about/awards/results.html?record=15 |archive-date=August 12, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.wvu.edu/~physed/blacksports/hyman.htm |title=Flo Hyman biography |access-date=October 6, 2007 |publisher=[[West Virginia University]] Department of Physical Education }}</ref> == Jerin masu nasara == {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" ! scope="col" |Year ! scope="col" |Recipient ! scope="col" |Nationality ! scope="col" |Sport contested ! class="unsortable" scope="col" |Ref |- |1987 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Martina|Navratilova}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |1988 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Jackie|Joyner-Kersee}} | United States |Athletics | |- |1989 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Evelyn|Ashford}} | United States |Athletics | |- |1990 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Chris|Evert}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |1991 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Diana|Golden-Brosnihan}} | United States |Paralympic alpine skiing | |- |1992 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nancy|Lopez}} | United States |Golf | |- |1993 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lynette|Woodard}} | United States |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] | |- |1994 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Patty|Sheehan}} | United States |Golf | |- |1995 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Mary Lou|Retton}} | United States |Artistic gymnastics | |- |1996 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Donna|de Varona}} | United States |Swimming | |- |1997 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Billie Jean|King}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |1998 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nadia|Comăneci}} | Romania |Artistic gymnastics | |- |1999 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Bonnie|Blair}} | United States |Speedskating | |- |2000 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Monica|Seles}} | United States |[[Tennis]] | |- |2001 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Lisa|Leslie}} | United States |[[Kwallon kwando|Basketball]] | |- |2002 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Dot|Richardson}} | United States |Softball | |- |2003 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Nawal|El Moutawakel}} | Morocco |Athletics |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 5, 2003 |title=Flo Hyman Memorial Award Presented to Olympic Gold Medalist Nawal El Moutawakel |url=http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_607.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515210552/http://multimedia.olympic.org/pdf/en_report_607.pdf |archive-date=May 15, 2011 |access-date=March 9, 2011 |publisher=International Olympic Committee}}</ref> |- |2004 ! scope="row" |{{Sortname|Kristi|Yamaguchi}} | United States |Figure skating | |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == 8a58ybic7efe69eszkanzx45i6k9pdp 0 166145 915021 2026-09-02T17:03:42Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370741257|Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)]]" 915021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Siege na Fort Ticonderoga''' ya faru ne tsakanin 2 ga Yuli da 6 ga Yuli 1777 a Fort Ticondgera, kusa da kudancin Lake Champlain a jihar New York. Sojojin Lieutenant Janar John Burgoyne 8,000 sun mamaye tsaunuka a sama da sansanin, kuma kusan sun kewaye tsaron. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi sun sa Sojojin Continental masu mamayewa, dakarun da ba su da ƙarfi na 3,000 a ƙarƙashin umurnin Janar Arthur St. Clair, su janye daga Ticonderoga da tsaron da ke kewaye. An musayar wasu bindigogi, kuma akwai wasu wadanda suka mutu, amma babu wani kewaye na yau da kullun kuma babu yakin basasa. Sojojin Burgoyne sun mamaye Fort Ticonderoga da Mount Independence, manyan ganuwa a gefen Vermont na tafkin, ba tare da adawa ba a ranar 6 ga Yuli. Rukunin ci gaba sun bi Amurkawa da suka janye. Ba tare da hamayya ba na Ticonderoga ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin jama'ar Amurka da kuma cikin rundunonin soji, kamar yadda aka yi imanin cewa Ticonderoga kusan ba za a iya cinye shi ba, kuma muhimmin mahimmanci ne na tsaro. Janar St. Clair da shugabansu, Janar Philip Schuyler, Majalisa ta yi musu zargi. Dukansu biyu an cire su a kotunan soja, amma ayyukansu sun sha wahala. Schuyler ya riga ya rasa umurninsa ga Horatio Gates a lokacin kotun soja, kuma St. Clair bai riƙe wasu umarni na filin ba har zuwa sauran yakin. == Manazarta == fsgxrnh7fgdmcn60pr222443x4biwpw 915022 915021 2026-09-02T17:05:11Z Usman saadu 46863 915022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Siege na Fort Ticonderoga''' ya faru ne tsakanin 2 ga Yuli da 6 ga Yuli 1777 a Fort Ticondgera, kusa da kudancin Lake Champlain a jihar New York. Sojojin Lieutenant Janar John Burgoyne 8,000 sun mamaye tsaunuka a sama da sansanin, kuma kusan sun kewaye tsaron. Wadannan ƙungiyoyi sun sa Sojojin Continental masu mamayewa, dakarun da ba su da ƙarfi na 3,000 a ƙarƙashin umurnin Janar Arthur St. Clair, su janye daga Ticonderoga da tsaron da ke kewaye. An musayar wasu bindigogi, kuma akwai wasu wadanda suka mutu, amma babu wani kewaye na yau da kullun kuma babu yakin basasa. Sojojin Burgoyne sun mamaye Fort Ticonderoga da Mount Independence, manyan ganuwa a gefen Vermont na tafkin, ba tare da adawa ba a ranar 6 ga Yuli. Rukunin ci gaba sun bi Amurkawa da suka janye. Ba tare da hamayya ba na Ticonderoga ya haifar da tashin hankali a cikin jama'ar Amurka da kuma cikin rundunonin soji, kamar yadda aka yi imanin cewa Ticonderoga kusan ba za a iya cinye shi ba, kuma muhimmin mahimmanci ne na tsaro. Janar St. Clair da shugabansu, Janar Philip Schuyler, Majalisa ta yi musu zargi. Dukansu biyu an cire su a kotunan soja, amma ayyukansu sun sha wahala. Schuyler ya riga ya rasa umurninsa ga Horatio Gates a lokacin kotun soja, kuma St. Clair bai riƙe wasu umarni na filin ba har zuwa sauran yakin. == Manazarta == 6g1tdqfdv2ams7njzh7c76em0hzxgvb 4 166146 915023 2026-09-02T17:10:55Z Baffa ali 47435 Sabon shafi: Disambiguation a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya S... 915023 wikitext text/x-wiki Disambiguation a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora bld0zwt1cxlt4s2otw60z9f51jvrqy7 915025 915023 2026-09-02T17:12:33Z Baffa ali 47435 915025 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== ccv4getibc8sw9ou5gqpe3s51v0ay0f 915027 915025 2026-09-02T17:13:06Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Shawarwarin warwarewa */ 915027 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. li4rj7xaqksg888w1kce3vmdzuyat5z 915029 915027 2026-09-02T17:13:56Z Baffa ali 47435 915029 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== cf7ouxmcgx8364i211ee8nen3otyuc1 915031 915029 2026-09-02T17:15:07Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Labaran da aka tsara */ 915031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . gk7qkw45nuhgzhalxbtjb0odnekde3s 915046 915031 2026-09-02T17:39:01Z Baffa ali 47435 915046 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== 0k7n3lfyyou7dro7o3zxlq8fud33qar 915047 915046 2026-09-02T17:39:26Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Shin akwai batun farko? */ 915047 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. hf453hgzjyd89oacjagpnp94gtgaqn5 915048 915047 2026-09-02T17:40:10Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Shin akwai batun farko? */ 915048 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. mugynrwxfbfz2ymgzzm1izyk5a2sxau 915051 915048 2026-09-02T17:41:16Z Baffa ali 47435 915051 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== 3adz5os905w1vf611ga4df1cy7jitzm 915053 915051 2026-09-02T17:42:03Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tabbatar da batun farko */ 915053 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. oy1ytbxi5rs6jozk4h0qclxx8hfcgr6 915054 915053 2026-09-02T17:43:45Z Baffa ali 47435 915054 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki==Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. gt2lpwyiaf2hrq6x9tp12910gzclb25 915064 915054 2026-09-02T18:17:09Z Baffa ali 47435 915064 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki==Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. imde7woz736v95j9j169exfeg5y4z7a 915123 915064 2026-09-02T20:53:00Z Baffa ali 47435 915123 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki==Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. '''Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan''':Don warware takamaiman shafukan batutuwa ta hanyar amfani da taken labarin da ba a san shi ba, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Sauran rubutun. Misali, girmamawa da girmamawa dukansu sun bayyana a girmamawa (disambiguation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Akwai iya zama banbanci ga wannan, duk da haka, tare da misali Standard da The Standard kasancewa jerin sunayen daban-daban tsawon lokacin da haɗuwa mai yiwuwa ba zai amfana da kewayawar mai karatu ba. Hakazalika, lokacin da batutuwa na farko da sake dubawa na farko suka shiga, akwai banbanci da yawa, kamar City, City (disambiguation) da The City; ko Mississippi, Mississippi da Mississippi (disambiquation).Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. szd83vsk1yp5fqbb0wh9rddxdggzr23 915124 915123 2026-09-02T20:56:00Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tabbatar da batun farko */ 915124 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki==Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. ==Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan== oee7som9hx0j997x1intq9jp362hzpk 915125 915124 2026-09-02T20:56:59Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan */ 915125 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki==Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. imde7woz736v95j9j169exfeg5y4z7a 915126 915125 2026-09-02T20:57:56Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tabbatar da batun farko */ 915126 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== n2ad6xeq71pkczjezibj7nv851yjyaa 915127 915126 2026-09-02T20:58:40Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Kayan aiki */ 915127 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. 4gnmp43q01upqj77e373mtn3760ctxv 915128 915127 2026-09-02T21:01:09Z Baffa ali 47435 915128 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. ==Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan== 4ml3bc2qbnx53ozmg2o3yd0iyag925q 915129 915128 2026-09-02T21:01:29Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan */ 915129 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. ==Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan== Don warware takamaiman shafukan batutuwa ta hanyar amfani da taken labarin da ba a san shi ba, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Sauran rubutun. Misali, girmamawa da girmamawa dukansu sun bayyana a girmamawa (disambiguation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Akwai iya zama banbanci ga wannan, duk da haka, tare da misali Standard da The Standard kasancewa jerin sunayen daban-daban tsawon lokacin da haɗuwa mai yiwuwa ba zai amfana da kewayawar mai karatu ba. Hakazalika, lokacin da batutuwa na farko da sake dubawa na farko suka shiga, akwai banbanci da yawa, kamar City, City (disambiguation) da The City; ko Mississippi, Mississippi da Mississippi (disambiquation).Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. cfn4lg4kskiel78pp2yjg3s4wvrxlsj 915131 915129 2026-09-02T21:06:46Z Baffa ali 47435 915131 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. ==Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan== Don warware takamaiman shafukan batutuwa ta hanyar amfani da taken labarin da ba a san shi ba, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Akwai iya zama banbanci ga wannan, duk da haka, tare da misali Standard da The Standard kasancewa jerin sunayen daban-daban tsawon lokacin da haɗuwa mai yiwuwa ba zai amfana da kewayawar mai karatu ba. Hakazalika, lokacin da batutuwa na farko da sake dubawa na farko suka shiga, akwai banbanci da yawa, kamar City, City (disambiguation) da The City; ko Mississippi, Mississippi da Mississippi (disambiquation).Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Sauran rubutun. Misali, girmamawa da girmamawa dukansu sun bayyana a girmamawa (disambiguation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. 4ts05n6mkwe06amfi7p8r6i39qq47xr 915132 915131 2026-09-02T21:07:54Z Baffa ali 47435 915132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. ==Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan== Don warware takamaiman shafukan batutuwa ta hanyar amfani da taken labarin da ba a san shi ba, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Akwai iya zama banbanci ga wannan, duk da haka, tare da misali Standard da The Standard kasancewa jerin sunayen daban-daban tsawon lokacin da haɗuwa mai yiwuwa ba zai amfana da kewayawar mai karatu ba. Hakazalika, lokacin da batutuwa na farko da sake dubawa na farko suka shiga, akwai banbanci da yawa, kamar City, City (disambiguation) da The City; ko Mississippi, Mississippi da Mississippi (disambiquation).Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Sauran rubutun. Misali, girmamawa da girmamawa dukansu sun bayyana a girmamawa (disambiguation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. == Tarihi == eqn7xij1a9t5n9me7jxx0ao923q86lr 915133 915132 2026-09-02T21:09:21Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarihi */ 915133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. ==Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan== Don warware takamaiman shafukan batutuwa ta hanyar amfani da taken labarin da ba a san shi ba, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Akwai iya zama banbanci ga wannan, duk da haka, tare da misali Standard da The Standard kasancewa jerin sunayen daban-daban tsawon lokacin da haɗuwa mai yiwuwa ba zai amfana da kewayawar mai karatu ba. Hakazalika, lokacin da batutuwa na farko da sake dubawa na farko suka shiga, akwai banbanci da yawa, kamar City, City (disambiguation) da The City; ko Mississippi, Mississippi da Mississippi (disambiquation).Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Sauran rubutun. Misali, girmamawa da girmamawa dukansu sun bayyana a girmamawa (disambiguation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. == Tsarin == Don daidaitawa da tarurrukan suna, ya kamata a bi da kalmar da ke cikin parentheses kamar kowane kalma a cikin taken: yawanci ƙananan kalmomi, sai dai idan sunan da ya dace (kamar taken littafi) wanda zai bayyana a cikin babban rubutu har ma a cikin rubutu mai gudana.Don kalmomin rarrabewa na yau da kullun, duba Mai amfani: Jarry1250/Findings . 9hwhyds3h8wbq7bkv881j0841c45mdl 915134 915133 2026-09-02T21:10:39Z Baffa ali 47435 915134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. ==Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan== Don warware takamaiman shafukan batutuwa ta hanyar amfani da taken labarin da ba a san shi ba, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Akwai iya zama banbanci ga wannan, duk da haka, tare da misali Standard da The Standard kasancewa jerin sunayen daban-daban tsawon lokacin da haɗuwa mai yiwuwa ba zai amfana da kewayawar mai karatu ba. Hakazalika, lokacin da batutuwa na farko da sake dubawa na farko suka shiga, akwai banbanci da yawa, kamar City, City (disambiguation) da The City; ko Mississippi, Mississippi da Mississippi (disambiquation).Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Sauran rubutun. Misali, girmamawa da girmamawa dukansu sun bayyana a girmamawa (disambiguation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. == Tsarin == Don daidaitawa da tarurrukan suna, ya kamata a bi da kalmar da ke cikin parentheses kamar kowane kalma a cikin taken: yawanci ƙananan kalmomi, sai dai idan sunan da ya dace (kamar taken littafi) wanda zai bayyana a cikin babban rubutu har ma a cikin rubutu mai gudana.Don kalmomin rarrabewa na yau da kullun, duba Mai amfani: Jarry1250/Findings . ==Takardun shaida== 8tnww2s9trt8nskiyikn58otomundu1 915135 915134 2026-09-02T21:12:24Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Takardun shaida */ 915135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. ==Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan== Don warware takamaiman shafukan batutuwa ta hanyar amfani da taken labarin da ba a san shi ba, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Akwai iya zama banbanci ga wannan, duk da haka, tare da misali Standard da The Standard kasancewa jerin sunayen daban-daban tsawon lokacin da haɗuwa mai yiwuwa ba zai amfana da kewayawar mai karatu ba. Hakazalika, lokacin da batutuwa na farko da sake dubawa na farko suka shiga, akwai banbanci da yawa, kamar City, City (disambiguation) da The City; ko Mississippi, Mississippi da Mississippi (disambiquation).Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Sauran rubutun. Misali, girmamawa da girmamawa dukansu sun bayyana a girmamawa (disambiguation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. == Tsarin == Don daidaitawa da tarurrukan suna, ya kamata a bi da kalmar da ke cikin parentheses kamar kowane kalma a cikin taken: yawanci ƙananan kalmomi, sai dai idan sunan da ya dace (kamar taken littafi) wanda zai bayyana a cikin babban rubutu har ma a cikin rubutu mai gudana.Don kalmomin rarrabewa na yau da kullun, duba Mai amfani: Jarry1250/Findings . ==Takardun shaida== Masu amfani da ke neman abin da ya zama kalma mai rikitarwa bazai kai ga labarin da suke tsammani ba. Sabili da haka, duk wani labarin da ke da taken da ba a fahimta ba ya kamata ya ƙunshi hanyoyin haɗi masu taimako zuwa wasu labaran Wikipedia ko shafukan disambiguation, an sanya su a saman labarin ta amfani da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin samfuran da aka nuna a ƙasaBayanan hatnotes na disambiguation ba abun ciki ne na labarin ba; suna da alaƙa da taken, maimakon duk wani abun ciki na batun labarin.A wasu lokuta akwai samfurori da yawa, daya ciki har da kuma wani ya watsar da bayanai game da batun labarin. Za'a iya zaɓar ɗan gajeren hatnote idan watsar da bayanin ba zai iya rikitar da mai karatu ba.A kan shafi na farko don lokacin da ke da batun na biyu guda ɗaya kawai (babu shafin disambiguation):Nau'in [game da] Nau'in don samarwaA kan shafi na biyu don kalmar da ke da wani batu guda kawai (babu shafin disambiguation):Kamar yadda yake a sama, amma la'akari da ko hatnote ya zama dole (duba na farko daga cikin jagororin amfani da ke ƙasa).A kan shafi na farko wanda ke da shafi na disambiguation mai alaƙa:Lokacin da batun farko ya sake komawa zuwa wani shafi:Sauran bambance-bambance a kan waɗannan samfuran suna samuwa, gami da samfuran don takamaiman batutuwa kamar wurare, lambobi, da dai sauransu. An jera samfuran kuma an kwatanta su a Wikipedia:Hatnotes #Templates.: 5ugufnhbayvmcvy7rg04kzjo7l68ns0 915136 915135 2026-09-02T21:13:32Z Baffa ali 47435 915136 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. ==Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan== Don warware takamaiman shafukan batutuwa ta hanyar amfani da taken labarin da ba a san shi ba, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Akwai iya zama banbanci ga wannan, duk da haka, tare da misali Standard da The Standard kasancewa jerin sunayen daban-daban tsawon lokacin da haɗuwa mai yiwuwa ba zai amfana da kewayawar mai karatu ba. Hakazalika, lokacin da batutuwa na farko da sake dubawa na farko suka shiga, akwai banbanci da yawa, kamar City, City (disambiguation) da The City; ko Mississippi, Mississippi da Mississippi (disambiquation).Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Sauran rubutun. Misali, girmamawa da girmamawa dukansu sun bayyana a girmamawa (disambiguation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. == Tsarin == Don daidaitawa da tarurrukan suna, ya kamata a bi da kalmar da ke cikin parentheses kamar kowane kalma a cikin taken: yawanci ƙananan kalmomi, sai dai idan sunan da ya dace (kamar taken littafi) wanda zai bayyana a cikin babban rubutu har ma a cikin rubutu mai gudana.Don kalmomin rarrabewa na yau da kullun, duba Mai amfani: Jarry1250/Findings . ==Takardun shaida== Masu amfani da ke neman abin da ya zama kalma mai rikitarwa bazai kai ga labarin da suke tsammani ba. Sabili da haka, duk wani labarin da ke da taken da ba a fahimta ba ya kamata ya ƙunshi hanyoyin haɗi masu taimako zuwa wasu labaran Wikipedia ko shafukan disambiguation, an sanya su a saman labarin ta amfani da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin samfuran da aka nuna a ƙasaBayanan hatnotes na disambiguation ba abun ciki ne na labarin ba; suna da alaƙa da taken, maimakon duk wani abun ciki na batun labarin.A wasu lokuta akwai samfurori da yawa, daya ciki har da kuma wani ya watsar da bayanai game da batun labarin. Za'a iya zaɓar ɗan gajeren hatnote idan watsar da bayanin ba zai iya rikitar da mai karatu ba.A kan shafi na farko don lokacin da ke da batun na biyu guda ɗaya kawai (babu shafin disambiguation):Nau'in [game da] Nau'in don samarwaA kan shafi na biyu don kalmar da ke da wani batu guda kawai (babu shafin disambiguation):Kamar yadda yake a sama, amma la'akari da ko hatnote ya zama dole (duba na farko daga cikin jagororin amfani da ke ƙasa).A kan shafi na farko wanda ke da shafi na disambiguation mai alaƙa:Lokacin da batun farko ya sake komawa zuwa wani shafi:Sauran bambance-bambance a kan waɗannan samfuran suna samuwa, gami da samfuran don takamaiman batutuwa kamar wurare, lambobi, da dai sauransu. An jera samfuran kuma an kwatanta su a Wikipedia:Hatnotes #Templates.: ==Shafukan warwarewa== ggvb2y2hsq4lqeveks0kilknf23ymvh 915137 915136 2026-09-02T21:14:19Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Shafukan warwarewa */ 915137 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Disambiguation '''a cikin Wikipedia shine tsari na warware rikice-rikice da ke tasowa lokacin da wani labarin mai yuwuwa ya kasance mai rikitarwa, galibi saboda yana nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya da Wikipedia ta rufe, ko dai a matsayin babban batun labarin, ko kuma a matsayin subtopic da wani labarin ya rufe ban da babban batun labarin. Misali, Mercury na iya nufin duniyar, sinadarin sinadarai, allahn Romawa, da sauran abubuwa da yawa.Akwai muhimman fannoni uku na warwarewa:Sanya Sakin layi Particle (a baya shafin disambiguation) wani ra'ayi ne mai zurfi da kuma abstract da aka yi amfani da shi don magance ra'ayoyi daban-daban a cikin kimiyyar lissafi, gabaɗaya suna da alaƙa da ƙananan raka'a waɗanda aka hada abubuwa masu girma. Kodayake akwai nau'ikan barbashi daban-daban a matakan da suka fara daga subatomic zuwa macroscopic, babban ra'ayi yana da saukin bayani a cikin labarin. Ma'anoni marasa alaƙa da gaske, kamar Particle (band), ana gabatar da su ne kawai a Particle (disambiguation). Kotun Koli, amincewar kasa, ko Ministan kudi (ko Ma'aikatar Kudi) kowannensu wani nau'i ne na wani bangare da ke faruwa a kasashe da yawa kuma mai yiwuwa a wasu bangarorin siyasa kuma suna aiki iri ɗaya a kowannensu. Maimakon samun shafuka na disambiguation a cikin waɗannan lakabi da ke haɗawa da labaran da ke akwai akan waɗannan ƙungiyoyi ta ƙasa, kowannensu ya kamata ya ƙunshi labarin da ke kwatanta a cikin sharuddan gaba ɗaya abin da manufar take da kuma yadda misalai daban-daban na wannan ra'ayi ke da alaƙa da juna. Nokia Lumia wayar salula ce tare da samfuran ƙira daban-daban. Gaskiyar cewa samfuran daban-daban a cikin jerin samfurori iri ɗaya ta wannan masana'anta na iya samun sunan iri ɗaya, ko haɗuwa iri ɗaya na sunan da lambar, ba ya sa su zama masu rikitarwa. Dangantaka tsakanin waɗannan samfuran ƙira za a iya kuma ya kamata a tattauna su a shafin da ke kwatanta samfuran da aka kirkira ko lasisi daga wannan masana'anta. Tsakiyar Asiya, Arewacin Turai, da Kudancin Amurka sune sunayen ƙasa waɗanda aka yi amfani da su dangane da takamaiman iyakoki daban-daban a tsawon lokaci. Za'a iya tattauna amfani daban-daban don ka'idojin ƙasa masu faɗi a cikin mahallin wani labarin da ke kwatanta yarjejeniyar gabaɗaya game da waɗanne yankuna tabbas sun fada cikin wannan ƙayyadaddun kuma waɗanne yankunan da aka bayyana a wasu lokuta kamar yadda suke fada cikin wannan ƙaddamarwa, don wasu dalilai. Kwallon ƙafa na iya nufin ɗaya daga cikin wasannin ƙungiya da yawa waɗanda duk sun haɗa da, zuwa digiri daban-daban, kifar da kwallon da ƙafa. Kodayake kalmar "ƙwallon ƙafa" na iya amfani da kowane nau'in ƙwallon ƙafa ya fi shahara a cikin yanayin yankin da kalmar ta bayyana, duk waɗannan bambance-bambance suna da wasu abubuwa na yau da kullun kuma ana iya gano su zuwa asalin ɗaya. Don haka, ana iya bayyana tarihin da ci gaban manufar kwallon kafa gaba ɗaya a cikin labarinta. Kwallon ƙafa (disambiguation) yana bayyana amfani daban-daban na zahiri na kalmar ciki har da ainihin ƙwallon ƙafa. Ana amfani da ma'anoni da yawa na cibiyar triangle a cikin lissafin Euclidean, wanda ya dace ne kawai a cikin yanayin na musamman na triangles na equilateral. Labarin ya lissafa goma sha biyu daga cikin wadannan kuma ya ba da ma'auni na inganci wanda ya dace da ma'anoni daban-daban na cibiyar.Wannan shafin yana tattauna hanyoyin da za a iya magance batutuwan da ke sama. Don cikakken bayani game da tsarin shafukan disambiguation, duba littafin jagora ==Shawarwarin warwarewa== Ana buƙatar disambiguation a duk lokacin da, don kalma ko magana da aka ba da wanda mai karatu zai iya bincika, akwai labarin Wikipedia na Turanci fiye da ɗaya wanda za'a iya sa ran wannan kalma ko magana ta kai ga kaiwa. A cikin wannan halin dole ne a sami hanyar da mai karatu zai kewaya da sauri daga shafin da ya fara bayyana ga kowane ɗayan abubuwan da ake so.Akwai manyan al'amuran disambiguation guda uku, wadanda wadannan misalai ne:Don yadda za a yanke shawarar wane daga cikin waɗannan abubuwan da suka dace a cikin wani lamari, la'akari da sassan da ke biyowa. ==Labaran da aka tsara== Idan ma'anar farko ta kalmar da aka gabatar don disambiguation shine babban ra'ayi ko nau'in abu wanda zai iya bayyanawa a cikin wani labarin, kuma wani ɓangare mai yawa na hanyoyin da aka tabbatar da cewa ba su da tabbas sune lokuta ko misalai na wannan ra'ayi yo nau'in, to shafin da ke wannan taken ya kamata ya zama labarin da ke bayyana shi kuma ba shafin disambiguasion ba. Inda babban batun kalma shine batun gaba ɗaya wanda za'a iya raba shi zuwa ƙananan batutuwa, kamar su a cikin lokaci (misali, Tarihin Faransa) ko a cikin ƙasa (misali، Kungiyar Rugby a cikin Tsibirin Burtaniya), taken da ba a cancanta ba ya ƙunshi labarin game da batun gaba ɗaya maimakon shafin disambiguation. Bai kamata a ƙirƙiri shafin disambiguation ba kawai saboda yana da wahala a rubuta labarin a kan batun da ke da faɗi, mai ma'ana, mai maɓalli, ko kuma mai ma'anar ma'ana. Inda akwai ƙarin ma'anoni waɗanda ba misalai ba ne na ra'ayi na farko ko nau'in Foo, ya kamata a haɗa su a shafin Foo (disambiguation) .A rubuce-rubuce a kan waɗannan batutuwa, yana da amfani a magance kai tsaye girman kalmar da tarihin yadda ra'ayin ya bunkasa. Kowane misali na ra'ayi ko nau'in abu ya kamata a haɗa shi a wani lokaci a cikin labarin, mai yiwuwa a cikin jerin, don haka babu wani bayani da ya ɓace daga abin da za a gabatar a cikin tsarin shafin disambiguation. Ka yi la'akari da amfani da salon taƙaitaccen don haɗa bayanai game da subtopics a cikin babban labarin.Shafuka da ke buƙatar fadadawa don bayyana manufar ana iya lakafta su da {{Broad-concept article}} . ==Shin akwai batun farko?== Kodayake kalma, suna, ko magana na iya nufin batutuwa fiye da ɗaya, wani lokacin ana iya gano ɗayan waɗannan batutuwa a matsayin ainihin batun kalmar. Wannan shine batun da kalmar ya kamata ta kai ga, yana aiki a matsayin taken (ko sake jagorantar) labarin da ya dace. Idan babu wani batu na farko, to kalmar ya kamata ta zama taken shafin disambiguation (ko ya kamata a sake tura shi zuwa shafin disambiquation wanda aka cire fiye da kalma ɗaya). Babban batun na iya zama labarin ra'ayi mai zurfi, kamar yadda aka ambata a sama.Duk da yake Wikipedia ba ta da ma'auni guda ɗaya don bayyana batun farko, manyan fannoni biyu da masu gyara ke la'akari da su sune:Sanya Sakin layi. 1 aWani batu shine na farko don kalma dangane da amfani idan yana da matukar yiwuwar - mai yiwuwa fiye da kowane batu guda, kuma mai yiwuwa fiye le duk sauran batutuwa da aka haɗa - don zama batun da ake nema lokacin da mai karatu ke neman wannan lokacin. </>templatestyles&quot 2 Wani batu shine na farko don wani lokaci dangane da muhimmancin dogon lokaci idan yana da mahimmancin gaske da ƙimar ilimi fiye da kowane batun da ke da alaƙa da wannan lokacin.A mafi yawan lokuta, batun da ke da mahimmanci game da amfani shine kuma na farko game da muhimmancin dogon lokaci; a wasu lokuta da yawa, kawai ma'anar farko ce ta daceA cikin 'yan lokuta, akwai wasu rikice-rikice tsakanin batun amfani na farko (Apple_Inc." id="mwhg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.) da ɗaya daga cikin mahimman bayanai na dogon lokaci (Apple). A irin wannan yanayin, yarjejeniya na iya zama da amfani wajen tantance wane batu, idan akwai, shine babban batu. ==Tabbatar da batun farko== Babu cikakkun dokoki don tantance ko akwai batun farko da kuma abin da yake; ana yanke shawara ta hanyar Yarjejeniyar edita, sau da yawa sakamakon matakin da aka nema.Sanya Sakin layi • Wikilinks masu shigowa daga Musamman:WhatLinksHere (ƙididdigar wikilink mai shigowa). Wadannan suna nuna halin edita, ba lallai ba ne halin mai karatu, don haka ba lallai bane ya nufin abubuwa da yawa don amfani da duniya ta ainihi, amma yana iya taimakawa idan duk wani abu ya kasa. ==Kayan aiki== Kayan aiki na iya taimakawa wajen tallafawa ƙaddamar da batun farko a cikin tattaunawa, amma ba a la'akari da cikakkun abubuwan ƙayyadewa ba, saboda rashin amintacce, yiwuwar nuna bambanci, da sauran dalilai. ==Sunayen takamaiman batutuwan== Don warware takamaiman shafukan batutuwa ta hanyar amfani da taken labarin da ba a san shi ba, akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa: Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Akwai iya zama banbanci ga wannan, duk da haka, tare da misali Standard da The Standard kasancewa jerin sunayen daban-daban tsawon lokacin da haɗuwa mai yiwuwa ba zai amfana da kewayawar mai karatu ba. Hakazalika, lokacin da batutuwa na farko da sake dubawa na farko suka shiga, akwai banbanci da yawa, kamar City, City (disambiguation) da The City; ko Mississippi, Mississippi da Mississippi (disambiquation).Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. Sakin layi • Kalmomin da suka bambanta ne kawai a cikin ƙididdiga da ƙididdiga. Misali, kalmomin Oe, OE da O.E. an cire su a shafi ɗaya (Oe). ↵ Amfani da diacritics ya bambanta: yayin da muka lissafa duk sanannun labaran Ōe a cikin jerin Oe don sauƙin samun dama ga masu karatu waɗanda ba za su iya duba hakan ba ta amfani da tsarin keyboard ɗin su, gajeren jerin Ōe ma sun wanzu don yin hidima ga masu karatu da suka bincika wannan cikakken tsari. • Abubuwan da suka dace da mutum ɗaya, jam'i da siffofi masu mallaka, ko kalmomi masu haɗuwa. Misali, kalmomin Eaglenest, Eagle Nest, Eagle's Nest da Eagle Nests duk sun bayyana a Eagle's nest, kuma Flowers (disambiguation) suna juyawa zuwa Flower (disambiquation). • Sauran rubutun. Misali, girmamawa da girmamawa dukansu sun bayyana a girmamawa (disambiguation). • Hanyoyi daban-daban na sunaye. Misali, Frederick Smith ya hada da mutanen da ake kira Fred Smith. • Kalmomin da suka bambanta da kasancewar ko rashin labarin (misali "a", "an", ko "the" a Turanci). Misali, Cure (disambiguation) kuma ya ƙunshi lokuta na The Cure . ↵ Rashin fahimta na halitta wanda ba shi da tabbas, ana amfani dashi, kuma a bayyane yake yana da kyau ga rarrabuwa ta parenthetical; alal misali, ana amfani da gundumar Fan da fan na hannu maimakon Fan (gundumar) da fan (aiki) . Idan babu wani abu mai rikitarwa, wanda aka saba amfani dashi, kuma akwai bayyanar rashin tabbas na halitta, ana amfani da wani nau'in rashin tabbas. Idan akwai zaɓuɓɓuka da yawa don rarrabewar parenthetical, yi amfani da wannan magana mai rarrabewa da aka riga aka yi amfani da ita don wasu batutuwa a cikin aji ɗaya da mahallin, idan akwai. In ba haka ba, zaɓi wanda ya fi sauƙi. Misali, amfani da " (tatsuniyoyi) " maimakon " (adalin tatsuniyoyi).Yarjejeniyar suna da suka dace da wasu yankuna masu mahimmanci an jera su a cikin akwatin zuwa dama; waɗannan galibi suna ƙunshe da cikakken jagora game da yadda za a warware su. Musamman, don labarai game da mutane, duba sashin Disambiguating a cikin taron suna na mutane. == Tsarin == Don daidaitawa da tarurrukan suna, ya kamata a bi da kalmar da ke cikin parentheses kamar kowane kalma a cikin taken: yawanci ƙananan kalmomi, sai dai idan sunan da ya dace (kamar taken littafi) wanda zai bayyana a cikin babban rubutu har ma a cikin rubutu mai gudana.Don kalmomin rarrabewa na yau da kullun, duba Mai amfani: Jarry1250/Findings . ==Takardun shaida== Masu amfani da ke neman abin da ya zama kalma mai rikitarwa bazai kai ga labarin da suke tsammani ba. Sabili da haka, duk wani labarin da ke da taken da ba a fahimta ba ya kamata ya ƙunshi hanyoyin haɗi masu taimako zuwa wasu labaran Wikipedia ko shafukan disambiguation, an sanya su a saman labarin ta amfani da ɗaya ko fiye daga cikin samfuran da aka nuna a ƙasaBayanan hatnotes na disambiguation ba abun ciki ne na labarin ba; suna da alaƙa da taken, maimakon duk wani abun ciki na batun labarin.A wasu lokuta akwai samfurori da yawa, daya ciki har da kuma wani ya watsar da bayanai game da batun labarin. Za'a iya zaɓar ɗan gajeren hatnote idan watsar da bayanin ba zai iya rikitar da mai karatu ba.A kan shafi na farko don lokacin da ke da batun na biyu guda ɗaya kawai (babu shafin disambiguation):Nau'in [game da] Nau'in don samarwaA kan shafi na biyu don kalmar da ke da wani batu guda kawai (babu shafin disambiguation):Kamar yadda yake a sama, amma la'akari da ko hatnote ya zama dole (duba na farko daga cikin jagororin amfani da ke ƙasa).A kan shafi na farko wanda ke da shafi na disambiguation mai alaƙa:Lokacin da batun farko ya sake komawa zuwa wani shafi:Sauran bambance-bambance a kan waɗannan samfuran suna samuwa, gami da samfuran don takamaiman batutuwa kamar wurare, lambobi, da dai sauransu. An jera samfuran kuma an kwatanta su a Wikipedia:Hatnotes #Templates.: ==Shafukan warwarewa== Kimanin kashi 3% na shafuka 7,234,628 na Wikipedia shafuka ne na disambiguation.Ana iya amfani da shafin disambiguation guda ɗaya don warware wasu irin waɗannan kalmomi. Saiti na kalmomin da aka haɗa su sun haɗa da: js8yg74xd317t9l0t6s1xzpvd7n62br 0 166147 915026 2026-09-02T17:13:02Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365716371|Gatorade Player of the Year awards]]" 915026 wikitext text/x-wiki Ana ba da '''Kyautar Gatorade Player of the Year''' a kowace shekara ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare masu zuwa a Amurka.<ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=A History of Honoring the Future |url=http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115000109/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about |archive-date=November 15, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2019 |website=Gatorade Player of the Year |publisher=Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gatorade Player of the Year Award |url=http://rise.espn.go.com/all-sports/Gatorade/Gatorade-POY-2010-2011.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031083943/http://rise.espn.go.com/all-sports/Gatorade/Gatorade-POY-2010-2011.aspx |archive-date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |website=ESPN High School SPORTS |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Ana ba da su don wasan Kwallon ƙafa na yara maza, ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] na yara maza da mata, ƙwallaye na yara maza na yara maza. ƙwallon ƙwallon yara maza da na mata, ƙwararrun yara maza da 'yan mata, ƙwallo na mata, da ƙwallon volleyball na mata.<ref name="History" /> Ana ba da kyautar "Mai kunnawa na Jiha na Shekara" ga mafi kyawun ɗalibi-mai wasa a kowane ɗayan wasanni goma sha biyu a cikin [[Washington, D.C.|Gundumar Columbia]] da kowane ɗayan [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jihohin]] hamsin, inda aka gane kowane wasa a matsayin wasanni na interscholastic.<ref name="State">{{Cite web |title=Gatorade State High School Players of the Year |url=http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/state |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331063713/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/state |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Gatorade Player of the Year |publisher=Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.}}</ref> Zaɓin ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idodi uku: nasarar Wasanni, ƙwarewar ilimi, da kuma halin misali (ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo, da shiga cikin al'umma da sauran ayyukan). <ref name="State" /> Ana ba da kyaututtuka goma sha biyu na "Mai kunnawa na Kasa na Shekara" ga mafi kyawun ɗaliban-masu wasa a kowane ɗayan wasanni goma sha biyu, waɗanda aka zaba daga masu cin nasara a cikin wasanni.<ref name="nationalwinners">{{Cite web |title=Gatorade Player of the Year All-Time National Winners |url=http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/national |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331015449/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/national |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Gatorade Player of the Year |publisher=Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.}}</ref> A ƙarshe, an zaɓi ɗan wasa na shekara guda ɗaya da ɗan wasa na mace ɗaya na shekara daga cikin masu karɓar ɗan wasa na ƙasa goma sha biyu na shekara. Wadanda suka ci nasara biyu an zabe su ne ta hanyar kwamitin kasa tare da kimanin 'yan jarida 400, masu horar da su, da sauransu.<ref name="State" /> A cikin 2025, 'yan wasa biyu na shekara, Cameron Boozer da Jane Hedengren, sun sami lambobin yabo a wani bikin na musamman kafin Kyautar ESPY.<ref name="State" /> Kamfanin Gatorade ya kafa lambobin yabo a shekarar 1986. ESPN RISE, ƙungiyar ESPN don wasanni na makarantar sakandare ce ke gudanar da tsarin zaɓe. A halin yanzu kwamitin zabin Gatorade Player of the Year ne ke gudanar da tsarin zabin. Wadanda suka lashe gasar a baya sun hada da Peyton Manning da Emmitt Smith don kwallon kafa, [[LeBron James]] da Kobe Bryant don kwando, [[Allyson Felix]] don waƙa da filin, da Kerri Walsh don volleyball. == 'Yan wasa na Shekara == Kyaututtuka sun hada da:{{NoteTag|For biographical sketches of the current winners, see:<ref name=Athlete>{{cite web | url = http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about#aoy | title = Gatorade Athlete of the Year | work = Gatorade Player of the Year | publisher = Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. | access-date = July 11, 2019 | archive-date = November 15, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115000109/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about#aoy | url-status = dead }}</ref>}} {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan Namiji na Shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2003 |{{Sortname|LeBron|James}} |Kwallon kwando |Akron, OH |Babu |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Dwight|Howard}} |Kwallon kwando |[[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA]] |Babu |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Greg|Paulus}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Syracuse, NY |Duke (kwallon kwando), Syracuse (kwallon ƙafa) <br /> |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Greg|Oden}} |Kwallon kwando |Yankin Indiyawan |Jihar Ohio |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Kevin|Love}} |Kwallon kwando |Tafkin Oswego, OR |UCLA |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Matt|Barkley}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Santa Ana, CA |USC |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Garrett|Gilbert}} |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Austin|Austin, TX]] |Texas |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Brandon|Knight}} |Kwallon kwando |Fort Lauderdale, FL |Kentucky |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Dylan|Bundy}} |Kwallon Baseball |Owasso, OK |Babu |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Johnathan|Gray}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Aledo, TX |Texas |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Wiggins}} |Kwallon kwando |Thornhill, ON, [[Kanada]] |Kansas |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Karl-Anthony|Towns}} |Kwallon kwando |Metuchen, NJ |Kentucky |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Kyler|Murray}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Allen, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M / Oklahoma |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Jayson|Tatum}} |Kwallon kwando |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Duke |- |2017 |{{Sortname|MacKenzie|Gore}} |Kwallon Baseball |Wishivet, NC |Babu |- |2018 |{{Sortname|J. T.|Daniels}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Santa Ana, CA |USC / Georgia / West Virginia / RiceShinkafa |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Bobby|Witt Jr.}} |Kwallon Baseball |Colleyville, TX |Babu |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Arik|Gilbert}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Marietta, GA |LSU / Georgia |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Colin|Sahlman}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=ESPN News Services |date=July 19, 2022 |title=Kiki Rice (girls basketball), Colin Sahlman (cross country) named national prep athletes of year |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/34270038/kiki-rice-girls-basketball-colin-sahlman-cross-country-named-national-prep-athletes-year |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> |Ƙasar ƙetare |Newbury Park, CA |NAU |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Max|Clark}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Max Clark, Ava Brown named high school players of the year |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/37997239/max-clark-ava-brown-named-high-school-players-year |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=ESPN |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> |Kwallon Baseball |Franklin, IN |Babu |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Cooper|Flagg}} |Kwallon kwando |Newport, ME |Duke |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Cameron|Boozer}} |Kwallon kwando |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Duke |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Grady|Emerson}} |Kwallon Baseball |[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth, TX]] |TBA |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+'Yar wasa ta Mata ta Shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Allyson|Felix}} |Hanya da filin |Arewacin Hills, CA |USC |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Candace|Parker}} |Kwallon kwando |Naperville, IL |Tennessee |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Cynthia|Barboza}} |Kwallon volleyball |Long Beach, CA |Stanford |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Tina|Charles}} |Kwallon kwando |Tsakiyar ƙauye, NY |UConn |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Maya|Moore}} |Kwallon kwando |Lawrenceville, GA |UConn |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chanelle|Price}} |Hanya da filin |Easton, PA |Tennessee |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Skylar|Diggins|Skylar Diggins-Smith}} |Kwallon kwando |Kudancin Bend, IN |Uwargidanmu |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Chiney|Ogwumike}} |Kwallon kwando |Cypress, TX |Stanford |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Morgan|Brian}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Tsibirin St. Simons, GA |Virginia |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Breanna|Stewart}} |Kwallon kwando |Arewacin Syracuse, NY |UConn |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Morgan|Andrews}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Milford, NH |Uwargidanmu |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Brianna|Turner}} |Kwallon kwando |Manvel, TX |Uwargidanmu |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Candace|Hill}} |Hanya da filin |Conyers, GA |Babu |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Sydney|McLaughlin}} |Hanya da filin |Filin Scotch, NJ |Kentucky |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Sydney|McLaughlin}} |Hanya da filin |Filin Scotch, NJ |Kentucky |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Katelyn|Tuohy}} |Ƙetare ƙasa, waƙa & filin<br /> |Thiels, NY |Jihar NC |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Kelley|Lynch}}<ref name="2019AOY" /> |Kwallon ƙafa |Sharpsburg, GA |Washington |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Paige|Bueckers}} |Kwallon kwando |Minnetonka, MN |UConn |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Kiki|Rice}} |Kwallon kwando |Bethesda, Maryland |UCLA |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Ava|Brown}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Montgomery, TX |Florida |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Sadie|Engelhardt}} |Hanya da filin |Ventura, CA |Jihar NC |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Jane|Hedengren}} |Hanya da filin |Halin da ya dace |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Maddie|DiMaria}} |Kwallon ƙafa |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Arewacin Carolina |} |} == Wadanda suka lashe wasanni na kasa == Kyaututtuka sun hada da:{{NoteTag|For the official list of winners (1985–present), see<ref name=nationalwinners />}} === Kwallon Baseball === [[Fayil:Gary_Sheffield_-_El_Paso_Diablos_-_1988.jpg|right|thumb|Gary Sheffield shine wanda ya lashe kyautar na farko.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Gary|Sheffield}} |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa, FL]] | rowspan="6" |Bai halarci ba |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Willie|Banks}} |Birnin Jersey, NJ |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Mark|Lewis}} |Hamilton, OH |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Jeff|Jackson}} |[[Chicago|Birnin Chicago, IL]] |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Todd|Van Poppel}} |Arlington, TX |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Brian|Barber}} |Orlando, FL |- |1992 |{{Sortname|A. J.|Hinch}} |Birnin Tsakiyar Yamma, OK |Stanford |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Alex|Rodriguez}} |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Bai halarci ba |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Doug|Million}} |[[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota, FL]] |Miami |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Chad|Hutchinson}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] |Stanford (ƙwallon ƙafa) |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Matt|White}} |Waynesboro, PA | rowspan="2" |Bai halarci ba |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Darnell|McDonald}} |Englewood, CO |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Drew|Henson}} |Brighton, MI |Michigan (ƙwallon ƙafa) |- |1999 |{{Sortname|B. J.|Garbe}} |Tafkin Musa, WA | rowspan="16" |Bai halarci ba |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Jason|Stokes}} |Coppell, TX |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Casey|Kotchman}} |Seminole, FL |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Zack|Greinke}} |Apopka, FL |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Chris|Lubanski}} |Kwalejin, PA |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Mark|Rogers}} |Topsham, ni |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Justin|Upton}} |Chesapeake, VA |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Clayton|Kershaw}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Rick|Porcello}} |Yammacin Orange, NJ |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Skipworth}} |Kogin, CA |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Matt|Hobgood}} |Norco, CA |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Kaleb|Cowart}} |Adel, GA |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Dylan|Bundy}} |Owasso, OK |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Lance|McCullers Jr.}} |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa, FL]] |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Clint|Frazier}} |Loganville, GA |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Justus|Sheffield}} |Tullahoma, TN |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Luken|Baker}} |Conroe, TX |TCU |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Muller}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | rowspan="10" |Bai halarci ba |- |2017 |{{Sortname|MacKenzie|Gore}} |Wishivet, NC |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Ryan|Weathers}} |Loretto, TN |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Bobby|Witt Jr.}} |Colleyville, TX |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jared|Kelley}} |Gidauniyar, TX |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Dylan|Lesko}} |Buford, GA |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Brock|Porter}} |Garin Orchard Lake, MI |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Max|Clark}} |Franklin, IN |- |2024 |Konnor Griffin |Flowood, MS |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Seth|Hernandez}} |Corona, CA |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Grady|Emerson}} |[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth, TX]] |TBA |} === Kwallon kwando === [[Fayil:Kobe_B_Bryant.jpg|right|thumb|Kobe Bryant shine mai nasara na farko da bai buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji ba.]] [[Fayil:Parker5_20171004.jpg|right|thumb|Candace Parker ita ce 'yar wasan mata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar sau da yawa.]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Male Basketball Player of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|J.R.|Reid}} |Virginia Beach, VA |North Carolina |- |1987 |{{Sortname|LaBradford|Smith}} |Bay City, TX |Louisville |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Alonzo|Mourning}} |Chesapeake, VA |Georgetown |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Kenny|Anderson}} |Jamaica, NY |Georgia Tech |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Damon|Bailey}} |Bedford, IN |Indiana |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Chris|Webber}} |[[Detroit|Detroit, MI]] |Michigan |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Corliss|Williamson}} |Russellville, AR |Arkansas |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Randy|Livingston}} |[[New Orleans|New Orleans, LA]] |LSU |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Felipe|López}} |New York, NY |St. John's |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Stephon|Marbury}} |Brooklyn, NY |Georgia Tech |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Kobe|Bryant}} |Ardmore, PA |Did not attend |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Baron|Davis}} |Santa Monica, CA |UCLA |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Al|Harrington}} |Elizabeth, NJ |Did not attend |- |1999 |{{Sortname|LaVell|Blanchard}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Michigan |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Jared|Jeffries}} |Bloomington, IN |Indiana |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Kelvin|Torbert}} |Flint, MI |Michigan State |- |2002 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|LeBron|James}} | rowspan="2" |Akron, OH | rowspan="3" |Did not attend |- |2003 |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Dwight|Howard}} |[[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA]] |- |2005 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Greg|Oden}} | rowspan="2" |Indianapolis, IN | rowspan="2" |Ohio State |- |2006 |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Kevin|Love}} |Lake Oswego, OR | rowspan="2" |UCLA |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Jrue|Holiday}} |North Hollywood, CA |- |2009 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Brandon|Knight}} | rowspan="2" |Fort Lauderdale, FL | rowspan="2" |Kentucky |- |2010 |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Bradley|Beal}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Florida |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Jabari|Parker}} |[[Chicago|Chicago, IL]] |Duke |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Wiggins}} |Thornhill, ON, [[Kanada|Canada]] |Kansas |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Karl-Anthony|Towns}} |Metuchen, NJ |Kentucky |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Ben|Simmons}} |[[Melbourne]], [[Asturaliya|Australia]] |LSU |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Jayson|Tatum}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Duke |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Michael|Porter Jr.}} |Columbia, MO |Missouri |- |2018 |{{Sortname|RJ|Barrett}} |[[Mississauga|Mississauga, ON]], [[Kanada|Canada]] |Duke |- |2019 |{{Sortname|James|Wiseman}} |Nashville, TN |Memphis |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Emoni|Bates}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Memphis / Eastern Michigan |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Chet|Holmgren}} |Minneapolis, MN |Gonzaga |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Gradey|Dick}} |Wichita, KS |Kansas |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Cameron|Boozer}} |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Duke |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Cooper|Flagg}} |Newport, ME |Duke |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Cameron|Boozer}} |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Duke |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Smith Jr.}} |Fairfax, VA |Arkansas |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Female Basketball Player of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Susan|Anderson}} |Deming, WA |Texas |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Kris|Durham}} |Scotch Plains, NJ |Seton Hall |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Vicki|Hall}} |Indianapolis, IN |Texas |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Lisa|Harrison}} |Louisville, KY |Tennessee |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Lisa|Leslie}} |Inglewood, CA |USC |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Michelle M.|Marciniak}} |Allentown, PA |Notre Dame / Tennessee |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Katie|Smith}} |Logan, OH |Ohio State |- |1993 |{{Sortname|La'Keshia|Frett}} |Hampton, VA |Georgia |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Monick|Foote}} |Wilmington, DE |Virginia |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Stephanie|White}} |West Lebanon, IN |Purdue |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Jaime|Walz|Jaime Walz Richey}} |Fort Thomas, KY |Western Kentucky |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Nikki|Teasley}} |Frederick, MD |North Carolina |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Tamika|Williams}} |Dayton, OH |UConn |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Nicole|Kaczmarski}} |Middle Island, NY |UCLA |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Shereka|Wright}} |Copperas Cove, TX |Purdue |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Shyra|Ely}} |Indianapolis, IN |Tennessee |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Ann|Strother}} |Highlands Ranch, CO |UConn |- |2003 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Candace|Parker}} | rowspan="2" |Naperville, IL | rowspan="2" |Tennessee |- |2004 |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Abby|Waner}} |Highlands Ranch, CO |Duke |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Tina|Charles}} |Middle Village, NY | rowspan="2" |UConn |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Maya|Moore}} |Lawrenceville, GA |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Nneka|Ogwumike}} |Cypress, TX |Stanford |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Skylar|Diggins|Skylar Diggins-Smith}} |South Bend, IN |Notre Dame |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Chiney|Ogwumike}} |Cypress, TX |Stanford |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Kaleena|Mosqueda-Lewis}} |Santa Ana, CA | rowspan="2" |UConn |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Breanna|Stewart}} |North Syracuse, NY |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Mercedes|Russell}} |Springfield, OR |Tennessee |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Brianna|Turner}} |Manvel, TX |Notre Dame |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Katie Lou|Samuelson}} |Huntington Beach, CA |UConn |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Erin|Boley}} |Hodgenville, KY |Notre Dame / Oregon |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Megan|Walker}} |Richmond, VA | rowspan="4" |UConn |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Christyn|Williams}} |Little Rock, AR |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Azzi|Fudd}} |Arlington, VA |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Paige|Bueckers}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-09 |title=UConn commit Bueckers named Gatorade POY |url=https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/28871873/uconn-commit-paige-bueckers-wins-gatorade-player-year-award |access-date=2020-03-10 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> |Minnetonka, MN |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Saniya|Rivers}} |Wilmington, NC |South Carolina |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Kiki|Rice}} |Bethesda, Maryland |UCLA |- |2023 |{{Sortname|JuJu|Watkins}} |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] |USC |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Joyce|Edwards}} |Camden, SC |South Carolina |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Aaliyah|Chavez}} |Lubbock, TX |Oklahoma |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Olivia|Vukoša}} |Whitestone, NY |UConn |} |} {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan Ƙasar Ƙasa na Shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chris|Derrick}} |Naperville, IL |Stanford |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Reed|Connor}} |Yankin daji, TX |Wisconsin |- |2010 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Lukas|Verzbicas}} | rowspan="2" |Gidan shakatawa na Orland, IL | rowspan="2" |Oregon |- |2011 |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Futsum|Zienasellassie}} |Yankin Indiyawan |Arewacin Arizona |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Edward|Cheserek}} |Newark, NJ |Oregon |- |2014 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Grant|Fisher}} | rowspan="2" |Babban Blanc, MI | rowspan="2" |Stanford |- |2015 |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Hunter}} |Purcellville, VA |Oregon |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Casey|Clinger}} |Fork na Amurka, UT |BYU |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Aidan|Troutner}} |Halin da ya dace |BYU |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Liam|Anderson}} |Larkspur, CA |Stanford |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Nico|Young}} |Newbury Park, CA |Arewacin Arizona |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Parker|Wolfe}} |Garin Greenwood, CO |Arewacin Carolina |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Colin|Sahlman}} |Newbury Park, CA |Arewacin Arizona |- |2023 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Daniel|Simmons}} | rowspan="2" |Fork na Amurka, UT | rowspan="2" |BYU |- |2024 |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Charlie|Vause}} |Kogin Rancho, NM |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Jackson|Spencer}} |Herriman, UT |BYU |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Mata 'Yar wasa ta kasa ta shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Ashley|Brasovan}} |Wellington, FL |Duke |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Hasay}} |San Luis Obispo, CA |Oregon |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Megan|Goethals}} |Rochester Hills, MI |Washington |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Aisling|Cuffe}} |Cornwall, NY |Stanford |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Molly|Seidel}} |Hartland, WI |Uwargidanmu |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Sara|Baxter}} |Simi Valley, CA |Oregon |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Alexa|Efraimson}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Alexa Efraimson named Gatorade National Girls XC Runner of the Year |url=http://www.usatodayhss.com/article/alexa-efraimson-named-gatorade-national-girls-xc-runner-of-the-year-2013-14 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |publisher=[[Gannett|Gannett Co., Inc.]] |via=usatodayhss.com}}</ref> |Gidajen, WA | |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Anna|Rohrer}} |Mishawaka, IN |Uwargidanmu |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Katie|Rainsberger}} |Colorado Springs, CO |Oregon |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Brie|Oakley}} |Aurora, CO |California |- |2018 | rowspan="3" |{{Sortname|Katelyn|Tuohy}} | rowspan="3" |Thiells, NY | rowspan="3" |Jihar NC |- |2019 |- |2020 |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Sydney|Thorvaldson}} |Rawlins, WY |Arkansas |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Natalie|Cook}} |Fure Dutsen, TX |Jihar Oklahoma |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Irene|Riggs}} |Morgantown, WV |Stanford |- |2024 |[[Addison Ritzenhein]] |Niwot, CO |NAU |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Jane|Hedengren}} |Halin da ya dace |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Natasza|Dudek}} |Ann Arbor, MI | |} |} === Kwallon ƙafa === [[Fayil:Joe_Mauer_(2677886206)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Joe Mauer shine mai nasara na farko da bai buga kwallon kafa ba ko kuma sana'a.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Jeff|George}} |Yankin Indiyawan |Purdue / Illinois |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Emmitt|Smith}} |Pensacola, FL |Florida |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Curtis|Bray}} |Monroeville, PA |Pittsburgh |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Terry|Kirby}} |Tabb, VA |Virginia |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Robert|Smith}} |Euclid, OH |Jihar Ohio |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Marquette|Smith}} |Gidan shakatawa na hunturu, FL |Jihar Florida / Tsakiyar Florida |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Chris|Walsh}} |St. Paul, MN |Miami (FL) / Minnesota |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Ron|Powlus}} |Berwick, PA |Uwargidanmu |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Peyton|Manning}} |[[New Orleans|New Orleans, LA]] |Tennessee |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Brock|Huard}} |Puyallup, WA |Washington |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Tim|Couch}} |Hyden, KY |Kentucky |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Travis|Minor}} |Red Baton, LA |Jihar Florida |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Ronald|Curry}} |Hampton, VA |Arewacin Carolina (ƙwallon ƙafa da Kwando) |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Chris|Lewis}} |Long Beach, CA |Stanford |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Brock|Berlin}} |Shreveport, LA |Florida / Miami (FL) |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Joe|Mauer}} |St. Paul, MN |Bai halarci ba |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Lorenzo|Booker}} |Oxnard, CA |Jihar Florida |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Wright}} |Danville, CA |Miami (FL) |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Jeff|Byers}} |Fort Collins, CO |USC |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Greg|Paulus}} |Syracuse, NY |Duke (kwallon kwando) / Syracuse |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Mitch|Mustain}} |Springdale, AR |Arkansas / USC |- |2007 |{{Sortname|John|Brantley}} |Ocala, FL |Florida |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Matt|Barkley}} |Santa Ana, CA |USC |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Garrett|Gilbert}} |[[Austin|Austin, TX]] |Texas / SMU |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Malcolm|Jones}} |Garin Westlake, CA |UCLA |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Justin|Worley}} |Rock Hill, SC |Tennessee |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Johnathan|Gray}} |Aledo, TX |Texas |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Max|Browne}} |Sammamish, WA |USC / Pittsburgh |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Brown}} |Chesapeake, VA |Virginia |- |2015 |Kyler Murray |Allen, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M / Oklahoma |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Jacob|Eason}} |Tafkin Stevens, WA |Georgia / Washington |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Tate|Martell}} |[[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, NV]] |Jihar Ohio / Miami (FL) / UNLV |- |2018 |{{Sortname|J. T.|Daniels}} |Santa Ana, CA |USC / Georgia / West Virginia / RiceShinkafa |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Jake|Smith}} |Scottsdale, AZ |Texas / USC / Jihar Arizona |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Arik|Gilbert}} |Marietta, GA |LSU / Georgia / Nebraska / Jihar Savannah |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Jaxson|Dart}} |Rarraba, UT |USC / Ole Miss |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Nick|Singleton}} |Shillington, PA |Jihar Penn |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Jackson|Arnold}} |[[Denton, Texas|Denton, TX]] |Oklahoma / Auburn / UNLV |- |2024 |DJ Lagway |Willis, TX |Florida / Baylor |- |2025 |Keelon Russell |Duncanville, TX |Alabama |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Jackson|Cantwell}} |Nixa, MO |Miami (FL) |} === Kwallon ƙafa === [[Fayil:Morgan_Andrews_071517_02_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Morgan Andrews shine dan wasa na farko da ya lashe kyautar sau da yawa.]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan kwallon kafa na shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Kevin|Hundelt}} |Hazelwood, MO |SIU Edwardsville |- |1987 |{{Sortname|John|Gwin}} |Itace, ID |Duke |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Lyle|Yorks}} |Storrs, CT |Virginia |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Chris|Henderson}} |Everett, WA |UCLA |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Todd|Haskins}} |Birnin Ellicott, MD |Arewacin Carolina |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Claudio|Reyna}} |Newark, NJ |Virginia |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Matt|McKeon}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Saint Louis |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Mike|Fisher}} |Batavia, IL |Virginia |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Andriy|Shapowal}} |Cutar baƙin ciki, OH |Virginia |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Pierre|Venditti}} |Milford, CT |Maryland |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Andy|Kirk}} |Milwaukee, WI |Maryland |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Nick|Garcia}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |Indiya |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Nick|Downing}} |Redmond, WA |Maryland |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Martino}} |Yankin Westport, CT |Virginia |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Alecko|Eskandarian}} |Oradell, NJ |Virginia |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Ned|Grabavoy}} |Sabon Lenox, IL |Indiya |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Harvey}} |Ofishin Jakadancin Tsohon, CA |UCLA |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Greg|Dalby}} |Poway, CA |Uwargidanmu |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Patrick|Phelan|Pat Phelan (soccer)}} |Wilbraham, MA |Dajin farkawa |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Lee|Nguyen}} |[[Plano, Texas|Shirin, TX]] |Indiya |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Eric|Alexander}} |Ɗauki, MI |Indiya |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Brayan|Martinez}} |Yammacin Orange, NJ |Seton Hall |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chris|Agorsor}} |Severn, MD |Virginia |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Dillon|Powers}} |[[Plano, Texas|Shirin, TX]] |Uwargidanmu |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Soony|Saad}} |Dearborn, MI |Michigan |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Luis|Rendon}} |Midlothian, VA |Duke |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Ema|Boateng|Emmanuel Boateng (footballer, born 1994)}} |[[Accra]], [[Ghana]] |UC Santa Barbara |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Cristian|Roldan}} |Pico Rivera, CA |Washington |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Abu|Danladi}} |Takoradi, [[Ghana]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=UCLABruins.com - UCLA Athletics |url=http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209538490 |website=www.uclabruins.com}}</ref> |UCLA |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Jack|Harrison}} |[[Bolton]], [[Ingila]] |Dajin farkawa |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Lucas|Mendes}} |Arlington, VA |Virginia |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Umar Farouk|Osman}} |[[Tamale, Ghana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian teen Farouk Osman voted Gatorade National Boys Soccer Player of the Year for third time |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ghanaian-teen-farouk-osman-voted-gatorade-national-boys-soccer-player-of-the-year-for-third-time |website=social_image}}</ref> |Michigan |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Ousseni|Bouda}} |Millbrook, NY |Stanford |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Omar|Hernandez}} |Dalton, GA |Dajin farkawa |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jony|Muñoz}} |Olathe, KS |Liberty / UMKC / Jami'ar Nazarene ta MidAmerica |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Bryce|Boneau}} |Keller, TX |Uwargidanmu |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Jacob|Murrell}} |Baltimore, MD |Georgetown |- |2023 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Ransford|Gyan}} | rowspan="2" |Newark, NJ | rowspan="2" |Clemson |- |2024 |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Dan|Klink}} |Monkton, MD |Arewacin Carolina |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Marcus|Jackson}} |Yammacin Orange, NJ |UCLA |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan kwallon kafa na mata na shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Aly|Wagner}} |San Jose, CA |Santa Clara |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Christie|Welsh}} |Masapequa, NY |Jihar Penn |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Aleisha|Cramer}} |Lakewood, CO |BYU |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Mary|McDowell}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary McDowell Profile |url=http://tarheelblue.cstv.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/mcdowell_mary00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604104830/http://tarheelblue.cstv.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/mcdowell_mary00.html |archive-date=June 4, 2009 |website=North Carolina Official Athletic Site - Women's Soccer |via=tarheelblue.cstv.com}}</ref> |Lakewood, CO |Arewacin Carolina |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Jill|Oakes}} |Yammacin tsaunuka, CA |UCLA |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Heather|O'Reilly||Oreilly}} |Gabashin Brunswick, NJ |Arewacin Carolina |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Ashlyn|Harris}} |Satellite Beach, FL |Arewacin Carolina |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Amy|Rodriguez}} |Rancho Santa Margarita, CA |USC |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Lauren|Cheney|Lauren Holiday}} |Yankin Indiyawan |UCLA |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Melissa|Henderson}} |[[Garland, Texas|Garland, TX]] |Uwargidanmu |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Teresa|Noyola}} |Palo Alto, CA |Stanford |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Rachel|Quon}} |Dajin Tafkin, IL |Stanford |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Mollie|Pathman}} |Durham, NC |Duke |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Morgan|Brian}} |Tsibirin St. Simons, GA |Virginia |- |2012 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Morgan|Andrews}} | rowspan="2" |Milford, NH | rowspan="2" |Uwargidanmu |- |2013 |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Katie|Cousins}} |Dajin, VA |Tennessee |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Mallory|Pugh}} |Highlands Ranch, CO |UCLA |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Ella|Stevens}} |Loganville, GA |Duke |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Kennedy|Wesley}} |Cerritos, CA |Stanford |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Izzy|D'Aquila}} |San Juan Capistrano, CA |Santa Clara |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Sophia|Jones}} |Atherton, CA |Duke |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Emily|Mason}} |Flemington, NJ |Rutgers |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Alyssa|Thompson}} |Birnin Studio, CA |Bai halarci ba |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Riley|Jackson}} |Roswell, GA |Bai halarci ba |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Kennedy|Fuller}} |[Hasiya] |Bai halarci ba |- |2024 |Maddie DiMaria |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Arewacin Carolina |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Addison|Halpern}} |Somerset, NJ |Virginia |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Maddie|DiMaria}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Arewacin Carolina |- |} |} === Kwallon ƙafa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Amanda|Freed}} |Cypress, CA |UCLA |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Maureen|LeCocq}} |Yammacin tsaunuka, CA |Stanford |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Tia|Bollinger}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Bio: Tia Bollinger :: Softball |url=http://gohuskies.cstv.com/sports/w-softbl/mtt/bollinger_tia00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504163707/http://gohuskies.cstv.com/sports/w-softbl/mtt/bollinger_tia00.html |archive-date=May 4, 2008 |website=Official Athletic Website of the University of Washington |via=gohuskies.cstv.com}}</ref> |Santa Ana, CA |Washington |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Cat|Osterman}} |Cypress, TX |Texas |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Alicia|Hollowell}} |Fairfield, CA |Arizona |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Lisa|Dodd}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] | rowspan="2" |UCLA |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Anjelica|Selden}} |Fairfield, CA |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Dani|Hofer}} |Palm Harbor, FL |LSU |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Kirsten|Shortridge}} |Keller, TX |Baylor |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Ashley|Brignac}} |Kogin Ridge, LA |Louisiana-Lafayette |- |2008 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Kenzie|Fowler}} | rowspan="2" |Kwarin Oro, AZ | rowspan="2" |Arizona |- |2009 |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Kasey|Fagan}} |Dunnellon, FL |Florida/Arkansas |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Paige|McDuffee}} |Yankin daji, TX |UCLA |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Geri Ann|Glasco}} |Watkinsville, GA |Georgia/Oregon |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Carley|Hoover}} |Tsakiya, SC |Stanford / LSU |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Taylor|McQuillin}} |Ofishin Jakadancin Tsohon, CA |Arizona |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Rachel|Garcia}} |Palmdale, CA | rowspan="2" |UCLA |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Bubba|Nickles}} |Ka yi farin ciki, CA |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Taylor|Dockins}} |Norco, CA |Jihar Cal Fullerton |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Megan|Faraimo}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] |UCLA |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Kelley|Lynch}} |Sharpsburg, GA |Washington |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jayda|Coleman}} |Ƙasar, TX | rowspan="2" |Oklahoma |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Jordy|Bahl|Jordy Frahm}} |Papillion, NE |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Keagan|Rothrock}} |Yankin Indiyawan | rowspan="2" |Florida |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Ava|Brown}} |Montgomery, TX |- |2024 |[[Addisen Fisher]] |Ku yi la'akari da Kuɗauka |UCLA |- |2025 |[[Hannah Wells (softball)|Hannah Wells]] |Coahoma, TX |Texas |- |2026 |[[Caroline Stanton]] |Buford, GA |Florida |} [[Fayil:Marion_Jones_12_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|[[Marion Jones]] ita ce ta farko da ta lashe kyautar sau uku a kowane wasa.]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Male Track and Field Athlete of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Eric|Mastalir}} |Carmichael, CA |Stanford |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Kamy|Keshmiri}} |Reno, NV |Nevada |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Art|Skipper}} |Sandy, OR |Oregon |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Dion|Bentley}} |Pittsburgh, PA |Florida |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Brent|Noon}} |Fallbrook, CA |Georgia |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Bryan|Bronson}} |Jasper, TX |Rice |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Sheddric|Fields}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |Houston |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Charles|Mitchell}} |Waco, TX |Mississippi State |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Andre|Scott}} |Sanford, FL |Auburn |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Michael|Stember}} |Sacramento, CA |Stanford |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Michael|Granville}} |Bell Gardens, CA |UCLA |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Sharif|Karie}} |Springfield, VA |Arkansas |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Jon|Stevens}} |Fremont, CA |Stanford |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Jake|Freeman}} |Warwick, RI |Manhattan |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Donald|Sage}} |Elmhurst, IL |Stanford |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Alan|Webb}} |Reston, VA |Michigan |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Brendan|Christian}} |[[Austin|Austin, TX]] |Houston |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Kerron|Clement}} |LaPorte, TX |Florida |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Jason|Richardson}} |Cedar Hill, TX |South Carolina |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Ryan|Whiting}} |Harrisburg, PA |Arizona State |- |2006 |{{Sortname|David|Klech}} |San Ramon, CA |Oregon |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Bryshon|Nellum}} |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] |USC |- |2008 |{{Sortname|German|Fernandez}} |Riverbank, CA |Oklahoma State |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Curtis|Beach}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=June–July 2009 |title=Curtis Beach NM Wins National Gatorade Track and Field Boys Athlete of the Year Award |url=http://archive.dyestat.com/?pg=us2009-Outdoor-Gatorade-Athletes-of-the-Year-National-Boys |access-date=2010-08-31 |publisher=DyeStat (ESPN RISE)}}</ref> |Albuquerque, NM |Duke |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Sam|Crouser}} |Gresham, OR |Oregon |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Gunnar|Nixon}} |Edmond, OK |Arkansas |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Abraham|Hall}} |Grand Prairie, TX |Army |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Trayvon|Bromell}} |St. Petersburg, FL |Baylor |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Trentavis|Friday}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2014 |title=Trentavis Friday named Gatorade Athlete of the Year |url=http://www.usatodayhss.com/article/trentavis-friday-named-gatorade-athlete-of-the-year |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711164116/http://www.usatodayhss.com/article/trentavis-friday-named-gatorade-athlete-of-the-year |archive-date=July 11, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |publisher=[[Gannett|Gannett Co., Inc.]] |via=usatodayhss.com}}</ref> |Cherryville, NC |Florida State |- |2015 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Michael|Norman}} | rowspan="2" |Murrieta, CA | rowspan="2" |USC |- |2016 |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Armand|Duplantis}} |Lafayette, LA |LSU<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mondo Duplantis Bio |url=http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=211685600&DB_OEM_ID=5200 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051514/http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=211685600&DB_OEM_ID=5200 |archive-date=January 1, 2019 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=LSUsports.net |language=en}}</ref> |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Anthony|Schwartz}} |[[Shuka, Florida|Plantation, FL]] |Auburn |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Matthew|Boling}} |[[Houston|Houston, TX]] |Georgia |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Nico|Young}} |Newbury Park, CA |Northern Arizona |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Hobbs|Kessler}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Northern Arizona |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Cade|Flatt}} |Benton, KY |Ole Miss |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Issam|Asinga}} |Montverde, FL |Texas A&amp;amp;M |- |2024 |Christian Miller |Saint Johns, FL |Georgia |- |2025 |Tate Taylor |San Antonio, TX | |- |2026 |Zacchaeus Brocks |Novi, MI |Ohio State |} | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Female Track and Field Athlete of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Yolanda|Johnson}} |[[Denver|Denver, CO]] |Colorado |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Janeene|Vickers}} |Pomona, CA |UCLA |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Chryste|Gaines}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |Stanford |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Angela|Burnham}} |Oxnard, CA |UCLA |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Melissa|Weis}} |Bakersfield, CA |Cal St.-Bakersfield |- |1991 | rowspan="3" |{{Sortname|Marion|Jones}} |Oxnard, CA | rowspan="3" |North Carolina (track and basketball) |- |1992 | rowspan="2" |Thousand Oaks, CA |- |1993 |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Suzy|Powell}} |[[Modesto|Modesto, CA]] |UCLA |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Joanna|Hayes}} |Riverside, CA |UCLA |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Kim|Mortensen}} |Thousand Oaks, CA |UCLA |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Kinshasa|Davis}} |Carson, CA |USC |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Angela|Williams}} |Chino, CA |USC |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Stacy|Martin}} |Ellettsville, IN |Auburn |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Monique|Henderson}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] |UCLA |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Ychlindria|Spears}} |Luling, TX |Texas |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Sanya|Richards|Sanya Richards-Ross}} |Fort Lauderdale, FL |Texas |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Allyson|Felix}} |North Hills, CA |USC |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Shalonda|Solomon}} |Inglewood, CA |South Carolina |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Brittany|Daniels}} |Tracy, CA |Tennessee |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Bianca|Knight}} |Ridgeland, MS |Texas |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Emily|Pendleton}} |Lindsey, OH |Michigan |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chanelle|Price}} |Easton, PA |Tennessee |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Anna|Jelmini}} |Shafter, CA |Arizona State |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Ashton|Purvis}} |Oakland, CA |Miami (FL) |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Amy|Weissenbach}} |Studio City, CA |Stanford |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Shelbi|Vaughan}} |Mansfield, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Kendell|Williams}} |Marietta, GA |Georgia |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Raven|Saunders}} |Charleston, SC |Southern Illinois |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Candace|Hill}} |Conyers, GA |Did not attend |- |2016 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Sydney|McLaughlin}} | rowspan="2" |Dunellen, NJ | rowspan="2" |Kentucky |- |2017 |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Katelyn|Tuohy}} |Thiells, NY |NC State |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Jasmine|Moore}} |[[Lane Ridge High School|Mansfield, TX]] |Georgia |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Taylor|Ewert}} |Beavercreek, OH |Arkansas |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Sydney|Thorvaldson}} |Rawlins, WY |Arkansas |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Juliette|Whittaker}} |Catonsville, MD |Stanford |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Angelina|Napoleon}} |Allegany, NY |NC State |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Sadie|Engelhardt}} |Ventura, CA |NC State |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Jane|Hedengren}} |Provo, UT |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Melanie|Doggett}} |Fairburn, GA | |} |} [[Fayil:Kerri_Walsh_at_24_Hour_Fitness_9-10-08_1.JPG|right|thumb|Kerri Walsh ita ce ta farko da ta lashe kyautar.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Kerri|Walsh|Kerri Walsh Jennings}} |San Jose, CA |Stanford |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Denise|Boylan}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denise Boylan Bio :: Notre Dame Women's Volleyball :: UND.COM :: The Official Site of ND Athletics |url=http://und.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/boylan_denise00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601194155/http://und.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/boylan_denise00.html |archive-date=June 1, 2008 |access-date=October 17, 2008 |website=cstv.com}}</ref> |Rubuce-rubuce, IL |Uwargidanmu |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Sara|Sandrik}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Bio: Sara Sandrik :: Women's Volleyball |url=http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/sandrik_sara00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204021615/http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/sandrik_sara00.html |archive-date=February 4, 2007 |website=Stanford University Official Athletic Site |via=gostanford.cstv.com}}</ref> |Alkawari, AL |Stanford |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Logan|Tom}} |Salt Lake City, UT |Stanford |- |2000 |{{Sortname|April|Ross}} |Newport Beach, CA |USC |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Ogonna|Nnamani}} |Bloomington, IL |Stanford |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Bre|Ladd}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Bio: Bre Ladd |url=http://www.arizonaathletics.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/ladd_bre00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529151620/http://www.arizonaathletics.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/ladd_bre00.html |archive-date=2009-05-29 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref> |Tucson, AZ |Arizona |- |2003 |Kristin Richards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristin Richards Profile |url=http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/richards_kristin00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224074230/http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/richards_kristin00.html |archive-date=December 24, 2008 |website=Stanford University Official Athletic Site |via=gostanford.cstv.com}}</ref> |Orem, UT |Stanford |- |2004 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Cynthia|Barboza}} | rowspan="2" |Long Beach, CA | rowspan="2" |Stanford |- |2005 |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Megan|Hodge}} |Durham, NC |Jihar Penn |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Alix|Klineman}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alix Klineman Profile |url=http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/klineman_alix00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221062522/http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/klineman_alix00.html |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |website=Stanford University Official Athletic Site |via=gostanford.cstv.com}}</ref> |Manhattan Beach, CA |Stanford |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Kelly|Murphy}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kelly Murphy |url=http://gatorzone.com/volleyball/bios.php?year=2008&player_id=21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223195620/http://gatorzone.com/volleyball/bios.php?year=2008&player_id=21 |archive-date=February 23, 2014 |website=GatorZone.com}}</ref> |Wilmington, IL |Florida |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Gina|Mancuso}} |Papillion, NE |Nebraska |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Ashley|Wittman}} |Shakopee, MN |Minnesota |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Krista|Vansant}} |Redlands, CA |Washington |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Burgess}} |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa, FL]] |Stanford |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Lauren|Carlini}} |Aurora, IL |Wisconsin |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Alexa|Filley}} |Louisville, KY |Auburn |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Mikaela|Foecke}} |Yammacin Yammacin |Nebraska |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Khalia|Lanier|}} |[[Phoenix|Phoenix, AZ]] |USC |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Lexi|Sun}} |[[Solana Beach, California|Kogin Solana, CA]] |Texas / Nebraska |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Thayer|Hall}} |Roebuck, SC |Florida |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Ellie|Holzman}} |[[New Orleans|New Orleans, LA]] |Illinois |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jess|Mruzik}} |Livonia, MI |Jihar Michigan / PennJihar Penn |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Ally|Batenhorst}} |[[Katy, Texas|Katy, TX]] |Nebraska/USC |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Averi|Carlson}} |Luka, TX |Baylor/Texas/SMU<br /> |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Harper|Murray}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Nebraska |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Ayden|Ames}} |Mai wadata, TX |Texas / Creighton |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Campbell|Flynn}} |Farmington, MI |Nebraska |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Sophee|Peterson}} |Kungiyar Trophy, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M |} == Wadanda suka ci nasara a jihar == Dubi [bayanin kula da 3]{{NoteTag|For the official list of state winners (including D.C.) from 1985 to the present, see<ref name=State/>}} == Dubi kuma == * Wendy's High School Heisman (ɗalibai-masu wasa a wasanni daban-daban) * Gidan shahararren makarantar sakandare ta kasa * Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award * Mr. Basketball USA * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kwando na makarantar sakandare na Amurka na shekara * Jerin kyaututtuka na wasanni don girmama mata == Bayanan da aka ambata == * {{Official website}} ouiwv4d3o25ikvfsevfh1nowo94j3ib 915028 915026 2026-09-02T17:13:39Z Gwanki 3834 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 915028 wikitext text/x-wiki Ana ba da '''Kyautar Gatorade Player of the Year''' a kowace shekara ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare masu zuwa a Amurka.<ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=A History of Honoring the Future |url=http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115000109/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about |archive-date=November 15, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2019 |website=Gatorade Player of the Year |publisher=Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gatorade Player of the Year Award |url=http://rise.espn.go.com/all-sports/Gatorade/Gatorade-POY-2010-2011.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031083943/http://rise.espn.go.com/all-sports/Gatorade/Gatorade-POY-2010-2011.aspx |archive-date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |website=ESPN High School SPORTS |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Ana ba da su don wasan Kwallon ƙafa na yara maza, ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] na yara maza da mata, ƙwallaye na yara maza na yara maza. ƙwallon ƙwallon yara maza da na mata, ƙwararrun yara maza da 'yan mata, ƙwallo na mata, da ƙwallon volleyball na mata.<ref name="History" /> Ana ba da kyautar "Mai kunnawa na Jiha na Shekara" ga mafi kyawun ɗalibi-mai wasa a kowane ɗayan wasanni goma sha biyu a cikin [[Washington, D.C.|Gundumar Columbia]] da kowane ɗayan [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jihohin]] hamsin, inda aka gane kowane wasa a matsayin wasanni na interscholastic.<ref name="State">{{Cite web |title=Gatorade State High School Players of the Year |url=http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/state |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331063713/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/state |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Gatorade Player of the Year |publisher=Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.}}</ref> Zaɓin ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idodi uku: nasarar Wasanni, ƙwarewar ilimi, da kuma halin misali (ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo, da shiga cikin al'umma da sauran ayyukan). <ref name="State" /> Ana ba da kyaututtuka goma sha biyu na "Mai kunnawa na Kasa na Shekara" ga mafi kyawun ɗaliban-masu wasa a kowane ɗayan wasanni goma sha biyu, waɗanda aka zaba daga masu cin nasara a cikin wasanni.<ref name="nationalwinners">{{Cite web |title=Gatorade Player of the Year All-Time National Winners |url=http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/national |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331015449/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/national |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Gatorade Player of the Year |publisher=Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.}}</ref> A ƙarshe, an zaɓi ɗan wasa na shekara guda ɗaya da ɗan wasa na mace ɗaya na shekara daga cikin masu karɓar ɗan wasa na ƙasa goma sha biyu na shekara. Wadanda suka ci nasara biyu an zabe su ne ta hanyar kwamitin kasa tare da kimanin 'yan jarida 400, masu horar da su, da sauransu.<ref name="State" /> A cikin 2025, 'yan wasa biyu na shekara, Cameron Boozer da Jane Hedengren, sun sami lambobin yabo a wani bikin na musamman kafin Kyautar ESPY.<ref name="State" /> Kamfanin Gatorade ya kafa lambobin yabo a shekarar 1986. ESPN RISE, ƙungiyar ESPN don wasanni na makarantar sakandare ce ke gudanar da tsarin zaɓe. A halin yanzu kwamitin zabin Gatorade Player of the Year ne ke gudanar da tsarin zabin. Wadanda suka lashe gasar a baya sun hada da Peyton Manning da Emmitt Smith don kwallon kafa, [[LeBron James]] da Kobe Bryant don kwando, [[Allyson Felix]] don waƙa da filin, da Kerri Walsh don volleyball. == 'Yan wasa na Shekara == Kyaututtuka sun hada da:{{NoteTag|For biographical sketches of the current winners, see:<ref name=Athlete>{{cite web | url = http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about#aoy | title = Gatorade Athlete of the Year | work = Gatorade Player of the Year | publisher = Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. | access-date = July 11, 2019 | archive-date = November 15, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115000109/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about#aoy | url-status = dead }}</ref>}} {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan Namiji na Shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2003 |{{Sortname|LeBron|James}} |Kwallon kwando |Akron, OH |Babu |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Dwight|Howard}} |Kwallon kwando |[[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA]] |Babu |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Greg|Paulus}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Syracuse, NY |Duke (kwallon kwando), Syracuse (kwallon ƙafa) <br /> |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Greg|Oden}} |Kwallon kwando |Yankin Indiyawan |Jihar Ohio |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Kevin|Love}} |Kwallon kwando |Tafkin Oswego, OR |UCLA |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Matt|Barkley}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Santa Ana, CA |USC |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Garrett|Gilbert}} |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Austin|Austin, TX]] |Texas |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Brandon|Knight}} |Kwallon kwando |Fort Lauderdale, FL |Kentucky |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Dylan|Bundy}} |Kwallon Baseball |Owasso, OK |Babu |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Johnathan|Gray}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Aledo, TX |Texas |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Wiggins}} |Kwallon kwando |Thornhill, ON, [[Kanada]] |Kansas |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Karl-Anthony|Towns}} |Kwallon kwando |Metuchen, NJ |Kentucky |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Kyler|Murray}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Allen, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M / Oklahoma |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Jayson|Tatum}} |Kwallon kwando |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Duke |- |2017 |{{Sortname|MacKenzie|Gore}} |Kwallon Baseball |Wishivet, NC |Babu |- |2018 |{{Sortname|J. T.|Daniels}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Santa Ana, CA |USC / Georgia / West Virginia / RiceShinkafa |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Bobby|Witt Jr.}} |Kwallon Baseball |Colleyville, TX |Babu |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Arik|Gilbert}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Marietta, GA |LSU / Georgia |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Colin|Sahlman}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=ESPN News Services |date=July 19, 2022 |title=Kiki Rice (girls basketball), Colin Sahlman (cross country) named national prep athletes of year |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/34270038/kiki-rice-girls-basketball-colin-sahlman-cross-country-named-national-prep-athletes-year |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> |Ƙasar ƙetare |Newbury Park, CA |NAU |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Max|Clark}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Max Clark, Ava Brown named high school players of the year |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/37997239/max-clark-ava-brown-named-high-school-players-year |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=ESPN |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> |Kwallon Baseball |Franklin, IN |Babu |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Cooper|Flagg}} |Kwallon kwando |Newport, ME |Duke |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Cameron|Boozer}} |Kwallon kwando |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Duke |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Grady|Emerson}} |Kwallon Baseball |[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth, TX]] |TBA |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+'Yar wasa ta Mata ta Shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Allyson|Felix}} |Hanya da filin |Arewacin Hills, CA |USC |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Candace|Parker}} |Kwallon kwando |Naperville, IL |Tennessee |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Cynthia|Barboza}} |Kwallon volleyball |Long Beach, CA |Stanford |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Tina|Charles}} |Kwallon kwando |Tsakiyar ƙauye, NY |UConn |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Maya|Moore}} |Kwallon kwando |Lawrenceville, GA |UConn |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chanelle|Price}} |Hanya da filin |Easton, PA |Tennessee |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Skylar|Diggins|Skylar Diggins-Smith}} |Kwallon kwando |Kudancin Bend, IN |Uwargidanmu |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Chiney|Ogwumike}} |Kwallon kwando |Cypress, TX |Stanford |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Morgan|Brian}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Tsibirin St. Simons, GA |Virginia |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Breanna|Stewart}} |Kwallon kwando |Arewacin Syracuse, NY |UConn |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Morgan|Andrews}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Milford, NH |Uwargidanmu |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Brianna|Turner}} |Kwallon kwando |Manvel, TX |Uwargidanmu |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Candace|Hill}} |Hanya da filin |Conyers, GA |Babu |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Sydney|McLaughlin}} |Hanya da filin |Filin Scotch, NJ |Kentucky |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Sydney|McLaughlin}} |Hanya da filin |Filin Scotch, NJ |Kentucky |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Katelyn|Tuohy}} |Ƙetare ƙasa, waƙa & filin<br /> |Thiels, NY |Jihar NC |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Kelley|Lynch}}<ref name="2019AOY" /> |Kwallon ƙafa |Sharpsburg, GA |Washington |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Paige|Bueckers}} |Kwallon kwando |Minnetonka, MN |UConn |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Kiki|Rice}} |Kwallon kwando |Bethesda, Maryland |UCLA |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Ava|Brown}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Montgomery, TX |Florida |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Sadie|Engelhardt}} |Hanya da filin |Ventura, CA |Jihar NC |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Jane|Hedengren}} |Hanya da filin |Halin da ya dace |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Maddie|DiMaria}} |Kwallon ƙafa |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Arewacin Carolina |} |} == Wadanda suka lashe wasanni na kasa == Kyaututtuka sun hada da:{{NoteTag|For the official list of winners (1985–present), see<ref name=nationalwinners />}} === Kwallon Baseball === [[Fayil:Gary_Sheffield_-_El_Paso_Diablos_-_1988.jpg|right|thumb|Gary Sheffield shine wanda ya lashe kyautar na farko.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Gary|Sheffield}} |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa, FL]] | rowspan="6" |Bai halarci ba |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Willie|Banks}} |Birnin Jersey, NJ |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Mark|Lewis}} |Hamilton, OH |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Jeff|Jackson}} |[[Chicago|Birnin Chicago, IL]] |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Todd|Van Poppel}} |Arlington, TX |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Brian|Barber}} |Orlando, FL |- |1992 |{{Sortname|A. J.|Hinch}} |Birnin Tsakiyar Yamma, OK |Stanford |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Alex|Rodriguez}} |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Bai halarci ba |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Doug|Million}} |[[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota, FL]] |Miami |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Chad|Hutchinson}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] |Stanford (ƙwallon ƙafa) |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Matt|White}} |Waynesboro, PA | rowspan="2" |Bai halarci ba |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Darnell|McDonald}} |Englewood, CO |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Drew|Henson}} |Brighton, MI |Michigan (ƙwallon ƙafa) |- |1999 |{{Sortname|B. J.|Garbe}} |Tafkin Musa, WA | rowspan="16" |Bai halarci ba |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Jason|Stokes}} |Coppell, TX |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Casey|Kotchman}} |Seminole, FL |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Zack|Greinke}} |Apopka, FL |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Chris|Lubanski}} |Kwalejin, PA |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Mark|Rogers}} |Topsham, ni |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Justin|Upton}} |Chesapeake, VA |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Clayton|Kershaw}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Rick|Porcello}} |Yammacin Orange, NJ |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Skipworth}} |Kogin, CA |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Matt|Hobgood}} |Norco, CA |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Kaleb|Cowart}} |Adel, GA |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Dylan|Bundy}} |Owasso, OK |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Lance|McCullers Jr.}} |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa, FL]] |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Clint|Frazier}} |Loganville, GA |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Justus|Sheffield}} |Tullahoma, TN |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Luken|Baker}} |Conroe, TX |TCU |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Muller}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | rowspan="10" |Bai halarci ba |- |2017 |{{Sortname|MacKenzie|Gore}} |Wishivet, NC |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Ryan|Weathers}} |Loretto, TN |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Bobby|Witt Jr.}} |Colleyville, TX |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jared|Kelley}} |Gidauniyar, TX |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Dylan|Lesko}} |Buford, GA |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Brock|Porter}} |Garin Orchard Lake, MI |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Max|Clark}} |Franklin, IN |- |2024 |Konnor Griffin |Flowood, MS |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Seth|Hernandez}} |Corona, CA |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Grady|Emerson}} |[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth, TX]] |TBA |} === Kwallon kwando === [[Fayil:Kobe_B_Bryant.jpg|right|thumb|Kobe Bryant shine mai nasara na farko da bai buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji ba.]] [[Fayil:Parker5_20171004.jpg|right|thumb|Candace Parker ita ce 'yar wasan mata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar sau da yawa.]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Male Basketball Player of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|J.R.|Reid}} |Virginia Beach, VA |North Carolina |- |1987 |{{Sortname|LaBradford|Smith}} |Bay City, TX |Louisville |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Alonzo|Mourning}} |Chesapeake, VA |Georgetown |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Kenny|Anderson}} |Jamaica, NY |Georgia Tech |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Damon|Bailey}} |Bedford, IN |Indiana |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Chris|Webber}} |[[Detroit|Detroit, MI]] |Michigan |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Corliss|Williamson}} |Russellville, AR |Arkansas |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Randy|Livingston}} |[[New Orleans|New Orleans, LA]] |LSU |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Felipe|López}} |New York, NY |St. John's |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Stephon|Marbury}} |Brooklyn, NY |Georgia Tech |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Kobe|Bryant}} |Ardmore, PA |Did not attend |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Baron|Davis}} |Santa Monica, CA |UCLA |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Al|Harrington}} |Elizabeth, NJ |Did not attend |- |1999 |{{Sortname|LaVell|Blanchard}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Michigan |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Jared|Jeffries}} |Bloomington, IN |Indiana |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Kelvin|Torbert}} |Flint, MI |Michigan State |- |2002 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|LeBron|James}} | rowspan="2" |Akron, OH | rowspan="3" |Did not attend |- |2003 |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Dwight|Howard}} |[[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA]] |- |2005 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Greg|Oden}} | rowspan="2" |Indianapolis, IN | rowspan="2" |Ohio State |- |2006 |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Kevin|Love}} |Lake Oswego, OR | rowspan="2" |UCLA |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Jrue|Holiday}} |North Hollywood, CA |- |2009 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Brandon|Knight}} | rowspan="2" |Fort Lauderdale, FL | rowspan="2" |Kentucky |- |2010 |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Bradley|Beal}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Florida |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Jabari|Parker}} |[[Chicago|Chicago, IL]] |Duke |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Wiggins}} |Thornhill, ON, [[Kanada|Canada]] |Kansas |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Karl-Anthony|Towns}} |Metuchen, NJ |Kentucky |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Ben|Simmons}} |[[Melbourne]], [[Asturaliya|Australia]] |LSU |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Jayson|Tatum}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Duke |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Michael|Porter Jr.}} |Columbia, MO |Missouri |- |2018 |{{Sortname|RJ|Barrett}} |[[Mississauga|Mississauga, ON]], [[Kanada|Canada]] |Duke |- |2019 |{{Sortname|James|Wiseman}} |Nashville, TN |Memphis |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Emoni|Bates}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Memphis / Eastern Michigan |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Chet|Holmgren}} |Minneapolis, MN |Gonzaga |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Gradey|Dick}} |Wichita, KS |Kansas |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Cameron|Boozer}} |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Duke |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Cooper|Flagg}} |Newport, ME |Duke |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Cameron|Boozer}} |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Duke |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Smith Jr.}} |Fairfax, VA |Arkansas |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Female Basketball Player of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Susan|Anderson}} |Deming, WA |Texas |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Kris|Durham}} |Scotch Plains, NJ |Seton Hall |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Vicki|Hall}} |Indianapolis, IN |Texas |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Lisa|Harrison}} |Louisville, KY |Tennessee |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Lisa|Leslie}} |Inglewood, CA |USC |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Michelle M.|Marciniak}} |Allentown, PA |Notre Dame / Tennessee |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Katie|Smith}} |Logan, OH |Ohio State |- |1993 |{{Sortname|La'Keshia|Frett}} |Hampton, VA |Georgia |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Monick|Foote}} |Wilmington, DE |Virginia |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Stephanie|White}} |West Lebanon, IN |Purdue |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Jaime|Walz|Jaime Walz Richey}} |Fort Thomas, KY |Western Kentucky |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Nikki|Teasley}} |Frederick, MD |North Carolina |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Tamika|Williams}} |Dayton, OH |UConn |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Nicole|Kaczmarski}} |Middle Island, NY |UCLA |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Shereka|Wright}} |Copperas Cove, TX |Purdue |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Shyra|Ely}} |Indianapolis, IN |Tennessee |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Ann|Strother}} |Highlands Ranch, CO |UConn |- |2003 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Candace|Parker}} | rowspan="2" |Naperville, IL | rowspan="2" |Tennessee |- |2004 |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Abby|Waner}} |Highlands Ranch, CO |Duke |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Tina|Charles}} |Middle Village, NY | rowspan="2" |UConn |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Maya|Moore}} |Lawrenceville, GA |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Nneka|Ogwumike}} |Cypress, TX |Stanford |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Skylar|Diggins|Skylar Diggins-Smith}} |South Bend, IN |Notre Dame |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Chiney|Ogwumike}} |Cypress, TX |Stanford |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Kaleena|Mosqueda-Lewis}} |Santa Ana, CA | rowspan="2" |UConn |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Breanna|Stewart}} |North Syracuse, NY |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Mercedes|Russell}} |Springfield, OR |Tennessee |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Brianna|Turner}} |Manvel, TX |Notre Dame |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Katie Lou|Samuelson}} |Huntington Beach, CA |UConn |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Erin|Boley}} |Hodgenville, KY |Notre Dame / Oregon |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Megan|Walker}} |Richmond, VA | rowspan="4" |UConn |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Christyn|Williams}} |Little Rock, AR |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Azzi|Fudd}} |Arlington, VA |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Paige|Bueckers}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-09 |title=UConn commit Bueckers named Gatorade POY |url=https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/28871873/uconn-commit-paige-bueckers-wins-gatorade-player-year-award |access-date=2020-03-10 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> |Minnetonka, MN |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Saniya|Rivers}} |Wilmington, NC |South Carolina |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Kiki|Rice}} |Bethesda, Maryland |UCLA |- |2023 |{{Sortname|JuJu|Watkins}} |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] |USC |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Joyce|Edwards}} |Camden, SC |South Carolina |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Aaliyah|Chavez}} |Lubbock, TX |Oklahoma |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Olivia|Vukoša}} |Whitestone, NY |UConn |} |} {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan Ƙasar Ƙasa na Shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chris|Derrick}} |Naperville, IL |Stanford |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Reed|Connor}} |Yankin daji, TX |Wisconsin |- |2010 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Lukas|Verzbicas}} | rowspan="2" |Gidan shakatawa na Orland, IL | rowspan="2" |Oregon |- |2011 |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Futsum|Zienasellassie}} |Yankin Indiyawan |Arewacin Arizona |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Edward|Cheserek}} |Newark, NJ |Oregon |- |2014 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Grant|Fisher}} | rowspan="2" |Babban Blanc, MI | rowspan="2" |Stanford |- |2015 |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Hunter}} |Purcellville, VA |Oregon |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Casey|Clinger}} |Fork na Amurka, UT |BYU |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Aidan|Troutner}} |Halin da ya dace |BYU |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Liam|Anderson}} |Larkspur, CA |Stanford |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Nico|Young}} |Newbury Park, CA |Arewacin Arizona |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Parker|Wolfe}} |Garin Greenwood, CO |Arewacin Carolina |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Colin|Sahlman}} |Newbury Park, CA |Arewacin Arizona |- |2023 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Daniel|Simmons}} | rowspan="2" |Fork na Amurka, UT | rowspan="2" |BYU |- |2024 |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Charlie|Vause}} |Kogin Rancho, NM |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Jackson|Spencer}} |Herriman, UT |BYU |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Mata 'Yar wasa ta kasa ta shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Ashley|Brasovan}} |Wellington, FL |Duke |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Hasay}} |San Luis Obispo, CA |Oregon |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Megan|Goethals}} |Rochester Hills, MI |Washington |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Aisling|Cuffe}} |Cornwall, NY |Stanford |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Molly|Seidel}} |Hartland, WI |Uwargidanmu |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Sara|Baxter}} |Simi Valley, CA |Oregon |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Alexa|Efraimson}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Alexa Efraimson named Gatorade National Girls XC Runner of the Year |url=http://www.usatodayhss.com/article/alexa-efraimson-named-gatorade-national-girls-xc-runner-of-the-year-2013-14 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |publisher=[[Gannett|Gannett Co., Inc.]] |via=usatodayhss.com}}</ref> |Gidajen, WA | |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Anna|Rohrer}} |Mishawaka, IN |Uwargidanmu |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Katie|Rainsberger}} |Colorado Springs, CO |Oregon |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Brie|Oakley}} |Aurora, CO |California |- |2018 | rowspan="3" |{{Sortname|Katelyn|Tuohy}} | rowspan="3" |Thiells, NY | rowspan="3" |Jihar NC |- |2019 |- |2020 |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Sydney|Thorvaldson}} |Rawlins, WY |Arkansas |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Natalie|Cook}} |Fure Dutsen, TX |Jihar Oklahoma |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Irene|Riggs}} |Morgantown, WV |Stanford |- |2024 |[[Addison Ritzenhein]] |Niwot, CO |NAU |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Jane|Hedengren}} |Halin da ya dace |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Natasza|Dudek}} |Ann Arbor, MI | |} |} === Kwallon ƙafa === [[Fayil:Joe_Mauer_(2677886206)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Joe Mauer shine mai nasara na farko da bai buga kwallon kafa ba ko kuma sana'a.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Jeff|George}} |Yankin Indiyawan |Purdue / Illinois |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Emmitt|Smith}} |Pensacola, FL |Florida |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Curtis|Bray}} |Monroeville, PA |Pittsburgh |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Terry|Kirby}} |Tabb, VA |Virginia |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Robert|Smith}} |Euclid, OH |Jihar Ohio |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Marquette|Smith}} |Gidan shakatawa na hunturu, FL |Jihar Florida / Tsakiyar Florida |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Chris|Walsh}} |St. Paul, MN |Miami (FL) / Minnesota |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Ron|Powlus}} |Berwick, PA |Uwargidanmu |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Peyton|Manning}} |[[New Orleans|New Orleans, LA]] |Tennessee |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Brock|Huard}} |Puyallup, WA |Washington |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Tim|Couch}} |Hyden, KY |Kentucky |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Travis|Minor}} |Red Baton, LA |Jihar Florida |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Ronald|Curry}} |Hampton, VA |Arewacin Carolina (ƙwallon ƙafa da Kwando) |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Chris|Lewis}} |Long Beach, CA |Stanford |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Brock|Berlin}} |Shreveport, LA |Florida / Miami (FL) |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Joe|Mauer}} |St. Paul, MN |Bai halarci ba |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Lorenzo|Booker}} |Oxnard, CA |Jihar Florida |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Wright}} |Danville, CA |Miami (FL) |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Jeff|Byers}} |Fort Collins, CO |USC |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Greg|Paulus}} |Syracuse, NY |Duke (kwallon kwando) / Syracuse |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Mitch|Mustain}} |Springdale, AR |Arkansas / USC |- |2007 |{{Sortname|John|Brantley}} |Ocala, FL |Florida |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Matt|Barkley}} |Santa Ana, CA |USC |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Garrett|Gilbert}} |[[Austin|Austin, TX]] |Texas / SMU |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Malcolm|Jones}} |Garin Westlake, CA |UCLA |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Justin|Worley}} |Rock Hill, SC |Tennessee |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Johnathan|Gray}} |Aledo, TX |Texas |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Max|Browne}} |Sammamish, WA |USC / Pittsburgh |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Brown}} |Chesapeake, VA |Virginia |- |2015 |Kyler Murray |Allen, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M / Oklahoma |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Jacob|Eason}} |Tafkin Stevens, WA |Georgia / Washington |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Tate|Martell}} |[[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, NV]] |Jihar Ohio / Miami (FL) / UNLV |- |2018 |{{Sortname|J. T.|Daniels}} |Santa Ana, CA |USC / Georgia / West Virginia / RiceShinkafa |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Jake|Smith}} |Scottsdale, AZ |Texas / USC / Jihar Arizona |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Arik|Gilbert}} |Marietta, GA |LSU / Georgia / Nebraska / Jihar Savannah |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Jaxson|Dart}} |Rarraba, UT |USC / Ole Miss |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Nick|Singleton}} |Shillington, PA |Jihar Penn |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Jackson|Arnold}} |[[Denton, Texas|Denton, TX]] |Oklahoma / Auburn / UNLV |- |2024 |DJ Lagway |Willis, TX |Florida / Baylor |- |2025 |Keelon Russell |Duncanville, TX |Alabama |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Jackson|Cantwell}} |Nixa, MO |Miami (FL) |} === Kwallon ƙafa === [[Fayil:Morgan_Andrews_071517_02_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Morgan Andrews shine dan wasa na farko da ya lashe kyautar sau da yawa.]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan kwallon kafa na shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Kevin|Hundelt}} |Hazelwood, MO |SIU Edwardsville |- |1987 |{{Sortname|John|Gwin}} |Itace, ID |Duke |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Lyle|Yorks}} |Storrs, CT |Virginia |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Chris|Henderson}} |Everett, WA |UCLA |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Todd|Haskins}} |Birnin Ellicott, MD |Arewacin Carolina |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Claudio|Reyna}} |Newark, NJ |Virginia |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Matt|McKeon}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Saint Louis |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Mike|Fisher}} |Batavia, IL |Virginia |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Andriy|Shapowal}} |Cutar baƙin ciki, OH |Virginia |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Pierre|Venditti}} |Milford, CT |Maryland |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Andy|Kirk}} |Milwaukee, WI |Maryland |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Nick|Garcia}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |Indiya |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Nick|Downing}} |Redmond, WA |Maryland |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Martino}} |Yankin Westport, CT |Virginia |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Alecko|Eskandarian}} |Oradell, NJ |Virginia |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Ned|Grabavoy}} |Sabon Lenox, IL |Indiya |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Harvey}} |Ofishin Jakadancin Tsohon, CA |UCLA |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Greg|Dalby}} |Poway, CA |Uwargidanmu |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Patrick|Phelan|Pat Phelan (soccer)}} |Wilbraham, MA |Dajin farkawa |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Lee|Nguyen}} |[[Plano, Texas|Shirin, TX]] |Indiya |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Eric|Alexander}} |Ɗauki, MI |Indiya |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Brayan|Martinez}} |Yammacin Orange, NJ |Seton Hall |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chris|Agorsor}} |Severn, MD |Virginia |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Dillon|Powers}} |[[Plano, Texas|Shirin, TX]] |Uwargidanmu |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Soony|Saad}} |Dearborn, MI |Michigan |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Luis|Rendon}} |Midlothian, VA |Duke |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Ema|Boateng|Emmanuel Boateng (footballer, born 1994)}} |[[Accra]], [[Ghana]] |UC Santa Barbara |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Cristian|Roldan}} |Pico Rivera, CA |Washington |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Abu|Danladi}} |Takoradi, [[Ghana]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=UCLABruins.com - UCLA Athletics |url=http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209538490 |website=www.uclabruins.com}}</ref> |UCLA |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Jack|Harrison}} |[[Bolton]], [[Ingila]] |Dajin farkawa |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Lucas|Mendes}} |Arlington, VA |Virginia |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Umar Farouk|Osman}} |[[Tamale, Ghana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian teen Farouk Osman voted Gatorade National Boys Soccer Player of the Year for third time |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ghanaian-teen-farouk-osman-voted-gatorade-national-boys-soccer-player-of-the-year-for-third-time |website=social_image}}</ref> |Michigan |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Ousseni|Bouda}} |Millbrook, NY |Stanford |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Omar|Hernandez}} |Dalton, GA |Dajin farkawa |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jony|Muñoz}} |Olathe, KS |Liberty / UMKC / Jami'ar Nazarene ta MidAmerica |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Bryce|Boneau}} |Keller, TX |Uwargidanmu |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Jacob|Murrell}} |Baltimore, MD |Georgetown |- |2023 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Ransford|Gyan}} | rowspan="2" |Newark, NJ | rowspan="2" |Clemson |- |2024 |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Dan|Klink}} |Monkton, MD |Arewacin Carolina |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Marcus|Jackson}} |Yammacin Orange, NJ |UCLA |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan kwallon kafa na mata na shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Aly|Wagner}} |San Jose, CA |Santa Clara |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Christie|Welsh}} |Masapequa, NY |Jihar Penn |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Aleisha|Cramer}} |Lakewood, CO |BYU |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Mary|McDowell}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary McDowell Profile |url=http://tarheelblue.cstv.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/mcdowell_mary00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604104830/http://tarheelblue.cstv.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/mcdowell_mary00.html |archive-date=June 4, 2009 |website=North Carolina Official Athletic Site - Women's Soccer |via=tarheelblue.cstv.com}}</ref> |Lakewood, CO |Arewacin Carolina |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Jill|Oakes}} |Yammacin tsaunuka, CA |UCLA |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Heather|O'Reilly||Oreilly}} |Gabashin Brunswick, NJ |Arewacin Carolina |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Ashlyn|Harris}} |Satellite Beach, FL |Arewacin Carolina |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Amy|Rodriguez}} |Rancho Santa Margarita, CA |USC |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Lauren|Cheney|Lauren Holiday}} |Yankin Indiyawan |UCLA |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Melissa|Henderson}} |[[Garland, Texas|Garland, TX]] |Uwargidanmu |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Teresa|Noyola}} |Palo Alto, CA |Stanford |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Rachel|Quon}} |Dajin Tafkin, IL |Stanford |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Mollie|Pathman}} |Durham, NC |Duke |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Morgan|Brian}} |Tsibirin St. Simons, GA |Virginia |- |2012 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Morgan|Andrews}} | rowspan="2" |Milford, NH | rowspan="2" |Uwargidanmu |- |2013 |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Katie|Cousins}} |Dajin, VA |Tennessee |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Mallory|Pugh}} |Highlands Ranch, CO |UCLA |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Ella|Stevens}} |Loganville, GA |Duke |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Kennedy|Wesley}} |Cerritos, CA |Stanford |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Izzy|D'Aquila}} |San Juan Capistrano, CA |Santa Clara |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Sophia|Jones}} |Atherton, CA |Duke |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Emily|Mason}} |Flemington, NJ |Rutgers |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Alyssa|Thompson}} |Birnin Studio, CA |Bai halarci ba |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Riley|Jackson}} |Roswell, GA |Bai halarci ba |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Kennedy|Fuller}} |[Hasiya] |Bai halarci ba |- |2024 |Maddie DiMaria |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Arewacin Carolina |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Addison|Halpern}} |Somerset, NJ |Virginia |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Maddie|DiMaria}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Arewacin Carolina |- |} |} === Kwallon ƙafa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Amanda|Freed}} |Cypress, CA |UCLA |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Maureen|LeCocq}} |Yammacin tsaunuka, CA |Stanford |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Tia|Bollinger}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Bio: Tia Bollinger :: Softball |url=http://gohuskies.cstv.com/sports/w-softbl/mtt/bollinger_tia00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504163707/http://gohuskies.cstv.com/sports/w-softbl/mtt/bollinger_tia00.html |archive-date=May 4, 2008 |website=Official Athletic Website of the University of Washington |via=gohuskies.cstv.com}}</ref> |Santa Ana, CA |Washington |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Cat|Osterman}} |Cypress, TX |Texas |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Alicia|Hollowell}} |Fairfield, CA |Arizona |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Lisa|Dodd}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] | rowspan="2" |UCLA |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Anjelica|Selden}} |Fairfield, CA |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Dani|Hofer}} |Palm Harbor, FL |LSU |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Kirsten|Shortridge}} |Keller, TX |Baylor |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Ashley|Brignac}} |Kogin Ridge, LA |Louisiana-Lafayette |- |2008 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Kenzie|Fowler}} | rowspan="2" |Kwarin Oro, AZ | rowspan="2" |Arizona |- |2009 |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Kasey|Fagan}} |Dunnellon, FL |Florida/Arkansas |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Paige|McDuffee}} |Yankin daji, TX |UCLA |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Geri Ann|Glasco}} |Watkinsville, GA |Georgia/Oregon |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Carley|Hoover}} |Tsakiya, SC |Stanford / LSU |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Taylor|McQuillin}} |Ofishin Jakadancin Tsohon, CA |Arizona |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Rachel|Garcia}} |Palmdale, CA | rowspan="2" |UCLA |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Bubba|Nickles}} |Ka yi farin ciki, CA |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Taylor|Dockins}} |Norco, CA |Jihar Cal Fullerton |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Megan|Faraimo}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] |UCLA |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Kelley|Lynch}} |Sharpsburg, GA |Washington |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jayda|Coleman}} |Ƙasar, TX | rowspan="2" |Oklahoma |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Jordy|Bahl|Jordy Frahm}} |Papillion, NE |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Keagan|Rothrock}} |Yankin Indiyawan | rowspan="2" |Florida |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Ava|Brown}} |Montgomery, TX |- |2024 |[[Addisen Fisher]] |Ku yi la'akari da Kuɗauka |UCLA |- |2025 |[[Hannah Wells (softball)|Hannah Wells]] |Coahoma, TX |Texas |- |2026 |[[Caroline Stanton]] |Buford, GA |Florida |} [[Fayil:Marion_Jones_12_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|[[Marion Jones]] ita ce ta farko da ta lashe kyautar sau uku a kowane wasa.]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Male Track and Field Athlete of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Eric|Mastalir}} |Carmichael, CA |Stanford |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Kamy|Keshmiri}} |Reno, NV |Nevada |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Art|Skipper}} |Sandy, OR |Oregon |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Dion|Bentley}} |Pittsburgh, PA |Florida |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Brent|Noon}} |Fallbrook, CA |Georgia |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Bryan|Bronson}} |Jasper, TX |Rice |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Sheddric|Fields}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |Houston |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Charles|Mitchell}} |Waco, TX |Mississippi State |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Andre|Scott}} |Sanford, FL |Auburn |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Michael|Stember}} |Sacramento, CA |Stanford |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Michael|Granville}} |Bell Gardens, CA |UCLA |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Sharif|Karie}} |Springfield, VA |Arkansas |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Jon|Stevens}} |Fremont, CA |Stanford |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Jake|Freeman}} |Warwick, RI |Manhattan |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Donald|Sage}} |Elmhurst, IL |Stanford |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Alan|Webb}} |Reston, VA |Michigan |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Brendan|Christian}} |[[Austin|Austin, TX]] |Houston |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Kerron|Clement}} |LaPorte, TX |Florida |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Jason|Richardson}} |Cedar Hill, TX |South Carolina |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Ryan|Whiting}} |Harrisburg, PA |Arizona State |- |2006 |{{Sortname|David|Klech}} |San Ramon, CA |Oregon |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Bryshon|Nellum}} |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] |USC |- |2008 |{{Sortname|German|Fernandez}} |Riverbank, CA |Oklahoma State |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Curtis|Beach}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=June–July 2009 |title=Curtis Beach NM Wins National Gatorade Track and Field Boys Athlete of the Year Award |url=http://archive.dyestat.com/?pg=us2009-Outdoor-Gatorade-Athletes-of-the-Year-National-Boys |access-date=2010-08-31 |publisher=DyeStat (ESPN RISE)}}</ref> |Albuquerque, NM |Duke |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Sam|Crouser}} |Gresham, OR |Oregon |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Gunnar|Nixon}} |Edmond, OK |Arkansas |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Abraham|Hall}} |Grand Prairie, TX |Army |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Trayvon|Bromell}} |St. Petersburg, FL |Baylor |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Trentavis|Friday}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2014 |title=Trentavis Friday named Gatorade Athlete of the Year |url=http://www.usatodayhss.com/article/trentavis-friday-named-gatorade-athlete-of-the-year |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711164116/http://www.usatodayhss.com/article/trentavis-friday-named-gatorade-athlete-of-the-year |archive-date=July 11, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |publisher=[[Gannett|Gannett Co., Inc.]] |via=usatodayhss.com}}</ref> |Cherryville, NC |Florida State |- |2015 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Michael|Norman}} | rowspan="2" |Murrieta, CA | rowspan="2" |USC |- |2016 |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Armand|Duplantis}} |Lafayette, LA |LSU<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mondo Duplantis Bio |url=http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=211685600&DB_OEM_ID=5200 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051514/http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=211685600&DB_OEM_ID=5200 |archive-date=January 1, 2019 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=LSUsports.net |language=en}}</ref> |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Anthony|Schwartz}} |[[Shuka, Florida|Plantation, FL]] |Auburn |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Matthew|Boling}} |[[Houston|Houston, TX]] |Georgia |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Nico|Young}} |Newbury Park, CA |Northern Arizona |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Hobbs|Kessler}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Northern Arizona |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Cade|Flatt}} |Benton, KY |Ole Miss |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Issam|Asinga}} |Montverde, FL |Texas A&amp;amp;M |- |2024 |Christian Miller |Saint Johns, FL |Georgia |- |2025 |Tate Taylor |San Antonio, TX | |- |2026 |Zacchaeus Brocks |Novi, MI |Ohio State |} | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Female Track and Field Athlete of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Yolanda|Johnson}} |[[Denver|Denver, CO]] |Colorado |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Janeene|Vickers}} |Pomona, CA |UCLA |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Chryste|Gaines}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |Stanford |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Angela|Burnham}} |Oxnard, CA |UCLA |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Melissa|Weis}} |Bakersfield, CA |Cal St.-Bakersfield |- |1991 | rowspan="3" |{{Sortname|Marion|Jones}} |Oxnard, CA | rowspan="3" |North Carolina (track and basketball) |- |1992 | rowspan="2" |Thousand Oaks, CA |- |1993 |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Suzy|Powell}} |[[Modesto|Modesto, CA]] |UCLA |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Joanna|Hayes}} |Riverside, CA |UCLA |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Kim|Mortensen}} |Thousand Oaks, CA |UCLA |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Kinshasa|Davis}} |Carson, CA |USC |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Angela|Williams}} |Chino, CA |USC |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Stacy|Martin}} |Ellettsville, IN |Auburn |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Monique|Henderson}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] |UCLA |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Ychlindria|Spears}} |Luling, TX |Texas |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Sanya|Richards|Sanya Richards-Ross}} |Fort Lauderdale, FL |Texas |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Allyson|Felix}} |North Hills, CA |USC |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Shalonda|Solomon}} |Inglewood, CA |South Carolina |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Brittany|Daniels}} |Tracy, CA |Tennessee |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Bianca|Knight}} |Ridgeland, MS |Texas |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Emily|Pendleton}} |Lindsey, OH |Michigan |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chanelle|Price}} |Easton, PA |Tennessee |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Anna|Jelmini}} |Shafter, CA |Arizona State |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Ashton|Purvis}} |Oakland, CA |Miami (FL) |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Amy|Weissenbach}} |Studio City, CA |Stanford |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Shelbi|Vaughan}} |Mansfield, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Kendell|Williams}} |Marietta, GA |Georgia |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Raven|Saunders}} |Charleston, SC |Southern Illinois |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Candace|Hill}} |Conyers, GA |Did not attend |- |2016 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Sydney|McLaughlin}} | rowspan="2" |Dunellen, NJ | rowspan="2" |Kentucky |- |2017 |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Katelyn|Tuohy}} |Thiells, NY |NC State |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Jasmine|Moore}} |[[Lane Ridge High School|Mansfield, TX]] |Georgia |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Taylor|Ewert}} |Beavercreek, OH |Arkansas |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Sydney|Thorvaldson}} |Rawlins, WY |Arkansas |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Juliette|Whittaker}} |Catonsville, MD |Stanford |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Angelina|Napoleon}} |Allegany, NY |NC State |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Sadie|Engelhardt}} |Ventura, CA |NC State |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Jane|Hedengren}} |Provo, UT |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Melanie|Doggett}} |Fairburn, GA | |} |} [[Fayil:Kerri_Walsh_at_24_Hour_Fitness_9-10-08_1.JPG|right|thumb|Kerri Walsh ita ce ta farko da ta lashe kyautar.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Kerri|Walsh|Kerri Walsh Jennings}} |San Jose, CA |Stanford |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Denise|Boylan}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denise Boylan Bio :: Notre Dame Women's Volleyball :: UND.COM :: The Official Site of ND Athletics |url=http://und.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/boylan_denise00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601194155/http://und.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/boylan_denise00.html |archive-date=June 1, 2008 |access-date=October 17, 2008 |website=cstv.com}}</ref> |Rubuce-rubuce, IL |Uwargidanmu |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Sara|Sandrik}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Bio: Sara Sandrik :: Women's Volleyball |url=http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/sandrik_sara00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204021615/http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/sandrik_sara00.html |archive-date=February 4, 2007 |website=Stanford University Official Athletic Site |via=gostanford.cstv.com}}</ref> |Alkawari, AL |Stanford |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Logan|Tom}} |Salt Lake City, UT |Stanford |- |2000 |{{Sortname|April|Ross}} |Newport Beach, CA |USC |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Ogonna|Nnamani}} |Bloomington, IL |Stanford |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Bre|Ladd}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Bio: Bre Ladd |url=http://www.arizonaathletics.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/ladd_bre00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529151620/http://www.arizonaathletics.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/ladd_bre00.html |archive-date=2009-05-29 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref> |Tucson, AZ |Arizona |- |2003 |Kristin Richards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristin Richards Profile |url=http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/richards_kristin00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224074230/http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/richards_kristin00.html |archive-date=December 24, 2008 |website=Stanford University Official Athletic Site |via=gostanford.cstv.com}}</ref> |Orem, UT |Stanford |- |2004 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Cynthia|Barboza}} | rowspan="2" |Long Beach, CA | rowspan="2" |Stanford |- |2005 |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Megan|Hodge}} |Durham, NC |Jihar Penn |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Alix|Klineman}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alix Klineman Profile |url=http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/klineman_alix00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221062522/http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/klineman_alix00.html |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |website=Stanford University Official Athletic Site |via=gostanford.cstv.com}}</ref> |Manhattan Beach, CA |Stanford |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Kelly|Murphy}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kelly Murphy |url=http://gatorzone.com/volleyball/bios.php?year=2008&player_id=21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223195620/http://gatorzone.com/volleyball/bios.php?year=2008&player_id=21 |archive-date=February 23, 2014 |website=GatorZone.com}}</ref> |Wilmington, IL |Florida |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Gina|Mancuso}} |Papillion, NE |Nebraska |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Ashley|Wittman}} |Shakopee, MN |Minnesota |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Krista|Vansant}} |Redlands, CA |Washington |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Burgess}} |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa, FL]] |Stanford |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Lauren|Carlini}} |Aurora, IL |Wisconsin |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Alexa|Filley}} |Louisville, KY |Auburn |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Mikaela|Foecke}} |Yammacin Yammacin |Nebraska |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Khalia|Lanier|}} |[[Phoenix|Phoenix, AZ]] |USC |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Lexi|Sun}} |[[Solana Beach, California|Kogin Solana, CA]] |Texas / Nebraska |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Thayer|Hall}} |Roebuck, SC |Florida |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Ellie|Holzman}} |[[New Orleans|New Orleans, LA]] |Illinois |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jess|Mruzik}} |Livonia, MI |Jihar Michigan / PennJihar Penn |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Ally|Batenhorst}} |[[Katy, Texas|Katy, TX]] |Nebraska/USC |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Averi|Carlson}} |Luka, TX |Baylor/Texas/SMU<br /> |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Harper|Murray}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Nebraska |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Ayden|Ames}} |Mai wadata, TX |Texas / Creighton |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Campbell|Flynn}} |Farmington, MI |Nebraska |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Sophee|Peterson}} |Kungiyar Trophy, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M |} == Wadanda suka ci nasara a jihar == Dubi [bayanin kula da 3]{{NoteTag|For the official list of state winners (including D.C.) from 1985 to the present, see<ref name=State/>}} == Dubi kuma == * Wendy's High School Heisman (ɗalibai-masu wasa a wasanni daban-daban) * Gidan shahararren makarantar sakandare ta kasa * Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award * Mr. Basketball USA * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kwando na makarantar sakandare na Amurka na shekara * Jerin kyaututtuka na wasanni don girmama mata == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} * {{Official website}} r72eruum9oo1tr8e5l68ct64t2u9gaw 915030 915028 2026-09-02T17:14:05Z Gwanki 3834 915030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ana ba da '''Kyautar Gatorade Player of the Year''' a kowace shekara ga ɗaliban makarantar sakandare masu zuwa a Amurka.<ref name="History">{{Cite web |title=A History of Honoring the Future |url=http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171115000109/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about |archive-date=November 15, 2017 |access-date=July 11, 2019 |website=Gatorade Player of the Year |publisher=Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gatorade Player of the Year Award |url=http://rise.espn.go.com/all-sports/Gatorade/Gatorade-POY-2010-2011.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111031083943/http://rise.espn.go.com/all-sports/Gatorade/Gatorade-POY-2010-2011.aspx |archive-date=October 31, 2011 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |website=ESPN High School SPORTS |publisher=[[ESPN]]}}</ref> Ana ba da su don wasan Kwallon ƙafa na yara maza, ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] na yara maza da mata, ƙwallaye na yara maza na yara maza. ƙwallon ƙwallon yara maza da na mata, ƙwararrun yara maza da 'yan mata, ƙwallo na mata, da ƙwallon volleyball na mata.<ref name="History" /> Ana ba da kyautar "Mai kunnawa na Jiha na Shekara" ga mafi kyawun ɗalibi-mai wasa a kowane ɗayan wasanni goma sha biyu a cikin [[Washington, D.C.|Gundumar Columbia]] da kowane ɗayan [[Jihohin Tarayyar Amurka|jihohin]] hamsin, inda aka gane kowane wasa a matsayin wasanni na interscholastic.<ref name="State">{{Cite web |title=Gatorade State High School Players of the Year |url=http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/state |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331063713/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/state |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Gatorade Player of the Year |publisher=Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.}}</ref> Zaɓin ya dogara ne akan ƙa'idodi uku: nasarar Wasanni, ƙwarewar ilimi, da kuma halin misali (ciki har da wasan kwaikwayo, da shiga cikin al'umma da sauran ayyukan). <ref name="State" /> Ana ba da kyaututtuka goma sha biyu na "Mai kunnawa na Kasa na Shekara" ga mafi kyawun ɗaliban-masu wasa a kowane ɗayan wasanni goma sha biyu, waɗanda aka zaba daga masu cin nasara a cikin wasanni.<ref name="nationalwinners">{{Cite web |title=Gatorade Player of the Year All-Time National Winners |url=http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/national |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190331015449/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/winner/national |archive-date=March 31, 2019 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |website=Gatorade Player of the Year |publisher=Stokely-Van Camp, Inc.}}</ref> A ƙarshe, an zaɓi ɗan wasa na shekara guda ɗaya da ɗan wasa na mace ɗaya na shekara daga cikin masu karɓar ɗan wasa na ƙasa goma sha biyu na shekara. Wadanda suka ci nasara biyu an zabe su ne ta hanyar kwamitin kasa tare da kimanin 'yan jarida 400, masu horar da su, da sauransu.<ref name="State" /> A cikin 2025, 'yan wasa biyu na shekara, Cameron Boozer da Jane Hedengren, sun sami lambobin yabo a wani bikin na musamman kafin Kyautar ESPY.<ref name="State" /> Kamfanin Gatorade ya kafa lambobin yabo a shekarar 1986. ESPN RISE, ƙungiyar ESPN don wasanni na makarantar sakandare ce ke gudanar da tsarin zaɓe. A halin yanzu kwamitin zabin Gatorade Player of the Year ne ke gudanar da tsarin zabin. Wadanda suka lashe gasar a baya sun hada da Peyton Manning da Emmitt Smith don kwallon kafa, [[LeBron James]] da Kobe Bryant don kwando, [[Allyson Felix]] don waƙa da filin, da Kerri Walsh don volleyball. == 'Yan wasa na Shekara == Kyaututtuka sun hada da:{{NoteTag|For biographical sketches of the current winners, see:<ref name=Athlete>{{cite web | url = http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about#aoy | title = Gatorade Athlete of the Year | work = Gatorade Player of the Year | publisher = Stokely-Van Camp, Inc. | access-date = July 11, 2019 | archive-date = November 15, 2017 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20171115000109/http://playeroftheyear.gatorade.com/about#aoy | url-status = dead }}</ref>}} {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan Namiji na Shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2003 |{{Sortname|LeBron|James}} |Kwallon kwando |Akron, OH |Babu |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Dwight|Howard}} |Kwallon kwando |[[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA]] |Babu |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Greg|Paulus}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Syracuse, NY |Duke (kwallon kwando), Syracuse (kwallon ƙafa) <br /> |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Greg|Oden}} |Kwallon kwando |Yankin Indiyawan |Jihar Ohio |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Kevin|Love}} |Kwallon kwando |Tafkin Oswego, OR |UCLA |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Matt|Barkley}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Santa Ana, CA |USC |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Garrett|Gilbert}} |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Austin|Austin, TX]] |Texas |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Brandon|Knight}} |Kwallon kwando |Fort Lauderdale, FL |Kentucky |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Dylan|Bundy}} |Kwallon Baseball |Owasso, OK |Babu |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Johnathan|Gray}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Aledo, TX |Texas |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Wiggins}} |Kwallon kwando |Thornhill, ON, [[Kanada]] |Kansas |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Karl-Anthony|Towns}} |Kwallon kwando |Metuchen, NJ |Kentucky |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Kyler|Murray}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Allen, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M / Oklahoma |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Jayson|Tatum}} |Kwallon kwando |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Duke |- |2017 |{{Sortname|MacKenzie|Gore}} |Kwallon Baseball |Wishivet, NC |Babu |- |2018 |{{Sortname|J. T.|Daniels}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Santa Ana, CA |USC / Georgia / West Virginia / RiceShinkafa |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Bobby|Witt Jr.}} |Kwallon Baseball |Colleyville, TX |Babu |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Arik|Gilbert}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Marietta, GA |LSU / Georgia |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Colin|Sahlman}}<ref>{{Cite web |last=ESPN News Services |date=July 19, 2022 |title=Kiki Rice (girls basketball), Colin Sahlman (cross country) named national prep athletes of year |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/34270038/kiki-rice-girls-basketball-colin-sahlman-cross-country-named-national-prep-athletes-year |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=ESPN}}</ref> |Ƙasar ƙetare |Newbury Park, CA |NAU |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Max|Clark}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2023 |title=Max Clark, Ava Brown named high school players of the year |url=https://www.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/37997239/max-clark-ava-brown-named-high-school-players-year |access-date=January 13, 2024 |website=ESPN |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> |Kwallon Baseball |Franklin, IN |Babu |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Cooper|Flagg}} |Kwallon kwando |Newport, ME |Duke |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Cameron|Boozer}} |Kwallon kwando |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Duke |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Grady|Emerson}} |Kwallon Baseball |[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth, TX]] |TBA |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+'Yar wasa ta Mata ta Shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Allyson|Felix}} |Hanya da filin |Arewacin Hills, CA |USC |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Candace|Parker}} |Kwallon kwando |Naperville, IL |Tennessee |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Cynthia|Barboza}} |Kwallon volleyball |Long Beach, CA |Stanford |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Tina|Charles}} |Kwallon kwando |Tsakiyar ƙauye, NY |UConn |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Maya|Moore}} |Kwallon kwando |Lawrenceville, GA |UConn |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chanelle|Price}} |Hanya da filin |Easton, PA |Tennessee |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Skylar|Diggins|Skylar Diggins-Smith}} |Kwallon kwando |Kudancin Bend, IN |Uwargidanmu |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Chiney|Ogwumike}} |Kwallon kwando |Cypress, TX |Stanford |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Morgan|Brian}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Tsibirin St. Simons, GA |Virginia |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Breanna|Stewart}} |Kwallon kwando |Arewacin Syracuse, NY |UConn |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Morgan|Andrews}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Milford, NH |Uwargidanmu |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Brianna|Turner}} |Kwallon kwando |Manvel, TX |Uwargidanmu |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Candace|Hill}} |Hanya da filin |Conyers, GA |Babu |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Sydney|McLaughlin}} |Hanya da filin |Filin Scotch, NJ |Kentucky |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Sydney|McLaughlin}} |Hanya da filin |Filin Scotch, NJ |Kentucky |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Katelyn|Tuohy}} |Ƙetare ƙasa, waƙa & filin<br /> |Thiels, NY |Jihar NC |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Kelley|Lynch}}<ref name="2019AOY" /> |Kwallon ƙafa |Sharpsburg, GA |Washington |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Paige|Bueckers}} |Kwallon kwando |Minnetonka, MN |UConn |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Kiki|Rice}} |Kwallon kwando |Bethesda, Maryland |UCLA |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Ava|Brown}} |Kwallon ƙafa |Montgomery, TX |Florida |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Sadie|Engelhardt}} |Hanya da filin |Ventura, CA |Jihar NC |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Jane|Hedengren}} |Hanya da filin |Halin da ya dace |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Maddie|DiMaria}} |Kwallon ƙafa |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Arewacin Carolina |} |} == Wadanda suka lashe wasanni na kasa == Kyaututtuka sun hada da:{{NoteTag|For the official list of winners (1985–present), see<ref name=nationalwinners />}} === Kwallon Baseball === [[Fayil:Gary_Sheffield_-_El_Paso_Diablos_-_1988.jpg|right|thumb|Gary Sheffield shine wanda ya lashe kyautar na farko.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Gary|Sheffield}} |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa, FL]] | rowspan="6" |Bai halarci ba |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Willie|Banks}} |Birnin Jersey, NJ |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Mark|Lewis}} |Hamilton, OH |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Jeff|Jackson}} |[[Chicago|Birnin Chicago, IL]] |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Todd|Van Poppel}} |Arlington, TX |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Brian|Barber}} |Orlando, FL |- |1992 |{{Sortname|A. J.|Hinch}} |Birnin Tsakiyar Yamma, OK |Stanford |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Alex|Rodriguez}} |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Bai halarci ba |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Doug|Million}} |[[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota, FL]] |Miami |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Chad|Hutchinson}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] |Stanford (ƙwallon ƙafa) |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Matt|White}} |Waynesboro, PA | rowspan="2" |Bai halarci ba |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Darnell|McDonald}} |Englewood, CO |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Drew|Henson}} |Brighton, MI |Michigan (ƙwallon ƙafa) |- |1999 |{{Sortname|B. J.|Garbe}} |Tafkin Musa, WA | rowspan="16" |Bai halarci ba |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Jason|Stokes}} |Coppell, TX |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Casey|Kotchman}} |Seminole, FL |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Zack|Greinke}} |Apopka, FL |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Chris|Lubanski}} |Kwalejin, PA |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Mark|Rogers}} |Topsham, ni |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Justin|Upton}} |Chesapeake, VA |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Clayton|Kershaw}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Rick|Porcello}} |Yammacin Orange, NJ |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Skipworth}} |Kogin, CA |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Matt|Hobgood}} |Norco, CA |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Kaleb|Cowart}} |Adel, GA |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Dylan|Bundy}} |Owasso, OK |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Lance|McCullers Jr.}} |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa, FL]] |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Clint|Frazier}} |Loganville, GA |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Justus|Sheffield}} |Tullahoma, TN |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Luken|Baker}} |Conroe, TX |TCU |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Muller}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] | rowspan="10" |Bai halarci ba |- |2017 |{{Sortname|MacKenzie|Gore}} |Wishivet, NC |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Ryan|Weathers}} |Loretto, TN |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Bobby|Witt Jr.}} |Colleyville, TX |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jared|Kelley}} |Gidauniyar, TX |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Dylan|Lesko}} |Buford, GA |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Brock|Porter}} |Garin Orchard Lake, MI |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Max|Clark}} |Franklin, IN |- |2024 |Konnor Griffin |Flowood, MS |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Seth|Hernandez}} |Corona, CA |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Grady|Emerson}} |[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth, TX]] |TBA |} === Kwallon kwando === [[Fayil:Kobe_B_Bryant.jpg|right|thumb|Kobe Bryant shine mai nasara na farko da bai buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji ba.]] [[Fayil:Parker5_20171004.jpg|right|thumb|Candace Parker ita ce 'yar wasan mata ta farko da ta lashe kyautar sau da yawa.]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Male Basketball Player of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|J.R.|Reid}} |Virginia Beach, VA |North Carolina |- |1987 |{{Sortname|LaBradford|Smith}} |Bay City, TX |Louisville |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Alonzo|Mourning}} |Chesapeake, VA |Georgetown |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Kenny|Anderson}} |Jamaica, NY |Georgia Tech |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Damon|Bailey}} |Bedford, IN |Indiana |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Chris|Webber}} |[[Detroit|Detroit, MI]] |Michigan |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Corliss|Williamson}} |Russellville, AR |Arkansas |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Randy|Livingston}} |[[New Orleans|New Orleans, LA]] |LSU |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Felipe|López}} |New York, NY |St. John's |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Stephon|Marbury}} |Brooklyn, NY |Georgia Tech |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Kobe|Bryant}} |Ardmore, PA |Did not attend |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Baron|Davis}} |Santa Monica, CA |UCLA |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Al|Harrington}} |Elizabeth, NJ |Did not attend |- |1999 |{{Sortname|LaVell|Blanchard}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Michigan |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Jared|Jeffries}} |Bloomington, IN |Indiana |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Kelvin|Torbert}} |Flint, MI |Michigan State |- |2002 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|LeBron|James}} | rowspan="2" |Akron, OH | rowspan="3" |Did not attend |- |2003 |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Dwight|Howard}} |[[Atlanta|Atlanta, GA]] |- |2005 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Greg|Oden}} | rowspan="2" |Indianapolis, IN | rowspan="2" |Ohio State |- |2006 |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Kevin|Love}} |Lake Oswego, OR | rowspan="2" |UCLA |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Jrue|Holiday}} |North Hollywood, CA |- |2009 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Brandon|Knight}} | rowspan="2" |Fort Lauderdale, FL | rowspan="2" |Kentucky |- |2010 |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Bradley|Beal}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Florida |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Jabari|Parker}} |[[Chicago|Chicago, IL]] |Duke |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Wiggins}} |Thornhill, ON, [[Kanada|Canada]] |Kansas |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Karl-Anthony|Towns}} |Metuchen, NJ |Kentucky |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Ben|Simmons}} |[[Melbourne]], [[Asturaliya|Australia]] |LSU |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Jayson|Tatum}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Duke |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Michael|Porter Jr.}} |Columbia, MO |Missouri |- |2018 |{{Sortname|RJ|Barrett}} |[[Mississauga|Mississauga, ON]], [[Kanada|Canada]] |Duke |- |2019 |{{Sortname|James|Wiseman}} |Nashville, TN |Memphis |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Emoni|Bates}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Memphis / Eastern Michigan |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Chet|Holmgren}} |Minneapolis, MN |Gonzaga |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Gradey|Dick}} |Wichita, KS |Kansas |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Cameron|Boozer}} |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Duke |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Cooper|Flagg}} |Newport, ME |Duke |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Cameron|Boozer}} |[[Miami|Miami, FL]] |Duke |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Smith Jr.}} |Fairfax, VA |Arkansas |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Female Basketball Player of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Susan|Anderson}} |Deming, WA |Texas |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Kris|Durham}} |Scotch Plains, NJ |Seton Hall |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Vicki|Hall}} |Indianapolis, IN |Texas |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Lisa|Harrison}} |Louisville, KY |Tennessee |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Lisa|Leslie}} |Inglewood, CA |USC |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Michelle M.|Marciniak}} |Allentown, PA |Notre Dame / Tennessee |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Katie|Smith}} |Logan, OH |Ohio State |- |1993 |{{Sortname|La'Keshia|Frett}} |Hampton, VA |Georgia |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Monick|Foote}} |Wilmington, DE |Virginia |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Stephanie|White}} |West Lebanon, IN |Purdue |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Jaime|Walz|Jaime Walz Richey}} |Fort Thomas, KY |Western Kentucky |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Nikki|Teasley}} |Frederick, MD |North Carolina |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Tamika|Williams}} |Dayton, OH |UConn |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Nicole|Kaczmarski}} |Middle Island, NY |UCLA |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Shereka|Wright}} |Copperas Cove, TX |Purdue |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Shyra|Ely}} |Indianapolis, IN |Tennessee |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Ann|Strother}} |Highlands Ranch, CO |UConn |- |2003 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Candace|Parker}} | rowspan="2" |Naperville, IL | rowspan="2" |Tennessee |- |2004 |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Abby|Waner}} |Highlands Ranch, CO |Duke |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Tina|Charles}} |Middle Village, NY | rowspan="2" |UConn |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Maya|Moore}} |Lawrenceville, GA |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Nneka|Ogwumike}} |Cypress, TX |Stanford |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Skylar|Diggins|Skylar Diggins-Smith}} |South Bend, IN |Notre Dame |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Chiney|Ogwumike}} |Cypress, TX |Stanford |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Kaleena|Mosqueda-Lewis}} |Santa Ana, CA | rowspan="2" |UConn |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Breanna|Stewart}} |North Syracuse, NY |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Mercedes|Russell}} |Springfield, OR |Tennessee |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Brianna|Turner}} |Manvel, TX |Notre Dame |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Katie Lou|Samuelson}} |Huntington Beach, CA |UConn |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Erin|Boley}} |Hodgenville, KY |Notre Dame / Oregon |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Megan|Walker}} |Richmond, VA | rowspan="4" |UConn |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Christyn|Williams}} |Little Rock, AR |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Azzi|Fudd}} |Arlington, VA |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Paige|Bueckers}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-09 |title=UConn commit Bueckers named Gatorade POY |url=https://www.espn.com/womens-college-basketball/story/_/id/28871873/uconn-commit-paige-bueckers-wins-gatorade-player-year-award |access-date=2020-03-10 |website=ESPN.com |language=en}}</ref> |Minnetonka, MN |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Saniya|Rivers}} |Wilmington, NC |South Carolina |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Kiki|Rice}} |Bethesda, Maryland |UCLA |- |2023 |{{Sortname|JuJu|Watkins}} |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] |USC |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Joyce|Edwards}} |Camden, SC |South Carolina |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Aaliyah|Chavez}} |Lubbock, TX |Oklahoma |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Olivia|Vukoša}} |Whitestone, NY |UConn |} |} {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan Ƙasar Ƙasa na Shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chris|Derrick}} |Naperville, IL |Stanford |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Reed|Connor}} |Yankin daji, TX |Wisconsin |- |2010 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Lukas|Verzbicas}} | rowspan="2" |Gidan shakatawa na Orland, IL | rowspan="2" |Oregon |- |2011 |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Futsum|Zienasellassie}} |Yankin Indiyawan |Arewacin Arizona |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Edward|Cheserek}} |Newark, NJ |Oregon |- |2014 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Grant|Fisher}} | rowspan="2" |Babban Blanc, MI | rowspan="2" |Stanford |- |2015 |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Hunter}} |Purcellville, VA |Oregon |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Casey|Clinger}} |Fork na Amurka, UT |BYU |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Aidan|Troutner}} |Halin da ya dace |BYU |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Liam|Anderson}} |Larkspur, CA |Stanford |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Nico|Young}} |Newbury Park, CA |Arewacin Arizona |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Parker|Wolfe}} |Garin Greenwood, CO |Arewacin Carolina |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Colin|Sahlman}} |Newbury Park, CA |Arewacin Arizona |- |2023 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Daniel|Simmons}} | rowspan="2" |Fork na Amurka, UT | rowspan="2" |BYU |- |2024 |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Charlie|Vause}} |Kogin Rancho, NM |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Jackson|Spencer}} |Herriman, UT |BYU |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Mata 'Yar wasa ta kasa ta shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Ashley|Brasovan}} |Wellington, FL |Duke |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Hasay}} |San Luis Obispo, CA |Oregon |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Megan|Goethals}} |Rochester Hills, MI |Washington |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Aisling|Cuffe}} |Cornwall, NY |Stanford |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Molly|Seidel}} |Hartland, WI |Uwargidanmu |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Sara|Baxter}} |Simi Valley, CA |Oregon |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Alexa|Efraimson}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2014 |title=Alexa Efraimson named Gatorade National Girls XC Runner of the Year |url=http://www.usatodayhss.com/article/alexa-efraimson-named-gatorade-national-girls-xc-runner-of-the-year-2013-14 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |publisher=[[Gannett|Gannett Co., Inc.]] |via=usatodayhss.com}}</ref> |Gidajen, WA | |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Anna|Rohrer}} |Mishawaka, IN |Uwargidanmu |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Katie|Rainsberger}} |Colorado Springs, CO |Oregon |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Brie|Oakley}} |Aurora, CO |California |- |2018 | rowspan="3" |{{Sortname|Katelyn|Tuohy}} | rowspan="3" |Thiells, NY | rowspan="3" |Jihar NC |- |2019 |- |2020 |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Sydney|Thorvaldson}} |Rawlins, WY |Arkansas |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Natalie|Cook}} |Fure Dutsen, TX |Jihar Oklahoma |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Irene|Riggs}} |Morgantown, WV |Stanford |- |2024 |[[Addison Ritzenhein]] |Niwot, CO |NAU |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Jane|Hedengren}} |Halin da ya dace |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Natasza|Dudek}} |Ann Arbor, MI | |} |} === Kwallon ƙafa === [[Fayil:Joe_Mauer_(2677886206)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Joe Mauer shine mai nasara na farko da bai buga kwallon kafa ba ko kuma sana'a.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Jeff|George}} |Yankin Indiyawan |Purdue / Illinois |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Emmitt|Smith}} |Pensacola, FL |Florida |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Curtis|Bray}} |Monroeville, PA |Pittsburgh |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Terry|Kirby}} |Tabb, VA |Virginia |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Robert|Smith}} |Euclid, OH |Jihar Ohio |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Marquette|Smith}} |Gidan shakatawa na hunturu, FL |Jihar Florida / Tsakiyar Florida |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Chris|Walsh}} |St. Paul, MN |Miami (FL) / Minnesota |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Ron|Powlus}} |Berwick, PA |Uwargidanmu |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Peyton|Manning}} |[[New Orleans|New Orleans, LA]] |Tennessee |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Brock|Huard}} |Puyallup, WA |Washington |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Tim|Couch}} |Hyden, KY |Kentucky |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Travis|Minor}} |Red Baton, LA |Jihar Florida |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Ronald|Curry}} |Hampton, VA |Arewacin Carolina (ƙwallon ƙafa da Kwando) |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Chris|Lewis}} |Long Beach, CA |Stanford |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Brock|Berlin}} |Shreveport, LA |Florida / Miami (FL) |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Joe|Mauer}} |St. Paul, MN |Bai halarci ba |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Lorenzo|Booker}} |Oxnard, CA |Jihar Florida |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Wright}} |Danville, CA |Miami (FL) |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Jeff|Byers}} |Fort Collins, CO |USC |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Greg|Paulus}} |Syracuse, NY |Duke (kwallon kwando) / Syracuse |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Mitch|Mustain}} |Springdale, AR |Arkansas / USC |- |2007 |{{Sortname|John|Brantley}} |Ocala, FL |Florida |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Matt|Barkley}} |Santa Ana, CA |USC |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Garrett|Gilbert}} |[[Austin|Austin, TX]] |Texas / SMU |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Malcolm|Jones}} |Garin Westlake, CA |UCLA |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Justin|Worley}} |Rock Hill, SC |Tennessee |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Johnathan|Gray}} |Aledo, TX |Texas |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Max|Browne}} |Sammamish, WA |USC / Pittsburgh |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Andrew|Brown}} |Chesapeake, VA |Virginia |- |2015 |Kyler Murray |Allen, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M / Oklahoma |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Jacob|Eason}} |Tafkin Stevens, WA |Georgia / Washington |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Tate|Martell}} |[[Las Vegas|Las Vegas, NV]] |Jihar Ohio / Miami (FL) / UNLV |- |2018 |{{Sortname|J. T.|Daniels}} |Santa Ana, CA |USC / Georgia / West Virginia / RiceShinkafa |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Jake|Smith}} |Scottsdale, AZ |Texas / USC / Jihar Arizona |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Arik|Gilbert}} |Marietta, GA |LSU / Georgia / Nebraska / Jihar Savannah |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Jaxson|Dart}} |Rarraba, UT |USC / Ole Miss |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Nick|Singleton}} |Shillington, PA |Jihar Penn |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Jackson|Arnold}} |[[Denton, Texas|Denton, TX]] |Oklahoma / Auburn / UNLV |- |2024 |DJ Lagway |Willis, TX |Florida / Baylor |- |2025 |Keelon Russell |Duncanville, TX |Alabama |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Jackson|Cantwell}} |Nixa, MO |Miami (FL) |} === Kwallon ƙafa === [[Fayil:Morgan_Andrews_071517_02_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Morgan Andrews shine dan wasa na farko da ya lashe kyautar sau da yawa.]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan kwallon kafa na shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Kevin|Hundelt}} |Hazelwood, MO |SIU Edwardsville |- |1987 |{{Sortname|John|Gwin}} |Itace, ID |Duke |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Lyle|Yorks}} |Storrs, CT |Virginia |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Chris|Henderson}} |Everett, WA |UCLA |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Todd|Haskins}} |Birnin Ellicott, MD |Arewacin Carolina |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Claudio|Reyna}} |Newark, NJ |Virginia |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Matt|McKeon}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Saint Louis |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Mike|Fisher}} |Batavia, IL |Virginia |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Andriy|Shapowal}} |Cutar baƙin ciki, OH |Virginia |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Pierre|Venditti}} |Milford, CT |Maryland |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Andy|Kirk}} |Milwaukee, WI |Maryland |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Nick|Garcia}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |Indiya |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Nick|Downing}} |Redmond, WA |Maryland |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Kyle|Martino}} |Yankin Westport, CT |Virginia |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Alecko|Eskandarian}} |Oradell, NJ |Virginia |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Ned|Grabavoy}} |Sabon Lenox, IL |Indiya |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Harvey}} |Ofishin Jakadancin Tsohon, CA |UCLA |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Greg|Dalby}} |Poway, CA |Uwargidanmu |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Patrick|Phelan|Pat Phelan (soccer)}} |Wilbraham, MA |Dajin farkawa |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Lee|Nguyen}} |[[Plano, Texas|Shirin, TX]] |Indiya |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Eric|Alexander}} |Ɗauki, MI |Indiya |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Brayan|Martinez}} |Yammacin Orange, NJ |Seton Hall |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chris|Agorsor}} |Severn, MD |Virginia |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Dillon|Powers}} |[[Plano, Texas|Shirin, TX]] |Uwargidanmu |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Soony|Saad}} |Dearborn, MI |Michigan |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Luis|Rendon}} |Midlothian, VA |Duke |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Ema|Boateng|Emmanuel Boateng (footballer, born 1994)}} |[[Accra]], [[Ghana]] |UC Santa Barbara |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Cristian|Roldan}} |Pico Rivera, CA |Washington |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Abu|Danladi}} |Takoradi, [[Ghana]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=UCLABruins.com - UCLA Athletics |url=http://www.uclabruins.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=209538490 |website=www.uclabruins.com}}</ref> |UCLA |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Jack|Harrison}} |[[Bolton]], [[Ingila]] |Dajin farkawa |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Lucas|Mendes}} |Arlington, VA |Virginia |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Umar Farouk|Osman}} |[[Tamale, Ghana]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ghanaian teen Farouk Osman voted Gatorade National Boys Soccer Player of the Year for third time |url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ghanaian-teen-farouk-osman-voted-gatorade-national-boys-soccer-player-of-the-year-for-third-time |website=social_image}}</ref> |Michigan |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Ousseni|Bouda}} |Millbrook, NY |Stanford |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Omar|Hernandez}} |Dalton, GA |Dajin farkawa |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jony|Muñoz}} |Olathe, KS |Liberty / UMKC / Jami'ar Nazarene ta MidAmerica |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Bryce|Boneau}} |Keller, TX |Uwargidanmu |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Jacob|Murrell}} |Baltimore, MD |Georgetown |- |2023 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Ransford|Gyan}} | rowspan="2" |Newark, NJ | rowspan="2" |Clemson |- |2024 |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Dan|Klink}} |Monkton, MD |Arewacin Carolina |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Marcus|Jackson}} |Yammacin Orange, NJ |UCLA |} | | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Dan wasan kwallon kafa na mata na shekara !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Aly|Wagner}} |San Jose, CA |Santa Clara |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Christie|Welsh}} |Masapequa, NY |Jihar Penn |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Aleisha|Cramer}} |Lakewood, CO |BYU |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Mary|McDowell}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mary McDowell Profile |url=http://tarheelblue.cstv.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/mcdowell_mary00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090604104830/http://tarheelblue.cstv.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/mcdowell_mary00.html |archive-date=June 4, 2009 |website=North Carolina Official Athletic Site - Women's Soccer |via=tarheelblue.cstv.com}}</ref> |Lakewood, CO |Arewacin Carolina |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Jill|Oakes}} |Yammacin tsaunuka, CA |UCLA |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Heather|O'Reilly||Oreilly}} |Gabashin Brunswick, NJ |Arewacin Carolina |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Ashlyn|Harris}} |Satellite Beach, FL |Arewacin Carolina |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Amy|Rodriguez}} |Rancho Santa Margarita, CA |USC |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Lauren|Cheney|Lauren Holiday}} |Yankin Indiyawan |UCLA |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Melissa|Henderson}} |[[Garland, Texas|Garland, TX]] |Uwargidanmu |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Teresa|Noyola}} |Palo Alto, CA |Stanford |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Rachel|Quon}} |Dajin Tafkin, IL |Stanford |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Mollie|Pathman}} |Durham, NC |Duke |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Morgan|Brian}} |Tsibirin St. Simons, GA |Virginia |- |2012 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Morgan|Andrews}} | rowspan="2" |Milford, NH | rowspan="2" |Uwargidanmu |- |2013 |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Katie|Cousins}} |Dajin, VA |Tennessee |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Mallory|Pugh}} |Highlands Ranch, CO |UCLA |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Ella|Stevens}} |Loganville, GA |Duke |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Kennedy|Wesley}} |Cerritos, CA |Stanford |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Izzy|D'Aquila}} |San Juan Capistrano, CA |Santa Clara |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Sophia|Jones}} |Atherton, CA |Duke |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Emily|Mason}} |Flemington, NJ |Rutgers |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Alyssa|Thompson}} |Birnin Studio, CA |Bai halarci ba |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Riley|Jackson}} |Roswell, GA |Bai halarci ba |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Kennedy|Fuller}} |[Hasiya] |Bai halarci ba |- |2024 |Maddie DiMaria |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Arewacin Carolina |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Addison|Halpern}} |Somerset, NJ |Virginia |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Maddie|DiMaria}} |[[St. Louis|St. Louis, MO]] |Arewacin Carolina |- |} |} === Kwallon ƙafa === {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Amanda|Freed}} |Cypress, CA |UCLA |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Maureen|LeCocq}} |Yammacin tsaunuka, CA |Stanford |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Tia|Bollinger}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Bio: Tia Bollinger :: Softball |url=http://gohuskies.cstv.com/sports/w-softbl/mtt/bollinger_tia00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504163707/http://gohuskies.cstv.com/sports/w-softbl/mtt/bollinger_tia00.html |archive-date=May 4, 2008 |website=Official Athletic Website of the University of Washington |via=gohuskies.cstv.com}}</ref> |Santa Ana, CA |Washington |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Cat|Osterman}} |Cypress, TX |Texas |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Alicia|Hollowell}} |Fairfield, CA |Arizona |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Lisa|Dodd}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] | rowspan="2" |UCLA |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Anjelica|Selden}} |Fairfield, CA |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Dani|Hofer}} |Palm Harbor, FL |LSU |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Kirsten|Shortridge}} |Keller, TX |Baylor |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Ashley|Brignac}} |Kogin Ridge, LA |Louisiana-Lafayette |- |2008 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Kenzie|Fowler}} | rowspan="2" |Kwarin Oro, AZ | rowspan="2" |Arizona |- |2009 |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Kasey|Fagan}} |Dunnellon, FL |Florida/Arkansas |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Paige|McDuffee}} |Yankin daji, TX |UCLA |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Geri Ann|Glasco}} |Watkinsville, GA |Georgia/Oregon |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Carley|Hoover}} |Tsakiya, SC |Stanford / LSU |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Taylor|McQuillin}} |Ofishin Jakadancin Tsohon, CA |Arizona |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Rachel|Garcia}} |Palmdale, CA | rowspan="2" |UCLA |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Bubba|Nickles}} |Ka yi farin ciki, CA |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Taylor|Dockins}} |Norco, CA |Jihar Cal Fullerton |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Megan|Faraimo}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] |UCLA |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Kelley|Lynch}} |Sharpsburg, GA |Washington |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jayda|Coleman}} |Ƙasar, TX | rowspan="2" |Oklahoma |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Jordy|Bahl|Jordy Frahm}} |Papillion, NE |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Keagan|Rothrock}} |Yankin Indiyawan | rowspan="2" |Florida |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Ava|Brown}} |Montgomery, TX |- |2024 |[[Addisen Fisher]] |Ku yi la'akari da Kuɗauka |UCLA |- |2025 |[[Hannah Wells (softball)|Hannah Wells]] |Coahoma, TX |Texas |- |2026 |[[Caroline Stanton]] |Buford, GA |Florida |} [[Fayil:Marion_Jones_12_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|[[Marion Jones]] ita ce ta farko da ta lashe kyautar sau uku a kowane wasa.]] {| |- valign="top" | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Male Track and Field Athlete of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Eric|Mastalir}} |Carmichael, CA |Stanford |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Kamy|Keshmiri}} |Reno, NV |Nevada |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Art|Skipper}} |Sandy, OR |Oregon |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Dion|Bentley}} |Pittsburgh, PA |Florida |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Brent|Noon}} |Fallbrook, CA |Georgia |- |1991 |{{Sortname|Bryan|Bronson}} |Jasper, TX |Rice |- |1992 |{{Sortname|Sheddric|Fields}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |Houston |- |1993 |{{Sortname|Charles|Mitchell}} |Waco, TX |Mississippi State |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Andre|Scott}} |Sanford, FL |Auburn |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Michael|Stember}} |Sacramento, CA |Stanford |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Michael|Granville}} |Bell Gardens, CA |UCLA |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Sharif|Karie}} |Springfield, VA |Arkansas |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Jon|Stevens}} |Fremont, CA |Stanford |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Jake|Freeman}} |Warwick, RI |Manhattan |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Donald|Sage}} |Elmhurst, IL |Stanford |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Alan|Webb}} |Reston, VA |Michigan |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Brendan|Christian}} |[[Austin|Austin, TX]] |Houston |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Kerron|Clement}} |LaPorte, TX |Florida |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Jason|Richardson}} |Cedar Hill, TX |South Carolina |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Ryan|Whiting}} |Harrisburg, PA |Arizona State |- |2006 |{{Sortname|David|Klech}} |San Ramon, CA |Oregon |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Bryshon|Nellum}} |[[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, CA]] |USC |- |2008 |{{Sortname|German|Fernandez}} |Riverbank, CA |Oklahoma State |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Curtis|Beach}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=June–July 2009 |title=Curtis Beach NM Wins National Gatorade Track and Field Boys Athlete of the Year Award |url=http://archive.dyestat.com/?pg=us2009-Outdoor-Gatorade-Athletes-of-the-Year-National-Boys |access-date=2010-08-31 |publisher=DyeStat (ESPN RISE)}}</ref> |Albuquerque, NM |Duke |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Sam|Crouser}} |Gresham, OR |Oregon |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Gunnar|Nixon}} |Edmond, OK |Arkansas |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Abraham|Hall}} |Grand Prairie, TX |Army |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Trayvon|Bromell}} |St. Petersburg, FL |Baylor |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Trentavis|Friday}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 30, 2014 |title=Trentavis Friday named Gatorade Athlete of the Year |url=http://www.usatodayhss.com/article/trentavis-friday-named-gatorade-athlete-of-the-year |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711164116/http://www.usatodayhss.com/article/trentavis-friday-named-gatorade-athlete-of-the-year |archive-date=July 11, 2014 |access-date=July 12, 2019 |publisher=[[Gannett|Gannett Co., Inc.]] |via=usatodayhss.com}}</ref> |Cherryville, NC |Florida State |- |2015 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Michael|Norman}} | rowspan="2" |Murrieta, CA | rowspan="2" |USC |- |2016 |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Armand|Duplantis}} |Lafayette, LA |LSU<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mondo Duplantis Bio |url=http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=211685600&DB_OEM_ID=5200 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190101051514/http://www.lsusports.net/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=211685600&DB_OEM_ID=5200 |archive-date=January 1, 2019 |access-date=2018-12-31 |website=LSUsports.net |language=en}}</ref> |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Anthony|Schwartz}} |[[Shuka, Florida|Plantation, FL]] |Auburn |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Matthew|Boling}} |[[Houston|Houston, TX]] |Georgia |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Nico|Young}} |Newbury Park, CA |Northern Arizona |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Hobbs|Kessler}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Northern Arizona |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Cade|Flatt}} |Benton, KY |Ole Miss |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Issam|Asinga}} |Montverde, FL |Texas A&amp;amp;M |- |2024 |Christian Miller |Saint Johns, FL |Georgia |- |2025 |Tate Taylor |San Antonio, TX | |- |2026 |Zacchaeus Brocks |Novi, MI |Ohio State |} | {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Female Track and Field Athlete of the Year !Year !Winner !Hometown !College |- |1986 |{{Sortname|Yolanda|Johnson}} |[[Denver|Denver, CO]] |Colorado |- |1987 |{{Sortname|Janeene|Vickers}} |Pomona, CA |UCLA |- |1988 |{{Sortname|Chryste|Gaines}} |[[Dallas|Dallas, TX]] |Stanford |- |1989 |{{Sortname|Angela|Burnham}} |Oxnard, CA |UCLA |- |1990 |{{Sortname|Melissa|Weis}} |Bakersfield, CA |Cal St.-Bakersfield |- |1991 | rowspan="3" |{{Sortname|Marion|Jones}} |Oxnard, CA | rowspan="3" |North Carolina (track and basketball) |- |1992 | rowspan="2" |Thousand Oaks, CA |- |1993 |- |1994 |{{Sortname|Suzy|Powell}} |[[Modesto|Modesto, CA]] |UCLA |- |1995 |{{Sortname|Joanna|Hayes}} |Riverside, CA |UCLA |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Kim|Mortensen}} |Thousand Oaks, CA |UCLA |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Kinshasa|Davis}} |Carson, CA |USC |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Angela|Williams}} |Chino, CA |USC |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Stacy|Martin}} |Ellettsville, IN |Auburn |- |2000 |{{Sortname|Monique|Henderson}} |[[San Diego|San Diego, CA]] |UCLA |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Ychlindria|Spears}} |Luling, TX |Texas |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Sanya|Richards|Sanya Richards-Ross}} |Fort Lauderdale, FL |Texas |- |2003 |{{Sortname|Allyson|Felix}} |North Hills, CA |USC |- |2004 |{{Sortname|Shalonda|Solomon}} |Inglewood, CA |South Carolina |- |2005 |{{Sortname|Brittany|Daniels}} |Tracy, CA |Tennessee |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Bianca|Knight}} |Ridgeland, MS |Texas |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Emily|Pendleton}} |Lindsey, OH |Michigan |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Chanelle|Price}} |Easton, PA |Tennessee |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Anna|Jelmini}} |Shafter, CA |Arizona State |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Ashton|Purvis}} |Oakland, CA |Miami (FL) |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Amy|Weissenbach}} |Studio City, CA |Stanford |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Shelbi|Vaughan}} |Mansfield, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Kendell|Williams}} |Marietta, GA |Georgia |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Raven|Saunders}} |Charleston, SC |Southern Illinois |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Candace|Hill}} |Conyers, GA |Did not attend |- |2016 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Sydney|McLaughlin}} | rowspan="2" |Dunellen, NJ | rowspan="2" |Kentucky |- |2017 |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Katelyn|Tuohy}} |Thiells, NY |NC State |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Jasmine|Moore}} |[[Lane Ridge High School|Mansfield, TX]] |Georgia |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Taylor|Ewert}} |Beavercreek, OH |Arkansas |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Sydney|Thorvaldson}} |Rawlins, WY |Arkansas |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Juliette|Whittaker}} |Catonsville, MD |Stanford |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Angelina|Napoleon}} |Allegany, NY |NC State |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Sadie|Engelhardt}} |Ventura, CA |NC State |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Jane|Hedengren}} |Provo, UT |BYU |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Melanie|Doggett}} |Fairburn, GA | |} |} [[Fayil:Kerri_Walsh_at_24_Hour_Fitness_9-10-08_1.JPG|right|thumb|Kerri Walsh ita ce ta farko da ta lashe kyautar.]] {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Wanda ya ci nasara !Garin gida !Kwalejin |- |1996 |{{Sortname|Kerri|Walsh|Kerri Walsh Jennings}} |San Jose, CA |Stanford |- |1997 |{{Sortname|Denise|Boylan}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Denise Boylan Bio :: Notre Dame Women's Volleyball :: UND.COM :: The Official Site of ND Athletics |url=http://und.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/boylan_denise00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601194155/http://und.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/boylan_denise00.html |archive-date=June 1, 2008 |access-date=October 17, 2008 |website=cstv.com}}</ref> |Rubuce-rubuce, IL |Uwargidanmu |- |1998 |{{Sortname|Sara|Sandrik}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Bio: Sara Sandrik :: Women's Volleyball |url=http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/sandrik_sara00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070204021615/http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/sandrik_sara00.html |archive-date=February 4, 2007 |website=Stanford University Official Athletic Site |via=gostanford.cstv.com}}</ref> |Alkawari, AL |Stanford |- |1999 |{{Sortname|Logan|Tom}} |Salt Lake City, UT |Stanford |- |2000 |{{Sortname|April|Ross}} |Newport Beach, CA |USC |- |2001 |{{Sortname|Ogonna|Nnamani}} |Bloomington, IL |Stanford |- |2002 |{{Sortname|Bre|Ladd}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Player Bio: Bre Ladd |url=http://www.arizonaathletics.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/ladd_bre00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529151620/http://www.arizonaathletics.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/ladd_bre00.html |archive-date=2009-05-29 |access-date=2008-10-17}}</ref> |Tucson, AZ |Arizona |- |2003 |Kristin Richards<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristin Richards Profile |url=http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/richards_kristin00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081224074230/http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/richards_kristin00.html |archive-date=December 24, 2008 |website=Stanford University Official Athletic Site |via=gostanford.cstv.com}}</ref> |Orem, UT |Stanford |- |2004 | rowspan="2" |{{Sortname|Cynthia|Barboza}} | rowspan="2" |Long Beach, CA | rowspan="2" |Stanford |- |2005 |- |2006 |{{Sortname|Megan|Hodge}} |Durham, NC |Jihar Penn |- |2007 |{{Sortname|Alix|Klineman}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Alix Klineman Profile |url=http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/klineman_alix00.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221062522/http://gostanford.cstv.com/sports/w-volley/mtt/klineman_alix00.html |archive-date=December 21, 2008 |website=Stanford University Official Athletic Site |via=gostanford.cstv.com}}</ref> |Manhattan Beach, CA |Stanford |- |2008 |{{Sortname|Kelly|Murphy}}<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kelly Murphy |url=http://gatorzone.com/volleyball/bios.php?year=2008&player_id=21 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140223195620/http://gatorzone.com/volleyball/bios.php?year=2008&player_id=21 |archive-date=February 23, 2014 |website=GatorZone.com}}</ref> |Wilmington, IL |Florida |- |2009 |{{Sortname|Gina|Mancuso}} |Papillion, NE |Nebraska |- |2010 |{{Sortname|Ashley|Wittman}} |Shakopee, MN |Minnesota |- |2011 |{{Sortname|Krista|Vansant}} |Redlands, CA |Washington |- |2012 |{{Sortname|Jordan|Burgess}} |[[Tampa, Florida|Tampa, FL]] |Stanford |- |2013 |{{Sortname|Lauren|Carlini}} |Aurora, IL |Wisconsin |- |2014 |{{Sortname|Alexa|Filley}} |Louisville, KY |Auburn |- |2015 |{{Sortname|Mikaela|Foecke}} |Yammacin Yammacin |Nebraska |- |2016 |{{Sortname|Khalia|Lanier|}} |[[Phoenix|Phoenix, AZ]] |USC |- |2017 |{{Sortname|Lexi|Sun}} |[[Solana Beach, California|Kogin Solana, CA]] |Texas / Nebraska |- |2018 |{{Sortname|Thayer|Hall}} |Roebuck, SC |Florida |- |2019 |{{Sortname|Ellie|Holzman}} |[[New Orleans|New Orleans, LA]] |Illinois |- |2020 |{{Sortname|Jess|Mruzik}} |Livonia, MI |Jihar Michigan / PennJihar Penn |- |2021 |{{Sortname|Ally|Batenhorst}} |[[Katy, Texas|Katy, TX]] |Nebraska/USC |- |2022 |{{Sortname|Averi|Carlson}} |Luka, TX |Baylor/Texas/SMU<br /> |- |2023 |{{Sortname|Harper|Murray}} |Ann Arbor, MI |Nebraska |- |2024 |{{Sortname|Ayden|Ames}} |Mai wadata, TX |Texas / Creighton |- |2025 |{{Sortname|Campbell|Flynn}} |Farmington, MI |Nebraska |- |2026 |{{Sortname|Sophee|Peterson}} |Kungiyar Trophy, TX |Texas A&amp;amp;M |} == Wadanda suka ci nasara a jihar == Dubi [bayanin kula da 3]{{NoteTag|For the official list of state winners (including D.C.) from 1985 to the present, see<ref name=State/>}} == Dubi kuma == * Wendy's High School Heisman (ɗalibai-masu wasa a wasanni daban-daban) * Gidan shahararren makarantar sakandare ta kasa * Naismith Prep Player of the Year Award * Mr. Basketball USA * Jerin 'yan wasan kwallon kwando na makarantar sakandare na Amurka na shekara * Jerin kyaututtuka na wasanni don girmama mata == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist|2}} * {{Official website}} l7ida43r2js4ryfozd9d5fhx57x9ayf 0 166148 915033 2026-09-02T17:16:51Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371774866|Caroline Bird]]" 915033 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Caroline Bird''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) mawaki ce ta Birtaniya, [[Marubuci|marubucin]], kuma marubuciya. == Rayuwa == An haifi Caroline Bird a shekara ta 1986. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/caroline-bird |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003230531/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/caroline-bird |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Poetry Foundation]] |language=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.carcanet.co.uk/cgi-bin/indexer?owner_id=54 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Carcanet Press]]}}</ref> Yar Jude Kelly, Bird ta girma a [[Leeds]], Ingila, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Steiner a York da Makarantar Lady Eleanor Holles kafin ta koma [[Landan]] a shekara ta 2001. Ta yi karatun wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Oxford Poetry Society . Tana koyarwa a kai a kai a Gidauniyar Arvon . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.brinkerhoffpoetry.org/poets/caroline-bird |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Adrian Brinkerhoff Poetry Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == Bird ya wallafa tarin shayari takwas.<ref name=":1" /> Tarin ta na farko, Looking Through Letterboxes (wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2002, lokacin da take da shekaru 15), tarin waƙoƙi ne da aka gina akan al'adun tatsuniyoyi, fantasy da soyayya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://poems.poetrysociety.org.uk/poets/caroline-bird/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Poetry Society: Poems}}</ref> An buga tarin ta na biyu, Trouble Came to the Turnip, a watan Satumbar 2006 zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=David |date=2007 |editor-last=Strand |editor-first=Mark |editor2-last=Dunn |editor2-first=Stephen |editor3-last=Muldoon |editor3-first=Paul |editor4-last=Bird |editor4-first=Caroline |editor5-last=Menaghan |editor5-first=John |editor6-last=Hix |editor6-first=H. L. |editor7-last=Coyle |editor7-first=Bill |title=The Poetry Circus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20464684 |journal=The Hudson Review |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=159–168 |issn=0018-702X |jstor=20464684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stride Magazine reviews 'Trouble Came to the Turnip' by Caroline Bird |url=https://www.carcanet.co.uk/cgi-bin/scribe?showdoc=426;doctype=review |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Carcanet Press}}</ref> Tarin ta na uku, Watering Can, ya sami shawarar Poetry Book Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/poets/poet/102-19396_Bird |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Poetry International |language=}}</ref> Tarin ta na huɗu, The Hat-Stand Union, wanda aka buga a cikin 2013, Simon Armitage ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai cike da bazara, mai ban dariya, bakin ciki da kisa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hat-Stand Union |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17264980-the-hat-stand-union |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref> An buga ta ''Rookie: Zaɓuɓɓukan Waƙoƙi'' a watan Mayu 2022. An buga ''Waƙoƙi'' Bird a cikin litattafai da mujallu da yawa ciki har da Poetry, <ref name=":0" /> P. N. Review, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.pnreview.co.uk/cgi-bin/scribe?showauthor=595 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=PN Review}}</ref> The Poetry Review <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird's Now That's What I Call Thursday Mixtape |url=https://poetrysociety.org.uk/publications-section/the-poetry-review/the-poetry-mixtape/caroline-birds-now-thats-what-i-call-thursday-mixtape/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Poetry Society}}</ref> da The North <ref>{{Cite web |title=The North - 31 |url=https://poetrybusiness.co.uk/product/the-north-31/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Poetry Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> An watsa [[gajeren labari]] "Sucking Eggs" a BBC Radio 4, kuma ta karanta waka a tashar sau da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El hada está aburrida en su jardín (Caroline Bird, Reino Unido) |url=https://www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/es/Multimedia/cbird.htm |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Festival Internacional de Poesía de Medellín |language=es}}</ref> Wani memba na Shirin Matasa Marubuta na Royal Court, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Playwrights' Season Rehearsed Readings |url=https://royalcourttheatre.com/whats-on/young-playwrights-season-rehearsed-readings-2/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Royal Court |language=en-US}}</ref> Bird kuma marubuci ne. Ta kasance wani ɓangare na aikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bush na 2011 Sixty-Six Books, wanda ta rubuta wani yanki bisa ga littafin King James Bible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixty-Six Books |url=https://www.bushtheatre.co.uk/event/sixty-six-books/#anchor-personnel |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Bush Theatre |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2012, ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ''Beano'' The Trial of Dennis the Menace, tare da kiɗa na asali na Matt Rogers, wanda aka yi a cikin Purcell Room a Cibiyar Southbank . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trial of Dennis the Menace |url=http://ticketing.southbankcentre.co.uk/find/dance-performance/tickets/the-trial-of-dennis-the-menace-62237/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116044921/http://ticketing.southbankcentre.co.uk/find/dance-performance/tickets/the-trial-of-dennis-the-menace-62237/ |archive-date=2012-01-16 |website=Southbank Centre}}</ref> A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2012, ta fito da The Trojan Women ta yi makonni bakwai a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gate . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Laura |date=2012-11-13 |title=The Trojan Women, Gate Theatre |url=https://www.theartsdesk.com/theatre/trojan-women-gate-theatre |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Arts Desk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-11-12 |title=The Trojan Women, Gate Theatre |url=https://everything-theatre.co.uk/2012/11/the-trojan-women-gate-theatre/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Everything Theatre |language=en-GB}}</ref> An yi wasan kwaikwayon Chamber Piece a Lyric Hammersmith a matsayin wani ɓangare na lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na asirin su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trueman |first=Matt |date=2014-02-17 |title=Playwright Caroline Bird reveals her Secret Theatre play, Chamber Piece |url=https://www.theatrevoice.com/audio/caroline-bird-reveals-her-secret-theatre-play-chamber-piece/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=TheatreVoice |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, ta sake ba da labarin The Wonderful Wizard of Oz a Arewacin Stage, kuma ta sami bita na taurari huɗu a cikin The Times . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Radcliffe |first=Allan |date=2015-12-07 |title=The Wonderful Wizard of Oz at Northern Stage, Newcastle |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/46fc68ec-0bcf-4a51-80f2-bf9eaf5b0541 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Times |language=en}}</ref> A cikin bazara na 2022, wasan kwaikwayonta ''Red Ellen'' game da rayuwar da aikin Ellen Wilkinson, an samar da shi ta hanyar Northern Stage, Nottingham Playhouse da Royal Lyceum Theatre kuma sun sami sake dubawa na taurari huɗu a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'', The Times, WhatsOnStage.com da The Stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Red Ellen, By Caroline Bird |url=https://www.nickhernbooks.co.uk/red-ellen |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Nick Hern Books]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] l3s7476k91qv9l8b0zv6y2m4elce81u 915034 915033 2026-09-02T17:17:35Z Usman saadu 46863 915034 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Caroline Bird''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) mawaki ce ta Birtaniya, [[Marubuci|marubucin]], kuma marubuciya. == Rayuwa == An haifi Caroline Bird a shekara ta 1986. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/caroline-bird |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003230531/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/caroline-bird |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Poetry Foundation]] |language=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.carcanet.co.uk/cgi-bin/indexer?owner_id=54 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Carcanet Press]]}}</ref> Yar Jude Kelly, Bird ta girma a [[Leeds]], Ingila, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Steiner a York da Makarantar Lady Eleanor Holles kafin ta koma [[Landan]] a shekara ta 2001. Ta yi karatun wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Oxford Poetry Society . Tana koyarwa a kai a kai a Gidauniyar Arvon . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.brinkerhoffpoetry.org/poets/caroline-bird |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Adrian Brinkerhoff Poetry Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == Bird ya wallafa tarin shayari takwas.<ref name=":1" /> Tarin ta na farko, Looking Through Letterboxes (wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2002, lokacin da take da shekaru 15), tarin waƙoƙi ne da aka gina akan al'adun tatsuniyoyi, fantasy da soyayya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://poems.poetrysociety.org.uk/poets/caroline-bird/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Poetry Society: Poems}}</ref> An buga tarin ta na biyu, Trouble Came to the Turnip, a watan Satumbar 2006 zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=David |date=2007 |editor-last=Strand |editor-first=Mark |editor2-last=Dunn |editor2-first=Stephen |editor3-last=Muldoon |editor3-first=Paul |editor4-last=Bird |editor4-first=Caroline |editor5-last=Menaghan |editor5-first=John |editor6-last=Hix |editor6-first=H. L. |editor7-last=Coyle |editor7-first=Bill |title=The Poetry Circus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20464684 |journal=The Hudson Review |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=159–168 |issn=0018-702X |jstor=20464684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stride Magazine reviews 'Trouble Came to the Turnip' by Caroline Bird |url=https://www.carcanet.co.uk/cgi-bin/scribe?showdoc=426;doctype=review |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Carcanet Press}}</ref> Tarin ta na uku, Watering Can, ya sami shawarar Poetry Book Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/poets/poet/102-19396_Bird |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Poetry International |language=}}</ref> Tarin ta na huɗu, The Hat-Stand Union, wanda aka buga a cikin 2013, Simon Armitage ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai cike da bazara, mai ban dariya, bakin ciki da kisa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hat-Stand Union |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17264980-the-hat-stand-union |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref> An buga ta ''Rookie: Zaɓuɓɓukan Waƙoƙi'' a watan Mayu 2022. An buga ''Waƙoƙi'' Bird a cikin litattafai da mujallu da yawa ciki har da Poetry, <ref name=":0" /> P. N. Review, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.pnreview.co.uk/cgi-bin/scribe?showauthor=595 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=PN Review}}</ref> The Poetry Review <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird's Now That's What I Call Thursday Mixtape |url=https://poetrysociety.org.uk/publications-section/the-poetry-review/the-poetry-mixtape/caroline-birds-now-thats-what-i-call-thursday-mixtape/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Poetry Society}}</ref> da The North <ref>{{Cite web |title=The North - 31 |url=https://poetrybusiness.co.uk/product/the-north-31/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Poetry Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> An watsa [[gajeren labari]] "Sucking Eggs" a BBC Radio 4, kuma ta karanta waka a tashar sau da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El hada está aburrida en su jardín (Caroline Bird, Reino Unido) |url=https://www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/es/Multimedia/cbird.htm |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Festival Internacional de Poesía de Medellín |language=es}}</ref> Wani memba na Shirin Matasa Marubuta na Royal Court, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Playwrights' Season Rehearsed Readings |url=https://royalcourttheatre.com/whats-on/young-playwrights-season-rehearsed-readings-2/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Royal Court |language=en-US}}</ref> Bird kuma marubuci ne. Ta kasance wani ɓangare na aikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bush na 2011 Sixty-Six Books, wanda ta rubuta wani yanki bisa ga littafin King James Bible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixty-Six Books |url=https://www.bushtheatre.co.uk/event/sixty-six-books/#anchor-personnel |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Bush Theatre |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2012, ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ''Beano'' The Trial of Dennis the Menace, tare da kiɗa na asali na Matt Rogers, wanda aka yi a cikin Purcell Room a Cibiyar Southbank . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trial of Dennis the Menace |url=http://ticketing.southbankcentre.co.uk/find/dance-performance/tickets/the-trial-of-dennis-the-menace-62237/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116044921/http://ticketing.southbankcentre.co.uk/find/dance-performance/tickets/the-trial-of-dennis-the-menace-62237/ |archive-date=2012-01-16 |website=Southbank Centre}}</ref> A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2012, ta fito da The Trojan Women ta yi makonni bakwai a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gate . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Laura |date=2012-11-13 |title=The Trojan Women, Gate Theatre |url=https://www.theartsdesk.com/theatre/trojan-women-gate-theatre |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Arts Desk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-11-12 |title=The Trojan Women, Gate Theatre |url=https://everything-theatre.co.uk/2012/11/the-trojan-women-gate-theatre/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Everything Theatre |language=en-GB}}</ref> An yi wasan kwaikwayon Chamber Piece a Lyric Hammersmith a matsayin wani ɓangare na lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na asirin su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trueman |first=Matt |date=2014-02-17 |title=Playwright Caroline Bird reveals her Secret Theatre play, Chamber Piece |url=https://www.theatrevoice.com/audio/caroline-bird-reveals-her-secret-theatre-play-chamber-piece/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=TheatreVoice |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, ta sake ba da labarin The Wonderful Wizard of Oz a Arewacin Stage, kuma ta sami bita na taurari huɗu a cikin The Times . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Radcliffe |first=Allan |date=2015-12-07 |title=The Wonderful Wizard of Oz at Northern Stage, Newcastle |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/46fc68ec-0bcf-4a51-80f2-bf9eaf5b0541 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Times |language=en}}</ref> A cikin bazara na 2022, wasan kwaikwayonta ''Red Ellen'' game da rayuwar da aikin Ellen Wilkinson, an samar da shi ta hanyar Northern Stage, Nottingham Playhouse da Royal Lyceum Theatre kuma sun sami sake dubawa na taurari huɗu a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'', The Times, WhatsOnStage.com da The Stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Red Ellen, By Caroline Bird |url=https://www.nickhernbooks.co.uk/red-ellen |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Nick Hern Books]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] pxw59fdwvh38e0xwy1dtswaaw16znlk 915035 915034 2026-09-02T17:18:21Z Usman saadu 46863 915035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Caroline Bird''' (an haife ta a shekara ta 1986) mawaki ce ta Birtaniya, [[Marubuci|marubucin]], kuma marubuciya. == Rayuwa == An haifi Caroline Bird a shekara ta 1986. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/caroline-bird |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181003230531/https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/caroline-bird |archive-date=3 October 2018 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Poetry Foundation]] |language=}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.carcanet.co.uk/cgi-bin/indexer?owner_id=54 |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Carcanet Press]]}}</ref> Yar Jude Kelly, Bird ta girma a [[Leeds]], Ingila, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Steiner a York da Makarantar Lady Eleanor Holles kafin ta koma [[Landan]] a shekara ta 2001. Ta yi karatun wallafe-wallafen Ingilishi a [[Jami'ar Oxford]] kuma ta kasance shugabar kungiyar Oxford Poetry Society . Tana koyarwa a kai a kai a Gidauniyar Arvon . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.brinkerhoffpoetry.org/poets/caroline-bird |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Adrian Brinkerhoff Poetry Foundation |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == Bird ya wallafa tarin shayari takwas.<ref name=":1" /> Tarin ta na farko, Looking Through Letterboxes (wanda aka buga a shekara ta 2002, lokacin da take da shekaru 15), tarin waƙoƙi ne da aka gina akan al'adun tatsuniyoyi, fantasy da soyayya.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://poems.poetrysociety.org.uk/poets/caroline-bird/ |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=The Poetry Society: Poems}}</ref> An buga tarin ta na biyu, Trouble Came to the Turnip, a ga watan Satumbar a shekara ta 2006 zuwa yabo mai mahimmanci.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mason |first=David |date=2007 |editor-last=Strand |editor-first=Mark |editor2-last=Dunn |editor2-first=Stephen |editor3-last=Muldoon |editor3-first=Paul |editor4-last=Bird |editor4-first=Caroline |editor5-last=Menaghan |editor5-first=John |editor6-last=Hix |editor6-first=H. L. |editor7-last=Coyle |editor7-first=Bill |title=The Poetry Circus |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20464684 |journal=The Hudson Review |volume=60 |issue=1 |pages=159–168 |issn=0018-702X |jstor=20464684}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Stride Magazine reviews 'Trouble Came to the Turnip' by Caroline Bird |url=https://www.carcanet.co.uk/cgi-bin/scribe?showdoc=426;doctype=review |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Carcanet Press}}</ref> Tarin ta na uku, Watering Can, ya sami shawarar Poetry Book Society.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.poetryinternational.com/en/poets-poems/poets/poet/102-19396_Bird |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Poetry International |language=}}</ref> Tarin ta na huɗu, The Hat-Stand Union, wanda aka buga a cikin 2013, Simon Armitage ya bayyana shi a matsayin "mai cike da bazara, mai ban dariya, bakin ciki da kisa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Hat-Stand Union |url=https://www.goodreads.com/book/show/17264980-the-hat-stand-union |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Goodreads |language=en}}</ref> An buga ta ''Rookie: Zaɓuɓɓukan Waƙoƙi'' a watan Mayu 2022. An buga ''Waƙoƙi'' Bird a cikin litattafai da mujallu da yawa ciki har da Poetry, <ref name=":0" /> P. N. Review, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird |url=https://www.pnreview.co.uk/cgi-bin/scribe?showauthor=595 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=PN Review}}</ref> The Poetry Review <ref>{{Cite web |title=Caroline Bird's Now That's What I Call Thursday Mixtape |url=https://poetrysociety.org.uk/publications-section/the-poetry-review/the-poetry-mixtape/caroline-birds-now-thats-what-i-call-thursday-mixtape/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Poetry Society}}</ref> da The North <ref>{{Cite web |title=The North - 31 |url=https://poetrybusiness.co.uk/product/the-north-31/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Poetry Business |language=en-GB}}</ref> An watsa [[gajeren labari]] "Sucking Eggs" a BBC Radio 4, kuma ta karanta waka a tashar sau da yawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=El hada está aburrida en su jardín (Caroline Bird, Reino Unido) |url=https://www.festivaldepoesiademedellin.org/es/Multimedia/cbird.htm |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Festival Internacional de Poesía de Medellín |language=es}}</ref> Wani memba na Shirin Matasa Marubuta na Royal Court, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Young Playwrights' Season Rehearsed Readings |url=https://royalcourttheatre.com/whats-on/young-playwrights-season-rehearsed-readings-2/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Royal Court |language=en-US}}</ref> Bird kuma marubuci ne. Ta kasance wani ɓangare na aikin Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Bush na 2011 Sixty-Six Books, wanda ta rubuta wani yanki bisa ga littafin King James Bible.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sixty-Six Books |url=https://www.bushtheatre.co.uk/event/sixty-six-books/#anchor-personnel |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=Bush Theatre |language=en-GB}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2012, ta gabatar da wasan kwaikwayon da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare ta ''Beano'' The Trial of Dennis the Menace, tare da kiɗa na asali na Matt Rogers, wanda aka yi a cikin Purcell Room a Cibiyar Southbank . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Trial of Dennis the Menace |url=http://ticketing.southbankcentre.co.uk/find/dance-performance/tickets/the-trial-of-dennis-the-menace-62237/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116044921/http://ticketing.southbankcentre.co.uk/find/dance-performance/tickets/the-trial-of-dennis-the-menace-62237/ |archive-date=2012-01-16 |website=Southbank Centre}}</ref> A cikin kaka na shekara ta 2012, ta fito da The Trojan Women ta yi makonni bakwai a Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gate . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Silverman |first=Laura |date=2012-11-13 |title=The Trojan Women, Gate Theatre |url=https://www.theartsdesk.com/theatre/trojan-women-gate-theatre |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Arts Desk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2012-11-12 |title=The Trojan Women, Gate Theatre |url=https://everything-theatre.co.uk/2012/11/the-trojan-women-gate-theatre/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=Everything Theatre |language=en-GB}}</ref> An yi wasan kwaikwayon Chamber Piece a Lyric Hammersmith a matsayin wani ɓangare na lokacin wasan kwaikwayo na asirin su.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Trueman |first=Matt |date=2014-02-17 |title=Playwright Caroline Bird reveals her Secret Theatre play, Chamber Piece |url=https://www.theatrevoice.com/audio/caroline-bird-reveals-her-secret-theatre-play-chamber-piece/ |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=TheatreVoice |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, ta sake ba da labarin The Wonderful Wizard of Oz a Arewacin Stage, kuma ta sami bita na taurari huɗu a cikin The Times . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Radcliffe |first=Allan |date=2015-12-07 |title=The Wonderful Wizard of Oz at Northern Stage, Newcastle |url=https://www.thetimes.com/article/46fc68ec-0bcf-4a51-80f2-bf9eaf5b0541 |access-date=2024-09-12 |website=The Times |language=en}}</ref> A cikin bazara na 2022, wasan kwaikwayonta ''Red Ellen'' game da rayuwar da aikin Ellen Wilkinson, an samar da shi ta hanyar Northern Stage, Nottingham Playhouse da Royal Lyceum Theatre kuma sun sami sake dubawa na taurari huɗu a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'', The Times, WhatsOnStage.com da The Stage.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Red Ellen, By Caroline Bird |url=https://www.nickhernbooks.co.uk/red-ellen |access-date=2024-09-11 |website=[[Nick Hern Books]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] 2hutn7bx6rjpbpvnxsz1dgq5qma93tb 0 166149 915037 2026-09-02T17:21:20Z Baby juuu 38856 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1342303281|Sulaiman Madada]]" 915037 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sulaiman Kyebakoze Madada''' dan jarida ne kuma dan siyasa ne na ƙasar Uganda. Shi ne ministan jaha ne na tsofafi da nakassasu a cikin Ma'aikatar Uganda. An nada shi a wannan mukamin a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2006. <ref name="Allocated" /> A cikin sake fasalin majalisa na 16 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2009, da na 27 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2011, <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2009 |title=Full Cabinet List: February 2009 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214754/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> ya riƙe mukaminsa na majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments & Dropped Ministers |url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&comments |access-date=10 February 2015 |publisher=[[Facebook.com]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, shi ne zaɓaɓɓen memba na majalisar, wanda ke wakiltar Gundumar Bbaale, Gundumar Kayunga . Ya wakilci wannan mazabar a kai a kai tun shekara ta 2001.<ref name="Parliament" /> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haife shi a Gundumar Kayunga a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1961. Sulaiman Madada yana da digiri na farko a fannin sadarwa, wanda aka samu a shekarar 2009, daga Jami'ar kasa da kasa ta Kampala (KIU). An ba shi digiri na Master of Arts a cikin Gudanar da Ci Gaban a cikin 2011, kuma ta hanyar KIU.<ref name="Parliament">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Profile of Madada Kyebakoze Sulaiman, Member of Parliament for Bbaale County, Kayunga District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/index.php/members-of-parliament/members-of-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527141255/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/index.php/members-of-parliament/members-of-parliament |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=10 February 2015 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}</ref> == Kwarewar aiki == Daga shekara ta 1986 har zuwa 1992, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in watsa shirye-shirye a tashar rediyo. Wani lokaci tsakanin shekarar 1992 da 2001, ya shiga siyasa kuma an zabe shi ya wakilci Bbaale County, Gundumar Kayunga, a zaben majalisar dokoki na shekara ta 2001, yana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musoke |first=C. |last2=Namutebi |first2=J. |date=14 March 2005 |title=Nasasira Heads Movement Caucus |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/423436 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lumu |first=Kibuuka |date=15 September 2005 |title=Madaada Donates To Women |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/456006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210191203/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/456006 |archive-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake zabarsa a majalisar ba tare da hamayya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namutebi |first=Joyce |date=3 February 2006 |title=Fourteen Movement Candidates Unopposed |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/479964 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210223034/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/479964 |archive-date=10 February 2015 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 2006, an nada shi Ministan Jiha na nakasassu. Ya ci gaba da wannan mukamin tun daga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2015. <ref name="Allocated">{{Cite web |last=Mukasa |first=Henry |date=2 June 2006 |title=Cabinet Ministries Allocated |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211112501/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> == Bayani na mutum == Ya yi aure. Ya kasance a cikin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement . An ruwaito cewa yana da sha'awar musamman ga aikin sa kai, da zane-zane. == Dubi kuma == * Majalisar dokokin Uganda * Ma'aikatar Uganda * Gundumar Kayunga == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Shafin yanar gizon majalisar dokokin Uganda] * [http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/kayunga-district.html Shafin yanar gizon Gundumar Kayunga] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] rhtyat5nisiy6rgoob7du4gjx5bvgpu 915038 915037 2026-09-02T17:21:47Z Baby juuu 38856 915038 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sulaiman Kyebakoze Madada''' dan jarida ne kuma dan siyasa ne na ƙasar Uganda. Shi ne ministan jaha ne na tsofafi da nakassasu a cikin Ma'aikatar Uganda. An nada shi a wannan mukamin a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2006. <ref name="Allocated" /> A cikin sake fasalin majalisa na 16 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 2009, da na 27 ga watan Mayu a shekara ta 2011, <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 February 2009 |title=Full Cabinet List: February 2009 |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213214754/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/671730 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> ya riƙe mukaminsa na majalisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2011 |title=Comprehensive List of New Cabinet Appointments & Dropped Ministers |url=https://www.facebook.com/note.php?note_id=10150208384704078&comments |access-date=10 February 2015 |publisher=[[Facebook.com]]}}</ref> Har ila yau, shi ne zaɓaɓɓen memba na majalisar, wanda ke wakiltar Gundumar Bbaale, Gundumar Kayunga . Ya wakilci wannan mazabar a kai a kai tun shekara ta 2001.<ref name="Parliament" /> == Tarihi da ilimi == An haife shi a Gundumar Kayunga a ranar 11 ga watan Nuwamba 1961. Sulaiman Madada yana da digiri na farko a fannin sadarwa, wanda aka samu a shekarar 2009, daga Jami'ar kasa da kasa ta Kampala (KIU). An ba shi digiri na Master of Arts a cikin Gudanar da Ci Gaban a cikin 2011, kuma ta hanyar KIU.<ref name="Parliament">{{Cite web |date=2011 |title=Profile of Madada Kyebakoze Sulaiman, Member of Parliament for Bbaale County, Kayunga District |url=http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/index.php/members-of-parliament/members-of-parliament |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160527141255/http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/index.php/members-of-parliament/members-of-parliament |archive-date=27 May 2016 |access-date=10 February 2015 |publisher=[[Parliament of Uganda]]}}</ref> == Kwarewar aiki == Daga shekara ta 1986 har zuwa 1992, ya yi aiki a matsayin Babban Jami'in watsa shirye-shirye a tashar rediyo. Wani lokaci tsakanin shekarar 1992 da 2001, ya shiga siyasa kuma an zabe shi ya wakilci Bbaale County, Gundumar Kayunga, a zaben majalisar dokoki na shekara ta 2001, yana aiki a wannan matsayin har zuwa shekara ta 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Musoke |first=C. |last2=Namutebi |first2=J. |date=14 March 2005 |title=Nasasira Heads Movement Caucus |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/423436 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lumu |first=Kibuuka |date=15 September 2005 |title=Madaada Donates To Women |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/456006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210191203/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/19/456006 |archive-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> A shekara ta 2006, an sake zabarsa a majalisar ba tare da hamayya ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Namutebi |first=Joyce |date=3 February 2006 |title=Fourteen Movement Candidates Unopposed |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/479964 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150210223034/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/13/479964 |archive-date=10 February 2015 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 2006, an nada shi Ministan Jiha na nakasassu. Ya ci gaba da wannan mukamin tun daga watan Fabrairun shekarar 2015. <ref name="Allocated">{{Cite web |last=Mukasa |first=Henry |date=2 June 2006 |title=Cabinet Ministries Allocated |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211112501/http://www.newvision.co.ug/D/8/12/501695 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |access-date=10 February 2015}}</ref> == Bayani na mutum == Ya yi aure. Ya kasance a cikin jam'iyyar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement . An ruwaito cewa yana da sha'awar musamman ga aikin sa kai, da zane-zane. == Dubi kuma == * Majalisar dokokin Uganda * Ma'aikatar Uganda * Gundumar Kayunga == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.parliament.go.ug/new/ Shafin yanar gizon majalisar dokokin Uganda] * [http://www.ugandatravelguide.com/kayunga-district.html Shafin yanar gizon Gundumar Kayunga] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] 66eidnkffbrtkx3ez3kbh83f23tn4uj 0 166150 915039 2026-09-02T17:26:43Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366869851|Honda Sports Award]]" 915039 wikitext text/x-wiki Kyautar Wasannin Honda kyauta ce ta shekara-shekara a Amurka, wacce aka ba wa mafi kyawun 'yar wasan mata a kowane wasanni goma sha biyu. Akwai 'yan takara huɗu ga kowane wasa, kuma masu cin nasara goma sha biyu na lambar yabo ta Honda Sports suna cikin gudu don kyautar Honda-Broderick Cup, a matsayin Mata Mai Wasanni na Shekara. Ana girmama wasu 'yan wasa uku a matsayin 'yan wasa na Division II na Shekara, 'yan wasa ne na Division III na Shekara. == Tsari == Ana zaɓar masu cin nasara a kowane wasanni 12 da aka ba da izini ta NCAA ta kwamitin masu gudanarwa na NCAA sama da 1,000. Ana girmama wasu 'yan wasa uku a matsayin 'yan wasa na Division II na Shekara, 'yan wasa ne na Division III na Shekara. Kowace mace ana zabar ta ba kawai saboda ƙwarewarta ta wasanni ba, har ma da ƙwarewarta na jagoranci, ƙwarewar ilimi da sha'awar shiga cikin hidimar al'umma. A ƙarshen shekara, za a zaɓi ɗan wasan da ya cancanci a matsayin Mata Mai Wasanni na Shekara kuma ya karɓi Kofin Honda-Broderick da ake so. Wadanda suka lashe wannan babbar lambar yabo a baya sun hada da [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee|Jackie Joyner]] da [[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] . Honda ta ba da gudummawa fiye da dala miliyan 3.4 a cikin tallafi da tallafin karatu ga jami'o'i a yayin shirin.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Past Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year Winners (Honda Cup) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/cupwinner_bios/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> == Tarihin kyaututtuka == An fara kirkirar kyaututtuka ne a shekara ta 1976, lokacin da Tom Broderick, mai mallakar kantin sayar da tufafi a Fergus, Ontario, ya yanke shawarar yin haɗin gwiwa tare da Judie Holland, babban mai kula da mata a UCLA <ref>{{Cite web |last=aassimon |date=2013-04-05 |title=AIAW greats to be honored at halftime of championship game |url=http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/aiaw-greats-be-honored-halftime-championship-game-0 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=NCAA.org}}</ref> da Irv Grossman, ɗan jarida, mai sayar da wasanni da mai ba da shawara kan kafofin watsa labarai, <ref>{{Cite web |title='Bitten' bouncer sues Pacman |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/bitten-bouncer-sues-pacman-article-1.225291 |access-date=2020-03-25 |website=nydailynews.com}}</ref> don ƙirƙirar kyaututtaka don gane manyan 'yan wasa mata a matakin kwaleji.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The History of the Collegiate Women Sports Awards (CWSA) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/information/history |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> An ba da kyaututtuka na farko a shekara ta 1977, ga 'yan wasa na Division I, da farko a wasanni goma sannan daga baya aka faɗaɗa zuwa wasanni 12: * Kwallon kwando * Ƙasar Ƙetare * Hockey na filin wasa * Golf * Wasan motsa jiki * Kwallon ƙafa * Yin iyo da nutsewa * Tennis * Track & Field * Kwallon volleyball * Kwallon ƙafa (an kara shi a cikin 1990) * Lacrosse (an kara shi a shekara ta 2001) Kowane ɗayan waɗannan kyaututtuka da farko ana kiransu Broderick Award. Baya ga lambar yabo ta mutum ga mai karɓa a kowane wasanni goma, an zaɓi mai nasara a duk wasanni, kuma wannan mutumin ya sami lambar yabo, wanda ake kira Broderick Cup, wanda ke wakiltar babbar 'yar wasan mata a cikin wasannin koleji. Kodayake ƙwarewar wasanni babbar la'akari ce a cikin tsarin zaɓe, kwamitin zaɓe ya yi la'akari da "ba kawai nasarar wasanni ba har ma da manufofin gudummawar ƙungiya, ƙoƙarin ilimi, shiga makaranta da al'umma da waɗancan halaye na mutum kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin falsafar NCAA".<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1985, Honda ta Amurka ta amince da zama babban mai tallafawa kyaututtuka, don haka an canza sunan kyautar zuwa lambar yabo ta Honda-Broderick ga kowane wasanni, da kuma Kofin Honda-Brederick ga wanda ya lashe gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1988, an kirkiro sabbin kyaututtuka uku. Kyaututtuka biyu sun amince da 'yan wasa na Division II da Division III, bi da bi tare da lambar yabo guda ɗaya ga kowane rukuni wanda ke rufe dukkan' yan wasa a duk wasannin da aka tsara. Kyautar ta uku ita ce Kyautar Inspiration, wacce ke zuwa ga 'yar wasan mata wacce ta shawo kan wahala. Dukkanin makarantun da NCAA suka ba da izini suna ba da waɗanda aka zaba kuma Kwamitin Daraktocin kungiyar ya yi zabin karshe.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Awards Overview |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/about |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> Tsakanin 1995 da 2008 kungiyar ta kuma zaɓi mai karɓar Kyautar Kyauta. Wadanda za su iya karɓar su ba 'yan wasa ba ne, amma mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga: * Sanarwar jama'a da godiya ga wasannin mata na kwaleji * Haɓaka matsayin wasanni na mata a matakin ƙasa <ref name=":21" /> An sake sunan wannan lambar yabo ta Irv Grossman Award of Merit a shekara ta 2007, bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2006. Wadanda suka karɓi wannan lambar yabo sun kasance: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Irv Grossman Award of Merit Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/meritawards/index |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> * 1995 Charlotte West (Kudancin Illinois) * 1996 Phyllis Howlett (Babban Taron Goma) * 1997 Christine Grant (Iowa) * 1998 Judith M. Sweet (UC San Diego) * 1999 Judith R. Holland (UCLA) * 2000 Barbara Hedges (Washington) * 2002 Ruth Berkey (NCAA) * 2003 Patsy Mink (Sanata, Hawaii) * 2004 Birch Bayh (Sanata, Indiana) * 2007 Vivian Stringer (Shugaban Kocin, Kwallon Kwando na Mata na Rutgers) * 2007 Kwallon Kwando na Mata na Rutgers (Kungiyar Kwallon Kwallon Kwannin Mata) * Gidauniyar Wasannin Mata ta 2008 (WSF, Billie Jean King ce ta kafa) == Bikin bayar da kyautar == An shirya sanarwar lambar yabo ta Honda Sports Award ga masu cin nasara na wasanni goma sha biyu a duk shekara ta makaranta, bayan kammala gasar bayan kakar wasa. Ana gabatar da wasu kyaututtuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron kwana biyu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of the Collegiate Women Sports Awards (CWSA) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/information/history |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> yawanci a ƙarshen Yuni na kowace shekara. Kyautar Wasannin Mata ta Kwalejin (CWSA) ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ESPNU don taron 2013, <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Keilani Ricketts, University of Oklahoma |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2012-13/honda_cup |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> kuma tun daga 2014, ta yi haɗin gwiwar CBS don watsa shirye-shiryen lambobin yabo masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-28 |title=Save the Date – Watch the Honda Cup Presented Live on June 30, on CBS Sports Network |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2013-14/cwsa062814 |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> * Kyautar Honda Inspiration * Honda Division II Mai kunnawa na Shekara * Honda Division III Mai kunnawa na Shekara * "Top Three" finalists zaɓaɓɓu daga goma sha biyu da suka lashe kyautar kowane wasa * Kofin Honda na Mace na Shekara Tun daga shekara ta 2013, ana gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a USC Founders Club a Galen Center a Los Angeles . <ref name=":22" /> An soke bikin bayar da kyautar 2020 da aka shirya don Yuni saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-07 |title=CWSA Update on 2020 Awards & Event |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2019-20/04072020cwsarelease |access-date=April 8, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> == Masu cin nasara da wadanda aka zaba kafin shekara ta 2000 == ''Don masu cin nasara da wadanda aka zaba kafin 2000, duba Honda Sports Award kafin 2000 masu cin nasaraHonda Sports Award kafin 2000 masu nasara da kuma wadanda aka zaba'' == 2000-01 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Basketball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/basketball |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Cross Country |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Cross%20country |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Golf |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Golf |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Lacrosse |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Lacrosse |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Softball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Softball |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Swimming & Diving |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/swimdive |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Track & Field |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/trackfield |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Volleyball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/volleyball |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Tennis |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/tennis |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Soccer |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/soccer |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gymnastics |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Gymnastics |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Field Hockey |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/field%20hockey |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Jackie Stiles |Jihar Kudu maso Yammacin Missouri |Svetlana Abrosimova, Connecticut; Tamika Catchings, Tennessee; Ruth Riley, Notre Dame |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Kara Grgas-Wheeler |Colorado |Shalane Flanagan, Arewacin Carolina; Sabrina Monro, Montana; Erica Palmer, Wisconsin |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Marina Digiacomo |Tsohon Mulkin |Traci Anselmo, Jihar Penn; Kelli Gannon, Michigan; Carla Tagliente, Maryland |- |Golf |Candy Hannemann |Duke |Natalie Gulbis, Arizona; Candie Kung, Arizona; Lorena Ochoa, Arizona |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Mohini Bhardwaj |UCLA |Bridget Knaeble, Michigan; Suzanne Sears, Georgia; Onni Willis, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Jen Adams |Maryland |Quinn Carney, Maryland; Bowen Holden, Georgetown; Sheehan Stanwick, Georgetown |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Meredith Florance |Arewacin Carolina |Meghan Anderson, Nebraska; Anne Makinen, Notre Dame; Tracey Milburn, UCLA; Christie Welsh, Penn State |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Jennie Finch]] |Arizona |Oli Keohohou, BYU/Hawaii; Kelly Kretschman, Alabama; [[Stacey Nuveman-Deniz|Stacey Nuveman]], UCLA |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Misty Hyman |Stanford |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Natalie Coughlin, California; Colleen Lanne", Texas |- |Tennis |Laura Granville |Stanford |Bea Bielik, Wake Forest; Ansley Cargill, Duke; Michelle Dasso, Notre Dame |- |Track & Field |Brenda Taylor |Harvard |Tracy O'Hara, UCLA; Christina Tolson, UCLA) Angela Williams, USC |- |Kwallon volleyball |Greichaly Cepero |Nebraska |Kara Gormsen, Jami'ar Pacific; Sherisa Livingston, Wisconsin; Logan Tom, Stanford |} Tushen:<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Past DIII Woman Athlete of the Year Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/dIII/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Past Division II Woman Athlete of the Year Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/dII/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Past Inspiration Award Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/inspiration/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Jackie Stiles |Kwallon kwando |Jihar Kudu maso Yammacin Missouri |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kendra Berner |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Davidson |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Jessica Martin |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Jihar Truman |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Tasha Rogers |Kwallon kwando |Washington (St. Louis) |} == 2001-02 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Sue Bird |Connecticut |Chantelle Anderson, Vanderbilt; Alana Beard, Duke; Diana Taurasi, Connecticut |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Tara Chaplin |Arizona |Lauren Fleshman, Stanford; Renee Metivier, Georgia Tech; Kristin Price, Jihar North Carolina |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Autumn Welsh |Maryland |Jemima Cameron, Wake Forest; Llvy Friebe, Princeton; Adrienne Yoder, Old Dominion |- |Golf |Juya Nirapathpongpora |Duke |Danielle Downey, Auburn; Lorena Ochoa, Arizona; Summer Sirmons, Georgia |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Andree" Pickens |Alabama |Jamie Dantzscher, UCLA; MaryAnne Kelley, Minnesota; Theresa Kulikowski, Utah |- |Lacrosse |Erin Elbe |Georgetown |Rachel Becker, Princeton; Christine McPike, North Carolina; Jaimee Reynolds, Cornell |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Aly Wagner]] |Santa Clara |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; [[Abby Wambach]], Florida; Christie Welsh, Jihar Pennsylvania |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Jennie Finch]] |Arizona |[[Stacey Nuveman-Deniz|Stacey Nuveman]], UCLA; Jamie Southern, Jihar Fresno; Natasha Watley, UCLA |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Natalie Coughlin |California |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Maritza Correia, Georgia; Shelly Ripple, Stanford |- |Tennis |Bea Bielik |Dajin farkawa |Erin Burdette, Stanford; Gabriela Lastra, Stanford; Jessica Lehnhoff, Florida |- |Track & Field |Angela Williams |USC |Brianna Glenn, Arizona; Muna Lee, LSU; Melissa Price, Nebraska |- |Kwallon volleyball |Logan Tom |Logan Tom |Emily Adams, USC; Aury Cruz, Florida; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Angela Williams |USC |Track & Field |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kristin Koetsier |Kwallon kwando |Yammacin Michigan |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Nicole Duncan |Track & Field |Jihar Cal (LA) |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Julia Bergofsky |Hockey na filin wasa |Middlebury |} == 2002-03 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Diana Taurasi |Connecticut |Alana Beard, Duke; Nicole Ohlde, Jihar Kansas; Latoya Thomas, Jihar Mississippi |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Shalane Flanagan |Arewacin Carolina |Alicia Craig, Stanford; Lauren Fleshman, Stanford; Kate O"Neill, Yale |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Tiffany Snow |Tsohon Mulkin |Marcie Boyer, New Hampshire; Llvy Friebe, Princeton; Afrilu Fronzoni, Michigan |- |Golf |Mikaela Parmlid |USC |Erica Blasberg, Arizona; Katherine Hull, Pepperdine; Lindsey Wright, Pepperdin |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Onni Willis |UCLA |Jamie Dantzscher, UCLA; Theresa Kulikowski, Utah; Richelle Simpson, Nebraska |- |Lacrosse |Rachael Becker |Princeton |Lauren Aumiller, Virginia; Kelly Coppedge, Maryland; Suzanne Eyler, Kwalejin Loyola |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Portland |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; Catherine Reddick, Arewacin Carolina; [[Aly Wagner]], Santa Clara |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Natasha Watley |UCLA |Lovie Jung, Arizona; Cat Osterman, Texas; Kristen Rivera, Washington |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Natalie Coughlin |California |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Maritza Correia, Georgia; Shelly Ripple, Stanford |- |Tennis |Vilmarie Castellvi |Tennessee |Agata Cioroch, Georgia; Amber Liu, Stanford; Kelly McCain, Duke |- |Track & Field |Elva Goulbourne |Auburn |Laura Gerraughty, Arewacin Carolina; Muna Lee, LSU; [[Raasin McIntosh]], Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Logan Tom |Stanford |Emily Adams, USC; Aury Cruz, Florida; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Natasha Watley |Kwallon ƙafa |UCLA |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kristy McPherson |Golf |Kudancin Carolina |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Missy Gregg |Kwallon ƙafa |'Yan'uwan Kirista |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Libby Hysell |Kwallon ƙafa |Tsakiya |} == 2003-04 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Diana Taurasi |Connecticut |Alana Beard, Duke; Nicole Ohlde, Jihar Kansas; Nicole Powell, Stanford; Lindsay Whalen, Minnesota |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Shalane Flanagan |Arewacin Carolina |Sara Bei, Stanford; Michaela Mannova, Brigham Young; Kimberly Smith, Providence |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Kelly Doton |Dajin farkawa |Mari Creatini, Arewa maso gabas; Afrilu Fronzoni, Michigan; Vanessa Immordino, Jihar Ohio |- |Golf |Sarah Huarte |California |Karin Sjodin, Jihar Oklahoma; Susie Mathews, UCLA; Charlotte Mayorkas, UCLA |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Jeana Rice |Alabama |Jeanette Antolin, UCLA; Melissa Vituj, Utah; Lindsay Wing, Stanford |- |Lacrosse |Amy Appelt |Virginia |Kelly Coppedge, Maryland; Gail Decker, James Madison; Theresa Sherry, Princeton |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Catherine Reddick |Arewacin Carolina |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; Nandi Pryce, UCLA; Lindsay Tarpley, Arewacin Carolina |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Jessica van der Linden |Jihar Florida |[[Alicia Hollowell]], Arizona; Lyhia McMichael, Jihar Mississippi; Kristen Rivera, Washington |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Tara Kirk |Stanford |Margaret Hoelzer, Auburn; Natalie Coughlin, California; Kaitlin Sandeno, USC |- |Tennis |Amber Liu |Stanford |Megan Bradley, Miami; Julie Coin, Clemson; Jelena Pandzic, Jihar Fresno |- |Track & Field |Kim Smith |Gudanarwa |Hyleas Fountain, Georgia; Tiffany McWilliams, Jihar Mississippi; Lauryn Williams, Miami |- |Kwallon volleyball |Afrilu Ross |USC |Kele Eveland, Georgia Tech; Ogonna Nnamani, Stanford; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Tara Kirk |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Stanford |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Chanda Gunn |Hockey na kankara |Arewa maso gabas |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Zoila Gomez |Kwallon ƙafa |Jihar Adams |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Mary Ellen Gordon |Tennis |Emory |} == 2004-05 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Seimone Augustus |LSU |Jacqueline Batteast, Notre Dame; Monique Currie, Duke; Jessica Davenport, Jihar Ohio |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Kim Smith |Gudanarwa |Caroline Bierbaum, Columbia; Renee Metivier, Colorado; [[Laura Turner (runner)|Laura Turner]], Brigham Young |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Kelly Dostal |Dajin farkawa |Veerle Goudswaard, Jihar Michigan; Lauren Henderson, Connecticut; Paula Infante, Maryland |- |Golf |Anna Grzebien |Duke |Aboki Cochran, California Los Angeles; Brittany Lang, Duke; Leah Wigger, Virginia |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kristen Maloney |UCLA |Elise Ray, Michigan; Richelle Simpson, Nebraska; Annabeth Eberle, Utah |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Amy Appelt, Virginia; Katie Chrest, Duke; Katieanne Christian, Dartmouth |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Leslie Osborne]] |Santa Clara |Heather O"Reilly, Arewacin Carolina; [[Christine Sinclair]], Portland; Tiffany Weimer, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Cat Osterman |Texas |Caitlin Lowe, Arizona; Kristen Rivera, Washington; Amanda Scarborough, Texas AM |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Kirsty Coventry |Auburn |Caroline Bruce, Stanford; Mary DeScenza, Georgia; Kara Lynn Joyce, Georgia |- |Tennis |Zuzana Zemenová |Baylor |Audra Cohen, Arewa maso Yamma; Jennifer Magley, Florida; Riza Zalameda, UCLA |- |Track & Field |Monique Henderson |UCLA |Marshevet Hooker, Texas; Tianna Madison, Tennessee; Virginia Powell, USC |- |Kwallon volleyball |Ogonna Nnamani |Stanford |Emily Adams, USC; Stacey Gordon, Jihar Ohio; Sam Tortorello, Jihar Penn |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Ogonna Nnamani |Kwallon volleyball |Stanford |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Brittney Kroon |Kwallon kwando |Seattle Pacific |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Krystal Lewallen |Kwallon ƙafa |Arewacin Kentucky |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Missy Buttry |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Wartburg |} == 2005-06 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Seimone Augustus |LSU |Ivory Latta, Arewacin Carolina; Cappie Pondexter, Rutgers; Sophia Young, Baylor |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Caroline Bierbaum |Columbia |Stephanie Madia, Notre Dame; Victoria Mitchell, Butler; Johanna Nilsson, Arewacin Arizona |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Paula Infante |Maryland |Kayla Bashore, Indiana; Jessica Javelet, Louisville; Hilary Linton, Duke |- |Golf |Irene Cho |USC |Amanda Blumenherst, Duke; Jennie Lee, Duke; Dewi Schreefel, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Ashley Miles |Alabama |Courtney Kupets, Georgia; Ashley Postell, Utah; Kate Richardson, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Katie Chrest, Duke; Crysti Foote, Notre Dame; Coco Stanwick, Georgetown |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Portland |Heather O"Reilly, Arewacin Carolina; Katie Thorlakson, Notre Dame; Tiffany Weimer, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Cat Osterman |Texas |Monica Abbot, Tennessee; Andrea Duran, UCLA; Sarah Fekete, Tennessee |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Mary DeScenza |Georgia |Blythe Hartley, Kudancin California; Kara Lynn Joyce, Georgia; Whitney Myers, Arizona |- |Tennis |Kristi Miller |Georgia Tech |Suzi Babos, California; Audra Cohen, Miami; Lindsey Nelson, USC |- |Track & Field |Virginia Powell |USC |Marshevet Hooker, Texas; Chelsea Johnson, California, Los Angeles; Melaine Walker, Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Courtney Thompson |Washington |Melissa Elmer, Nebraska; Christina Houghtelling, Nebraska; Sam Tortorello, Jihar Penn |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Kwallon ƙafa |Portland |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Lindsay Payne |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Williams |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kristin Erb |Kwallon ƙafa |Lock Haven |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Megan Silva |Kwallon kwando |Randolph-Macon |} == 2006-07 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Candace Parker |Tennessee |Sylvia Fowles, LSU; Lindsey Harding, Duke; Ivory Latta, North Carolina |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego |Fasahar Texas |Jenny Barringer, Colorado; Lindsay Donaldson, Yale; Arianna Lambie, Stanford |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Paula Infante |Maryland |Lauren Crandall, Wake Forest; Lizzy Peijs, Connecticut; Amy Stopford, Duke |- |Golf |Amanda Blumenherst |Duke |Christel Boeljon, Purdue; Stacy Lewis, Arkansas; Anna Nordquvist, Jihar Arizona |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Courtney Kupets |Georgia |Janet Anson, Jihar Iowa; Emily Parsons, Nebraska; Tasha Schwikert, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Caroline Cryer, Duke; Dana Dobbie, Maryland; Mary Key Johns, Hopkins |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Heather O"Reilly |Arewacin Carolina |Yael Averbuch, Arewacin Carolina; Kerri Hanks, Notre Dame; Indiya Trotter, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Monica Abbott |Tennessee |[[Katie Burkhart]], Jihar Arizona; Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizoa; Caitlin Lowe, Arizona |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Kara Lynn Joyce |Georgia |Cassidy Krug, Stanford; Whitney Myers, Arizona; Dana Vollmer, California |- |Tennis |Audra Cohen |Miami |Megan Falcon, LSU; Lindsey Nelson, USC; Zuzana Zemenová, Baylor |- |Track & Field |Kerron Stewart |Auburn |[[Natasha Hastings]], ta Kudu Carolina; Sally Kipyego, Texas Tech; Sarah Stevens, Jihar Arizona |- |Kwallon volleyball |Sarah Pavan |Nebraska |[[Foluke Akinradewo]], Stanford; Nana Meriwether, UCLA; Courtney Thompson, Washington |} Sources:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Sarah Pavan |Kwallon volleyball |Nebraska |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Jessica Kohut |Kwallon ƙafa |Kwalejin New Jersey |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kylee Hanavan |Kwallon ƙafa |Jihar Birni |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Liz Bondi |Tennis |Rashin amincewa |} == 2007-08 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Candace Parker |Tennessee |Sylvia Fowles, LSU; Maya Moore, Connecticut; Candice Wiggins, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego |Fasahar Texas |Jenny Barringer, Colorado; Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida; [[Diane Nukuri]], Iowa |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Rachel Dawson |Arewacin Carolina |Jennifer Long, Jihar Penn; Katie O'Donnell, Maryland; Pam Spuehler, Boston |- |Golf |Amanda Blumenherst |Duke |Azahara Muñoz, Jihar Arizona; Tiffany Joh, UCLA; Stacy Lewis, Arkansas |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Katie Heenan |Georgia |Lindsey Bruck, Michigan; Ashley Postell, Utah; Tabitha Yim, Stanford |- |Lacrosse |Hannah Nielsen |Arewa maso yamma |Dana Dobbie, Maryland; Kelly Kasper, Maryland; Katie Rowan, Syracuse |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Ashlee Pistorius |Texas A & M |Lauren Cheney, UCLA; Kristin Olsen, USC; Mami Yamaguchi, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Angela Tincher |Virginia Tech |Tonya Callahan, Tennessee; Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizona; Megan Gibson, Texas A & M |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Caroline Burckle |Florida |Lacy Nymeyer, Arizona; Rebecca Soni, Kudancin California; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |Tennis |Amanda McDowell |Georgia Tech |Ani Mijacika, Clemson; Aurelija Miseviciute, Arkansas; Zuzana Zemenová, Baylor |- |Track & Field |Jacquelyn Johnson |Jihar Arizona |Brie Felnagle, Arewacin Carolina; Alysia Johnson, California; Sally Kipyego, Texas Tech |- |Kwallon volleyball |[[Foluke Akinradewo]] |Stanford |Christa Harmotto, Jihar Penn; Megan Hodge, Jihar Pennsylvania; Asiya Kaczor, USC |- |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Candace Parker |Kwallon kwando |Tennessee |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Mai haƙuri Knight |Track & Field |Fasahar Texas |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Vicky Braegelmann |Kwallon volleyball |Kwallon volleyball |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Sarah Zerzan |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Willamette |} == 2008-09 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |Renee Montgomery <ref>{{Cite web |title=UConn's Renee Montgomery Named Winner of Honda Award |url=https://uconnhuskies.com/news/2009/4/16/UConn_s_Renee_Montgomery_Named_Winner_of_Honda_Award.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Connecticut Athletics}}</ref> (Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup) <small> (Mai tseren karshe na Kofin Honda-Broderick) </small> |Connecticut |Angel McCoughtry, Louisville; Maya Moore, Connecticut; Courtney Paris, Oklahoma |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sally Kipyego Voted Honda Award Winner |url=https://texastech.com/news/2007/12/4/Sally_Kipyego_Voted_Honda_Award_Winner.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Texas Tech University Athletics}}</ref> |Fasahar Texas |Tasmin Fanning, Virginia Tech; Brie Felnagle, North Carolina; Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Susie Rowe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susie Rowe Captures 2009 Honda Award |url=https://umterps.com/news/2008/12/15/207270020.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Maryland Athletics}}</ref> |Maryland |Jen Long, Jihar Penn; Laurie Pfeiffer, Iowa; Shannon Taylor, [[Syracuse Orange|Syracuse]] |- |Golf |María Hernández<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Of The Best |url=https://purduesports.com/news/2009/6/4/Best_Of_The_Best.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Purdue University Athletics}}</ref> |Tsarkakewa |Carlota Ciganda, Jihar Arizona; Jennifer Song, USC; Lizette Salas, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Courtney Kupets<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2009-06-22 |title=Gymnast Kupets of Georgia wins Honda-Broderick Cup |url=https://www.deseret.com/2009/6/22/20325019/gymnast-kupets-of-georgia-wins-honda-broderick-cup |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Deseret News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> |Georgia |Kristina Baskett, Utah; Ashleigh Clare-Kearny, LSU; Jessica Lopez, Denver |- |Lacrosse |Hannah Nielsen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannah Nielsen – Women's Lacrosse Coach |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/womens-lacrosse/roster/coaches/hannah-nielsen/5338 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Michigan Athletics}}</ref> |Arewa maso yamma |Jillian Byers, Notre Dame: Amber Falcone, North Carolina; Caitlyn McFadden, Maryland |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |Casey Nogueira<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casey Nogueira Wins 2009 Honda Sports Award for Soccer |url=https://goheels.com/news/2008/12/18/205471575.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics}}</ref> |Arewacin Carolina |Kerri Hanks, Notre Dame; Brittany Bock, Notre Dame, Christina DiMartino, UCLA |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Danielle Lawrie]] ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-10 |title=UW's Danielle Lawrie earns Honda award in softball |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/uws-danielle-lawrie-earns-honda-award-in-softball/ |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref><small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Washington |Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizona; Stacey Nelson, Florida; Tammy Williams, Arewa maso Yamma |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Dana Vollmer<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2009 |title=Dana Vollmer Wins Honda Sports Award as Nation's Top Collegiate Swimmer |url=https://pac-12.com/article/2009/04/01/dana-vollmer-wins-honda-sports-award-nations-top-collegiate-swimmer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323233354/https://pac-12.com/article/2009/04/01/dana-vollmer-wins-honda-sports-award-nations-top-collegiate-swimmer |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Pac-12.com}}</ref> |California |Julia Smit, Stanford; Rebecca Soni, USC; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |[[Tennis]] |Mallory Cecil<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Cecil – 2008–09 – Women's Tennis |url=https://goduke.com/sports/womens-tennis/roster/mallory-cecil/8454 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=goduke.com}}</ref> |Duke |Aurelija Miseviciute, Arkansas; Maria Mosolova, Arewa maso Yamma; Laura Vallverdu, Miami |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |Jennifer Simpson ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Colorado |Sarah Bowman, Tennessee; Tiffany Ofili, Michigan; Blessing Okagbare, Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Nicole Fawcett ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fawcett voted Honda Award winner as top women's volleyball player {{!}} Penn State University |url=https://news.psu.edu/story/180213/2009/01/23/fawcett-voted-honda-award-winner-top-womens-volleyball-player |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=news.psu.edu}}</ref><small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Jihar Penn |Christa Harmotto, Jihar Penn; Destinee Hooker, Texas; [[Foluke Akinradewo]], Stanford |} {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Courtney Kupets<ref name=":16" /> |Wasan motsa jiki |Georgia |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Nicole Hester |Kwallon kwando |Drexel |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kristin Erb |Kwallon ƙafa |Lock Haven |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Ashley Huston |Track & Field |Hardin-Simmons |} == 2009-10 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |Maya Moore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basketball Star Maya Moore Makes History – Wins Honda-Broderick Cup Second Year In A Row |url=https://hondainamerica.com/news/basketball-star-maya-moore-makes-history-wins-honda-broderick-cup-second-year-in-a-row/ |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=hondainamerica.com}}</ref> |Connecticut |Tina Charles, Connecticut; Kelsey Griffin, Nebraska; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Angela Bizzarri<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-09 |title=Illinois runner Bizzarri is Honda Award winner |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/news/story?id=4728498 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |Illinois |Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida; Kendra Schaaf, Washington; Catherine White, Virginia |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie O'Donnell |Maryland |Katie Reinprecht, Princeton; LPaige Selenski, Virginia; Loren Sherer, Connecticut |- |Golf |Caroline Hedwall |Jihar Oklahoma |[[Cydney Clayton]], Auburn; Jennifer Johnson, Jihar Arizona; Jennifer Song, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Susan Jackson |LSU |Carly Janiga, Stanford; Brandi Personett, Penn State; Sarah Shire, Missouri |- |Lacrosse |Caitlyn McFadden |Maryland |Katrina Dowd, Arewa maso Yamma; Brittany Kalkstein, Virginia; Jenn Russell, Arewacin Carolina |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |Whitney Engen |Arewacin Carolina |Tobin Heath, Arewacin Carolina; Lauren Cheney, UCLA; Kelley O'Hara, Stanford |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Danielle Lawrie]] |Washington |Chelsea Bramlett, Jihar Mississippi; Megan Langenfeld, UCLA; Jen Yee, Georgia Tech |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Julia Smit |[[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]] |Elaine Breeden, Stanford; Allison Schmitt, Georgia; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |[[Tennis]] |Laura Vallverdu |Miami |Irina Falconi, Georgia Tech; Chelsey Gullickson, Georgia; Jana Juricova, California |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |Lisa Koll |Jihar Iowa |Sarauniya Harrison, Virginia Tech; Mariam Kevkhishvili, Florida; Albarka Okagbare, UTEP |- |Kwallon volleyball |Megan Hodge |Jihar Penn |Alisha Glass, Jihar Penn; Hana Cutura, California; Destinee Hooker, Texas |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- | rowspan="2" |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Megan Hodge (mai haɗin kai) |Kwallon volleyball |Jihar Penn |- |Maya Moore (mai haɗin kai) |Kwallon kwando |Connecticut |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Antoinette Cobb |Track & Field |Louisiana Tech |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Maggie McNamara |Kwallon volleyball |Jituwa |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Marie Borner |Track & Field |Ba'aital |} == 2010-11 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Maya Moore |Connecticut |Brittney Griner, Baylor; Amber Harris, Xavier; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Emily Infeld, Georgetown; Risper Kimaiyo, UTEP |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie O'Donnell |Maryland |Melissa González, Connecticut; Paige Selenski, Virginia; Kathleen Sharkey, Princeton |- |Golf |Marta Silva Zamora |LSU |Lizette Salas, USC; [[Kelli Shean]], Arkansas; Austin Ernst, LSU |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kayla Hoffman |Alabama |Kylee Botterman, Michigan; Brittani McCullough, UCLA; Sharaya Musser, Jihar Penn |- |Lacrosse |Shannon Smith |Arewa maso yamma |Grace Gavin, Loyola; Sarah Mollison, Maryland; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Melissa Henderson |Uwargidanmu |[[Alex Morgan]], California; Christen Press, Stanford; Sophie Schmidt, Portland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Kelsey Bruder |Florida |Ashley Hansen, Stanford; Jolene Henderson, California; Chelsea Thomas, Missouri |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Katinka Hosszú |USC Trojans |Allison Schmitt, Georgia; Jillian Tyler, Minnesota; Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace, Auburn. |- |Tennis |Jana Juricová |California |Lauren Embree, Florida; Maria Sanchez, USC; Stacey Tan, Stanford |- |Track & Field |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jessica Beard, Texas A&M Kimberlyn Duncan, LSU; Kim Williams, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon volleyball |Blair Brown |Jihar Penn |Julian Faucette, Texas; Alex Jupiter, USC; Carli Lloyd, California |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Maya Moore |Kwallon kwando |Connecticut |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Jessica Breland |Kwallon kwando |Arewacin Carolina |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Sammy Macy |Hockey na filin wasa |UMass-Lowell |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kendra Stern |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Amherst |} == 2011-12 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Brittney Griner |Baylor |Skylar Diggins, Notre Dame; Elena Delle Donne, Delaware; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Abbey D'Agostino, Dartmouth; Emily Infeld, Georgetown |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Megan Frazer |Maryland |Chelsea Armstrong, Arewa maso Yamma; Katelyn Falgowski, Arewacin Carolina; Whitney Frates, New Hampshire |- |Golf |Brooke Pancake |Alabama |Lindy Duncan, Duke; Chirapat Jao-Javanil, Oklahoma; Emily Tubert, Arkansas |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kytra Hunter |Florida |Amy Glass, Jihar Boise; Jaime Pisani, Arkansas; Geralen Stack-Eaton, Alabama |- |Lacrosse |Taylor Thornton |Arewa maso yamma |Brittany Dashiell, Florida; Sarah Plumb, Dartmouth; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Teresa Noyola |Stanford |Lindsay Taylor, Stanford; Maya Hayes, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Keilani Ricketts]] |Oklahoma |Katelyn Boyd, Jihar Arizona; Jolene Henderson, California; [[Jackie Traina]], Alabama |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Caitlin Leverenz |California |Katinka Hosszu, USC; Megan Roman, Georgia; Breeja Larson, Texas AM |- |Tennis |Nicole Gibbs |Stanford |Mallory Burdette, Stanford; Beatrice Capra, Duke; Allie Will, Florida |- |Track & Field |Kimberlyn Duncan |LSU |Brigetta Barrett, Arizona; Christina Manning, Jihar Ohio; Jeneva McCall, Kudancin Illinois |- |Kwallon volleyball |Alex Jupiter |USC |Rachael Adams, Texas; Kanani Danielson, Hawaii; Kelly Murphy, Jihar Florida |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Brittney Griner |Kwallon kwando |Baylor |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Elena Delle Donne |Kwallon kwando |Delaware |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kari Daugherty |Kwallon kwando |Ashland |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Stacey Hagensen |Kwallon ƙafa |Lutheran na Pacific |} == 2012-13 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Elena Delle Donne |Delaware |Skylar Diggins, Notre Dame; Brittney Griner, Baylor; Chinay Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Betsy Saina |Jihar Iowa |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Abbey D'Agostino, Dartmouth; Aliphine Tuliamuk-Bolton, Jihar Wichita |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie Reinprecht |Princeton |Chelsea Armstrong, Arewa maso Yamma; Megan Frazer, Maryland; Paige Selenski, Virginia |- |Golf |Annie Park |USC |Lindy Duncan, Duke; Stephanie Meadow, Alabama; Paula Reto, Purdue |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Bridget Sloan |Florida |Vanessa Zamarripa, UCLA; Rheagan Courville, LSU; Alina Weinstein, Illinois |- |Lacrosse |Kara Cannizzaro |Arewacin Carolina |Alex Aust, Maryland; Becca Block, Syracuse; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Crystal Dunn |Arewacin Carolina |Alina Garciamendez-Rowold, Stanford; Christine Nairn, Jihar Penn; Ines Jaurena, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Keilani Ricketts]] |Oklahoma |Lauren Chamberlain, Oklahoma; Amber Freeman, Jihar Arizona; Lauren Gibson, Tennessee |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Allison Schmitt |Georgia |Elizabeth Beisel, Florida; Breeja Larson, Texas A&M Elizabeth Pelton, California |- |Tennis |Nicole Gibbs |Stanford |Lauren Embree, Florida; Sabrina Santamaria, Kudancin California; Mary Weatherholt, Nebraska |- |Hanya da Filin |Kimberlyn Duncan |LSU |Brigetta Barrett, Arizona; Kori Carter, Stanford; Andrea Geubelle, Kansas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Alaina Bergsma |Oregon |Haley Eckerman, Texas; Lauren Plum, Oregon; Ariel Scott, Penn State |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bnqfb3ed5ro80vz7zkj0qqi8zgrd3cz 915043 915039 2026-09-02T17:36:15Z Gwanki 3834 915043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kyautar Wasannin Honda kyauta ce ta shekara-shekara a Amurka, wacce aka ba wa mafi kyawun 'yar wasan mata a kowane wasanni goma sha biyu. Akwai 'yan takara huɗu ga kowane wasa, kuma masu cin nasara goma sha biyu na lambar yabo ta Honda Sports suna cikin gudu don kyautar Honda-Broderick Cup, a matsayin Mata Mai Wasanni na Shekara. Ana girmama wasu 'yan wasa uku a matsayin 'yan wasa na Division II na Shekara, 'yan wasa ne na Division III na Shekara. == Tsari == Ana zaɓar masu cin nasara a kowane wasanni 12 da aka ba da izini ta NCAA ta kwamitin masu gudanarwa na NCAA sama da 1,000. Ana girmama wasu 'yan wasa uku a matsayin 'yan wasa na Division II na Shekara, 'yan wasa ne na Division III na Shekara. Kowace mace ana zabar ta ba kawai saboda ƙwarewarta ta wasanni ba, har ma da ƙwarewarta na jagoranci, ƙwarewar ilimi da sha'awar shiga cikin hidimar al'umma. A ƙarshen shekara, za a zaɓi ɗan wasan da ya cancanci a matsayin Mata Mai Wasanni na Shekara kuma ya karɓi Kofin Honda-Broderick da ake so. Wadanda suka lashe wannan babbar lambar yabo a baya sun hada da [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee|Jackie Joyner]] da [[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] . Honda ta ba da gudummawa fiye da dala miliyan 3.4 a cikin tallafi da tallafin karatu ga jami'o'i a yayin shirin.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Past Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year Winners (Honda Cup) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/cupwinner_bios/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> == Tarihin kyaututtuka == An fara kirkirar kyaututtuka ne a shekara ta 1976, lokacin da Tom Broderick, mai mallakar kantin sayar da tufafi a Fergus, Ontario, ya yanke shawarar yin haɗin gwiwa tare da Judie Holland, babban mai kula da mata a UCLA <ref>{{Cite web |last=aassimon |date=2013-04-05 |title=AIAW greats to be honored at halftime of championship game |url=http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/aiaw-greats-be-honored-halftime-championship-game-0 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=NCAA.org}}</ref> da Irv Grossman, ɗan jarida, mai sayar da wasanni da mai ba da shawara kan kafofin watsa labarai, <ref>{{Cite web |title='Bitten' bouncer sues Pacman |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/bitten-bouncer-sues-pacman-article-1.225291 |access-date=2020-03-25 |website=nydailynews.com}}</ref> don ƙirƙirar kyaututtaka don gane manyan 'yan wasa mata a matakin kwaleji.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The History of the Collegiate Women Sports Awards (CWSA) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/information/history |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> An ba da kyaututtuka na farko a shekara ta 1977, ga 'yan wasa na Division I, da farko a wasanni goma sannan daga baya aka faɗaɗa zuwa wasanni 12: * Kwallon kwando * Ƙasar Ƙetare * Hockey na filin wasa * Golf * Wasan motsa jiki * Kwallon ƙafa * Yin iyo da nutsewa * Tennis * Track & Field * Kwallon volleyball * Kwallon ƙafa (an kara shi a cikin 1990) * Lacrosse (an kara shi a shekara ta 2001) Kowane ɗayan waɗannan kyaututtuka da farko ana kiransu Broderick Award. Baya ga lambar yabo ta mutum ga mai karɓa a kowane wasanni goma, an zaɓi mai nasara a duk wasanni, kuma wannan mutumin ya sami lambar yabo, wanda ake kira Broderick Cup, wanda ke wakiltar babbar 'yar wasan mata a cikin wasannin koleji. Kodayake ƙwarewar wasanni babbar la'akari ce a cikin tsarin zaɓe, kwamitin zaɓe ya yi la'akari da "ba kawai nasarar wasanni ba har ma da manufofin gudummawar ƙungiya, ƙoƙarin ilimi, shiga makaranta da al'umma da waɗancan halaye na mutum kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin falsafar NCAA".<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1985, Honda ta Amurka ta amince da zama babban mai tallafawa kyaututtuka, don haka an canza sunan kyautar zuwa lambar yabo ta Honda-Broderick ga kowane wasanni, da kuma Kofin Honda-Brederick ga wanda ya lashe gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1988, an kirkiro sabbin kyaututtuka uku. Kyaututtuka biyu sun amince da 'yan wasa na Division II da Division III, bi da bi tare da lambar yabo guda ɗaya ga kowane rukuni wanda ke rufe dukkan' yan wasa a duk wasannin da aka tsara. Kyautar ta uku ita ce Kyautar Inspiration, wacce ke zuwa ga 'yar wasan mata wacce ta shawo kan wahala. Dukkanin makarantun da NCAA suka ba da izini suna ba da waɗanda aka zaba kuma Kwamitin Daraktocin kungiyar ya yi zabin karshe.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Awards Overview |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/about |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> Tsakanin 1995 da 2008 kungiyar ta kuma zaɓi mai karɓar Kyautar Kyauta. Wadanda za su iya karɓar su ba 'yan wasa ba ne, amma mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga: * Sanarwar jama'a da godiya ga wasannin mata na kwaleji * Haɓaka matsayin wasanni na mata a matakin ƙasa <ref name=":21" /> An sake sunan wannan lambar yabo ta Irv Grossman Award of Merit a shekara ta 2007, bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2006. Wadanda suka karɓi wannan lambar yabo sun kasance: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Irv Grossman Award of Merit Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/meritawards/index |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> * 1995 Charlotte West (Kudancin Illinois) * 1996 Phyllis Howlett (Babban Taron Goma) * 1997 Christine Grant (Iowa) * 1998 Judith M. Sweet (UC San Diego) * 1999 Judith R. Holland (UCLA) * 2000 Barbara Hedges (Washington) * 2002 Ruth Berkey (NCAA) * 2003 Patsy Mink (Sanata, Hawaii) * 2004 Birch Bayh (Sanata, Indiana) * 2007 Vivian Stringer (Shugaban Kocin, Kwallon Kwando na Mata na Rutgers) * 2007 Kwallon Kwando na Mata na Rutgers (Kungiyar Kwallon Kwallon Kwannin Mata) * Gidauniyar Wasannin Mata ta 2008 (WSF, Billie Jean King ce ta kafa) == Bikin bayar da kyautar == An shirya sanarwar lambar yabo ta Honda Sports Award ga masu cin nasara na wasanni goma sha biyu a duk shekara ta makaranta, bayan kammala gasar bayan kakar wasa. Ana gabatar da wasu kyaututtuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron kwana biyu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of the Collegiate Women Sports Awards (CWSA) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/information/history |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> yawanci a ƙarshen Yuni na kowace shekara. Kyautar Wasannin Mata ta Kwalejin (CWSA) ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ESPNU don taron 2013, <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Keilani Ricketts, University of Oklahoma |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2012-13/honda_cup |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> kuma tun daga 2014, ta yi haɗin gwiwar CBS don watsa shirye-shiryen lambobin yabo masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-28 |title=Save the Date – Watch the Honda Cup Presented Live on June 30, on CBS Sports Network |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2013-14/cwsa062814 |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> * Kyautar Honda Inspiration * Honda Division II Mai kunnawa na Shekara * Honda Division III Mai kunnawa na Shekara * "Top Three" finalists zaɓaɓɓu daga goma sha biyu da suka lashe kyautar kowane wasa * Kofin Honda na Mace na Shekara Tun daga shekara ta 2013, ana gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a USC Founders Club a Galen Center a Los Angeles . <ref name=":22" /> An soke bikin bayar da kyautar 2020 da aka shirya don Yuni saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-07 |title=CWSA Update on 2020 Awards & Event |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2019-20/04072020cwsarelease |access-date=April 8, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> == Masu cin nasara da wadanda aka zaba kafin shekara ta 2000 == ''Don masu cin nasara da wadanda aka zaba kafin 2000, duba Honda Sports Award kafin 2000 masu cin nasaraHonda Sports Award kafin 2000 masu nasara da kuma wadanda aka zaba'' == 2000-01 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Basketball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/basketball |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Cross Country |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Cross%20country |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Golf |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Golf |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Lacrosse |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Lacrosse |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Softball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Softball |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Swimming & Diving |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/swimdive |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Track & Field |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/trackfield |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Volleyball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/volleyball |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Tennis |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/tennis |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Soccer |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/soccer |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gymnastics |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Gymnastics |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Field Hockey |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/field%20hockey |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Jackie Stiles |Jihar Kudu maso Yammacin Missouri |Svetlana Abrosimova, Connecticut; Tamika Catchings, Tennessee; Ruth Riley, Notre Dame |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Kara Grgas-Wheeler |Colorado |Shalane Flanagan, Arewacin Carolina; Sabrina Monro, Montana; Erica Palmer, Wisconsin |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Marina Digiacomo |Tsohon Mulkin |Traci Anselmo, Jihar Penn; Kelli Gannon, Michigan; Carla Tagliente, Maryland |- |Golf |Candy Hannemann |Duke |Natalie Gulbis, Arizona; Candie Kung, Arizona; Lorena Ochoa, Arizona |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Mohini Bhardwaj |UCLA |Bridget Knaeble, Michigan; Suzanne Sears, Georgia; Onni Willis, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Jen Adams |Maryland |Quinn Carney, Maryland; Bowen Holden, Georgetown; Sheehan Stanwick, Georgetown |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Meredith Florance |Arewacin Carolina |Meghan Anderson, Nebraska; Anne Makinen, Notre Dame; Tracey Milburn, UCLA; Christie Welsh, Penn State |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Jennie Finch]] |Arizona |Oli Keohohou, BYU/Hawaii; Kelly Kretschman, Alabama; [[Stacey Nuveman-Deniz|Stacey Nuveman]], UCLA |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Misty Hyman |Stanford |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Natalie Coughlin, California; Colleen Lanne", Texas |- |Tennis |Laura Granville |Stanford |Bea Bielik, Wake Forest; Ansley Cargill, Duke; Michelle Dasso, Notre Dame |- |Track & Field |Brenda Taylor |Harvard |Tracy O'Hara, UCLA; Christina Tolson, UCLA) Angela Williams, USC |- |Kwallon volleyball |Greichaly Cepero |Nebraska |Kara Gormsen, Jami'ar Pacific; Sherisa Livingston, Wisconsin; Logan Tom, Stanford |} Tushen:<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Past DIII Woman Athlete of the Year Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/dIII/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Past Division II Woman Athlete of the Year Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/dII/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Past Inspiration Award Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/inspiration/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Jackie Stiles |Kwallon kwando |Jihar Kudu maso Yammacin Missouri |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kendra Berner |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Davidson |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Jessica Martin |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Jihar Truman |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Tasha Rogers |Kwallon kwando |Washington (St. Louis) |} == 2001-02 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Sue Bird |Connecticut |Chantelle Anderson, Vanderbilt; Alana Beard, Duke; Diana Taurasi, Connecticut |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Tara Chaplin |Arizona |Lauren Fleshman, Stanford; Renee Metivier, Georgia Tech; Kristin Price, Jihar North Carolina |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Autumn Welsh |Maryland |Jemima Cameron, Wake Forest; Llvy Friebe, Princeton; Adrienne Yoder, Old Dominion |- |Golf |Juya Nirapathpongpora |Duke |Danielle Downey, Auburn; Lorena Ochoa, Arizona; Summer Sirmons, Georgia |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Andree" Pickens |Alabama |Jamie Dantzscher, UCLA; MaryAnne Kelley, Minnesota; Theresa Kulikowski, Utah |- |Lacrosse |Erin Elbe |Georgetown |Rachel Becker, Princeton; Christine McPike, North Carolina; Jaimee Reynolds, Cornell |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Aly Wagner]] |Santa Clara |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; [[Abby Wambach]], Florida; Christie Welsh, Jihar Pennsylvania |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Jennie Finch]] |Arizona |[[Stacey Nuveman-Deniz|Stacey Nuveman]], UCLA; Jamie Southern, Jihar Fresno; Natasha Watley, UCLA |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Natalie Coughlin |California |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Maritza Correia, Georgia; Shelly Ripple, Stanford |- |Tennis |Bea Bielik |Dajin farkawa |Erin Burdette, Stanford; Gabriela Lastra, Stanford; Jessica Lehnhoff, Florida |- |Track & Field |Angela Williams |USC |Brianna Glenn, Arizona; Muna Lee, LSU; Melissa Price, Nebraska |- |Kwallon volleyball |Logan Tom |Logan Tom |Emily Adams, USC; Aury Cruz, Florida; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Angela Williams |USC |Track & Field |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kristin Koetsier |Kwallon kwando |Yammacin Michigan |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Nicole Duncan |Track & Field |Jihar Cal (LA) |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Julia Bergofsky |Hockey na filin wasa |Middlebury |} == 2002-03 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Diana Taurasi |Connecticut |Alana Beard, Duke; Nicole Ohlde, Jihar Kansas; Latoya Thomas, Jihar Mississippi |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Shalane Flanagan |Arewacin Carolina |Alicia Craig, Stanford; Lauren Fleshman, Stanford; Kate O"Neill, Yale |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Tiffany Snow |Tsohon Mulkin |Marcie Boyer, New Hampshire; Llvy Friebe, Princeton; Afrilu Fronzoni, Michigan |- |Golf |Mikaela Parmlid |USC |Erica Blasberg, Arizona; Katherine Hull, Pepperdine; Lindsey Wright, Pepperdin |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Onni Willis |UCLA |Jamie Dantzscher, UCLA; Theresa Kulikowski, Utah; Richelle Simpson, Nebraska |- |Lacrosse |Rachael Becker |Princeton |Lauren Aumiller, Virginia; Kelly Coppedge, Maryland; Suzanne Eyler, Kwalejin Loyola |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Portland |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; Catherine Reddick, Arewacin Carolina; [[Aly Wagner]], Santa Clara |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Natasha Watley |UCLA |Lovie Jung, Arizona; Cat Osterman, Texas; Kristen Rivera, Washington |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Natalie Coughlin |California |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Maritza Correia, Georgia; Shelly Ripple, Stanford |- |Tennis |Vilmarie Castellvi |Tennessee |Agata Cioroch, Georgia; Amber Liu, Stanford; Kelly McCain, Duke |- |Track & Field |Elva Goulbourne |Auburn |Laura Gerraughty, Arewacin Carolina; Muna Lee, LSU; [[Raasin McIntosh]], Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Logan Tom |Stanford |Emily Adams, USC; Aury Cruz, Florida; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Natasha Watley |Kwallon ƙafa |UCLA |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kristy McPherson |Golf |Kudancin Carolina |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Missy Gregg |Kwallon ƙafa |'Yan'uwan Kirista |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Libby Hysell |Kwallon ƙafa |Tsakiya |} == 2003-04 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Diana Taurasi |Connecticut |Alana Beard, Duke; Nicole Ohlde, Jihar Kansas; Nicole Powell, Stanford; Lindsay Whalen, Minnesota |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Shalane Flanagan |Arewacin Carolina |Sara Bei, Stanford; Michaela Mannova, Brigham Young; Kimberly Smith, Providence |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Kelly Doton |Dajin farkawa |Mari Creatini, Arewa maso gabas; Afrilu Fronzoni, Michigan; Vanessa Immordino, Jihar Ohio |- |Golf |Sarah Huarte |California |Karin Sjodin, Jihar Oklahoma; Susie Mathews, UCLA; Charlotte Mayorkas, UCLA |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Jeana Rice |Alabama |Jeanette Antolin, UCLA; Melissa Vituj, Utah; Lindsay Wing, Stanford |- |Lacrosse |Amy Appelt |Virginia |Kelly Coppedge, Maryland; Gail Decker, James Madison; Theresa Sherry, Princeton |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Catherine Reddick |Arewacin Carolina |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; Nandi Pryce, UCLA; Lindsay Tarpley, Arewacin Carolina |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Jessica van der Linden |Jihar Florida |[[Alicia Hollowell]], Arizona; Lyhia McMichael, Jihar Mississippi; Kristen Rivera, Washington |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Tara Kirk |Stanford |Margaret Hoelzer, Auburn; Natalie Coughlin, California; Kaitlin Sandeno, USC |- |Tennis |Amber Liu |Stanford |Megan Bradley, Miami; Julie Coin, Clemson; Jelena Pandzic, Jihar Fresno |- |Track & Field |Kim Smith |Gudanarwa |Hyleas Fountain, Georgia; Tiffany McWilliams, Jihar Mississippi; Lauryn Williams, Miami |- |Kwallon volleyball |Afrilu Ross |USC |Kele Eveland, Georgia Tech; Ogonna Nnamani, Stanford; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Tara Kirk |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Stanford |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Chanda Gunn |Hockey na kankara |Arewa maso gabas |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Zoila Gomez |Kwallon ƙafa |Jihar Adams |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Mary Ellen Gordon |Tennis |Emory |} == 2004-05 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Seimone Augustus |LSU |Jacqueline Batteast, Notre Dame; Monique Currie, Duke; Jessica Davenport, Jihar Ohio |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Kim Smith |Gudanarwa |Caroline Bierbaum, Columbia; Renee Metivier, Colorado; [[Laura Turner (runner)|Laura Turner]], Brigham Young |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Kelly Dostal |Dajin farkawa |Veerle Goudswaard, Jihar Michigan; Lauren Henderson, Connecticut; Paula Infante, Maryland |- |Golf |Anna Grzebien |Duke |Aboki Cochran, California Los Angeles; Brittany Lang, Duke; Leah Wigger, Virginia |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kristen Maloney |UCLA |Elise Ray, Michigan; Richelle Simpson, Nebraska; Annabeth Eberle, Utah |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Amy Appelt, Virginia; Katie Chrest, Duke; Katieanne Christian, Dartmouth |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Leslie Osborne]] |Santa Clara |Heather O"Reilly, Arewacin Carolina; [[Christine Sinclair]], Portland; Tiffany Weimer, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Cat Osterman |Texas |Caitlin Lowe, Arizona; Kristen Rivera, Washington; Amanda Scarborough, Texas AM |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Kirsty Coventry |Auburn |Caroline Bruce, Stanford; Mary DeScenza, Georgia; Kara Lynn Joyce, Georgia |- |Tennis |Zuzana Zemenová |Baylor |Audra Cohen, Arewa maso Yamma; Jennifer Magley, Florida; Riza Zalameda, UCLA |- |Track & Field |Monique Henderson |UCLA |Marshevet Hooker, Texas; Tianna Madison, Tennessee; Virginia Powell, USC |- |Kwallon volleyball |Ogonna Nnamani |Stanford |Emily Adams, USC; Stacey Gordon, Jihar Ohio; Sam Tortorello, Jihar Penn |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Ogonna Nnamani |Kwallon volleyball |Stanford |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Brittney Kroon |Kwallon kwando |Seattle Pacific |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Krystal Lewallen |Kwallon ƙafa |Arewacin Kentucky |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Missy Buttry |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Wartburg |} == 2005-06 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Seimone Augustus |LSU |Ivory Latta, Arewacin Carolina; Cappie Pondexter, Rutgers; Sophia Young, Baylor |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Caroline Bierbaum |Columbia |Stephanie Madia, Notre Dame; Victoria Mitchell, Butler; Johanna Nilsson, Arewacin Arizona |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Paula Infante |Maryland |Kayla Bashore, Indiana; Jessica Javelet, Louisville; Hilary Linton, Duke |- |Golf |Irene Cho |USC |Amanda Blumenherst, Duke; Jennie Lee, Duke; Dewi Schreefel, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Ashley Miles |Alabama |Courtney Kupets, Georgia; Ashley Postell, Utah; Kate Richardson, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Katie Chrest, Duke; Crysti Foote, Notre Dame; Coco Stanwick, Georgetown |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Portland |Heather O"Reilly, Arewacin Carolina; Katie Thorlakson, Notre Dame; Tiffany Weimer, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Cat Osterman |Texas |Monica Abbot, Tennessee; Andrea Duran, UCLA; Sarah Fekete, Tennessee |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Mary DeScenza |Georgia |Blythe Hartley, Kudancin California; Kara Lynn Joyce, Georgia; Whitney Myers, Arizona |- |Tennis |Kristi Miller |Georgia Tech |Suzi Babos, California; Audra Cohen, Miami; Lindsey Nelson, USC |- |Track & Field |Virginia Powell |USC |Marshevet Hooker, Texas; Chelsea Johnson, California, Los Angeles; Melaine Walker, Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Courtney Thompson |Washington |Melissa Elmer, Nebraska; Christina Houghtelling, Nebraska; Sam Tortorello, Jihar Penn |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Kwallon ƙafa |Portland |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Lindsay Payne |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Williams |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kristin Erb |Kwallon ƙafa |Lock Haven |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Megan Silva |Kwallon kwando |Randolph-Macon |} == 2006-07 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Candace Parker |Tennessee |Sylvia Fowles, LSU; Lindsey Harding, Duke; Ivory Latta, North Carolina |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego |Fasahar Texas |Jenny Barringer, Colorado; Lindsay Donaldson, Yale; Arianna Lambie, Stanford |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Paula Infante |Maryland |Lauren Crandall, Wake Forest; Lizzy Peijs, Connecticut; Amy Stopford, Duke |- |Golf |Amanda Blumenherst |Duke |Christel Boeljon, Purdue; Stacy Lewis, Arkansas; Anna Nordquvist, Jihar Arizona |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Courtney Kupets |Georgia |Janet Anson, Jihar Iowa; Emily Parsons, Nebraska; Tasha Schwikert, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Caroline Cryer, Duke; Dana Dobbie, Maryland; Mary Key Johns, Hopkins |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Heather O"Reilly |Arewacin Carolina |Yael Averbuch, Arewacin Carolina; Kerri Hanks, Notre Dame; Indiya Trotter, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Monica Abbott |Tennessee |[[Katie Burkhart]], Jihar Arizona; Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizoa; Caitlin Lowe, Arizona |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Kara Lynn Joyce |Georgia |Cassidy Krug, Stanford; Whitney Myers, Arizona; Dana Vollmer, California |- |Tennis |Audra Cohen |Miami |Megan Falcon, LSU; Lindsey Nelson, USC; Zuzana Zemenová, Baylor |- |Track & Field |Kerron Stewart |Auburn |[[Natasha Hastings]], ta Kudu Carolina; Sally Kipyego, Texas Tech; Sarah Stevens, Jihar Arizona |- |Kwallon volleyball |Sarah Pavan |Nebraska |[[Foluke Akinradewo]], Stanford; Nana Meriwether, UCLA; Courtney Thompson, Washington |} Sources:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Sarah Pavan |Kwallon volleyball |Nebraska |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Jessica Kohut |Kwallon ƙafa |Kwalejin New Jersey |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kylee Hanavan |Kwallon ƙafa |Jihar Birni |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Liz Bondi |Tennis |Rashin amincewa |} == 2007-08 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Candace Parker |Tennessee |Sylvia Fowles, LSU; Maya Moore, Connecticut; Candice Wiggins, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego |Fasahar Texas |Jenny Barringer, Colorado; Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida; [[Diane Nukuri]], Iowa |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Rachel Dawson |Arewacin Carolina |Jennifer Long, Jihar Penn; Katie O'Donnell, Maryland; Pam Spuehler, Boston |- |Golf |Amanda Blumenherst |Duke |Azahara Muñoz, Jihar Arizona; Tiffany Joh, UCLA; Stacy Lewis, Arkansas |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Katie Heenan |Georgia |Lindsey Bruck, Michigan; Ashley Postell, Utah; Tabitha Yim, Stanford |- |Lacrosse |Hannah Nielsen |Arewa maso yamma |Dana Dobbie, Maryland; Kelly Kasper, Maryland; Katie Rowan, Syracuse |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Ashlee Pistorius |Texas A & M |Lauren Cheney, UCLA; Kristin Olsen, USC; Mami Yamaguchi, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Angela Tincher |Virginia Tech |Tonya Callahan, Tennessee; Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizona; Megan Gibson, Texas A & M |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Caroline Burckle |Florida |Lacy Nymeyer, Arizona; Rebecca Soni, Kudancin California; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |Tennis |Amanda McDowell |Georgia Tech |Ani Mijacika, Clemson; Aurelija Miseviciute, Arkansas; Zuzana Zemenová, Baylor |- |Track & Field |Jacquelyn Johnson |Jihar Arizona |Brie Felnagle, Arewacin Carolina; Alysia Johnson, California; Sally Kipyego, Texas Tech |- |Kwallon volleyball |[[Foluke Akinradewo]] |Stanford |Christa Harmotto, Jihar Penn; Megan Hodge, Jihar Pennsylvania; Asiya Kaczor, USC |- |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Candace Parker |Kwallon kwando |Tennessee |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Mai haƙuri Knight |Track & Field |Fasahar Texas |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Vicky Braegelmann |Kwallon volleyball |Kwallon volleyball |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Sarah Zerzan |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Willamette |} == 2008-09 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |Renee Montgomery <ref>{{Cite web |title=UConn's Renee Montgomery Named Winner of Honda Award |url=https://uconnhuskies.com/news/2009/4/16/UConn_s_Renee_Montgomery_Named_Winner_of_Honda_Award.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Connecticut Athletics}}</ref> (Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup) <small> (Mai tseren karshe na Kofin Honda-Broderick) </small> |Connecticut |Angel McCoughtry, Louisville; Maya Moore, Connecticut; Courtney Paris, Oklahoma |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sally Kipyego Voted Honda Award Winner |url=https://texastech.com/news/2007/12/4/Sally_Kipyego_Voted_Honda_Award_Winner.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Texas Tech University Athletics}}</ref> |Fasahar Texas |Tasmin Fanning, Virginia Tech; Brie Felnagle, North Carolina; Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Susie Rowe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susie Rowe Captures 2009 Honda Award |url=https://umterps.com/news/2008/12/15/207270020.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Maryland Athletics}}</ref> |Maryland |Jen Long, Jihar Penn; Laurie Pfeiffer, Iowa; Shannon Taylor, [[Syracuse Orange|Syracuse]] |- |Golf |María Hernández<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Of The Best |url=https://purduesports.com/news/2009/6/4/Best_Of_The_Best.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Purdue University Athletics}}</ref> |Tsarkakewa |Carlota Ciganda, Jihar Arizona; Jennifer Song, USC; Lizette Salas, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Courtney Kupets<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2009-06-22 |title=Gymnast Kupets of Georgia wins Honda-Broderick Cup |url=https://www.deseret.com/2009/6/22/20325019/gymnast-kupets-of-georgia-wins-honda-broderick-cup |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Deseret News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> |Georgia |Kristina Baskett, Utah; Ashleigh Clare-Kearny, LSU; Jessica Lopez, Denver |- |Lacrosse |Hannah Nielsen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannah Nielsen – Women's Lacrosse Coach |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/womens-lacrosse/roster/coaches/hannah-nielsen/5338 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Michigan Athletics}}</ref> |Arewa maso yamma |Jillian Byers, Notre Dame: Amber Falcone, North Carolina; Caitlyn McFadden, Maryland |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |Casey Nogueira<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casey Nogueira Wins 2009 Honda Sports Award for Soccer |url=https://goheels.com/news/2008/12/18/205471575.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics}}</ref> |Arewacin Carolina |Kerri Hanks, Notre Dame; Brittany Bock, Notre Dame, Christina DiMartino, UCLA |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Danielle Lawrie]] ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-10 |title=UW's Danielle Lawrie earns Honda award in softball |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/uws-danielle-lawrie-earns-honda-award-in-softball/ |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref><small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Washington |Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizona; Stacey Nelson, Florida; Tammy Williams, Arewa maso Yamma |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Dana Vollmer<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2009 |title=Dana Vollmer Wins Honda Sports Award as Nation's Top Collegiate Swimmer |url=https://pac-12.com/article/2009/04/01/dana-vollmer-wins-honda-sports-award-nations-top-collegiate-swimmer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323233354/https://pac-12.com/article/2009/04/01/dana-vollmer-wins-honda-sports-award-nations-top-collegiate-swimmer |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Pac-12.com}}</ref> |California |Julia Smit, Stanford; Rebecca Soni, USC; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |[[Tennis]] |Mallory Cecil<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Cecil – 2008–09 – Women's Tennis |url=https://goduke.com/sports/womens-tennis/roster/mallory-cecil/8454 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=goduke.com}}</ref> |Duke |Aurelija Miseviciute, Arkansas; Maria Mosolova, Arewa maso Yamma; Laura Vallverdu, Miami |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |Jennifer Simpson ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Colorado |Sarah Bowman, Tennessee; Tiffany Ofili, Michigan; Blessing Okagbare, Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Nicole Fawcett ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fawcett voted Honda Award winner as top women's volleyball player {{!}} Penn State University |url=https://news.psu.edu/story/180213/2009/01/23/fawcett-voted-honda-award-winner-top-womens-volleyball-player |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=news.psu.edu}}</ref><small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Jihar Penn |Christa Harmotto, Jihar Penn; Destinee Hooker, Texas; [[Foluke Akinradewo]], Stanford |} {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Courtney Kupets<ref name=":16" /> |Wasan motsa jiki |Georgia |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Nicole Hester |Kwallon kwando |Drexel |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kristin Erb |Kwallon ƙafa |Lock Haven |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Ashley Huston |Track & Field |Hardin-Simmons |} == 2009-10 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |Maya Moore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basketball Star Maya Moore Makes History – Wins Honda-Broderick Cup Second Year In A Row |url=https://hondainamerica.com/news/basketball-star-maya-moore-makes-history-wins-honda-broderick-cup-second-year-in-a-row/ |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=hondainamerica.com}}</ref> |Connecticut |Tina Charles, Connecticut; Kelsey Griffin, Nebraska; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Angela Bizzarri<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-09 |title=Illinois runner Bizzarri is Honda Award winner |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/news/story?id=4728498 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |Illinois |Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida; Kendra Schaaf, Washington; Catherine White, Virginia |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie O'Donnell |Maryland |Katie Reinprecht, Princeton; LPaige Selenski, Virginia; Loren Sherer, Connecticut |- |Golf |Caroline Hedwall |Jihar Oklahoma |[[Cydney Clayton]], Auburn; Jennifer Johnson, Jihar Arizona; Jennifer Song, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Susan Jackson |LSU |Carly Janiga, Stanford; Brandi Personett, Penn State; Sarah Shire, Missouri |- |Lacrosse |Caitlyn McFadden |Maryland |Katrina Dowd, Arewa maso Yamma; Brittany Kalkstein, Virginia; Jenn Russell, Arewacin Carolina |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |Whitney Engen |Arewacin Carolina |Tobin Heath, Arewacin Carolina; Lauren Cheney, UCLA; Kelley O'Hara, Stanford |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Danielle Lawrie]] |Washington |Chelsea Bramlett, Jihar Mississippi; Megan Langenfeld, UCLA; Jen Yee, Georgia Tech |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Julia Smit |[[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]] |Elaine Breeden, Stanford; Allison Schmitt, Georgia; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |[[Tennis]] |Laura Vallverdu |Miami |Irina Falconi, Georgia Tech; Chelsey Gullickson, Georgia; Jana Juricova, California |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |Lisa Koll |Jihar Iowa |Sarauniya Harrison, Virginia Tech; Mariam Kevkhishvili, Florida; Albarka Okagbare, UTEP |- |Kwallon volleyball |Megan Hodge |Jihar Penn |Alisha Glass, Jihar Penn; Hana Cutura, California; Destinee Hooker, Texas |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- | rowspan="2" |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Megan Hodge (mai haɗin kai) |Kwallon volleyball |Jihar Penn |- |Maya Moore (mai haɗin kai) |Kwallon kwando |Connecticut |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Antoinette Cobb |Track & Field |Louisiana Tech |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Maggie McNamara |Kwallon volleyball |Jituwa |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Marie Borner |Track & Field |Ba'aital |} == 2010-11 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Maya Moore |Connecticut |Brittney Griner, Baylor; Amber Harris, Xavier; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Emily Infeld, Georgetown; Risper Kimaiyo, UTEP |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie O'Donnell |Maryland |Melissa González, Connecticut; Paige Selenski, Virginia; Kathleen Sharkey, Princeton |- |Golf |Marta Silva Zamora |LSU |Lizette Salas, USC; [[Kelli Shean]], Arkansas; Austin Ernst, LSU |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kayla Hoffman |Alabama |Kylee Botterman, Michigan; Brittani McCullough, UCLA; Sharaya Musser, Jihar Penn |- |Lacrosse |Shannon Smith |Arewa maso yamma |Grace Gavin, Loyola; Sarah Mollison, Maryland; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Melissa Henderson |Uwargidanmu |[[Alex Morgan]], California; Christen Press, Stanford; Sophie Schmidt, Portland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Kelsey Bruder |Florida |Ashley Hansen, Stanford; Jolene Henderson, California; Chelsea Thomas, Missouri |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Katinka Hosszú |USC Trojans |Allison Schmitt, Georgia; Jillian Tyler, Minnesota; Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace, Auburn. |- |Tennis |Jana Juricová |California |Lauren Embree, Florida; Maria Sanchez, USC; Stacey Tan, Stanford |- |Track & Field |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jessica Beard, Texas A&M Kimberlyn Duncan, LSU; Kim Williams, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon volleyball |Blair Brown |Jihar Penn |Julian Faucette, Texas; Alex Jupiter, USC; Carli Lloyd, California |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Maya Moore |Kwallon kwando |Connecticut |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Jessica Breland |Kwallon kwando |Arewacin Carolina |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Sammy Macy |Hockey na filin wasa |UMass-Lowell |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kendra Stern |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Amherst |} == 2011-12 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Brittney Griner |Baylor |Skylar Diggins, Notre Dame; Elena Delle Donne, Delaware; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Abbey D'Agostino, Dartmouth; Emily Infeld, Georgetown |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Megan Frazer |Maryland |Chelsea Armstrong, Arewa maso Yamma; Katelyn Falgowski, Arewacin Carolina; Whitney Frates, New Hampshire |- |Golf |Brooke Pancake |Alabama |Lindy Duncan, Duke; Chirapat Jao-Javanil, Oklahoma; Emily Tubert, Arkansas |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kytra Hunter |Florida |Amy Glass, Jihar Boise; Jaime Pisani, Arkansas; Geralen Stack-Eaton, Alabama |- |Lacrosse |Taylor Thornton |Arewa maso yamma |Brittany Dashiell, Florida; Sarah Plumb, Dartmouth; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Teresa Noyola |Stanford |Lindsay Taylor, Stanford; Maya Hayes, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Keilani Ricketts]] |Oklahoma |Katelyn Boyd, Jihar Arizona; Jolene Henderson, California; [[Jackie Traina]], Alabama |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Caitlin Leverenz |California |Katinka Hosszu, USC; Megan Roman, Georgia; Breeja Larson, Texas AM |- |Tennis |Nicole Gibbs |Stanford |Mallory Burdette, Stanford; Beatrice Capra, Duke; Allie Will, Florida |- |Track & Field |Kimberlyn Duncan |LSU |Brigetta Barrett, Arizona; Christina Manning, Jihar Ohio; Jeneva McCall, Kudancin Illinois |- |Kwallon volleyball |Alex Jupiter |USC |Rachael Adams, Texas; Kanani Danielson, Hawaii; Kelly Murphy, Jihar Florida |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Brittney Griner |Kwallon kwando |Baylor |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Elena Delle Donne |Kwallon kwando |Delaware |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kari Daugherty |Kwallon kwando |Ashland |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Stacey Hagensen |Kwallon ƙafa |Lutheran na Pacific |} == 2012-13 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Elena Delle Donne |Delaware |Skylar Diggins, Notre Dame; Brittney Griner, Baylor; Chinay Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Betsy Saina |Jihar Iowa |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Abbey D'Agostino, Dartmouth; Aliphine Tuliamuk-Bolton, Jihar Wichita |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie Reinprecht |Princeton |Chelsea Armstrong, Arewa maso Yamma; Megan Frazer, Maryland; Paige Selenski, Virginia |- |Golf |Annie Park |USC |Lindy Duncan, Duke; Stephanie Meadow, Alabama; Paula Reto, Purdue |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Bridget Sloan |Florida |Vanessa Zamarripa, UCLA; Rheagan Courville, LSU; Alina Weinstein, Illinois |- |Lacrosse |Kara Cannizzaro |Arewacin Carolina |Alex Aust, Maryland; Becca Block, Syracuse; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Crystal Dunn |Arewacin Carolina |Alina Garciamendez-Rowold, Stanford; Christine Nairn, Jihar Penn; Ines Jaurena, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Keilani Ricketts]] |Oklahoma |Lauren Chamberlain, Oklahoma; Amber Freeman, Jihar Arizona; Lauren Gibson, Tennessee |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Allison Schmitt |Georgia |Elizabeth Beisel, Florida; Breeja Larson, Texas A&M Elizabeth Pelton, California |- |Tennis |Nicole Gibbs |Stanford |Lauren Embree, Florida; Sabrina Santamaria, Kudancin California; Mary Weatherholt, Nebraska |- |Hanya da Filin |Kimberlyn Duncan |LSU |Brigetta Barrett, Arizona; Kori Carter, Stanford; Andrea Geubelle, Kansas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Alaina Bergsma |Oregon |Haley Eckerman, Texas; Lauren Plum, Oregon; Ariel Scott, Penn State |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bpli9oqrcpwnxaa6blnrjfhljuzoiof 915049 915043 2026-09-02T17:40:34Z Gwanki 3834 /* 2012-13 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba */ 915049 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kyautar Wasannin Honda kyauta ce ta shekara-shekara a Amurka, wacce aka ba wa mafi kyawun 'yar wasan mata a kowane wasanni goma sha biyu. Akwai 'yan takara huɗu ga kowane wasa, kuma masu cin nasara goma sha biyu na lambar yabo ta Honda Sports suna cikin gudu don kyautar Honda-Broderick Cup, a matsayin Mata Mai Wasanni na Shekara. Ana girmama wasu 'yan wasa uku a matsayin 'yan wasa na Division II na Shekara, 'yan wasa ne na Division III na Shekara. == Tsari == Ana zaɓar masu cin nasara a kowane wasanni 12 da aka ba da izini ta NCAA ta kwamitin masu gudanarwa na NCAA sama da 1,000. Ana girmama wasu 'yan wasa uku a matsayin 'yan wasa na Division II na Shekara, 'yan wasa ne na Division III na Shekara. Kowace mace ana zabar ta ba kawai saboda ƙwarewarta ta wasanni ba, har ma da ƙwarewarta na jagoranci, ƙwarewar ilimi da sha'awar shiga cikin hidimar al'umma. A ƙarshen shekara, za a zaɓi ɗan wasan da ya cancanci a matsayin Mata Mai Wasanni na Shekara kuma ya karɓi Kofin Honda-Broderick da ake so. Wadanda suka lashe wannan babbar lambar yabo a baya sun hada da [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee|Jackie Joyner]] da [[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] . Honda ta ba da gudummawa fiye da dala miliyan 3.4 a cikin tallafi da tallafin karatu ga jami'o'i a yayin shirin.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Past Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year Winners (Honda Cup) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/cupwinner_bios/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> == Tarihin kyaututtuka == An fara kirkirar kyaututtuka ne a shekara ta 1976, lokacin da Tom Broderick, mai mallakar kantin sayar da tufafi a Fergus, Ontario, ya yanke shawarar yin haɗin gwiwa tare da Judie Holland, babban mai kula da mata a UCLA <ref>{{Cite web |last=aassimon |date=2013-04-05 |title=AIAW greats to be honored at halftime of championship game |url=http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/aiaw-greats-be-honored-halftime-championship-game-0 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=NCAA.org}}</ref> da Irv Grossman, ɗan jarida, mai sayar da wasanni da mai ba da shawara kan kafofin watsa labarai, <ref>{{Cite web |title='Bitten' bouncer sues Pacman |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/bitten-bouncer-sues-pacman-article-1.225291 |access-date=2020-03-25 |website=nydailynews.com}}</ref> don ƙirƙirar kyaututtaka don gane manyan 'yan wasa mata a matakin kwaleji.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The History of the Collegiate Women Sports Awards (CWSA) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/information/history |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> An ba da kyaututtuka na farko a shekara ta 1977, ga 'yan wasa na Division I, da farko a wasanni goma sannan daga baya aka faɗaɗa zuwa wasanni 12: * Kwallon kwando * Ƙasar Ƙetare * Hockey na filin wasa * Golf * Wasan motsa jiki * Kwallon ƙafa * Yin iyo da nutsewa * Tennis * Track & Field * Kwallon volleyball * Kwallon ƙafa (an kara shi a cikin 1990) * Lacrosse (an kara shi a shekara ta 2001) Kowane ɗayan waɗannan kyaututtuka da farko ana kiransu Broderick Award. Baya ga lambar yabo ta mutum ga mai karɓa a kowane wasanni goma, an zaɓi mai nasara a duk wasanni, kuma wannan mutumin ya sami lambar yabo, wanda ake kira Broderick Cup, wanda ke wakiltar babbar 'yar wasan mata a cikin wasannin koleji. Kodayake ƙwarewar wasanni babbar la'akari ce a cikin tsarin zaɓe, kwamitin zaɓe ya yi la'akari da "ba kawai nasarar wasanni ba har ma da manufofin gudummawar ƙungiya, ƙoƙarin ilimi, shiga makaranta da al'umma da waɗancan halaye na mutum kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin falsafar NCAA".<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1985, Honda ta Amurka ta amince da zama babban mai tallafawa kyaututtuka, don haka an canza sunan kyautar zuwa lambar yabo ta Honda-Broderick ga kowane wasanni, da kuma Kofin Honda-Brederick ga wanda ya lashe gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1988, an kirkiro sabbin kyaututtuka uku. Kyaututtuka biyu sun amince da 'yan wasa na Division II da Division III, bi da bi tare da lambar yabo guda ɗaya ga kowane rukuni wanda ke rufe dukkan' yan wasa a duk wasannin da aka tsara. Kyautar ta uku ita ce Kyautar Inspiration, wacce ke zuwa ga 'yar wasan mata wacce ta shawo kan wahala. Dukkanin makarantun da NCAA suka ba da izini suna ba da waɗanda aka zaba kuma Kwamitin Daraktocin kungiyar ya yi zabin karshe.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Awards Overview |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/about |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> Tsakanin 1995 da 2008 kungiyar ta kuma zaɓi mai karɓar Kyautar Kyauta. Wadanda za su iya karɓar su ba 'yan wasa ba ne, amma mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga: * Sanarwar jama'a da godiya ga wasannin mata na kwaleji * Haɓaka matsayin wasanni na mata a matakin ƙasa <ref name=":21" /> An sake sunan wannan lambar yabo ta Irv Grossman Award of Merit a shekara ta 2007, bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2006. Wadanda suka karɓi wannan lambar yabo sun kasance: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Irv Grossman Award of Merit Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/meritawards/index |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> * 1995 Charlotte West (Kudancin Illinois) * 1996 Phyllis Howlett (Babban Taron Goma) * 1997 Christine Grant (Iowa) * 1998 Judith M. Sweet (UC San Diego) * 1999 Judith R. Holland (UCLA) * 2000 Barbara Hedges (Washington) * 2002 Ruth Berkey (NCAA) * 2003 Patsy Mink (Sanata, Hawaii) * 2004 Birch Bayh (Sanata, Indiana) * 2007 Vivian Stringer (Shugaban Kocin, Kwallon Kwando na Mata na Rutgers) * 2007 Kwallon Kwando na Mata na Rutgers (Kungiyar Kwallon Kwallon Kwannin Mata) * Gidauniyar Wasannin Mata ta 2008 (WSF, Billie Jean King ce ta kafa) == Bikin bayar da kyautar == An shirya sanarwar lambar yabo ta Honda Sports Award ga masu cin nasara na wasanni goma sha biyu a duk shekara ta makaranta, bayan kammala gasar bayan kakar wasa. Ana gabatar da wasu kyaututtuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron kwana biyu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of the Collegiate Women Sports Awards (CWSA) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/information/history |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> yawanci a ƙarshen Yuni na kowace shekara. Kyautar Wasannin Mata ta Kwalejin (CWSA) ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ESPNU don taron 2013, <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Keilani Ricketts, University of Oklahoma |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2012-13/honda_cup |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> kuma tun daga 2014, ta yi haɗin gwiwar CBS don watsa shirye-shiryen lambobin yabo masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-28 |title=Save the Date – Watch the Honda Cup Presented Live on June 30, on CBS Sports Network |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2013-14/cwsa062814 |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> * Kyautar Honda Inspiration * Honda Division II Mai kunnawa na Shekara * Honda Division III Mai kunnawa na Shekara * "Top Three" finalists zaɓaɓɓu daga goma sha biyu da suka lashe kyautar kowane wasa * Kofin Honda na Mace na Shekara Tun daga shekara ta 2013, ana gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a USC Founders Club a Galen Center a Los Angeles . <ref name=":22" /> An soke bikin bayar da kyautar 2020 da aka shirya don Yuni saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-07 |title=CWSA Update on 2020 Awards & Event |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2019-20/04072020cwsarelease |access-date=April 8, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> == Masu cin nasara da wadanda aka zaba kafin shekara ta 2000 == ''Don masu cin nasara da wadanda aka zaba kafin 2000, duba Honda Sports Award kafin 2000 masu cin nasaraHonda Sports Award kafin 2000 masu nasara da kuma wadanda aka zaba'' == 2000-01 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Basketball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/basketball |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Cross Country |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Cross%20country |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Golf |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Golf |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Lacrosse |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Lacrosse |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Softball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Softball |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Swimming & Diving |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/swimdive |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Track & Field |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/trackfield |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Volleyball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/volleyball |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Tennis |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/tennis |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Soccer |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/soccer |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gymnastics |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Gymnastics |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Field Hockey |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/field%20hockey |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Jackie Stiles |Jihar Kudu maso Yammacin Missouri |Svetlana Abrosimova, Connecticut; Tamika Catchings, Tennessee; Ruth Riley, Notre Dame |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Kara Grgas-Wheeler |Colorado |Shalane Flanagan, Arewacin Carolina; Sabrina Monro, Montana; Erica Palmer, Wisconsin |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Marina Digiacomo |Tsohon Mulkin |Traci Anselmo, Jihar Penn; Kelli Gannon, Michigan; Carla Tagliente, Maryland |- |Golf |Candy Hannemann |Duke |Natalie Gulbis, Arizona; Candie Kung, Arizona; Lorena Ochoa, Arizona |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Mohini Bhardwaj |UCLA |Bridget Knaeble, Michigan; Suzanne Sears, Georgia; Onni Willis, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Jen Adams |Maryland |Quinn Carney, Maryland; Bowen Holden, Georgetown; Sheehan Stanwick, Georgetown |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Meredith Florance |Arewacin Carolina |Meghan Anderson, Nebraska; Anne Makinen, Notre Dame; Tracey Milburn, UCLA; Christie Welsh, Penn State |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Jennie Finch]] |Arizona |Oli Keohohou, BYU/Hawaii; Kelly Kretschman, Alabama; [[Stacey Nuveman-Deniz|Stacey Nuveman]], UCLA |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Misty Hyman |Stanford |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Natalie Coughlin, California; Colleen Lanne", Texas |- |Tennis |Laura Granville |Stanford |Bea Bielik, Wake Forest; Ansley Cargill, Duke; Michelle Dasso, Notre Dame |- |Track & Field |Brenda Taylor |Harvard |Tracy O'Hara, UCLA; Christina Tolson, UCLA) Angela Williams, USC |- |Kwallon volleyball |Greichaly Cepero |Nebraska |Kara Gormsen, Jami'ar Pacific; Sherisa Livingston, Wisconsin; Logan Tom, Stanford |} Tushen:<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Past DIII Woman Athlete of the Year Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/dIII/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Past Division II Woman Athlete of the Year Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/dII/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Past Inspiration Award Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/inspiration/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Jackie Stiles |Kwallon kwando |Jihar Kudu maso Yammacin Missouri |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kendra Berner |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Davidson |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Jessica Martin |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Jihar Truman |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Tasha Rogers |Kwallon kwando |Washington (St. Louis) |} == 2001-02 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Sue Bird |Connecticut |Chantelle Anderson, Vanderbilt; Alana Beard, Duke; Diana Taurasi, Connecticut |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Tara Chaplin |Arizona |Lauren Fleshman, Stanford; Renee Metivier, Georgia Tech; Kristin Price, Jihar North Carolina |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Autumn Welsh |Maryland |Jemima Cameron, Wake Forest; Llvy Friebe, Princeton; Adrienne Yoder, Old Dominion |- |Golf |Juya Nirapathpongpora |Duke |Danielle Downey, Auburn; Lorena Ochoa, Arizona; Summer Sirmons, Georgia |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Andree" Pickens |Alabama |Jamie Dantzscher, UCLA; MaryAnne Kelley, Minnesota; Theresa Kulikowski, Utah |- |Lacrosse |Erin Elbe |Georgetown |Rachel Becker, Princeton; Christine McPike, North Carolina; Jaimee Reynolds, Cornell |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Aly Wagner]] |Santa Clara |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; [[Abby Wambach]], Florida; Christie Welsh, Jihar Pennsylvania |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Jennie Finch]] |Arizona |[[Stacey Nuveman-Deniz|Stacey Nuveman]], UCLA; Jamie Southern, Jihar Fresno; Natasha Watley, UCLA |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Natalie Coughlin |California |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Maritza Correia, Georgia; Shelly Ripple, Stanford |- |Tennis |Bea Bielik |Dajin farkawa |Erin Burdette, Stanford; Gabriela Lastra, Stanford; Jessica Lehnhoff, Florida |- |Track & Field |Angela Williams |USC |Brianna Glenn, Arizona; Muna Lee, LSU; Melissa Price, Nebraska |- |Kwallon volleyball |Logan Tom |Logan Tom |Emily Adams, USC; Aury Cruz, Florida; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Angela Williams |USC |Track & Field |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kristin Koetsier |Kwallon kwando |Yammacin Michigan |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Nicole Duncan |Track & Field |Jihar Cal (LA) |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Julia Bergofsky |Hockey na filin wasa |Middlebury |} == 2002-03 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Diana Taurasi |Connecticut |Alana Beard, Duke; Nicole Ohlde, Jihar Kansas; Latoya Thomas, Jihar Mississippi |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Shalane Flanagan |Arewacin Carolina |Alicia Craig, Stanford; Lauren Fleshman, Stanford; Kate O"Neill, Yale |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Tiffany Snow |Tsohon Mulkin |Marcie Boyer, New Hampshire; Llvy Friebe, Princeton; Afrilu Fronzoni, Michigan |- |Golf |Mikaela Parmlid |USC |Erica Blasberg, Arizona; Katherine Hull, Pepperdine; Lindsey Wright, Pepperdin |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Onni Willis |UCLA |Jamie Dantzscher, UCLA; Theresa Kulikowski, Utah; Richelle Simpson, Nebraska |- |Lacrosse |Rachael Becker |Princeton |Lauren Aumiller, Virginia; Kelly Coppedge, Maryland; Suzanne Eyler, Kwalejin Loyola |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Portland |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; Catherine Reddick, Arewacin Carolina; [[Aly Wagner]], Santa Clara |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Natasha Watley |UCLA |Lovie Jung, Arizona; Cat Osterman, Texas; Kristen Rivera, Washington |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Natalie Coughlin |California |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Maritza Correia, Georgia; Shelly Ripple, Stanford |- |Tennis |Vilmarie Castellvi |Tennessee |Agata Cioroch, Georgia; Amber Liu, Stanford; Kelly McCain, Duke |- |Track & Field |Elva Goulbourne |Auburn |Laura Gerraughty, Arewacin Carolina; Muna Lee, LSU; [[Raasin McIntosh]], Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Logan Tom |Stanford |Emily Adams, USC; Aury Cruz, Florida; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Natasha Watley |Kwallon ƙafa |UCLA |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kristy McPherson |Golf |Kudancin Carolina |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Missy Gregg |Kwallon ƙafa |'Yan'uwan Kirista |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Libby Hysell |Kwallon ƙafa |Tsakiya |} == 2003-04 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Diana Taurasi |Connecticut |Alana Beard, Duke; Nicole Ohlde, Jihar Kansas; Nicole Powell, Stanford; Lindsay Whalen, Minnesota |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Shalane Flanagan |Arewacin Carolina |Sara Bei, Stanford; Michaela Mannova, Brigham Young; Kimberly Smith, Providence |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Kelly Doton |Dajin farkawa |Mari Creatini, Arewa maso gabas; Afrilu Fronzoni, Michigan; Vanessa Immordino, Jihar Ohio |- |Golf |Sarah Huarte |California |Karin Sjodin, Jihar Oklahoma; Susie Mathews, UCLA; Charlotte Mayorkas, UCLA |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Jeana Rice |Alabama |Jeanette Antolin, UCLA; Melissa Vituj, Utah; Lindsay Wing, Stanford |- |Lacrosse |Amy Appelt |Virginia |Kelly Coppedge, Maryland; Gail Decker, James Madison; Theresa Sherry, Princeton |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Catherine Reddick |Arewacin Carolina |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; Nandi Pryce, UCLA; Lindsay Tarpley, Arewacin Carolina |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Jessica van der Linden |Jihar Florida |[[Alicia Hollowell]], Arizona; Lyhia McMichael, Jihar Mississippi; Kristen Rivera, Washington |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Tara Kirk |Stanford |Margaret Hoelzer, Auburn; Natalie Coughlin, California; Kaitlin Sandeno, USC |- |Tennis |Amber Liu |Stanford |Megan Bradley, Miami; Julie Coin, Clemson; Jelena Pandzic, Jihar Fresno |- |Track & Field |Kim Smith |Gudanarwa |Hyleas Fountain, Georgia; Tiffany McWilliams, Jihar Mississippi; Lauryn Williams, Miami |- |Kwallon volleyball |Afrilu Ross |USC |Kele Eveland, Georgia Tech; Ogonna Nnamani, Stanford; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Tara Kirk |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Stanford |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Chanda Gunn |Hockey na kankara |Arewa maso gabas |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Zoila Gomez |Kwallon ƙafa |Jihar Adams |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Mary Ellen Gordon |Tennis |Emory |} == 2004-05 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Seimone Augustus |LSU |Jacqueline Batteast, Notre Dame; Monique Currie, Duke; Jessica Davenport, Jihar Ohio |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Kim Smith |Gudanarwa |Caroline Bierbaum, Columbia; Renee Metivier, Colorado; [[Laura Turner (runner)|Laura Turner]], Brigham Young |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Kelly Dostal |Dajin farkawa |Veerle Goudswaard, Jihar Michigan; Lauren Henderson, Connecticut; Paula Infante, Maryland |- |Golf |Anna Grzebien |Duke |Aboki Cochran, California Los Angeles; Brittany Lang, Duke; Leah Wigger, Virginia |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kristen Maloney |UCLA |Elise Ray, Michigan; Richelle Simpson, Nebraska; Annabeth Eberle, Utah |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Amy Appelt, Virginia; Katie Chrest, Duke; Katieanne Christian, Dartmouth |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Leslie Osborne]] |Santa Clara |Heather O"Reilly, Arewacin Carolina; [[Christine Sinclair]], Portland; Tiffany Weimer, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Cat Osterman |Texas |Caitlin Lowe, Arizona; Kristen Rivera, Washington; Amanda Scarborough, Texas AM |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Kirsty Coventry |Auburn |Caroline Bruce, Stanford; Mary DeScenza, Georgia; Kara Lynn Joyce, Georgia |- |Tennis |Zuzana Zemenová |Baylor |Audra Cohen, Arewa maso Yamma; Jennifer Magley, Florida; Riza Zalameda, UCLA |- |Track & Field |Monique Henderson |UCLA |Marshevet Hooker, Texas; Tianna Madison, Tennessee; Virginia Powell, USC |- |Kwallon volleyball |Ogonna Nnamani |Stanford |Emily Adams, USC; Stacey Gordon, Jihar Ohio; Sam Tortorello, Jihar Penn |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Ogonna Nnamani |Kwallon volleyball |Stanford |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Brittney Kroon |Kwallon kwando |Seattle Pacific |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Krystal Lewallen |Kwallon ƙafa |Arewacin Kentucky |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Missy Buttry |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Wartburg |} == 2005-06 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Seimone Augustus |LSU |Ivory Latta, Arewacin Carolina; Cappie Pondexter, Rutgers; Sophia Young, Baylor |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Caroline Bierbaum |Columbia |Stephanie Madia, Notre Dame; Victoria Mitchell, Butler; Johanna Nilsson, Arewacin Arizona |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Paula Infante |Maryland |Kayla Bashore, Indiana; Jessica Javelet, Louisville; Hilary Linton, Duke |- |Golf |Irene Cho |USC |Amanda Blumenherst, Duke; Jennie Lee, Duke; Dewi Schreefel, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Ashley Miles |Alabama |Courtney Kupets, Georgia; Ashley Postell, Utah; Kate Richardson, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Katie Chrest, Duke; Crysti Foote, Notre Dame; Coco Stanwick, Georgetown |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Portland |Heather O"Reilly, Arewacin Carolina; Katie Thorlakson, Notre Dame; Tiffany Weimer, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Cat Osterman |Texas |Monica Abbot, Tennessee; Andrea Duran, UCLA; Sarah Fekete, Tennessee |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Mary DeScenza |Georgia |Blythe Hartley, Kudancin California; Kara Lynn Joyce, Georgia; Whitney Myers, Arizona |- |Tennis |Kristi Miller |Georgia Tech |Suzi Babos, California; Audra Cohen, Miami; Lindsey Nelson, USC |- |Track & Field |Virginia Powell |USC |Marshevet Hooker, Texas; Chelsea Johnson, California, Los Angeles; Melaine Walker, Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Courtney Thompson |Washington |Melissa Elmer, Nebraska; Christina Houghtelling, Nebraska; Sam Tortorello, Jihar Penn |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Kwallon ƙafa |Portland |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Lindsay Payne |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Williams |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kristin Erb |Kwallon ƙafa |Lock Haven |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Megan Silva |Kwallon kwando |Randolph-Macon |} == 2006-07 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Candace Parker |Tennessee |Sylvia Fowles, LSU; Lindsey Harding, Duke; Ivory Latta, North Carolina |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego |Fasahar Texas |Jenny Barringer, Colorado; Lindsay Donaldson, Yale; Arianna Lambie, Stanford |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Paula Infante |Maryland |Lauren Crandall, Wake Forest; Lizzy Peijs, Connecticut; Amy Stopford, Duke |- |Golf |Amanda Blumenherst |Duke |Christel Boeljon, Purdue; Stacy Lewis, Arkansas; Anna Nordquvist, Jihar Arizona |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Courtney Kupets |Georgia |Janet Anson, Jihar Iowa; Emily Parsons, Nebraska; Tasha Schwikert, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Caroline Cryer, Duke; Dana Dobbie, Maryland; Mary Key Johns, Hopkins |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Heather O"Reilly |Arewacin Carolina |Yael Averbuch, Arewacin Carolina; Kerri Hanks, Notre Dame; Indiya Trotter, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Monica Abbott |Tennessee |[[Katie Burkhart]], Jihar Arizona; Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizoa; Caitlin Lowe, Arizona |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Kara Lynn Joyce |Georgia |Cassidy Krug, Stanford; Whitney Myers, Arizona; Dana Vollmer, California |- |Tennis |Audra Cohen |Miami |Megan Falcon, LSU; Lindsey Nelson, USC; Zuzana Zemenová, Baylor |- |Track & Field |Kerron Stewart |Auburn |[[Natasha Hastings]], ta Kudu Carolina; Sally Kipyego, Texas Tech; Sarah Stevens, Jihar Arizona |- |Kwallon volleyball |Sarah Pavan |Nebraska |[[Foluke Akinradewo]], Stanford; Nana Meriwether, UCLA; Courtney Thompson, Washington |} Sources:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Sarah Pavan |Kwallon volleyball |Nebraska |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Jessica Kohut |Kwallon ƙafa |Kwalejin New Jersey |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kylee Hanavan |Kwallon ƙafa |Jihar Birni |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Liz Bondi |Tennis |Rashin amincewa |} == 2007-08 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Candace Parker |Tennessee |Sylvia Fowles, LSU; Maya Moore, Connecticut; Candice Wiggins, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego |Fasahar Texas |Jenny Barringer, Colorado; Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida; [[Diane Nukuri]], Iowa |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Rachel Dawson |Arewacin Carolina |Jennifer Long, Jihar Penn; Katie O'Donnell, Maryland; Pam Spuehler, Boston |- |Golf |Amanda Blumenherst |Duke |Azahara Muñoz, Jihar Arizona; Tiffany Joh, UCLA; Stacy Lewis, Arkansas |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Katie Heenan |Georgia |Lindsey Bruck, Michigan; Ashley Postell, Utah; Tabitha Yim, Stanford |- |Lacrosse |Hannah Nielsen |Arewa maso yamma |Dana Dobbie, Maryland; Kelly Kasper, Maryland; Katie Rowan, Syracuse |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Ashlee Pistorius |Texas A & M |Lauren Cheney, UCLA; Kristin Olsen, USC; Mami Yamaguchi, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Angela Tincher |Virginia Tech |Tonya Callahan, Tennessee; Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizona; Megan Gibson, Texas A & M |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Caroline Burckle |Florida |Lacy Nymeyer, Arizona; Rebecca Soni, Kudancin California; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |Tennis |Amanda McDowell |Georgia Tech |Ani Mijacika, Clemson; Aurelija Miseviciute, Arkansas; Zuzana Zemenová, Baylor |- |Track & Field |Jacquelyn Johnson |Jihar Arizona |Brie Felnagle, Arewacin Carolina; Alysia Johnson, California; Sally Kipyego, Texas Tech |- |Kwallon volleyball |[[Foluke Akinradewo]] |Stanford |Christa Harmotto, Jihar Penn; Megan Hodge, Jihar Pennsylvania; Asiya Kaczor, USC |- |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Candace Parker |Kwallon kwando |Tennessee |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Mai haƙuri Knight |Track & Field |Fasahar Texas |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Vicky Braegelmann |Kwallon volleyball |Kwallon volleyball |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Sarah Zerzan |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Willamette |} == 2008-09 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |Renee Montgomery <ref>{{Cite web |title=UConn's Renee Montgomery Named Winner of Honda Award |url=https://uconnhuskies.com/news/2009/4/16/UConn_s_Renee_Montgomery_Named_Winner_of_Honda_Award.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Connecticut Athletics}}</ref> (Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup) <small> (Mai tseren karshe na Kofin Honda-Broderick) </small> |Connecticut |Angel McCoughtry, Louisville; Maya Moore, Connecticut; Courtney Paris, Oklahoma |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sally Kipyego Voted Honda Award Winner |url=https://texastech.com/news/2007/12/4/Sally_Kipyego_Voted_Honda_Award_Winner.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Texas Tech University Athletics}}</ref> |Fasahar Texas |Tasmin Fanning, Virginia Tech; Brie Felnagle, North Carolina; Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Susie Rowe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susie Rowe Captures 2009 Honda Award |url=https://umterps.com/news/2008/12/15/207270020.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Maryland Athletics}}</ref> |Maryland |Jen Long, Jihar Penn; Laurie Pfeiffer, Iowa; Shannon Taylor, [[Syracuse Orange|Syracuse]] |- |Golf |María Hernández<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Of The Best |url=https://purduesports.com/news/2009/6/4/Best_Of_The_Best.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Purdue University Athletics}}</ref> |Tsarkakewa |Carlota Ciganda, Jihar Arizona; Jennifer Song, USC; Lizette Salas, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Courtney Kupets<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2009-06-22 |title=Gymnast Kupets of Georgia wins Honda-Broderick Cup |url=https://www.deseret.com/2009/6/22/20325019/gymnast-kupets-of-georgia-wins-honda-broderick-cup |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Deseret News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> |Georgia |Kristina Baskett, Utah; Ashleigh Clare-Kearny, LSU; Jessica Lopez, Denver |- |Lacrosse |Hannah Nielsen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannah Nielsen – Women's Lacrosse Coach |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/womens-lacrosse/roster/coaches/hannah-nielsen/5338 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Michigan Athletics}}</ref> |Arewa maso yamma |Jillian Byers, Notre Dame: Amber Falcone, North Carolina; Caitlyn McFadden, Maryland |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |Casey Nogueira<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casey Nogueira Wins 2009 Honda Sports Award for Soccer |url=https://goheels.com/news/2008/12/18/205471575.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics}}</ref> |Arewacin Carolina |Kerri Hanks, Notre Dame; Brittany Bock, Notre Dame, Christina DiMartino, UCLA |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Danielle Lawrie]] ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-10 |title=UW's Danielle Lawrie earns Honda award in softball |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/uws-danielle-lawrie-earns-honda-award-in-softball/ |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref><small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Washington |Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizona; Stacey Nelson, Florida; Tammy Williams, Arewa maso Yamma |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Dana Vollmer<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2009 |title=Dana Vollmer Wins Honda Sports Award as Nation's Top Collegiate Swimmer |url=https://pac-12.com/article/2009/04/01/dana-vollmer-wins-honda-sports-award-nations-top-collegiate-swimmer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323233354/https://pac-12.com/article/2009/04/01/dana-vollmer-wins-honda-sports-award-nations-top-collegiate-swimmer |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Pac-12.com}}</ref> |California |Julia Smit, Stanford; Rebecca Soni, USC; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |[[Tennis]] |Mallory Cecil<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Cecil – 2008–09 – Women's Tennis |url=https://goduke.com/sports/womens-tennis/roster/mallory-cecil/8454 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=goduke.com}}</ref> |Duke |Aurelija Miseviciute, Arkansas; Maria Mosolova, Arewa maso Yamma; Laura Vallverdu, Miami |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |Jennifer Simpson ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Colorado |Sarah Bowman, Tennessee; Tiffany Ofili, Michigan; Blessing Okagbare, Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Nicole Fawcett ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fawcett voted Honda Award winner as top women's volleyball player {{!}} Penn State University |url=https://news.psu.edu/story/180213/2009/01/23/fawcett-voted-honda-award-winner-top-womens-volleyball-player |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=news.psu.edu}}</ref><small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Jihar Penn |Christa Harmotto, Jihar Penn; Destinee Hooker, Texas; [[Foluke Akinradewo]], Stanford |} {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Courtney Kupets<ref name=":16" /> |Wasan motsa jiki |Georgia |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Nicole Hester |Kwallon kwando |Drexel |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kristin Erb |Kwallon ƙafa |Lock Haven |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Ashley Huston |Track & Field |Hardin-Simmons |} == 2009-10 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |Maya Moore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basketball Star Maya Moore Makes History – Wins Honda-Broderick Cup Second Year In A Row |url=https://hondainamerica.com/news/basketball-star-maya-moore-makes-history-wins-honda-broderick-cup-second-year-in-a-row/ |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=hondainamerica.com}}</ref> |Connecticut |Tina Charles, Connecticut; Kelsey Griffin, Nebraska; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Angela Bizzarri<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-09 |title=Illinois runner Bizzarri is Honda Award winner |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/news/story?id=4728498 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |Illinois |Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida; Kendra Schaaf, Washington; Catherine White, Virginia |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie O'Donnell |Maryland |Katie Reinprecht, Princeton; LPaige Selenski, Virginia; Loren Sherer, Connecticut |- |Golf |Caroline Hedwall |Jihar Oklahoma |[[Cydney Clayton]], Auburn; Jennifer Johnson, Jihar Arizona; Jennifer Song, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Susan Jackson |LSU |Carly Janiga, Stanford; Brandi Personett, Penn State; Sarah Shire, Missouri |- |Lacrosse |Caitlyn McFadden |Maryland |Katrina Dowd, Arewa maso Yamma; Brittany Kalkstein, Virginia; Jenn Russell, Arewacin Carolina |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |Whitney Engen |Arewacin Carolina |Tobin Heath, Arewacin Carolina; Lauren Cheney, UCLA; Kelley O'Hara, Stanford |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Danielle Lawrie]] |Washington |Chelsea Bramlett, Jihar Mississippi; Megan Langenfeld, UCLA; Jen Yee, Georgia Tech |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Julia Smit |[[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]] |Elaine Breeden, Stanford; Allison Schmitt, Georgia; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |[[Tennis]] |Laura Vallverdu |Miami |Irina Falconi, Georgia Tech; Chelsey Gullickson, Georgia; Jana Juricova, California |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |Lisa Koll |Jihar Iowa |Sarauniya Harrison, Virginia Tech; Mariam Kevkhishvili, Florida; Albarka Okagbare, UTEP |- |Kwallon volleyball |Megan Hodge |Jihar Penn |Alisha Glass, Jihar Penn; Hana Cutura, California; Destinee Hooker, Texas |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- | rowspan="2" |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Megan Hodge (mai haɗin kai) |Kwallon volleyball |Jihar Penn |- |Maya Moore (mai haɗin kai) |Kwallon kwando |Connecticut |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Antoinette Cobb |Track & Field |Louisiana Tech |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Maggie McNamara |Kwallon volleyball |Jituwa |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Marie Borner |Track & Field |Ba'aital |} == 2010-11 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Maya Moore |Connecticut |Brittney Griner, Baylor; Amber Harris, Xavier; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Emily Infeld, Georgetown; Risper Kimaiyo, UTEP |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie O'Donnell |Maryland |Melissa González, Connecticut; Paige Selenski, Virginia; Kathleen Sharkey, Princeton |- |Golf |Marta Silva Zamora |LSU |Lizette Salas, USC; [[Kelli Shean]], Arkansas; Austin Ernst, LSU |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kayla Hoffman |Alabama |Kylee Botterman, Michigan; Brittani McCullough, UCLA; Sharaya Musser, Jihar Penn |- |Lacrosse |Shannon Smith |Arewa maso yamma |Grace Gavin, Loyola; Sarah Mollison, Maryland; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Melissa Henderson |Uwargidanmu |[[Alex Morgan]], California; Christen Press, Stanford; Sophie Schmidt, Portland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Kelsey Bruder |Florida |Ashley Hansen, Stanford; Jolene Henderson, California; Chelsea Thomas, Missouri |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Katinka Hosszú |USC Trojans |Allison Schmitt, Georgia; Jillian Tyler, Minnesota; Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace, Auburn. |- |Tennis |Jana Juricová |California |Lauren Embree, Florida; Maria Sanchez, USC; Stacey Tan, Stanford |- |Track & Field |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jessica Beard, Texas A&M Kimberlyn Duncan, LSU; Kim Williams, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon volleyball |Blair Brown |Jihar Penn |Julian Faucette, Texas; Alex Jupiter, USC; Carli Lloyd, California |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Maya Moore |Kwallon kwando |Connecticut |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Jessica Breland |Kwallon kwando |Arewacin Carolina |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Sammy Macy |Hockey na filin wasa |UMass-Lowell |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kendra Stern |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Amherst |} == 2011-12 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Brittney Griner |Baylor |Skylar Diggins, Notre Dame; Elena Delle Donne, Delaware; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Abbey D'Agostino, Dartmouth; Emily Infeld, Georgetown |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Megan Frazer |Maryland |Chelsea Armstrong, Arewa maso Yamma; Katelyn Falgowski, Arewacin Carolina; Whitney Frates, New Hampshire |- |Golf |Brooke Pancake |Alabama |Lindy Duncan, Duke; Chirapat Jao-Javanil, Oklahoma; Emily Tubert, Arkansas |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kytra Hunter |Florida |Amy Glass, Jihar Boise; Jaime Pisani, Arkansas; Geralen Stack-Eaton, Alabama |- |Lacrosse |Taylor Thornton |Arewa maso yamma |Brittany Dashiell, Florida; Sarah Plumb, Dartmouth; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Teresa Noyola |Stanford |Lindsay Taylor, Stanford; Maya Hayes, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Keilani Ricketts]] |Oklahoma |Katelyn Boyd, Jihar Arizona; Jolene Henderson, California; [[Jackie Traina]], Alabama |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Caitlin Leverenz |California |Katinka Hosszu, USC; Megan Roman, Georgia; Breeja Larson, Texas AM |- |Tennis |Nicole Gibbs |Stanford |Mallory Burdette, Stanford; Beatrice Capra, Duke; Allie Will, Florida |- |Track & Field |Kimberlyn Duncan |LSU |Brigetta Barrett, Arizona; Christina Manning, Jihar Ohio; Jeneva McCall, Kudancin Illinois |- |Kwallon volleyball |Alex Jupiter |USC |Rachael Adams, Texas; Kanani Danielson, Hawaii; Kelly Murphy, Jihar Florida |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Brittney Griner |Kwallon kwando |Baylor |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Elena Delle Donne |Kwallon kwando |Delaware |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kari Daugherty |Kwallon kwando |Ashland |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Stacey Hagensen |Kwallon ƙafa |Lutheran na Pacific |} == 2012-13 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Elena Delle Donne |Delaware |Skylar Diggins, Notre Dame; Brittney Griner, Baylor; Chinay Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Betsy Saina |Jihar Iowa |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Abbey D'Agostino, Dartmouth; Aliphine Tuliamuk-Bolton, Jihar Wichita |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie Reinprecht |Princeton |Chelsea Armstrong, Arewa maso Yamma; Megan Frazer, Maryland; Paige Selenski, Virginia |- |Golf |Annie Park |USC |Lindy Duncan, Duke; Stephanie Meadow, Alabama; Paula Reto, Purdue |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Bridget Sloan |Florida |Vanessa Zamarripa, UCLA; Rheagan Courville, LSU; Alina Weinstein, Illinois |- |Lacrosse |Kara Cannizzaro |Arewacin Carolina |Alex Aust, Maryland; Becca Block, Syracuse; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Crystal Dunn |Arewacin Carolina |Alina Garciamendez-Rowold, Stanford; Christine Nairn, Jihar Penn; Ines Jaurena, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Keilani Ricketts]] |Oklahoma |Lauren Chamberlain, Oklahoma; Amber Freeman, Jihar Arizona; Lauren Gibson, Tennessee |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Allison Schmitt |Georgia |Elizabeth Beisel, Florida; Breeja Larson, Texas A&M Elizabeth Pelton, California |- |Tennis |Nicole Gibbs |Stanford |Lauren Embree, Florida; Sabrina Santamaria, Kudancin California; Mary Weatherholt, Nebraska |- |Hanya da Filin |Kimberlyn Duncan |LSU |Brigetta Barrett, Arizona; Kori Carter, Stanford; Andrea Geubelle, Kansas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Alaina Bergsma |Oregon |Haley Eckerman, Texas; Lauren Plum, Oregon; Ariel Scott, Penn State |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2013–14== Tushen:<ref name="Past Winners - all sports"/><ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wasanni ! Wanda ya yi nasara ! Kwaleji ! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando |[[Breanna Stewart]] |[[Connecticut Huskies women's basketball|Connecticut]] |[[Kayla McBride]], Notre Dame; [[Alyssa Thomas]], Maryland; [[Chiney Ogwumike]], Stanford; [[Odyssey Sims]], Baylor |- | Gudun ƙasa |[[Abbey D'Agostino]] |[[Dartmouth Big Green|Dartmouth]] |Katie Avory, Iona; [[Emma Bates]], Boise State; [[Aisling Cuffe]], Stanford |- | Filin hockey | Marie Elena Bolles |[[UConn Huskies|Connecticut]] |Rachael Mack, Michigan; [[Jill Witmer]], Maryland; [[Emily Wold]], North Carolina |- | Golf |[[Céline Boutier]] |[[Duke Blue Devils|Duke]] |Doris Chen, USC; [[Alison Lee]], UCLA; [[Annie Park]], USC |- | Gymnastics |Kim Jacob |Alabama |[[Katherine Grable]], Arkansas; [[Bridget Sloan]], Florida; Emily Wong, Nebraska |- | Lacrosse |[[Taylor Cummings]] |[[Maryland Terrapins|Maryland]] |Shannon Gilroy, Florida; [[Alyssa Murray]], Syracuse; [[Kayla Treanor]], Syracuse |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa | [[Abby Dahlkemper]] | [[UCLA Bruins|UCLA]] |[[Morgan Brian]], Virginia; [[Crystal Dunn]], North Carolina; [[Kassey Kallman]], Florida State |- | Softball |[[Madison Shipman]] |[[Tennessee Volunteers|Tennessee]] |Cheridan Hawkins, Oregon; Maddie O'Brien, Florida State; [[Sierra Romero]], Michigan |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa |[[Felicia Lee]] |[[Stanford Cardinal|Stanford]] |[[Maya DiRado]], Stanford; [[Missy Franklin]], California; [[Breeja Larson]], Texas A&M; [[Brittany MacLean]], Georgia |- | Tennis | [[Robin Anderson (tennis)|Robin Anderson]] | UCLA |Lynn Chi, California; [[Danielle Collins]], Virginia; [[Jamie Loeb]], North Carolina |- | Gudun filin |[[Sharika Nelvis]] | Arkansas State |[[Courtney Okolo]], Texas; [[Jenna Prandini]], Oregon; [[Kendell Williams]], Georgia |- | Volleyball |[[Krista Vansant]] | [[Washington Huskies|Washington]] |[[Haley Eckerman]], Texas; [[Kelsey Robinson]], Nebraska; Carly Wopat, Stanford |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Lambar yabo ! Wanda ya yi nasara ! Wasanni ! Kwaleji |- |'''''Honda Cup''' Ɗalibar Mace Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara'' |Kim Jacob |Gymnastics |Alabama |- |''Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa'' |[[Arin Gilliland]] |Ƙwallon ƙafa |Kentucky |- |''DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara'' |Lauren Battista |Kwando |Bentley |- |''DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara'' |Christy Cazzolla |Gudun filin |Wisconsin-Oshkosh |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 42ltjelabrdzfp8oh4k26vjl7nfyjnw 915052 915049 2026-09-02T17:41:22Z Gwanki 3834 /* Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2013–14 */ 915052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kyautar Wasannin Honda kyauta ce ta shekara-shekara a Amurka, wacce aka ba wa mafi kyawun 'yar wasan mata a kowane wasanni goma sha biyu. Akwai 'yan takara huɗu ga kowane wasa, kuma masu cin nasara goma sha biyu na lambar yabo ta Honda Sports suna cikin gudu don kyautar Honda-Broderick Cup, a matsayin Mata Mai Wasanni na Shekara. Ana girmama wasu 'yan wasa uku a matsayin 'yan wasa na Division II na Shekara, 'yan wasa ne na Division III na Shekara. == Tsari == Ana zaɓar masu cin nasara a kowane wasanni 12 da aka ba da izini ta NCAA ta kwamitin masu gudanarwa na NCAA sama da 1,000. Ana girmama wasu 'yan wasa uku a matsayin 'yan wasa na Division II na Shekara, 'yan wasa ne na Division III na Shekara. Kowace mace ana zabar ta ba kawai saboda ƙwarewarta ta wasanni ba, har ma da ƙwarewarta na jagoranci, ƙwarewar ilimi da sha'awar shiga cikin hidimar al'umma. A ƙarshen shekara, za a zaɓi ɗan wasan da ya cancanci a matsayin Mata Mai Wasanni na Shekara kuma ya karɓi Kofin Honda-Broderick da ake so. Wadanda suka lashe wannan babbar lambar yabo a baya sun hada da [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee|Jackie Joyner]] da [[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] . Honda ta ba da gudummawa fiye da dala miliyan 3.4 a cikin tallafi da tallafin karatu ga jami'o'i a yayin shirin.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Past Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year Winners (Honda Cup) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/cupwinner_bios/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> == Tarihin kyaututtuka == An fara kirkirar kyaututtuka ne a shekara ta 1976, lokacin da Tom Broderick, mai mallakar kantin sayar da tufafi a Fergus, Ontario, ya yanke shawarar yin haɗin gwiwa tare da Judie Holland, babban mai kula da mata a UCLA <ref>{{Cite web |last=aassimon |date=2013-04-05 |title=AIAW greats to be honored at halftime of championship game |url=http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/aiaw-greats-be-honored-halftime-championship-game-0 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=NCAA.org}}</ref> da Irv Grossman, ɗan jarida, mai sayar da wasanni da mai ba da shawara kan kafofin watsa labarai, <ref>{{Cite web |title='Bitten' bouncer sues Pacman |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/bitten-bouncer-sues-pacman-article-1.225291 |access-date=2020-03-25 |website=nydailynews.com}}</ref> don ƙirƙirar kyaututtaka don gane manyan 'yan wasa mata a matakin kwaleji.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The History of the Collegiate Women Sports Awards (CWSA) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/information/history |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> An ba da kyaututtuka na farko a shekara ta 1977, ga 'yan wasa na Division I, da farko a wasanni goma sannan daga baya aka faɗaɗa zuwa wasanni 12: * Kwallon kwando * Ƙasar Ƙetare * Hockey na filin wasa * Golf * Wasan motsa jiki * Kwallon ƙafa * Yin iyo da nutsewa * Tennis * Track & Field * Kwallon volleyball * Kwallon ƙafa (an kara shi a cikin 1990) * Lacrosse (an kara shi a shekara ta 2001) Kowane ɗayan waɗannan kyaututtuka da farko ana kiransu Broderick Award. Baya ga lambar yabo ta mutum ga mai karɓa a kowane wasanni goma, an zaɓi mai nasara a duk wasanni, kuma wannan mutumin ya sami lambar yabo, wanda ake kira Broderick Cup, wanda ke wakiltar babbar 'yar wasan mata a cikin wasannin koleji. Kodayake ƙwarewar wasanni babbar la'akari ce a cikin tsarin zaɓe, kwamitin zaɓe ya yi la'akari da "ba kawai nasarar wasanni ba har ma da manufofin gudummawar ƙungiya, ƙoƙarin ilimi, shiga makaranta da al'umma da waɗancan halaye na mutum kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin falsafar NCAA".<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1985, Honda ta Amurka ta amince da zama babban mai tallafawa kyaututtuka, don haka an canza sunan kyautar zuwa lambar yabo ta Honda-Broderick ga kowane wasanni, da kuma Kofin Honda-Brederick ga wanda ya lashe gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1988, an kirkiro sabbin kyaututtuka uku. Kyaututtuka biyu sun amince da 'yan wasa na Division II da Division III, bi da bi tare da lambar yabo guda ɗaya ga kowane rukuni wanda ke rufe dukkan' yan wasa a duk wasannin da aka tsara. Kyautar ta uku ita ce Kyautar Inspiration, wacce ke zuwa ga 'yar wasan mata wacce ta shawo kan wahala. Dukkanin makarantun da NCAA suka ba da izini suna ba da waɗanda aka zaba kuma Kwamitin Daraktocin kungiyar ya yi zabin karshe.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Awards Overview |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/about |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> Tsakanin 1995 da 2008 kungiyar ta kuma zaɓi mai karɓar Kyautar Kyauta. Wadanda za su iya karɓar su ba 'yan wasa ba ne, amma mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga: * Sanarwar jama'a da godiya ga wasannin mata na kwaleji * Haɓaka matsayin wasanni na mata a matakin ƙasa <ref name=":21" /> An sake sunan wannan lambar yabo ta Irv Grossman Award of Merit a shekara ta 2007, bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2006. Wadanda suka karɓi wannan lambar yabo sun kasance: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Irv Grossman Award of Merit Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/meritawards/index |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> * 1995 Charlotte West (Kudancin Illinois) * 1996 Phyllis Howlett (Babban Taron Goma) * 1997 Christine Grant (Iowa) * 1998 Judith M. Sweet (UC San Diego) * 1999 Judith R. Holland (UCLA) * 2000 Barbara Hedges (Washington) * 2002 Ruth Berkey (NCAA) * 2003 Patsy Mink (Sanata, Hawaii) * 2004 Birch Bayh (Sanata, Indiana) * 2007 Vivian Stringer (Shugaban Kocin, Kwallon Kwando na Mata na Rutgers) * 2007 Kwallon Kwando na Mata na Rutgers (Kungiyar Kwallon Kwallon Kwannin Mata) * Gidauniyar Wasannin Mata ta 2008 (WSF, Billie Jean King ce ta kafa) == Bikin bayar da kyautar == An shirya sanarwar lambar yabo ta Honda Sports Award ga masu cin nasara na wasanni goma sha biyu a duk shekara ta makaranta, bayan kammala gasar bayan kakar wasa. Ana gabatar da wasu kyaututtuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron kwana biyu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of the Collegiate Women Sports Awards (CWSA) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/information/history |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> yawanci a ƙarshen Yuni na kowace shekara. Kyautar Wasannin Mata ta Kwalejin (CWSA) ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ESPNU don taron 2013, <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Keilani Ricketts, University of Oklahoma |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2012-13/honda_cup |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> kuma tun daga 2014, ta yi haɗin gwiwar CBS don watsa shirye-shiryen lambobin yabo masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-28 |title=Save the Date – Watch the Honda Cup Presented Live on June 30, on CBS Sports Network |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2013-14/cwsa062814 |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> * Kyautar Honda Inspiration * Honda Division II Mai kunnawa na Shekara * Honda Division III Mai kunnawa na Shekara * "Top Three" finalists zaɓaɓɓu daga goma sha biyu da suka lashe kyautar kowane wasa * Kofin Honda na Mace na Shekara Tun daga shekara ta 2013, ana gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a USC Founders Club a Galen Center a Los Angeles . <ref name=":22" /> An soke bikin bayar da kyautar 2020 da aka shirya don Yuni saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-07 |title=CWSA Update on 2020 Awards & Event |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2019-20/04072020cwsarelease |access-date=April 8, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> == Masu cin nasara da wadanda aka zaba kafin shekara ta 2000 == ''Don masu cin nasara da wadanda aka zaba kafin 2000, duba Honda Sports Award kafin 2000 masu cin nasaraHonda Sports Award kafin 2000 masu nasara da kuma wadanda aka zaba'' == 2000-01 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Basketball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/basketball |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Cross Country |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Cross%20country |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Golf |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Golf |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Lacrosse |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Lacrosse |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Softball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Softball |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Swimming & Diving |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/swimdive |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Track & Field |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/trackfield |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Volleyball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/volleyball |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Tennis |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/tennis |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Soccer |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/soccer |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gymnastics |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Gymnastics |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Field Hockey |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/field%20hockey |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Jackie Stiles |Jihar Kudu maso Yammacin Missouri |Svetlana Abrosimova, Connecticut; Tamika Catchings, Tennessee; Ruth Riley, Notre Dame |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Kara Grgas-Wheeler |Colorado |Shalane Flanagan, Arewacin Carolina; Sabrina Monro, Montana; Erica Palmer, Wisconsin |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Marina Digiacomo |Tsohon Mulkin |Traci Anselmo, Jihar Penn; Kelli Gannon, Michigan; Carla Tagliente, Maryland |- |Golf |Candy Hannemann |Duke |Natalie Gulbis, Arizona; Candie Kung, Arizona; Lorena Ochoa, Arizona |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Mohini Bhardwaj |UCLA |Bridget Knaeble, Michigan; Suzanne Sears, Georgia; Onni Willis, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Jen Adams |Maryland |Quinn Carney, Maryland; Bowen Holden, Georgetown; Sheehan Stanwick, Georgetown |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Meredith Florance |Arewacin Carolina |Meghan Anderson, Nebraska; Anne Makinen, Notre Dame; Tracey Milburn, UCLA; Christie Welsh, Penn State |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Jennie Finch]] |Arizona |Oli Keohohou, BYU/Hawaii; Kelly Kretschman, Alabama; [[Stacey Nuveman-Deniz|Stacey Nuveman]], UCLA |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Misty Hyman |Stanford |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Natalie Coughlin, California; Colleen Lanne", Texas |- |Tennis |Laura Granville |Stanford |Bea Bielik, Wake Forest; Ansley Cargill, Duke; Michelle Dasso, Notre Dame |- |Track & Field |Brenda Taylor |Harvard |Tracy O'Hara, UCLA; Christina Tolson, UCLA) Angela Williams, USC |- |Kwallon volleyball |Greichaly Cepero |Nebraska |Kara Gormsen, Jami'ar Pacific; Sherisa Livingston, Wisconsin; Logan Tom, Stanford |} Tushen:<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Past DIII Woman Athlete of the Year Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/dIII/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Past Division II Woman Athlete of the Year Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/dII/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Past Inspiration Award Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/inspiration/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Jackie Stiles |Kwallon kwando |Jihar Kudu maso Yammacin Missouri |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kendra Berner |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Davidson |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Jessica Martin |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Jihar Truman |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Tasha Rogers |Kwallon kwando |Washington (St. Louis) |} == 2001-02 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Sue Bird |Connecticut |Chantelle Anderson, Vanderbilt; Alana Beard, Duke; Diana Taurasi, Connecticut |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Tara Chaplin |Arizona |Lauren Fleshman, Stanford; Renee Metivier, Georgia Tech; Kristin Price, Jihar North Carolina |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Autumn Welsh |Maryland |Jemima Cameron, Wake Forest; Llvy Friebe, Princeton; Adrienne Yoder, Old Dominion |- |Golf |Juya Nirapathpongpora |Duke |Danielle Downey, Auburn; Lorena Ochoa, Arizona; Summer Sirmons, Georgia |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Andree" Pickens |Alabama |Jamie Dantzscher, UCLA; MaryAnne Kelley, Minnesota; Theresa Kulikowski, Utah |- |Lacrosse |Erin Elbe |Georgetown |Rachel Becker, Princeton; Christine McPike, North Carolina; Jaimee Reynolds, Cornell |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Aly Wagner]] |Santa Clara |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; [[Abby Wambach]], Florida; Christie Welsh, Jihar Pennsylvania |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Jennie Finch]] |Arizona |[[Stacey Nuveman-Deniz|Stacey Nuveman]], UCLA; Jamie Southern, Jihar Fresno; Natasha Watley, UCLA |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Natalie Coughlin |California |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Maritza Correia, Georgia; Shelly Ripple, Stanford |- |Tennis |Bea Bielik |Dajin farkawa |Erin Burdette, Stanford; Gabriela Lastra, Stanford; Jessica Lehnhoff, Florida |- |Track & Field |Angela Williams |USC |Brianna Glenn, Arizona; Muna Lee, LSU; Melissa Price, Nebraska |- |Kwallon volleyball |Logan Tom |Logan Tom |Emily Adams, USC; Aury Cruz, Florida; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Angela Williams |USC |Track & Field |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kristin Koetsier |Kwallon kwando |Yammacin Michigan |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Nicole Duncan |Track & Field |Jihar Cal (LA) |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Julia Bergofsky |Hockey na filin wasa |Middlebury |} == 2002-03 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Diana Taurasi |Connecticut |Alana Beard, Duke; Nicole Ohlde, Jihar Kansas; Latoya Thomas, Jihar Mississippi |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Shalane Flanagan |Arewacin Carolina |Alicia Craig, Stanford; Lauren Fleshman, Stanford; Kate O"Neill, Yale |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Tiffany Snow |Tsohon Mulkin |Marcie Boyer, New Hampshire; Llvy Friebe, Princeton; Afrilu Fronzoni, Michigan |- |Golf |Mikaela Parmlid |USC |Erica Blasberg, Arizona; Katherine Hull, Pepperdine; Lindsey Wright, Pepperdin |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Onni Willis |UCLA |Jamie Dantzscher, UCLA; Theresa Kulikowski, Utah; Richelle Simpson, Nebraska |- |Lacrosse |Rachael Becker |Princeton |Lauren Aumiller, Virginia; Kelly Coppedge, Maryland; Suzanne Eyler, Kwalejin Loyola |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Portland |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; Catherine Reddick, Arewacin Carolina; [[Aly Wagner]], Santa Clara |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Natasha Watley |UCLA |Lovie Jung, Arizona; Cat Osterman, Texas; Kristen Rivera, Washington |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Natalie Coughlin |California |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Maritza Correia, Georgia; Shelly Ripple, Stanford |- |Tennis |Vilmarie Castellvi |Tennessee |Agata Cioroch, Georgia; Amber Liu, Stanford; Kelly McCain, Duke |- |Track & Field |Elva Goulbourne |Auburn |Laura Gerraughty, Arewacin Carolina; Muna Lee, LSU; [[Raasin McIntosh]], Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Logan Tom |Stanford |Emily Adams, USC; Aury Cruz, Florida; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Natasha Watley |Kwallon ƙafa |UCLA |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kristy McPherson |Golf |Kudancin Carolina |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Missy Gregg |Kwallon ƙafa |'Yan'uwan Kirista |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Libby Hysell |Kwallon ƙafa |Tsakiya |} == 2003-04 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Diana Taurasi |Connecticut |Alana Beard, Duke; Nicole Ohlde, Jihar Kansas; Nicole Powell, Stanford; Lindsay Whalen, Minnesota |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Shalane Flanagan |Arewacin Carolina |Sara Bei, Stanford; Michaela Mannova, Brigham Young; Kimberly Smith, Providence |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Kelly Doton |Dajin farkawa |Mari Creatini, Arewa maso gabas; Afrilu Fronzoni, Michigan; Vanessa Immordino, Jihar Ohio |- |Golf |Sarah Huarte |California |Karin Sjodin, Jihar Oklahoma; Susie Mathews, UCLA; Charlotte Mayorkas, UCLA |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Jeana Rice |Alabama |Jeanette Antolin, UCLA; Melissa Vituj, Utah; Lindsay Wing, Stanford |- |Lacrosse |Amy Appelt |Virginia |Kelly Coppedge, Maryland; Gail Decker, James Madison; Theresa Sherry, Princeton |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Catherine Reddick |Arewacin Carolina |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; Nandi Pryce, UCLA; Lindsay Tarpley, Arewacin Carolina |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Jessica van der Linden |Jihar Florida |[[Alicia Hollowell]], Arizona; Lyhia McMichael, Jihar Mississippi; Kristen Rivera, Washington |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Tara Kirk |Stanford |Margaret Hoelzer, Auburn; Natalie Coughlin, California; Kaitlin Sandeno, USC |- |Tennis |Amber Liu |Stanford |Megan Bradley, Miami; Julie Coin, Clemson; Jelena Pandzic, Jihar Fresno |- |Track & Field |Kim Smith |Gudanarwa |Hyleas Fountain, Georgia; Tiffany McWilliams, Jihar Mississippi; Lauryn Williams, Miami |- |Kwallon volleyball |Afrilu Ross |USC |Kele Eveland, Georgia Tech; Ogonna Nnamani, Stanford; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Tara Kirk |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Stanford |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Chanda Gunn |Hockey na kankara |Arewa maso gabas |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Zoila Gomez |Kwallon ƙafa |Jihar Adams |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Mary Ellen Gordon |Tennis |Emory |} == 2004-05 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Seimone Augustus |LSU |Jacqueline Batteast, Notre Dame; Monique Currie, Duke; Jessica Davenport, Jihar Ohio |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Kim Smith |Gudanarwa |Caroline Bierbaum, Columbia; Renee Metivier, Colorado; [[Laura Turner (runner)|Laura Turner]], Brigham Young |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Kelly Dostal |Dajin farkawa |Veerle Goudswaard, Jihar Michigan; Lauren Henderson, Connecticut; Paula Infante, Maryland |- |Golf |Anna Grzebien |Duke |Aboki Cochran, California Los Angeles; Brittany Lang, Duke; Leah Wigger, Virginia |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kristen Maloney |UCLA |Elise Ray, Michigan; Richelle Simpson, Nebraska; Annabeth Eberle, Utah |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Amy Appelt, Virginia; Katie Chrest, Duke; Katieanne Christian, Dartmouth |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Leslie Osborne]] |Santa Clara |Heather O"Reilly, Arewacin Carolina; [[Christine Sinclair]], Portland; Tiffany Weimer, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Cat Osterman |Texas |Caitlin Lowe, Arizona; Kristen Rivera, Washington; Amanda Scarborough, Texas AM |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Kirsty Coventry |Auburn |Caroline Bruce, Stanford; Mary DeScenza, Georgia; Kara Lynn Joyce, Georgia |- |Tennis |Zuzana Zemenová |Baylor |Audra Cohen, Arewa maso Yamma; Jennifer Magley, Florida; Riza Zalameda, UCLA |- |Track & Field |Monique Henderson |UCLA |Marshevet Hooker, Texas; Tianna Madison, Tennessee; Virginia Powell, USC |- |Kwallon volleyball |Ogonna Nnamani |Stanford |Emily Adams, USC; Stacey Gordon, Jihar Ohio; Sam Tortorello, Jihar Penn |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Ogonna Nnamani |Kwallon volleyball |Stanford |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Brittney Kroon |Kwallon kwando |Seattle Pacific |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Krystal Lewallen |Kwallon ƙafa |Arewacin Kentucky |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Missy Buttry |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Wartburg |} == 2005-06 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Seimone Augustus |LSU |Ivory Latta, Arewacin Carolina; Cappie Pondexter, Rutgers; Sophia Young, Baylor |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Caroline Bierbaum |Columbia |Stephanie Madia, Notre Dame; Victoria Mitchell, Butler; Johanna Nilsson, Arewacin Arizona |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Paula Infante |Maryland |Kayla Bashore, Indiana; Jessica Javelet, Louisville; Hilary Linton, Duke |- |Golf |Irene Cho |USC |Amanda Blumenherst, Duke; Jennie Lee, Duke; Dewi Schreefel, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Ashley Miles |Alabama |Courtney Kupets, Georgia; Ashley Postell, Utah; Kate Richardson, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Katie Chrest, Duke; Crysti Foote, Notre Dame; Coco Stanwick, Georgetown |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Portland |Heather O"Reilly, Arewacin Carolina; Katie Thorlakson, Notre Dame; Tiffany Weimer, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Cat Osterman |Texas |Monica Abbot, Tennessee; Andrea Duran, UCLA; Sarah Fekete, Tennessee |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Mary DeScenza |Georgia |Blythe Hartley, Kudancin California; Kara Lynn Joyce, Georgia; Whitney Myers, Arizona |- |Tennis |Kristi Miller |Georgia Tech |Suzi Babos, California; Audra Cohen, Miami; Lindsey Nelson, USC |- |Track & Field |Virginia Powell |USC |Marshevet Hooker, Texas; Chelsea Johnson, California, Los Angeles; Melaine Walker, Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Courtney Thompson |Washington |Melissa Elmer, Nebraska; Christina Houghtelling, Nebraska; Sam Tortorello, Jihar Penn |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Kwallon ƙafa |Portland |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Lindsay Payne |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Williams |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kristin Erb |Kwallon ƙafa |Lock Haven |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Megan Silva |Kwallon kwando |Randolph-Macon |} == 2006-07 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Candace Parker |Tennessee |Sylvia Fowles, LSU; Lindsey Harding, Duke; Ivory Latta, North Carolina |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego |Fasahar Texas |Jenny Barringer, Colorado; Lindsay Donaldson, Yale; Arianna Lambie, Stanford |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Paula Infante |Maryland |Lauren Crandall, Wake Forest; Lizzy Peijs, Connecticut; Amy Stopford, Duke |- |Golf |Amanda Blumenherst |Duke |Christel Boeljon, Purdue; Stacy Lewis, Arkansas; Anna Nordquvist, Jihar Arizona |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Courtney Kupets |Georgia |Janet Anson, Jihar Iowa; Emily Parsons, Nebraska; Tasha Schwikert, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Caroline Cryer, Duke; Dana Dobbie, Maryland; Mary Key Johns, Hopkins |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Heather O"Reilly |Arewacin Carolina |Yael Averbuch, Arewacin Carolina; Kerri Hanks, Notre Dame; Indiya Trotter, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Monica Abbott |Tennessee |[[Katie Burkhart]], Jihar Arizona; Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizoa; Caitlin Lowe, Arizona |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Kara Lynn Joyce |Georgia |Cassidy Krug, Stanford; Whitney Myers, Arizona; Dana Vollmer, California |- |Tennis |Audra Cohen |Miami |Megan Falcon, LSU; Lindsey Nelson, USC; Zuzana Zemenová, Baylor |- |Track & Field |Kerron Stewart |Auburn |[[Natasha Hastings]], ta Kudu Carolina; Sally Kipyego, Texas Tech; Sarah Stevens, Jihar Arizona |- |Kwallon volleyball |Sarah Pavan |Nebraska |[[Foluke Akinradewo]], Stanford; Nana Meriwether, UCLA; Courtney Thompson, Washington |} Sources:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Sarah Pavan |Kwallon volleyball |Nebraska |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Jessica Kohut |Kwallon ƙafa |Kwalejin New Jersey |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kylee Hanavan |Kwallon ƙafa |Jihar Birni |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Liz Bondi |Tennis |Rashin amincewa |} == 2007-08 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Candace Parker |Tennessee |Sylvia Fowles, LSU; Maya Moore, Connecticut; Candice Wiggins, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego |Fasahar Texas |Jenny Barringer, Colorado; Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida; [[Diane Nukuri]], Iowa |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Rachel Dawson |Arewacin Carolina |Jennifer Long, Jihar Penn; Katie O'Donnell, Maryland; Pam Spuehler, Boston |- |Golf |Amanda Blumenherst |Duke |Azahara Muñoz, Jihar Arizona; Tiffany Joh, UCLA; Stacy Lewis, Arkansas |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Katie Heenan |Georgia |Lindsey Bruck, Michigan; Ashley Postell, Utah; Tabitha Yim, Stanford |- |Lacrosse |Hannah Nielsen |Arewa maso yamma |Dana Dobbie, Maryland; Kelly Kasper, Maryland; Katie Rowan, Syracuse |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Ashlee Pistorius |Texas A & M |Lauren Cheney, UCLA; Kristin Olsen, USC; Mami Yamaguchi, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Angela Tincher |Virginia Tech |Tonya Callahan, Tennessee; Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizona; Megan Gibson, Texas A & M |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Caroline Burckle |Florida |Lacy Nymeyer, Arizona; Rebecca Soni, Kudancin California; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |Tennis |Amanda McDowell |Georgia Tech |Ani Mijacika, Clemson; Aurelija Miseviciute, Arkansas; Zuzana Zemenová, Baylor |- |Track & Field |Jacquelyn Johnson |Jihar Arizona |Brie Felnagle, Arewacin Carolina; Alysia Johnson, California; Sally Kipyego, Texas Tech |- |Kwallon volleyball |[[Foluke Akinradewo]] |Stanford |Christa Harmotto, Jihar Penn; Megan Hodge, Jihar Pennsylvania; Asiya Kaczor, USC |- |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Candace Parker |Kwallon kwando |Tennessee |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Mai haƙuri Knight |Track & Field |Fasahar Texas |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Vicky Braegelmann |Kwallon volleyball |Kwallon volleyball |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Sarah Zerzan |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Willamette |} == 2008-09 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |Renee Montgomery <ref>{{Cite web |title=UConn's Renee Montgomery Named Winner of Honda Award |url=https://uconnhuskies.com/news/2009/4/16/UConn_s_Renee_Montgomery_Named_Winner_of_Honda_Award.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Connecticut Athletics}}</ref> (Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup) <small> (Mai tseren karshe na Kofin Honda-Broderick) </small> |Connecticut |Angel McCoughtry, Louisville; Maya Moore, Connecticut; Courtney Paris, Oklahoma |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sally Kipyego Voted Honda Award Winner |url=https://texastech.com/news/2007/12/4/Sally_Kipyego_Voted_Honda_Award_Winner.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Texas Tech University Athletics}}</ref> |Fasahar Texas |Tasmin Fanning, Virginia Tech; Brie Felnagle, North Carolina; Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Susie Rowe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susie Rowe Captures 2009 Honda Award |url=https://umterps.com/news/2008/12/15/207270020.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Maryland Athletics}}</ref> |Maryland |Jen Long, Jihar Penn; Laurie Pfeiffer, Iowa; Shannon Taylor, [[Syracuse Orange|Syracuse]] |- |Golf |María Hernández<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Of The Best |url=https://purduesports.com/news/2009/6/4/Best_Of_The_Best.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Purdue University Athletics}}</ref> |Tsarkakewa |Carlota Ciganda, Jihar Arizona; Jennifer Song, USC; Lizette Salas, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Courtney Kupets<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2009-06-22 |title=Gymnast Kupets of Georgia wins Honda-Broderick Cup |url=https://www.deseret.com/2009/6/22/20325019/gymnast-kupets-of-georgia-wins-honda-broderick-cup |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Deseret News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> |Georgia |Kristina Baskett, Utah; Ashleigh Clare-Kearny, LSU; Jessica Lopez, Denver |- |Lacrosse |Hannah Nielsen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannah Nielsen – Women's Lacrosse Coach |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/womens-lacrosse/roster/coaches/hannah-nielsen/5338 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Michigan Athletics}}</ref> |Arewa maso yamma |Jillian Byers, Notre Dame: Amber Falcone, North Carolina; Caitlyn McFadden, Maryland |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |Casey Nogueira<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casey Nogueira Wins 2009 Honda Sports Award for Soccer |url=https://goheels.com/news/2008/12/18/205471575.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics}}</ref> |Arewacin Carolina |Kerri Hanks, Notre Dame; Brittany Bock, Notre Dame, Christina DiMartino, UCLA |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Danielle Lawrie]] ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-10 |title=UW's Danielle Lawrie earns Honda award in softball |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/uws-danielle-lawrie-earns-honda-award-in-softball/ |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref><small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Washington |Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizona; Stacey Nelson, Florida; Tammy Williams, Arewa maso Yamma |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Dana Vollmer<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2009 |title=Dana Vollmer Wins Honda Sports Award as Nation's Top Collegiate Swimmer |url=https://pac-12.com/article/2009/04/01/dana-vollmer-wins-honda-sports-award-nations-top-collegiate-swimmer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323233354/https://pac-12.com/article/2009/04/01/dana-vollmer-wins-honda-sports-award-nations-top-collegiate-swimmer |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Pac-12.com}}</ref> |California |Julia Smit, Stanford; Rebecca Soni, USC; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |[[Tennis]] |Mallory Cecil<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Cecil – 2008–09 – Women's Tennis |url=https://goduke.com/sports/womens-tennis/roster/mallory-cecil/8454 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=goduke.com}}</ref> |Duke |Aurelija Miseviciute, Arkansas; Maria Mosolova, Arewa maso Yamma; Laura Vallverdu, Miami |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |Jennifer Simpson ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Colorado |Sarah Bowman, Tennessee; Tiffany Ofili, Michigan; Blessing Okagbare, Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Nicole Fawcett ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fawcett voted Honda Award winner as top women's volleyball player {{!}} Penn State University |url=https://news.psu.edu/story/180213/2009/01/23/fawcett-voted-honda-award-winner-top-womens-volleyball-player |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=news.psu.edu}}</ref><small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Jihar Penn |Christa Harmotto, Jihar Penn; Destinee Hooker, Texas; [[Foluke Akinradewo]], Stanford |} {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Courtney Kupets<ref name=":16" /> |Wasan motsa jiki |Georgia |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Nicole Hester |Kwallon kwando |Drexel |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kristin Erb |Kwallon ƙafa |Lock Haven |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Ashley Huston |Track & Field |Hardin-Simmons |} == 2009-10 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |Maya Moore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basketball Star Maya Moore Makes History – Wins Honda-Broderick Cup Second Year In A Row |url=https://hondainamerica.com/news/basketball-star-maya-moore-makes-history-wins-honda-broderick-cup-second-year-in-a-row/ |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=hondainamerica.com}}</ref> |Connecticut |Tina Charles, Connecticut; Kelsey Griffin, Nebraska; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Angela Bizzarri<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-09 |title=Illinois runner Bizzarri is Honda Award winner |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/news/story?id=4728498 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |Illinois |Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida; Kendra Schaaf, Washington; Catherine White, Virginia |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie O'Donnell |Maryland |Katie Reinprecht, Princeton; LPaige Selenski, Virginia; Loren Sherer, Connecticut |- |Golf |Caroline Hedwall |Jihar Oklahoma |[[Cydney Clayton]], Auburn; Jennifer Johnson, Jihar Arizona; Jennifer Song, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Susan Jackson |LSU |Carly Janiga, Stanford; Brandi Personett, Penn State; Sarah Shire, Missouri |- |Lacrosse |Caitlyn McFadden |Maryland |Katrina Dowd, Arewa maso Yamma; Brittany Kalkstein, Virginia; Jenn Russell, Arewacin Carolina |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |Whitney Engen |Arewacin Carolina |Tobin Heath, Arewacin Carolina; Lauren Cheney, UCLA; Kelley O'Hara, Stanford |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Danielle Lawrie]] |Washington |Chelsea Bramlett, Jihar Mississippi; Megan Langenfeld, UCLA; Jen Yee, Georgia Tech |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Julia Smit |[[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]] |Elaine Breeden, Stanford; Allison Schmitt, Georgia; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |[[Tennis]] |Laura Vallverdu |Miami |Irina Falconi, Georgia Tech; Chelsey Gullickson, Georgia; Jana Juricova, California |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |Lisa Koll |Jihar Iowa |Sarauniya Harrison, Virginia Tech; Mariam Kevkhishvili, Florida; Albarka Okagbare, UTEP |- |Kwallon volleyball |Megan Hodge |Jihar Penn |Alisha Glass, Jihar Penn; Hana Cutura, California; Destinee Hooker, Texas |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- | rowspan="2" |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Megan Hodge (mai haɗin kai) |Kwallon volleyball |Jihar Penn |- |Maya Moore (mai haɗin kai) |Kwallon kwando |Connecticut |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Antoinette Cobb |Track & Field |Louisiana Tech |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Maggie McNamara |Kwallon volleyball |Jituwa |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Marie Borner |Track & Field |Ba'aital |} == 2010-11 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Maya Moore |Connecticut |Brittney Griner, Baylor; Amber Harris, Xavier; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Emily Infeld, Georgetown; Risper Kimaiyo, UTEP |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie O'Donnell |Maryland |Melissa González, Connecticut; Paige Selenski, Virginia; Kathleen Sharkey, Princeton |- |Golf |Marta Silva Zamora |LSU |Lizette Salas, USC; [[Kelli Shean]], Arkansas; Austin Ernst, LSU |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kayla Hoffman |Alabama |Kylee Botterman, Michigan; Brittani McCullough, UCLA; Sharaya Musser, Jihar Penn |- |Lacrosse |Shannon Smith |Arewa maso yamma |Grace Gavin, Loyola; Sarah Mollison, Maryland; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Melissa Henderson |Uwargidanmu |[[Alex Morgan]], California; Christen Press, Stanford; Sophie Schmidt, Portland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Kelsey Bruder |Florida |Ashley Hansen, Stanford; Jolene Henderson, California; Chelsea Thomas, Missouri |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Katinka Hosszú |USC Trojans |Allison Schmitt, Georgia; Jillian Tyler, Minnesota; Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace, Auburn. |- |Tennis |Jana Juricová |California |Lauren Embree, Florida; Maria Sanchez, USC; Stacey Tan, Stanford |- |Track & Field |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jessica Beard, Texas A&M Kimberlyn Duncan, LSU; Kim Williams, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon volleyball |Blair Brown |Jihar Penn |Julian Faucette, Texas; Alex Jupiter, USC; Carli Lloyd, California |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Maya Moore |Kwallon kwando |Connecticut |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Jessica Breland |Kwallon kwando |Arewacin Carolina |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Sammy Macy |Hockey na filin wasa |UMass-Lowell |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kendra Stern |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Amherst |} == 2011-12 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Brittney Griner |Baylor |Skylar Diggins, Notre Dame; Elena Delle Donne, Delaware; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Abbey D'Agostino, Dartmouth; Emily Infeld, Georgetown |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Megan Frazer |Maryland |Chelsea Armstrong, Arewa maso Yamma; Katelyn Falgowski, Arewacin Carolina; Whitney Frates, New Hampshire |- |Golf |Brooke Pancake |Alabama |Lindy Duncan, Duke; Chirapat Jao-Javanil, Oklahoma; Emily Tubert, Arkansas |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kytra Hunter |Florida |Amy Glass, Jihar Boise; Jaime Pisani, Arkansas; Geralen Stack-Eaton, Alabama |- |Lacrosse |Taylor Thornton |Arewa maso yamma |Brittany Dashiell, Florida; Sarah Plumb, Dartmouth; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Teresa Noyola |Stanford |Lindsay Taylor, Stanford; Maya Hayes, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Keilani Ricketts]] |Oklahoma |Katelyn Boyd, Jihar Arizona; Jolene Henderson, California; [[Jackie Traina]], Alabama |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Caitlin Leverenz |California |Katinka Hosszu, USC; Megan Roman, Georgia; Breeja Larson, Texas AM |- |Tennis |Nicole Gibbs |Stanford |Mallory Burdette, Stanford; Beatrice Capra, Duke; Allie Will, Florida |- |Track & Field |Kimberlyn Duncan |LSU |Brigetta Barrett, Arizona; Christina Manning, Jihar Ohio; Jeneva McCall, Kudancin Illinois |- |Kwallon volleyball |Alex Jupiter |USC |Rachael Adams, Texas; Kanani Danielson, Hawaii; Kelly Murphy, Jihar Florida |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Brittney Griner |Kwallon kwando |Baylor |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Elena Delle Donne |Kwallon kwando |Delaware |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kari Daugherty |Kwallon kwando |Ashland |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Stacey Hagensen |Kwallon ƙafa |Lutheran na Pacific |} == 2012-13 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Elena Delle Donne |Delaware |Skylar Diggins, Notre Dame; Brittney Griner, Baylor; Chinay Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Betsy Saina |Jihar Iowa |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Abbey D'Agostino, Dartmouth; Aliphine Tuliamuk-Bolton, Jihar Wichita |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie Reinprecht |Princeton |Chelsea Armstrong, Arewa maso Yamma; Megan Frazer, Maryland; Paige Selenski, Virginia |- |Golf |Annie Park |USC |Lindy Duncan, Duke; Stephanie Meadow, Alabama; Paula Reto, Purdue |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Bridget Sloan |Florida |Vanessa Zamarripa, UCLA; Rheagan Courville, LSU; Alina Weinstein, Illinois |- |Lacrosse |Kara Cannizzaro |Arewacin Carolina |Alex Aust, Maryland; Becca Block, Syracuse; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Crystal Dunn |Arewacin Carolina |Alina Garciamendez-Rowold, Stanford; Christine Nairn, Jihar Penn; Ines Jaurena, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Keilani Ricketts]] |Oklahoma |Lauren Chamberlain, Oklahoma; Amber Freeman, Jihar Arizona; Lauren Gibson, Tennessee |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Allison Schmitt |Georgia |Elizabeth Beisel, Florida; Breeja Larson, Texas A&M Elizabeth Pelton, California |- |Tennis |Nicole Gibbs |Stanford |Lauren Embree, Florida; Sabrina Santamaria, Kudancin California; Mary Weatherholt, Nebraska |- |Hanya da Filin |Kimberlyn Duncan |LSU |Brigetta Barrett, Arizona; Kori Carter, Stanford; Andrea Geubelle, Kansas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Alaina Bergsma |Oregon |Haley Eckerman, Texas; Lauren Plum, Oregon; Ariel Scott, Penn State |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2013–14== Tushen:<ref name="Past Winners - all sports"/><ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wasanni ! Wanda ya yi nasara ! Kwaleji ! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando |[[Breanna Stewart]] |[[Connecticut Huskies women's basketball|Connecticut]] |[[Kayla McBride]], Notre Dame; [[Alyssa Thomas]], Maryland; [[Chiney Ogwumike]], Stanford; [[Odyssey Sims]], Baylor |- | Gudun ƙasa |[[Abbey D'Agostino]] |[[Dartmouth Big Green|Dartmouth]] |Katie Avory, Iona; [[Emma Bates]], Boise State; [[Aisling Cuffe]], Stanford |- | Filin hockey | Marie Elena Bolles |[[UConn Huskies|Connecticut]] |Rachael Mack, Michigan; [[Jill Witmer]], Maryland; [[Emily Wold]], North Carolina |- | Golf |[[Céline Boutier]] |[[Duke Blue Devils|Duke]] |Doris Chen, USC; [[Alison Lee]], UCLA; [[Annie Park]], USC |- | Gymnastics |Kim Jacob |Alabama |[[Katherine Grable]], Arkansas; [[Bridget Sloan]], Florida; Emily Wong, Nebraska |- | Lacrosse |[[Taylor Cummings]] |[[Maryland Terrapins|Maryland]] |Shannon Gilroy, Florida; [[Alyssa Murray]], Syracuse; [[Kayla Treanor]], Syracuse |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa | [[Abby Dahlkemper]] | [[UCLA Bruins|UCLA]] |[[Morgan Brian]], Virginia; [[Crystal Dunn]], North Carolina; [[Kassey Kallman]], Florida State |- | Softball |[[Madison Shipman]] |[[Tennessee Volunteers|Tennessee]] |Cheridan Hawkins, Oregon; Maddie O'Brien, Florida State; [[Sierra Romero]], Michigan |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa |[[Felicia Lee]] |[[Stanford Cardinal|Stanford]] |[[Maya DiRado]], Stanford; [[Missy Franklin]], California; [[Breeja Larson]], Texas A&M; [[Brittany MacLean]], Georgia |- | Tennis | [[Robin Anderson (tennis)|Robin Anderson]] | UCLA |Lynn Chi, California; [[Danielle Collins]], Virginia; [[Jamie Loeb]], North Carolina |- | Gudun filin |[[Sharika Nelvis]] | Arkansas State |[[Courtney Okolo]], Texas; [[Jenna Prandini]], Oregon; [[Kendell Williams]], Georgia |- | Volleyball |[[Krista Vansant]] | [[Washington Huskies|Washington]] |[[Haley Eckerman]], Texas; [[Kelsey Robinson]], Nebraska; Carly Wopat, Stanford |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Lambar yabo ! Wanda ya yi nasara ! Wasanni ! Kwaleji |- |'''''Honda Cup''' Ɗalibar Mace Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara'' |Kim Jacob |Gymnastics |Alabama |- |''Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa'' |[[Arin Gilliland]] |Ƙwallon ƙafa |Kentucky |- |''DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara'' |Lauren Battista |Kwando |Bentley |- |''DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara'' |Christy Cazzolla |Gudun filin |Wisconsin-Oshkosh |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2014–15== {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Kwaleji !! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando || Breanna Stewart || Connecticut || Jewell Loyd, Notre Dame; Tiffany Mitchell, South Carolina; Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis, Connecticut |- | Gudun ƙasa || Kate Avery || Iona || Emma Bates, Boise State; Sarah Disanza, Wisconsin; Rachele Schulist, Michigan State |- | Filin hockey || Paula Heuser || Albany || Laura Gebhart, Penn State; Kelsey Harbin, Stanford; Roisin Upton, Connecticut |- | Golf || Emma Talley || Alabama || Bronte Law, UCLA; Gaby López, Arkansas; Leona Maguire, Duke |- | Gymnastics || Kytra Hunter || Florida || Georgia Dabritz, Utah; Lindsay Mable, Minnesota; Samantha Peszek, UCLA |- | Lacrosse || Taylor Cummings || Maryland || Megan Douty, Maryland; Shannon Gilroy, Florida; Kayla Treanor, Syracuse |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa || Sam Mewis || UCLA || Morgan Brian, Virginia; Dagný Brynjarsdóttir, Florida State; Shea Groom, Texas A&M |- | Softball || Lauren Haegar || Florida || Lauren Chamberlain, Oklahoma; Cheridan Hawkins, Oregon; Sierra Romero, Michigan |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa || Missy Franklin || California || Simone Manuel, Stanford; Leah Smith, Virginia; Kelsi Worrell, Louisville |- | Tennis || Robin Anderson || UCLA || Brooke Austin, Florida; Jamie Loeb, North Carolina; Carol Zhao, Stanford |- | Gudun filin || Jenna Prandini || Oregon || Kendra Harrison, Kentucky; Akela Jones, Kansas State; Demi Payne, Stephen F. Austin |- | Volleyball || Krista Vansant || Washington || Inky Ajanaku, Stanford; Lauren Carlini, Wisconsin; Micha Hancock, Penn State |} {| class="wikitable" ! Lambar yabo !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Wasanni !! Kwaleji |- | Honda Cup || Missy Franklin || Yin iyo da nutsewa || California |- | Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa || Imani McGee-Stafford || Kwando || Texas |- | DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Rachel Dickinson || Filin hockey || Millersville (PA) |- | DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Allyson Fournier || Softball || Tufts |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2015–16== {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Kwaleji !! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando || Breanna Stewart || Connecticut || Moriah Jefferson, Connecticut; Brianna Turner, Notre Dame; A'ja Wilson, South Carolina |- | Gudun ƙasa || Molly Seidel || Notre Dame || Courtney Frerichs, New Mexico; Allie Ostrander, Boise State; Dominique Scott, Arkansas |- | Filin hockey || Alyssa Manley || Syracuse || Lauren Blazing, Duke; Sarah Sprink, Maryland; Roisin Upton, Connecticut |- | Golf || Virginia Elena Carta || Duke || Katelyn Dambaugh, South Carolina; Cheyenne Knight, Alabama; Bronte Law, UCLA |- | Gymnastics || Bridget Sloan || Florida || Lindsay Mable, Minnesota; Nina McGee, Denver; Elizabeth Price, Stanford |- | Lacrosse || Taylor Cummings || Maryland || Alice Mercer, Maryland; Barbara Sullivan, Notre Dame; Kayla Treanor, Syracuse |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa || Raquel Rodríguez || Penn State || Kadeisha Buchanan, West Virginia; Rachel Daly, St. John's; Emily Sonnett, Virginia |- | Softball || Sierra Romero || Michigan || Lexie Elkins, Louisiana; Megan Good, James Madison; Haylie McCleney, Alabama |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa || Kelsi Worrell || Louisville || Ella Eastin, Stanford; Lilly King, Indiana; Olivia Smoliga, Georgia |- | Tennis || Danielle Collins || Virginia || Hayley Carter, North Carolina; Francesca Di Lorenzo, Ohio State; Luisa Stefani, Pepperdine |- | Gudun filin || Courtney Okolo || Texas || Keturah Orji, Georgia; Raven Saunders, Ole Miss; Kendell Williams, Georgia |- | Volleyball || Samantha Bricio || USC || Lauren Carlini, Wisconsin; Daly Santana, Minnesota; Haleigh Washington, Penn State |} {| class="wikitable" ! Lambar yabo !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Wasanni !! Kwaleji |- | Honda Cup || Breanna Stewart || Kwando || Connecticut |- | Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa || Emily Fogle || Yin iyo da nutsewa || Purdue |- | DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Emily Oren || Gudun filin || Hillsdale |- | DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Sydney Moss || Kwando || Thomas More |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2016–17== {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Kwaleji !! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando || Kelsey Plum || Washington || Napheesa Collier, Connecticut; Kelsey Mitchell, Ohio State; A'ja Wilson, South Carolina |- | Gudun ƙasa || Karissa Schweizer || Missouri || Erin Finn, Michigan; Katie Rainsberger, Oregon; Anna Rohrer, Notre Dame |- | Filin hockey || Greta Nauck || Delaware || Paula Heuser, Albany; Welma Luus, Maryland; Charlotte Veitner, Connecticut |- | Golf || Monica Vaughn || Arizona State || Jennifer Kupcho, Wake Forest; Andrea Lee, Stanford; Leona Maguire, Duke |- | Gymnastics || Alex McMurtry || Florida || Chayse Capps, Oklahoma; Ashleigh Gnat, LSU; Maggie Nichols, Oklahoma |- | Lacrosse || Zoe Stukenberg || Maryland || Kenzie Kent, Boston College; Marie McCool, North Carolina; Kylie Ohlmiller, Stony Brook |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa || Kadeisha Buchanan || West Virginia || Savannah McCaskill, South Carolina; Ashley Hatch, BYU; Cassie Miller, Florida State |- | Softball || Kelly Barnhill || Florida || Megan Good, James Madison; Sarah Goenewegen, Minnesota; DJ Sanders, Louisiana Lafayette |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa || Katie Ledecky || Stanford || Kathleen Baker, California; Lilly King, Indiana; Simone Manuel, Stanford |- | Tennis || Danielle Collins || Virginia || Hayley Carter, North Carolina; Francesca Di Lorenzo, Ohio State; Luisa Stefani, Pepperdine |- | Gudun filin || Kendell Williams || Georgia || Maggie Ewen, Arizona State; Keturah Orji, Georgia; Raevyn Rogers, Oregon |- | Volleyball || Inky Ajanaku || Stanford || Ebony Nwanebu, Texas; Kadie Rolfzen, Nebraska; Sarah Wilhite, Minnesota |} {| class="wikitable" ! Lambar yabo !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Wasanni !! Kwaleji |- | Honda Cup || Katie Ledecky || Yin iyo da nutsewa || Stanford |- | Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa || Nicole Stafford || Yin iyo da nutsewa || Stanford |- | DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Carly Muscaro || Gudun filin || Merrimack |- | DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Lizzy Crist || Ƙwallon ƙafa || Washington (St. Louis) |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1o0n5wf9sc63i4vhqn8xa543x1736hb 915058 915052 2026-09-02T18:04:51Z Gwanki 3834 /* Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2016–17 */ 915058 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Kyautar Wasannin Honda kyauta ce ta shekara-shekara a Amurka, wacce aka ba wa mafi kyawun 'yar wasan mata a kowane wasanni goma sha biyu. Akwai 'yan takara huɗu ga kowane wasa, kuma masu cin nasara goma sha biyu na lambar yabo ta Honda Sports suna cikin gudu don kyautar Honda-Broderick Cup, a matsayin Mata Mai Wasanni na Shekara. Ana girmama wasu 'yan wasa uku a matsayin 'yan wasa na Division II na Shekara, 'yan wasa ne na Division III na Shekara. == Tsari == Ana zaɓar masu cin nasara a kowane wasanni 12 da aka ba da izini ta NCAA ta kwamitin masu gudanarwa na NCAA sama da 1,000. Ana girmama wasu 'yan wasa uku a matsayin 'yan wasa na Division II na Shekara, 'yan wasa ne na Division III na Shekara. Kowace mace ana zabar ta ba kawai saboda ƙwarewarta ta wasanni ba, har ma da ƙwarewarta na jagoranci, ƙwarewar ilimi da sha'awar shiga cikin hidimar al'umma. A ƙarshen shekara, za a zaɓi ɗan wasan da ya cancanci a matsayin Mata Mai Wasanni na Shekara kuma ya karɓi Kofin Honda-Broderick da ake so. Wadanda suka lashe wannan babbar lambar yabo a baya sun hada da [[Jackie Joyner-Kersee|Jackie Joyner]] da [[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] . Honda ta ba da gudummawa fiye da dala miliyan 3.4 a cikin tallafi da tallafin karatu ga jami'o'i a yayin shirin.<ref name=":20">{{Cite web |title=Past Collegiate Woman Athlete of the Year Winners (Honda Cup) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/cupwinner_bios/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> == Tarihin kyaututtuka == An fara kirkirar kyaututtuka ne a shekara ta 1976, lokacin da Tom Broderick, mai mallakar kantin sayar da tufafi a Fergus, Ontario, ya yanke shawarar yin haɗin gwiwa tare da Judie Holland, babban mai kula da mata a UCLA <ref>{{Cite web |last=aassimon |date=2013-04-05 |title=AIAW greats to be honored at halftime of championship game |url=http://www.ncaa.org/about/resources/media-center/news/aiaw-greats-be-honored-halftime-championship-game-0 |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=NCAA.org}}</ref> da Irv Grossman, ɗan jarida, mai sayar da wasanni da mai ba da shawara kan kafofin watsa labarai, <ref>{{Cite web |title='Bitten' bouncer sues Pacman |url=https://www.nydailynews.com/sports/more-sports/bitten-bouncer-sues-pacman-article-1.225291 |access-date=2020-03-25 |website=nydailynews.com}}</ref> don ƙirƙirar kyaututtaka don gane manyan 'yan wasa mata a matakin kwaleji.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=The History of the Collegiate Women Sports Awards (CWSA) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/information/history |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> An ba da kyaututtuka na farko a shekara ta 1977, ga 'yan wasa na Division I, da farko a wasanni goma sannan daga baya aka faɗaɗa zuwa wasanni 12: * Kwallon kwando * Ƙasar Ƙetare * Hockey na filin wasa * Golf * Wasan motsa jiki * Kwallon ƙafa * Yin iyo da nutsewa * Tennis * Track & Field * Kwallon volleyball * Kwallon ƙafa (an kara shi a cikin 1990) * Lacrosse (an kara shi a shekara ta 2001) Kowane ɗayan waɗannan kyaututtuka da farko ana kiransu Broderick Award. Baya ga lambar yabo ta mutum ga mai karɓa a kowane wasanni goma, an zaɓi mai nasara a duk wasanni, kuma wannan mutumin ya sami lambar yabo, wanda ake kira Broderick Cup, wanda ke wakiltar babbar 'yar wasan mata a cikin wasannin koleji. Kodayake ƙwarewar wasanni babbar la'akari ce a cikin tsarin zaɓe, kwamitin zaɓe ya yi la'akari da "ba kawai nasarar wasanni ba har ma da manufofin gudummawar ƙungiya, ƙoƙarin ilimi, shiga makaranta da al'umma da waɗancan halaye na mutum kamar yadda aka bayyana a cikin falsafar NCAA".<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1985, Honda ta Amurka ta amince da zama babban mai tallafawa kyaututtuka, don haka an canza sunan kyautar zuwa lambar yabo ta Honda-Broderick ga kowane wasanni, da kuma Kofin Honda-Brederick ga wanda ya lashe gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":1" /> A shekara ta 1988, an kirkiro sabbin kyaututtuka uku. Kyaututtuka biyu sun amince da 'yan wasa na Division II da Division III, bi da bi tare da lambar yabo guda ɗaya ga kowane rukuni wanda ke rufe dukkan' yan wasa a duk wasannin da aka tsara. Kyautar ta uku ita ce Kyautar Inspiration, wacce ke zuwa ga 'yar wasan mata wacce ta shawo kan wahala. Dukkanin makarantun da NCAA suka ba da izini suna ba da waɗanda aka zaba kuma Kwamitin Daraktocin kungiyar ya yi zabin karshe.<ref name=":21">{{Cite web |title=Awards Overview |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/about |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> Tsakanin 1995 da 2008 kungiyar ta kuma zaɓi mai karɓar Kyautar Kyauta. Wadanda za su iya karɓar su ba 'yan wasa ba ne, amma mutane da ƙungiyoyi waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa sosai ga: * Sanarwar jama'a da godiya ga wasannin mata na kwaleji * Haɓaka matsayin wasanni na mata a matakin ƙasa <ref name=":21" /> An sake sunan wannan lambar yabo ta Irv Grossman Award of Merit a shekara ta 2007, bayan mutuwarsa a shekara ta 2006. Wadanda suka karɓi wannan lambar yabo sun kasance: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Past Irv Grossman Award of Merit Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/meritawards/index |access-date=March 25, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> * 1995 Charlotte West (Kudancin Illinois) * 1996 Phyllis Howlett (Babban Taron Goma) * 1997 Christine Grant (Iowa) * 1998 Judith M. Sweet (UC San Diego) * 1999 Judith R. Holland (UCLA) * 2000 Barbara Hedges (Washington) * 2002 Ruth Berkey (NCAA) * 2003 Patsy Mink (Sanata, Hawaii) * 2004 Birch Bayh (Sanata, Indiana) * 2007 Vivian Stringer (Shugaban Kocin, Kwallon Kwando na Mata na Rutgers) * 2007 Kwallon Kwando na Mata na Rutgers (Kungiyar Kwallon Kwallon Kwannin Mata) * Gidauniyar Wasannin Mata ta 2008 (WSF, Billie Jean King ce ta kafa) == Bikin bayar da kyautar == An shirya sanarwar lambar yabo ta Honda Sports Award ga masu cin nasara na wasanni goma sha biyu a duk shekara ta makaranta, bayan kammala gasar bayan kakar wasa. Ana gabatar da wasu kyaututtuka a matsayin wani ɓangare na taron kwana biyu, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of the Collegiate Women Sports Awards (CWSA) |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/information/history |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> yawanci a ƙarshen Yuni na kowace shekara. Kyautar Wasannin Mata ta Kwalejin (CWSA) ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da ESPNU don taron 2013, <ref name=":22">{{Cite web |title=Keilani Ricketts, University of Oklahoma |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2012-13/honda_cup |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> kuma tun daga 2014, ta yi haɗin gwiwar CBS don watsa shirye-shiryen lambobin yabo masu zuwa: <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014-06-28 |title=Save the Date – Watch the Honda Cup Presented Live on June 30, on CBS Sports Network |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2013-14/cwsa062814 |access-date=April 4, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> * Kyautar Honda Inspiration * Honda Division II Mai kunnawa na Shekara * Honda Division III Mai kunnawa na Shekara * "Top Three" finalists zaɓaɓɓu daga goma sha biyu da suka lashe kyautar kowane wasa * Kofin Honda na Mace na Shekara Tun daga shekara ta 2013, ana gudanar da taron shekara-shekara a USC Founders Club a Galen Center a Los Angeles . <ref name=":22" /> An soke bikin bayar da kyautar 2020 da aka shirya don Yuni saboda [[Koronavirus 2019|COVID-19]]. <ref name=":23">{{Cite web |date=2020-04-07 |title=CWSA Update on 2020 Awards & Event |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/releases/2019-20/04072020cwsarelease |access-date=April 8, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> == Masu cin nasara da wadanda aka zaba kafin shekara ta 2000 == ''Don masu cin nasara da wadanda aka zaba kafin 2000, duba Honda Sports Award kafin 2000 masu cin nasaraHonda Sports Award kafin 2000 masu nasara da kuma wadanda aka zaba'' == 2000-01 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Basketball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/basketball |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Cross Country |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Cross%20country |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Golf |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Golf |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite web |title=Lacrosse |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Lacrosse |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{Cite web |title=Softball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Softball |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Swimming & Diving |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/swimdive |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":9">{{Cite web |title=Track & Field |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/trackfield |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=Volleyball |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/volleyball |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite web |title=Tennis |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/tennis |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":12">{{Cite web |title=Soccer |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/soccer |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Gymnastics |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/Gymnastics |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":14">{{Cite web |title=Field Hockey |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/field%20hockey |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Jackie Stiles |Jihar Kudu maso Yammacin Missouri |Svetlana Abrosimova, Connecticut; Tamika Catchings, Tennessee; Ruth Riley, Notre Dame |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Kara Grgas-Wheeler |Colorado |Shalane Flanagan, Arewacin Carolina; Sabrina Monro, Montana; Erica Palmer, Wisconsin |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Marina Digiacomo |Tsohon Mulkin |Traci Anselmo, Jihar Penn; Kelli Gannon, Michigan; Carla Tagliente, Maryland |- |Golf |Candy Hannemann |Duke |Natalie Gulbis, Arizona; Candie Kung, Arizona; Lorena Ochoa, Arizona |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Mohini Bhardwaj |UCLA |Bridget Knaeble, Michigan; Suzanne Sears, Georgia; Onni Willis, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Jen Adams |Maryland |Quinn Carney, Maryland; Bowen Holden, Georgetown; Sheehan Stanwick, Georgetown |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Meredith Florance |Arewacin Carolina |Meghan Anderson, Nebraska; Anne Makinen, Notre Dame; Tracey Milburn, UCLA; Christie Welsh, Penn State |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Jennie Finch]] |Arizona |Oli Keohohou, BYU/Hawaii; Kelly Kretschman, Alabama; [[Stacey Nuveman-Deniz|Stacey Nuveman]], UCLA |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Misty Hyman |Stanford |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Natalie Coughlin, California; Colleen Lanne", Texas |- |Tennis |Laura Granville |Stanford |Bea Bielik, Wake Forest; Ansley Cargill, Duke; Michelle Dasso, Notre Dame |- |Track & Field |Brenda Taylor |Harvard |Tracy O'Hara, UCLA; Christina Tolson, UCLA) Angela Williams, USC |- |Kwallon volleyball |Greichaly Cepero |Nebraska |Kara Gormsen, Jami'ar Pacific; Sherisa Livingston, Wisconsin; Logan Tom, Stanford |} Tushen:<ref name=":17">{{Cite web |title=Past DIII Woman Athlete of the Year Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/dIII/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":18">{{Cite web |title=Past Division II Woman Athlete of the Year Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/dII/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=Past Inspiration Award Winners |url=https://www.collegiatewomensportsawards.com/archives/inspiration/index |access-date=March 16, 2020 |website=CWSA}}</ref><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Jackie Stiles |Kwallon kwando |Jihar Kudu maso Yammacin Missouri |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kendra Berner |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Davidson |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Jessica Martin |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Jihar Truman |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Tasha Rogers |Kwallon kwando |Washington (St. Louis) |} == 2001-02 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Sue Bird |Connecticut |Chantelle Anderson, Vanderbilt; Alana Beard, Duke; Diana Taurasi, Connecticut |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Tara Chaplin |Arizona |Lauren Fleshman, Stanford; Renee Metivier, Georgia Tech; Kristin Price, Jihar North Carolina |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Autumn Welsh |Maryland |Jemima Cameron, Wake Forest; Llvy Friebe, Princeton; Adrienne Yoder, Old Dominion |- |Golf |Juya Nirapathpongpora |Duke |Danielle Downey, Auburn; Lorena Ochoa, Arizona; Summer Sirmons, Georgia |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Andree" Pickens |Alabama |Jamie Dantzscher, UCLA; MaryAnne Kelley, Minnesota; Theresa Kulikowski, Utah |- |Lacrosse |Erin Elbe |Georgetown |Rachel Becker, Princeton; Christine McPike, North Carolina; Jaimee Reynolds, Cornell |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Aly Wagner]] |Santa Clara |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; [[Abby Wambach]], Florida; Christie Welsh, Jihar Pennsylvania |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Jennie Finch]] |Arizona |[[Stacey Nuveman-Deniz|Stacey Nuveman]], UCLA; Jamie Southern, Jihar Fresno; Natasha Watley, UCLA |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Natalie Coughlin |California |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Maritza Correia, Georgia; Shelly Ripple, Stanford |- |Tennis |Bea Bielik |Dajin farkawa |Erin Burdette, Stanford; Gabriela Lastra, Stanford; Jessica Lehnhoff, Florida |- |Track & Field |Angela Williams |USC |Brianna Glenn, Arizona; Muna Lee, LSU; Melissa Price, Nebraska |- |Kwallon volleyball |Logan Tom |Logan Tom |Emily Adams, USC; Aury Cruz, Florida; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Angela Williams |USC |Track & Field |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kristin Koetsier |Kwallon kwando |Yammacin Michigan |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Nicole Duncan |Track & Field |Jihar Cal (LA) |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Julia Bergofsky |Hockey na filin wasa |Middlebury |} == 2002-03 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Diana Taurasi |Connecticut |Alana Beard, Duke; Nicole Ohlde, Jihar Kansas; Latoya Thomas, Jihar Mississippi |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Shalane Flanagan |Arewacin Carolina |Alicia Craig, Stanford; Lauren Fleshman, Stanford; Kate O"Neill, Yale |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Tiffany Snow |Tsohon Mulkin |Marcie Boyer, New Hampshire; Llvy Friebe, Princeton; Afrilu Fronzoni, Michigan |- |Golf |Mikaela Parmlid |USC |Erica Blasberg, Arizona; Katherine Hull, Pepperdine; Lindsey Wright, Pepperdin |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Onni Willis |UCLA |Jamie Dantzscher, UCLA; Theresa Kulikowski, Utah; Richelle Simpson, Nebraska |- |Lacrosse |Rachael Becker |Princeton |Lauren Aumiller, Virginia; Kelly Coppedge, Maryland; Suzanne Eyler, Kwalejin Loyola |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Portland |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; Catherine Reddick, Arewacin Carolina; [[Aly Wagner]], Santa Clara |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Natasha Watley |UCLA |Lovie Jung, Arizona; Cat Osterman, Texas; Kristen Rivera, Washington |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Natalie Coughlin |California |Maggie Bowen, Auburn; Maritza Correia, Georgia; Shelly Ripple, Stanford |- |Tennis |Vilmarie Castellvi |Tennessee |Agata Cioroch, Georgia; Amber Liu, Stanford; Kelly McCain, Duke |- |Track & Field |Elva Goulbourne |Auburn |Laura Gerraughty, Arewacin Carolina; Muna Lee, LSU; [[Raasin McIntosh]], Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Logan Tom |Stanford |Emily Adams, USC; Aury Cruz, Florida; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Natasha Watley |Kwallon ƙafa |UCLA |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Kristy McPherson |Golf |Kudancin Carolina |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Missy Gregg |Kwallon ƙafa |'Yan'uwan Kirista |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Libby Hysell |Kwallon ƙafa |Tsakiya |} == 2003-04 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Diana Taurasi |Connecticut |Alana Beard, Duke; Nicole Ohlde, Jihar Kansas; Nicole Powell, Stanford; Lindsay Whalen, Minnesota |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Shalane Flanagan |Arewacin Carolina |Sara Bei, Stanford; Michaela Mannova, Brigham Young; Kimberly Smith, Providence |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Kelly Doton |Dajin farkawa |Mari Creatini, Arewa maso gabas; Afrilu Fronzoni, Michigan; Vanessa Immordino, Jihar Ohio |- |Golf |Sarah Huarte |California |Karin Sjodin, Jihar Oklahoma; Susie Mathews, UCLA; Charlotte Mayorkas, UCLA |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Jeana Rice |Alabama |Jeanette Antolin, UCLA; Melissa Vituj, Utah; Lindsay Wing, Stanford |- |Lacrosse |Amy Appelt |Virginia |Kelly Coppedge, Maryland; Gail Decker, James Madison; Theresa Sherry, Princeton |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Catherine Reddick |Arewacin Carolina |Joanna Lohman, Jihar Penn; Nandi Pryce, UCLA; Lindsay Tarpley, Arewacin Carolina |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Jessica van der Linden |Jihar Florida |[[Alicia Hollowell]], Arizona; Lyhia McMichael, Jihar Mississippi; Kristen Rivera, Washington |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Tara Kirk |Stanford |Margaret Hoelzer, Auburn; Natalie Coughlin, California; Kaitlin Sandeno, USC |- |Tennis |Amber Liu |Stanford |Megan Bradley, Miami; Julie Coin, Clemson; Jelena Pandzic, Jihar Fresno |- |Track & Field |Kim Smith |Gudanarwa |Hyleas Fountain, Georgia; Tiffany McWilliams, Jihar Mississippi; Lauryn Williams, Miami |- |Kwallon volleyball |Afrilu Ross |USC |Kele Eveland, Georgia Tech; Ogonna Nnamani, Stanford; Kim Willoughby, Hawaii |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Tara Kirk |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Stanford |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Chanda Gunn |Hockey na kankara |Arewa maso gabas |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Zoila Gomez |Kwallon ƙafa |Jihar Adams |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Mary Ellen Gordon |Tennis |Emory |} == 2004-05 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Seimone Augustus |LSU |Jacqueline Batteast, Notre Dame; Monique Currie, Duke; Jessica Davenport, Jihar Ohio |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Kim Smith |Gudanarwa |Caroline Bierbaum, Columbia; Renee Metivier, Colorado; [[Laura Turner (runner)|Laura Turner]], Brigham Young |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Kelly Dostal |Dajin farkawa |Veerle Goudswaard, Jihar Michigan; Lauren Henderson, Connecticut; Paula Infante, Maryland |- |Golf |Anna Grzebien |Duke |Aboki Cochran, California Los Angeles; Brittany Lang, Duke; Leah Wigger, Virginia |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kristen Maloney |UCLA |Elise Ray, Michigan; Richelle Simpson, Nebraska; Annabeth Eberle, Utah |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Amy Appelt, Virginia; Katie Chrest, Duke; Katieanne Christian, Dartmouth |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Leslie Osborne]] |Santa Clara |Heather O"Reilly, Arewacin Carolina; [[Christine Sinclair]], Portland; Tiffany Weimer, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Cat Osterman |Texas |Caitlin Lowe, Arizona; Kristen Rivera, Washington; Amanda Scarborough, Texas AM |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Kirsty Coventry |Auburn |Caroline Bruce, Stanford; Mary DeScenza, Georgia; Kara Lynn Joyce, Georgia |- |Tennis |Zuzana Zemenová |Baylor |Audra Cohen, Arewa maso Yamma; Jennifer Magley, Florida; Riza Zalameda, UCLA |- |Track & Field |Monique Henderson |UCLA |Marshevet Hooker, Texas; Tianna Madison, Tennessee; Virginia Powell, USC |- |Kwallon volleyball |Ogonna Nnamani |Stanford |Emily Adams, USC; Stacey Gordon, Jihar Ohio; Sam Tortorello, Jihar Penn |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Ogonna Nnamani |Kwallon volleyball |Stanford |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Brittney Kroon |Kwallon kwando |Seattle Pacific |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Krystal Lewallen |Kwallon ƙafa |Arewacin Kentucky |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Missy Buttry |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Wartburg |} == 2005-06 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Seimone Augustus |LSU |Ivory Latta, Arewacin Carolina; Cappie Pondexter, Rutgers; Sophia Young, Baylor |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Caroline Bierbaum |Columbia |Stephanie Madia, Notre Dame; Victoria Mitchell, Butler; Johanna Nilsson, Arewacin Arizona |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Paula Infante |Maryland |Kayla Bashore, Indiana; Jessica Javelet, Louisville; Hilary Linton, Duke |- |Golf |Irene Cho |USC |Amanda Blumenherst, Duke; Jennie Lee, Duke; Dewi Schreefel, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Ashley Miles |Alabama |Courtney Kupets, Georgia; Ashley Postell, Utah; Kate Richardson, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Katie Chrest, Duke; Crysti Foote, Notre Dame; Coco Stanwick, Georgetown |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Portland |Heather O"Reilly, Arewacin Carolina; Katie Thorlakson, Notre Dame; Tiffany Weimer, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Cat Osterman |Texas |Monica Abbot, Tennessee; Andrea Duran, UCLA; Sarah Fekete, Tennessee |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Mary DeScenza |Georgia |Blythe Hartley, Kudancin California; Kara Lynn Joyce, Georgia; Whitney Myers, Arizona |- |Tennis |Kristi Miller |Georgia Tech |Suzi Babos, California; Audra Cohen, Miami; Lindsey Nelson, USC |- |Track & Field |Virginia Powell |USC |Marshevet Hooker, Texas; Chelsea Johnson, California, Los Angeles; Melaine Walker, Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Courtney Thompson |Washington |Melissa Elmer, Nebraska; Christina Houghtelling, Nebraska; Sam Tortorello, Jihar Penn |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |[[Christine Sinclair]] |Kwallon ƙafa |Portland |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Lindsay Payne |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Williams |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kristin Erb |Kwallon ƙafa |Lock Haven |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Megan Silva |Kwallon kwando |Randolph-Macon |} == 2006-07 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Candace Parker |Tennessee |Sylvia Fowles, LSU; Lindsey Harding, Duke; Ivory Latta, North Carolina |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego |Fasahar Texas |Jenny Barringer, Colorado; Lindsay Donaldson, Yale; Arianna Lambie, Stanford |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Paula Infante |Maryland |Lauren Crandall, Wake Forest; Lizzy Peijs, Connecticut; Amy Stopford, Duke |- |Golf |Amanda Blumenherst |Duke |Christel Boeljon, Purdue; Stacy Lewis, Arkansas; Anna Nordquvist, Jihar Arizona |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Courtney Kupets |Georgia |Janet Anson, Jihar Iowa; Emily Parsons, Nebraska; Tasha Schwikert, UCLA |- |Lacrosse |Kristen Kjellman |Arewa maso yamma |Caroline Cryer, Duke; Dana Dobbie, Maryland; Mary Key Johns, Hopkins |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Heather O"Reilly |Arewacin Carolina |Yael Averbuch, Arewacin Carolina; Kerri Hanks, Notre Dame; Indiya Trotter, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Monica Abbott |Tennessee |[[Katie Burkhart]], Jihar Arizona; Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizoa; Caitlin Lowe, Arizona |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Kara Lynn Joyce |Georgia |Cassidy Krug, Stanford; Whitney Myers, Arizona; Dana Vollmer, California |- |Tennis |Audra Cohen |Miami |Megan Falcon, LSU; Lindsey Nelson, USC; Zuzana Zemenová, Baylor |- |Track & Field |Kerron Stewart |Auburn |[[Natasha Hastings]], ta Kudu Carolina; Sally Kipyego, Texas Tech; Sarah Stevens, Jihar Arizona |- |Kwallon volleyball |Sarah Pavan |Nebraska |[[Foluke Akinradewo]], Stanford; Nana Meriwether, UCLA; Courtney Thompson, Washington |} Sources:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Sarah Pavan |Kwallon volleyball |Nebraska |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Jessica Kohut |Kwallon ƙafa |Kwalejin New Jersey |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kylee Hanavan |Kwallon ƙafa |Jihar Birni |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Liz Bondi |Tennis |Rashin amincewa |} == 2007-08 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Candace Parker |Tennessee |Sylvia Fowles, LSU; Maya Moore, Connecticut; Candice Wiggins, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego |Fasahar Texas |Jenny Barringer, Colorado; Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida; [[Diane Nukuri]], Iowa |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Rachel Dawson |Arewacin Carolina |Jennifer Long, Jihar Penn; Katie O'Donnell, Maryland; Pam Spuehler, Boston |- |Golf |Amanda Blumenherst |Duke |Azahara Muñoz, Jihar Arizona; Tiffany Joh, UCLA; Stacy Lewis, Arkansas |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Katie Heenan |Georgia |Lindsey Bruck, Michigan; Ashley Postell, Utah; Tabitha Yim, Stanford |- |Lacrosse |Hannah Nielsen |Arewa maso yamma |Dana Dobbie, Maryland; Kelly Kasper, Maryland; Katie Rowan, Syracuse |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Ashlee Pistorius |Texas A & M |Lauren Cheney, UCLA; Kristin Olsen, USC; Mami Yamaguchi, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Angela Tincher |Virginia Tech |Tonya Callahan, Tennessee; Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizona; Megan Gibson, Texas A & M |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Caroline Burckle |Florida |Lacy Nymeyer, Arizona; Rebecca Soni, Kudancin California; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |Tennis |Amanda McDowell |Georgia Tech |Ani Mijacika, Clemson; Aurelija Miseviciute, Arkansas; Zuzana Zemenová, Baylor |- |Track & Field |Jacquelyn Johnson |Jihar Arizona |Brie Felnagle, Arewacin Carolina; Alysia Johnson, California; Sally Kipyego, Texas Tech |- |Kwallon volleyball |[[Foluke Akinradewo]] |Stanford |Christa Harmotto, Jihar Penn; Megan Hodge, Jihar Pennsylvania; Asiya Kaczor, USC |- |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Candace Parker |Kwallon kwando |Tennessee |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Mai haƙuri Knight |Track & Field |Fasahar Texas |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Vicky Braegelmann |Kwallon volleyball |Kwallon volleyball |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Sarah Zerzan |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Willamette |} == 2008-09 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |Renee Montgomery <ref>{{Cite web |title=UConn's Renee Montgomery Named Winner of Honda Award |url=https://uconnhuskies.com/news/2009/4/16/UConn_s_Renee_Montgomery_Named_Winner_of_Honda_Award.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Connecticut Athletics}}</ref> (Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup) <small> (Mai tseren karshe na Kofin Honda-Broderick) </small> |Connecticut |Angel McCoughtry, Louisville; Maya Moore, Connecticut; Courtney Paris, Oklahoma |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sally Kipyego<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sally Kipyego Voted Honda Award Winner |url=https://texastech.com/news/2007/12/4/Sally_Kipyego_Voted_Honda_Award_Winner.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Texas Tech University Athletics}}</ref> |Fasahar Texas |Tasmin Fanning, Virginia Tech; Brie Felnagle, North Carolina; Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Susie Rowe <ref>{{Cite web |title=Susie Rowe Captures 2009 Honda Award |url=https://umterps.com/news/2008/12/15/207270020.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Maryland Athletics}}</ref> |Maryland |Jen Long, Jihar Penn; Laurie Pfeiffer, Iowa; Shannon Taylor, [[Syracuse Orange|Syracuse]] |- |Golf |María Hernández<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Of The Best |url=https://purduesports.com/news/2009/6/4/Best_Of_The_Best.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Purdue University Athletics}}</ref> |Tsarkakewa |Carlota Ciganda, Jihar Arizona; Jennifer Song, USC; Lizette Salas, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Courtney Kupets<ref name=":16">{{Cite web |date=2009-06-22 |title=Gymnast Kupets of Georgia wins Honda-Broderick Cup |url=https://www.deseret.com/2009/6/22/20325019/gymnast-kupets-of-georgia-wins-honda-broderick-cup |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Deseret News |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> |Georgia |Kristina Baskett, Utah; Ashleigh Clare-Kearny, LSU; Jessica Lopez, Denver |- |Lacrosse |Hannah Nielsen<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hannah Nielsen – Women's Lacrosse Coach |url=https://mgoblue.com/sports/womens-lacrosse/roster/coaches/hannah-nielsen/5338 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of Michigan Athletics}}</ref> |Arewa maso yamma |Jillian Byers, Notre Dame: Amber Falcone, North Carolina; Caitlyn McFadden, Maryland |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |Casey Nogueira<ref>{{Cite web |title=Casey Nogueira Wins 2009 Honda Sports Award for Soccer |url=https://goheels.com/news/2008/12/18/205471575.aspx |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=University of North Carolina Athletics}}</ref> |Arewacin Carolina |Kerri Hanks, Notre Dame; Brittany Bock, Notre Dame, Christina DiMartino, UCLA |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Danielle Lawrie]] ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-06-10 |title=UW's Danielle Lawrie earns Honda award in softball |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/sports/uw-huskies/uws-danielle-lawrie-earns-honda-award-in-softball/ |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=The Seattle Times}}</ref><small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Washington |Kaitlin Cochran, Jihar Arizona; Stacey Nelson, Florida; Tammy Williams, Arewa maso Yamma |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Dana Vollmer<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 1, 2009 |title=Dana Vollmer Wins Honda Sports Award as Nation's Top Collegiate Swimmer |url=https://pac-12.com/article/2009/04/01/dana-vollmer-wins-honda-sports-award-nations-top-collegiate-swimmer |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200323233354/https://pac-12.com/article/2009/04/01/dana-vollmer-wins-honda-sports-award-nations-top-collegiate-swimmer |archive-date=March 23, 2020 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=Pac-12.com}}</ref> |California |Julia Smit, Stanford; Rebecca Soni, USC; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |[[Tennis]] |Mallory Cecil<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mallory Cecil – 2008–09 – Women's Tennis |url=https://goduke.com/sports/womens-tennis/roster/mallory-cecil/8454 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=goduke.com}}</ref> |Duke |Aurelija Miseviciute, Arkansas; Maria Mosolova, Arewa maso Yamma; Laura Vallverdu, Miami |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |Jennifer Simpson ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Colorado |Sarah Bowman, Tennessee; Tiffany Ofili, Michigan; Blessing Okagbare, Texas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Nicole Fawcett ((Finalist for Honda-Broderick Cup)) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Fawcett voted Honda Award winner as top women's volleyball player {{!}} Penn State University |url=https://news.psu.edu/story/180213/2009/01/23/fawcett-voted-honda-award-winner-top-womens-volleyball-player |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=news.psu.edu}}</ref><small> ((Finalist na Honda-Broderick Cup)) </small> |Jihar Penn |Christa Harmotto, Jihar Penn; Destinee Hooker, Texas; [[Foluke Akinradewo]], Stanford |} {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Courtney Kupets<ref name=":16" /> |Wasan motsa jiki |Georgia |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Nicole Hester |Kwallon kwando |Drexel |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kristin Erb |Kwallon ƙafa |Lock Haven |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Ashley Huston |Track & Field |Hardin-Simmons |} == 2009-10 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |[[Kwallon kwando]] |Maya Moore<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basketball Star Maya Moore Makes History – Wins Honda-Broderick Cup Second Year In A Row |url=https://hondainamerica.com/news/basketball-star-maya-moore-makes-history-wins-honda-broderick-cup-second-year-in-a-row/ |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=hondainamerica.com}}</ref> |Connecticut |Tina Charles, Connecticut; Kelsey Griffin, Nebraska; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Angela Bizzarri<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-12-09 |title=Illinois runner Bizzarri is Honda Award winner |url=https://www.espn.com/college-sports/news/story?id=4728498 |access-date=March 15, 2020 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> |Illinois |Susan Kuijken, Jihar Florida; Kendra Schaaf, Washington; Catherine White, Virginia |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie O'Donnell |Maryland |Katie Reinprecht, Princeton; LPaige Selenski, Virginia; Loren Sherer, Connecticut |- |Golf |Caroline Hedwall |Jihar Oklahoma |[[Cydney Clayton]], Auburn; Jennifer Johnson, Jihar Arizona; Jennifer Song, USC |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Susan Jackson |LSU |Carly Janiga, Stanford; Brandi Personett, Penn State; Sarah Shire, Missouri |- |Lacrosse |Caitlyn McFadden |Maryland |Katrina Dowd, Arewa maso Yamma; Brittany Kalkstein, Virginia; Jenn Russell, Arewacin Carolina |- |[[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|Kwallon ƙafa]] |Whitney Engen |Arewacin Carolina |Tobin Heath, Arewacin Carolina; Lauren Cheney, UCLA; Kelley O'Hara, Stanford |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Danielle Lawrie]] |Washington |Chelsea Bramlett, Jihar Mississippi; Megan Langenfeld, UCLA; Jen Yee, Georgia Tech |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Julia Smit |[[Jami'ar Stanford|Stanford]] |Elaine Breeden, Stanford; Allison Schmitt, Georgia; Gemma Spofforth, Florida |- |[[Tennis]] |Laura Vallverdu |Miami |Irina Falconi, Georgia Tech; Chelsey Gullickson, Georgia; Jana Juricova, California |- |Track &amp;amp; Field |Lisa Koll |Jihar Iowa |Sarauniya Harrison, Virginia Tech; Mariam Kevkhishvili, Florida; Albarka Okagbare, UTEP |- |Kwallon volleyball |Megan Hodge |Jihar Penn |Alisha Glass, Jihar Penn; Hana Cutura, California; Destinee Hooker, Texas |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- | rowspan="2" |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Megan Hodge (mai haɗin kai) |Kwallon volleyball |Jihar Penn |- |Maya Moore (mai haɗin kai) |Kwallon kwando |Connecticut |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Antoinette Cobb |Track & Field |Louisiana Tech |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Maggie McNamara |Kwallon volleyball |Jituwa |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Marie Borner |Track & Field |Ba'aital |} == 2010-11 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Maya Moore |Connecticut |Brittney Griner, Baylor; Amber Harris, Xavier; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Emily Infeld, Georgetown; Risper Kimaiyo, UTEP |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie O'Donnell |Maryland |Melissa González, Connecticut; Paige Selenski, Virginia; Kathleen Sharkey, Princeton |- |Golf |Marta Silva Zamora |LSU |Lizette Salas, USC; [[Kelli Shean]], Arkansas; Austin Ernst, LSU |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kayla Hoffman |Alabama |Kylee Botterman, Michigan; Brittani McCullough, UCLA; Sharaya Musser, Jihar Penn |- |Lacrosse |Shannon Smith |Arewa maso yamma |Grace Gavin, Loyola; Sarah Mollison, Maryland; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Melissa Henderson |Uwargidanmu |[[Alex Morgan]], California; Christen Press, Stanford; Sophie Schmidt, Portland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Kelsey Bruder |Florida |Ashley Hansen, Stanford; Jolene Henderson, California; Chelsea Thomas, Missouri |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Katinka Hosszú |USC Trojans |Allison Schmitt, Georgia; Jillian Tyler, Minnesota; Arianna Vanderpool-Wallace, Auburn. |- |Tennis |Jana Juricová |California |Lauren Embree, Florida; Maria Sanchez, USC; Stacey Tan, Stanford |- |Track & Field |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jessica Beard, Texas A&M Kimberlyn Duncan, LSU; Kim Williams, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon volleyball |Blair Brown |Jihar Penn |Julian Faucette, Texas; Alex Jupiter, USC; Carli Lloyd, California |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Maya Moore |Kwallon kwando |Connecticut |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Jessica Breland |Kwallon kwando |Arewacin Carolina |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Sammy Macy |Hockey na filin wasa |UMass-Lowell |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kendra Stern |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Amherst |} == 2011-12 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":14" /><ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Brittney Griner |Baylor |Skylar Diggins, Notre Dame; Elena Delle Donne, Delaware; Nnemkadi Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Sheila Reid |Villanova |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Abbey D'Agostino, Dartmouth; Emily Infeld, Georgetown |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Megan Frazer |Maryland |Chelsea Armstrong, Arewa maso Yamma; Katelyn Falgowski, Arewacin Carolina; Whitney Frates, New Hampshire |- |Golf |Brooke Pancake |Alabama |Lindy Duncan, Duke; Chirapat Jao-Javanil, Oklahoma; Emily Tubert, Arkansas |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Kytra Hunter |Florida |Amy Glass, Jihar Boise; Jaime Pisani, Arkansas; Geralen Stack-Eaton, Alabama |- |Lacrosse |Taylor Thornton |Arewa maso yamma |Brittany Dashiell, Florida; Sarah Plumb, Dartmouth; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Teresa Noyola |Stanford |Lindsay Taylor, Stanford; Maya Hayes, Jihar Penn |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Keilani Ricketts]] |Oklahoma |Katelyn Boyd, Jihar Arizona; Jolene Henderson, California; [[Jackie Traina]], Alabama |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Caitlin Leverenz |California |Katinka Hosszu, USC; Megan Roman, Georgia; Breeja Larson, Texas AM |- |Tennis |Nicole Gibbs |Stanford |Mallory Burdette, Stanford; Beatrice Capra, Duke; Allie Will, Florida |- |Track & Field |Kimberlyn Duncan |LSU |Brigetta Barrett, Arizona; Christina Manning, Jihar Ohio; Jeneva McCall, Kudancin Illinois |- |Kwallon volleyball |Alex Jupiter |USC |Rachael Adams, Texas; Kanani Danielson, Hawaii; Kelly Murphy, Jihar Florida |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Kyautar !Wanda ya ci nasara !Wasanni !Kwalejin |- |''Honda Cup Mata 'yar wasa ta shekara'' |Brittney Griner |Kwallon kwando |Baylor |- |''Wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Honda Inspiration'' |Elena Delle Donne |Kwallon kwando |Delaware |- |''DII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Kari Daugherty |Kwallon kwando |Ashland |- |''DIII Honda Athlete na Shekara'' |Stacey Hagensen |Kwallon ƙafa |Lutheran na Pacific |} == 2012-13 Masu cin nasara da waɗanda aka zaba == Tushen:<ref name=":12" /><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" !Wasanni !Wanda ya ci nasara !Kwalejin !Wadanda suka kammala |- |Kwallon kwando |Elena Delle Donne |Delaware |Skylar Diggins, Notre Dame; Brittney Griner, Baylor; Chinay Ogwumike, Stanford |- |Ƙasar Ƙetare |Betsy Saina |Jihar Iowa |Jordan Hasay, Oregon; Abbey D'Agostino, Dartmouth; Aliphine Tuliamuk-Bolton, Jihar Wichita |- |Hockey na filin wasa |Katie Reinprecht |Princeton |Chelsea Armstrong, Arewa maso Yamma; Megan Frazer, Maryland; Paige Selenski, Virginia |- |Golf |Annie Park |USC |Lindy Duncan, Duke; Stephanie Meadow, Alabama; Paula Reto, Purdue |- |Wasan motsa jiki |Bridget Sloan |Florida |Vanessa Zamarripa, UCLA; Rheagan Courville, LSU; Alina Weinstein, Illinois |- |Lacrosse |Kara Cannizzaro |Arewacin Carolina |Alex Aust, Maryland; Becca Block, Syracuse; Katie Schwarzmann, Maryland |- |Kwallon ƙafa |Crystal Dunn |Arewacin Carolina |Alina Garciamendez-Rowold, Stanford; Christine Nairn, Jihar Penn; Ines Jaurena, Jihar Florida |- |Kwallon ƙafa |[[Keilani Ricketts]] |Oklahoma |Lauren Chamberlain, Oklahoma; Amber Freeman, Jihar Arizona; Lauren Gibson, Tennessee |- |Yin iyo da nutsewa |Allison Schmitt |Georgia |Elizabeth Beisel, Florida; Breeja Larson, Texas A&M Elizabeth Pelton, California |- |Tennis |Nicole Gibbs |Stanford |Lauren Embree, Florida; Sabrina Santamaria, Kudancin California; Mary Weatherholt, Nebraska |- |Hanya da Filin |Kimberlyn Duncan |LSU |Brigetta Barrett, Arizona; Kori Carter, Stanford; Andrea Geubelle, Kansas |- |Kwallon volleyball |Alaina Bergsma |Oregon |Haley Eckerman, Texas; Lauren Plum, Oregon; Ariel Scott, Penn State |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2013–14== Tushen:<ref name="Past Winners - all sports"/><ref name=":12"/><ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /><ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" /><ref name=":8" /><ref name=":9" /><ref name=":10" /><ref name=":11" /><ref name=":14" /> {| class="wikitable" |- ! Wasanni ! Wanda ya yi nasara ! Kwaleji ! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando |[[Breanna Stewart]] |[[Connecticut Huskies women's basketball|Connecticut]] |[[Kayla McBride]], Notre Dame; [[Alyssa Thomas]], Maryland; [[Chiney Ogwumike]], Stanford; [[Odyssey Sims]], Baylor |- | Gudun ƙasa |[[Abbey D'Agostino]] |[[Dartmouth Big Green|Dartmouth]] |Katie Avory, Iona; [[Emma Bates]], Boise State; [[Aisling Cuffe]], Stanford |- | Filin hockey | Marie Elena Bolles |[[UConn Huskies|Connecticut]] |Rachael Mack, Michigan; [[Jill Witmer]], Maryland; [[Emily Wold]], North Carolina |- | Golf |[[Céline Boutier]] |[[Duke Blue Devils|Duke]] |Doris Chen, USC; [[Alison Lee]], UCLA; [[Annie Park]], USC |- | Gymnastics |Kim Jacob |Alabama |[[Katherine Grable]], Arkansas; [[Bridget Sloan]], Florida; Emily Wong, Nebraska |- | Lacrosse |[[Taylor Cummings]] |[[Maryland Terrapins|Maryland]] |Shannon Gilroy, Florida; [[Alyssa Murray]], Syracuse; [[Kayla Treanor]], Syracuse |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa | [[Abby Dahlkemper]] | [[UCLA Bruins|UCLA]] |[[Morgan Brian]], Virginia; [[Crystal Dunn]], North Carolina; [[Kassey Kallman]], Florida State |- | Softball |[[Madison Shipman]] |[[Tennessee Volunteers|Tennessee]] |Cheridan Hawkins, Oregon; Maddie O'Brien, Florida State; [[Sierra Romero]], Michigan |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa |[[Felicia Lee]] |[[Stanford Cardinal|Stanford]] |[[Maya DiRado]], Stanford; [[Missy Franklin]], California; [[Breeja Larson]], Texas A&M; [[Brittany MacLean]], Georgia |- | Tennis | [[Robin Anderson (tennis)|Robin Anderson]] | UCLA |Lynn Chi, California; [[Danielle Collins]], Virginia; [[Jamie Loeb]], North Carolina |- | Gudun filin |[[Sharika Nelvis]] | Arkansas State |[[Courtney Okolo]], Texas; [[Jenna Prandini]], Oregon; [[Kendell Williams]], Georgia |- | Volleyball |[[Krista Vansant]] | [[Washington Huskies|Washington]] |[[Haley Eckerman]], Texas; [[Kelsey Robinson]], Nebraska; Carly Wopat, Stanford |} Tushen:<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" /><ref name=":19" /><ref name=":20" /> {| class="wikitable" !Lambar yabo ! Wanda ya yi nasara ! Wasanni ! Kwaleji |- |'''''Honda Cup''' Ɗalibar Mace Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara'' |Kim Jacob |Gymnastics |Alabama |- |''Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa'' |[[Arin Gilliland]] |Ƙwallon ƙafa |Kentucky |- |''DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara'' |Lauren Battista |Kwando |Bentley |- |''DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara'' |Christy Cazzolla |Gudun filin |Wisconsin-Oshkosh |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2014–15== {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Kwaleji !! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando || Breanna Stewart || Connecticut || Jewell Loyd, Notre Dame; Tiffany Mitchell, South Carolina; Kaleena Mosqueda-Lewis, Connecticut |- | Gudun ƙasa || Kate Avery || Iona || Emma Bates, Boise State; Sarah Disanza, Wisconsin; Rachele Schulist, Michigan State |- | Filin hockey || Paula Heuser || Albany || Laura Gebhart, Penn State; Kelsey Harbin, Stanford; Roisin Upton, Connecticut |- | Golf || Emma Talley || Alabama || Bronte Law, UCLA; Gaby López, Arkansas; Leona Maguire, Duke |- | Gymnastics || Kytra Hunter || Florida || Georgia Dabritz, Utah; Lindsay Mable, Minnesota; Samantha Peszek, UCLA |- | Lacrosse || Taylor Cummings || Maryland || Megan Douty, Maryland; Shannon Gilroy, Florida; Kayla Treanor, Syracuse |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa || Sam Mewis || UCLA || Morgan Brian, Virginia; Dagný Brynjarsdóttir, Florida State; Shea Groom, Texas A&M |- | Softball || Lauren Haegar || Florida || Lauren Chamberlain, Oklahoma; Cheridan Hawkins, Oregon; Sierra Romero, Michigan |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa || Missy Franklin || California || Simone Manuel, Stanford; Leah Smith, Virginia; Kelsi Worrell, Louisville |- | Tennis || Robin Anderson || UCLA || Brooke Austin, Florida; Jamie Loeb, North Carolina; Carol Zhao, Stanford |- | Gudun filin || Jenna Prandini || Oregon || Kendra Harrison, Kentucky; Akela Jones, Kansas State; Demi Payne, Stephen F. Austin |- | Volleyball || Krista Vansant || Washington || Inky Ajanaku, Stanford; Lauren Carlini, Wisconsin; Micha Hancock, Penn State |} {| class="wikitable" ! Lambar yabo !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Wasanni !! Kwaleji |- | Honda Cup || Missy Franklin || Yin iyo da nutsewa || California |- | Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa || Imani McGee-Stafford || Kwando || Texas |- | DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Rachel Dickinson || Filin hockey || Millersville (PA) |- | DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Allyson Fournier || Softball || Tufts |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2015–16== {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Kwaleji !! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando || Breanna Stewart || Connecticut || Moriah Jefferson, Connecticut; Brianna Turner, Notre Dame; A'ja Wilson, South Carolina |- | Gudun ƙasa || Molly Seidel || Notre Dame || Courtney Frerichs, New Mexico; Allie Ostrander, Boise State; Dominique Scott, Arkansas |- | Filin hockey || Alyssa Manley || Syracuse || Lauren Blazing, Duke; Sarah Sprink, Maryland; Roisin Upton, Connecticut |- | Golf || Virginia Elena Carta || Duke || Katelyn Dambaugh, South Carolina; Cheyenne Knight, Alabama; Bronte Law, UCLA |- | Gymnastics || Bridget Sloan || Florida || Lindsay Mable, Minnesota; Nina McGee, Denver; Elizabeth Price, Stanford |- | Lacrosse || Taylor Cummings || Maryland || Alice Mercer, Maryland; Barbara Sullivan, Notre Dame; Kayla Treanor, Syracuse |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa || Raquel Rodríguez || Penn State || Kadeisha Buchanan, West Virginia; Rachel Daly, St. John's; Emily Sonnett, Virginia |- | Softball || Sierra Romero || Michigan || Lexie Elkins, Louisiana; Megan Good, James Madison; Haylie McCleney, Alabama |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa || Kelsi Worrell || Louisville || Ella Eastin, Stanford; Lilly King, Indiana; Olivia Smoliga, Georgia |- | Tennis || Danielle Collins || Virginia || Hayley Carter, North Carolina; Francesca Di Lorenzo, Ohio State; Luisa Stefani, Pepperdine |- | Gudun filin || Courtney Okolo || Texas || Keturah Orji, Georgia; Raven Saunders, Ole Miss; Kendell Williams, Georgia |- | Volleyball || Samantha Bricio || USC || Lauren Carlini, Wisconsin; Daly Santana, Minnesota; Haleigh Washington, Penn State |} {| class="wikitable" ! Lambar yabo !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Wasanni !! Kwaleji |- | Honda Cup || Breanna Stewart || Kwando || Connecticut |- | Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa || Emily Fogle || Yin iyo da nutsewa || Purdue |- | DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Emily Oren || Gudun filin || Hillsdale |- | DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Sydney Moss || Kwando || Thomas More |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2016–17== {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Kwaleji !! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando || Kelsey Plum || Washington || Napheesa Collier, Connecticut; Kelsey Mitchell, Ohio State; A'ja Wilson, South Carolina |- | Gudun ƙasa || Karissa Schweizer || Missouri || Erin Finn, Michigan; Katie Rainsberger, Oregon; Anna Rohrer, Notre Dame |- | Filin hockey || Greta Nauck || Delaware || Paula Heuser, Albany; Welma Luus, Maryland; Charlotte Veitner, Connecticut |- | Golf || Monica Vaughn || Arizona State || Jennifer Kupcho, Wake Forest; Andrea Lee, Stanford; Leona Maguire, Duke |- | Gymnastics || Alex McMurtry || Florida || Chayse Capps, Oklahoma; Ashleigh Gnat, LSU; Maggie Nichols, Oklahoma |- | Lacrosse || Zoe Stukenberg || Maryland || Kenzie Kent, Boston College; Marie McCool, North Carolina; Kylie Ohlmiller, Stony Brook |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa || Kadeisha Buchanan || West Virginia || Savannah McCaskill, South Carolina; Ashley Hatch, BYU; Cassie Miller, Florida State |- | Softball || Kelly Barnhill || Florida || Megan Good, James Madison; Sarah Goenewegen, Minnesota; DJ Sanders, Louisiana Lafayette |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa || Katie Ledecky || Stanford || Kathleen Baker, California; Lilly King, Indiana; Simone Manuel, Stanford |- | Tennis || Danielle Collins || Virginia || Hayley Carter, North Carolina; Francesca Di Lorenzo, Ohio State; Luisa Stefani, Pepperdine |- | Gudun filin || Kendell Williams || Georgia || Maggie Ewen, Arizona State; Keturah Orji, Georgia; Raevyn Rogers, Oregon |- | Volleyball || Inky Ajanaku || Stanford || Ebony Nwanebu, Texas; Kadie Rolfzen, Nebraska; Sarah Wilhite, Minnesota |} {| class="wikitable" ! Lambar yabo !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Wasanni !! Kwaleji |- | Honda Cup || Katie Ledecky || Yin iyo da nutsewa || Stanford |- | Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa || Nicole Stafford || Yin iyo da nutsewa || Stanford |- | DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Carly Muscaro || Gudun filin || Merrimack |- | DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Lizzy Crist || Ƙwallon ƙafa || Washington (St. Louis) |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2017–18== {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Kwaleji !! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando || A'ja Wilson || South Carolina || Sabrina Ionescu, Oregon; Kelsey Mitchell, Ohio State; Katie Lou Samuelson, Connecticut |- | Gudun ƙasa || Ednah Kurgat || New Mexico || Amy-Eloise Neale, Washington; Allie Ostrander, Boise State; Charlotte Taylor, San Francisco |- | Filin hockey || Charlotte Veitner || Connecticut || Alyssa Chillano, Duke; Ashley Hoffman, North Carolina; Lein Holsboer, Maryland |- | Golf || Jennifer Kupcho || Wake Forest || Andrea Lee, Stanford; Lauren Stephenson, Alabama; Lilia Vu, UCLA |- | Gymnastics || Christine Peng-Peng Lee || UCLA || Sarah Finnegan, LSU; Elizabeth Price, Stanford; Maggie Nichols, Oklahoma |- | Lacrosse || Sam Apuzzo || Boston College || Kristen Gaudian, James Madison; Marie McCool, North Carolina; Kylie Ohlmiller, Stony Brook |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa || Andi Sullivan || Stanford || Imani Dorsey, Duke; Jessie Fleming, UCLA; Savannah McCaskill, South Carolina |- | Softball || Rachel Garcia || UCLA || Kelly Barnhill, Florida; Amanda Lorenz, Florida; Paige Parker, Oklahoma |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa || Simone Manuel || Stanford || Ella Eastin, Stanford; Katie Ledecky, Stanford; Lilly King, Indiana |- | Tennis || Arianne Hartono || Ole Miss || Makenna Jones, North Carolina; Astra Sharma, Vanderbilt; Bianca Turati, Texas |- | Gudun filin || Maggie Ewen || Arizona State || Lynna Irby, Georgia; Keturah Orji, Georgia; Karissa Schweizer, Missouri |- | Volleyball || Rhamat Alhassan || Florida || Simone Lee, Penn State; Kathryn Plummer, Stanford; Haleigh Washington, Penn State |} {| class="wikitable" ! Lambar yabo !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Wasanni !! Kwaleji |- | Honda Cup || Simone Manuel || Yin iyo da nutsewa || Stanford |- | Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa || Megan Cunningham || Gudun filin/Gudun ƙasa || Missouri |- | DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Caroline Kurgat || Gudun filin || Alaska Anchorage |- | DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Eudice Chong || Tennis || Wesleyan |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2018–19== {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Kwaleji !! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando || Megan Gustafson || Iowa || Asia Durr, Louisville; Sabrina Ionescu, Oregon; Teaira McCowan, Mississippi State |- | Gudun ƙasa || Dani Jones || Colorado || Jessica Hull, Oregon; Weini Kelati, New Mexico; Alicia Monson, Wisconsin |- | Filin hockey || Ashley Hoffman || North Carolina || Paula Portugal, Miami (OH); Anna Willocks, Saint Joseph's; Elise Wong, Princeton |- | Golf || María Fassi || Arkansas || Jaravee Boonchant, Duke; Frida Kinhult, Florida State; Albane Valenzuela, Stanford |- | Gymnastics || Maggie Nichols || Oklahoma || Brenna Dowell, Oklahoma; Sarah Finnegan, LSU; Kyla Ross, UCLA |- | Lacrosse || Megan Taylor || Maryland || Sam Apuzzo, Boston College; Dempsey Arsenault, Boston College; Selena Lasota, Northwestern |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa || Natalia Kuikka || Florida State || Julia Ashley, North Carolina; Jordan DiBiasi, Stanford; Caitlin Farrell, Georgetown |- | Softball || Rachel Garcia || UCLA || Abbey Cheek, Kentucky; Caleigh Clifton, Oklahoma; Amber Fiser, Minnesota |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa || Lilly King || Indiana || Mallory Comerford, Louisville; Beata Nelson, Wisconsin; Abbey Weitzeil, California |- | Tennis || Estela Perez-Somarriba || Miami (FL) || Kate Fahey, Michigan; Katarina Jokic, Georgia; Ingrid Gamarra Martins, South Carolina |- | Gudun filin || Yanis David || Florida || Janeek Brown, Arkansas; Allie Ostrander, Boise State; Sha'Carri Richardson, LSU |- | Volleyball || Kathryn Plummer || Stanford || Roni Jones-Perry, BYU; Jordyn Poulter, Illinois; Samantha Seliger-Swenson, Minnesota |} {| class="wikitable" ! Lambar yabo !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Wasanni !! Kwaleji |- | Honda Cup || Rachel Garcia || Softball || UCLA |- | Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa || Jenna Fessler || Volleyball || Thomas More |- | DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Taylor Reiss || Volleyball || Southwest Minnesota State |- | DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Madison Temple || Kwando || Thomas More |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2019–20== {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Kwaleji !! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando || Sabrina Ionescu || Oregon || Dana Evans, Louisville; Tyasha Harris, South Carolina; Aari McDonald, Arizona |- | Gudun ƙasa || Weini Kelati || New Mexico || Katie Izzo, Arkansas; Taylor Werner, Arkansas; Alicia Monson, Wisconsin |- | Filin hockey || Erin Matson || North Carolina || Svea Boker, UConn; Mercedes Pastor, Louisville; Clara Roth, Princeton |- | Golf || Babu lambar yabo saboda COVID-19 || || |- | Gymnastics || Kyla Ross || UCLA || Maggie Nichols, Oklahoma; Lexy Ramler, Minnesota; Trinity Thomas, Florida |- | Lacrosse || Babu lambar yabo saboda COVID-19 || || |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa || Catarina Macario || Stanford || Mikayla Colohan, BYU; Jessie Fleming, UCLA; Emily Fox, North Carolina |- | Softball || Babu lambar yabo saboda COVID-19 || || |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa || Abbey Weitzeil || California || Erika Brown, Tennessee; Maggie MacNeil, Michigan; Beata Nelson, Wisconsin |- | Tennis || Babu lambar yabo saboda COVID-19 || || |- | Gudun filin || Babu lambar yabo saboda COVID-19 || || |- | Volleyball || Jenna Gray || Stanford || Yossiana Pressley, Baylor; Dana Rettke, Wisconsin; Jordan Thompson, Cincinnati |} {| class="wikitable" ! Lambar yabo !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Wasanni !! Kwaleji |- | Honda Cup || Babu lambar yabo saboda COVID-19 || || |- | Honda Lambar yabo ta ƙarfafa || Jazzy Richards || Ƙwallon ƙafa || Oklahoma |- | DII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Babu lambar yabo saboda COVID-19 || || |- | DIII Honda Ɗan Wasanni na Shekara || Babu lambar yabo saboda COVID-19 || || |} ==Masu nasara da 'yan takara na 2020–21== {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni !! Wanda ya yi nasara !! Kwaleji !! 'Yan takara |- | Kwando || NaLyssa Smith || Baylor || Dana Evans, Louisville; Naz Hillmon, Michigan; Rhyne Howard, Kentucky |- | Gudun ƙasa || Mercy Chelangat || Alabama || Amaris Tyynismaa, Alabama; Mahala Norris, Air Force; Taylor Roe, Oregon State |- | Filin hockey || Erin Matson || North Carolina || Sophie Hamilton, UConn; Megan Schneider, Louisville; Corinne Zanolli, Stanford |- | Golf || Rachel Heck || Stanford || Angelina Ye, Stanford; Emma Spitz, UCLA; Maja Stark, Oklahoma State |- | Gymnastics || Anastasia Webb || Oklahoma || Luisa Blanco, Alabama; Lynnzee Brown, Denver; Lexy Ramler, Minnesota |- | Lacrosse || Charlotte North || Boston College || Lizzie Colson, Maryland; Ally Kennedy, Stony Brook; Taylor Moreno, North Carolina |- | Ƙwallon ƙafa || Alex Loera || Santa Clara || Emily Alvarado, TCU; Jaelin Howell, Florida State; Ally Schlegel, Penn State |- | Softball || Rachel Garcia || UCLA || Montana Fouts, Alabama; Dejah Mulipola, Arizona; Sami Williams, Iowa State |- | Yin iyo da nutsewa || Sarah Bacon || Minnesota || Sophie Hansson, NC State; Maggie MacNeil, Michigan; Paige Madden, Virginia |- | Tennis || Sara Daavettila || North Carolina || Katarina Jokic, Georgia; Emma Navarro, Virginia; Estela Pérez Somarriba, Miami |- | Gudun filin || Anna Cock |} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jdv787tzeom7o4dr6lh78539ulul5ny 0 166151 915040 2026-09-02T17:32:47Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355705934|Ilse Rodenberg]]" 915040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilse Rodenberg''' (an haife shi: '''Ilse Haupt''': 3 Nuwamba 1906 - 5 Janairu 2006) ya kasance mai buga takardu a [[Hamburg]] wanda ya zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma, daga baya, babban darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gabashin Jamus. Ta haɗu da wannan tare da aikin siyasa, tana zaune a matsayin memba na {{Lang|de|"Volkskammer"}} ("Volkskammer") na tsawon shekaru arba'in tsakanin 1950 da 1990. Ta kasance memba ba na SED mai mulki ba amma na Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party of Germany ({{Lang|de|"National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands"}} / NDPD), ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan Jam'iyyun Block waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga kama da jam'iyya ga tsarin siyasa na ƙasar.<ref name="Vierhaus2005">{{Cite book|last3=Rudolf Vierhaus}}</ref><ref name="IRlautwww">{{Cite web |last=Barth |first=Bernd-Rainer |author-link=Bernd-Rainer Barth |title=Rodenberg, Ilse (urspr. Weintraud-Rinka) geb. Haupt * 3.11.1906, † 5.1.2006 Theaterintendantin, NDPD-Funktionärin |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363;-1424.html?ID=2872 |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin |language=de}}</ref><ref name="IRlautDE">{{Cite web |last=Ensikat |first=David |date=10 February 2006 |title=Ilse Rodenberg |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/ilse-rodenberg/683328.html |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |publisher=Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH, Berlin |language=de |quote=Sie hörte nicht aufs Kollektiv. Eine große kleine Chefin}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Tushen da farkon shekarun === An haifi Ilse Haupt ne a cikin iyalin ma'aikata a [[Düsseldorf]] . A cikin 1921/22 ta halarci wani darasi a kwalejin horar da kasuwanci a [[Düsseldorf]] wanda ya haifar da cancanta a matsayin mai buga takardu.<ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv">{{Cite web |last=Pautsch |first=Jana |title=Einleitung ... Biografische Angaben ... Ilse Rodenberg geb. Haupt |url=http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4204/index.htm?kid=ecb0a310-c3c8-4652-aa7c-f9d6965ee3a9 |access-date=5 May 2018 |publisher=Bundesarchiv, [[Koblenz]] |language=de}}</ref> Tsakanin 1925 da 1938 ta yi aiki a [[Hamburg]] a matsayin sakatariyar rubutu. Ta kuma sami lokaci, tsakanin 1926 da 1928, don samun karin kudin shiga tare da ayyukan tsaftacewa, da kuma horar da ita a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Hamburg har zuwa 1933.<ref name="IRlautCD">{{Cite web |last=Dobberke |first=Claus |date=7 January 2006 |title=Für die "Erziehung der Gefühle" |url=http://www.pnn.de/potsdam-kultur/133296/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507222349/http://www.pnn.de/potsdam-kultur/133296/ |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2018 |website=Zum Tode von Ilse Rodenberg, ehemalige Intendantin des Hans Otto Theaters |publisher=Potsdamer Zeitungsverlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG |language=de}}</ref> An haifi 'yarta Ruth a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1929. <ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv" /> Tsakanin 1931 da 1933 ta kasance memba - kuma daga baya jagora - na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta "Kollektiv Hamburg".<ref name="IRlautwww" /> === Shekaru na Nazi === Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da Jam'iyyar Revolutionary Trades Union Opposition ({{Lang|de|"Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition"}} / RGO) a shekarar 1931. <ref name="IRlautwww" /> A watan Janairun 1933 Nazis sun karɓi iko kuma ba su rasa lokaci ba wajen canzawa Jamus zuwa mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya ɗaya. Ta ci gaba da aiki ga 'yan Kwaminisanci wanda yanzu ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba. An kama ta a watan Maris na shekara ta 1933 kuma an tsare ta a takaice. Lokaci mai tsawo na "tsaron kariya" ya biyo baya a cikin 1933/34, don "samar da wallafe-wallafen adawa da Fascist" ({{Lang|de|wegen "Herstellung antifaschistischer Publikationen"}}). <ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv" /> Tsayar da ita ta haɗa da ɗan gajeren lokaci a sansanin fursuna. Bayan an sake ta an yi mata aiki tare da haramcin aiki ({{Lang|de|"Berufsverbot"}}), amma ta sami damar kiyaye kanta sama da ruwa ta hanyar rubutu.<ref name="IRlautCD" /> Dangantakar Ilse Rodenberg da maza batu ne wanda, a cikin kalmomin wani mai sharhi mai sha'awar, ya haɗa da sauƙin sauyawa. Ta yi aure sau biyar ko watakila sau uku kawai: ra'ayoyi sun bambanta. Akwai ƙarin yarjejeniya game da yawan al'amuran da ta gudanar a waje da aure, wani abu game da shi, har ma da ka'idodin lokaci da wuri, koyaushe tana buɗewa sosai.<ref name="IRlautDE" /> A shekara ta 1943/44, sakamakon daya daga cikin aurenta, an san ta da Ilse Weintraut-Rinka . <ref name="Vierhaus2005" /> A lokacin ɓangaren ƙarshe na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yaƙi]] an ɗauke ta aiki don aikin yaƙi wanda ya haɗa da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Bavaria.<ref name="IRlautwww" /> === Komawa Hamburg === Kai tsaye bayan yakin ta koma [[Hamburg]] da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo, tana tafiya kuma tana aiki a cikin cabaret na siyasa "{{Lang|de|Laternenanzünder}}" (mai sauƙi, "Lamp lighters"). <ref name="Vierhaus2005" /> Hamburg ta ƙare a cikin Yankin mamayewar sojojin Burtaniya, kuma mai yiwuwa ne saboda tabbacin siyasa cewa a cikin 1948 Ilse Weintraut-Rinka ta koma Yankin mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="IRlautCD" /> Ta koma Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a shekara ta 1945 kuma yanzu ta karɓi gayyatar zama memba mai kafa Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party ({{Lang|de|"National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands"}} / NDPD wanda aka kafa a wannan shekarar a ƙarƙashin jagorancin hukuncin (idan kawai a Yankin Soviet) Jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party ({{Lang|de|"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED"}} / SED).<ref name="IRlautwww" /> "Mun riga mun sami isasshen kwaminisanci kamar ku a cikin jam'iyyarmu," masu dabarun jam'iyyar SED sun bayyana, "[amma] har yanzu muna buƙatar wasu a cikin sauran jam'iyyun!" [but]<ref name="IRlautDE" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]] 1j707i86y43p8zh5oxdyiwegwo3twvp 915041 915040 2026-09-02T17:33:14Z Usman saadu 46863 915041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ilse Rodenberg''' (an haife shi: '''Ilse Haupt''': 3 Nuwamba 1906 - 5 Janairu 2006) ya kasance mai buga takardu a [[Hamburg]] wanda ya zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma, daga baya, babban darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gabashin Jamus. Ta haɗu da wannan tare da aikin siyasa, tana zaune a matsayin memba na {{Lang|de|"Volkskammer"}} ("Volkskammer") na tsawon shekaru arba'in tsakanin 1950 da 1990. Ta kasance memba ba na SED mai mulki ba amma na Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party of Germany ({{Lang|de|"National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands"}} / NDPD), ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan Jam'iyyun Block waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga kama da jam'iyya ga tsarin siyasa na ƙasar.<ref name="Vierhaus2005">{{Cite book|last3=Rudolf Vierhaus}}</ref><ref name="IRlautwww">{{Cite web |last=Barth |first=Bernd-Rainer |author-link=Bernd-Rainer Barth |title=Rodenberg, Ilse (urspr. Weintraud-Rinka) geb. Haupt * 3.11.1906, † 5.1.2006 Theaterintendantin, NDPD-Funktionärin |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363;-1424.html?ID=2872 |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin |language=de}}</ref><ref name="IRlautDE">{{Cite web |last=Ensikat |first=David |date=10 February 2006 |title=Ilse Rodenberg |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/ilse-rodenberg/683328.html |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |publisher=Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH, Berlin |language=de |quote=Sie hörte nicht aufs Kollektiv. Eine große kleine Chefin}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Tushen da farkon shekarun === An haifi Ilse Haupt ne a cikin iyalin ma'aikata a [[Düsseldorf]] . A cikin 1921/22 ta halarci wani darasi a kwalejin horar da kasuwanci a [[Düsseldorf]] wanda ya haifar da cancanta a matsayin mai buga takardu.<ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv">{{Cite web |last=Pautsch |first=Jana |title=Einleitung ... Biografische Angaben ... Ilse Rodenberg geb. Haupt |url=http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4204/index.htm?kid=ecb0a310-c3c8-4652-aa7c-f9d6965ee3a9 |access-date=5 May 2018 |publisher=Bundesarchiv, [[Koblenz]] |language=de}}</ref> Tsakanin 1925 da 1938 ta yi aiki a [[Hamburg]] a matsayin sakatariyar rubutu. Ta kuma sami lokaci, tsakanin 1926 da 1928, don samun karin kudin shiga tare da ayyukan tsaftacewa, da kuma horar da ita a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Hamburg har zuwa 1933.<ref name="IRlautCD">{{Cite web |last=Dobberke |first=Claus |date=7 January 2006 |title=Für die "Erziehung der Gefühle" |url=http://www.pnn.de/potsdam-kultur/133296/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507222349/http://www.pnn.de/potsdam-kultur/133296/ |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2018 |website=Zum Tode von Ilse Rodenberg, ehemalige Intendantin des Hans Otto Theaters |publisher=Potsdamer Zeitungsverlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG |language=de}}</ref> An haifi 'yarta Ruth a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1929. <ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv" /> Tsakanin 1931 da 1933 ta kasance memba - kuma daga baya jagora - na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta "Kollektiv Hamburg".<ref name="IRlautwww" /> === Shekaru na Nazi === Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da Jam'iyyar Revolutionary Trades Union Opposition ({{Lang|de|"Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition"}} / RGO) a shekarar 1931. <ref name="IRlautwww" /> A watan Janairun 1933 Nazis sun karɓi iko kuma ba su rasa lokaci ba wajen canzawa Jamus zuwa mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya ɗaya. Ta ci gaba da aiki ga 'yan Kwaminisanci wanda yanzu ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba. An kama ta a watan Maris na shekara ta 1933 kuma an tsare ta a takaice. Lokaci mai tsawo na "tsaron kariya" ya biyo baya a cikin 1933/34, don "samar da wallafe-wallafen adawa da Fascist" ({{Lang|de|wegen "Herstellung antifaschistischer Publikationen"}}). <ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv" /> Tsayar da ita ta haɗa da ɗan gajeren lokaci a sansanin fursuna. Bayan an sake ta an yi mata aiki tare da haramcin aiki ({{Lang|de|"Berufsverbot"}}), amma ta sami damar kiyaye kanta sama da ruwa ta hanyar rubutu.<ref name="IRlautCD" /> Dangantakar Ilse Rodenberg da maza batu ne wanda, a cikin kalmomin wani mai sharhi mai sha'awar, ya haɗa da sauƙin sauyawa. Ta yi aure sau biyar ko watakila sau uku kawai: ra'ayoyi sun bambanta. Akwai ƙarin yarjejeniya game da yawan al'amuran da ta gudanar a waje da aure, wani abu game da shi, har ma da ka'idodin lokaci da wuri, koyaushe tana buɗewa sosai.<ref name="IRlautDE" /> A shekara ta 1943/44, sakamakon daya daga cikin aurenta, an san ta da Ilse Weintraut-Rinka . <ref name="Vierhaus2005" /> A lokacin ɓangaren ƙarshe na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yaƙi]] an ɗauke ta aiki don aikin yaƙi wanda ya haɗa da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Bavaria.<ref name="IRlautwww" /> === Komawa Hamburg === Kai tsaye bayan yakin ta koma [[Hamburg]] da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo, tana tafiya kuma tana aiki a cikin cabaret na siyasa "{{Lang|de|Laternenanzünder}}" (mai sauƙi, "Lamp lighters"). <ref name="Vierhaus2005" /> Hamburg ta ƙare a cikin Yankin mamayewar sojojin Burtaniya, kuma mai yiwuwa ne saboda tabbacin siyasa cewa a cikin 1948 Ilse Weintraut-Rinka ta koma Yankin mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="IRlautCD" /> Ta koma Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a shekara ta 1945 kuma yanzu ta karɓi gayyatar zama memba mai kafa Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party ({{Lang|de|"National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands"}} / NDPD wanda aka kafa a wannan shekarar a ƙarƙashin jagorancin hukuncin (idan kawai a Yankin Soviet) Jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party ({{Lang|de|"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED"}} / SED).<ref name="IRlautwww" /> "Mun riga mun sami isasshen kwaminisanci kamar ku a cikin jam'iyyarmu," masu dabarun jam'iyyar SED sun bayyana, "[amma] har yanzu muna buƙatar wasu a cikin sauran jam'iyyun!" [but]<ref name="IRlautDE" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]] fx2l11wa15ikbp0j1hqwo91zd4nccpj 915042 915041 2026-09-02T17:33:52Z Usman saadu 46863 915042 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Ilse Rodenberg''' (an haife shi: '''Ilse Haupt''': 3 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1906 - 5 Janairu 2006) ya kasance mai buga takardu a [[Hamburg]] wanda ya zama 'yar wasan kwaikwayo kuma, daga baya, babban darektan gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Gabashin Jamus. Ta haɗu da wannan tare da aikin siyasa, tana zaune a matsayin memba na {{Lang|de|"Volkskammer"}} ("Volkskammer") na tsawon shekaru arba'in tsakanin 1950 da 1990. Ta kasance memba ba na SED mai mulki ba amma na Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party of Germany ({{Lang|de|"National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands"}} / NDPD), ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan Jam'iyyun Block waɗanda suka ba da gudummawa ga kama da jam'iyya ga tsarin siyasa na ƙasar.<ref name="Vierhaus2005">{{Cite book|last3=Rudolf Vierhaus}}</ref><ref name="IRlautwww">{{Cite web |last=Barth |first=Bernd-Rainer |author-link=Bernd-Rainer Barth |title=Rodenberg, Ilse (urspr. Weintraud-Rinka) geb. Haupt * 3.11.1906, † 5.1.2006 Theaterintendantin, NDPD-Funktionärin |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363;-1424.html?ID=2872 |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin |language=de}}</ref><ref name="IRlautDE">{{Cite web |last=Ensikat |first=David |date=10 February 2006 |title=Ilse Rodenberg |url=https://www.tagesspiegel.de/wirtschaft/ilse-rodenberg/683328.html |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=[[Der Tagesspiegel]] |publisher=Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH, Berlin |language=de |quote=Sie hörte nicht aufs Kollektiv. Eine große kleine Chefin}}</ref> == Rayuwa == === Tushen da farkon shekarun === An haifi Ilse Haupt ne a cikin iyalin ma'aikata a [[Düsseldorf]] . A cikin 1921/22 ta halarci wani darasi a kwalejin horar da kasuwanci a [[Düsseldorf]] wanda ya haifar da cancanta a matsayin mai buga takardu.<ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv">{{Cite web |last=Pautsch |first=Jana |title=Einleitung ... Biografische Angaben ... Ilse Rodenberg geb. Haupt |url=http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4204/index.htm?kid=ecb0a310-c3c8-4652-aa7c-f9d6965ee3a9 |access-date=5 May 2018 |publisher=Bundesarchiv, [[Koblenz]] |language=de}}</ref> Tsakanin 1925 da 1938 ta yi aiki a [[Hamburg]] a matsayin sakatariyar rubutu. Ta kuma sami lokaci, tsakanin 1926 da 1928, don samun karin kudin shiga tare da ayyukan tsaftacewa, da kuma horar da ita a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Hamburg har zuwa 1933.<ref name="IRlautCD">{{Cite web |last=Dobberke |first=Claus |date=7 January 2006 |title=Für die "Erziehung der Gefühle" |url=http://www.pnn.de/potsdam-kultur/133296/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507222349/http://www.pnn.de/potsdam-kultur/133296/ |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2018 |website=Zum Tode von Ilse Rodenberg, ehemalige Intendantin des Hans Otto Theaters |publisher=Potsdamer Zeitungsverlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG |language=de}}</ref> An haifi 'yarta Ruth a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1929. <ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv" /> Tsakanin 1931 da 1933 ta kasance memba - kuma daga baya jagora - na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta "Kollektiv Hamburg".<ref name="IRlautwww" /> === Shekaru na Nazi === Ta shiga Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da Jam'iyyar Revolutionary Trades Union Opposition ({{Lang|de|"Revolutionäre Gewerkschafts Opposition"}} / RGO) a shekarar 1931. <ref name="IRlautwww" /> A watan Janairun 1933 Nazis sun karɓi iko kuma ba su rasa lokaci ba wajen canzawa Jamus zuwa mulkin kama-karya na jam'iyya ɗaya. Ta ci gaba da aiki ga 'yan Kwaminisanci wanda yanzu ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba. An kama ta a watan Maris na shekara ta 1933 kuma an tsare ta a takaice. Lokaci mai tsawo na "tsaron kariya" ya biyo baya a cikin 1933/34, don "samar da wallafe-wallafen adawa da Fascist" ({{Lang|de|wegen "Herstellung antifaschistischer Publikationen"}}). <ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv" /> Tsayar da ita ta haɗa da ɗan gajeren lokaci a sansanin fursuna. Bayan an sake ta an yi mata aiki tare da haramcin aiki ({{Lang|de|"Berufsverbot"}}), amma ta sami damar kiyaye kanta sama da ruwa ta hanyar rubutu.<ref name="IRlautCD" /> Dangantakar Ilse Rodenberg da maza batu ne wanda, a cikin kalmomin wani mai sharhi mai sha'awar, ya haɗa da sauƙin sauyawa. Ta yi aure sau biyar ko watakila sau uku kawai: ra'ayoyi sun bambanta. Akwai ƙarin yarjejeniya game da yawan al'amuran da ta gudanar a waje da aure, wani abu game da shi, har ma da ka'idodin lokaci da wuri, koyaushe tana buɗewa sosai.<ref name="IRlautDE" /> A shekara ta 1943/44, sakamakon daya daga cikin aurenta, an san ta da Ilse Weintraut-Rinka . <ref name="Vierhaus2005" /> A lokacin ɓangaren ƙarshe na [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|yaƙi]] an ɗauke ta aiki don aikin yaƙi wanda ya haɗa da ƙaura zuwa arewacin Bavaria.<ref name="IRlautwww" /> === Komawa Hamburg === Kai tsaye bayan yakin ta koma [[Hamburg]] da aikinta na wasan kwaikwayo, tana tafiya kuma tana aiki a cikin cabaret na siyasa "{{Lang|de|Laternenanzünder}}" (mai sauƙi, "Lamp lighters"). <ref name="Vierhaus2005" /> Hamburg ta ƙare a cikin Yankin mamayewar sojojin Burtaniya, kuma mai yiwuwa ne saboda tabbacin siyasa cewa a cikin 1948 Ilse Weintraut-Rinka ta koma Yankin mamayewar Soviet.<ref name="IRlautCD" /> Ta koma Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a shekara ta 1945 kuma yanzu ta karɓi gayyatar zama memba mai kafa Jam'iyyar National Democratic Party ({{Lang|de|"National-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands"}} / NDPD wanda aka kafa a wannan shekarar a ƙarƙashin jagorancin hukuncin (idan kawai a Yankin Soviet) Jam'iyyar Socialist Unity Party ({{Lang|de|"Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands, SED"}} / SED).<ref name="IRlautwww" /> "Mun riga mun sami isasshen kwaminisanci kamar ku a cikin jam'iyyarmu," masu dabarun jam'iyyar SED sun bayyana, "[amma] har yanzu muna buƙatar wasu a cikin sauran jam'iyyun!" [but]<ref name="IRlautDE" /> === Manazarta === [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1906]] atoqkuz6swwqaoq2mr08gc9gvwnvcel 0 166152 915044 2026-09-02T17:37:23Z Haneef33 9929 Sabon shafi: '''Wainar gero''' Waina gero wani nau'i abinci ne da ake yi a gargajiya da aka saba dashi a kasar Hausa musamman a arewacin najeriya wannan abinci yana dadi da kyau gani da gardi a baki. '''abubuwan da ake bukata domin yin ''' 1 gero. 2 kubewa ko karkashi. 3 yeast. 4 albasa. 5 suga da gishiri. '''yadda ake hada shi''' *Zaki samu gero,ki surfa Sannan ki jika shi ya kwana a ruwa. *Sai wanke shi sosai ki tabbatar babu kasa a ciki. *Ana kashi nika yayi laushi sosai. *Sa... 915044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wainar gero''' Waina gero wani nau'i abinci ne da ake yi a gargajiya da aka saba dashi a kasar Hausa musamman a arewacin najeriya wannan abinci yana dadi da kyau gani da gardi a baki. '''abubuwan da ake bukata domin yin ''' 1 gero. 2 kubewa ko karkashi. 3 yeast. 4 albasa. 5 suga da gishiri. '''yadda ake hada shi''' *Zaki samu gero,ki surfa Sannan ki jika shi ya kwana a ruwa. *Sai wanke shi sosai ki tabbatar babu kasa a ciki. *Ana kashi nika yayi laushi sosai. *Sai ki zuba yeast da kubewa a ciki kullu a rufe shi a waje mai dumi har sai kullu ya tashi wato ya kumbura. *Zaki dora tanda ki a wuta sai ki saka mai kadan yayi zafi. *Sai a zuba kullu a cikin kadan kadan a na juyawa har sai yayi (golden brown) wato ruwan kasa yayi kenan shi kenan an gama waina gero . *zaki iya ci da yaji ko garin kulli/miya a'layyahu. 82ct91j5xsxuku2t22f6mk90szv1azx 0 166153 915059 2026-09-02T18:07:21Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362952484|Macon Blair]]" 915059 wikitext text/x-wiki An haifi Ilse Haupt ne a cikin iyalin ma'aikata a [[Düsseldorf]] . A cikin 1921/22 ta halarci wani darasi a kwalejin horar da kasuwanci a [[Düsseldorf]] wanda ya haifar da cancanta a matsayin mai buga takardu.<ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv">{{Cite web |last=Pautsch |first=Jana |title=Einleitung ... Biografische Angaben ... Ilse Rodenberg geb. Haupt |url=http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4204/index.htm?kid=ecb0a310-c3c8-4652-aa7c-f9d6965ee3a9 |access-date=5 May 2018 |publisher=Bundesarchiv, [[Koblenz]] |language=de}}</ref> Tsakanin 1925 da 1938 ta yi aiki a [[Hamburg]] a matsayin sakatariyar rubutu. Ta kuma sami lokaci, tsakanin 1926 da 1928, don samun karin kudin shiga tare da ayyukan tsaftacewa, da kuma horar da ita a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Hamburg har zuwa 1933.<ref name="IRlautCD">{{Cite web |last=Dobberke |first=Claus |date=7 January 2006 |title=Für die "Erziehung der Gefühle" |url=http://www.pnn.de/potsdam-kultur/133296/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507222349/http://www.pnn.de/potsdam-kultur/133296/ |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2018 |website=Zum Tode von Ilse Rodenberg, ehemalige Intendantin des Hans Otto Theaters |publisher=Potsdamer Zeitungsverlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG |language=de}}</ref> An haifi 'yarta Ruth a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1929. <ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv" /> Tsakanin 1931 da 1933 ta kasance memba - kuma daga baya jagora - na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta "Kollektiv Hamburg".<ref name="IRlautwww">{{Cite web |last=Barth |first=Bernd-Rainer |author-link=Bernd-Rainer Barth |title=Rodenberg, Ilse (urspr. Weintraud-Rinka) geb. Haupt * 3.11.1906, † 5.1.2006 Theaterintendantin, NDPD-Funktionärin |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363;-1424.html?ID=2872 |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Blair a Alexandria, Virginia, kuma ya fara aiki tare da abokinsa na yaro Jeremy Saulnier a 2007 a fim din Murder Party . A shekara ta 2013, ya buga Dwight Evans a cikin fim din Blue Ruin . A shekara ta 2015, ya fito a fim din Saulnier mai suna Green Room . <ref name="upro_Frot">{{Cite web |last=Mancini |first=Vince |date=2016-04-14 |title=Frotcast: Macon Blair And Jeremy Saulnier From 'Green Room' |url=http://uproxx.com/filmdrunk/green-room-podcast-discussion/ |access-date=2016-05-21 |website=UPROXX}}</ref><ref name="deno_Gree">{{Cite web |last=Lambie |first=Ryan |date=2016-05-13 |title=Green Room review |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/green-room-review/ |access-date=2016-05-21 |website=Den of Geek}}</ref> Blair ya rubuta tare kuma ya fito a cikin duhu mai ban dariya Small Crimes tare da Nikolaj Coster-Waldau . <ref name="vari_Niko">{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=2016-05-11 |title=Nikolaj Coster-Waldau Starring in Dark Comedy 'Small Crimes' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/nikolaj-coster-waldau-comedy-small-crimes-1201770945/ |access-date=2016-05-21 |website=Variety}}</ref> Blair ya fara zama darektan a kan I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2016 |title=Macon Blair |url=http://filmmakermagazine.com/people/macon-blair/ |access-date=December 15, 2016 |website=[[Filmmaker Magazine]]}}</ref> An fara gabatar da shi a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2017 kuma ya lashe kyautar Grand Jury na wannan bikin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=December 5, 2016 |title=Sundance 2017: Robert Redford, New Rashida Jones Netflix Series, 'Rebel In The Rye' & More On Premiere, Docu, Midnight & Kids Slates |url=https://deadline.com/2016/12/sundance-2017-premieres-midnight-special-events-robert-redford-rashida-jones-1201864406/ |access-date=December 15, 2016 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2017, ta hanyar [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2016 |title=Netflix Announces Slate of Original Films, Documentaries and Series at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2016/12/05/netflix-announces-slate-of-original-films-documentaries-and-series-at-the-2017-sundance-film-festival-336212/20161205netflix02/ |access-date=December 14, 2016 |website=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref> Blair ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin sake farawa na 2023 The Toxic Avenger don Hotuna masu ban sha'awa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Macon Blair to Direct and Write 'Toxic Avenger' Reboot for Legendary |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/macon-blair-toxic-avenger-reboot-1203169334/ |website=Variety}}</ref> Blair kuma marubuci ne mai ban dariya kuma ya kirkiro wasan kwaikwayo don Marvel Comics da Dark Horse Comics . Tare da mai zane Joe Flood, ya fitar da littafin hoto Long Road to Liquor City a cikin 2019. Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Lee Eddy . Tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Buck da Sonny . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] lm6tbyzzljt96y1sh0zygd49rqsr7su 915060 915059 2026-09-02T18:07:50Z Usman saadu 46863 915060 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An haifi Ilse Haupt ne a cikin iyalin ma'aikata a [[Düsseldorf]] . A cikin 1921/22 ta halarci wani darasi a kwalejin horar da kasuwanci a [[Düsseldorf]] wanda ya haifar da cancanta a matsayin mai buga takardu.<ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv">{{Cite web |last=Pautsch |first=Jana |title=Einleitung ... Biografische Angaben ... Ilse Rodenberg geb. Haupt |url=http://www.argus.bstu.bundesarchiv.de/ny4204/index.htm?kid=ecb0a310-c3c8-4652-aa7c-f9d6965ee3a9 |access-date=5 May 2018 |publisher=Bundesarchiv, [[Koblenz]] |language=de}}</ref> Tsakanin 1925 da 1938 ta yi aiki a [[Hamburg]] a matsayin sakatariyar rubutu. Ta kuma sami lokaci, tsakanin 1926 da 1928, don samun karin kudin shiga tare da ayyukan tsaftacewa, da kuma horar da ita a matsayin 'yar wasan kwaikwayo, sannan ta yi aiki a matsayin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo a Hamburg har zuwa 1933.<ref name="IRlautCD">{{Cite web |last=Dobberke |first=Claus |date=7 January 2006 |title=Für die "Erziehung der Gefühle" |url=http://www.pnn.de/potsdam-kultur/133296/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507222349/http://www.pnn.de/potsdam-kultur/133296/ |archive-date=7 May 2018 |access-date=7 May 2018 |website=Zum Tode von Ilse Rodenberg, ehemalige Intendantin des Hans Otto Theaters |publisher=Potsdamer Zeitungsverlagsgesellschaft mbH & Co. KG |language=de}}</ref> An haifi 'yarta Ruth a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 1929. <ref name="IRlautBundesarchiv" /> Tsakanin 1931 da 1933 ta kasance memba - kuma daga baya jagora - na ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo ta "Kollektiv Hamburg".<ref name="IRlautwww">{{Cite web |last=Barth |first=Bernd-Rainer |author-link=Bernd-Rainer Barth |title=Rodenberg, Ilse (urspr. Weintraud-Rinka) geb. Haupt * 3.11.1906, † 5.1.2006 Theaterintendantin, NDPD-Funktionärin |url=https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%2363;-1424.html?ID=2872 |access-date=5 May 2018 |website=Wer war wer in der DDR? |publisher=Ch. Links Verlag, Berlin & Bundesstiftung zur Aufarbeitung der SED-Diktatur, Berlin |language=de}}</ref> == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Blair a Alexandria, Virginia, kuma ya fara aiki tare da abokinsa na yaro Jeremy Saulnier a 2007 a fim din Murder Party . A shekara ta 2013, ya buga Dwight Evans a cikin fim din Blue Ruin . A shekara ta 2015, ya fito a fim din Saulnier mai suna Green Room . <ref name="upro_Frot">{{Cite web |last=Mancini |first=Vince |date=2016-04-14 |title=Frotcast: Macon Blair And Jeremy Saulnier From 'Green Room' |url=http://uproxx.com/filmdrunk/green-room-podcast-discussion/ |access-date=2016-05-21 |website=UPROXX}}</ref><ref name="deno_Gree">{{Cite web |last=Lambie |first=Ryan |date=2016-05-13 |title=Green Room review |url=https://www.denofgeek.com/movies/green-room-review/ |access-date=2016-05-21 |website=Den of Geek}}</ref> Blair ya rubuta tare kuma ya fito a cikin duhu mai ban dariya Small Crimes tare da Nikolaj Coster-Waldau . <ref name="vari_Niko">{{Cite web |last=McNary |first=Dave |date=2016-05-11 |title=Nikolaj Coster-Waldau Starring in Dark Comedy 'Small Crimes' (EXCLUSIVE) |url=https://variety.com/2016/film/news/nikolaj-coster-waldau-comedy-small-crimes-1201770945/ |access-date=2016-05-21 |website=Variety}}</ref> Blair ya fara zama darektan a kan I Don't Feel at Home in This World Anymore . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2016 |title=Macon Blair |url=http://filmmakermagazine.com/people/macon-blair/ |access-date=December 15, 2016 |website=[[Filmmaker Magazine]]}}</ref> An fara gabatar da shi a duniya a bikin fina-finai na Sundance na 2017 kuma ya lashe kyautar Grand Jury na wannan bikin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Patten |first=Dominic |date=December 5, 2016 |title=Sundance 2017: Robert Redford, New Rashida Jones Netflix Series, 'Rebel In The Rye' & More On Premiere, Docu, Midnight & Kids Slates |url=https://deadline.com/2016/12/sundance-2017-premieres-midnight-special-events-robert-redford-rashida-jones-1201864406/ |access-date=December 15, 2016 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> An sake shi a ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2017, ta hanyar [[Netflix]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 5, 2016 |title=Netflix Announces Slate of Original Films, Documentaries and Series at the 2017 Sundance Film Festival |url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news/2016/12/05/netflix-announces-slate-of-original-films-documentaries-and-series-at-the-2017-sundance-film-festival-336212/20161205netflix02/ |access-date=December 14, 2016 |website=[[The Futon Critic]]}}</ref> Blair ya rubuta kuma ya ba da umarnin sake farawa na 2023 The Toxic Avenger don Hotuna masu ban sha'awa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2019 |title=Macon Blair to Direct and Write 'Toxic Avenger' Reboot for Legendary |url=https://variety.com/2019/film/news/macon-blair-toxic-avenger-reboot-1203169334/ |website=Variety}}</ref> Blair kuma marubuci ne mai ban dariya kuma ya kirkiro wasan kwaikwayo don Marvel Comics da Dark Horse Comics . Tare da mai zane Joe Flood, ya fitar da littafin hoto Long Road to Liquor City a cikin 2019. Ya auri 'yar wasan kwaikwayo Lee Eddy . Tare suna da 'ya'ya maza biyu, Buck da Sonny . == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] odsttf3fx1956uje9lpa2wjfpkn9743 0 166154 915061 2026-09-02T18:10:37Z Aluja 30485 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1352259936|Brandon Williams (linebacker)]]" 915061 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Muhammad Al Fatih Brandon Williams''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1988) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance dan wasa a gasar kwallon kafa ta kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Texas Tech Red Raiders kuma Dallas Cowboys ne suka zaba shi a zagaye na huɗu na shirin NFL na 2009. Ya kuma kasance memba na Arizona Cardinals . == Rayuwa ta farko == Williams ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta South Hills. Ya sami girmamawa na All-district (District 8-4A) a matsayin babban jami'i, bayan ya yi rajistar 102 tackles da 11 sacks. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Williams ta karɓi tallafin ƙwallon ƙafa daga Jami'ar Texas Tech . A matsayinsa na sabon dan wasa na gaskiya, ya bayyana a wasanni 11 a matsayin mai tsaron gida, yana da 16 tackles da 3.5 sacks (na uku a cikin tawagar). Ya yi kwallo biyar da sakonni 2 a kan Jami'ar Kudu maso Gabashin Louisiana. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, ya zama mai farawa a ƙarshen tsaro, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar tare da sacks 6 da 12.5 tackles don asarar. Har ila yau, yana da 41 tackles, 2 passes kare, 3 tilasta fumble da kuma daya fumble dawowa. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya yi rajistar sacks 11 (ya jagoranci Babban Taron 12 kuma ya ɗaure na huɗu a tarihin makaranta), 13 tackles don asarar, 21 tackles, 3 passes defended da kuma daya tilasta fumble. Ya yi 4 tackles (3 don asarar), 2 sacks da kuma daya tilasta fumble a 2009 Cotton Bowl Classic da Jami'ar Mississippi. A ƙarshen kakar, ya bayyana niyyarsa ta shiga cikin shirin NFL na 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Tim |date=2009-01-19 |title=Goodson officially declares for NFL draft |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/big12/post/_/id/1407/goodson-officially-declares-for-nfl-draft |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A wannan taron manema labarai lokacin da ya sanar da shirye-shiryensa na barin babban lokacinsa, ya bi mai karɓar Texas Tech Michael Crabtree, wanda ya yi irin wannan sanarwar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Williams to declare for NFL Draft |url=http://www.dailytoreador.com/archives/article_3363e3b0-90b4-5803-a813-0873770893d5.html |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> Ya gama aikinsa na kwaleji tare da 78 tackles (29 don asarar), 20.5 sacks (na huɗu a tarihin makaranta), 6 passes defended, 6 tilasta fumbles da kuma daya fumble dawowa. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} === Dallas Cowboys === Dallas Cowboys ne suka zaba Williams a zagaye na huɗu (120th overall) na shirin NFL na 2009, <ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2009/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> tare da shirin canza shi zuwa mai ba da layi na waje a kan tsaron su na 3-4. Ya tsage ACL na hagu a wasan farko na biyu yayin da yake wasa da ƙungiyoyi na musamman kuma an sanya shi a cikin jerin wadanda suka ji rauni a ranar 1 ga Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Williams working to get back |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4668921/brandon-williams-working-to-get-back |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta biyu, ya taka leda a lokacin da ya dawo daga rauni kuma an bayyana shi ba ya aiki a wasanni 10. Ya gama da kungiyoyi hudu na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys future focus: OLB Brandon Williams |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4677369/cowboys-future-focus-olb-brandon-williams |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys cut roster to 53 |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4683006/cowboys-cut-roster-to-53 |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> === Arizona Cardinals === Arizona Cardinals ta sanya hannu a kan shi a cikin tawagar horar da su a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2011. An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cardinals put Joey Porter on IR |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/7377262/joey-porter-arizona-cardinals-placed-injured-reserve |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> An saki Williams tare da raunin kafada a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arizona Cardinals cut-down analysis |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/nfcwest/post/_/id/73075/arizona-cardinals-cutdown-analysis-2 |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> == Ayyukan horarwa == A shekara ta 2016, ya kasance babban kocin Texas Stealth na Kwallon Kafa na Cikin Gida na Amurka. Shi kocin kwallon kafa ne a makarantar sakandaren Katolika ta Nolan . == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] i28fbhaun72c0zq1v5ly71zq20gj08e 915062 915061 2026-09-02T18:11:30Z Aluja 30485 915062 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brandon Williams''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1988) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance dan wasa a gasar kwallon kafa ta kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Texas Tech Red Raiders kuma Dallas Cowboys ne suka zaba shi a zagaye na huɗu na shirin NFL na 2009. Ya kuma kasance memba na Arizona Cardinals . == Rayuwa ta farko == Williams ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta South Hills. Ya sami girmamawa na All-district (District 8-4A) a matsayin babban jami'i, bayan ya yi rajistar 102 tackles da 11 sacks. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Williams ta karɓi tallafin ƙwallon ƙafa daga Jami'ar Texas Tech . A matsayinsa na sabon dan wasa na gaskiya, ya bayyana a wasanni 11 a matsayin mai tsaron gida, yana da 16 tackles da 3.5 sacks (na uku a cikin tawagar). Ya yi kwallo biyar da sakonni 2 a kan Jami'ar Kudu maso Gabashin Louisiana. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, ya zama mai farawa a ƙarshen tsaro, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar tare da sacks 6 da 12.5 tackles don asarar. Har ila yau, yana da 41 tackles, 2 passes kare, 3 tilasta fumble da kuma daya fumble dawowa. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya yi rajistar sacks 11 (ya jagoranci Babban Taron 12 kuma ya ɗaure na huɗu a tarihin makaranta), 13 tackles don asarar, 21 tackles, 3 passes defended da kuma daya tilasta fumble. Ya yi 4 tackles (3 don asarar), 2 sacks da kuma daya tilasta fumble a 2009 Cotton Bowl Classic da Jami'ar Mississippi. A ƙarshen kakar, ya bayyana niyyarsa ta shiga cikin shirin NFL na 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Tim |date=2009-01-19 |title=Goodson officially declares for NFL draft |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/big12/post/_/id/1407/goodson-officially-declares-for-nfl-draft |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A wannan taron manema labarai lokacin da ya sanar da shirye-shiryensa na barin babban lokacinsa, ya bi mai karɓar Texas Tech Michael Crabtree, wanda ya yi irin wannan sanarwar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Williams to declare for NFL Draft |url=http://www.dailytoreador.com/archives/article_3363e3b0-90b4-5803-a813-0873770893d5.html |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> Ya gama aikinsa na kwaleji tare da 78 tackles (29 don asarar), 20.5 sacks (na huɗu a tarihin makaranta), 6 passes defended, 6 tilasta fumbles da kuma daya fumble dawowa. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} === Dallas Cowboys === Dallas Cowboys ne suka zaba Williams a zagaye na huɗu (120th overall) na shirin NFL na 2009, <ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2009/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> tare da shirin canza shi zuwa mai ba da layi na waje a kan tsaron su na 3-4. Ya tsage ACL na hagu a wasan farko na biyu yayin da yake wasa da ƙungiyoyi na musamman kuma an sanya shi a cikin jerin wadanda suka ji rauni a ranar 1 ga Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Williams working to get back |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4668921/brandon-williams-working-to-get-back |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta biyu, ya taka leda a lokacin da ya dawo daga rauni kuma an bayyana shi ba ya aiki a wasanni 10. Ya gama da kungiyoyi hudu na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys future focus: OLB Brandon Williams |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4677369/cowboys-future-focus-olb-brandon-williams |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys cut roster to 53 |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4683006/cowboys-cut-roster-to-53 |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> === Arizona Cardinals === Arizona Cardinals ta sanya hannu a kan shi a cikin tawagar horar da su a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2011. An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cardinals put Joey Porter on IR |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/7377262/joey-porter-arizona-cardinals-placed-injured-reserve |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> An saki Williams tare da raunin kafada a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arizona Cardinals cut-down analysis |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/nfcwest/post/_/id/73075/arizona-cardinals-cutdown-analysis-2 |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> == Ayyukan horarwa == A shekara ta 2016, ya kasance babban kocin Texas Stealth na Kwallon Kafa na Cikin Gida na Amurka. Shi kocin kwallon kafa ne a makarantar sakandaren Katolika ta Nolan . == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ovi199a9ok3x0xe33bt6rx93ahuozxz 915063 915062 2026-09-02T18:11:48Z Aluja 30485 915063 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Brandon Williams''' (an haife shi a ranar 21 ga Yuni, 1988) tsohon dan wasan [[Kwallon ƙafa na Amurka|kwallon kafa]] ne na Amurka wanda ya kasance dan wasa a gasar kwallon kafa ta kasa (NFL). Ya buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Texas Tech Red Raiders kuma Dallas Cowboys ne suka zaba shi a zagaye na huɗu na shirin NFL na 2009. Ya kuma kasance memba na Arizona Cardinals . == Rayuwa ta farko == Williams ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta South Hills. Ya sami girmamawa na All-district (District 8-4A) a matsayin babban jami'i, bayan ya yi rajistar 102 tackles da 11 sacks. == Ayyukan kwaleji == Williams ta karɓi tallafin ƙwallon ƙafa daga Jami'ar Texas Tech . A matsayinsa na sabon dan wasa na gaskiya, ya bayyana a wasanni 11 a matsayin mai tsaron gida, yana da 16 tackles da 3.5 sacks (na uku a cikin tawagar). Ya yi kwallo biyar da sakonni 2 a kan Jami'ar Kudu maso Gabashin Louisiana. A matsayinsa na ɗan shekara ta biyu, ya zama mai farawa a ƙarshen tsaro, yana jagorantar ƙungiyar tare da sacks 6 da 12.5 tackles don asarar. Har ila yau, yana da 41 tackles, 2 passes kare, 3 tilasta fumble da kuma daya fumble dawowa. Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya yi rajistar sacks 11 (ya jagoranci Babban Taron 12 kuma ya ɗaure na huɗu a tarihin makaranta), 13 tackles don asarar, 21 tackles, 3 passes defended da kuma daya tilasta fumble. Ya yi 4 tackles (3 don asarar), 2 sacks da kuma daya tilasta fumble a 2009 Cotton Bowl Classic da Jami'ar Mississippi. A ƙarshen kakar, ya bayyana niyyarsa ta shiga cikin shirin NFL na 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Griffin |first=Tim |date=2009-01-19 |title=Goodson officially declares for NFL draft |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/big12/post/_/id/1407/goodson-officially-declares-for-nfl-draft |access-date=2025-07-05 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A wannan taron manema labarai lokacin da ya sanar da shirye-shiryensa na barin babban lokacinsa, ya bi mai karɓar Texas Tech Michael Crabtree, wanda ya yi irin wannan sanarwar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Williams to declare for NFL Draft |url=http://www.dailytoreador.com/archives/article_3363e3b0-90b4-5803-a813-0873770893d5.html |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> Ya gama aikinsa na kwaleji tare da 78 tackles (29 don asarar), 20.5 sacks (na huɗu a tarihin makaranta), 6 passes defended, 6 tilasta fumbles da kuma daya fumble dawowa. == Ayyukan sana'a == {{NFL predraft}} === Dallas Cowboys === Dallas Cowboys ne suka zaba Williams a zagaye na huɗu (120th overall) na shirin NFL na 2009, <ref>{{Cite web |title=2009 NFL Draft Listing |url=https://www.pro-football-reference.com/years/2009/draft.htm |access-date=2023-05-13 |website=Pro-Football-Reference.com |language=en}}</ref> tare da shirin canza shi zuwa mai ba da layi na waje a kan tsaron su na 3-4. Ya tsage ACL na hagu a wasan farko na biyu yayin da yake wasa da ƙungiyoyi na musamman kuma an sanya shi a cikin jerin wadanda suka ji rauni a ranar 1 ga Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brandon Williams working to get back |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4668921/brandon-williams-working-to-get-back |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta biyu, ya taka leda a lokacin da ya dawo daga rauni kuma an bayyana shi ba ya aiki a wasanni 10. Ya gama da kungiyoyi hudu na musamman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys future focus: OLB Brandon Williams |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4677369/cowboys-future-focus-olb-brandon-williams |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> An dakatar da shi a ranar 3 ga Satumba, 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cowboys cut roster to 53 |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/dallas/cowboys/post/_/id/4683006/cowboys-cut-roster-to-53 |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> === Arizona Cardinals === Arizona Cardinals ta sanya hannu a kan shi a cikin tawagar horar da su a ranar 22 ga Nuwamba, 2011. An ci gaba da shi zuwa jerin sunayen masu aiki a ranar 21 ga watan Disamba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cardinals put Joey Porter on IR |url=https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/7377262/joey-porter-arizona-cardinals-placed-injured-reserve |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> An saki Williams tare da raunin kafada a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arizona Cardinals cut-down analysis |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/nfcwest/post/_/id/73075/arizona-cardinals-cutdown-analysis-2 |access-date=January 21, 2020}}</ref> == Ayyukan horarwa == A shekara ta 2016, ya kasance babban kocin Texas Stealth na Kwallon Kafa na Cikin Gida na Amurka. Shi kocin kwallon kafa ne a makarantar sakandaren Katolika ta Nolan . == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] chtf5guf7anwsyd6km5m7oygo2arsu5 0 166155 915065 2026-09-02T18:21:55Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353761960|Erna Meyer]]" 915065 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erna Konstanze Fanny Karoline Meyer''' (née '''Pollack'''; 13 Fabrairu 1890 - Maris 1975) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma masanin zamantakewa na Jamus da Isra'ila. Ta kasance mai shiga tsakani na Ƙungiyar Zionist ta Mata ta Duniya a [[Falasdinu]] . Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Tattalin arzikin gida kuma ta sami karbuwa don inganta ingantaccen aikin gida da ƙirar gida ta zamani. Bayan ta yi hijira zuwa Falasdinu a 1933, ta rubuta labarai kuma ta ba da laccoci da kuma karatun dafa abinci. Ta wallafa littattafai biyu da aka fi sayarwa: The New Household, wanda ya inganta inganta aikin gida, da kuma ''Yadda za a dafa abinci a Falasdinu'', Littafin dafa abinci da aka yi niyya ga baƙi na Jamus da Yahudawa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Erna Pollack a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1890. <ref name="DDB">{{Cite web |title=Erna Meyer |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1061221946 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Davidi">{{Cite web |last=Davidi |first=Sigal |date=27 February 2025 |title=Erna Meyer And The Modern Home |url=https://leobaeck.org/research-projects/erna-meyer-and-the-modern-home-studying-sociocultural-issues-identity-nationality-and-the-relationship-between-architecture-technology-and-gender/?lang=en |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> Ita ce ƙarama a cikin yara biyar kuma ita kaɗai ce 'yar. Daga 1908 zuwa 1913, ta yi karatun Tattalin arzikin siyasa a Jami'ar Friedrich Wilhelm . Ta kammala digiri na biyu tare da rubutun da ake kira Der Haushalt eines höffen Beamten in den Jahren 1880-1906 ("Gidan manyan jami'an gwamnati tsakanin 1880 da 1906 bisa ga asusun su"), bisa ga littafin gidan mahaifinta.<ref name="Davidi" /><ref name="Ann" /> Erna Pollack ta auri Arnold Meyer, injiniyan Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft. Yayinda mijinta ke aiki a Austria a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]], ta yi aiki tare da gwauraye na yaki da kuma marayu a Upper Silesia . Daga baya ta yi aiki da kicin miya a [[Vienna]] wanda ke ba da sabis ga mutane 13,000 kowace rana. Bayan yakin, Meyers sun rasa dukiyarsu ga sabuwar Czechoslovakia da aka kafa.<ref name="Davidi" /> Sun koma farko zuwa [[Nuremberg]] sannan zuwa [[München|Munich]], inda ta dauki aiki a matsayin sakatariya a gidan wallafe-wallafen. A cikin shekarun 1920 sun shirya gidan katako a Unterzeismering a kan Tafkin Starnberg kuma sun zauna a can a 1927. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] r1l9tkhbkqga6hsh963u54jic7oqxm7 915066 915065 2026-09-02T18:22:14Z Usman saadu 46863 915066 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Erna Konstanze Fanny Karoline Meyer''' (née '''Pollack'''; 13 Fabrairu 1890 - Maris 1975) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma masanin zamantakewa na Jamus da Isra'ila. Ta kasance mai shiga tsakani na Ƙungiyar Zionist ta Mata ta Duniya a [[Falasdinu]] . Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Tattalin arzikin gida kuma ta sami karbuwa don inganta ingantaccen aikin gida da ƙirar gida ta zamani. Bayan ta yi hijira zuwa Falasdinu a 1933, ta rubuta labarai kuma ta ba da laccoci da kuma karatun dafa abinci. Ta wallafa littattafai biyu da aka fi sayarwa: The New Household, wanda ya inganta inganta aikin gida, da kuma ''Yadda za a dafa abinci a Falasdinu'', Littafin dafa abinci da aka yi niyya ga baƙi na Jamus da Yahudawa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Erna Pollack a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1890. <ref name="DDB">{{Cite web |title=Erna Meyer |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1061221946 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Davidi">{{Cite web |last=Davidi |first=Sigal |date=27 February 2025 |title=Erna Meyer And The Modern Home |url=https://leobaeck.org/research-projects/erna-meyer-and-the-modern-home-studying-sociocultural-issues-identity-nationality-and-the-relationship-between-architecture-technology-and-gender/?lang=en |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> Ita ce ƙarama a cikin yara biyar kuma ita kaɗai ce 'yar. Daga 1908 zuwa 1913, ta yi karatun Tattalin arzikin siyasa a Jami'ar Friedrich Wilhelm . Ta kammala digiri na biyu tare da rubutun da ake kira Der Haushalt eines höffen Beamten in den Jahren 1880-1906 ("Gidan manyan jami'an gwamnati tsakanin 1880 da 1906 bisa ga asusun su"), bisa ga littafin gidan mahaifinta.<ref name="Davidi" /><ref name="Ann" /> Erna Pollack ta auri Arnold Meyer, injiniyan Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft. Yayinda mijinta ke aiki a Austria a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]], ta yi aiki tare da gwauraye na yaki da kuma marayu a Upper Silesia . Daga baya ta yi aiki da kicin miya a [[Vienna]] wanda ke ba da sabis ga mutane 13,000 kowace rana. Bayan yakin, Meyers sun rasa dukiyarsu ga sabuwar Czechoslovakia da aka kafa.<ref name="Davidi" /> Sun koma farko zuwa [[Nuremberg]] sannan zuwa [[München|Munich]], inda ta dauki aiki a matsayin sakatariya a gidan wallafe-wallafen. A cikin shekarun 1920 sun shirya gidan katako a Unterzeismering a kan Tafkin Starnberg kuma sun zauna a can a 1927. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] ri6xflzr40olndci84v9m3nkxoj4sqi 915067 915066 2026-09-02T18:22:56Z Usman saadu 46863 915067 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Erna Konstanze Fanny Karoline Meyer''' (née '''Pollack'''; 13 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1890 - Maris 1975) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma masanin zamantakewa na Jamus da Isra'ila. Ta kasance mai shiga tsakani na Ƙungiyar Zionist ta Mata ta Duniya a [[Falasdinu]] . Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Tattalin arzikin gida kuma ta sami karbuwa don inganta ingantaccen aikin gida da ƙirar gida ta zamani. Bayan ta yi hijira zuwa Falasdinu a 1933, ta rubuta labarai kuma ta ba da laccoci da kuma karatun dafa abinci. Ta wallafa littattafai biyu da aka fi sayarwa: The New Household, wanda ya inganta inganta aikin gida, da kuma ''Yadda za a dafa abinci a Falasdinu'', Littafin dafa abinci da aka yi niyya ga baƙi na Jamus da Yahudawa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Erna Pollack a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu 1890. <ref name="DDB">{{Cite web |title=Erna Meyer |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1061221946 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Davidi">{{Cite web |last=Davidi |first=Sigal |date=27 February 2025 |title=Erna Meyer And The Modern Home |url=https://leobaeck.org/research-projects/erna-meyer-and-the-modern-home-studying-sociocultural-issues-identity-nationality-and-the-relationship-between-architecture-technology-and-gender/?lang=en |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> Ita ce ƙarama a cikin yara biyar kuma ita kaɗai ce 'yar. Daga 1908 zuwa 1913, ta yi karatun Tattalin arzikin siyasa a Jami'ar Friedrich Wilhelm . Ta kammala digiri na biyu tare da rubutun da ake kira Der Haushalt eines höffen Beamten in den Jahren 1880-1906 ("Gidan manyan jami'an gwamnati tsakanin 1880 da 1906 bisa ga asusun su"), bisa ga littafin gidan mahaifinta.<ref name="Davidi" /><ref name="Ann" /> Erna Pollack ta auri Arnold Meyer, injiniyan Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft. Yayinda mijinta ke aiki a Austria a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]], ta yi aiki tare da gwauraye na yaki da kuma marayu a Upper Silesia . Daga baya ta yi aiki da kicin miya a [[Vienna]] wanda ke ba da sabis ga mutane 13,000 kowace rana. Bayan yakin, Meyers sun rasa dukiyarsu ga sabuwar Czechoslovakia da aka kafa.<ref name="Davidi" /> Sun koma farko zuwa [[Nuremberg]] sannan zuwa [[München|Munich]], inda ta dauki aiki a matsayin sakatariya a gidan wallafe-wallafen. A cikin shekarun 1920 sun shirya gidan katako a Unterzeismering a kan Tafkin Starnberg kuma sun zauna a can a 1927. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] ftq0m1ldgh3r00ci8dwtg5feh7tpyli 915068 915067 2026-09-02T18:23:22Z Usman saadu 46863 915068 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Erna Konstanze Fanny Karoline Meyer''' (née '''Pollack'''; 13 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1890 - Maris 1975) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma masanin zamantakewa na Jamus da Isra'ila. Ta kasance mai shiga tsakani na Ƙungiyar Zionist ta Mata ta Duniya a [[Falasdinu]] . Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Tattalin arzikin gida kuma ta sami karbuwa don inganta ingantaccen aikin gida da ƙirar gida ta zamani. Bayan ta yi hijira zuwa Falasdinu a 1933, ta rubuta labarai kuma ta ba da laccoci da kuma karatun dafa abinci. Ta wallafa littattafai biyu da aka fi sayarwa: The New Household, wanda ya inganta inganta aikin gida, da kuma ''Yadda za a dafa abinci a Falasdinu'', Littafin dafa abinci da aka yi niyya ga baƙi na Jamus da Yahudawa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Erna Pollack a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1890. <ref name="DDB">{{Cite web |title=Erna Meyer |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1061221946 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Davidi">{{Cite web |last=Davidi |first=Sigal |date=27 February 2025 |title=Erna Meyer And The Modern Home |url=https://leobaeck.org/research-projects/erna-meyer-and-the-modern-home-studying-sociocultural-issues-identity-nationality-and-the-relationship-between-architecture-technology-and-gender/?lang=en |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> Ita ce ƙarama a cikin yara biyar kuma ita kaɗai ce 'yar. Daga 1908 zuwa 1913, ta yi karatun Tattalin arzikin siyasa a Jami'ar Friedrich Wilhelm . Ta kammala digiri na biyu tare da rubutun da ake kira Der Haushalt eines höffen Beamten in den Jahren 1880-1906 ("Gidan manyan jami'an gwamnati tsakanin 1880 da 1906 bisa ga asusun su"), bisa ga littafin gidan mahaifinta.<ref name="Davidi" /><ref name="Ann" /> Erna Pollack ta auri Arnold Meyer, injiniyan Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft. Yayinda mijinta ke aiki a Austria a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]], ta yi aiki tare da gwauraye na yaki da kuma marayu a Upper Silesia . Daga baya ta yi aiki da kicin miya a [[Vienna]] wanda ke ba da sabis ga mutane 13,000 kowace rana. Bayan yakin, Meyers sun rasa dukiyarsu ga sabuwar Czechoslovakia da aka kafa.<ref name="Davidi" /> Sun koma farko zuwa [[Nuremberg]] sannan zuwa [[München|Munich]], inda ta dauki aiki a matsayin sakatariya a gidan wallafe-wallafen. A cikin shekarun 1920 sun shirya gidan katako a Unterzeismering a kan Tafkin Starnberg kuma sun zauna a can a 1927. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] omxk9fdkrdeggdluu2ify2vzww78094 915069 915068 2026-09-02T18:23:57Z Usman saadu 46863 915069 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Erna Konstanze Fanny Karoline Meyer''' (née '''Pollack'''; 13 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1890 - Maris 1975) masanin tattalin arziki ne kuma masanin zamantakewa na Jamus da Isra'ila. Ta kasance mai shiga tsakani na Ƙungiyar Zionist ta Mata ta Duniya a [[Falasdinu]] . Ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin Tattalin arzikin gida kuma ta sami karbuwa don inganta ingantaccen aikin gida da ƙirar gida ta zamani. Bayan ta yi hijira zuwa Falasdinu a 1933, ta rubuta labarai kuma ta ba da laccoci da kuma karatun dafa abinci. Ta wallafa littattafai biyu da aka fi sayarwa: The New Household, wanda ya inganta inganta aikin gida, da kuma ''Yadda za a dafa abinci a Falasdinu'', Littafin dafa abinci da aka yi niyya ga baƙi na Jamus da Yahudawa. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Erna Pollack a cikin iyalin Yahudawa a babban birnin Jamus, [[Berlin]], a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairu a shekara ta 1890. <ref name="DDB">{{Cite web |title=Erna Meyer |url=https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/1061221946 |access-date=22 July 2025 |website=Deutsche Digitale Bibliothek |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="Davidi">{{Cite web |last=Davidi |first=Sigal |date=27 February 2025 |title=Erna Meyer And The Modern Home |url=https://leobaeck.org/research-projects/erna-meyer-and-the-modern-home-studying-sociocultural-issues-identity-nationality-and-the-relationship-between-architecture-technology-and-gender/?lang=en |access-date=22 July 2025}}</ref> Ita ce ƙarama a cikin yara biyar kuma ita kaɗai ce 'yar. Daga 1908 zuwa 1913, ta yi karatun Tattalin arzikin siyasa a Jami'ar Friedrich Wilhelm . Ta kammala digiri na biyu tare da rubutun da ake kira Der Haushalt eines höffen Beamten in den Jahren 1880-1906 ("Gidan manyan jami'an gwamnati tsakanin 1880 da 1906 bisa ga asusun su"), bisa ga littafin gidan mahaifinta.<ref name="Davidi" /><ref name="Ann" /> Erna Pollack ta auri Arnold Meyer, injiniyan Allgemeine Elektricitäts-Gesellschaft. Yayinda mijinta ke aiki a Austria a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]], ta yi aiki tare da gwauraye na yaki da kuma marayu a Upper Silesia . Daga baya ta yi aiki da kicin miya a [[Vienna]] wanda ke ba da sabis ga mutane 13,000 kowace rana. Bayan yakin, Meyers sun rasa dukiyarsu ga sabuwar Czechoslovakia da aka kafa.<ref name="Davidi" /> Sun koma farko zuwa [[Nuremberg]] sannan zuwa [[München|Munich]], inda ta dauki aiki a matsayin sakatariya a gidan wallafe-wallafen. A cikin shekarun 1920 sun shirya gidan katako a Unterzeismering a kan Tafkin Starnberg kuma sun zauna a can a shekarar 1927. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1975]] 6ps4quyii5aj21ydinrnhnkkr6tn7ej 0 166156 915081 2026-09-02T19:19:23Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1361880121|Álvaro González (Paralympic footballer)]]" 915081 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Álvaro González Alcaraz''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paralimpiadas - Deportista: Álvaro Gonzalez Alcaraz |url=http://www.sanitas-paralimpiadas.es/Alvaro-Gonzalez-Alcaraz.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905230304/http://www.sanitas-paralimpiadas.es/Alvaro-Gonzalez-Alcaraz.html |archive-date=2012-09-05 |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1974) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain, wanda ke taka leda a ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta ƙasar Spain.[a] Ya lashe lambobin tagulla guda biyu a [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2012]] da kuma wasannin Paralympic na bazara na 2012. == Na Mutum == González ya fito ne daga [[Malaga|Málaga]] . <ref name="onlyrep">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2012 |title=Carlos Soler, único tirador que represente a España en los Paralímpicos . SUR.es |url=http://www.diariosur.es/20120829/deportes/mas-deportes/carlos-soler-unico-tirador-201208291217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105084219/http://www.diariosur.es/20120829/deportes/mas-deportes/carlos-soler-unico-tirador-201208291217.html |archive-date=5 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=Diariosur.es |language=es}}</ref> == Kwallon ƙafa na 5-a-gefe == González memba ne na CDC na Málaga, wanda ke fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Andalusian . A matsayinsa na mai tsaron gidan tawagar, ya lashe gasar. González ya lashe lambar tagulla tare da tawagar a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004. <ref name="bronzeahtens">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2012 |title=El Ayuntamiento adjudica las obras de construcción del primer campo de fútbol para invidentes totales |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1579961/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204529/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1579961/0/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> An gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006 don Makafi a Argentina. Ya yi gasa a taron a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Spain.<ref name="2006goal">{{Cite web |date=2006-11-21 |title=La selección española de fútbol sala para ciegos busca su primer mundial |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/174870/0/mundial/futbol/sala/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212613/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/174870/0/mundial/futbol/sala/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kai ga wasan tagulla.<ref name="bronzeeyeyey">{{Cite web |date=2006-11-29 |title=España luchará por la medalla de bronce en el Mundial de fútbol sala para ciegos |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/177943/0/Mundial/ciegos/seleccion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212843/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/177943/0/Mundial/ciegos/seleccion/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa goma daga Málaga don yin gasa a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2008. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, ya halarci wani bikin da magajin garin Málaga ya shirya a babban birnin don girmama dukkan masu fafatawa na Olympics da Paralympic daga birnin.<ref name="eleleventotal">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-25 |title=Catorce malagueños acudirán a los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Pekín |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/402265/0/representacion/olimpicos/malaga/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212855/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/402265/0/representacion/olimpicos/malaga/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya shiga gasar Paralympics ta bazara ta 2012.<ref name="londonmarca">{{Cite web |title=Juegos Paralímpicos Londres 2012 |url=http://www.marca.com/deporte/mas_deportes/juegosparalimpicos2012/estrellas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226000459/http://www.marca.com/deporte/mas_deportes/juegosparalimpicos2012/estrellas.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=MARCA.com |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin burin a wasan da ya yi da Argentina don lambar tagulla.<ref name="bronzemedal">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=Virtuals Agrupados |url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/directo/2012/09/08/5035/virtuals_agrupados.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104103305/http://www.marca.com/eventos/directo/2012/09/08/5035/virtuals_agrupados.html |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=MARCA |language=es}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, an gina filin wasa na musamman, na farko na irin sa a Spain, a garinsu.<ref name="bronzeahtens" /> A watan Yulin 2012, ya halarci wani bikin da magajin garin Málaga ya shirya a babban birnin don girmama dukkan masu fafatawa na Olympics da Paralympic daga birnin.<ref name="honoured">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-13 |title=De la Torre recibe a los deportistas malagueños de los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Londres |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1539188/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210935/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1539188/0/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 11 a cikin tawagar Mutanen Espanya daga Málaga da ke fafatawa a wasannin London.<ref name="onlyrep" /> Kungiyarsa ta lashe lambar tagulla bayan harbi a wasan tagulla da Argentina, tare da González a cikin harbi.<ref name="pelantlies">{{Cite web |date=2012-10-19 |title=Griñán, sobre deportistas paralímpicos:"Tienen que servir de testimonio a los andaluces que quieren superarse día a día" |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1622271/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210546/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1622271/0/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref><ref name="moreingoal">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=Teresa Perales iguala a Phelps con 22 medallas en los Juegos |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1582706/0/teresa-perales/michael-phelps/juegos-paralimpicos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212610/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1582706/0/teresa-perales/michael-phelps/juegos-paralimpicos/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref><ref name="bronzeby">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-22 |title=La UMA, Molletes San Roque, El Pimpi y Anni B Sweet, entre los galardonados de la Junta por el Día de Andalucía |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1738873/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204537/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1738873/0/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref><ref name="brorbrbab">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Dos oros, cuatro platas, tres bronces y once diplomas, balance de los andaluces en los Juegos Paralímpicos |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1583846/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210056/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1583846/0/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai daga Málaga don samun tallafin karatu na 2013 daga Fundación Andalucía Olímpica a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Andalucía Olimpica . Ya kai € 1,200.<ref name="shcoalarhpsp">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2013 |title=La Fundación Andalucía Olímpica beca a siete malagueños |url=http://www.eldesmarquemalaga.com/polideportivo/33788-la-fundacion-andalucia-olimpica-beca-a-siete-malaguenos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104210815/http://www.eldesmarquemalaga.com/polideportivo/33788-la-fundacion-andalucia-olimpica-beca-a-siete-malaguenos |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=Eldesmarquemalaga.com |language=es}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2013, ya sami lambar yabo a Gala of Sports Journalists of Andalusia . <ref name="Awards">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-20 |title=Alonso destaca que la lucha contra el dopaje "va a ser objetivo fundamental de la Ley del Deporte de Andalucía" |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1737138/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212618/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1737138/0/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> == Bayani == == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * Alvaro Gonzalez Alcaraza cikinKwamitin Paralympic na Spain (an adana shi) (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) * Alvaro Gonzalez Alcaraza cikinKwamitin Wasannin Paralympic na Duniya [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] 2hre4lya60t3jj1w023grcqjt1egqy2 915082 915081 2026-09-02T19:19:40Z Gwanki 3834 915082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Álvaro González Alcaraz''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paralimpiadas - Deportista: Álvaro Gonzalez Alcaraz |url=http://www.sanitas-paralimpiadas.es/Alvaro-Gonzalez-Alcaraz.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905230304/http://www.sanitas-paralimpiadas.es/Alvaro-Gonzalez-Alcaraz.html |archive-date=2012-09-05 |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1974) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain, wanda ke taka leda a ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta ƙasar Spain.[a] Ya lashe lambobin tagulla guda biyu a [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2012]] da kuma wasannin Paralympic na bazara na 2012. == Na Mutum == González ya fito ne daga [[Malaga|Málaga]] . <ref name="onlyrep">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2012 |title=Carlos Soler, único tirador que represente a España en los Paralímpicos . SUR.es |url=http://www.diariosur.es/20120829/deportes/mas-deportes/carlos-soler-unico-tirador-201208291217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105084219/http://www.diariosur.es/20120829/deportes/mas-deportes/carlos-soler-unico-tirador-201208291217.html |archive-date=5 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=Diariosur.es |language=es}}</ref> == Kwallon ƙafa na 5-a-gefe == González memba ne na CDC na Málaga, wanda ke fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Andalusian . A matsayinsa na mai tsaron gidan tawagar, ya lashe gasar. González ya lashe lambar tagulla tare da tawagar a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004. <ref name="bronzeahtens">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2012 |title=El Ayuntamiento adjudica las obras de construcción del primer campo de fútbol para invidentes totales |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1579961/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204529/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1579961/0/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> An gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006 don Makafi a Argentina. Ya yi gasa a taron a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Spain.<ref name="2006goal">{{Cite web |date=2006-11-21 |title=La selección española de fútbol sala para ciegos busca su primer mundial |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/174870/0/mundial/futbol/sala/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212613/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/174870/0/mundial/futbol/sala/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kai ga wasan tagulla.<ref name="bronzeeyeyey">{{Cite web |date=2006-11-29 |title=España luchará por la medalla de bronce en el Mundial de fútbol sala para ciegos |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/177943/0/Mundial/ciegos/seleccion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212843/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/177943/0/Mundial/ciegos/seleccion/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa goma daga Málaga don yin gasa a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2008. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, ya halarci wani bikin da magajin garin Málaga ya shirya a babban birnin don girmama dukkan masu fafatawa na Olympics da Paralympic daga birnin.<ref name="eleleventotal">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-25 |title=Catorce malagueños acudirán a los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Pekín |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/402265/0/representacion/olimpicos/malaga/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212855/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/402265/0/representacion/olimpicos/malaga/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya shiga gasar Paralympics ta bazara ta 2012.<ref name="londonmarca">{{Cite web |title=Juegos Paralímpicos Londres 2012 |url=http://www.marca.com/deporte/mas_deportes/juegosparalimpicos2012/estrellas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226000459/http://www.marca.com/deporte/mas_deportes/juegosparalimpicos2012/estrellas.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=MARCA.com |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin burin a wasan da ya yi da Argentina don lambar tagulla.<ref name="bronzemedal">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=Virtuals Agrupados |url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/directo/2012/09/08/5035/virtuals_agrupados.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104103305/http://www.marca.com/eventos/directo/2012/09/08/5035/virtuals_agrupados.html |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=MARCA |language=es}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, an gina filin wasa na musamman, na farko na irin sa a Spain, a garinsu.<ref name="bronzeahtens" /> A watan Yulin 2012, ya halarci wani bikin da magajin garin Málaga ya shirya a babban birnin don girmama dukkan masu fafatawa na Olympics da Paralympic daga birnin.<ref name="honoured">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-13 |title=De la Torre recibe a los deportistas malagueños de los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Londres |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1539188/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210935/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1539188/0/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 11 a cikin tawagar Mutanen Espanya daga Málaga da ke fafatawa a wasannin London.<ref name="onlyrep" /> Kungiyarsa ta lashe lambar tagulla bayan harbi a wasan tagulla da Argentina, tare da González a cikin harbi.<ref name="pelantlies">{{Cite web |date=2012-10-19 |title=Griñán, sobre deportistas paralímpicos:"Tienen que servir de testimonio a los andaluces que quieren superarse día a día" |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1622271/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210546/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1622271/0/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref><ref name="moreingoal">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=Teresa Perales iguala a Phelps con 22 medallas en los Juegos |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1582706/0/teresa-perales/michael-phelps/juegos-paralimpicos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212610/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1582706/0/teresa-perales/michael-phelps/juegos-paralimpicos/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref><ref name="bronzeby">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-22 |title=La UMA, Molletes San Roque, El Pimpi y Anni B Sweet, entre los galardonados de la Junta por el Día de Andalucía |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1738873/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204537/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1738873/0/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref><ref name="brorbrbab">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Dos oros, cuatro platas, tres bronces y once diplomas, balance de los andaluces en los Juegos Paralímpicos |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1583846/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210056/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1583846/0/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai daga Málaga don samun tallafin karatu na 2013 daga Fundación Andalucía Olímpica a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Andalucía Olimpica . Ya kai € 1,200.<ref name="shcoalarhpsp">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2013 |title=La Fundación Andalucía Olímpica beca a siete malagueños |url=http://www.eldesmarquemalaga.com/polideportivo/33788-la-fundacion-andalucia-olimpica-beca-a-siete-malaguenos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104210815/http://www.eldesmarquemalaga.com/polideportivo/33788-la-fundacion-andalucia-olimpica-beca-a-siete-malaguenos |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=Eldesmarquemalaga.com |language=es}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2013, ya sami lambar yabo a Gala of Sports Journalists of Andalusia . <ref name="Awards">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-20 |title=Alonso destaca que la lucha contra el dopaje "va a ser objetivo fundamental de la Ley del Deporte de Andalucía" |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1737138/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212618/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1737138/0/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> == Bayani == == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * Alvaro Gonzalez Alcaraza cikinKwamitin Paralympic na Spain (an adana shi) (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) * Alvaro Gonzalez Alcaraza cikinKwamitin Wasannin Paralympic na Duniya [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] q2txl5qcdn3fl9mqg4h60jpnegu0rvf 915083 915082 2026-09-02T19:19:54Z Gwanki 3834 /* Bayani */ 915083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Álvaro González Alcaraz''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paralimpiadas - Deportista: Álvaro Gonzalez Alcaraz |url=http://www.sanitas-paralimpiadas.es/Alvaro-Gonzalez-Alcaraz.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120905230304/http://www.sanitas-paralimpiadas.es/Alvaro-Gonzalez-Alcaraz.html |archive-date=2012-09-05 |access-date=2020-01-19}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 29 ga watan Oktoba shekara ta 1974) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Spain, wanda ke taka leda a ƙwallon ƙwallon ƙasa ta ƙasar Spain.[a] Ya lashe lambobin tagulla guda biyu a [[2012 Summer Paralympics|Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2012]] da kuma wasannin Paralympic na bazara na 2012. == Na Mutum == González ya fito ne daga [[Malaga|Málaga]] . <ref name="onlyrep">{{Cite web |date=29 August 2012 |title=Carlos Soler, único tirador que represente a España en los Paralímpicos . SUR.es |url=http://www.diariosur.es/20120829/deportes/mas-deportes/carlos-soler-unico-tirador-201208291217.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140105084219/http://www.diariosur.es/20120829/deportes/mas-deportes/carlos-soler-unico-tirador-201208291217.html |archive-date=5 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=Diariosur.es |language=es}}</ref> == Kwallon ƙafa na 5-a-gefe == González memba ne na CDC na Málaga, wanda ke fafatawa a gasar cin kofin Andalusian . A matsayinsa na mai tsaron gidan tawagar, ya lashe gasar. González ya lashe lambar tagulla tare da tawagar a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004. <ref name="bronzeahtens">{{Cite web |date=5 September 2012 |title=El Ayuntamiento adjudica las obras de construcción del primer campo de fútbol para invidentes totales |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1579961/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204529/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1579961/0/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> An gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya ta 2006 don Makafi a Argentina. Ya yi gasa a taron a matsayin mai tsaron gida na Spain.<ref name="2006goal">{{Cite web |date=2006-11-21 |title=La selección española de fútbol sala para ciegos busca su primer mundial |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/174870/0/mundial/futbol/sala/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212613/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/174870/0/mundial/futbol/sala/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Kungiyar ta kai ga wasan tagulla.<ref name="bronzeeyeyey">{{Cite web |date=2006-11-29 |title=España luchará por la medalla de bronce en el Mundial de fútbol sala para ciegos |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/177943/0/Mundial/ciegos/seleccion/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212843/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/177943/0/Mundial/ciegos/seleccion/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa goma daga Málaga don yin gasa a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2008. A watan Yulin shekara ta 2008, ya halarci wani bikin da magajin garin Málaga ya shirya a babban birnin don girmama dukkan masu fafatawa na Olympics da Paralympic daga birnin.<ref name="eleleventotal">{{Cite web |date=2008-07-25 |title=Catorce malagueños acudirán a los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Pekín |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/402265/0/representacion/olimpicos/malaga/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212855/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/402265/0/representacion/olimpicos/malaga/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya shiga gasar Paralympics ta bazara ta 2012.<ref name="londonmarca">{{Cite web |title=Juegos Paralímpicos Londres 2012 |url=http://www.marca.com/deporte/mas_deportes/juegosparalimpicos2012/estrellas.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226000459/http://www.marca.com/deporte/mas_deportes/juegosparalimpicos2012/estrellas.html |archive-date=26 December 2013 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=MARCA.com |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance a cikin burin a wasan da ya yi da Argentina don lambar tagulla.<ref name="bronzemedal">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=Virtuals Agrupados |url=http://www.marca.com/eventos/directo/2012/09/08/5035/virtuals_agrupados.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104103305/http://www.marca.com/eventos/directo/2012/09/08/5035/virtuals_agrupados.html |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=MARCA |language=es}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2012, an gina filin wasa na musamman, na farko na irin sa a Spain, a garinsu.<ref name="bronzeahtens" /> A watan Yulin 2012, ya halarci wani bikin da magajin garin Málaga ya shirya a babban birnin don girmama dukkan masu fafatawa na Olympics da Paralympic daga birnin.<ref name="honoured">{{Cite web |date=2012-07-13 |title=De la Torre recibe a los deportistas malagueños de los Juegos Olímpicos y Paralímpicos de Londres |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1539188/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210935/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1539188/0/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa 11 a cikin tawagar Mutanen Espanya daga Málaga da ke fafatawa a wasannin London.<ref name="onlyrep" /> Kungiyarsa ta lashe lambar tagulla bayan harbi a wasan tagulla da Argentina, tare da González a cikin harbi.<ref name="pelantlies">{{Cite web |date=2012-10-19 |title=Griñán, sobre deportistas paralímpicos:"Tienen que servir de testimonio a los andaluces que quieren superarse día a día" |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1622271/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210546/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1622271/0/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref><ref name="moreingoal">{{Cite web |date=8 September 2012 |title=Teresa Perales iguala a Phelps con 22 medallas en los Juegos |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1582706/0/teresa-perales/michael-phelps/juegos-paralimpicos/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212610/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1582706/0/teresa-perales/michael-phelps/juegos-paralimpicos/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref><ref name="bronzeby">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-22 |title=La UMA, Molletes San Roque, El Pimpi y Anni B Sweet, entre los galardonados de la Junta por el Día de Andalucía |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1738873/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104204537/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1738873/0/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref><ref name="brorbrbab">{{Cite web |date=10 September 2012 |title=Dos oros, cuatro platas, tres bronces y once diplomas, balance de los andaluces en los Juegos Paralímpicos |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1583846/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140103210056/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1583846/0/ |archive-date=3 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance daya daga cikin 'yan wasa bakwai daga Málaga don samun tallafin karatu na 2013 daga Fundación Andalucía Olímpica a matsayin wani ɓangare na Shirin Andalucía Olimpica . Ya kai € 1,200.<ref name="shcoalarhpsp">{{Cite web |date=16 December 2013 |title=La Fundación Andalucía Olímpica beca a siete malagueños |url=http://www.eldesmarquemalaga.com/polideportivo/33788-la-fundacion-andalucia-olimpica-beca-a-siete-malaguenos |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104210815/http://www.eldesmarquemalaga.com/polideportivo/33788-la-fundacion-andalucia-olimpica-beca-a-siete-malaguenos |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=Eldesmarquemalaga.com |language=es}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2013, ya sami lambar yabo a Gala of Sports Journalists of Andalusia . <ref name="Awards">{{Cite web |date=2013-02-20 |title=Alonso destaca que la lucha contra el dopaje "va a ser objetivo fundamental de la Ley del Deporte de Andalucía" |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1737138/0/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140104212618/http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1737138/0/ |archive-date=4 January 2014 |access-date=3 January 2014 |publisher=20minutos.es |language=es}}</ref> == Bayani == {{reflist}} == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * Alvaro Gonzalez Alcaraza cikinKwamitin Paralympic na Spain (an adana shi) (a cikin Mutanen Espanya) * Alvaro Gonzalez Alcaraza cikinKwamitin Wasannin Paralympic na Duniya [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1974]] 14xxfxirleor0rkpuv8nus8t1tv0j0d 0 166157 915085 2026-09-02T19:21:29Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1362069486|Darío Lencina]]" 915085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dario Aldo Lencina''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dario Aldo Lencina - Football 5-a-side {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile |url=https://www.paralympic.org/dario-aldo-lencina |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Argentina kuma babban kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon mata ta ƙasar Argentina. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Lencina, el arquero símbolo de Los Murciélagos |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/lencina-el-arquero-simbolo-de-los-murcielagos |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Argentina.gob.ar |language=es}}</ref> Ya wakilci kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Argentina ta 5 sama da shekaru 20 kuma ya wakilci Argentina a wasannin Paralympics a lokuta hudu a 2004, 2008, 2012 da 2016. Ya kuma lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau biyu a 2002 da 2006 tare da tawagar kasa. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha na Las Murcielagas kuma memba ne na Makarantar Kwallon Kafa ta Tarayyar Wasanni ta Argentina don Makafi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 28, 2020 |title=Darío Lencina en Paradeportes Radio: "La idea es que Las Murciélagas estén en el Mundial de Nigeria 2021" |url=https://www.paradeportes.com/dario-lencina-en-paradeportes-radio-la-idea-es-que-las-murcielagas-esten-en-el-mundial-de-nigeria-2021/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |language=es-AR}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Darío Lencina a Belén de Escobar, Buenos Aires . Ya taka leda a kungiyoyin matasa na kulob din Villa Dálmine de Campana . A shekara ta 1999, ya sami tayin da za a yi wa makafi wasa da kwallon kafa a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya fara bugawa kungiyar sadarwa ta Escobar kuma daga baya ya buga wa Estudiantes de la Plata. A shekara ta 2001 an zaba shi zuwa tawagar Argentina kuma ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa a gasar Copa América ta 2001 wacce aka gudanar a Campinhas, Brazil. == Ayyuka == Ya kasance babban memba na tawagar da ta lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta 2002 IBSA da kuma gasar zakarurwar duniya ta 2006 IBSA . Ya fara fitowa a wasannin Paralympics na wakiltar Argentina a wasannin Summer Paralympics nke 2004. Ya lashe lambar azurfa a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004 tare da tawagar Argentina 5-a-side wacce ta fito a matsayin masu tseren gaba zuwa Brazil a wasan karshe na Gasar maza yayin da Brazil ta ci Argentina a cikin hukunci don samun lambar zinare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedules and Results – Football 5-a-side |url=http://www.athens2004.com/en/ParalympicResults/paralympics/results?rsc=FB0000000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209010949/http://www.athens2004.com/en/ParalympicResults/paralympics/results?rsc=FB0000000 |archive-date=9 December 2004 |access-date=2021-08-09 |publisher=Official Website of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games}}</ref> Ya tare da 'yan wasan Argentina 5-a-side sun sami lambar yabo ta Jorge Newbery a 2007 don lashe lambobin duniya biyu a 2002 da 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buenos Aires Ciudad - Los Murciélagos se alzaron con el Jorge Newbery de Oro |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/?modulo=ver&item_id=6090&contenido_id=18014&idioma=es |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=www.buenosaires.gob.ar}}</ref> Ya kasance memba ne na tawagar Argentina wacce ta doke Spain a wasan kisa don lashe lambar tagulla a gasar maza ta 5 a gasar Paralympics ta 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Summer Paralympics bronze medal match Five-a-side football |url=http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/INF/FB/C73/FBM400102.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924024911/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/INF/FB/C73/FBM400102.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-24 |access-date=2021-08-09}}</ref> A wasannin Paralympics na gaba da aka gudanar a London a shekarar 2012, ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Argentina wacce ta rasa lambar tagulla a wasan da ta yi da Spain a wasan kisa a gasar maza ta 5-a-side. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Summer Paralympics bronze medal match Five-a-side football |url=http://www.london2012.com/externalparamodules/FB/pdf/FBM400102_C73.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527112100/http://www.london2012.com/externalparamodules/FB/pdf/FBM400102_C73.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-27 |access-date=2021-08-09}}</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Argentina wacce ta fito a matsayin masu cin gaba ga Brazil a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 IBSA Copa América Blind Football Championships |url=http://www.ibsasport.org/sports/files/237-Results-2013-IBSA-Copa-America-Blind-Football---results,-final-standings-and-top-goalscorers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012020339/http://www.ibsasport.org/sports/files/237-Results-2013-IBSA-Copa-America-Blind-Football---results,-final-standings-and-top-goalscorers.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-12 |access-date=2021-08-09}}</ref> Ya sake lashe lambar tagulla tare da kungiyar Argentina inda Argentina ta doke kasar Sin a wasan kisa don lashe lambar tagusawa a lokacin wasannin Paralympics na 2016 a gasar 5-a-side. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] 37ar3g51933iczfzm9f5y6x1goofolv 915086 915085 2026-09-02T19:21:47Z Gwanki 3834 915086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Dario Aldo Lencina''' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dario Aldo Lencina - Football 5-a-side {{!}} Paralympic Athlete Profile |url=https://www.paralympic.org/dario-aldo-lencina |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=International Paralympic Committee |language=en}}</ref> (an haife shi a ranar 23 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 1980) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Argentina kuma babban kocin ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon mata ta ƙasar Argentina. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-10-13 |title=Lencina, el arquero símbolo de Los Murciélagos |url=https://www.argentina.gob.ar/noticias/lencina-el-arquero-simbolo-de-los-murcielagos |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=Argentina.gob.ar |language=es}}</ref> Ya wakilci kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Argentina ta 5 sama da shekaru 20 kuma ya wakilci Argentina a wasannin Paralympics a lokuta hudu a 2004, 2008, 2012 da 2016. Ya kuma lashe gasar cin kofin duniya sau biyu a 2002 da 2006 tare da tawagar kasa. A halin yanzu yana aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha na Las Murcielagas kuma memba ne na Makarantar Kwallon Kafa ta Tarayyar Wasanni ta Argentina don Makafi . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 28, 2020 |title=Darío Lencina en Paradeportes Radio: "La idea es que Las Murciélagas estén en el Mundial de Nigeria 2021" |url=https://www.paradeportes.com/dario-lencina-en-paradeportes-radio-la-idea-es-que-las-murcielagas-esten-en-el-mundial-de-nigeria-2021/ |access-date=2021-08-09 |language=es-AR}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Darío Lencina a Belén de Escobar, Buenos Aires . Ya taka leda a kungiyoyin matasa na kulob din Villa Dálmine de Campana . A shekara ta 1999, ya sami tayin da za a yi wa makafi wasa da kwallon kafa a matsayin mai tsaron gida. Ya fara bugawa kungiyar sadarwa ta Escobar kuma daga baya ya buga wa Estudiantes de la Plata. A shekara ta 2001 an zaba shi zuwa tawagar Argentina kuma ya fara bugawa kasa da kasa a gasar Copa América ta 2001 wacce aka gudanar a Campinhas, Brazil. == Ayyuka == Ya kasance babban memba na tawagar da ta lashe gasar zakarun duniya ta 2002 IBSA da kuma gasar zakarurwar duniya ta 2006 IBSA . Ya fara fitowa a wasannin Paralympics na wakiltar Argentina a wasannin Summer Paralympics nke 2004. Ya lashe lambar azurfa a Wasannin Paralympics na bazara na 2004 tare da tawagar Argentina 5-a-side wacce ta fito a matsayin masu tseren gaba zuwa Brazil a wasan karshe na Gasar maza yayin da Brazil ta ci Argentina a cikin hukunci don samun lambar zinare.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schedules and Results – Football 5-a-side |url=http://www.athens2004.com/en/ParalympicResults/paralympics/results?rsc=FB0000000 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041209010949/http://www.athens2004.com/en/ParalympicResults/paralympics/results?rsc=FB0000000 |archive-date=9 December 2004 |access-date=2021-08-09 |publisher=Official Website of the Athens 2004 Olympic Games}}</ref> Ya tare da 'yan wasan Argentina 5-a-side sun sami lambar yabo ta Jorge Newbery a 2007 don lashe lambobin duniya biyu a 2002 da 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buenos Aires Ciudad - Los Murciélagos se alzaron con el Jorge Newbery de Oro |url=https://www.buenosaires.gob.ar/noticias/?modulo=ver&item_id=6090&contenido_id=18014&idioma=es |access-date=2021-08-09 |website=www.buenosaires.gob.ar}}</ref> Ya kasance memba ne na tawagar Argentina wacce ta doke Spain a wasan kisa don lashe lambar tagulla a gasar maza ta 5 a gasar Paralympics ta 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2008 Summer Paralympics bronze medal match Five-a-side football |url=http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/INF/FB/C73/FBM400102.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120924024911/http://results.beijing2008.cn/WRMP/ENG/INF/FB/C73/FBM400102.pdf |archive-date=2012-09-24 |access-date=2021-08-09}}</ref> A wasannin Paralympics na gaba da aka gudanar a London a shekarar 2012, ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Argentina wacce ta rasa lambar tagulla a wasan da ta yi da Spain a wasan kisa a gasar maza ta 5-a-side. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Summer Paralympics bronze medal match Five-a-side football |url=http://www.london2012.com/externalparamodules/FB/pdf/FBM400102_C73.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130527112100/http://www.london2012.com/externalparamodules/FB/pdf/FBM400102_C73.pdf |archive-date=2013-05-27 |access-date=2021-08-09}}</ref> Ya kasance daga cikin tawagar Argentina wacce ta fito a matsayin masu cin gaba ga Brazil a gasar zakarun Turai ta 2013 . <ref>{{Cite web |title=2013 IBSA Copa América Blind Football Championships |url=http://www.ibsasport.org/sports/files/237-Results-2013-IBSA-Copa-America-Blind-Football---results,-final-standings-and-top-goalscorers.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161012020339/http://www.ibsasport.org/sports/files/237-Results-2013-IBSA-Copa-America-Blind-Football---results,-final-standings-and-top-goalscorers.pdf |archive-date=2016-10-12 |access-date=2021-08-09}}</ref> Ya sake lashe lambar tagulla tare da kungiyar Argentina inda Argentina ta doke kasar Sin a wasan kisa don lashe lambar tagusawa a lokacin wasannin Paralympics na 2016 a gasar 5-a-side. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] p8nx4y1qyeykbneoce5y9n269noqzz6 0 166158 915091 2026-09-02T19:32:57Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 Ƙirƙirar sabon shafi 915091 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> gzh9e5gcjlq44aibpcy9ks0xky4273m 915093 915091 2026-09-02T19:35:07Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ Ƙarin sashe 915093 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. kyuq2hy9xghnr7z9eo9dtnn7g7tkcnu 915095 915093 2026-09-02T19:36:45Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Rayuwarsa */ Ƙara sashe 915095 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabia bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatun a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a makarantar ATBU Bauchi. 6xlq2yoxxn3by9miisaps3apvwocnzh 915096 915095 2026-09-02T19:38:54Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 915096 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabiya bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatu a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a Jami'ar Bayero. 5uvrc8ft12x0xvencnxpxsr99sjxtts 915097 915096 2026-09-02T19:39:56Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Ilimi */ Ƙara sashen manazarta 915097 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabiya bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatu a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a Jami'ar Bayero. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} 4wvjy5na4r2fkdebxu3op7oaffrav02 915100 915097 2026-09-02T19:45:35Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 915100 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabiya bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatu a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a Jami'ar Bayero. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bb665q8ytsv52xa949826rrxae29yl6 915101 915100 2026-09-02T19:46:32Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* Manazarta */ 915101 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabiya bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatu a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a Jami'ar Bayero. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni: Haifaffun 1974]] 7o28ca8czpypyin69pcz02eziyaa5bm 915104 915101 2026-09-02T19:57:53Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 915104 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabiya bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatu a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a Jami'ar Bayero. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni: Haifaffun 1974]] 91ymvruzom4dpc90mbdtmjbcys9v81r 915179 915104 2026-09-02T22:17:07Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 915179 wikitext text/x-wiki Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabiya bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatu a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a Jami'ar Bayero. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni: Haifaffun 1974]] 7o28ca8czpypyin69pcz02eziyaa5bm 915180 915179 2026-09-02T22:17:57Z Salihu Aliyu 12360 /* */ 915180 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Prof. '''Mansur Isah Yelwa''' (an haife shi ranar 14 ga watan Afrilu shekarar 1974) Malamin addinin Musulunci ne a Najeriya kuma babban limamin masallacin ATBU Bauchi, wanda ya Shahara a fatawowi daban-daban.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://hausa.legit.ng/news/1717034-sheikh-mansur-yelwa-ya-dawo-limanci-a-masallacin-atbu-bauchi-ya-bayyana-dalili/|date= 30 June 2026 |accessdate = 2 September 2026 |title= Sheikh Mansur Yelwa Ya Koma Limanci a Masallacin ATBU Bauchi, Ya Fadi Dalilin Dawowa|last= Sani |first= Hamza|website= hausa.legit.ng}}</ref> ==Rayuwarsa== An haifi Mansur Isah Yelwa a wani ƙauye da ake kira da Beru ƙarƙashin ƙaramar hukumar Yelwa dake jihar Bauchi gabashin Najeriya, baban sa Malam Isah Yelwa Malamin addinin Musulunci ne shima, ya fito daga ƙabilar Fulani. ==Ilimi== Mansur ya fara karatun addinin Musulunci daga gurin mahaifinsa inda ya haddace Alqur'ani tun yana yaro, yayi makarantar firamare da sakandare duka Yelwa. Sannan ya fara jami'ar Bayero dake Kano, inda kafin ya gama ya samu gurbin karatu a jami'ar Madina dake ƙasar Saudi Arabiya bayan gama jami'ar Madina ya kuma karatun digirin digirgir a Malesiya. Yayi karatu a wajen Malamai da dama, irin su Professor Muhammad Sani Umar Rijiyar Lemu, Dr Ibrahim Jalo Jalingo, Dr Abubakar Muhammad Sani Birnin Kudu da sauran su. A Yanzu haka shi Malami ne a Jami'ar Bayero. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni: Haifaffun 1974]] 91ymvruzom4dpc90mbdtmjbcys9v81r 0 166159 915106 2026-09-02T20:12:21Z BerylTurin 48513 Sabon shafi: '''Bernhard S. Heeb''' (* [[1976]]) shi ne wani ɗan Jamus mai binciken zamanin dā. Shi ne [[Kustos (Museum)|Mai Kula da Tarin Gidan Tarihi]] a [[Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Berlin)|Gidan Tarihin Zamanin Dā da Farkon Tarihi na Berlin]].<ref>https://blog.smb.museum/was-macht-eigentlich-bernhard-s-heeb-wissensch-angestellter-am-museum-fuer-vor-und-fruehgeschichte/</ref> == Ayyukan Bincike == Heeb ya jagoranci yawancin tono‑tonon ƙasa na ilimin tarihi, musamman ya... 915106 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bernhard S. Heeb''' (* [[1976]]) shi ne wani ɗan Jamus mai binciken zamanin dā. Shi ne [[Kustos (Museum)|Mai Kula da Tarin Gidan Tarihi]] a [[Museum für Vor- und Frühgeschichte (Berlin)|Gidan Tarihin Zamanin Dā da Farkon Tarihi na Berlin]].<ref>https://blog.smb.museum/was-macht-eigentlich-bernhard-s-heeb-wissensch-angestellter-am-museum-fuer-vor-und-fruehgeschichte/</ref> == Ayyukan Bincike == Heeb ya jagoranci yawancin tono‑tonon ƙasa na ilimin tarihi, musamman ya bayar da gudummawa ga binciken zamanin Bronze a Rumaniya, da kuma binciken zamanin Bronze da farkon zamanin ƙarfe na zamanantar da [[Suusamyr-Plateaus|Dandamalin Suusamyr]] a cikin tsaunukan Tian Shan (Kirgistan).<ref> https://www.smb.museum/museen-einrichtungen/museum-fuer-vor-und-fruehgeschichte/sammeln-forschen/forschung/spaetbronzezeitlichen-anlage-cornesti-iarcuri-im-rumaenischen-banat/</ref> == Muƙamuƙa da Rikice‑rikice == Tuni a shekarar 2016 Heeb ya yi magana game da tarin kwanyar da aka ba shi amanar kula da shi ta yadda mutane da dama suka ji cewa maganganun sun kasance marasa girmamawa kuma ba su da mutunci.<ref> https://www.deutschlandfunk.de/berliner-rasseschaedel-sammlung-wird-erforscht-gepluenderte-100.html</ref> Hadin gwiwarsa da masanin halittar ɗan adam Barbara Teßmann, wadda ta shahara saboda maganganunta na wariyar launin fata, ya haifar da suka daga ƙasashen duniya.<ref> https://www.thestar.com/news/investigations/when-the-dead-come-to-you-you-pay-attention-inside-the-quest-to-bring-home/article_f30b2c68-ec9c-5e4f-8d1c-5fff8849c3.ht3.ht3.ht</ref> == Bayannan Adabi == o9kbswsg2tqngph4rpaijxe9trwfnpq 0 166160 915108 2026-09-02T20:15:01Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369424454|WikiEducator]]" 915108 wikitext text/x-wiki '''WikiEducator''' wani aiki ne na al'umma ta duniya ta yanar gizo don haɗin gwiwa wajen haɓaka kayan ilmantarwa, waɗanda malamai ke da 'yancin sake amfani da su, daidaitawa da raba su ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba. An ƙaddamar da WikiEducator a shekarar 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Article from wikimediafoundation.org |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Invites_Users_to_Take_Part_in_Open,_Collaborative_Video_Experiment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108072403/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Invites_Users_to_Take_Part_in_Open,_Collaborative_Video_Experiment |archive-date=2017-01-08 |access-date=2017-09-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Article from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) website |url=http://www.csir.co.za/enews/2008_aug/ic_02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211611/http://www.csir.co.za/enews/2008_aug/ic_02.html |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2008-10-29}}</ref> kuma Gidauniyar Albarkatun Ilimi ta Buɗaɗɗiya (OER) ce ke tallafawa. <ref name="COL1">{{Cite web |title=News from Commonwealth of Learning portal |url=http://www.col.org/news/Connections/2009jun/Pages/News.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916063814/http://www.col.org/news/Connections/2009jun/Pages/News.aspx |archive-date=2016-09-16 |access-date=2009-07-22}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan albarkatun ilmantarwa iri-iri akan WikiEducator: albarkatun koyarwa kai tsaye kamar tsare-tsaren darasi da cikakkun darussa, da kuma albarkatun tallafin ilmantarwa, kamar hanyoyin shiga makarantu daban-daban da shawarwarin samar da kuɗi. Manufar WikiEducator ita ce gina al'umma mai bunƙasa da dorewa ta duniya wacce ta sadaukar da kanta ga ƙira, haɓakawa da isar da abubuwan da ke cikin kyauta don koyo don cimma sigar manhajar ilimi kyauta nan da shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-29 |title=About Wikieducator Strategy |url=http://www.wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:About#Strategy |publisher=Wikieducator}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-02 |title=Taking knowledge around the globe |url=http://www.canada.com/northshorenews/news/story.html?id=bfe6fdde-f3c8-4994-9c41-39c11f2ab085 |publisher=north shore news}}</ref> Aikin yana da'awar mayar da hankali kan gina ƙarfin amfani da [[MediaWiki]] da fasahohin software kyauta masu alaƙa, haɓaka abun ciki kyauta don amfani a cibiyoyin ilimi da sauran wurare, sauƙaƙe kafa hanyoyin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa na al'umma, da kuma haɓaka sabbin fasahohi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-03-11 |title=About WikiEducator |url=http://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:About |publisher=COL}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wayne Mackintosh ya ƙirƙiri samfurin WikiEducator akan injin tebur, inda ya yi gyara na farko a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Early History of WikiEducator |url=https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator_Early_History |publisher=Wikieducator}}</ref> Ya yi rijistar sunan yankin WikiEducator a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2006 a [[New Zealand]] . A watan Afrilun 2006, an mayar da samfurin zuwa sabar da aka shirya tare da taimakon kuɗi na Commonwealth of Learning (COL). COL ta bayar da tallafi da jagoranci ga aikin, gami da karɓar tallafin dala 100,000 daga Gidauniyar William da Flora Hewlett don haɓaka WikiEducator. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-18 |title=From Greener Cities to Tools for Teachers: Hewlett Foundation Awards $152.1 Million in New Grants |url=https://hewlett.org/newsroom/from-greener-cities-to-tools-for-teachers |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Hewlett Foundation}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuli 2009, WikiEducator ya zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce hedikwata a sabuwar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya a Buɗaɗɗen Ilimi a Otago Polytechnic da ke Dunedin, New Zealand. <ref name="COL1" /> Duk da cewa COL ta ci gaba da ba da wasu tallafin kuɗi ga WikiEducator, Gidauniyar Albarkatun Ilimi ta Buɗaɗɗiya tana kula da kayayyakin fasaha da na aiki na al'ummar WikiEducator bisa ga manufofin da Majalisar Al'ummar WikiEducator ta amince da su. Shafin yanar gizo na WikiEducator ya sanar da cewa zai rufe.  <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mackintosh |first=Wayne |date=9 January 2026 |title=Killed, Not Starved: Deliberate Neglect of the OERF a Failure of Institutional Duty to Open Education |url=https://openeducation.nz/?p=55}}</ref> == Horar da mahalarta == Shirin horo na WikiEducator ana kiransa Learning4Content (L4C). <ref>{{Cite web |title=L4C details from WikiEducator |url=http://wikieducator.org/Learning4Content/About}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin wannan shiri, aikin WikiEducator yana shirya ƙwarewa ta fuska da fuska da kuma ta intanet da kuma horar da ci gaban OER kyauta. Domin mayar da alƙawuran mahalarta na haɓaka hanyar ilmantarwa a kan wiki, al'ummar WikiEducator tana tallafa musu a tafiyarsu ta neman ƙwarewar gyaran wiki da kuma fuskantar tsarin da ya dogara da takwarorinsu don haɓaka OERs. Al'ummar WikiEducator za ta kuma ba da takardar shaidar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Certification details from WikiEducator |url=http://wikieducator.org/WikiMaster}}</ref> sabbin WikiEducators waɗanda ke neman takardar shaidar ƙwarewarsu a ƙarƙashin shirin L4C. == Ganewa == WikiEducator shine wanda ya fara lashe kyautar MERLOT Africa Network saboda kyawawan ayyukan albarkatun ilimi (OERs) a shekarar 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=News page from MERLOT Africa Network's website |url=http://man.merlot.org/meetings/MANeLA%20Awards_Win2008_wikiEd.html}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Wikiversity|Wiki]] == Manazarta == thw3nm47v44xeoh2llvpsmuoq5y2129 915109 915108 2026-09-02T20:15:27Z Arcdanumma047 38699 915109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''WikiEducator''' wani aiki ne na al'umma ta duniya ta yanar gizo don haɗin gwiwa wajen haɓaka kayan ilmantarwa, waɗanda malamai ke da 'yancin sake amfani da su, daidaitawa da raba su ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba. An ƙaddamar da WikiEducator a shekarar 2006 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Article from wikimediafoundation.org |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Invites_Users_to_Take_Part_in_Open,_Collaborative_Video_Experiment |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108072403/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Wikipedia_Invites_Users_to_Take_Part_in_Open,_Collaborative_Video_Experiment |archive-date=2017-01-08 |access-date=2017-09-18}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Article from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) website |url=http://www.csir.co.za/enews/2008_aug/ic_02.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923211611/http://www.csir.co.za/enews/2008_aug/ic_02.html |archive-date=2015-09-23 |access-date=2008-10-29}}</ref> kuma Gidauniyar Albarkatun Ilimi ta Buɗaɗɗiya (OER) ce ke tallafawa. <ref name="COL1">{{Cite web |title=News from Commonwealth of Learning portal |url=http://www.col.org/news/Connections/2009jun/Pages/News.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160916063814/http://www.col.org/news/Connections/2009jun/Pages/News.aspx |archive-date=2016-09-16 |access-date=2009-07-22}}</ref> Akwai nau'ikan albarkatun ilmantarwa iri-iri akan WikiEducator: albarkatun koyarwa kai tsaye kamar tsare-tsaren darasi da cikakkun darussa, da kuma albarkatun tallafin ilmantarwa, kamar hanyoyin shiga makarantu daban-daban da shawarwarin samar da kuɗi. Manufar WikiEducator ita ce gina al'umma mai bunƙasa da dorewa ta duniya wacce ta sadaukar da kanta ga ƙira, haɓakawa da isar da abubuwan da ke cikin kyauta don koyo don cimma sigar manhajar ilimi kyauta nan da shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-10-29 |title=About Wikieducator Strategy |url=http://www.wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:About#Strategy |publisher=Wikieducator}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-02 |title=Taking knowledge around the globe |url=http://www.canada.com/northshorenews/news/story.html?id=bfe6fdde-f3c8-4994-9c41-39c11f2ab085 |publisher=north shore news}}</ref> Aikin yana da'awar mayar da hankali kan gina ƙarfin amfani da [[MediaWiki]] da fasahohin software kyauta masu alaƙa, haɓaka abun ciki kyauta don amfani a cibiyoyin ilimi da sauran wurare, sauƙaƙe kafa hanyoyin sadarwa da haɗin gwiwa na al'umma, da kuma haɓaka sabbin fasahohi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-03-11 |title=About WikiEducator |url=http://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator:About |publisher=COL}}</ref> == Tarihi == Wayne Mackintosh ya ƙirƙiri samfurin WikiEducator akan injin tebur, inda ya yi gyara na farko a ranar 13 ga Fabrairu, 2006. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Early History of WikiEducator |url=https://wikieducator.org/WikiEducator_Early_History |publisher=Wikieducator}}</ref> Ya yi rijistar sunan yankin WikiEducator a ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2006 a [[New Zealand]] . A watan Afrilun 2006, an mayar da samfurin zuwa sabar da aka shirya tare da taimakon kuɗi na Commonwealth of Learning (COL). COL ta bayar da tallafi da jagoranci ga aikin, gami da karɓar tallafin dala 100,000 daga Gidauniyar William da Flora Hewlett don haɓaka WikiEducator. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-12-18 |title=From Greener Cities to Tools for Teachers: Hewlett Foundation Awards $152.1 Million in New Grants |url=https://hewlett.org/newsroom/from-greener-cities-to-tools-for-teachers |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=Hewlett Foundation}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Yuli 2009, WikiEducator ya zama ƙungiya mai zaman kanta, wacce hedikwata a sabuwar Cibiyar Ilimi ta Duniya a Buɗaɗɗen Ilimi a Otago Polytechnic da ke Dunedin, New Zealand. <ref name="COL1" /> Duk da cewa COL ta ci gaba da ba da wasu tallafin kuɗi ga WikiEducator, Gidauniyar Albarkatun Ilimi ta Buɗaɗɗiya tana kula da kayayyakin fasaha da na aiki na al'ummar WikiEducator bisa ga manufofin da Majalisar Al'ummar WikiEducator ta amince da su. Shafin yanar gizo na WikiEducator ya sanar da cewa zai rufe.  <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mackintosh |first=Wayne |date=9 January 2026 |title=Killed, Not Starved: Deliberate Neglect of the OERF a Failure of Institutional Duty to Open Education |url=https://openeducation.nz/?p=55}}</ref> == Horar da mahalarta == Shirin horo na WikiEducator ana kiransa Learning4Content (L4C). <ref>{{Cite web |title=L4C details from WikiEducator |url=http://wikieducator.org/Learning4Content/About}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin wannan shiri, aikin WikiEducator yana shirya ƙwarewa ta fuska da fuska da kuma ta intanet da kuma horar da ci gaban OER kyauta. Domin mayar da alƙawuran mahalarta na haɓaka hanyar ilmantarwa a kan wiki, al'ummar WikiEducator tana tallafa musu a tafiyarsu ta neman ƙwarewar gyaran wiki da kuma fuskantar tsarin da ya dogara da takwarorinsu don haɓaka OERs. Al'ummar WikiEducator za ta kuma ba da takardar shaidar <ref>{{Cite web |title=Certification details from WikiEducator |url=http://wikieducator.org/WikiMaster}}</ref> sabbin WikiEducators waɗanda ke neman takardar shaidar ƙwarewarsu a ƙarƙashin shirin L4C. == Ganewa == WikiEducator shine wanda ya fara lashe kyautar MERLOT Africa Network saboda kyawawan ayyukan albarkatun ilimi (OERs) a shekarar 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=News page from MERLOT Africa Network's website |url=http://man.merlot.org/meetings/MANeLA%20Awards_Win2008_wikiEd.html}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Wikiversity|Wiki]] == Manazarta == 5kwxbjyp1oz73jr9rogayndd092edur 0 166161 915110 2026-09-02T20:16:35Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366451144|Lone Scouts]]" 915110 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lone Scouts''' membobi ne na ƙungiyar Scout waɗanda ke gudanar da ayyukan leken asiri da kansu ko ta hanyar sadarwa ta nesa, yawanci saboda suna zaune a wurare masu keɓancewa ko kuma ba sa shiga ayyukan leken asiri tare da wasu leken asiri. Mai leƙen asiri na iya samun [[Baligi|babban]] shugaban 'yan leƙen asiri ko mai ba da shawara wanda zai iya koyarwa da kuma kula da su. Za su iya bin wannan shirin kamar sauran 'yan Scout kuma za su iya ci gaba kamar sauran 'yan Scout. Akwai Lone Scouts a ƙasashe da dama a duniya, ciki har da Ostiraliya, Burtaniya, [[Kanada]] da Amurka . == Tarihi == John Hargrave shine wanda ya zaburar da ƙungiyar Lone Scouts. Hargrave ya rubuta jerin kasidu ga "Lone Scouts", ya gudanar da Lonecraft Camps kuma ya rubuta '''''Lonecraft, littafin jagora ga Lone Scouts''''', wanda aka buga a 1913. Littafin Hargrave ya yi magana game da Lone Scouts da Lone Patrols. Hargrave ya sadaukar da littafinsa ga masanin kimiyyar halitta Ernest Thompson Seton, wanda ya kafa Woodcraft League . Hargrave ɗan asalin ƙungiyar Boy Scout ne, kuma a shekarar 1917, ya zama Kwamishinan Woodcraft da Sansani a ƙungiyar Boy Scouts ta Baden-Powell, amma Baden-Powell da ƙungiyarsa sun ƙi amincewa da ƙungiyar Lone Scouts da Woodcraft Scouting ta Hargrave. Hargrave, wani tsohon soja mai rajin kare zaman lafiya na Quaker kuma tsohon soja a yakin Gallipoli na 1915, ya kara nuna rashin jin dadinsa game da shugabancin sojoji da kuma amfani da karfin soji na Baden-Powell Boy Scouts, kuma a watan Fabrairu, 1919, ya yi taro da shugabannin Scouts masu ra'ayi iri daya. A shekarar 1920 Hargrave ya kafa Kindred of the Kibbo Kift kuma a watan Janairun 1921 aka kore shi daga ƙungiyar Baden-Powell. Yawancin 'yan Scouts na Lone sun rabu da ƙungiyar Baden-Powell, wasu sun shiga Kibbo Kift ta Hargrave yayin da wasu suka shiga British Boy Scouts, wasu National Peace Scouts ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama 'yan Scouts masu zaman kansu da kuma sintiri. Daga baya ƙungiyar 'yan Scouts ta Baden-Powell ta amince da kalmar "Lone Scout" a hukumance. An kafa ƙungiyar Lone Scouts of America a shekarar 1915 ta hannun William D. Boyce, wani ɗan kasuwa a jaridar Chicago. Wannan ƙungiya ta haɗu da Boy Scouts of America a shekarar 1924; an ci gaba da aikinta ta hanyar shirye-shiryen BSA Lone Cub Scout da Lone Boy Scout. <ref name="wdboyce">{{Cite web |title=William Dickson Boyce |url=https://wdboyce.org/about-w-d-boyce |website=W. D. Boyce Council, BSA}}</ref> == Ka'idojin Amurka == [[File:Lone_scout_001.png|thumb| Shirin Tauraro na Lone]] Matasa a Amurka waɗanda suka cancanci zama Lone Scouts sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lone Scout Plan |url=https://www.scouting.org/commissioners/lone-scout |website=BSA}}</ref> * 'Ya'yan 'yan ƙasar Amurka waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasashen waje * Musayar ɗalibai daga Amurka na tsawon shekara ɗaya ko fiye * Yara masu nakasa waɗanda ka iya hana su halartar tarurrukan yau da kullun na ƙungiyoyi ko sojoji * Yara a yankunan karkara waɗanda ke zaune nesa da sashin 'yan leƙen asiri * 'Ya'yan/'Ya'yan ma'aikatan gona na ƙaura * Yara da ke zuwa makarantun dare ko makarantun kwana * Yara waɗanda ke da ayyukan yi waɗanda ke karo da tarurrukan sojoji * Yara waɗanda iyalansu ke yawan tafiye-tafiye, kamar iyalan da ke zaune a cikin jiragen ruwa, masu wa'azi, da sauransu. * Yara waɗanda ke canza tsarin zama tare da iyaye waɗanda ke zaune a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban * Yara da ba sa iya halartar tarurrukan raka'a saboda cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa masu barazana ga rayuwa * Yaran da iyayensu suka yi imanin cewa ɗansu na iya fuskantar haɗari ta hanyar halartar tarurrukan sashin Scout * Yara da ake yi musu karatu a gida kuma iyayensu ba sa son su yi zaman tare da sauran yara a cikin ƙungiyar matasa. == Duba kuma == * Jagororin Lone * Lone Scouts na Amurka == Manazarta == hhm3gpcx7mnkz9zmy19r0nwttmcd9f3 915111 915110 2026-09-02T20:16:58Z Arcdanumma047 38699 915111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lone Scouts''' membobi ne na ƙungiyar Scout waɗanda ke gudanar da ayyukan leken asiri da kansu ko ta hanyar sadarwa ta nesa, yawanci saboda suna zaune a wurare masu keɓancewa ko kuma ba sa shiga ayyukan leken asiri tare da wasu leken asiri. Mai leƙen asiri na iya samun [[Baligi|babban]] shugaban 'yan leƙen asiri ko mai ba da shawara wanda zai iya koyarwa da kuma kula da su. Za su iya bin wannan shirin kamar sauran 'yan Scout kuma za su iya ci gaba kamar sauran 'yan Scout. Akwai Lone Scouts a ƙasashe da dama a duniya, ciki har da Ostiraliya, Burtaniya, [[Kanada]] da Amurka . == Tarihi == John Hargrave shine wanda ya zaburar da ƙungiyar Lone Scouts. Hargrave ya rubuta jerin kasidu ga "Lone Scouts", ya gudanar da Lonecraft Camps kuma ya rubuta '''''Lonecraft, littafin jagora ga Lone Scouts''''', wanda aka buga a 1913. Littafin Hargrave ya yi magana game da Lone Scouts da Lone Patrols. Hargrave ya sadaukar da littafinsa ga masanin kimiyyar halitta Ernest Thompson Seton, wanda ya kafa Woodcraft League . Hargrave ɗan asalin ƙungiyar Boy Scout ne, kuma a shekarar 1917, ya zama Kwamishinan Woodcraft da Sansani a ƙungiyar Boy Scouts ta Baden-Powell, amma Baden-Powell da ƙungiyarsa sun ƙi amincewa da ƙungiyar Lone Scouts da Woodcraft Scouting ta Hargrave. Hargrave, wani tsohon soja mai rajin kare zaman lafiya na Quaker kuma tsohon soja a yakin Gallipoli na 1915, ya kara nuna rashin jin dadinsa game da shugabancin sojoji da kuma amfani da karfin soji na Baden-Powell Boy Scouts, kuma a watan Fabrairu, 1919, ya yi taro da shugabannin Scouts masu ra'ayi iri daya. A shekarar 1920 Hargrave ya kafa Kindred of the Kibbo Kift kuma a watan Janairun 1921 aka kore shi daga ƙungiyar Baden-Powell. Yawancin 'yan Scouts na Lone sun rabu da ƙungiyar Baden-Powell, wasu sun shiga Kibbo Kift ta Hargrave yayin da wasu suka shiga British Boy Scouts, wasu National Peace Scouts ko kuma suka ci gaba da zama 'yan Scouts masu zaman kansu da kuma sintiri. Daga baya ƙungiyar 'yan Scouts ta Baden-Powell ta amince da kalmar "Lone Scout" a hukumance. An kafa ƙungiyar Lone Scouts of America a shekarar 1915 ta hannun William D. Boyce, wani ɗan kasuwa a jaridar Chicago. Wannan ƙungiya ta haɗu da Boy Scouts of America a shekarar 1924; an ci gaba da aikinta ta hanyar shirye-shiryen BSA Lone Cub Scout da Lone Boy Scout. <ref name="wdboyce">{{Cite web |title=William Dickson Boyce |url=https://wdboyce.org/about-w-d-boyce |website=W. D. Boyce Council, BSA}}</ref> == Ka'idojin Amurka == [[File:Lone_scout_001.png|thumb| Shirin Tauraro na Lone]] Matasa a Amurka waɗanda suka cancanci zama Lone Scouts sun haɗa da: <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Lone Scout Plan |url=https://www.scouting.org/commissioners/lone-scout |website=BSA}}</ref> * 'Ya'yan 'yan ƙasar Amurka waɗanda ke zaune a ƙasashen waje * Musayar ɗalibai daga Amurka na tsawon shekara ɗaya ko fiye * Yara masu nakasa waɗanda ka iya hana su halartar tarurrukan yau da kullun na ƙungiyoyi ko sojoji * Yara a yankunan karkara waɗanda ke zaune nesa da sashin 'yan leƙen asiri * 'Ya'yan/'Ya'yan ma'aikatan gona na ƙaura * Yara da ke zuwa makarantun dare ko makarantun kwana * Yara waɗanda ke da ayyukan yi waɗanda ke karo da tarurrukan sojoji * Yara waɗanda iyalansu ke yawan tafiye-tafiye, kamar iyalan da ke zaune a cikin jiragen ruwa, masu wa'azi, da sauransu. * Yara waɗanda ke canza tsarin zama tare da iyaye waɗanda ke zaune a cikin al'ummomi daban-daban * Yara da ba sa iya halartar tarurrukan raka'a saboda cututtukan da ke yaɗuwa masu barazana ga rayuwa * Yaran da iyayensu suka yi imanin cewa ɗansu na iya fuskantar haɗari ta hanyar halartar tarurrukan sashin Scout * Yara da ake yi musu karatu a gida kuma iyayensu ba sa son su yi zaman tare da sauran yara a cikin ƙungiyar matasa. == Duba kuma == * Jagororin Lone * Lone Scouts na Amurka == Manazarta == igbw67b3snrgjfdb3111bz97koc1fk5 0 166162 915112 2026-09-02T20:17:33Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301641891|Zephaniah Marryat]]" 915112 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Zephaniah Marryat''' (1684–1754) wani limamin Ingila ne mai ra'ayin rashin bin ƙa'ida . Ya kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayin Calvin . == Sana'a == Marryat malamar makaranta ce a makarantun da ba su da ra'ayi wanda ƙungiyar Sarki ta dauki nauyin daukar nauyinsa . Tsakanin 1743 da 1744 ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Stepney; <ref name="DacaZM">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Marryatt, Zephaniah (c.1684-c.1754) |url=http://dissacad.english.qmul.ac.uk/new_dissacad/phpfiles/sample1.php?parameter=personretrieve&alpha=1689 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224090550/http://dissacad.english.qmul.ac.uk/new_dissacad/phpfiles/sample1.php?parameter=personretrieve&alpha=1689 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=21 December 2013 |publisher=Dr Williams’s Centre for Dissenting Studies}}</ref> sannan ya koyar a Kwalejin Plaisterer's Hall. <ref name="DacaPHA">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Plaisterer's Hall Academy (1744-1754) |url=http://dissacad.english.qmul.ac.uk/new_dissacad/phpfiles/sample1.php?parameter=academyretrieve&alpha=130 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105733/http://dissacad.english.qmul.ac.uk/new_dissacad/phpfiles/sample1.php?parameter=academyretrieve&alpha=130 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=21 December 2013 |publisher=Dr Williams’s Centre for Dissenting Studies}}</ref> A Plaisterer's Hall, shi ne malamin Robert Robinson da Thomas Williams . <ref name="DacaZM" /> <ref name="NHW1">{{Cite web |last=Harvey-Williams |first=Nevil |date=March 2011 |title=The Williams Family in the 18th and 19th Centuries - Part 1 |url=http://www.williams.gen.nz/18and19a.html#thogos |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> An kuma aika masa da Joseph Priestley, amma Priestley ya 'ƙi amincewa da' sharadin biyan kuɗi ga 'labarai goma da aka buga a cikin addinin Calvin mafi tsauri' duk bayan watanni shida. Bayan Zephaniah Marryat ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, John Conder ya cike gurbinsa a matsayin malamin tauhidi a wannan makarantar, yayin da Samuel Pike ya gaje shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin malaman da ke koyarwa a ranar Talata a zauren Pinners. <ref name="DacaZM" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi ne mahaifin Thomas Marryat . == Manazarta == s1tszwf2pu0je1xluiowt1w2afxt5hf 915113 915112 2026-09-02T20:18:03Z Arcdanumma047 38699 915113 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zephaniah Marryat''' (1684–1754) wani limamin Ingila ne mai ra'ayin rashin bin ƙa'ida . Ya kasance mai tsaurin ra'ayin Calvin . == Sana'a == Marryat malamar makaranta ce a makarantun da ba su da ra'ayi wanda ƙungiyar Sarki ta dauki nauyin daukar nauyinsa . Tsakanin 1743 da 1744 ya kasance malami a Kwalejin Stepney; <ref name="DacaZM">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Marryatt, Zephaniah (c.1684-c.1754) |url=http://dissacad.english.qmul.ac.uk/new_dissacad/phpfiles/sample1.php?parameter=personretrieve&alpha=1689 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224090550/http://dissacad.english.qmul.ac.uk/new_dissacad/phpfiles/sample1.php?parameter=personretrieve&alpha=1689 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=21 December 2013 |publisher=Dr Williams’s Centre for Dissenting Studies}}</ref> sannan ya koyar a Kwalejin Plaisterer's Hall. <ref name="DacaPHA">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Plaisterer's Hall Academy (1744-1754) |url=http://dissacad.english.qmul.ac.uk/new_dissacad/phpfiles/sample1.php?parameter=academyretrieve&alpha=130 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105733/http://dissacad.english.qmul.ac.uk/new_dissacad/phpfiles/sample1.php?parameter=academyretrieve&alpha=130 |archive-date=24 December 2013 |access-date=21 December 2013 |publisher=Dr Williams’s Centre for Dissenting Studies}}</ref> A Plaisterer's Hall, shi ne malamin Robert Robinson da Thomas Williams . <ref name="DacaZM" /> <ref name="NHW1">{{Cite web |last=Harvey-Williams |first=Nevil |date=March 2011 |title=The Williams Family in the 18th and 19th Centuries - Part 1 |url=http://www.williams.gen.nz/18and19a.html#thogos |access-date=21 December 2013}}</ref> An kuma aika masa da Joseph Priestley, amma Priestley ya 'ƙi amincewa da' sharadin biyan kuɗi ga 'labarai goma da aka buga a cikin addinin Calvin mafi tsauri' duk bayan watanni shida. Bayan Zephaniah Marryat ya mutu ba zato ba tsammani, John Conder ya cike gurbinsa a matsayin malamin tauhidi a wannan makarantar, yayin da Samuel Pike ya gaje shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin malaman da ke koyarwa a ranar Talata a zauren Pinners. <ref name="DacaZM" /> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Shi ne mahaifin Thomas Marryat . == Manazarta == k12lui8hlb38914beqbdu3je6nwukwl 0 166163 915114 2026-09-02T20:19:15Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360499676|European Democratic Education Community]]" 915114 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Dimokuraɗiyya ta Turai''' ( '''EUDEC''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta [[Turai|ta Turai]] wadda ke haɓaka [[Ilimi na dimokuradiyya|ilimin dimokuraɗiyya]] a matsayin tsarin ilimi mai ma'ana ga dukkan ƙasashen dimokuraɗiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles of Association |url=https://www.eudec.org/Articles+of+Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502102109/https://www.eudec.org/Articles%2Bof%2BAssociation |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=2 May 2019 |website=EUDEC Website}}</ref> EUDEC na da nufin ci gaba da ilimin dimokuradiyya a Turai. An kafa ƙungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2008 <ref name="Gronert">Gronert, Maren & Alban Schraut (Hrsg.), Handbuch Vereine der Reformpädagogik, Bibliotheca Akademica, Reihe Pädagogik, Band 13, {{ISBN|978-3-95650-459-4}}, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden, 2018, p. 455</ref> <ref>Klemm, Ulrich (2013): Geschichte und Gegenwart Freier Demokratischer Schulen. Warte, bis der Schüler den ersten Schritt macht. In: Gürlevik, Aydin (Hrsg.)/ Palentien, Christian (Hrsg.)/ Heyer, Robert (Hrsg.): Privatschulen versus staatliche Schulen. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. {{ISBN|978-3-531-18199-8}}, p. 133</ref> a matsayin wani aiki na [http://www.phoenixeducation.co.uk/ Phoenix Education Trust] da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], kuma ƙungiyar ta kasance ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai rijista mai zaman kanta NGO a [[Jamus]] tun daga 2009. Membobin EUDEC mutane ne, makarantu da cibiyoyi a faɗin Turai waɗanda suka shafe shekaru da dama suna aiki a fannin ilimin dimokuraɗiyya. Tsarin EUDEC yana nuna falsafar ilimin dimokuradiyya wanda ke ba da shawara cewa ɗaliban makaranta ya kamata su taka rawa a dukkan matakan ƙungiyar: misali a matsayin membobinta, a cikin shirye-shiryen taro, shirya shirye-shirye da kuma Majalisar EUDEC kanta. EUDEC tana sauƙaƙe hanyar sadarwa ta masu ilimin dimokuradiyya da cibiyoyi masu goyon bayan juna ta hanyar musayar bayanai ta yanar gizo game da ilimin dimokuradiyya a ka'ida da aiki, wallafe-wallafe, tarurruka, tarurruka da tarurrukan karawa juna sani, haɗin gwiwar makarantu da musayar ra'ayoyi. Mutane, makarantu, ƙungiyoyin fara makaranta da ƙungiyoyi na iya zama membobin Al'umma. Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2018, ƙungiyar tana wakiltar mutane kusan 8000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi 72 daga ƙasashe 29, ciki har da ɗaliban makaranta sama da 7,800, makarantu 44, ƙungiyoyin farawa 26 da ƙungiyoyi 2, ciki har da [http://www.freie-alternativschulen.de Ƙungiyar Makarantun Madadin Kyauta ta Jamus (BFAS)] da kuma [http://www.phoenixeducation.co.uk/ Phoenix Education Trust] da ke Burtaniya, da kuma kimanin membobi 400. <ref name="Gronert" /> An ambaci EUDEC a cikin wallafe-wallafe da dama game da haɗa ilimi . <ref>Nicola Kriesel/Hannah Hummel/Petra Burmeister, Spagat zwischen Inklusion und Exklusion? Teilhabe von Eltern in der Konzeption von Demokratischen Schulen, p. 190, in: Robert Kruschel (Hrsg.), Menschenrechtsbasierte Bildung. Inklusive und Demokratische Lern- und Erfahrungswelten im Fokus, Bad Heilbrunn 2017, {{ISBN|9783781521490}}</ref> <ref>Niklas Gidion, Der Beitrag der "Demokratischen Schulen" zu einem inklusiven Schulsystem, p. 211, in: Andreas Hinz (Hrsg.), Auf dem Weg zur Schule für alle. Barrieren überwinden – inklusive Pädagogik entwickeln, Marburg 2011, {{ISBN|9783886173167}}.</ref> <ref>Meital Hershkovich/Toni Simon, Demokratie als Grundlage 'guter' und inklusionsorientierter Schulen, p. 225, in: Gabriel Hund-Göschel/Swantje Hadeler/Klaus Moegling (Hrsg.), Was sind gute Schulen? Teil 1: Konzeptionelle Überlegungen und Diskussion, Immenhausen bei Kassel, 2016, {{ISBN|3934575889}}</ref> EUDEC tana neman haɗin gwiwa da sauran ƙungiyoyin Turai da suka shafi ilimi kamar Majalisar Turai, [[Tarayyar Turai]] ta hanyar Shirin Erasmus, [https://www.obessu.org/about/members/switzerland/union-der-schulerorganisationen-ch-fl-uso/ Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ɗalibai ta Switzerland (USO)] da Ofishin Shirya Ƙungiyoyin Ɗaliban Makarantun Turai (OBESSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=EUDEC website |url=https://www.eudec.org/tiki-index.php?page=USO%20(de)&no_bl=y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231149/https://www.eudec.org/tiki-index.php?page=USO%20(de)&no_bl=y |archive-date=2019-03-28 |access-date=2019-03-28}}</ref> Tana neman tattaunawa da musayar bayanai da tsarin ilimin jihohi na ƙasa ta hanyar waɗannan ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa. A shekarar 2016, EUDEC ta shiga cikin taron duniya kan dimokuradiyya wanda Majalisar Turai ta shirya. A shekarar 2018, wata makarantar membobin EUDEC, [https://schule.netzwerkspielkultur.de/ Netzwerk Schule (Berlin)], ta shiga tare da makarantun jiha 10 daga ƙasashe da yawa a Majalisar Turai [https://www.coe.int/en/web/education/-/council-of-europe-campaign-free-to-speak-safe-to-learn- 'Yancin Magana da Koyo.] Taron ayyukan [https://www.coe.int/en/web/education/-/council-of-europe-campaign-free-to-speak-safe-to-learn- Makarantun Demokradiyya don Duk wanda] aka gudanar a Cibiyar Wergeland ta Turai da ke Oslo. EUDEC kuma tana neman tattaunawa da tsarin makarantun jiha a matakin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙaruwar yawan rassanta na ƙasa kamar EUDEC HUNGARY, EUDEC FRANCE da EUDEC GIRECE. A shekarar 2008/2009, EUDEC wani aiki ne na shekara-shekara na Ilimi don Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . An kafa Ƙungiyar a layi ɗaya da [[Taron Ilimi na Demokradiyyar Turai|Taron Ilimi na Dimokuraɗiyya na Turai]], wanda yanzu ya zama wani ɓangare na ayyukan Al'umma na yau da kullun. Taron, wanda ke gudana kowace shekara, ya kuma haɗa da babban taron membobi na EUDEC na shekara-shekara, inda ake zaɓen jami'an al'umma kuma ake yanke shawara game da manufofin al'umma. Duk bayan shekaru biyu Al'umma tana zaɓar Majalisar da ta ƙunshi membobi 7 zuwa 11 waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokinta tsakanin majalisun dokoki. == Ilimin Dimokuradiyya == Akwai manyan ginshiƙai guda biyu na ilimin dimokuradiyya: ilmantarwa kai tsaye/tsare kai a cikin al'umma bisa tsarin dimokuradiyya da haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da daidaito da girmama juna tsakanin manya da yara/matasa. Ɗaliban makarantu da jami'o'i na dimokuradiyya suna zaɓar yadda za su yi amfani da lokacinsu a makaranta, su bi abin da suke so, sannan su shirya kansu don rayuwarsu da kuma zaɓar sana'o'in da za su yi. Koyo na iya faruwa a cikin azuzuwa, kamar a makarantun gargajiya, amma kuma ta hanyoyi da yawa a wajen azuzuwa kamar ilmantarwa ta yau da kullun, kamar nazarin kai tsaye, bincike ta intanet, horon aiki, yin wasanni, yin aikin sa kai, yin ayyuka, ziyartar gidajen tarihi, tafiye-tafiye da tattaunawa da abokai da malamai. Mafi kyawun wuri don rayuwa, koyo, ko aiki, shine wurin da ake girmama haƙƙoƙinmu da ra'ayoyinmu. Makarantun Democrat suna da tarurrukan makarantu inda dukkan membobin al'umma ke da kuri'u iri ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ko matsayi ba. Dalibai da malamai suna zama tare a matsayin daidai gwargwado don tattaunawa da kaɗa ƙuri'a kan dokokin makaranta, manhajoji, ayyuka, ɗaukar ma'aikata da kuma batutuwan kasafin kuɗi. Wannan tsari yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da makarantun dimokuradiyya ke ƙirƙirar yanayi inda yara za su iya bunƙasa kuma su girma su zama mutane masu haƙuri, masu buɗe zuciya, masu alhakin da suka san yadda za su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da kuma sauraron na wasu da kuma zama 'yan ƙasa masu himma a cikin al'ummar dimokuradiyya ta zamani. Suna da kayan aiki sosai don gudanar da rayuwarsu da kuma ƙirƙirar asalinsu, don haka za su iya fuskantar ƙalubalen da ke tasowa na Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Huɗu . == Abubuwan da suka faru na EUDEC == Taron farko na EUDEC ya gudana a Leipzig, Jamus daga 25 ga Yuli zuwa 3 ga Agusta 2008. Tun daga shekarar 2008, ana gudanar da babban taro ko taro na shekara-shekara na EUDEC kowace shekara. An jera abubuwan da suka faru a ƙasa bisa ga tsarin lokaci: * 2008 - Taron EUDEC Leipzig, Jamus - [http://www.freie-schule-leipzig.de Freie Schule Leipzig] ya shirya * 2009 - Babban Taron Shekara-shekara na EUDEC Cieszyn, Poland * 2010 - Babban Taro na Shekara-shekara na EUDEC Roskilde, Denmark - [http://www.detfri.dk/ Det frie Gymnasium] da [http://www.dendemokratiskeskole.dk/ Den Demokratiske Skole] suka shirya * 2011 - Taron IDEC@EUDEC Devon, Ingila. Wannan taron ya haɗa da Taron EUDEC da [[Taron Ilimi na Dimokuradiyya na Duniya|Taron Ilimi na Dimokuraɗiyya na Duniya na 2011 (IDEC)]] - [https://www.eudec.org/IDEC-EUDEC+2011] * 2012 - [http://www.eudec.org/eudec2012 Taron EUDEC Freiburg], Jamus - wanda [http://www.kapriole-freiburg.de/ Kapriole] ya shirya - [https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2012] * 2013 - Taron EUDEC, Netherlands - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121735/http://www.eudec.org/eudec2013] * 2014 - Taron EUDEC, Copenhagen, Denmark - An shirya shi ta Det Frie Gymnasium - [https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2014] Archived * 2015 - Taron EUDEC, Warsaw, Poland - An dauki nauyin shirin ta Fundacji Bullerbyn - [https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2015] Archived * 2016 - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160218145714/http://idec2016.org/wp/?lang=en IDEC@EUDEC], Mikkeli, Finland * 2017 - Taron EUDEC, Paris, Faransa - [http://www.eudec.fr/eudec-conference-paris-2017] * 2018 - Taron EUDEC, Crete, Girka - [https://eudec.gr/en/eudec-2018/] * 2019 - Taron EUDEC HUNGARY, [[Budapest]] Maris 2019 * 2019 - Taron IDEC@EUDEC, Kiev da Vinnytsia, Ukraine, 1. - 9. Agusta - [https://www.eudec.org/Conference] == Makarantun membobinsu == * Summerhill Great Britain (wanda aka kafa a 1921) * [[Makarantar Sands]] Great Britain (an kafa ta a shekarar 1987) * Neue Schule Hamburg Jamus (wanda aka kafa 2007) * [http://detfri.dk/in-english/ Det frie Gymnasium] Danmark (wanda aka kafa 1970) Ana iya samun ƙarin makarantun membobin a [https://eudec.org/eudecwp/schools/] . == Duba kuma == * [[Taron Ilimi na Demokradiyyar Turai|Taron Ilimi na 'Yan Democrat na Turai]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4mpmbjl2afa2o57wbhfe5w64iz3lwua 915115 915114 2026-09-02T20:19:40Z Arcdanumma047 38699 915115 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Dimokuraɗiyya ta Turai''' ( '''EUDEC''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta [[Turai|ta Turai]] wadda ke haɓaka [[Ilimi na dimokuradiyya|ilimin dimokuraɗiyya]] a matsayin tsarin ilimi mai ma'ana ga dukkan ƙasashen dimokuraɗiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles of Association |url=https://www.eudec.org/Articles+of+Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502102109/https://www.eudec.org/Articles%2Bof%2BAssociation |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=2 May 2019 |website=EUDEC Website}}</ref> EUDEC na da nufin ci gaba da ilimin dimokuradiyya a Turai. An kafa ƙungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2008 <ref name="Gronert">Gronert, Maren & Alban Schraut (Hrsg.), Handbuch Vereine der Reformpädagogik, Bibliotheca Akademica, Reihe Pädagogik, Band 13, {{ISBN|978-3-95650-459-4}}, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden, 2018, p. 455</ref> <ref>Klemm, Ulrich (2013): Geschichte und Gegenwart Freier Demokratischer Schulen. Warte, bis der Schüler den ersten Schritt macht. In: Gürlevik, Aydin (Hrsg.)/ Palentien, Christian (Hrsg.)/ Heyer, Robert (Hrsg.): Privatschulen versus staatliche Schulen. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. {{ISBN|978-3-531-18199-8}}, p. 133</ref> a matsayin wani aiki na [http://www.phoenixeducation.co.uk/ Phoenix Education Trust] da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], kuma ƙungiyar ta kasance ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai rijista mai zaman kanta NGO a [[Jamus]] tun daga 2009. Membobin EUDEC mutane ne, makarantu da cibiyoyi a faɗin Turai waɗanda suka shafe shekaru da dama suna aiki a fannin ilimin dimokuraɗiyya. Tsarin EUDEC yana nuna falsafar ilimin dimokuradiyya wanda ke ba da shawara cewa ɗaliban makaranta ya kamata su taka rawa a dukkan matakan ƙungiyar: misali a matsayin membobinta, a cikin shirye-shiryen taro, shirya shirye-shirye da kuma Majalisar EUDEC kanta. EUDEC tana sauƙaƙe hanyar sadarwa ta masu ilimin dimokuradiyya da cibiyoyi masu goyon bayan juna ta hanyar musayar bayanai ta yanar gizo game da ilimin dimokuradiyya a ka'ida da aiki, wallafe-wallafe, tarurruka, tarurruka da tarurrukan karawa juna sani, haɗin gwiwar makarantu da musayar ra'ayoyi. Mutane, makarantu, ƙungiyoyin fara makaranta da ƙungiyoyi na iya zama membobin Al'umma. Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2018, ƙungiyar tana wakiltar mutane kusan 8000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi 72 daga ƙasashe 29, ciki har da ɗaliban makaranta sama da 7,800, makarantu 44, ƙungiyoyin farawa 26 da ƙungiyoyi 2, ciki har da [http://www.freie-alternativschulen.de Ƙungiyar Makarantun Madadin Kyauta ta Jamus (BFAS)] da kuma [http://www.phoenixeducation.co.uk/ Phoenix Education Trust] da ke Burtaniya, da kuma kimanin membobi 400. <ref name="Gronert" /> An ambaci EUDEC a cikin wallafe-wallafe da dama game da haɗa ilimi . <ref>Nicola Kriesel/Hannah Hummel/Petra Burmeister, Spagat zwischen Inklusion und Exklusion? Teilhabe von Eltern in der Konzeption von Demokratischen Schulen, p. 190, in: Robert Kruschel (Hrsg.), Menschenrechtsbasierte Bildung. Inklusive und Demokratische Lern- und Erfahrungswelten im Fokus, Bad Heilbrunn 2017, {{ISBN|9783781521490}}</ref> <ref>Niklas Gidion, Der Beitrag der "Demokratischen Schulen" zu einem inklusiven Schulsystem, p. 211, in: Andreas Hinz (Hrsg.), Auf dem Weg zur Schule für alle. Barrieren überwinden – inklusive Pädagogik entwickeln, Marburg 2011, {{ISBN|9783886173167}}.</ref> <ref>Meital Hershkovich/Toni Simon, Demokratie als Grundlage 'guter' und inklusionsorientierter Schulen, p. 225, in: Gabriel Hund-Göschel/Swantje Hadeler/Klaus Moegling (Hrsg.), Was sind gute Schulen? Teil 1: Konzeptionelle Überlegungen und Diskussion, Immenhausen bei Kassel, 2016, {{ISBN|3934575889}}</ref> EUDEC tana neman haɗin gwiwa da sauran ƙungiyoyin Turai da suka shafi ilimi kamar Majalisar Turai, [[Tarayyar Turai]] ta hanyar Shirin Erasmus, [https://www.obessu.org/about/members/switzerland/union-der-schulerorganisationen-ch-fl-uso/ Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ɗalibai ta Switzerland (USO)] da Ofishin Shirya Ƙungiyoyin Ɗaliban Makarantun Turai (OBESSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=EUDEC website |url=https://www.eudec.org/tiki-index.php?page=USO%20(de)&no_bl=y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231149/https://www.eudec.org/tiki-index.php?page=USO%20(de)&no_bl=y |archive-date=2019-03-28 |access-date=2019-03-28}}</ref> Tana neman tattaunawa da musayar bayanai da tsarin ilimin jihohi na ƙasa ta hanyar waɗannan ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa. A shekarar 2016, EUDEC ta shiga cikin taron duniya kan dimokuradiyya wanda Majalisar Turai ta shirya. A shekarar 2018, wata makarantar membobin EUDEC, [https://schule.netzwerkspielkultur.de/ Netzwerk Schule (Berlin)], ta shiga tare da makarantun jiha 10 daga ƙasashe da yawa a Majalisar Turai [https://www.coe.int/en/web/education/-/council-of-europe-campaign-free-to-speak-safe-to-learn- 'Yancin Magana da Koyo.] Taron ayyukan [https://www.coe.int/en/web/education/-/council-of-europe-campaign-free-to-speak-safe-to-learn- Makarantun Demokradiyya don Duk wanda] aka gudanar a Cibiyar Wergeland ta Turai da ke Oslo. EUDEC kuma tana neman tattaunawa da tsarin makarantun jiha a matakin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙaruwar yawan rassanta na ƙasa kamar EUDEC HUNGARY, EUDEC FRANCE da EUDEC GIRECE. A shekarar 2008/2009, EUDEC wani aiki ne na shekara-shekara na Ilimi don Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . An kafa Ƙungiyar a layi ɗaya da [[Taron Ilimi na Demokradiyyar Turai|Taron Ilimi na Dimokuraɗiyya na Turai]], wanda yanzu ya zama wani ɓangare na ayyukan Al'umma na yau da kullun. Taron, wanda ke gudana kowace shekara, ya kuma haɗa da babban taron membobi na EUDEC na shekara-shekara, inda ake zaɓen jami'an al'umma kuma ake yanke shawara game da manufofin al'umma. Duk bayan shekaru biyu Al'umma tana zaɓar Majalisar da ta ƙunshi membobi 7 zuwa 11 waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokinta tsakanin majalisun dokoki. == Ilimin Dimokuradiyya == Akwai manyan ginshiƙai guda biyu na ilimin dimokuradiyya: ilmantarwa kai tsaye/tsare kai a cikin al'umma bisa tsarin dimokuradiyya da haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da daidaito da girmama juna tsakanin manya da yara/matasa. Ɗaliban makarantu da jami'o'i na dimokuradiyya suna zaɓar yadda za su yi amfani da lokacinsu a makaranta, su bi abin da suke so, sannan su shirya kansu don rayuwarsu da kuma zaɓar sana'o'in da za su yi. Koyo na iya faruwa a cikin azuzuwa, kamar a makarantun gargajiya, amma kuma ta hanyoyi da yawa a wajen azuzuwa kamar ilmantarwa ta yau da kullun, kamar nazarin kai tsaye, bincike ta intanet, horon aiki, yin wasanni, yin aikin sa kai, yin ayyuka, ziyartar gidajen tarihi, tafiye-tafiye da tattaunawa da abokai da malamai. Mafi kyawun wuri don rayuwa, koyo, ko aiki, shine wurin da ake girmama haƙƙoƙinmu da ra'ayoyinmu. Makarantun Democrat suna da tarurrukan makarantu inda dukkan membobin al'umma ke da kuri'u iri ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ko matsayi ba. Dalibai da malamai suna zama tare a matsayin daidai gwargwado don tattaunawa da kaɗa ƙuri'a kan dokokin makaranta, manhajoji, ayyuka, ɗaukar ma'aikata da kuma batutuwan kasafin kuɗi. Wannan tsari yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da makarantun dimokuradiyya ke ƙirƙirar yanayi inda yara za su iya bunƙasa kuma su girma su zama mutane masu haƙuri, masu buɗe zuciya, masu alhakin da suka san yadda za su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da kuma sauraron na wasu da kuma zama 'yan ƙasa masu himma a cikin al'ummar dimokuradiyya ta zamani. Suna da kayan aiki sosai don gudanar da rayuwarsu da kuma ƙirƙirar asalinsu, don haka za su iya fuskantar ƙalubalen da ke tasowa na Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Huɗu . == Abubuwan da suka faru na EUDEC == Taron farko na EUDEC ya gudana a Leipzig, Jamus daga 25 ga Yuli zuwa 3 ga Agusta 2008. Tun daga shekarar 2008, ana gudanar da babban taro ko taro na shekara-shekara na EUDEC kowace shekara. An jera abubuwan da suka faru a ƙasa bisa ga tsarin lokaci: * 2008 - Taron EUDEC Leipzig, Jamus - [http://www.freie-schule-leipzig.de Freie Schule Leipzig] ya shirya * 2009 - Babban Taron Shekara-shekara na EUDEC Cieszyn, Poland * 2010 - Babban Taro na Shekara-shekara na EUDEC Roskilde, Denmark - [http://www.detfri.dk/ Det frie Gymnasium] da [http://www.dendemokratiskeskole.dk/ Den Demokratiske Skole] suka shirya * 2011 - Taron IDEC@EUDEC Devon, Ingila. Wannan taron ya haɗa da Taron EUDEC da [[Taron Ilimi na Dimokuradiyya na Duniya|Taron Ilimi na Dimokuraɗiyya na Duniya na 2011 (IDEC)]] - [https://www.eudec.org/IDEC-EUDEC+2011] * 2012 - [http://www.eudec.org/eudec2012 Taron EUDEC Freiburg], Jamus - wanda [http://www.kapriole-freiburg.de/ Kapriole] ya shirya - [https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2012] * 2013 - Taron EUDEC, Netherlands - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121735/http://www.eudec.org/eudec2013] * 2014 - Taron EUDEC, Copenhagen, Denmark - An shirya shi ta Det Frie Gymnasium - [https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2014] Archived * 2015 - Taron EUDEC, Warsaw, Poland - An dauki nauyin shirin ta Fundacji Bullerbyn - [https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2015] Archived * 2016 - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160218145714/http://idec2016.org/wp/?lang=en IDEC@EUDEC], Mikkeli, Finland * 2017 - Taron EUDEC, Paris, Faransa - [http://www.eudec.fr/eudec-conference-paris-2017] * 2018 - Taron EUDEC, Crete, Girka - [https://eudec.gr/en/eudec-2018/] * 2019 - Taron EUDEC HUNGARY, [[Budapest]] Maris 2019 * 2019 - Taron IDEC@EUDEC, Kiev da Vinnytsia, Ukraine, 1. - 9. Agusta - [https://www.eudec.org/Conference] == Makarantun membobinsu == * Summerhill Great Britain (wanda aka kafa a 1921) * [[Makarantar Sands]] Great Britain (an kafa ta a shekarar 1987) * Neue Schule Hamburg Jamus (wanda aka kafa 2007) * [http://detfri.dk/in-english/ Det frie Gymnasium] Danmark (wanda aka kafa 1970) Ana iya samun ƙarin makarantun membobin a [https://eudec.org/eudecwp/schools/] . == Duba kuma == * [[Taron Ilimi na Demokradiyyar Turai|Taron Ilimi na 'Yan Democrat na Turai]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4cjc50r8btkx7wu8pnzvmdni6m3dm6r 915404 915115 2026-09-03T11:14:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 8 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.5 915404 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar Ilimi ta Dimokuraɗiyya ta Turai''' ( '''EUDEC''' ) ƙungiya ce mai zaman kanta [[Turai|ta Turai]] wadda ke haɓaka [[Ilimi na dimokuradiyya|ilimin dimokuraɗiyya]] a matsayin tsarin ilimi mai ma'ana ga dukkan ƙasashen dimokuraɗiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Articles of Association |url=https://www.eudec.org/Articles+of+Association |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502102109/https://www.eudec.org/Articles%2Bof%2BAssociation |archive-date=2 May 2019 |access-date=2 May 2019 |website=EUDEC Website}}</ref> EUDEC na da nufin ci gaba da ilimin dimokuradiyya a Turai. An kafa ƙungiyar a watan Fabrairun 2008 <ref name="Gronert">Gronert, Maren & Alban Schraut (Hrsg.), Handbuch Vereine der Reformpädagogik, Bibliotheca Akademica, Reihe Pädagogik, Band 13, {{ISBN|978-3-95650-459-4}}, Ergon Verlag, Baden-Baden, 2018, p. 455</ref> <ref>Klemm, Ulrich (2013): Geschichte und Gegenwart Freier Demokratischer Schulen. Warte, bis der Schüler den ersten Schritt macht. In: Gürlevik, Aydin (Hrsg.)/ Palentien, Christian (Hrsg.)/ Heyer, Robert (Hrsg.): Privatschulen versus staatliche Schulen. Wiesbaden: Springer VS. {{ISBN|978-3-531-18199-8}}, p. 133</ref> a matsayin wani aiki na [http://www.phoenixeducation.co.uk/ Phoenix Education Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612041820/http://www.phoenixeducation.co.uk/ |date=2017-06-12 }} da ke [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]], kuma ƙungiyar ta kasance ƙungiya mai zaman kanta mai rijista mai zaman kanta NGO a [[Jamus]] tun daga 2009. Membobin EUDEC mutane ne, makarantu da cibiyoyi a faɗin Turai waɗanda suka shafe shekaru da dama suna aiki a fannin ilimin dimokuraɗiyya. Tsarin EUDEC yana nuna falsafar ilimin dimokuradiyya wanda ke ba da shawara cewa ɗaliban makaranta ya kamata su taka rawa a dukkan matakan ƙungiyar: misali a matsayin membobinta, a cikin shirye-shiryen taro, shirya shirye-shirye da kuma Majalisar EUDEC kanta. EUDEC tana sauƙaƙe hanyar sadarwa ta masu ilimin dimokuradiyya da cibiyoyi masu goyon bayan juna ta hanyar musayar bayanai ta yanar gizo game da ilimin dimokuradiyya a ka'ida da aiki, wallafe-wallafe, tarurruka, tarurruka da tarurrukan karawa juna sani, haɗin gwiwar makarantu da musayar ra'ayoyi. Mutane, makarantu, ƙungiyoyin fara makaranta da ƙungiyoyi na iya zama membobin Al'umma. Ya zuwa watan Nuwamba na 2018, ƙungiyar tana wakiltar mutane kusan 8000 a cikin ƙungiyoyi 72 daga ƙasashe 29, ciki har da ɗaliban makaranta sama da 7,800, makarantu 44, ƙungiyoyin farawa 26 da ƙungiyoyi 2, ciki har da [http://www.freie-alternativschulen.de Ƙungiyar Makarantun Madadin Kyauta ta Jamus (BFAS)] da kuma [http://www.phoenixeducation.co.uk/ Phoenix Education Trust] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170612041820/http://www.phoenixeducation.co.uk/ |date=2017-06-12 }} da ke Burtaniya, da kuma kimanin membobi 400. <ref name="Gronert" /> An ambaci EUDEC a cikin wallafe-wallafe da dama game da haɗa ilimi . <ref>Nicola Kriesel/Hannah Hummel/Petra Burmeister, Spagat zwischen Inklusion und Exklusion? Teilhabe von Eltern in der Konzeption von Demokratischen Schulen, p. 190, in: Robert Kruschel (Hrsg.), Menschenrechtsbasierte Bildung. Inklusive und Demokratische Lern- und Erfahrungswelten im Fokus, Bad Heilbrunn 2017, {{ISBN|9783781521490}}</ref> <ref>Niklas Gidion, Der Beitrag der "Demokratischen Schulen" zu einem inklusiven Schulsystem, p. 211, in: Andreas Hinz (Hrsg.), Auf dem Weg zur Schule für alle. Barrieren überwinden – inklusive Pädagogik entwickeln, Marburg 2011, {{ISBN|9783886173167}}.</ref> <ref>Meital Hershkovich/Toni Simon, Demokratie als Grundlage 'guter' und inklusionsorientierter Schulen, p. 225, in: Gabriel Hund-Göschel/Swantje Hadeler/Klaus Moegling (Hrsg.), Was sind gute Schulen? Teil 1: Konzeptionelle Überlegungen und Diskussion, Immenhausen bei Kassel, 2016, {{ISBN|3934575889}}</ref> EUDEC tana neman haɗin gwiwa da sauran ƙungiyoyin Turai da suka shafi ilimi kamar Majalisar Turai, [[Tarayyar Turai]] ta hanyar Shirin Erasmus, [https://www.obessu.org/about/members/switzerland/union-der-schulerorganisationen-ch-fl-uso/ Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Ɗalibai ta Switzerland (USO)] da Ofishin Shirya Ƙungiyoyin Ɗaliban Makarantun Turai (OBESSU). <ref>{{Cite web |title=EUDEC website |url=https://www.eudec.org/tiki-index.php?page=USO%20(de)&no_bl=y |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190328231149/https://www.eudec.org/tiki-index.php?page=USO%20(de)&no_bl=y |archive-date=2019-03-28 |access-date=2019-03-28}}</ref> Tana neman tattaunawa da musayar bayanai da tsarin ilimin jihohi na ƙasa ta hanyar waɗannan ayyukan ƙasa da ƙasa. A shekarar 2016, EUDEC ta shiga cikin taron duniya kan dimokuradiyya wanda Majalisar Turai ta shirya. A shekarar 2018, wata makarantar membobin EUDEC, [https://schule.netzwerkspielkultur.de/ Netzwerk Schule (Berlin)], ta shiga tare da makarantun jiha 10 daga ƙasashe da yawa a Majalisar Turai [https://www.coe.int/en/web/education/-/council-of-europe-campaign-free-to-speak-safe-to-learn- 'Yancin Magana da Koyo.] Taron ayyukan [https://www.coe.int/en/web/education/-/council-of-europe-campaign-free-to-speak-safe-to-learn- Makarantun Demokradiyya don Duk wanda] aka gudanar a Cibiyar Wergeland ta Turai da ke Oslo. EUDEC kuma tana neman tattaunawa da tsarin makarantun jiha a matakin ƙasa ta hanyar ƙaruwar yawan rassanta na ƙasa kamar EUDEC HUNGARY, EUDEC FRANCE da EUDEC GIRECE. A shekarar 2008/2009, EUDEC wani aiki ne na shekara-shekara na Ilimi don Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] . An kafa Ƙungiyar a layi ɗaya da [[Taron Ilimi na Demokradiyyar Turai|Taron Ilimi na Dimokuraɗiyya na Turai]], wanda yanzu ya zama wani ɓangare na ayyukan Al'umma na yau da kullun. Taron, wanda ke gudana kowace shekara, ya kuma haɗa da babban taron membobi na EUDEC na shekara-shekara, inda ake zaɓen jami'an al'umma kuma ake yanke shawara game da manufofin al'umma. Duk bayan shekaru biyu Al'umma tana zaɓar Majalisar da ta ƙunshi membobi 7 zuwa 11 waɗanda ke gudanar da harkokinta tsakanin majalisun dokoki. == Ilimin Dimokuradiyya == Akwai manyan ginshiƙai guda biyu na ilimin dimokuradiyya: ilmantarwa kai tsaye/tsare kai a cikin al'umma bisa tsarin dimokuradiyya da haƙƙin ɗan adam tare da daidaito da girmama juna tsakanin manya da yara/matasa. Ɗaliban makarantu da jami'o'i na dimokuradiyya suna zaɓar yadda za su yi amfani da lokacinsu a makaranta, su bi abin da suke so, sannan su shirya kansu don rayuwarsu da kuma zaɓar sana'o'in da za su yi. Koyo na iya faruwa a cikin azuzuwa, kamar a makarantun gargajiya, amma kuma ta hanyoyi da yawa a wajen azuzuwa kamar ilmantarwa ta yau da kullun, kamar nazarin kai tsaye, bincike ta intanet, horon aiki, yin wasanni, yin aikin sa kai, yin ayyuka, ziyartar gidajen tarihi, tafiye-tafiye da tattaunawa da abokai da malamai. Mafi kyawun wuri don rayuwa, koyo, ko aiki, shine wurin da ake girmama haƙƙoƙinmu da ra'ayoyinmu. Makarantun Democrat suna da tarurrukan makarantu inda dukkan membobin al'umma ke da kuri'u iri ɗaya, ba tare da la'akari da shekaru ko matsayi ba. Dalibai da malamai suna zama tare a matsayin daidai gwargwado don tattaunawa da kaɗa ƙuri'a kan dokokin makaranta, manhajoji, ayyuka, ɗaukar ma'aikata da kuma batutuwan kasafin kuɗi. Wannan tsari yana ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da makarantun dimokuradiyya ke ƙirƙirar yanayi inda yara za su iya bunƙasa kuma su girma su zama mutane masu haƙuri, masu buɗe zuciya, masu alhakin da suka san yadda za su bayyana ra'ayoyinsu da kuma sauraron na wasu da kuma zama 'yan ƙasa masu himma a cikin al'ummar dimokuradiyya ta zamani. Suna da kayan aiki sosai don gudanar da rayuwarsu da kuma ƙirƙirar asalinsu, don haka za su iya fuskantar ƙalubalen da ke tasowa na Juyin Juya Halin Masana'antu na Huɗu . == Abubuwan da suka faru na EUDEC == Taron farko na EUDEC ya gudana a Leipzig, Jamus daga 25 ga Yuli zuwa 3 ga Agusta 2008. Tun daga shekarar 2008, ana gudanar da babban taro ko taro na shekara-shekara na EUDEC kowace shekara. An jera abubuwan da suka faru a ƙasa bisa ga tsarin lokaci: * 2008 - Taron EUDEC Leipzig, Jamus - [http://www.freie-schule-leipzig.de Freie Schule Leipzig] ya shirya * 2009 - Babban Taron Shekara-shekara na EUDEC Cieszyn, Poland * 2010 - Babban Taro na Shekara-shekara na EUDEC Roskilde, Denmark - [http://www.detfri.dk/ Det frie Gymnasium] da [http://www.dendemokratiskeskole.dk/ Den Demokratiske Skole] suka shirya * 2011 - Taron IDEC@EUDEC Devon, Ingila. Wannan taron ya haɗa da Taron EUDEC da [[Taron Ilimi na Dimokuradiyya na Duniya|Taron Ilimi na Dimokuraɗiyya na Duniya na 2011 (IDEC)]] - [https://www.eudec.org/IDEC-EUDEC+2011] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321213940/https://www.eudec.org/IDEC-EUDEC+2011 |date=2019-03-21 }} * 2012 - [http://www.eudec.org/eudec2012 Taron EUDEC Freiburg] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190408080114/https://www.eudec.org/eudec2012 |date=2019-04-08 }}, Jamus - wanda [http://www.kapriole-freiburg.de/ Kapriole] ya shirya - [https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2012]{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} * 2013 - Taron EUDEC, Netherlands - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160305121735/http://www.eudec.org/eudec2013] * 2014 - Taron EUDEC, Copenhagen, Denmark - An shirya shi ta Det Frie Gymnasium - [https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2014] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210103916/https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2014 |date=2016-02-10 }} Archived * 2015 - Taron EUDEC, Warsaw, Poland - An dauki nauyin shirin ta Fundacji Bullerbyn - [https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160122151808/https://www.eudec.org/EUDEC2015 |date=2016-01-22 }} Archived * 2016 - [https://web.archive.org/web/20160218145714/http://idec2016.org/wp/?lang=en IDEC@EUDEC], Mikkeli, Finland * 2017 - Taron EUDEC, Paris, Faransa - [http://www.eudec.fr/eudec-conference-paris-2017] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180511064222/http://www.eudec.fr/eudec-conference-paris-2017 |date=2018-05-11 }} * 2018 - Taron EUDEC, Crete, Girka - [https://eudec.gr/en/eudec-2018/] * 2019 - Taron EUDEC HUNGARY, [[Budapest]] Maris 2019 * 2019 - Taron IDEC@EUDEC, Kiev da Vinnytsia, Ukraine, 1. - 9. Agusta - [https://www.eudec.org/Conference] == Makarantun membobinsu == * Summerhill Great Britain (wanda aka kafa a 1921) * [[Makarantar Sands]] Great Britain (an kafa ta a shekarar 1987) * Neue Schule Hamburg Jamus (wanda aka kafa 2007) * [http://detfri.dk/in-english/ Det frie Gymnasium] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230208005048/https://www.detfri.dk/in-english/ |date=2023-02-08 }} Danmark (wanda aka kafa 1970) Ana iya samun ƙarin makarantun membobin a [https://eudec.org/eudecwp/schools/] . == Duba kuma == * [[Taron Ilimi na Demokradiyyar Turai|Taron Ilimi na 'Yan Democrat na Turai]] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] si10466zsd37dkeajt4j5sqqc1ljvbt 0 166164 915116 2026-09-02T20:20:51Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368428181|Greenville University]]" 915116 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox NRHP|name=Old Main, Almira College|nrhp_type=|image=GreenvilleCollege GreenvilleIL.jpg|image_size=250|caption=Hogue Hall and college sign c. 2006|location=315 E. College St., [[Greenville, Illinois]]|coordinates={{coord|38|53|35|N|89|24|31|W|region:US-IL_type:edu|display=inline}}|locmapin=Illinois#USA|built=1860|architecture=Italianate|added=April 21, 1975|area={{convert|1|acre}}|refnum=75000638<ref name="nris">{{NRISref |refnum=75000638|version=2010a}}</ref>}}{{AlumniStart}} |- colspan="2" {{Alum|name=[[Augustana (band)|Augustana]]|year=|nota=rock-n-roll band; formed on campus in 2002–2003; members attended but did not graduate|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Jars of Clay]]|year=|nota=[[Christian rock]] band; formed on campus in the early 1990s, granted honorary degrees in 2001 after dropping out in 1994|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Paper Route (band)|Paper Route]]|year=|nota=Indie/Rock Band; members met at Greenville College|ref=}} |- colspan="2" {{AlumniEnd}}'''Jami'ar Greenville''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Greenville, Illinois, Amurka. Yana da alaƙa da Cocin Methodist na 'Yanci . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenville University partners with the Free Methodist Church USA and donor family for a high-impact initiative &#124; April 13, 2021 |url=https://www.greenville.edu/news-media/news/2021/04/13/greenville-university-partners-with-the-free-methodist-church-usa-and-donor-family-for-a-high-impact-initiative}}</ref> An kafa wannan cibiyar a matsayin Kwalejin Greenville a shekarar 1892, kuma an sake mata suna zuwa Jami'ar Greenville a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2017 |title=Greenville University &#124; # |url=https://wgel.com/news/2017/06/greenville-university/}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1855, Stephen Morse da Almira Blanchard suka kafa kwaleji ga mata, Kwalejin Almira, wacce ke da alaƙa da Baptists, kuma ta ilmantar da matasa mata. An sami canji a shugabanci, alaƙa, da ƙungiya a shekarar 1892. A wancan lokacin, Babban Taron Illinois na Cocin Methodist Mai 'Yanci ya sayi kadarar Kwalejin Almira kuma ya sanya mata suna '''Kwalejin Greenville''' . An sake tsara cibiyar don bayar da ƙwarewar ilimi tare. An kuma kafa wannan cibiyar a matsayin kwaleji mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Cocin Methodist na 'Yanci. An sake canza wa Kwalejin Greenville suna zuwa '''Jami'ar Greenville''' a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Roots |url=http://www.greenville.edu/about/history_and_heritage/ |website=greenville.edu}}</ref> == Dokar ɗabi'a == Ana sa ran ɗaliban da ke halartar Jami'ar Greenville su bi tsarin rayuwa wanda aka tsara kuma suna roƙon ɗalibin ya yarda da wasu ƙa'idodi da makarantar ta kira "girmama Kristi", wanda aka bayyana a cikin takardar da aka sani da Bayanin Rayuwa. <ref name="ls">{{Cite web |title=Lifestyle Statement - Greenville University :: Christian University in Illinois |url=https://www.greenville.edu/about/foundational_documents/lifestyle_statement.html |access-date=2019-07-21 |website=www.greenville.edu}}</ref> Ana magance keta dokar rayuwa ta hanyar tsarin da ya dogara da alheri wanda ke neman taimaka wa ɗalibai su murmure daga duk wani mummunan tasiri (misali jaraba, damuwa ta motsin rai) da kuma gyara su don su rayu bisa ga abin da suka yi imani da shi ne manufar Almasihu ga rayuwarsu. <ref name="ls" /> Bayanin Rayuwa yana nan ne domin al'ummar GU su dauki alhakin samun rayuwa mai kyau wadda za ta sa mutum ya yi daidai da shirin fansa na Allah. Ya ƙunshi umarni ga dukkan ɗalibai su guji: " gulma, zamba, rashin gaskiya, maye, gulma, rashin kunya a sutura, ƙarya, ayyukan asiri, batsa, lalata ta hanyar jima'i (gami da zina, halayen [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]], jima'i kafin aure), sata, da kuma batsa (gami da harshe mara kyau)." Sauran ayyukan da dole ne ɗalibai su yarda su guji, a lokacin da suke cikin harabar jami'a da kuma lokacin da ba sa nan, sun haɗa da: "amfani da taba ta kowace hanya, abubuwan sha masu maye, magungunan da ke haifar da maye (gami da wiwi ), ko miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda ba likita ya ba da izini ba", caca, da amfani ko mallakar batsa . Kuma, bisa ga yadda cibiyar ta mai da hankali kan ƙa'idodin Kirista, takardar ta ce: "Ya kamata membobin al'umma su kiyaye Ranar Ubangiji (Lahadi) a matsayin rana da aka keɓe musamman don ibada, zumunci, hidima, da hutu." An tsara waɗannan ƙa'idodi ne don ɗalibi ya ɗauki alhakin ƙirƙirar yanayin koyo wanda ke da niyyar ficewa daga sauran jami'o'i kuma ya ba da fa'idodi na musamman ga lafiya da walwalar ɗalibi. Jami'ar Greenville ta bayyana cewa ta kuduri aniyar bayar da tallafi ba tare da yanke hukunci ga duk wanda ke fama da kowace irin matsala, jaraba, ko rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba. Sau da yawa ana ƙarfafa ɗaliban da ke fama da wahala su sami shawara ko haɗuwa da mai ba da shawara domin samar da tallafi na ƙwararru yayin da suke ƙoƙarin yin canje-canje a salon rayuwa. Ba a buƙatar ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko su sanya hannu kan takardar shaidar imani ba; duk da haka, dole ne su cika aƙalla maki 10 na ɗakin sujada a kowane zangon karatu. Yawancin waɗannan darajoji ana cika su ne ta hanyar halartar hidimar cocin da ake samu a ranakun Litinin, Laraba, da Juma'a na kowane mako na ilimi da ƙarfe 9:30 na safe. == Harabar jami'a == [[Fayil:GCLibrarySunnyDay.jpg|alt=Greenville College on a sunny August day|left|thumb| Ra'ayin ɗakin karatu na Greenville]] Kusan ɗalibai 800 ne ke zaune a harabar jami'ar a cikin ɗakunan zama daban-daban, ciki har da Joy Hall, Janssen Hall, Burritt Hall, Holtwick Hall, Blakenship Apartments, Tenney Hall, Kinney Hall, da Ellen J. Mannoia Hall (wanda aka fi sani da College Avenue Hall). An buɗe wani ƙarin ɗakin kwana mai gadaje 101, wanda ake kira Hood Hall (wanda a da aka sani da West Oak Hall), a kaka ta 2007. Dalibai kuma suna zaune a gidaje da dama mallakar jami'a. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2007, an lalata Janssen Hall (wanda aka fara ginawa a shekarar 1959) kuma an sabunta shi gaba ɗaya kuma an sake gyara shi. <ref name="newdorm" /> An gyara Joy Hall a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2011 domin a kawo shi ga tsarin tsaro na zamani. Kwalejin gida ce ga gidan tarihi guda ɗaya tilo da aka keɓe ga ayyukan mai sassaka Richard Bock, wani abokin aikin Frank Lloyd Wright . An gudanar da azuzuwan farko na Kwalejin Almira a shekarun 1850 a gidan John Brown White, wanda ake kira Gidan Kwalejin Almira; yana ɗauke da sassaken Bock. A shekarar 1999, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba Mannoia, kwalejin ta zama harabar jami'a ta farko a ƙasar da ta kafa hanyar sadarwa ta intanet mara waya gaba ɗaya a faɗin harabar jami'ar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pages |first=The Society |title=Complicating the Digital Divide: Technological Innovation in a Small Town - Cyborgology |url=https://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/2015/10/19/complicating-the-digital-divide-technological-innovation-in-a-small-town/ |access-date=2021-09-14 |language=en}}</ref>{{AlumniStart}} {{Alum|name=[[Ernest L. Boyer]]|year=|nota=Chancellor of the [[State University of New York]] system|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Bob Briner]]|year=|nota=[[Sports management]] professional and namesake of the university's Robert A. Briner Salt and Light Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenville.edu/content/view/1372/490/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201185236/http://www.greenville.edu/content/view/1372/490/ |archive-date=2008-12-01 }}</ref> is named after him.|reff=}} {{Alum|name=[[Matt Bronleewe]]|year=|nota=Musician, producer, and author}} {{Alum|name=Leila Fletcher|year=1916|nota=Piano pedagogue; Greenville College was Leila Fletcher's [[sixth form college]] for girls and young women|ref=http://www.leilafletcher.com/}} {{alum|name=[[Coleman Griffith]]|year=|nota=Sport psychologist|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[John Hammond (basketball)|John Hammond]]|year=|nota=Professional basketball manager. Famous for drafting [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]]|ref=http://www.nba.com/magic/news/magic-name-john-hammond-general-manager}} {{Alum|name=[[D. Ray Heisey]]|year=|nota=Professor at [[Damavand College]] in Tehran, Iran|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Alfred Harrison Joy]]|year=|nota=[[Astronomer]]|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Nicholas Morrow]]|year=2017|nota=Professional football player|ref=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/free-agency/}} {{Alum|name=[[Mary Previte]]|year=|nota=Author and politician|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Stephanie Smith]]|year=2006|nota=Singer/songwriter|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Esther Snyder]]|year=|nota=Cofounder of [[In-N-Out Burger]]|ref=}} {{Alum|year|name=[[Jeremiah Williamson]]|nota=10th Bishop of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Albany]]|ref=https://albanyepiscopaldiocese.org/bishop/}} {{Alum|name=[[Howard Zahniser]]|year=1928|nota="Father of the [[Wilderness Act]]"|ref=https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/howard-zahniser.php}} {{Alum|name=Paul Garrett|year=2024|nota=D3 All- American, 2x OPOY, 4x 1st Team All- Conference, 2x 1st Team Punt Returner, 1x NCCAA POTY, 3x NCCAA 1st Team, 1x NCCAA 2nd Team, and running back for the [[Iowa Barnstormers]]}} {{AlumniEnd}} [[Fayil:Greenville_athletics_wmark.png|left|thumb| Alamar kalmomin wasanni ta Greenville]] Ƙungiyoyin Jami'ar Greenville, waɗanda aka yi wa lakabi da Panthers, suna shiga cikin ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta ƙasa ta Sashe na III na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasanni ta Ƙasa . Panthers memba ne na taron wasannin motsa jiki na St. Louis Intercollegiate (SLIAC). Ƙungiyar Panthers kuma tana fafatawa a gasar National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA). Wasannin maza sun haɗa da wasan baseball, ƙwallon kwando, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan motsa jiki, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan tennis, wasan tsere, da wasan ƙwallon raga, yayin da wasannin mata suka haɗa da ƙwallon kwando, wasan tsere, wasan motsa jiki, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan tennis, wasan tsere, da wasan ƙwallon raga. Shirye-shiryen kulob sun haɗa da kamun kifi na bass, gaisuwa, rawa, da kuma wasannin motsa jiki. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa tana shiga cikin Babban Taron Wasannin Motsa Jiki na Upper Midwest ; ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta maza tana shiga cikin Babban Taron Wasannin Motsa Jiki na Kwalejin Gabashin ; kuma ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta mata, wacce ta kasance mai zaman kanta har zuwa 2025-26, yanzu tana fafatawa a Babban Taron Wasannin Motsa Jiki na Wisconsin Intercollegiate . Greenville ta ƙara ƙwallon raga ta maza a shekarar makaranta ta 2015–16 (kakar 2016); tunda SLIAC tana ɗaukar nauyin ƙwallon raga ne kawai ga mata, wannan ƙungiyar ta fara fafatawa a gasar ƙwallon raga ta Midwest Collegiate . Wasan ƙwallon raga na maza ya koma taron Kwalejin Illinois da Wisconsin don kakar wasa ta 2020 wadda cutar COVID ta shafa. Greenville ta daina wasan ƙwallon raga na maza nan da nan bayan haka, daga ƙarshe ta sake dawo da wasan a 2024–25 a matsayin ƙungiyar Division III mai zaman kanta. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Greenville ta lashe gasar Victory Bowl, wasan gasar ƙasa ta NCCAA, a shekarar 2012 kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar ƙasa a shekarun 2000, 2009, 2011, 2013, da 2019. Ƙungiyar maza ta wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta cikin gida ta lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa ta NCCAA guda huɗu, a shekarun 2002, 2003, 2004, da 2005, yayin da ƙungiyar maza ta wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta waje ta lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa ta NCCAA guda shida, a shekarun 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, da 2006. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta GU ta lashe gasar NCCAA ta ƙasa a shekarar 2017. == Malaman Makaranta == Ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar Haramta Haramci a matsayin Shugaban Amurka a shekarar 1956, Enoch A. Holtwick, farfesa ne na tarihi da gwamnati a Kwalejin Greenville kuma an karrama shi a GU ta hanyar lambar yabo ta Enoch A. Holtwick Literary Award da kuma Enoch A. Holtwick Hall, wani gini na zama. Farfesa Richard Huston, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Fulbright, ya zama malami na uku a watan Yulin 2007. Ya shafe shekara guda yana koyarwa a Jami'ar Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua a Leon, Nicaragua, wanda ya fara a Fabrairu 2008. A cewar Littafin Jagorar Malamai, ana yin bita akai-akai ga malamai na cikakken lokaci a cikin shekaru na biyu, na huɗu, da na shida na aikinsu. Ga waɗanda ke kan hanyar neman aiki, bitar shekara ta shida yawanci bitar neman aiki ce. Ana yin bita bayan kammala aikin bayan kammala aikin duk bayan shekaru bakwai. A kowace bita, ana kimanta koyarwa da ci gaban sana'a. Ana kuma tantance malamai a aƙalla wani fanni: tallafin karatu, hidima, da/ko shugabanci. Jami'ar Greenville ta ce tsarin bitar ya dogara ne akan ka'idojin da aka buga da kuma abin da ta kira jajircewarta ga ƙwarewa a koyarwa. == Duba kuma == * Phyllis Holmes * Robert Smith == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aoc7unrk7wlvjvwa9m9fe91je887nh2 915117 915116 2026-09-02T20:21:38Z Arcdanumma047 38699 915117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Infobox NRHP|name=Old Main, Almira College|nrhp_type=|image=GreenvilleCollege GreenvilleIL.jpg|image_size=250|caption=Hogue Hall and college sign c. 2006|location=315 E. College St., [[Greenville, Illinois]]|coordinates={{coord|38|53|35|N|89|24|31|W|region:US-IL_type:edu|display=inline}}|locmapin=Illinois#USA|built=1860|architecture=Italianate|added=April 21, 1975|area={{convert|1|acre}}|refnum=75000638<ref name="nris">{{NRISref |refnum=75000638|version=2010a}}</ref>}}{{AlumniStart}} |- colspan="2" {{Alum|name=[[Augustana (band)|Augustana]]|year=|nota=rock-n-roll band; formed on campus in 2002–2003; members attended but did not graduate|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Jars of Clay]]|year=|nota=[[Christian rock]] band; formed on campus in the early 1990s, granted honorary degrees in 2001 after dropping out in 1994|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Paper Route (band)|Paper Route]]|year=|nota=Indie/Rock Band; members met at Greenville College|ref=}} |- colspan="2" {{AlumniEnd}}'''Jami'ar Greenville''' jami'a ce mai zaman kanta a Greenville, Illinois, Amurka. Yana da alaƙa da Cocin Methodist na 'Yanci . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Greenville University partners with the Free Methodist Church USA and donor family for a high-impact initiative &#124; April 13, 2021 |url=https://www.greenville.edu/news-media/news/2021/04/13/greenville-university-partners-with-the-free-methodist-church-usa-and-donor-family-for-a-high-impact-initiative}}</ref> An kafa wannan cibiyar a matsayin Kwalejin Greenville a shekarar 1892, kuma an sake mata suna zuwa Jami'ar Greenville a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2017 |title=Greenville University &#124; # |url=https://wgel.com/news/2017/06/greenville-university/}}</ref> == Tarihi == A shekarar 1855, Stephen Morse da Almira Blanchard suka kafa kwaleji ga mata, Kwalejin Almira, wacce ke da alaƙa da Baptists, kuma ta ilmantar da matasa mata. An sami canji a shugabanci, alaƙa, da ƙungiya a shekarar 1892. A wancan lokacin, Babban Taron Illinois na Cocin Methodist Mai 'Yanci ya sayi kadarar Kwalejin Almira kuma ya sanya mata suna '''Kwalejin Greenville''' . An sake tsara cibiyar don bayar da ƙwarewar ilimi tare. An kuma kafa wannan cibiyar a matsayin kwaleji mai zaman kanta a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Cocin Methodist na 'Yanci. An sake canza wa Kwalejin Greenville suna zuwa '''Jami'ar Greenville''' a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic Roots |url=http://www.greenville.edu/about/history_and_heritage/ |website=greenville.edu}}</ref> == Dokar ɗabi'a == Ana sa ran ɗaliban da ke halartar Jami'ar Greenville su bi tsarin rayuwa wanda aka tsara kuma suna roƙon ɗalibin ya yarda da wasu ƙa'idodi da makarantar ta kira "girmama Kristi", wanda aka bayyana a cikin takardar da aka sani da Bayanin Rayuwa. <ref name="ls">{{Cite web |title=Lifestyle Statement - Greenville University :: Christian University in Illinois |url=https://www.greenville.edu/about/foundational_documents/lifestyle_statement.html |access-date=2019-07-21 |website=www.greenville.edu}}</ref> Ana magance keta dokar rayuwa ta hanyar tsarin da ya dogara da alheri wanda ke neman taimaka wa ɗalibai su murmure daga duk wani mummunan tasiri (misali jaraba, damuwa ta motsin rai) da kuma gyara su don su rayu bisa ga abin da suka yi imani da shi ne manufar Almasihu ga rayuwarsu. <ref name="ls" /> Bayanin Rayuwa yana nan ne domin al'ummar GU su dauki alhakin samun rayuwa mai kyau wadda za ta sa mutum ya yi daidai da shirin fansa na Allah. Ya ƙunshi umarni ga dukkan ɗalibai su guji: " gulma, zamba, rashin gaskiya, maye, gulma, rashin kunya a sutura, ƙarya, ayyukan asiri, batsa, lalata ta hanyar jima'i (gami da zina, halayen [[Jima'in jinsi|luwaɗi]], jima'i kafin aure), sata, da kuma batsa (gami da harshe mara kyau)." Sauran ayyukan da dole ne ɗalibai su yarda su guji, a lokacin da suke cikin harabar jami'a da kuma lokacin da ba sa nan, sun haɗa da: "amfani da taba ta kowace hanya, abubuwan sha masu maye, magungunan da ke haifar da maye (gami da wiwi ), ko miyagun ƙwayoyi waɗanda ba likita ya ba da izini ba", caca, da amfani ko mallakar batsa . Kuma, bisa ga yadda cibiyar ta mai da hankali kan ƙa'idodin Kirista, takardar ta ce: "Ya kamata membobin al'umma su kiyaye Ranar Ubangiji (Lahadi) a matsayin rana da aka keɓe musamman don ibada, zumunci, hidima, da hutu." An tsara waɗannan ƙa'idodi ne don ɗalibi ya ɗauki alhakin ƙirƙirar yanayin koyo wanda ke da niyyar ficewa daga sauran jami'o'i kuma ya ba da fa'idodi na musamman ga lafiya da walwalar ɗalibi. Jami'ar Greenville ta bayyana cewa ta kuduri aniyar bayar da tallafi ba tare da yanke hukunci ga duk wanda ke fama da kowace irin matsala, jaraba, ko rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa ba. Sau da yawa ana ƙarfafa ɗaliban da ke fama da wahala su sami shawara ko haɗuwa da mai ba da shawara domin samar da tallafi na ƙwararru yayin da suke ƙoƙarin yin canje-canje a salon rayuwa. Ba a buƙatar ɗaliban da ke karatun digiri na farko su sanya hannu kan takardar shaidar imani ba; duk da haka, dole ne su cika aƙalla maki 10 na ɗakin sujada a kowane zangon karatu. Yawancin waɗannan darajoji ana cika su ne ta hanyar halartar hidimar cocin da ake samu a ranakun Litinin, Laraba, da Juma'a na kowane mako na ilimi da ƙarfe 9:30 na safe. == Harabar jami'a == [[Fayil:GCLibrarySunnyDay.jpg|alt=Greenville College on a sunny August day|left|thumb| Ra'ayin ɗakin karatu na Greenville]] Kusan ɗalibai 800 ne ke zaune a harabar jami'ar a cikin ɗakunan zama daban-daban, ciki har da Joy Hall, Janssen Hall, Burritt Hall, Holtwick Hall, Blakenship Apartments, Tenney Hall, Kinney Hall, da Ellen J. Mannoia Hall (wanda aka fi sani da College Avenue Hall). An buɗe wani ƙarin ɗakin kwana mai gadaje 101, wanda ake kira Hood Hall (wanda a da aka sani da West Oak Hall), a kaka ta 2007. Dalibai kuma suna zaune a gidaje da dama mallakar jami'a. A lokacin bazara na shekara ta 2007, an lalata Janssen Hall (wanda aka fara ginawa a shekarar 1959) kuma an sabunta shi gaba ɗaya kuma an sake gyara shi. <ref name="newdorm" /> An gyara Joy Hall a lokacin bazara na shekarar 2011 domin a kawo shi ga tsarin tsaro na zamani. Kwalejin gida ce ga gidan tarihi guda ɗaya tilo da aka keɓe ga ayyukan mai sassaka Richard Bock, wani abokin aikin Frank Lloyd Wright . An gudanar da azuzuwan farko na Kwalejin Almira a shekarun 1850 a gidan John Brown White, wanda ake kira Gidan Kwalejin Almira; yana ɗauke da sassaken Bock. A shekarar 1999, a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Shugaba Mannoia, kwalejin ta zama harabar jami'a ta farko a ƙasar da ta kafa hanyar sadarwa ta intanet mara waya gaba ɗaya a faɗin harabar jami'ar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pages |first=The Society |title=Complicating the Digital Divide: Technological Innovation in a Small Town - Cyborgology |url=https://thesocietypages.org/cyborgology/2015/10/19/complicating-the-digital-divide-technological-innovation-in-a-small-town/ |access-date=2021-09-14 |language=en}}</ref>{{AlumniStart}} {{Alum|name=[[Ernest L. Boyer]]|year=|nota=Chancellor of the [[State University of New York]] system|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Bob Briner]]|year=|nota=[[Sports management]] professional and namesake of the university's Robert A. Briner Salt and Light Award<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.greenville.edu/content/view/1372/490/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2008-09-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201185236/http://www.greenville.edu/content/view/1372/490/ |archive-date=2008-12-01 }}</ref> is named after him.|reff=}} {{Alum|name=[[Matt Bronleewe]]|year=|nota=Musician, producer, and author}} {{Alum|name=Leila Fletcher|year=1916|nota=Piano pedagogue; Greenville College was Leila Fletcher's [[sixth form college]] for girls and young women|ref=http://www.leilafletcher.com/}} {{alum|name=[[Coleman Griffith]]|year=|nota=Sport psychologist|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[John Hammond (basketball)|John Hammond]]|year=|nota=Professional basketball manager. Famous for drafting [[Giannis Antetokounmpo]]|ref=http://www.nba.com/magic/news/magic-name-john-hammond-general-manager}} {{Alum|name=[[D. Ray Heisey]]|year=|nota=Professor at [[Damavand College]] in Tehran, Iran|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Alfred Harrison Joy]]|year=|nota=[[Astronomer]]|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Nicholas Morrow]]|year=2017|nota=Professional football player|ref=https://www.philadelphiaeagles.com/free-agency/}} {{Alum|name=[[Mary Previte]]|year=|nota=Author and politician|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Stephanie Smith]]|year=2006|nota=Singer/songwriter|ref=}} {{Alum|name=[[Esther Snyder]]|year=|nota=Cofounder of [[In-N-Out Burger]]|ref=}} {{Alum|year|name=[[Jeremiah Williamson]]|nota=10th Bishop of the [[Episcopal Diocese of Albany]]|ref=https://albanyepiscopaldiocese.org/bishop/}} {{Alum|name=[[Howard Zahniser]]|year=1928|nota="Father of the [[Wilderness Act]]"|ref=https://wilderness.net/learn-about-wilderness/howard-zahniser.php}} {{Alum|name=Paul Garrett|year=2024|nota=D3 All- American, 2x OPOY, 4x 1st Team All- Conference, 2x 1st Team Punt Returner, 1x NCCAA POTY, 3x NCCAA 1st Team, 1x NCCAA 2nd Team, and running back for the [[Iowa Barnstormers]]}} {{AlumniEnd}} [[Fayil:Greenville_athletics_wmark.png|left|thumb| Alamar kalmomin wasanni ta Greenville]] Ƙungiyoyin Jami'ar Greenville, waɗanda aka yi wa lakabi da Panthers, suna shiga cikin ƙungiyar 'yan wasa ta ƙasa ta Sashe na III na Ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasanni ta Ƙasa . Panthers memba ne na taron wasannin motsa jiki na St. Louis Intercollegiate (SLIAC). Ƙungiyar Panthers kuma tana fafatawa a gasar National Christian College Athletic Association (NCCAA). Wasannin maza sun haɗa da wasan baseball, ƙwallon kwando, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan motsa jiki, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan tennis, wasan tsere, da wasan ƙwallon raga, yayin da wasannin mata suka haɗa da ƙwallon kwando, wasan tsere, wasan motsa jiki, ƙwallon ƙafa, ƙwallon ƙafa, wasan tennis, wasan tsere, da wasan ƙwallon raga. Shirye-shiryen kulob sun haɗa da kamun kifi na bass, gaisuwa, rawa, da kuma wasannin motsa jiki. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa tana shiga cikin Babban Taron Wasannin Motsa Jiki na Upper Midwest ; ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta maza tana shiga cikin Babban Taron Wasannin Motsa Jiki na Kwalejin Gabashin ; kuma ƙungiyar motsa jiki ta mata, wacce ta kasance mai zaman kanta har zuwa 2025-26, yanzu tana fafatawa a Babban Taron Wasannin Motsa Jiki na Wisconsin Intercollegiate . Greenville ta ƙara ƙwallon raga ta maza a shekarar makaranta ta 2015–16 (kakar 2016); tunda SLIAC tana ɗaukar nauyin ƙwallon raga ne kawai ga mata, wannan ƙungiyar ta fara fafatawa a gasar ƙwallon raga ta Midwest Collegiate . Wasan ƙwallon raga na maza ya koma taron Kwalejin Illinois da Wisconsin don kakar wasa ta 2020 wadda cutar COVID ta shafa. Greenville ta daina wasan ƙwallon raga na maza nan da nan bayan haka, daga ƙarshe ta sake dawo da wasan a 2024–25 a matsayin ƙungiyar Division III mai zaman kanta. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Greenville ta lashe gasar Victory Bowl, wasan gasar ƙasa ta NCCAA, a shekarar 2012 kuma ta kasance ta biyu a gasar ƙasa a shekarun 2000, 2009, 2011, 2013, da 2019. Ƙungiyar maza ta wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta cikin gida ta lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa ta NCCAA guda huɗu, a shekarun 2002, 2003, 2004, da 2005, yayin da ƙungiyar maza ta wasannin guje-guje da tsalle-tsalle ta waje ta lashe gasar cin kofin ƙasa ta NCCAA guda shida, a shekarun 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, da 2006. Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta GU ta lashe gasar NCCAA ta ƙasa a shekarar 2017. == Malaman Makaranta == Ɗan takarar Jam'iyyar Haramta Haramci a matsayin Shugaban Amurka a shekarar 1956, Enoch A. Holtwick, farfesa ne na tarihi da gwamnati a Kwalejin Greenville kuma an karrama shi a GU ta hanyar lambar yabo ta Enoch A. Holtwick Literary Award da kuma Enoch A. Holtwick Hall, wani gini na zama. Farfesa Richard Huston, wanda ya kammala karatunsa a jami'ar Fulbright, ya zama malami na uku a watan Yulin 2007. Ya shafe shekara guda yana koyarwa a Jami'ar Nacional Autonoma de Nicaragua a Leon, Nicaragua, wanda ya fara a Fabrairu 2008. A cewar Littafin Jagorar Malamai, ana yin bita akai-akai ga malamai na cikakken lokaci a cikin shekaru na biyu, na huɗu, da na shida na aikinsu. Ga waɗanda ke kan hanyar neman aiki, bitar shekara ta shida yawanci bitar neman aiki ce. Ana yin bita bayan kammala aikin bayan kammala aikin duk bayan shekaru bakwai. A kowace bita, ana kimanta koyarwa da ci gaban sana'a. Ana kuma tantance malamai a aƙalla wani fanni: tallafin karatu, hidima, da/ko shugabanci. Jami'ar Greenville ta ce tsarin bitar ya dogara ne akan ka'idojin da aka buga da kuma abin da ta kira jajircewarta ga ƙwarewa a koyarwa. == Duba kuma == * Phyllis Holmes * Robert Smith == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:CS1 maint: archived copy as title]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cvzj5b3s2f5zbshe3n4syyrqyufbg5r 0 166165 915118 2026-09-02T20:23:22Z Arcdanumma047 38699 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1358472373|Underground education]]" 915118 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilimi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa''' ko '''ilimin ɓoye''' yana nufin ayyuka daban-daban na koyarwa da ake gudanarwa a lokuta da wurare inda ake ɗaukar irin waɗannan ayyukan ilimi a matsayin haramtattu. Misalan wuraren da aka yi ta'addancin ilimi a ɓoye sun haɗa da [[Ilimi a lokacin bauta a Amurka|ilimin Baƙar fata a lokacin bauta a Amurka]] da kuma Ƙungiyar Koyarwa ta Sirri a Poland a lokacin Nazis. == Tarihi == === Zamanin farko na zamani === Akwai wata al'adar Girkawa - galibi ta baki - da ke iƙirarin cewa makarantun sirri ( ''[[Makarantar Krifo|Krifo scholio]]'' ) suna aiki a lokacin mulkin Daular Usmaniyya . Babu wata shaida da aka rubuta game da wannan kuma masana tarihi da yawa suna kallonsa a matsayin tatsuniya ta ƙasa . Wasu kuma sun yi imanin cewa makarantar sirri ta Girka tatsuniya ce mai tushe na gaskiya. A cewar wasu majiyoyi, makarantun sirri na 'yan Albaniya sun gudanar da su a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ta hanyar al'ummomin da ke magana da harshen Albaniya da firistocin Bektashi <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Gilles}}</ref> ko masu kishin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman. A lokacin [[bauta a Amurka]], an hana ilimin 'yan Afirka 'yan asalin Amurka da aka bautar kuma daga ƙarshe aka haramta shi a mafi yawan jihohin Kudancin Amurka . A cikin zanga-zangar, wasu 'yan fafutukar Amurka sun shiga harkar ba da ilimi ta hanyar ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="PlatoSigler1997">{{Cite book|edition=Anne Marshall}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gundaker |first=Grey |date=2007 |title=Hidden Education among African Americans during Slavery |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016146810710900707 |journal=Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education |language=en |volume=109 |issue=7 |pages=1591–1612 |doi=10.1177/016146810710900707 |issn=0161-4681 |s2cid=141163000 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A ƙarni na 19, a lokacin rabuwar Poland, nau'ikan ilimi daban-daban na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, haɓaka koyarwa a cikin harshen Poland da kuma game da al'adun Poland, waɗanda galibi ikon raba ƙasa ke dannewa, sun bunƙasa a yankunan Poland. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu ita ce Jami'ar Flying da ke aiki a Warsaw. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miaso |first=Józef |date=1981-06-01 |title=Education and Social Structures in the Kingdom of Poland in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760810100202 |journal=History of Education |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=101–109 |doi=10.1080/0046760810100202 |issn=0046-760X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jurczyszyn |first=Marek |date=2013 |title=Nauczanie domowe w Królestwie Polskim na przełomie XIX i XX wieku |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=830804 |journal=Pedagogika Rodziny |language=Polish |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |issn=2082-8411}}</ref> Hakazalika a lokacin karyewar ƙarni na 19 da 20 a [[Lithuania]], wata makaranta ta ɓoye ( {{Lang|lt|slaptoji mokykla}} ) suna aiki a kusan kowace ƙauye, saboda haramcin 'yan jarida na Lithuania (1865–1904) a Daular Rasha . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Žukauskas |first=K. |date=1972-01-08 |title=On the clandestine teaching in Lithuania |url=https://www.journals.vu.lt/psichologija/article/view/9273 |journal=[[Psichologija]] |volume=12 |pages=155–162 |doi=10.15388/Psichol.1972.12.9273 |issn=2345-0061 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A ƙasar Ireland a ƙarni na 18 da 19, " [[Makarantar Hedge|Makarantun Hedge]] " makarantu ne da ba bisa ƙa'ida ba waɗanda Katolika da Presbyterian ke gudanarwa; a lokacin, ilimin Cocin Ireland ne kawai aka yarda da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Tony |date=October 26, 2016 |title='Inciting the lawless and profligate adventure'—the hedge schools of Ireland |url=https://www.historyireland.com/volume-24/inciting-lawless-profligate-adventure-hedge-schools-ireland/ |publisher=[[History Ireland]]}}</ref> Saboda manufofin ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa a Jamus ta Nazi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law Limits Jews in Public Schools |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/timeline-event/law-limits-jews-in-public-schools |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> wasu iyaye Yahudawa sun koma ga ko kuma an tilasta musu amfani da hanyoyin sirri da kuma wasu lokutan ɓoye don ilmantar da 'ya'yansu a tsakiyar shekarun 1930. === Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === [[Fayil:W_hołdzie_nauczycielom.jpg|thumb| Abin tunawa ga malaman ƙasa na zamanin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Warsaw, Poland.]] [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] ya ga noman ilimin ƙasa a Poland ( Yaren mutanen Poland : ''Tajne szkolnictwo'', ko ''tajne komplety'' ). Yawancin lokaci ana gudanar da shi ne a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gwamnatin Ƙasashen Waje ta Poland, sau da yawa ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Koyarwa ta Sirri, tana shirya malamai da ma'aikata don sake gina Poland bayan yaƙin kuma tana mayar da martani ga barazanar Jamus da Soviet na kawar da al'adun Poland . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Załęczny |first=Jolanta |date=2015 |title=Działalność oświatowa Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego : tajne nauczanie |url=https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/Niepodleglosc_i_Pamiec/Niepodleglosc_i_Pamiec-r2015-t22-n1_(49)/Niepodleglosc_i_Pamiec-r2015-t22-n1_(49)-s187-203/Niepodleglosc_i_Pamiec-r2015-t22-n1_(49)-s187-203.pdf |journal=Niepodległość i Pamięć |volume=22/1 |issue=49 |pages=187–203}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nawrocki |first=Paweł M. |date=2009 |title=Tajne nauczanie - w 70-lecie powstania TON |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=104858 |journal=Znak |language=Polish |issue=652 |pages=155–158 |issn=0044-488X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chrobaczyński |first=Jacek |date=1995 |title=Źródła i motywy konspiracyjnego szkolnictwa 1939-1945 |url=https://rep.up.krakow.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11716/7783/RND167--06--Zrodla-i-motywy--Chrobaczynski.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Rocznik Naukowo-Dydaktyczny WSP W Krakowie |volume=XVII |issue=167 |pages=69–87}}</ref> <ref>{{In lang|pl}} Ryszard Czekajowski, [http://www.znp.agh.edu.pl/historia/ton/ Tajna edukacja cywilna w latach wojenno-okupacyjnych Polski 1939-1945]</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davydenko |first=Olena |date=2013 |title=Secret vocational education in Poland: organizational and pedagogical aspects (1939-1945) |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=234641 |journal=Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny |language=English |volume=230 |issue=4 |pages=117–132 |issn=0023-5938}}</ref> An shirya makarantar sirri a wasu makarantun Yahudawa a lokacin mulkin Nazi da kuma mamayar Jamus a Turai, musamman a Warsaw Ghetto . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dzieci - tajne nauczanie w getcie warszawskim - Centralna Biblioteka Judaistyczna |url=https://cbj.jhi.pl/documents/739253/0/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=cbj.jhi.pl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sakowska |first=Ruta |date=1965 |title=O szkolnictwie i tajnym nauczaniu w getcie warszawskim |journal=Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego |volume=55 |pages=57–84}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kardos |first=Susan |date=2002-04-01 |title="Not Bread Alone": Clandestine Schooling and Resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto during the Holocaust |url=https://meridian.allenpress.com/her/article/72/1/33/31798/Not-Bread-Alone-Clandestine-Schooling-and |journal=Harvard Educational Review |language=en |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=33–67 |doi=10.17763/haer.72.1.37523430721261lj |issn=0017-8055 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Yehuda |date=1992 |editor-last=Tory |editor-first=Avraham |editor2-last=Gilbert |editor2-first=Martin |editor3-last=Michalowicz |editor3-first=Jerzy |title=Tory, "Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454872 |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=82 |issue=3/4 |pages=491–495 |doi=10.2307/1454872 |issn=0021-6682 |jstor=1454872 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A shekarun 1930 da 1940, gwamnatin kama-karya ta Brazil ta ɗauki matakan hana baƙi shiga ƙasar, musamman a kan 'yan Japan. An takaita makarantu, harsuna, da littattafai na Japan da sauran ƙasashen waje, kuma an kafa wani shiri na tilasta haɗa ɗalibai. Makarantun Japan sun zama haramtattu a shekarar 1938. A wannan lokacin, baƙi 'yan Japan sun kafa makarantun sirri kuma an buga jarida a cikin harshen Japan. === Ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 - yanzu === An gudanar da ilimin ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙasashe da dama na Tarayyar Soviet, kamar Poland <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanowski |first=Krzysztof |date=1998-07-01 |title=Teaching Democracy in Postcommunist Countries |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/16905 |journal=Journal of Democracy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.1353/jod.1998.0052 |issn=1086-3214 |s2cid=153721770 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buczynska-Garewicz |first=Hanna |date=1985-04-01 |title=The Flying University in Poland, 1978-1980 |url=https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.55.1.h4mm84t744557037 |journal=Harvard Educational Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=20–34 |doi=10.17763/haer.55.1.h4mm84t744557037 |issn=0017-8055 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rothstein |first=Rachel |date=2015 |title="Am I Jewish?" and "What Does it Mean?": The Jewish Flying University and the Creation of a Polish-Jewish Counterculture in Late 1970s Warsaw |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/121/article/587939 |journal=Journal of Jewish Identities |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=85–111 |doi=10.1353/jji.2015.0024 |issn=1946-2522 |s2cid=161864057 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da Czechoslovakia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kudláčová |first=Blanka |last2=Šebová |first2=Nikola |date=2020-07-03 |title=Illegal confessional education of children in Slovakia in the period of Socialism (political and religious context) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230.2019.1589539 |journal=Paedagogica Historica |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=481–502 |doi=10.1080/00309230.2019.1589539 |issn=0030-9230 |s2cid=150750433 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A lokacin mulkin Taliban a sassa daban-daban na Afghanistan (ƙarshen 20, farkon 21st c. c.), makarantun sirri suna aiki, galibi na mata da 'yan mata (misali Makarantar Dinki ta Golden Needle ). == Duba kuma == * Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Jan Hus == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hsd4kf9i8ac6c1lfoi2thmud7g8o0bx 915119 915118 2026-09-02T20:24:04Z Arcdanumma047 38699 915119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimi a ƙarƙashin ƙasa''' ko '''ilimin ɓoye''' yana nufin ayyuka daban-daban na koyarwa da ake gudanarwa a lokuta da wurare inda ake ɗaukar irin waɗannan ayyukan ilimi a matsayin haramtattu. Misalan wuraren da aka yi ta'addancin ilimi a ɓoye sun haɗa da [[Ilimi a lokacin bauta a Amurka|ilimin Baƙar fata a lokacin bauta a Amurka]] da kuma Ƙungiyar Koyarwa ta Sirri a Poland a lokacin Nazis. == Tarihi == === Zamanin farko na zamani === Akwai wata al'adar Girkawa - galibi ta baki - da ke iƙirarin cewa makarantun sirri ( ''[[Makarantar Krifo|Krifo scholio]]'' ) suna aiki a lokacin mulkin Daular Usmaniyya . Babu wata shaida da aka rubuta game da wannan kuma masana tarihi da yawa suna kallonsa a matsayin tatsuniya ta ƙasa . Wasu kuma sun yi imanin cewa makarantar sirri ta Girka tatsuniya ce mai tushe na gaskiya. A cewar wasu majiyoyi, makarantun sirri na 'yan Albaniya sun gudanar da su a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 ta hanyar al'ummomin da ke magana da harshen Albaniya da firistocin Bektashi <ref>{{Cite book|edition=Gilles}}</ref> ko masu kishin ƙasa a ƙarƙashin mulkin Ottoman. A lokacin [[bauta a Amurka]], an hana ilimin 'yan Afirka 'yan asalin Amurka da aka bautar kuma daga ƙarshe aka haramta shi a mafi yawan jihohin Kudancin Amurka . A cikin zanga-zangar, wasu 'yan fafutukar Amurka sun shiga harkar ba da ilimi ta hanyar ɓoye a ƙarƙashin ƙasa ba bisa ƙa'ida ba. <ref name="PlatoSigler1997">{{Cite book|edition=Anne Marshall}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gundaker |first=Grey |date=2007 |title=Hidden Education among African Americans during Slavery |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/016146810710900707 |journal=Teachers College Record: The Voice of Scholarship in Education |language=en |volume=109 |issue=7 |pages=1591–1612 |doi=10.1177/016146810710900707 |issn=0161-4681 |s2cid=141163000 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A ƙarni na 19, a lokacin rabuwar Poland, nau'ikan ilimi daban-daban na ƙarƙashin ƙasa, haɓaka koyarwa a cikin harshen Poland da kuma game da al'adun Poland, waɗanda galibi ikon raba ƙasa ke dannewa, sun bunƙasa a yankunan Poland. Mafi shahara daga cikinsu ita ce Jami'ar Flying da ke aiki a Warsaw. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miaso |first=Józef |date=1981-06-01 |title=Education and Social Structures in the Kingdom of Poland in the Second Half of the Nineteenth Century |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0046760810100202 |journal=History of Education |volume=10 |issue=2 |pages=101–109 |doi=10.1080/0046760810100202 |issn=0046-760X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jurczyszyn |first=Marek |date=2013 |title=Nauczanie domowe w Królestwie Polskim na przełomie XIX i XX wieku |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=830804 |journal=Pedagogika Rodziny |language=Polish |volume=3 |issue=1 |pages=19–29 |issn=2082-8411}}</ref> Hakazalika a lokacin karyewar ƙarni na 19 da 20 a [[Lithuania]], wata makaranta ta ɓoye ( {{Lang|lt|slaptoji mokykla}} ) suna aiki a kusan kowace ƙauye, saboda haramcin 'yan jarida na Lithuania (1865–1904) a Daular Rasha . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Žukauskas |first=K. |date=1972-01-08 |title=On the clandestine teaching in Lithuania |url=https://www.journals.vu.lt/psichologija/article/view/9273 |journal=[[Psichologija]] |volume=12 |pages=155–162 |doi=10.15388/Psichol.1972.12.9273 |issn=2345-0061 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A ƙasar Ireland a ƙarni na 18 da 19, " [[Makarantar Hedge|Makarantun Hedge]] " makarantu ne da ba bisa ƙa'ida ba waɗanda Katolika da Presbyterian ke gudanarwa; a lokacin, ilimin Cocin Ireland ne kawai aka yarda da shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Lyons |first=Tony |date=October 26, 2016 |title='Inciting the lawless and profligate adventure'—the hedge schools of Ireland |url=https://www.historyireland.com/volume-24/inciting-lawless-profligate-adventure-hedge-schools-ireland/ |publisher=[[History Ireland]]}}</ref> Saboda manufofin ƙiyayya ga Yahudawa a Jamus ta Nazi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Law Limits Jews in Public Schools |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/timeline-event/law-limits-jews-in-public-schools |access-date=2023-05-07 |website=encyclopedia.ushmm.org |language=en}}</ref> wasu iyaye Yahudawa sun koma ga ko kuma an tilasta musu amfani da hanyoyin sirri da kuma wasu lokutan ɓoye don ilmantar da 'ya'yansu a tsakiyar shekarun 1930. === Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === [[Fayil:W_hołdzie_nauczycielom.jpg|thumb| Abin tunawa ga malaman ƙasa na zamanin Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu, Warsaw, Poland.]] [[Yaƙin Duniya na II]] ya ga noman ilimin ƙasa a Poland ( Yaren mutanen Poland : ''Tajne szkolnictwo'', ko ''tajne komplety'' ). Yawancin lokaci ana gudanar da shi ne a ƙarƙashin jagorancin Gwamnatin Ƙasashen Waje ta Poland, sau da yawa ta hanyar Ƙungiyar Koyarwa ta Sirri, tana shirya malamai da ma'aikata don sake gina Poland bayan yaƙin kuma tana mayar da martani ga barazanar Jamus da Soviet na kawar da al'adun Poland . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Załęczny |first=Jolanta |date=2015 |title=Działalność oświatowa Polskiego Państwa Podziemnego : tajne nauczanie |url=https://bazhum.muzhp.pl/media/files/Niepodleglosc_i_Pamiec/Niepodleglosc_i_Pamiec-r2015-t22-n1_(49)/Niepodleglosc_i_Pamiec-r2015-t22-n1_(49)-s187-203/Niepodleglosc_i_Pamiec-r2015-t22-n1_(49)-s187-203.pdf |journal=Niepodległość i Pamięć |volume=22/1 |issue=49 |pages=187–203}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nawrocki |first=Paweł M. |date=2009 |title=Tajne nauczanie - w 70-lecie powstania TON |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=104858 |journal=Znak |language=Polish |issue=652 |pages=155–158 |issn=0044-488X}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chrobaczyński |first=Jacek |date=1995 |title=Źródła i motywy konspiracyjnego szkolnictwa 1939-1945 |url=https://rep.up.krakow.pl/xmlui/bitstream/handle/11716/7783/RND167--06--Zrodla-i-motywy--Chrobaczynski.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Rocznik Naukowo-Dydaktyczny WSP W Krakowie |volume=XVII |issue=167 |pages=69–87}}</ref> <ref>{{In lang|pl}} Ryszard Czekajowski, [http://www.znp.agh.edu.pl/historia/ton/ Tajna edukacja cywilna w latach wojenno-okupacyjnych Polski 1939-1945]</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Davydenko |first=Olena |date=2013 |title=Secret vocational education in Poland: organizational and pedagogical aspects (1939-1945) |url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=234641 |journal=Kwartalnik Pedagogiczny |language=English |volume=230 |issue=4 |pages=117–132 |issn=0023-5938}}</ref> An shirya makarantar sirri a wasu makarantun Yahudawa a lokacin mulkin Nazi da kuma mamayar Jamus a Turai, musamman a Warsaw Ghetto . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dzieci - tajne nauczanie w getcie warszawskim - Centralna Biblioteka Judaistyczna |url=https://cbj.jhi.pl/documents/739253/0/ |access-date=2023-05-06 |website=cbj.jhi.pl}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sakowska |first=Ruta |date=1965 |title=O szkolnictwie i tajnym nauczaniu w getcie warszawskim |journal=Biuletyn Żydowskiego Instytutu Historycznego |volume=55 |pages=57–84}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kardos |first=Susan |date=2002-04-01 |title="Not Bread Alone": Clandestine Schooling and Resistance in the Warsaw Ghetto during the Holocaust |url=https://meridian.allenpress.com/her/article/72/1/33/31798/Not-Bread-Alone-Clandestine-Schooling-and |journal=Harvard Educational Review |language=en |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=33–67 |doi=10.17763/haer.72.1.37523430721261lj |issn=0017-8055 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bauer |first=Yehuda |date=1992 |editor-last=Tory |editor-first=Avraham |editor2-last=Gilbert |editor2-first=Martin |editor3-last=Michalowicz |editor3-first=Jerzy |title=Tory, "Surviving the Holocaust: The Kovno Ghetto Diary" |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454872 |journal=The Jewish Quarterly Review |volume=82 |issue=3/4 |pages=491–495 |doi=10.2307/1454872 |issn=0021-6682 |jstor=1454872 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A shekarun 1930 da 1940, gwamnatin kama-karya ta Brazil ta ɗauki matakan hana baƙi shiga ƙasar, musamman a kan 'yan Japan. An takaita makarantu, harsuna, da littattafai na Japan da sauran ƙasashen waje, kuma an kafa wani shiri na tilasta haɗa ɗalibai. Makarantun Japan sun zama haramtattu a shekarar 1938. A wannan lokacin, baƙi 'yan Japan sun kafa makarantun sirri kuma an buga jarida a cikin harshen Japan. === Ƙarshen ƙarni na 20 - yanzu === An gudanar da ilimin ƙasa da ƙasa a ƙasashe da dama na Tarayyar Soviet, kamar Poland <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stanowski |first=Krzysztof |date=1998-07-01 |title=Teaching Democracy in Postcommunist Countries |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/1/article/16905 |journal=Journal of Democracy |language=en |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=157–165 |doi=10.1353/jod.1998.0052 |issn=1086-3214 |s2cid=153721770 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Buczynska-Garewicz |first=Hanna |date=1985-04-01 |title=The Flying University in Poland, 1978-1980 |url=https://doi.org/10.17763/haer.55.1.h4mm84t744557037 |journal=Harvard Educational Review |volume=55 |issue=1 |pages=20–34 |doi=10.17763/haer.55.1.h4mm84t744557037 |issn=0017-8055 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Rothstein |first=Rachel |date=2015 |title="Am I Jewish?" and "What Does it Mean?": The Jewish Flying University and the Creation of a Polish-Jewish Counterculture in Late 1970s Warsaw |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/121/article/587939 |journal=Journal of Jewish Identities |volume=8 |issue=2 |pages=85–111 |doi=10.1353/jji.2015.0024 |issn=1946-2522 |s2cid=161864057 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> da Czechoslovakia. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kudláčová |first=Blanka |last2=Šebová |first2=Nikola |date=2020-07-03 |title=Illegal confessional education of children in Slovakia in the period of Socialism (political and religious context) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00309230.2019.1589539 |journal=Paedagogica Historica |volume=56 |issue=4 |pages=481–502 |doi=10.1080/00309230.2019.1589539 |issn=0030-9230 |s2cid=150750433 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A lokacin mulkin Taliban a sassa daban-daban na Afghanistan (ƙarshen 20, farkon 21st c. c.), makarantun sirri suna aiki, galibi na mata da 'yan mata (misali Makarantar Dinki ta Golden Needle ). == Duba kuma == * Gidauniyar Ilimi ta Jan Hus == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] jb9thl75keapril1lq008nlta9naxqa 3 166166 915138 2026-09-02T21:23:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915138 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Mubson25! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Mubson25|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) s6xjb5igw66iumlhhatcdqh4tytetol 3 166167 915139 2026-09-02T21:23:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915139 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BerylTurin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BerylTurin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) gyov5hqqji92qz16p2uoijzy0b98elk 3 166168 915140 2026-09-02T21:23:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915140 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jcabbe3! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jcabbe3|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) iuz11dn91swzheotfvstv5jamv0xrlm 3 166169 915141 2026-09-02T21:23:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915141 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Abiodun Ayobami! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Abiodun Ayobami|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) 09f3qv9hee7fpffwi66lk6ni6fapk64 3 166170 915142 2026-09-02T21:23:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915142 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ezardwizard! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ezardwizard|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) lu35918xbvujh6b0t4ralxkpm8ai06z 3 166171 915143 2026-09-02T21:24:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915143 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, PaskaSemmen113! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/PaskaSemmen113|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) muyf1sw5hx9erac8l2cng5ujod1kpxt 3 166172 915144 2026-09-02T21:24:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915144 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BABANMURJA! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BABANMURJA|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) fk6h0tttl5r0gw5vteslo137e7wsi89 3 166173 915145 2026-09-02T21:24:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915145 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, KaragouniS! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/KaragouniS|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) icu4u5kyj7wx9o1c95lqlek63n3wmab 3 166174 915146 2026-09-02T21:24:36Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915146 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BurbenboyTurin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BurbenboyTurin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) fzq3lqb5o48l0u5k3cejwyx2rt3bbub 3 166175 915147 2026-09-02T21:24:46Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915147 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Aminu Lawan Sulaiman! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Aminu Lawan Sulaiman|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) jv65jbkoefm1v9oga3nwdmohv1961il 3 166176 915148 2026-09-02T21:24:56Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915148 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yusuf bin shuaib! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yusuf bin shuaib|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) 7k27596qdub7fjdsjd0was5o5t0dcab 3 166177 915149 2026-09-02T21:25:06Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915149 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Realzeeboy! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Realzeeboy|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) dk6syqz3zrxvrzv14a6o6jhhl0007b3 3 166178 915150 2026-09-02T21:25:16Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915150 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, CDPorter! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/CDPorter|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) lipj1inakponn9xoye42p326xjojtvw 3 166179 915151 2026-09-02T21:25:26Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 915151 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, HoloSlamengSuarez! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/HoloSlamengSuarez|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) 97ab7qptrwxeoq00roxur5c0pilpeaz 0 166180 915153 2026-09-02T21:27:15Z Baffa ali 47435 Sabon shafi: '''Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusa... 915153 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4]Larabci na Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9] tjki6w6smtsnjxumexvryc9b1jn4f22 915154 915153 2026-09-02T21:29:10Z Baffa ali 47435 Blanked the page 915154 wikitext text/x-wiki phoiac9h4m842xq45sp7s6u21eteeq1 915158 915154 2026-09-02T21:31:56Z Baffa ali 47435 915158 wikitext text/x-wiki ""Larabci na Masar"", wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] 0czwwn9x5tsdm1vnaq6ywyqgdovl6qc 915160 915158 2026-09-02T21:33:27Z Baffa ali 47435 915160 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == jilb8ff8v6b2xbfvurcorv6gdmqo1xi 915162 915160 2026-09-02T21:33:55Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Sunayen */ 915162 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] adb92n8o839plihcm5ayvmbp0ahd83t 915163 915162 2026-09-02T21:34:35Z Baffa ali 47435 915163 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] ==Yankin da aka rarraba== 1llgz3846ze74x8l2aoygz6c4o8v796 915165 915163 2026-09-02T21:35:28Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Yankin da aka rarraba */ 915165 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] ==Yankin da aka rarraba== Ana amfani da Larabci na Masar da farko a Misira kuma ana magana da shi galibi a Alkahira da Iskandariya da kuma manyan biranen dukkan gwamnatocin Masar da sauran manyan biranen Arewa da Kudancin Misira.Larabci na Masar ya zama sananne a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Larabci da farko saboda dalilai biyu: [1] Yaduwa da shahararren fina-finai na Masar da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a yankin tun farkon karni na 20 da kuma yawan malamai da farfesa na Masar waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin ilimi na ƙasashe daban-daban a Yankin Larabawa kuma sun koyar a can da sauran ƙasashe kamar Aljeriya da Libya.[1] Har ila yau, yawancin masu zane-zane na Lebanon sun zaɓi raira waƙa a cikin Masar, fitattun misalai kamar Nancy Ajram da Sabah. [2][3] r9j9fytmnedl5by8a6tjc4snva43c0p 915166 915165 2026-09-02T21:37:22Z Baffa ali 47435 915166 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] ==Yankin da aka rarraba== Ana amfani da Larabci na Masar da farko a Misira kuma ana magana da shi galibi a Alkahira da Iskandariya da kuma manyan biranen dukkan gwamnatocin Masar da sauran manyan biranen Arewa da Kudancin Misira.Larabci na Masar ya zama sananne a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Larabci da farko saboda dalilai biyu: [1] Yaduwa da shahararren fina-finai na Masar da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a yankin tun farkon karni na 20 da kuma yawan malamai da farfesa na Masar waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin ilimi na ƙasashe daban-daban a Yankin Larabawa kuma sun koyar a can da sauran ƙasashe kamar Aljeriya da Libya.[1] Har ila yau, yawancin masu zane-zane na Lebanon sun zaɓi raira waƙa a cikin Masar, fitattun misalai kamar Nancy Ajram da Sabah. [2][3] ==Tarihi== 557n8sw794z72br9phcuzj1xqyouzr9 915167 915166 2026-09-02T21:37:48Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Tarihi */ 915167 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] ==Yankin da aka rarraba== Ana amfani da Larabci na Masar da farko a Misira kuma ana magana da shi galibi a Alkahira da Iskandariya da kuma manyan biranen dukkan gwamnatocin Masar da sauran manyan biranen Arewa da Kudancin Misira.Larabci na Masar ya zama sananne a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Larabci da farko saboda dalilai biyu: [1] Yaduwa da shahararren fina-finai na Masar da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a yankin tun farkon karni na 20 da kuma yawan malamai da farfesa na Masar waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin ilimi na ƙasashe daban-daban a Yankin Larabawa kuma sun koyar a can da sauran ƙasashe kamar Aljeriya da Libya.[1] Har ila yau, yawancin masu zane-zane na Lebanon sun zaɓi raira waƙa a cikin Masar, fitattun misalai kamar Nancy Ajram da Sabah. [2][3] ==Tarihi== Ana magana da Larabci a wasu sassan Masar kamar Gabashin Gabas da Sinai'i kafin Islama.[1] Har ila yau, yana da alama kamar wasu kalmomin Masar-Larabci sun samo asali ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Masar na dā.[2] Koyaya, Masarawa na kwarin Nilu a hankali sun karɓi Larabci a matsayin harshen rubutu bayan Nasarar Musulmi a Masar a ƙarni na bakwai. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, sun yi magana da Koine Girkanci ko Masar a cikin siffar Coptic. Lokaci na Coptic-Arabic bilingualism a Lower Egypt ya dauki fiye da ƙarni uku. Lokacin zai kasance mai tsawo a kudu. Larabci ya riga ya saba da kwarin Masarawa tun lokacin da ake magana da Larabci a duk faɗin Gabashin Gabas da Sinai. Har ila yau, Larabci harshe ne na 'yan tsiraru na wasu mazauna kwarin Nilu kamar Qift a Upper Egypt ta hanyar cinikin Islama tare da Nabateans a Yankin Sinai da kuma gabashin yankin Nilu. Larabci na Masar da alama ya fara farawa a Fustat, babban birnin Musulunci na farko na Masar, yanzu wani ɓangare na Alkahira.Ahmed Kamal Pasha (1851-1923), marubucin ƙamus na farko na Masar, ya yi nuni da gaskiyar cewa fiye da kalmomi 12,000 daga yaren Larabci na Masar na zamani sun samo asali ne daga harshen Masar na dā.[1] Kokarin Kamal ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, musamman ma tabbatar da alaƙar harshe tsakanin tsoffin harsunan Masar da Semitic, saboda duka biyu suna cikin itacen Harshen Afro-Asiatic.[2][3] Hanyar da ya yi ta haɗa da fassara rubutun hieroglyphs zuwa haruffa na Larabci, yana sa nazarin tsoffin matani ya sami damar ga Masarawa, waɗanda har yanzu suna ɗauke da tushen tsohuwar yarensu cikin yaren zamani.[4] 5kdty6z79wq2ik8kjkehkcp4qecc0jn 915168 915167 2026-09-02T21:38:20Z Baffa ali 47435 915168 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] ==Yankin da aka rarraba== Ana amfani da Larabci na Masar da farko a Misira kuma ana magana da shi galibi a Alkahira da Iskandariya da kuma manyan biranen dukkan gwamnatocin Masar da sauran manyan biranen Arewa da Kudancin Misira.Larabci na Masar ya zama sananne a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Larabci da farko saboda dalilai biyu: [1] Yaduwa da shahararren fina-finai na Masar da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a yankin tun farkon karni na 20 da kuma yawan malamai da farfesa na Masar waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin ilimi na ƙasashe daban-daban a Yankin Larabawa kuma sun koyar a can da sauran ƙasashe kamar Aljeriya da Libya.[1] Har ila yau, yawancin masu zane-zane na Lebanon sun zaɓi raira waƙa a cikin Masar, fitattun misalai kamar Nancy Ajram da Sabah. [2][3] ==Tarihi== Ana magana da Larabci a wasu sassan Masar kamar Gabashin Gabas da Sinai'i kafin Islama.[1] Har ila yau, yana da alama kamar wasu kalmomin Masar-Larabci sun samo asali ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Masar na dā.[2] Koyaya, Masarawa na kwarin Nilu a hankali sun karɓi Larabci a matsayin harshen rubutu bayan Nasarar Musulmi a Masar a ƙarni na bakwai. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, sun yi magana da Koine Girkanci ko Masar a cikin siffar Coptic. Lokaci na Coptic-Arabic bilingualism a Lower Egypt ya dauki fiye da ƙarni uku. Lokacin zai kasance mai tsawo a kudu. Larabci ya riga ya saba da kwarin Masarawa tun lokacin da ake magana da Larabci a duk faɗin Gabashin Gabas da Sinai. Har ila yau, Larabci harshe ne na 'yan tsiraru na wasu mazauna kwarin Nilu kamar Qift a Upper Egypt ta hanyar cinikin Islama tare da Nabateans a Yankin Sinai da kuma gabashin yankin Nilu. Larabci na Masar da alama ya fara farawa a Fustat, babban birnin Musulunci na farko na Masar, yanzu wani ɓangare na Alkahira.Ahmed Kamal Pasha (1851-1923), marubucin ƙamus na farko na Masar, ya yi nuni da gaskiyar cewa fiye da kalmomi 12,000 daga yaren Larabci na Masar na zamani sun samo asali ne daga harshen Masar na dā.[1] Kokarin Kamal ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, musamman ma tabbatar da alaƙar harshe tsakanin tsoffin harsunan Masar da Semitic, saboda duka biyu suna cikin itacen Harshen Afro-Asiatic.[2][3] Hanyar da ya yi ta haɗa da fassara rubutun hieroglyphs zuwa haruffa na Larabci, yana sa nazarin tsoffin matani ya sami damar ga Masarawa, waɗanda har yanzu suna ɗauke da tushen tsohuwar yarensu cikin yaren zamani.[4] ==Matsayi== pwuj49d9ksrurvp5vkc5mih2p4t1gev 915169 915168 2026-09-02T21:38:59Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Matsayi */ 915169 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] ==Yankin da aka rarraba== Ana amfani da Larabci na Masar da farko a Misira kuma ana magana da shi galibi a Alkahira da Iskandariya da kuma manyan biranen dukkan gwamnatocin Masar da sauran manyan biranen Arewa da Kudancin Misira.Larabci na Masar ya zama sananne a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Larabci da farko saboda dalilai biyu: [1] Yaduwa da shahararren fina-finai na Masar da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a yankin tun farkon karni na 20 da kuma yawan malamai da farfesa na Masar waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin ilimi na ƙasashe daban-daban a Yankin Larabawa kuma sun koyar a can da sauran ƙasashe kamar Aljeriya da Libya.[1] Har ila yau, yawancin masu zane-zane na Lebanon sun zaɓi raira waƙa a cikin Masar, fitattun misalai kamar Nancy Ajram da Sabah. [2][3] ==Tarihi== Ana magana da Larabci a wasu sassan Masar kamar Gabashin Gabas da Sinai'i kafin Islama.[1] Har ila yau, yana da alama kamar wasu kalmomin Masar-Larabci sun samo asali ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Masar na dā.[2] Koyaya, Masarawa na kwarin Nilu a hankali sun karɓi Larabci a matsayin harshen rubutu bayan Nasarar Musulmi a Masar a ƙarni na bakwai. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, sun yi magana da Koine Girkanci ko Masar a cikin siffar Coptic. Lokaci na Coptic-Arabic bilingualism a Lower Egypt ya dauki fiye da ƙarni uku. Lokacin zai kasance mai tsawo a kudu. Larabci ya riga ya saba da kwarin Masarawa tun lokacin da ake magana da Larabci a duk faɗin Gabashin Gabas da Sinai. Har ila yau, Larabci harshe ne na 'yan tsiraru na wasu mazauna kwarin Nilu kamar Qift a Upper Egypt ta hanyar cinikin Islama tare da Nabateans a Yankin Sinai da kuma gabashin yankin Nilu. Larabci na Masar da alama ya fara farawa a Fustat, babban birnin Musulunci na farko na Masar, yanzu wani ɓangare na Alkahira.Ahmed Kamal Pasha (1851-1923), marubucin ƙamus na farko na Masar, ya yi nuni da gaskiyar cewa fiye da kalmomi 12,000 daga yaren Larabci na Masar na zamani sun samo asali ne daga harshen Masar na dā.[1] Kokarin Kamal ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, musamman ma tabbatar da alaƙar harshe tsakanin tsoffin harsunan Masar da Semitic, saboda duka biyu suna cikin itacen Harshen Afro-Asiatic.[2][3] Hanyar da ya yi ta haɗa da fassara rubutun hieroglyphs zuwa haruffa na Larabci, yana sa nazarin tsoffin matani ya sami damar ga Masarawa, waɗanda har yanzu suna ɗauke da tushen tsohuwar yarensu cikin yaren zamani.[4] ==Matsayi== Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language in Egypt.[1][2] Standard Arabic is the official language of the state as per constitutional law with the name اللغة العربية, al-luġa al-ʿarabiyyah, lit. 'the Arabic language'.[3] Interest in the local vernacular began in the 1800s (in opposition to the language of the ruling class, Turkish), [ana buƙatar hujja] as the Egyptian national movement for self-determination was taking shape. For many decades to follow, questions about the reform and the modernization of Arabic were hotly debated in Egyptian intellectual circles. Proposals ranged from developing neologisms to replace archaic terminology in Modern Standard Arabic to the simplification of syntactical and morphological rules and the introduction of colloquialisms to even complete "Egyptianization" (تمصير, tamṣīr) by abandoning the so-called Modern Standard Arabic in favor of Masri or Egyptian Arabic.[4]Masu goyon bayan sake fasalin harshe a Misira sun hada da Qasim Amin, wanda kuma ya rubuta rubutun mata na farko na Masar; tsohon Shugaban Jami'ar Masar, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed; kuma sanannen mai ilimi Salama Moussa. Sun karɓi tsarin zamani, na duniya kuma ba su yarda da zaton cewa Larabci yare ne wanda ba za a iya canzawa ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da Alkur'ani. Littafin Masar na zamani na farko wanda aka rubuta tattaunawar a cikin yaren shine Zaynab na Muhammad Husayn Haykal a cikin 1913. A shekarar 1966 ne kawai aka saki littafin Mustafa Musharafa wanda ba a yarda da shi ba, littafi na farko da za a rubuta gaba ɗaya a cikin Larabci na Masar.[1] Sauran sanannun marubuta, kamar su Ihsan Abdel Quddous da Yusuf Idris, da mawaƙa, kamar su Salah Jahin, Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi da Ahmed Fouad Negm, sun taimaka wajen karfafa wallafe-wallafen gargajiya a matsayin nau'in wallafe-finai na musamman.[2]Masu sharhi na harshe [waɗanda?] sun lura da tsarin da yawa na masu juyin juya halin Masar zuwa harshen Larabci.  Ganin cewa Naguib, shugaban farko na Masar, ya nuna fifiko don amfani da Larabci na zamani a cikin jawabinsa na jama'a, magajinsa Gamal Abdel Nasser ya shahara da yin amfani da yaren gargajiya da kuma sanya jawabinsa tare da kalmomin gargajiya na Masar. Sabanin haka, Larabci na zamani shine al'ada ga kafofin watsa labarai na jihar, gami da jaridu, mujallu, talabijin, da rediyo. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Masar, Ƙungiyar Rediyo da Talabijin ta Larabawa, wanda aka kafa tare da niyyar samar da abun ciki ga dukan Duniyar Larabawa, ba kawai Masar ba, saboda haka buƙatar watsa shirye-aikace a cikin daidaitattun, maimakon yaren gargajiya. Tashar rediyo ta Muryar Larabawa, musamman, tana da masu sauraro daga ko'ina cikin yankin, kuma amfani da wani abu banda Larabci na zamani an dauke shi da rashin daidaituwa.A cikin binciken jaridu uku na Masar (Al-Ahram, Al-Masry Al-Youm, da Al-Dustour) Zeinab Ibrahim ya kammala cewa jimlar adadin manyan labarai a cikin Larabci na Masar a kowace jarida ya bambanta. Al-Ahram bai haɗa da wani ba. Al-Masry Al-Youm yana da matsakaicin kashi 5% na manyan labarai a Masar, yayin da Al-Dustour ke da matsakaitan kashi 11%.[1] njwsmp6xkif26qy9apnefxt1s2cvtdl 915171 915169 2026-09-02T21:53:22Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Matsayi */ 915171 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda aka fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] ==Yankin da aka rarraba== Ana amfani da Larabci na Masar da farko a Misira kuma ana magana da shi galibi a Alkahira da Iskandariya da kuma manyan biranen dukkan gwamnatocin Masar da sauran manyan biranen Arewa da Kudancin Misira.Larabci na Masar ya zama sananne a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Larabci da farko saboda dalilai biyu: [1] Yaduwa da shahararren fina-finai na Masar da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a yankin tun farkon karni na 20 da kuma yawan malamai da farfesa na Masar waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin ilimi na ƙasashe daban-daban a Yankin Larabawa kuma sun koyar a can da sauran ƙasashe kamar Aljeriya da Libya.[1] Har ila yau, yawancin masu zane-zane na Lebanon sun zaɓi raira waƙa a cikin Masar, fitattun misalai kamar Nancy Ajram da Sabah. [2][3] ==Tarihi== Ana magana da Larabci a wasu sassan Masar kamar Gabashin Gabas da Sinai'i kafin Islama.[1] Har ila yau, yana da alama kamar wasu kalmomin Masar-Larabci sun samo asali ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Masar na dā.[2] Koyaya, Masarawa na kwarin Nilu a hankali sun karɓi Larabci a matsayin harshen rubutu bayan Nasarar Musulmi a Masar a ƙarni na bakwai. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, sun yi magana da Koine Girkanci ko Masar a cikin siffar Coptic. Lokaci na Coptic-Arabic bilingualism a Lower Egypt ya dauki fiye da ƙarni uku. Lokacin zai kasance mai tsawo a kudu. Larabci ya riga ya saba da kwarin Masarawa tun lokacin da ake magana da Larabci a duk faɗin Gabashin Gabas da Sinai. Har ila yau, Larabci harshe ne na 'yan tsiraru na wasu mazauna kwarin Nilu kamar Qift a Upper Egypt ta hanyar cinikin Islama tare da Nabateans a Yankin Sinai da kuma gabashin yankin Nilu. Larabci na Masar da alama ya fara farawa a Fustat, babban birnin Musulunci na farko na Masar, yanzu wani ɓangare na Alkahira.Ahmed Kamal Pasha (1851-1923), marubucin ƙamus na farko na Masar, ya yi nuni da gaskiyar cewa fiye da kalmomi 12,000 daga yaren Larabci na Masar na zamani sun samo asali ne daga harshen Masar na dā.[1] Kokarin Kamal ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, musamman ma tabbatar da alaƙar harshe tsakanin tsoffin harsunan Masar da Semitic, saboda duka biyu suna cikin itacen Harshen Afro-Asiatic.[2][3] Hanyar da ya yi ta haɗa da fassara rubutun hieroglyphs zuwa haruffa na Larabci, yana sa nazarin tsoffin matani ya sami damar ga Masarawa, waɗanda har yanzu suna ɗauke da tushen tsohuwar yarensu cikin yaren zamani.[4] ==Matsayi== Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language in Egypt.[1][2] Standard Arabic is the official language of the state as per constitutional Masu goyon bayan sake fasalin harshe a Misira sun hada da Qasim Amin, wanda kuma ya rubuta rubutun mata na farko na Masar; tsohon Shugaban Jami'ar Masar, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed; kuma sanannen mai ilimi Salama Moussa. Sun karɓi tsarin zamani, na duniya kuma ba su yarda da zaton cewa Larabci yare ne wanda ba za a iya canzawa ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da Alkur'ani. Littafin Masar na zamani na farko wanda aka rubuta tattaunawar a cikin yaren shine Zaynab na Muhammad Husayn Haykal a cikin 1913. A shekarar 1966 ne kawai aka saki littafin Mustafa Musharafa wanda ba a yarda da shi ba, littafi na farko da za a rubuta gaba ɗaya a cikin Larabci na Masar.[1] Sauran sanannun marubuta, kamar su Ihsan Abdel Quddous da Yusuf Idris, da mawaƙa, kamar su Salah Jahin, Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi da Ahmed Fouad Negm, sun taimaka wajen karfafa wallafe-wallafen gargajiya a matsayin nau'in wallafe-finai na musamman.[2]Masu sharhi na harshe [waɗanda?] sun lura da tsarin da yawa na masu juyin juya halin Masar zuwa harshen Larabci.  Ganin cewa Naguib, shugaban farko na Masar, ya nuna fifiko don amfani da Larabci na zamani a cikin jawabinsa na jama'a, magajinsa Gamal Abdel Nasser ya shahara da yin amfani da yaren gargajiya da kuma sanya jawabinsa tare da kalmomin gargajiya na Masar. Sabanin haka, Larabci na zamani shine al'ada ga kafofin watsa labarai na jihar, gami da jaridu, mujallu, talabijin, da rediyo. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Masar, Ƙungiyar Rediyo da Talabijin ta Larabawa, wanda aka kafa tare da niyyar samar da abun ciki ga dukan Duniyar Larabawa, ba kawai Masar ba, saboda haka buƙatar watsa shirye-aikace a cikin daidaitattun, maimakon yaren gargajiya. Tashar rediyo ta Muryar Larabawa, musamman, tana da masu sauraro daga ko'ina cikin yankin, kuma amfani da wani abu banda Larabci na zamani an dauke shi da rashin daidaituwa.A cikin binciken jaridu uku na Masar (Al-Ahram, Al-Masry Al-Youm, da Al-Dustour) Zeinab Ibrahim ya kammala cewa jimlar adadin manyan labarai a cikin Larabci na Masar a kowace jarida ya bambanta. Al-Ahram bai haɗa da wani ba. Al-Masry Al-Youm yana da matsakaicin kashi 5% na manyan labarai a Masar, yayin da Al-Dustour ke da matsakaitan kashi 11%.[1] 1xhhn1fv3pzgv8lohs5fwwrj5rq2bq9 915267 915171 2026-09-03T07:16:45Z Baffa ali 47435 915267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda akɦa fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] ==Yankin da aka rarraba== Ana amfani da Larabci na Masar da farko a Misira kuma ana magana da shi galibi a Alkahira da Iskandariya da kuma manyan biranen dukkan gwamnatocin Masar da sauran manyan biranen Arewa da Kudancin Misira.Larabci na Masar ya zama sananne a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Larabci da farko saboda dalilai biyu: [1] Yaduwa da shahararren fina-finai na Masar da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a yankin tun farkon karni na 20 da kuma yawan malamai da farfesa na Masar waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin ilimi na ƙasashe daban-daban a Yankin Larabawa kuma sun koyar a can da sauran ƙasashe kamar Aljeriya da Libya.[1] Har ila yau, yawancin masu zane-zane na Lebanon sun zaɓi raira waƙa a cikin Masar, fitattun misalai kamar Nancy Ajram da Sabah. [2][3] ==Tarihi== Ana magana da Larabci a wasu sassan Masar kamar Gabashin Gabas da Sinai'i kafin Islama.[1] Har ila yau, yana da alama kamar wasu kalmomin Masar-Larabci sun samo asali ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Masar na dā.[2] Koyaya, Masarawa na kwarin Nilu a hankali sun karɓi Larabci a matsayin harshen rubutu bayan Nasarar Musulmi a Masar a ƙarni na bakwai. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, sun yi magana da Koine Girkanci ko Masar a cikin siffar Coptic. Lokaci na Coptic-Arabic bilingualism a Lower Egypt ya dauki fiye da ƙarni uku. Lokacin zai kasance mai tsawo a kudu. Larabci ya riga ya saba da kwarin Masarawa tun lokacin da ake magana da Larabci a duk faɗin Gabashin Gabas da Sinai. Har ila yau, Larabci harshe ne na 'yan tsiraru na wasu mazauna kwarin Nilu kamar Qift a Upper Egypt ta hanyar cinikin Islama tare da Nabateans a Yankin Sinai da kuma gabashin yankin Nilu. Larabci na Masar da alama ya fara farawa a Fustat, babban birnin Musulunci na farko na Masar, yanzu wani ɓangare na Alkahira.Ahmed Kamal Pasha (1851-1923), marubucin ƙamus na farko na Masar, ya yi nuni da gaskiyar cewa fiye da kalmomi 12,000 daga yaren Larabci na Masar na zamani sun samo asali ne daga harshen Masar na dā.[1] Kokarin Kamal ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, musamman ma tabbatar da alaƙar harshe tsakanin tsoffin harsunan Masar da Semitic, saboda duka biyu suna cikin itacen Harshen Afro-Asiatic.[2][3] Hanyar da ya yi ta haɗa da fassara rubutun hieroglyphs zuwa haruffa na Larabci, yana sa nazarin tsoffin matani ya sami damar ga Masarawa, waɗanda har yanzu suna ɗauke da tushen tsohuwar yarensu cikin yaren zamani.[4] ==Matsayi== Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language in Egypt.[1][2] Standard Arabic is the official language of the state as per constitutional Masu goyon bayan sake fasalin harshe a Misira sun hada da Qasim Amin, wanda kuma ya rubuta rubutun mata na farko na Masar; tsohon Shugaban Jami'ar Masar, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed; kuma sanannen mai ilimi Salama Moussa. Sun karɓi tsarin zamani, na duniya kuma ba su yarda da zaton cewa Larabci yare ne wanda ba za a iya canzawa ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da Alkur'ani. Littafin Masar na zamani na farko wanda aka rubuta tattaunawar a cikin yaren shine Zaynab na Muhammad Husayn Haykal a cikin 1913. A shekarar 1966 ne kawai aka saki littafin Mustafa Musharafa wanda ba a yarda da shi ba, littafi na farko da za a rubuta gaba ɗaya a cikin Larabci na Masar.[1] Sauran sanannun marubuta, kamar su Ihsan Abdel Quddous da Yusuf Idris, da mawaƙa, kamar su Salah Jahin, Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi da Ahmed Fouad Negm, sun taimaka wajen karfafa wallafe-wallafen gargajiya a matsayin nau'in wallafe-finai na musamman.[2]Masu sharhi na harshe [waɗanda?] sun lura da tsarin da yawa na masu juyin juya halin Masar zuwa harshen Larabci.  Ganin cewa Naguib, shugaban farko na Masar, ya nuna fifiko don amfani da Larabci na zamani a cikin jawabinsa na jama'a, magajinsa Gamal Abdel Nasser ya shahara da yin amfani da yaren gargajiya da kuma sanya jawabinsa tare da kalmomin gargajiya na Masar. Sabanin haka, Larabci na zamani shine al'ada ga kafofin watsa labarai na jihar, gami da jaridu, mujallu, talabijin, da rediyo. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Masar, Ƙungiyar Rediyo da Talabijin ta Larabawa, wanda aka kafa tare da niyyar samar da abun ciki ga dukan Duniyar Larabawa, ba kawai Masar ba, saboda haka buƙatar watsa shirye-aikace a cikin daidaitattun, maimakon yaren gargajiya. Tashar rediyo ta Muryar Larabawa, musamman, tana da masu sauraro daga ko'ina cikin yankin, kuma amfani da wani abu banda Larabci na zamani an dauke shi da rashin daidaituwa.A cikin binciken jaridu uku na Masar (Al-Ahram, Al-Masry Al-Youm, da Al-Dustour) Zeinab Ibrahim ya kammala cewa jimlar adadin manyan labarai a cikin Larabci na Masar a kowace jarida ya bambanta. Al-Ahram bai haɗa da wani ba. Al-Masry Al-Youm yana da matsakaicin kashi 5% na manyan labarai a Masar, yayin da Al-Dustour ke da matsakaitan kashi 11%.[1] bejd7h74cruj83kgnxh6sjft2y2517h 915268 915267 2026-09-03T07:17:43Z Baffa ali 47435 915268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda akɦa fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Har ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayake ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] ==Yankin da aka rarraba== Ana amfani da Larabci na Masar da farko a Misira kuma ana magana da shi galibi a Alkahira da Iskandariya da kuma manyan biranen dukkan gwamnatocin Masar da sauran manyan biranen Arewa da Kudancin Misira.Larabci na Masar ya zama sananne a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Larabci da farko saboda dalilai biyu: [1] Yaduwa da shahararren fina-finai na Masar da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a yankin tun farkon karni na 20 da kuma yawan malamai da farfesa na Masar waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin ilimi na ƙasashe daban-daban a Yankin Larabawa kuma sun koyar a can da sauran ƙasashe kamar Aljeriya da Libya.[1] Har ila yau, yawancin masu zane-zane na Lebanon sun zaɓi raira waƙa a cikin Masar, fitattun misalai kamar Nancy Ajram da Sabah. [2][3] ==Tarihi== Ana magana da Larabci a wasu sassan Masar kamar Gabashin Gabas da Sinai'i kafin Islama.[1] Har ila yau, yana da alama kamar wasu kalmomin Masar-Larabci sun samo asali ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Masar na dā.[2] Koyaya, Masarawa na kwarin Nilu a hankali sun karɓi Larabci a matsayin harshen rubutu bayan Nasarar Musulmi a Masar a ƙarni na bakwai. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, sun yi magana da Koine Girkanci ko Masar a cikin siffar Coptic. Lokaci na Coptic-Arabic bilingualism a Lower Egypt ya dauki fiye da ƙarni uku. Lokacin zai kasance mai tsawo a kudu. Larabci ya riga ya saba da kwarin Masarawa tun lokacin da ake magana da Larabci a duk faɗin Gabashin Gabas da Sinai. Har ila yau, Larabci harshe ne na 'yan tsiraru na wasu mazauna kwarin Nilu kamar Qift a Upper Egypt ta hanyar cinikin Islama tare da Nabateans a Yankin Sinai da kuma gabashin yankin Nilu. Larabci na Masar da alama ya fara farawa a Fustat, babban birnin Musulunci na farko na Masar, yanzu wani ɓangare na Alkahira.Ahmed Kamal Pasha (1851-1923), marubucin ƙamus na farko na Masar, ya yi nuni da gaskiyar cewa fiye da kalmomi 12,000 daga yaren Larabci na Masar na zamani sun samo asali ne daga harshen Masar na dā.[1] Kokarin Kamal ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, musamman ma tabbatar da alaƙar harshe tsakanin tsoffin harsunan Masar da Semitic, saboda duka biyu suna cikin itacen Harshen Afro-Asiatic.[2][3] Hanyar da ya yi ta haɗa da fassara rubutun hieroglyphs zuwa haruffa na Larabci, yana sa nazarin tsoffin matani ya sami damar ga Masarawa, waɗanda har yanzu suna ɗauke da tushen tsohuwar yarensu cikin yaren zamani.[4] ==Matsayi== Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language in Egypt.[1][2] Standard Arabic is the official language of the state as per constitutional Masu goyon bayan sake fasalin harshe a Misira sun hada da Qasim Amin, wanda kuma ya rubuta rubutun mata na farko na Masar; tsohon Shugaban Jami'ar Masar, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed; kuma sanannen mai ilimi Salama Moussa. Sun karɓi tsarin zamani, na duniya kuma ba su yarda da zaton cewa Larabci yare ne wanda ba za a iya canzawa ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da Alkur'ani. Littafin Masar na zamani na farko wanda aka rubuta tattaunawar a cikin yaren shine Zaynab na Muhammad Husayn Haykal a cikin 1913. A shekarar 1966 ne kawai aka saki littafin Mustafa Musharafa wanda ba a yarda da shi ba, littafi na farko da za a rubuta gaba ɗaya a cikin Larabci na Masar.[1] Sauran sanannun marubuta, kamar su Ihsan Abdel Quddous da Yusuf Idris, da mawaƙa, kamar su Salah Jahin, Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi da Ahmed Fouad Negm, sun taimaka wajen karfafa wallafe-wallafen gargajiya a matsayin nau'in wallafe-finai na musamman.[2]Masu sharhi na harshe [waɗanda?] sun lura da tsarin da yawa na masu juyin juya halin Masar zuwa harshen Larabci.  Ganin cewa Naguib, shugaban farko na Masar, ya nuna fifiko don amfani da Larabci na zamani a cikin jawabinsa na jama'a, magajinsa Gamal Abdel Nasser ya shahara da yin amfani da yaren gargajiya da kuma sanya jawabinsa tare da kalmomin gargajiya na Masar. Sabanin haka, Larabci na zamani shine al'ada ga kafofin watsa labarai na jihar, gami da jaridu, mujallu, talabijin, da rediyo. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Masar, Ƙungiyar Rediyo da Talabijin ta Larabawa, wanda aka kafa tare da niyyar samar da abun ciki ga dukan Duniyar Larabawa, ba kawai Masar ba, saboda haka buƙatar watsa shirye-aikace a cikin daidaitattun, maimakon yaren gargajiya. Tashar rediyo ta Muryar Larabawa, musamman, tana da masu sauraro daga ko'ina cikin yankin, kuma amfani da wani abu banda Larabci na zamani an dauke shi da rashin daidaituwa.A cikin binciken jaridu uku na Masar (Al-Ahram, Al-Masry Al-Youm, da Al-Dustour) Zeinab Ibrahim ya kammala cewa jimlar adadin manyan labarai a cikin Larabci na Masar a kowace jarida ya bambanta. Al-Ahram bai haɗa da wani ba. Al-Masry Al-Youm yana da matsakaicin kashi 5% na manyan labarai a Masar, yayin da Al-Dustour ke da matsakaitan kashi 11%.[1] 3tu4sfupw90ndfmj4xjywautzclh9hu 915269 915268 2026-09-03T07:20:08Z Baffa ali 47435 915269 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Larabci na Masar''', wanda akɦa fi sani da Masiri na Masiri, ko kuma Masri, shine mafi yawan harshen Larabci a Misira.[lower-alpha 1][lower-alpha 1][1][2] Yana daga cikin dangin yaren Afro-Asiatic, kuma ya samo asali ne a cikin Delta na Nilu a Lower Egypt. Mutanen Masar da aka kiyasta miliyan 111 suna magana da yaruka da yawa.[3] Ha'''Rubutu mai gwaɓi'''r ila yau, an san Larabci na Masar da Cairene Arabic . [4] Hakanan an fahimci shi a duk faɗin Kasashen da ke magana da Larabci saboda tasirin Masar a yankin, gami da ta hanyar fina-finai na Masar da kiɗa na Masar. Wadannan dalilai suna taimakawa wajen sanya shi mafi yawan magana kuma ya fi yawan nazarin Larabci.[5][6][7][8][9]Duk da yake da farko harshe ne da ake magana, ana amfani da rubutun a cikin litattafai, wasanni da waƙoƙi (littattafai na gargajiya), da kuma wasan kwaikwayo, talla, wasu jaridu da rubutun shahararrun waƙoƙoƙi. A mafi yawan sauran kafofin watsa labarai da aka rubuta da kuma a cikin rediyo da labarai na talabijin, ana amfani da wallafe-wallafen Larabci. Larabci na wallafe-wallafen yare ne wanda ya danganci harshen Alkur'ani, watau Larabci na gargajiya. Harshen Masar kusan an rubuta shi a cikin haruffa na Larabci don amfani da gida, kodayak<ref></ref>e ana rubuta shi cikin haruffi na Latin ko a cikin Haruffa na Duniya a cikin rubutun harshe da littattafan da aka tsara don koyar da masu koyo waɗanda ba na asali ba.[1] Harshen Coptic ne ya rinjayi sauti na Larabci na Masar, tsarin nahawu, da ƙamus; [2] [3] Harshen Turkiyya da Harsunan Turanci kamar Faransanci, Italiyanci, Girkanci, da Ingilishi.[1][4] ==Sunayen == Masri magana da Larabci na Masar galibi suna kiran yarensu na Larabci (عربى, [arz]) lokacin da aka haɗa su da yarukan da ba na Larabcin ba; Masarawa na Masarawa (العام المصيه, [el.__yameˈmejjæ l.mɑsːɾejjɑ]) [lower-alpha 1] ko kuma kawai Aamiyya (عاميه, colloquial) lokacin da aka daidaita su da wasu yarukan Masarawa na zamani da Masarawa (اللهجه , [lower-alpha 1][1][lower-alpha 1]Kalmar Larabci na Masar galibi ana amfani da ita daidai da Larabci na Cairene, wanda a zahiri yare ne na Larabci. Sunan asalin ƙasar, مصر Maṣr, ana amfani dashi sau da yawa a cikin gida don komawa ga Alkahira kanta. Kamar yadda yake tare da Faransanci na Paris, Larabci na Cairene shine mafi yawan yaren a kasar.[1] ==Yankin da aka rarraba== Ana amfani da Larabci na Masar da farko a Misira kuma ana magana da shi galibi a Alkahira da Iskandariya da kuma manyan biranen dukkan gwamnatocin Masar da sauran manyan biranen Arewa da Kudancin Misira.Larabci na Masar ya zama sananne a cikin duniyar da ke magana da Larabci da farko saboda dalilai biyu: [1] Yaduwa da shahararren fina-finai na Masar da sauran kafofin watsa labarai a yankin tun farkon karni na 20 da kuma yawan malamai da farfesa na Masar waɗanda suka taimaka wajen kafa tsarin ilimi na ƙasashe daban-daban a Yankin Larabawa kuma sun koyar a can da sauran ƙasashe kamar Aljeriya da Libya.[1] Har ila yau, yawancin masu zane-zane na Lebanon sun zaɓi raira waƙa a cikin Masar, fitattun misalai kamar Nancy Ajram da Sabah. [2][3] ==Tarihi== Ana magana da Larabci a wasu sassan Masar kamar Gabashin Gabas da Sinai'i kafin Islama.[1] Har ila yau, yana da alama kamar wasu kalmomin Masar-Larabci sun samo asali ne daga tsoffin kalmomin Masar na dā.[2] Koyaya, Masarawa na kwarin Nilu a hankali sun karɓi Larabci a matsayin harshen rubutu bayan Nasarar Musulmi a Masar a ƙarni na bakwai. Har zuwa wannan lokacin, sun yi magana da Koine Girkanci ko Masar a cikin siffar Coptic. Lokaci na Coptic-Arabic bilingualism a Lower Egypt ya dauki fiye da ƙarni uku. Lokacin zai kasance mai tsawo a kudu. Larabci ya riga ya saba da kwarin Masarawa tun lokacin da ake magana da Larabci a duk faɗin Gabashin Gabas da Sinai. Har ila yau, Larabci harshe ne na 'yan tsiraru na wasu mazauna kwarin Nilu kamar Qift a Upper Egypt ta hanyar cinikin Islama tare da Nabateans a Yankin Sinai da kuma gabashin yankin Nilu. Larabci na Masar da alama ya fara farawa a Fustat, babban birnin Musulunci na farko na Masar, yanzu wani ɓangare na Alkahira.Ahmed Kamal Pasha (1851-1923), marubucin ƙamus na farko na Masar, ya yi nuni da gaskiyar cewa fiye da kalmomi 12,000 daga yaren Larabci na Masar na zamani sun samo asali ne daga harshen Masar na dā.[1] Kokarin Kamal ya kasance mai ban sha'awa, musamman ma tabbatar da alaƙar harshe tsakanin tsoffin harsunan Masar da Semitic, saboda duka biyu suna cikin itacen Harshen Afro-Asiatic.[2][3] Hanyar da ya yi ta haɗa da fassara rubutun hieroglyphs zuwa haruffa na Larabci, yana sa nazarin tsoffin matani ya sami damar ga Masarawa, waɗanda har yanzu suna ɗauke da tushen tsohuwar yarensu cikin yaren zamani.[4] ==Matsayi== Egyptian Arabic has no official status and is not officially recognized as a language in Egypt.[1][2] Standard Arabic is the official language of the state as per constitutional Masu goyon bayan sake fasalin harshe a Misira sun hada da Qasim Amin, wanda kuma ya rubuta rubutun mata na farko na Masar; tsohon Shugaban Jami'ar Masar, Ahmed Lutfi el-Sayed; kuma sanannen mai ilimi Salama Moussa. Sun karɓi tsarin zamani, na duniya kuma ba su yarda da zaton cewa Larabci yare ne wanda ba za a iya canzawa ba saboda alaƙar da yake da shi da Alkur'ani. Littafin Masar na zamani na farko wanda aka rubuta tattaunawar a cikin yaren shine Zaynab na Muhammad Husayn Haykal a cikin 1913. A shekarar 1966 ne kawai aka saki littafin Mustafa Musharafa wanda ba a yarda da shi ba, littafi na farko da za a rubuta gaba ɗaya a cikin Larabci na Masar.[1] Sauran sanannun marubuta, kamar su Ihsan Abdel Quddous da Yusuf Idris, da mawaƙa, kamar su Salah Jahin, Abdel Rahman el-Abnudi da Ahmed Fouad Negm, sun taimaka wajen karfafa wallafe-wallafen gargajiya a matsayin nau'in wallafe-finai na musamman.[2]Masu sharhi na harshe [waɗanda?] sun lura da tsarin da yawa na masu juyin juya halin Masar zuwa harshen Larabci.  Ganin cewa Naguib, shugaban farko na Masar, ya nuna fifiko don amfani da Larabci na zamani a cikin jawabinsa na jama'a, magajinsa Gamal Abdel Nasser ya shahara da yin amfani da yaren gargajiya da kuma sanya jawabinsa tare da kalmomin gargajiya na Masar. Sabanin haka, Larabci na zamani shine al'ada ga kafofin watsa labarai na jihar, gami da jaridu, mujallu, talabijin, da rediyo. Wannan gaskiya ne musamman ga kamfanin watsa shirye-shiryen Masar, Ƙungiyar Rediyo da Talabijin ta Larabawa, wanda aka kafa tare da niyyar samar da abun ciki ga dukan Duniyar Larabawa, ba kawai Masar ba, saboda haka buƙatar watsa shirye-aikace a cikin daidaitattun, maimakon yaren gargajiya. Tashar rediyo ta Muryar Larabawa, musamman, tana da masu sauraro daga ko'ina cikin yankin, kuma amfani da wani abu banda Larabci na zamani an dauke shi da rashin daidaituwa.A cikin binciken jaridu uku na Masar (Al-Ahram, Al-Masry Al-Youm, da Al-Dustour) Zeinab Ibrahim ya kammala cewa jimlar adadin manyan labarai a cikin Larabci na Masar a kowace jarida ya bambanta. Al-Ahram bai haɗa da wani ba. Al-Masry Al-Youm yana da matsakaicin kashi 5% na manyan labarai a Masar, yayin da Al-Dustour ke da matsakaitan kashi 11%.[1] 4eoobddy3lxr4vwsjh0abfbwaurqara 0 166181 915155 2026-09-02T21:30:58Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1319649690|Annett Renneberg]]" 915155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Annett Renneberg''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Maris 1978 a Rudolstadt) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙiya ta Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=„In aller Freundschaft”: TV-Ärztin liest im Landestheater Neustrelitz {{!}} Nordkurier.de |url=https://www.nordkurier.de/neustrelitz/tv-aerztin-liest-im-landestheater-neustrelitz-2147909904.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.nordkurier.de |language=de}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === Tun tana 'yar shekara biyu, Renneberg ta zauna a Gabashin Berlin, inda daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare. Ta kuma dauki darussan waka, Piano da accordion, kuma tana da burin yin aiki a matsayin mawaƙa.<ref name="AR1">{{Cite web |title=Annett Renneberg – Schauspielerin |url=https://www.kino.de/star/annett-renneberg/ |access-date=2018-11-04 |publisher=Kino |language=de}}</ref> === Ayyuka === A shekara ta 1991, an gano ta a wani kira kuma ta sauka da rawar gani a fim din aikata laifuka Die Brut der schönen Seele . A shekara ta 1995, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta biyu a fim din ''Maja'' kuma an zabi ta ne don rawar da ta taka a Telestar . <ref name="AR1" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1997, Renneberg ya so ya yi karatun waka amma a maimakon haka ya sami tayin daga darektan Peter Zadek, don yin magana da waka a cikin samar da Rise da Fall of the City of Mahagonny a Bikin Salzburg . Renneberg ta gano ƙaunar da take yi wa gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da sauran ayyukan mataki da suka biyo baya a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, galibi suna aiki tare da Peter Zadek. Renneberg ya kuma taka leda a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai sama da 50. Ta taka rawar Signorina Elettra Zorzi a cikin fim din da aka yi na litattafan Commissario Brunetti na Donna Leon. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, tana yin shirye-shiryen nata na mataki, kuma tana raira waƙa, tana maimaitawa, kuma tana yin aiki tare da wasu masu fasaha daban-daban. Daga 2009 zuwa 2011, ta taka rawar Babban Kwamishina Catharina Brandt a ''Stolberg'' . === Rayuwa ta mutum === Annett Renneberg ta zauna a Mecklenburg-Vorpommern tun lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014. <ref name="AR2">{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2017 |title=Rolle Dr. Maria Weber: Seit Folge 770 Annett Renneberg |url=https://www.mdr.de/in-aller-freundschaft/rollen-darsteller/annett-renneberg100.html |access-date=2018-11-04 |publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] pbx2nin9l5is7g8l81g46lz00c9f5zq 915156 915155 2026-09-02T21:31:19Z Usman saadu 46863 915156 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annett Renneberg''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Maris 1978 a Rudolstadt) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙiya ta Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=„In aller Freundschaft”: TV-Ärztin liest im Landestheater Neustrelitz {{!}} Nordkurier.de |url=https://www.nordkurier.de/neustrelitz/tv-aerztin-liest-im-landestheater-neustrelitz-2147909904.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.nordkurier.de |language=de}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === Tun tana 'yar shekara biyu, Renneberg ta zauna a Gabashin Berlin, inda daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare. Ta kuma dauki darussan waka, Piano da accordion, kuma tana da burin yin aiki a matsayin mawaƙa.<ref name="AR1">{{Cite web |title=Annett Renneberg – Schauspielerin |url=https://www.kino.de/star/annett-renneberg/ |access-date=2018-11-04 |publisher=Kino |language=de}}</ref> === Ayyuka === A shekara ta 1991, an gano ta a wani kira kuma ta sauka da rawar gani a fim din aikata laifuka Die Brut der schönen Seele . A shekara ta 1995, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta biyu a fim din ''Maja'' kuma an zabi ta ne don rawar da ta taka a Telestar . <ref name="AR1" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1997, Renneberg ya so ya yi karatun waka amma a maimakon haka ya sami tayin daga darektan Peter Zadek, don yin magana da waka a cikin samar da Rise da Fall of the City of Mahagonny a Bikin Salzburg . Renneberg ta gano ƙaunar da take yi wa gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da sauran ayyukan mataki da suka biyo baya a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, galibi suna aiki tare da Peter Zadek. Renneberg ya kuma taka leda a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai sama da 50. Ta taka rawar Signorina Elettra Zorzi a cikin fim din da aka yi na litattafan Commissario Brunetti na Donna Leon. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, tana yin shirye-shiryen nata na mataki, kuma tana raira waƙa, tana maimaitawa, kuma tana yin aiki tare da wasu masu fasaha daban-daban. Daga 2009 zuwa 2011, ta taka rawar Babban Kwamishina Catharina Brandt a ''Stolberg'' . === Rayuwa ta mutum === Annett Renneberg ta zauna a Mecklenburg-Vorpommern tun lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014. <ref name="AR2">{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2017 |title=Rolle Dr. Maria Weber: Seit Folge 770 Annett Renneberg |url=https://www.mdr.de/in-aller-freundschaft/rollen-darsteller/annett-renneberg100.html |access-date=2018-11-04 |publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] 6rats3lyagn6q1kr82yfpd00w6ehe7k 915157 915156 2026-09-02T21:31:51Z Usman saadu 46863 915157 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annett Renneberg''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1978 a Rudolstadt) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙiya ta Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=„In aller Freundschaft”: TV-Ärztin liest im Landestheater Neustrelitz {{!}} Nordkurier.de |url=https://www.nordkurier.de/neustrelitz/tv-aerztin-liest-im-landestheater-neustrelitz-2147909904.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.nordkurier.de |language=de}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === Tun tana 'yar shekara biyu, Renneberg ta zauna a Gabashin Berlin, inda daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare. Ta kuma dauki darussan waka, Piano da accordion, kuma tana da burin yin aiki a matsayin mawaƙa.<ref name="AR1">{{Cite web |title=Annett Renneberg – Schauspielerin |url=https://www.kino.de/star/annett-renneberg/ |access-date=2018-11-04 |publisher=Kino |language=de}}</ref> === Ayyuka === A shekara ta 1991, an gano ta a wani kira kuma ta sauka da rawar gani a fim din aikata laifuka Die Brut der schönen Seele . A shekara ta 1995, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta biyu a fim din ''Maja'' kuma an zabi ta ne don rawar da ta taka a Telestar . <ref name="AR1" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1997, Renneberg ya so ya yi karatun waka amma a maimakon haka ya sami tayin daga darektan Peter Zadek, don yin magana da waka a cikin samar da Rise da Fall of the City of Mahagonny a Bikin Salzburg . Renneberg ta gano ƙaunar da take yi wa gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da sauran ayyukan mataki da suka biyo baya a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, galibi suna aiki tare da Peter Zadek. Renneberg ya kuma taka leda a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai sama da 50. Ta taka rawar Signorina Elettra Zorzi a cikin fim din da aka yi na litattafan Commissario Brunetti na Donna Leon. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, tana yin shirye-shiryen nata na mataki, kuma tana raira waƙa, tana maimaitawa, kuma tana yin aiki tare da wasu masu fasaha daban-daban. Daga 2009 zuwa 2011, ta taka rawar Babban Kwamishina Catharina Brandt a ''Stolberg'' . === Rayuwa ta mutum === Annett Renneberg ta zauna a Mecklenburg-Vorpommern tun lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014. <ref name="AR2">{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2017 |title=Rolle Dr. Maria Weber: Seit Folge 770 Annett Renneberg |url=https://www.mdr.de/in-aller-freundschaft/rollen-darsteller/annett-renneberg100.html |access-date=2018-11-04 |publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] r0fathk5t0d9m5k70t5f2uyoqlp9qey 915159 915157 2026-09-02T21:32:15Z Usman saadu 46863 915159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Annett Renneberg''' (an haife ta a ranar 16 ga watan Maris a shekara ta 1978 a Rudolstadt) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce kuma mawaƙiya ta Jamus.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-21 |title=„In aller Freundschaft”: TV-Ärztin liest im Landestheater Neustrelitz {{!}} Nordkurier.de |url=https://www.nordkurier.de/neustrelitz/tv-aerztin-liest-im-landestheater-neustrelitz-2147909904.html |access-date=2022-07-18 |website=www.nordkurier.de |language=de}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === Tun tana 'yar shekara biyu, Renneberg ta zauna a Gabashin Berlin, inda daga baya ta halarci makarantar sakandare. Ta kuma dauki darussan waka, Piano da accordion, kuma tana da burin yin aiki a matsayin mawaƙa.<ref name="AR1">{{Cite web |title=Annett Renneberg – Schauspielerin |url=https://www.kino.de/star/annett-renneberg/ |access-date=2018-11-04 |publisher=Kino |language=de}}</ref> === Ayyuka === A shekara ta 1991, an gano ta a wani kira kuma ta sauka da rawar gani a fim din aikata laifuka Die Brut der schönen Seele . A shekara ta 1995, ta taka muhimmiyar rawa ta biyu a fim din ''Maja'' kuma an zabi ta ne don rawar da ta taka a Telestar . <ref name="AR1" /> Bayan kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1997, Renneberg ya so ya yi karatun waka amma a maimakon haka ya sami tayin daga darektan Peter Zadek, don yin magana da waka a cikin samar da Rise da Fall of the City of Mahagonny a Bikin Salzburg . Renneberg ta gano ƙaunar da take yi wa gidan wasan kwaikwayo, da sauran ayyukan mataki da suka biyo baya a cikin 'yan shekaru masu zuwa, galibi suna aiki tare da Peter Zadek. Renneberg ya kuma taka leda a cikin shirye-shiryen talabijin da fina-finai sama da 50. Ta taka rawar Signorina Elettra Zorzi a cikin fim din da aka yi na litattafan Commissario Brunetti na Donna Leon. Tun daga shekara ta 2006, tana yin shirye-shiryen nata na mataki, kuma tana raira waƙa, tana maimaitawa, kuma tana yin aiki tare da wasu masu fasaha daban-daban. Daga shekarar 2009 zuwa 2011, ta taka rawar Babban Kwamishina Catharina Brandt a ''Stolberg'' . === Rayuwa ta mutum === Annett Renneberg ta zauna a Mecklenburg-Vorpommern tun lokacin rani na shekara ta 2014. <ref name="AR2">{{Cite web |date=May 23, 2017 |title=Rolle Dr. Maria Weber: Seit Folge 770 Annett Renneberg |url=https://www.mdr.de/in-aller-freundschaft/rollen-darsteller/annett-renneberg100.html |access-date=2018-11-04 |publisher=[[Mitteldeutscher Rundfunk]] |language=de}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1978]] 8jad7ncjg9sf9yaxszgfqbjd8usbh3p 0 166182 915161 2026-09-02T21:33:53Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1359827122|Physicians Across Continents]]" 915161 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Physicians Across Continents (PAC)''' wata ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai ba da agajin jin ƙai ta fannin lafiya, wadda ke samar da kulawar lafiya ga marasa lafiya da al’ummomin da rikice-rikice da bala’o’i suka shafa, ba tare da la’akari da ƙabilarsu, addininsu ko ƙasarsu ba. Hedikwatar kungiyar tana cikin [[Landan]] (2016), babban birnin Ingila, tare da ofisoshin aiki a Ingila, [[Turkiyya]], [[Sudan]], [[Somaliya]] da [[Kenya]], baya ga ayyukan agaji na baya da kuma na yanzu da take gudanarwa a ƙasashe 39 na Afirka da Asiya, PAC tana gudanar da ayyukanta bisa ƙa’idojin jin ƙai da suka shafi ɗabi’un sana’ar likitanci, daidai da manufar da ta amince da ita tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}} == Kafuwa == Wata ƙungiya ta likitoci, masana harhada magunguna, ma’aikatan jinya, masu gudanarwa da ma’aikatan kafafen yaɗa labarai, waɗanda ke aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya, ce ta kafa PAC a farkon shekarar 1424 bayan Hijira – 2003 Miladiyya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} Bayan wasu shekaru, PAC ta shiga cikin Muslim World League (MWL) domin yin aiki a fannin ayyukan agajin kiwon lafiya na jin ƙai a wasu ƙasashe matalauta.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} PAC tana gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar Majalisar Zartarwa, wadda ke jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu sassa, waɗanda suka haɗa da sashen ayyukan bala’o’i, cibiyar yaɗa labarai, sashen horo da bunƙasa ƙwarewa, da sashen daidaita ayyukan jinya na cikin gida, baya ga sassan kuɗi da gudanarwa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} == Dabaru == Dabarun gudanarwar ƙungiyar sun dogara ne da ginshiƙai da dama waɗanda ke tallafa kai tsaye ga manufar ƙungiyar da kuma manufofinta. Kowanne ginshiƙi ya ƙunshi wasu manufofi da ake dogaro da su wajen tsara tsare-tsaren ayyuka. Waɗannan ginshiƙai su ne:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} * Gudanar da kuma magance yaduwar cututtuka. * Taimako a cikin taimakon bala'i. * Samar da kayan kiwon lafiya na musamman da cibiyoyin. * Bayar da aikace-aikacen likita da mafita da inganta matakin kiwon lafiya na al'ummomi. == Sunan a wasu harsuna == * Likitoci suna ratsa nahiyoyi (Faransa) ''' (Faransanci) ''' * أطباء融arat ''' (Arabic) ''' * Kıtalararasılar Doktor Derneği ''' (Turkiyanci) ''' == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == hgz64vsa5w96gzuuwjbgcs8sc4rbnh1 915164 915161 2026-09-02T21:34:38Z Qassamy 47996 915164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Physicians Across Continents (PAC)''' wata ƙungiya ce ta ƙasa da ƙasa mai ba da agajin jin ƙai ta fannin lafiya, wadda ke samar da kulawar lafiya ga marasa lafiya da al’ummomin da rikice-rikice da bala’o’i suka shafa, ba tare da la’akari da ƙabilarsu, addininsu ko ƙasarsu ba. Hedikwatar kungiyar tana cikin [[Landan]] (2016), babban birnin Ingila, tare da ofisoshin aiki a Ingila, [[Turkiyya]], [[Sudan]], [[Somaliya]] da [[Kenya]], baya ga ayyukan agaji na baya da kuma na yanzu da take gudanarwa a ƙasashe 39 na Afirka da Asiya, PAC tana gudanar da ayyukanta bisa ƙa’idojin jin ƙai da suka shafi ɗabi’un sana’ar likitanci, daidai da manufar da ta amince da ita tun lokacin da aka ƙaddamar da ƙungiyar. [ana buƙatar ƙa'ida]{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=April 2025}} == Kafuwa == Wata ƙungiya ta likitoci, masana harhada magunguna, ma’aikatan jinya, masu gudanarwa da ma’aikatan kafafen yaɗa labarai, waɗanda ke aiki a fannin kiwon lafiya, ce ta kafa PAC a farkon shekarar 1424 bayan Hijira – 2003 Miladiyya.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} Bayan wasu shekaru, PAC ta shiga cikin Muslim World League (MWL) domin yin aiki a fannin ayyukan agajin kiwon lafiya na jin ƙai a wasu ƙasashe matalauta.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} PAC tana gudanar da ayyukanta ta hanyar Majalisar Zartarwa, wadda ke jagorantar ayyukan ƙungiyar tare da haɗin gwiwar wasu sassa, waɗanda suka haɗa da sashen ayyukan bala’o’i, cibiyar yaɗa labarai, sashen horo da bunƙasa ƙwarewa, da sashen daidaita ayyukan jinya na cikin gida, baya ga sassan kuɗi da gudanarwa.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} == Dabaru == Dabarun gudanarwar ƙungiyar sun dogara ne da ginshiƙai da dama waɗanda ke tallafa kai tsaye ga manufar ƙungiyar da kuma manufofinta. Kowanne ginshiƙi ya ƙunshi wasu manufofi da ake dogaro da su wajen tsara tsare-tsaren ayyuka. Waɗannan ginshiƙai su ne:{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2022}} * Gudanar da kuma magance yaduwar cututtuka. * Taimako a cikin taimakon bala'i. * Samar da kayan kiwon lafiya na musamman da cibiyoyin. * Bayar da aikace-aikacen likita da mafita da inganta matakin kiwon lafiya na al'ummomi. == Sunan a wasu harsuna == * Likitoci suna ratsa nahiyoyi (Faransa) ''' (Faransanci) ''' * أطباء融arat ''' (Arabic) ''' * Kıtalararasılar Doktor Derneği ''' (Turkiyanci) ''' == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == 82qn96at68olmxap4hj4rveabcembis 0 166183 915172 2026-09-02T21:57:33Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355101597|OS35 (bulk carrier)]]" 915172 wikitext text/x-wiki '''MV ''OS 35''''' babban jirgin ruwa ne Mai ɗaukar kaya ne da aka yi rajista a [[Tuvalu]], tutar saukakawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OS 35 Bulk Carrier - IMO-9172399-MMSI-572852210 |url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/OS-35-IMO-9172399-MMSI-572852210 |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=www.vesselfinder.com/ |publisher=Vessel finder}}</ref> 'Yan fashi ne suka kai masa hari a kusa da Somaliya a shekarar 2017, kuma an kai shi bakin teku a kusa da [[Gibraltar]] bayan haɗarin jirgin ruwa a shekarar 2022. Daga baya aka kawar da jirgin. == Bayani == ''Jirgin OS 35 jirgin ɗaukar kaya ne mai ɗakunan kaya guda biyar, tsawonsa gaba ɗaya mita 178 (ƙafa 584 da inci 0), sannan faɗinsa mita 28 (ƙafa 91 da inci 10). An gina shi a shekarar 1999 a filin kera jiragen ruwa na Shin Kurushima Toyohashi da ke Japan.''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=OS 35 (IMO 9172399, Bulk Carrier) - Ship Details and Current Position {{!}} Vessel Tracking |url=http://www.vesseltracking.net/ship/os-35-9172399 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022073711/http://www.vesseltracking.net/ship/os-35-9172399 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=www.vesseltracking.net |publisher=Vessel tracking}}</ref> Jirgin yana da jimillar nauyin ton 20,947 (gross tonnage) da kuma nauyin ɗaukar kaya na ton 35,362 (deadweight tonnage). An gina jirgin ne da sunan Golden Harvest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vessel particulars - MV OS 35 |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:673615/mmsi:572852210/imo:9172399/vessel:OS_35 |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=www.marinetraffic.com |publisher=Marine traffic}}</ref> Daga nan, yayin da jirgin ke sauya hannun masu shi, an sauya sunansa zuwa Addu Comet, JS Comet, sannan a ƙarshe OS 35.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OS 35 Bulk carrier |url=https://www.fleetmon.com/vessels/os-35_9172399_1080/ |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=www.fleetmon.com |publisher=Fleet Monitor}}</ref> == Harin 'yan fashi na 2017 == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, jirgin yana kan hanyarsa daga Port Klang, [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] zuwa Aden, [[Yemen]]. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2017, kimanin kilomita 147 (272 kudu maso gabashin Mukalla, [[Yemen]], 'yan fashi sun shiga jirgin. Ma’aikatan jirgin sun kashe injin, suka koma cikin mafaka mai kariya, sannan suka nemi taimako. INS Mumbai da INS Tarkash na [[Indian Navy|Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya]], da kuma jirgin ruwa na ''[[Chinese frigate Yulin (569)|Yulin]]'' na kasar Sin sun amsa. Jiragen ruwan Indiya sun samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin su da ma’aikatan jirgin, tare da samar da kariyar sama ta jirgi mai saukar ungulu. Wani jam'iyyar sojoji na musamman na kasar Sin mai mutum 18 ya shiga ''OS 35'' kuma ya kama 'yan fashi uku, ciki har da Aw Kombe wanda ke da hannu a cikin satar Aris 13. 'Yan fashi biyu sun tsere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=Chinese Navy Hands Pirates Over to Somali Authorities |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/chinese-navy-hands-pirates-over-to-somali-authorities |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Maritime Executive}}</ref> == Karo a 2022 == A watan Agustan 2022, ''OS 35'' ya yi karo da tankar gas mai narkewa ''Adam LNG'' daga [[Gibraltar]] kuma an ajiye shi. Rushewar jirgin ya haifar da malalar mai. An shimfiɗa shingen hana yaɗuwar mai, kuma zuwa safiyar 2 ga Satumba, an kwashe kashi 80% na man dizal ɗin jirgin. [[Ispaniya|Spain ta ƙara sanya ido kan gurɓatar muhalli a kewayen Bay of Gibraltar.]] An ceto jirgin daga teku daga Janairu 2023 zuwa Yuli 2023, ta hannun Koole Contractors daga Netherlands. Wata guguwar hunturu ta karya jirgin gida biyu. An ɗora sassan jirgin a kan wani jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi, sannan suka isa Amsterdam a ranar 15 ga Agusta domin tarwatsa jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2023 |title=Photos: OS 35 Hulk Arrives in Amsterdam for Recycling |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/photos-os-35-hulk-arrives-in-amsterdam-for-recycling |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=The Maritime Executive}}</ref> == Manazarta == 86zkawol5oti2vj2qs5xbjuukfdy4l9 915173 915172 2026-09-02T21:57:57Z Qassamy 47996 915173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''MV ''OS 35''''' babban jirgin ruwa ne Mai ɗaukar kaya ne da aka yi rajista a [[Tuvalu]], tutar saukakawa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OS 35 Bulk Carrier - IMO-9172399-MMSI-572852210 |url=https://www.vesselfinder.com/vessels/OS-35-IMO-9172399-MMSI-572852210 |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=www.vesselfinder.com/ |publisher=Vessel finder}}</ref> 'Yan fashi ne suka kai masa hari a kusa da Somaliya a shekarar 2017, kuma an kai shi bakin teku a kusa da [[Gibraltar]] bayan haɗarin jirgin ruwa a shekarar 2022. Daga baya aka kawar da jirgin. == Bayani == ''Jirgin OS 35 jirgin ɗaukar kaya ne mai ɗakunan kaya guda biyar, tsawonsa gaba ɗaya mita 178 (ƙafa 584 da inci 0), sannan faɗinsa mita 28 (ƙafa 91 da inci 10). An gina shi a shekarar 1999 a filin kera jiragen ruwa na Shin Kurushima Toyohashi da ke Japan.''<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=OS 35 (IMO 9172399, Bulk Carrier) - Ship Details and Current Position {{!}} Vessel Tracking |url=http://www.vesseltracking.net/ship/os-35-9172399 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022073711/http://www.vesseltracking.net/ship/os-35-9172399 |archive-date=22 October 2018 |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=www.vesseltracking.net |publisher=Vessel tracking}}</ref> Jirgin yana da jimillar nauyin ton 20,947 (gross tonnage) da kuma nauyin ɗaukar kaya na ton 35,362 (deadweight tonnage). An gina jirgin ne da sunan Golden Harvest.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vessel particulars - MV OS 35 |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:673615/mmsi:572852210/imo:9172399/vessel:OS_35 |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=www.marinetraffic.com |publisher=Marine traffic}}</ref> Daga nan, yayin da jirgin ke sauya hannun masu shi, an sauya sunansa zuwa Addu Comet, JS Comet, sannan a ƙarshe OS 35.<ref>{{Cite web |title=OS 35 Bulk carrier |url=https://www.fleetmon.com/vessels/os-35_9172399_1080/ |access-date=22 October 2018 |website=www.fleetmon.com |publisher=Fleet Monitor}}</ref> == Harin 'yan fashi na 2017 == A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, jirgin yana kan hanyarsa daga Port Klang, [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] zuwa Aden, [[Yemen]]. A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2017, kimanin kilomita 147 (272 kudu maso gabashin Mukalla, [[Yemen]], 'yan fashi sun shiga jirgin. Ma’aikatan jirgin sun kashe injin, suka koma cikin mafaka mai kariya, sannan suka nemi taimako. INS Mumbai da INS Tarkash na [[Indian Navy|Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Indiya]], da kuma jirgin ruwa na ''[[Chinese frigate Yulin (569)|Yulin]]'' na kasar Sin sun amsa. Jiragen ruwan Indiya sun samar da hanyar sadarwa tsakanin su da ma’aikatan jirgin, tare da samar da kariyar sama ta jirgi mai saukar ungulu. Wani jam'iyyar sojoji na musamman na kasar Sin mai mutum 18 ya shiga ''OS 35'' kuma ya kama 'yan fashi uku, ciki har da Aw Kombe wanda ke da hannu a cikin satar Aris 13. 'Yan fashi biyu sun tsere.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 May 2017 |title=Chinese Navy Hands Pirates Over to Somali Authorities |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/chinese-navy-hands-pirates-over-to-somali-authorities |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=Maritime Executive}}</ref> == Karo a 2022 == A watan Agustan 2022, ''OS 35'' ya yi karo da tankar gas mai narkewa ''Adam LNG'' daga [[Gibraltar]] kuma an ajiye shi. Rushewar jirgin ya haifar da malalar mai. An shimfiɗa shingen hana yaɗuwar mai, kuma zuwa safiyar 2 ga Satumba, an kwashe kashi 80% na man dizal ɗin jirgin. [[Ispaniya|Spain ta ƙara sanya ido kan gurɓatar muhalli a kewayen Bay of Gibraltar.]] An ceto jirgin daga teku daga Janairu 2023 zuwa Yuli 2023, ta hannun Koole Contractors daga Netherlands. Wata guguwar hunturu ta karya jirgin gida biyu. An ɗora sassan jirgin a kan wani jirgin ruwa mai ɗaukar kaya masu nauyi, sannan suka isa Amsterdam a ranar 15 ga Agusta domin tarwatsa jirgin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2023 |title=Photos: OS 35 Hulk Arrives in Amsterdam for Recycling |url=https://maritime-executive.com/article/photos-os-35-hulk-arrives-in-amsterdam-for-recycling |access-date=30 March 2024 |website=The Maritime Executive}}</ref> == Manazarta == 4v37hmdwh1erp1tsxqrtg73mq0eyi26 0 166184 915174 2026-09-02T22:04:04Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1351018314|Orphans and vulnerable children]]" 915174 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Marayu da yara masu rauni''' Ana amfani da wannan kalmar ne wajen bayyana rukunin matasa da suka fi fuskantar haɗari a yanayi kamar ayyukan agajin jin ƙai da ilimi a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. Ana yawan amfani da ita wajen magana game da ƙasashen yankin Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara waɗanda ke da adadi mai yawa na Marayu masu alaƙa da cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orphans and Vulnerable Children Defined |url=http://hgsf-global.org/en/ovc/background/263-orphans-and-vulnerable-children-defined}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nsagha |first=Dickson S |last2=Bissek |first2=Anne-Cécile ZK |last3=Nsagha |first3=Sarah M |last4=Assob |first4=Jules-Clement N |last5=Kamga |first5=Henri-Lucien F |last6=Njamnshi |first6=Dora M |last7=Njunda |first7=Anna L |last8=Obama |first8=Marie-Thérèse O |last9=Njamnshi |first9=Alfred K |date=2012-10-19 |title=The Burden of Orphans and Vulnerable Children Due to HIV/AIDS in Cameroon |journal=The Open AIDS Journal |volume=6 |pages=245–258 |doi=10.2174/1874613601206010245 |issn=1874-6136 |pmc=3514708 |pmid=23248738 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi tattaunawa mai yawa kan ma’anar kalmar “marayu da yara masu rauni”. Wata majiya ta bayyana cewa yaro mai rauni na iya kasancewa yana da ɗaya ko duka iyayensa, amma ba a biya masa muhimman buƙatunsa ko haƙƙoƙinsa ba. Ana ɗaukar maraya a matsayin yaron da iyayensa suka rasu. Haka kuma, ana iya ɗaukar yaro a matsayin maraya idan ɗaya daga cikin iyayensa ya rasu, musamman idan wannan iyayen shi ne mai ɗaukar nauyin iyalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skinner |first=Donald |date=January 2004 |title=Defining orphaned and vulnerable children |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291782679 |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=619–625 |doi=10.1007/s10461-006-9086-6 |pmid=16639543 |s2cid=25953081 |via=researchgate.net}}</ref> Wataƙila kalmar “marayu da yara masu rauni” ta samo asali ne a farkon shekarun 1990, inda ta samo asali daga kalmar “yaran da cutar AIDS ta shafa da sauran yara masu rauni”, yayin da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya jawo hankali kan yaran da annobar AIDS ta fi shafa.<ref name="Lombe-2017" /> Da farko, ana amfani da kalmar ne wajen magana game da yaran da suka rasa masu kula da su sakamakon HIV/AIDS da sauran yara masu rauni.<ref name="Lombe-2017" /> Kalmar “marayu da yara masu rauni” ta karkatar da tallafin agaji zuwa ga yaran da suka fi matuƙar buƙatar taimako.<ref name="Lombe-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Lombe |first=Margaret |last2=Mabikke |first2=Harriet |last3=Enelamah |first3=Ngozi Victoria |last4=Chu |first4=Yoosun |date=January 2019 |title=Conceptualizing the African child as orphan and vulnerable: A label in need of redefinition? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020872817710546 |journal=International Social Work |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=62–75 |doi=10.1177/0020872817710546 |issn=0020-8728 |s2cid=80065723 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana taimaka wa yara a faɗin duniya da ke rayuwa cikin yanayi masu haɗari ko marasa lafiya ta hanyar Shirin Gaggawa na Shugaban Ƙasar Amurka kan Agajin AIDS, wanda aka fi sani da PEPFAR. Ta wannan shiri, USAID na aiwatar da shirye-shirye don taimaka wa marayu da yara masu rauni. Wannan ya haɗa da yaran da ke ɗauke da HIV, waɗanda iyayensu ko masu kula da su ke ɗauke da HIV, da/ko waɗanda suka zama marayu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Orphans and Vulnerable Children |url=https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/hiv-and-aids/technical-areas/orphans-and-vulnerable-children |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814003002/https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/hiv-and-aids/technical-areas/orphans-and-vulnerable-children |archive-date=August 14, 2019 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=[[USAID]] |language=en}}</ref> A duniya baki ɗaya a shekarar 2020, adadin yaran da shekarunsu ba su kai 17 ba waɗanda ɗaya ko duka iyayensu suka rasu sakamakon AIDS ya kai kusan miliyan 15.5. Kimanin rabin yara sama da miliyan 1.5 da ke ɗauke da HIV a duniya ne kawai ke samun magani. A yankin Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, adadin yaran da ke samun magani ya fi haka ƙaranci. A waɗannan ƙasashe, yiwuwar kamuwa da HIV ta fi yawa ga 'yan mata matasa fiye da 'yan samari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV Statistics - Global and Regional Trends |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/global-regional-trends/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an taimaka wa sama da marayu da yara masu rauni miliyan 7 da masu kula da su ta hanyar shirin PEPFAR. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=PEPFAR |url=https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/pepfar-global-aids/pepfar |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=HIV.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == b4p849hygqteavwb3u58f12ujep5ygy 915175 915174 2026-09-02T22:04:31Z Qassamy 47996 915175 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Marayu da yara masu rauni''' Ana amfani da wannan kalmar ne wajen bayyana rukunin matasa da suka fi fuskantar haɗari a yanayi kamar ayyukan agajin jin ƙai da ilimi a [[Developing country|Kasashe masu tasowa]]. Ana yawan amfani da ita wajen magana game da ƙasashen yankin Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara waɗanda ke da adadi mai yawa na Marayu masu alaƙa da cutar kanjamau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Orphans and Vulnerable Children Defined |url=http://hgsf-global.org/en/ovc/background/263-orphans-and-vulnerable-children-defined}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Nsagha |first=Dickson S |last2=Bissek |first2=Anne-Cécile ZK |last3=Nsagha |first3=Sarah M |last4=Assob |first4=Jules-Clement N |last5=Kamga |first5=Henri-Lucien F |last6=Njamnshi |first6=Dora M |last7=Njunda |first7=Anna L |last8=Obama |first8=Marie-Thérèse O |last9=Njamnshi |first9=Alfred K |date=2012-10-19 |title=The Burden of Orphans and Vulnerable Children Due to HIV/AIDS in Cameroon |journal=The Open AIDS Journal |volume=6 |pages=245–258 |doi=10.2174/1874613601206010245 |issn=1874-6136 |pmc=3514708 |pmid=23248738 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An yi tattaunawa mai yawa kan ma’anar kalmar “marayu da yara masu rauni”. Wata majiya ta bayyana cewa yaro mai rauni na iya kasancewa yana da ɗaya ko duka iyayensa, amma ba a biya masa muhimman buƙatunsa ko haƙƙoƙinsa ba. Ana ɗaukar maraya a matsayin yaron da iyayensa suka rasu. Haka kuma, ana iya ɗaukar yaro a matsayin maraya idan ɗaya daga cikin iyayensa ya rasu, musamman idan wannan iyayen shi ne mai ɗaukar nauyin iyalin.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Skinner |first=Donald |date=January 2004 |title=Defining orphaned and vulnerable children |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/291782679 |journal=AIDS and Behavior |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=619–625 |doi=10.1007/s10461-006-9086-6 |pmid=16639543 |s2cid=25953081 |via=researchgate.net}}</ref> Wataƙila kalmar “marayu da yara masu rauni” ta samo asali ne a farkon shekarun 1990, inda ta samo asali daga kalmar “yaran da cutar AIDS ta shafa da sauran yara masu rauni”, yayin da Asusun Kula da Yara na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya (UNICEF) ya jawo hankali kan yaran da annobar AIDS ta fi shafa.<ref name="Lombe-2017" /> Da farko, ana amfani da kalmar ne wajen magana game da yaran da suka rasa masu kula da su sakamakon HIV/AIDS da sauran yara masu rauni.<ref name="Lombe-2017" /> Kalmar “marayu da yara masu rauni” ta karkatar da tallafin agaji zuwa ga yaran da suka fi matuƙar buƙatar taimako.<ref name="Lombe-2017">{{Cite journal |last=Lombe |first=Margaret |last2=Mabikke |first2=Harriet |last3=Enelamah |first3=Ngozi Victoria |last4=Chu |first4=Yoosun |date=January 2019 |title=Conceptualizing the African child as orphan and vulnerable: A label in need of redefinition? |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020872817710546 |journal=International Social Work |language=en |volume=62 |issue=1 |pages=62–75 |doi=10.1177/0020872817710546 |issn=0020-8728 |s2cid=80065723 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Ana taimaka wa yara a faɗin duniya da ke rayuwa cikin yanayi masu haɗari ko marasa lafiya ta hanyar Shirin Gaggawa na Shugaban Ƙasar Amurka kan Agajin AIDS, wanda aka fi sani da PEPFAR. Ta wannan shiri, USAID na aiwatar da shirye-shirye don taimaka wa marayu da yara masu rauni. Wannan ya haɗa da yaran da ke ɗauke da HIV, waɗanda iyayensu ko masu kula da su ke ɗauke da HIV, da/ko waɗanda suka zama marayu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Orphans and Vulnerable Children |url=https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/hiv-and-aids/technical-areas/orphans-and-vulnerable-children |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190814003002/https://www.usaid.gov/global-health/health-areas/hiv-and-aids/technical-areas/orphans-and-vulnerable-children |archive-date=August 14, 2019 |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=[[USAID]] |language=en}}</ref> A duniya baki ɗaya a shekarar 2020, adadin yaran da shekarunsu ba su kai 17 ba waɗanda ɗaya ko duka iyayensu suka rasu sakamakon AIDS ya kai kusan miliyan 15.5. Kimanin rabin yara sama da miliyan 1.5 da ke ɗauke da HIV a duniya ne kawai ke samun magani. A yankin Afirka kudu da hamadar Sahara, adadin yaran da ke samun magani ya fi haka ƙaranci. A waɗannan ƙasashe, yiwuwar kamuwa da HIV ta fi yawa ga 'yan mata matasa fiye da 'yan samari.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HIV Statistics - Global and Regional Trends |url=https://data.unicef.org/topic/hivaids/global-regional-trends/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=UNICEF DATA |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 2021, an taimaka wa sama da marayu da yara masu rauni miliyan 7 da masu kula da su ta hanyar shirin PEPFAR. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=PEPFAR |url=https://www.hiv.gov/federal-response/pepfar-global-aids/pepfar |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=HIV.gov |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == e7ix1surzfj0yenxfdfi36d6l16ven2 0 166185 915176 2026-09-02T22:11:47Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1350961478|Non-food item]]" 915176 wikitext text/x-wiki Non-food items (NFIs) su ne kayayyakin da ba na abinci ba. Ana amfani da wannan kalma musamman a yanayin ayyukan jin ƙai, inda samar da kayayyakin da ba na abinci ba ga waɗanda bala’o’in ƙasa ko yaƙi suka shafa zai iya zama muhimmin mataki na ceton rai. Yawanci, sun haɗa da muhimman kayan amfanin gida kamar barguna, zanen roba, kwantena na ruwa, kayan girki da sabulu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2006 |title=Gender and non-food items (NFIs) in emergencies |url=https://www.who.int/hac/network/interagency/b6_non_food_items.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921145927/http://www.who.int/hac/network/interagency/b6_non_food_items.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2015 |access-date=2013-05-10 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == nw2f3xdmxmqflksbjtj3amwv5ysv5wc 915177 915176 2026-09-02T22:12:54Z Qassamy 47996 915177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Non-food items (NFIs) su ne kayayyakin da ba na abinci ba. Ana amfani da wannan kalma musamman a yanayin ayyukan jin ƙai, inda samar da kayayyakin da ba na abinci ba ga waɗanda bala’o’in ƙasa ko yaƙi suka shafa zai iya zama muhimmin mataki na ceton rai. Yawanci, sun haɗa da muhimman kayan amfanin gida kamar barguna, zanen roba, kwantena na ruwa, kayan girki da sabulu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2006 |title=Gender and non-food items (NFIs) in emergencies |url=https://www.who.int/hac/network/interagency/b6_non_food_items.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150921145927/http://www.who.int/hac/network/interagency/b6_non_food_items.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2015 |access-date=2013-05-10 |publisher=[[World Health Organization]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == rif27vc6h8890hw4cn31kqoaabkon6q 0 166186 915181 2026-09-02T22:19:17Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1300182073|Ngubengcuka]]" 915181 wikitext text/x-wiki Ngubengcuka Aa! Ndaba!, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Vusani,<ref name=":0">{{cite thesis|last=Wagenaar|first=Elsie J.C.|date=August 1988|title=A History of the Thembu and Their Relationship With the Cape, 1850-1900|chapter=1|publisher=Rhodes University|chapter-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145055926.pdf|access-date=2020-11-13|degree=PhD}}</ref>(kimanin 1790 – 10 Agusta 1830) [''citation needed''] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perfil |first=Redacción |date=2013-12-06 |title=Sangre guerrera y destino de príncipe, la infancia menos conocida de Mandela |url=https://www.perfil.com/internacional/sangre-guerrera-y-destino-de-principe-la-infancia-menos-conocida-de-mandela-20131205-0053.phtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114052339/https://www.perfil.com/noticias/internacional/sangre-guerrera-y-destino-de-principe-la-infancia-menos-conocida-de-mandela-20131205-0053.phtml |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=Perfil.com |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerber |first=R |title=Mandela the Lawyer |url=https://www.lawyer.co.za/Mandela.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114053009/https://www.lawyer.co.za/Mandela.html |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=Lawyer.co.za}}</ref> ya kasance sarkin abaThembu, a yankin gabashin kudancin Xhosaland (Eastern Cape). Ngubengcuka ya gaji mahaifinsa, Ndaba, a matsayin sarki a shekarar 1810.<ref name=":02">{{cite thesis|last=Wagenaar|first=Elsie J.C.|date=August 1988|title=A History of the Thembu and Their Relationship With the Cape, 1850-1900|chapter=1|publisher=Rhodes University|chapter-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145055926.pdf|access-date=2020-11-13|degree=PhD}}</ref> An san shi da Inkosi Enkhulu (Babban Shugaba), kuma Ngubengcuka ya haɗa masarautar Thembu kafin ta shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gormley|first=Beatrice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vri8BwAAQBAJ&q=Ngubengcuka|title=Nelson Mandela: South African Revolutionary|publisher=Aladdin|year=2016|isbn=978-1481420600|pages=5}}</ref> Shi ne wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin wanda ya assasa tare da kammala masarautar zamani da daga baya ta rikide zuwa gare ta. Ngubengcuka ya auri mata daga Babban Gida, Gidan Hannun Dama, da Ixhiba, wato ƙaramin Gida ko Gidan Hannun Hagu. Daga cikin zuriyarsa da yawa akwai Nelson Mandela, wanda shi ne jikan jikansa ta hanyar Ixhiba ko Gidan Hannun Hagu. An fara ba da sunan Mandela ga wani ƙanin Simakade, ɗan fari na gidan Ixhiba. == Haɗin waje == == Manazarta == j6j296fxsx50hkl5cnlzrdrg314qsws 915182 915181 2026-09-02T22:19:51Z Qassamy 47996 915182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ngubengcuka Aa! Ndaba!, wanda kuma aka fi sani da Vusani,<ref name=":0">{{cite thesis|last=Wagenaar|first=Elsie J.C.|date=August 1988|title=A History of the Thembu and Their Relationship With the Cape, 1850-1900|chapter=1|publisher=Rhodes University|chapter-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145055926.pdf|access-date=2020-11-13|degree=PhD}}</ref>(kimanin 1790 – 10 Agusta 1830) [''citation needed''] <ref>{{Cite web |last=Perfil |first=Redacción |date=2013-12-06 |title=Sangre guerrera y destino de príncipe, la infancia menos conocida de Mandela |url=https://www.perfil.com/internacional/sangre-guerrera-y-destino-de-principe-la-infancia-menos-conocida-de-mandela-20131205-0053.phtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114052339/https://www.perfil.com/noticias/internacional/sangre-guerrera-y-destino-de-principe-la-infancia-menos-conocida-de-mandela-20131205-0053.phtml |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=Perfil.com |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerber |first=R |title=Mandela the Lawyer |url=https://www.lawyer.co.za/Mandela.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201114053009/https://www.lawyer.co.za/Mandela.html |archive-date=2020-11-14 |access-date=2020-11-14 |website=Lawyer.co.za}}</ref> ya kasance sarkin abaThembu, a yankin gabashin kudancin Xhosaland (Eastern Cape). Ngubengcuka ya gaji mahaifinsa, Ndaba, a matsayin sarki a shekarar 1810.<ref name=":02">{{cite thesis|last=Wagenaar|first=Elsie J.C.|date=August 1988|title=A History of the Thembu and Their Relationship With the Cape, 1850-1900|chapter=1|publisher=Rhodes University|chapter-url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/145055926.pdf|access-date=2020-11-13|degree=PhD}}</ref> An san shi da Inkosi Enkhulu (Babban Shugaba), kuma Ngubengcuka ya haɗa masarautar Thembu kafin ta shiga ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gormley|first=Beatrice|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Vri8BwAAQBAJ&q=Ngubengcuka|title=Nelson Mandela: South African Revolutionary|publisher=Aladdin|year=2016|isbn=978-1481420600|pages=5}}</ref> Shi ne wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin wanda ya assasa tare da kammala masarautar zamani da daga baya ta rikide zuwa gare ta. Ngubengcuka ya auri mata daga Babban Gida, Gidan Hannun Dama, da Ixhiba, wato ƙaramin Gida ko Gidan Hannun Hagu. Daga cikin zuriyarsa da yawa akwai Nelson Mandela, wanda shi ne jikan jikansa ta hanyar Ixhiba ko Gidan Hannun Hagu. An fara ba da sunan Mandela ga wani ƙanin Simakade, ɗan fari na gidan Ixhiba. == Haɗin waje == == Manazarta == 5lbruvrw0sd2bmyjrw77umfhg8y9xo0 0 166187 915183 2026-09-02T22:26:28Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371057516|Mthimkhulu II]]" 915183 wikitext text/x-wiki Mthimkhulu II (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Ngwadlazibomvu) ya kasance Sarkin mutanen AmaHlubi, wata masarauta ta Bantu a Kudancin Afirka. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, Sarki Bhungane II ("Bhungan'omakhulukhulu"), a shekarar 1801, inda ya zama Sarkin al’ummar AmaHlubi da ya yi mulki a yankin da yanzu ake kira KwaZulu-Natal (Afirka ta Kudu), kasancewar masarautar na iya bibiyar asalin zuriyarta zuwa Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, sannan daga baya zuwa yankin tsaunukan Lebombo. Sarki Mthimkhulu II ya samo sunansa ne daga harshen Hlubi, inda “umuthi” ke nufin “magani”, yayin da “omkhulu” ke nufin “babba”; saboda haka, “Mthimkhulu” na nufin “Babban Mai Magani”. An ba shi wannan suna ne saboda iliminsa game da magungunan sarauta da yin ruwan sama, inda masarautun makwabta suka nemi shawararsa, ciki har da Sarki Sobhuza I na Swazi da shugaban dangin amaNgwena. A zamanin yau, ana yawan fahimtar sunansa ba daidai ba da cewa yana nufin “babban itace”. (Lura: ana kiran itace da “isihlahla” a harshen Hlubi.){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} A shekarar 1818, Sarki Dingiswayo na Masarautar AbaThethwa ya kai hari tare da wawushe dukiyoyin dangin AmaNgwane, waɗanda daga baya suka kai hari kan mutanen Hlubi domin su rama asarar shanunsu. Sarki Mthimkhulu II ya haɗa kai da ɗan’uwansa daga wani reshe na Hlubi, Yarima Mpangazitha (Pakalita), kuma ya mutu a yaƙin da ya biyo baya a shekarar 1819. Cikakken ɗan’uwan Sarki Mthimkhulu, Yarima Marhwanqa, ya zama mai riƙon sarauta a madadin ɗansa, magajin gadon sarautar AmaHlubi, Yarima Dlomo III, wanda a lokacin bai kai shekarun da zai iya mulki ba. Lokacin da Sarki Dlomo II ya hau gadon sarauta, ya tara rundunarsa sannan ya yi tattaki zuwa iyakar Zulu, inda ƙasarsa da ta Zulu suka haɗu, ya shiga yankin da a lokacin ake kira ƙasar KwaZulu domin ya karɓo shanun kawunsa waɗanda Sarki Dingane kaSenzangakhona na AmaZulu ya ajiye cikin aminci domin mai riƙon sarauta, Yarima Marhwanqa, a lokacin da yake cikin rikici da Sarki Dlomo III, wanda shi ma ke neman ya karɓi matsayin da ya dace da shi daga kawunsa. Sai dai mulkinsa ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci, domin Dingane, wani sarkin Zulu, ya ba da umarnin kashe sabon sarkin Hlubi, abin da ya ba Langalibalele I damar zama sabon sarkin al’ummar AmaHlubi. == Haɗin waje == 45j2b3c728l1ksuwf3cdij511v3hiny 915184 915183 2026-09-02T22:26:51Z Qassamy 47996 915184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Mthimkhulu II (wanda kuma aka fi sani da Ngwadlazibomvu) ya kasance Sarkin mutanen AmaHlubi, wata masarauta ta Bantu a Kudancin Afirka. Ya gaji mahaifinsa, Sarki Bhungane II ("Bhungan'omakhulukhulu"), a shekarar 1801, inda ya zama Sarkin al’ummar AmaHlubi da ya yi mulki a yankin da yanzu ake kira KwaZulu-Natal (Afirka ta Kudu), kasancewar masarautar na iya bibiyar asalin zuriyarta zuwa Manyan Tafkunan Afirka, sannan daga baya zuwa yankin tsaunukan Lebombo. Sarki Mthimkhulu II ya samo sunansa ne daga harshen Hlubi, inda “umuthi” ke nufin “magani”, yayin da “omkhulu” ke nufin “babba”; saboda haka, “Mthimkhulu” na nufin “Babban Mai Magani”. An ba shi wannan suna ne saboda iliminsa game da magungunan sarauta da yin ruwan sama, inda masarautun makwabta suka nemi shawararsa, ciki har da Sarki Sobhuza I na Swazi da shugaban dangin amaNgwena. A zamanin yau, ana yawan fahimtar sunansa ba daidai ba da cewa yana nufin “babban itace”. (Lura: ana kiran itace da “isihlahla” a harshen Hlubi.){{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2025}} A shekarar 1818, Sarki Dingiswayo na Masarautar AbaThethwa ya kai hari tare da wawushe dukiyoyin dangin AmaNgwane, waɗanda daga baya suka kai hari kan mutanen Hlubi domin su rama asarar shanunsu. Sarki Mthimkhulu II ya haɗa kai da ɗan’uwansa daga wani reshe na Hlubi, Yarima Mpangazitha (Pakalita), kuma ya mutu a yaƙin da ya biyo baya a shekarar 1819. Cikakken ɗan’uwan Sarki Mthimkhulu, Yarima Marhwanqa, ya zama mai riƙon sarauta a madadin ɗansa, magajin gadon sarautar AmaHlubi, Yarima Dlomo III, wanda a lokacin bai kai shekarun da zai iya mulki ba. Lokacin da Sarki Dlomo II ya hau gadon sarauta, ya tara rundunarsa sannan ya yi tattaki zuwa iyakar Zulu, inda ƙasarsa da ta Zulu suka haɗu, ya shiga yankin da a lokacin ake kira ƙasar KwaZulu domin ya karɓo shanun kawunsa waɗanda Sarki Dingane kaSenzangakhona na AmaZulu ya ajiye cikin aminci domin mai riƙon sarauta, Yarima Marhwanqa, a lokacin da yake cikin rikici da Sarki Dlomo III, wanda shi ma ke neman ya karɓi matsayin da ya dace da shi daga kawunsa. Sai dai mulkinsa ya kasance na ɗan gajeren lokaci, domin Dingane, wani sarkin Zulu, ya ba da umarnin kashe sabon sarkin Hlubi, abin da ya ba Langalibalele I damar zama sabon sarkin al’ummar AmaHlubi. == Haɗin waje == 2dytcigqvvuzaiidb13xii2dft83w9t 0 166188 915186 2026-09-02T22:39:15Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360707545|Mawa kaJama]]" 915186 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mawa kaJama''' (ƙarshen shekarun 1770 – 1848) ta kasance gimbiya ta Zulu wadda ta kasance fitacciyar mai adawa da ɗan’uwanta, Sarki Mpande. Bayan Mpande ya fara farautar abokan hamayyarsa a watan Yuni 1843, Mawa ta gudu tare da ’yan gudun hijira har 50,000 zuwa Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya na Natal, lamarin da ya rage yawan jama’a sosai a kudancin Masarautar Zulu. Bayan tattaunawa da Birtaniya da kulla yarjejeniya, ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci matsuguni na dindindin a bakin Kogin Umvoti. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mawa a cikin shekarun 1770 a cikin Masarautar Zulu . Gimbiya ce a cikin gidan sarauta na Zulu, ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Sarki Jama.{{Sfn|Lipschutz|Rasmussen|1986}}{{Sfn|ASAUK|1992}}A cewar bayanan baka da James Stuart ya rubuta, Mawa tana da sanko a kanta tun tana baliga, kuma tana manne gashin roba a kanta da jan laka.{{Sfn|Stuart|1976}}Ta zauna a cikin ƙauyen sarauta na Izintontela, wanda yake a bakin Kogin Mamba kusa da Ntumeni, sannan daga baya ta koma wurin da daga baya aka kafa Gingindlovu.{{Sfn|Samuelson|1929}}Yana wahala ace Mawa ta taba yin aure.{{Sfn|Weir|2000}} Lokacin da ɗan’uwanta Shaka ya zama sarki a shekarar 1816, ya naɗa ta a matsayin wakiliyar sarauta ga matsugunin sojoji na Ntonteleni.{{sfn|Lipschutz|Rasmussen|1986|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QYoPkk04Yp4C&pg=PA140 140]}}{{sfn|ASAUK|1992|p=5}} Ta riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa shekarar 1840, lokacin da aka hambarar da Sarki Dingane – ɗan’uwan Shaka kuma magajinsa – daga mulki ta hannun ɗan’uwansa Mpande.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|last=Sheldon|first=Kathleen|chapter=Mawa (c. 1770s–1848)|date=2011-01-01|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1303|title=[[Dictionary of African Biography]]|access-date=2023-10-07|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|oclc=770668294|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref> Mawa ta kasance mai adawa da mulkin Mpande, inda maimakon haka ta goyi bayan da’awar ɗan’uwansa Gqugqu na zama sarki.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|last=Sheldon|first=Kathleen|chapter=Mawa (c. 1770s–1848)|date=2011-01-01|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1303|title=[[Dictionary of African Biography]]|access-date=2023-10-07|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|oclc=770668294|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref> Saboda tsoron juyin mulki daga ɓangaren Gqugqu, Mpande ya sa aka kashe ɗan’uwansa a watan Yuni 1843, sannan ya fara fatattakar magoya bayansa.{{sfn|Laband|2018}} Nan take Mawa ta gudu tare da wasu magoya bayanta kimanin 2,000 zuwa 3,000, suka ketare Kogin Tugela zuwa Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya na Natal.<ref name=":04">{{Citation|last=Sheldon|first=Kathleen|chapter=Mawa (c. 1770s–1848)|date=2011-01-01|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1303|title=[[Dictionary of African Biography]]|access-date=2023-10-07|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|oclc=770668294|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref>{{sfn|Sheldon|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HwqQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 178]}} Daga baya ’yan gudun hijira 30,000 zuwa 50,000 suka bi ta, lamarin da ya rage yawan jama’a sosai a yawancin kudancin Masarautar Zulu.[1][10] A cewar jami’in mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya Abraham Josias Cloëté, kusan dukkan ƙauyukan sarauta har zuwa arewacin Nseleni an yi watsi da su.{{Sfn|Sheldon|2016}}{{Sfn|Gibson|1903}} Ana tunawa da wannan lamari a cikin tarihin baka na Zulu da sunan “Ketarewar Mawa”, kuma yana wakiltar yadda jama’ar Zulu suka ƙaura daga Masarautar Zulu zuwa Natal. Masanin tarihi John Laband ya rubuta cewa “a tsakiyar shekarun 1840, Birtaniya a Natal tana mulkin mutanen da suka fi yawan magana da harshen Zulu fiye da waɗanda Mpande ke mulka a Masarautar Zulu”.{{sfn|Laband|2018}}Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarsu Natal, Mawa ta yi shawarwari da hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, inda aka ba ’yan gudun hijirarta damar kafa matsuguni na dindindin a bakin Kogin Umvoti kusa da Verulam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Sheldon|first=Kathleen|chapter=Mawa (c. 1770s–1848)|date=2011-01-01|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1303|title=[[Dictionary of African Biography]]|access-date=2023-10-07|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|oclc=770668294|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref>{{sfn|Campbell|1921|p=205}} A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mawa, wannan matsuguni “ya zama mafakar waɗanda ke adawa da Mpande”.{{sfn|Hamilton|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5yED9sco6RUC&pg=PA57 57]}} Tare da ’yan gudun hijirar, Mawa ta kuma kawo shanu 3,000 mallakin gidan sarauta zuwa Natal.{{sfn|Laband|2018}}{{sfn|Dominy|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l6HaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]}} A shekarar 1846, bayan Mpande ya nemi Martin West – Laftanar Gwamnan Natal – ya mayar wa Zulu waɗannan shanu, West ya ba shugabannin yankin ikon ƙwace shanun.{{sfn|Dominy|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l6HaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]}}{{sfn|ASAUK|1992|p=6}} Sai dai, maimakon su mayar da shanun ga Zulu, shugabannin sun raba su a tsakaninsu.{{sfn|ASAUK|1992|p=6}}{{sfn|Hughes|1995|pp=83–84}} Saboda rashin wani tabbataccen mai mallakar su, waɗannan shanu suka zama sanannu da suna puzela, wanda daga baya ya zama kalmar Zulu da ake amfani da ita wajen nufin “mutane marasa tarbiyya da ɗabi’a, marasa muhalli, masu yawo a tituna”.{{Sfn|Colenso|1861}} Mawa ta mutu a Natal a shekara ta 1848. {{Sfn|Campbell|1921}} == Manazarta == eg1kmdplcllgg41hthb1xwb0qpsfva5 915187 915186 2026-09-02T22:39:47Z Qassamy 47996 915187 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Mawa kaJama''' (ƙarshen shekarun 1770 – 1848) ta kasance gimbiya ta Zulu wadda ta kasance fitacciyar mai adawa da ɗan’uwanta, Sarki Mpande. Bayan Mpande ya fara farautar abokan hamayyarsa a watan Yuni 1843, Mawa ta gudu tare da ’yan gudun hijira har 50,000 zuwa Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya na Natal, lamarin da ya rage yawan jama’a sosai a kudancin Masarautar Zulu. Bayan tattaunawa da Birtaniya da kulla yarjejeniya, ta kafa kuma ta jagoranci matsuguni na dindindin a bakin Kogin Umvoti. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Mawa a cikin shekarun 1770 a cikin Masarautar Zulu . Gimbiya ce a cikin gidan sarauta na Zulu, ita ce ƙaramar 'yar Sarki Jama.{{Sfn|Lipschutz|Rasmussen|1986}}{{Sfn|ASAUK|1992}}A cewar bayanan baka da James Stuart ya rubuta, Mawa tana da sanko a kanta tun tana baliga, kuma tana manne gashin roba a kanta da jan laka.{{Sfn|Stuart|1976}}Ta zauna a cikin ƙauyen sarauta na Izintontela, wanda yake a bakin Kogin Mamba kusa da Ntumeni, sannan daga baya ta koma wurin da daga baya aka kafa Gingindlovu.{{Sfn|Samuelson|1929}}Yana wahala ace Mawa ta taba yin aure.{{Sfn|Weir|2000}} Lokacin da ɗan’uwanta Shaka ya zama sarki a shekarar 1816, ya naɗa ta a matsayin wakiliyar sarauta ga matsugunin sojoji na Ntonteleni.{{sfn|Lipschutz|Rasmussen|1986|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=QYoPkk04Yp4C&pg=PA140 140]}}{{sfn|ASAUK|1992|p=5}} Ta riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa shekarar 1840, lokacin da aka hambarar da Sarki Dingane – ɗan’uwan Shaka kuma magajinsa – daga mulki ta hannun ɗan’uwansa Mpande.<ref name=":02">{{Citation|last=Sheldon|first=Kathleen|chapter=Mawa (c. 1770s–1848)|date=2011-01-01|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1303|title=[[Dictionary of African Biography]]|access-date=2023-10-07|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|oclc=770668294|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref> Mawa ta kasance mai adawa da mulkin Mpande, inda maimakon haka ta goyi bayan da’awar ɗan’uwansa Gqugqu na zama sarki.<ref name=":03">{{Citation|last=Sheldon|first=Kathleen|chapter=Mawa (c. 1770s–1848)|date=2011-01-01|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1303|title=[[Dictionary of African Biography]]|access-date=2023-10-07|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|oclc=770668294|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref> Saboda tsoron juyin mulki daga ɓangaren Gqugqu, Mpande ya sa aka kashe ɗan’uwansa a watan Yuni 1843, sannan ya fara fatattakar magoya bayansa.{{sfn|Laband|2018}} Nan take Mawa ta gudu tare da wasu magoya bayanta kimanin 2,000 zuwa 3,000, suka ketare Kogin Tugela zuwa Turawan mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya na Natal.<ref name=":04">{{Citation|last=Sheldon|first=Kathleen|chapter=Mawa (c. 1770s–1848)|date=2011-01-01|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1303|title=[[Dictionary of African Biography]]|access-date=2023-10-07|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|oclc=770668294|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref>{{sfn|Sheldon|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=HwqQCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA178 178]}} Daga baya ’yan gudun hijira 30,000 zuwa 50,000 suka bi ta, lamarin da ya rage yawan jama’a sosai a yawancin kudancin Masarautar Zulu.[1][10] A cewar jami’in mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya Abraham Josias Cloëté, kusan dukkan ƙauyukan sarauta har zuwa arewacin Nseleni an yi watsi da su.{{Sfn|Sheldon|2016}}{{Sfn|Gibson|1903}} Ana tunawa da wannan lamari a cikin tarihin baka na Zulu da sunan “Ketarewar Mawa”, kuma yana wakiltar yadda jama’ar Zulu suka ƙaura daga Masarautar Zulu zuwa Natal. Masanin tarihi John Laband ya rubuta cewa “a tsakiyar shekarun 1840, Birtaniya a Natal tana mulkin mutanen da suka fi yawan magana da harshen Zulu fiye da waɗanda Mpande ke mulka a Masarautar Zulu”.{{sfn|Laband|2018}}Ba da daɗewa ba bayan isowarsu Natal, Mawa ta yi shawarwari da hukumomin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, inda aka ba ’yan gudun hijirarta damar kafa matsuguni na dindindin a bakin Kogin Umvoti kusa da Verulam.<ref name=":05">{{Citation|last=Sheldon|first=Kathleen|chapter=Mawa (c. 1770s–1848)|date=2011-01-01|chapter-url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780195382075.001.0001/acref-9780195382075-e-1303|title=[[Dictionary of African Biography]]|access-date=2023-10-07|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|language=en|oclc=770668294|isbn=978-0-19-538207-5}}</ref>{{sfn|Campbell|1921|p=205}} A ƙarƙashin jagorancin Mawa, wannan matsuguni “ya zama mafakar waɗanda ke adawa da Mpande”.{{sfn|Hamilton|1998|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5yED9sco6RUC&pg=PA57 57]}} Tare da ’yan gudun hijirar, Mawa ta kuma kawo shanu 3,000 mallakin gidan sarauta zuwa Natal.{{sfn|Laband|2018}}{{sfn|Dominy|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l6HaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]}} A shekarar 1846, bayan Mpande ya nemi Martin West – Laftanar Gwamnan Natal – ya mayar wa Zulu waɗannan shanu, West ya ba shugabannin yankin ikon ƙwace shanun.{{sfn|Dominy|2016|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=l6HaCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50 50]}}{{sfn|ASAUK|1992|p=6}} Sai dai, maimakon su mayar da shanun ga Zulu, shugabannin sun raba su a tsakaninsu.{{sfn|ASAUK|1992|p=6}}{{sfn|Hughes|1995|pp=83–84}} Saboda rashin wani tabbataccen mai mallakar su, waɗannan shanu suka zama sanannu da suna puzela, wanda daga baya ya zama kalmar Zulu da ake amfani da ita wajen nufin “mutane marasa tarbiyya da ɗabi’a, marasa muhalli, masu yawo a tituna”.{{Sfn|Colenso|1861}} Mawa ta mutu a Natal a shekara ta 1848. {{Sfn|Campbell|1921}} == Manazarta == rcnu8643pdohpiwu2js9fbfh12b870l 0 166189 915188 2026-09-02T22:53:16Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366245599|Battle of Mhlatuze River]]" 915188 wikitext text/x-wiki An yi '''Yaƙin Kogin Mhlatuze''' tsakanin kabilun Zulu da Ndwandwe a cikin shekarar 1820 bayan Yaƙin basasar Zulu . Yaƙin ya tarwatsa tsarin shugabancin Ndwandwe, sannan yawancin jama’arsu suka watse sakamakon hakan. [[Fayil:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|Hoton Sarki Shaka]] == Tarihi == A shekarar 1818, mayaƙan Qwabe ƙarƙashin jagorancin Phakathwayo sun kai wa Shaka hari a bakin wannan kogin. == Yaƙin == Kamar yadda yake a Yaƙin Gqokli Hill, dabarun yaƙi na Shaka sun fi na abokan hamayyarsa, lamarin da ya kai mutanensa ga samun nasara. Lokacin da harin Ndwandwe ya zo, ya jira har kusan rabin mayaƙan suka riga suka tsallaka zuwa ɗayan ɓangaren kogin, ta yadda ya raba mayaƙan harin gida biyu, wanda ya ba Zulu damar samun nasara. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == ewu8lkoy36cygeh2cnqmz99yfyb4z79 915189 915188 2026-09-02T22:53:45Z Qassamy 47996 915189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An yi '''Yaƙin Kogin Mhlatuze''' tsakanin kabilun Zulu da Ndwandwe a cikin shekarar 1820 bayan Yaƙin basasar Zulu . Yaƙin ya tarwatsa tsarin shugabancin Ndwandwe, sannan yawancin jama’arsu suka watse sakamakon hakan. [[Fayil:KingShaka.jpg|thumb|Hoton Sarki Shaka]] == Tarihi == A shekarar 1818, mayaƙan Qwabe ƙarƙashin jagorancin Phakathwayo sun kai wa Shaka hari a bakin wannan kogin. == Yaƙin == Kamar yadda yake a Yaƙin Gqokli Hill, dabarun yaƙi na Shaka sun fi na abokan hamayyarsa, lamarin da ya kai mutanensa ga samun nasara. Lokacin da harin Ndwandwe ya zo, ya jira har kusan rabin mayaƙan suka riga suka tsallaka zuwa ɗayan ɓangaren kogin, ta yadda ya raba mayaƙan harin gida biyu, wanda ya ba Zulu damar samun nasara. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == 3zkdc2jeih77x1tbhx0jht43oqkc6ia 0 166190 915198 2026-09-03T03:39:43Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370629469|Ndwandwe–Zulu War]]" 915198 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yaƙin Ndwandwe-Zulu''' na shekarun 1817–1819 ya kasance yaƙi tsakanin Masarautar Zulu da ke ƙara faɗaɗa da ƙabilar Ndwandwe a Afirka ta Kudu. . Asalin Zulu ƙaramar ƙabila ce wadda ta yi ƙaura zuwa tsaunukan gabashin yankin da a yau ake kira Afirka ta Kudu; ta zama ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta ƙabilanci ne musamman saboda ƙoƙarin wani basarake mai burin faɗaɗa mulki mai suna Shaka (kimanin 1787–1828, ya yi sarauta daga 1816–1828). Shaka, wanda ya kasance matashi mai tawaye, ya rabu da mahaifinsa, wanda shi ne wani basaraken Zulu mai suna Senzangakhona, sannan ya zama mayaƙi a cikin mutanen Mthethwa. Babban basaraken Mthethwa, Dingiswayo, ya taimaka wa Shaka wajen samun amincewa a matsayin shugaban Zulu bayan rasuwar Senzangakhona a shekarar 1816. Basaraken biyu abokai ne na kut-da-kut, kuma mayaƙansu sun yi yaƙi tare da abokan gaba guda, kamar Ndwandwe ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sarki Zwide. Bayan Zwide ya kama Dingiswayo kuma ya kashe shi, mutanen Mthethwa suka miƙa kansu ƙarƙashin mulkin Shaka, sannan suka karɓi sunan Zulu. Shaka ya sauya tsarin yaƙin gargajiya ta hanyar gabatar da iklwa, wato gajeriyar mashi mai kaifi da ake soka da ita, a matsayin makami, tare da tsara mayaƙa zuwa rundunoni masu bin doka waɗanda ke yin yaƙi cikin tsari na kusa, a bayan manyan garkuwar fatar shanu. Ndwandwe da Zulus sun hadu a yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Kogin Mhlatuze]] a cikin shekarar 1819.A wannan lokaci, Ndwandwe sun riga sun karɓi dabarun yaƙi da makaman Zulu, don haka Shaka ya gajiyar da mayaƙan da suka mamaye ƙasar ta hanyar dabarun yaƙin ɓoye, kafin ya ƙaddamar da babban hari a lokacin da rundunar Ndwandwe ta rabu gida biyu yayin tsallakawar [[Kogin Mhlathuze|Kogin Mhlatuze]] . Mayaƙan Zulu sun isa hedikwatar Zwide kusa da Nongoma ta yanzu kafin labarin shan kayen ya isa, sannan suka tunkari sansanin suna rera waƙoƙin nasarar Ndwandwe domin a bar su su shiga. Shi kansa Zwide ya tsere tare da wasu tsirarun mabiyansa, yayin da mafi yawan mutanen Ndwandwe suka bar ƙasarsu suka yi ƙaura zuwa arewa, inda suka kafa masarautu masu kama da ta Zulu (mai suna Ngoni bayan sunan kabilanci-harshe "Nguni") a [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Wannan shi ne mataki na karshe na [[Mfecane]], wani mummunan yaƙin basasa mai zubar da jini da kuma ƙaurar ƙabilu daban-daban da dama a yankin, wanda da farko yunwa ta haddasa shi a kusan shekarar 1802, amma daga ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga ƙoƙarin tserewa daga kabilar Zulu. Ƙungiyoyin Ngoni sun haifar da rikice-rikice da kansu ta hanyar amfani da dabarun yaƙin Zulu. Sun kafa ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu ƙarfi a wasu ƙasashe, ta yadda suka zama barazana ga mulkin mallaka na Turawa, misali a lokacin [[Maji Maji Rebellion|Tawayen Maji-Maji]] a Gabashin Afirka ta Jamus (1905–1907). Shaka shi ne ya yi nasara a ƙarshe, kuma har yanzu mutanensa suna rayuwa a faɗin Zululand, inda al’adunsu da salon rayuwarsu za a iya gano tushensu cikin sauƙi tun daga zamanin Shaka. == Dubi kuma == * Yaƙin Anglo-Zulu * Yaƙin Gqokli Hill * Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu * Tarihin Soja na Afirka ta Kudu * [[Yaƙin Kogin Mhlatuze]] == Manazarta == 5vzgl2dgy7ousyhxbolv10xke7vma47 915199 915198 2026-09-03T03:40:29Z Qassamy 47996 915199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Yaƙin Ndwandwe-Zulu''' na shekarun 1817–1819 ya kasance yaƙi tsakanin Masarautar Zulu da ke ƙara faɗaɗa da ƙabilar Ndwandwe a Afirka ta Kudu. . Asalin Zulu ƙaramar ƙabila ce wadda ta yi ƙaura zuwa tsaunukan gabashin yankin da a yau ake kira Afirka ta Kudu; ta zama ƙasa mai ƙarfi ta ƙabilanci ne musamman saboda ƙoƙarin wani basarake mai burin faɗaɗa mulki mai suna Shaka (kimanin 1787–1828, ya yi sarauta daga 1816–1828). Shaka, wanda ya kasance matashi mai tawaye, ya rabu da mahaifinsa, wanda shi ne wani basaraken Zulu mai suna Senzangakhona, sannan ya zama mayaƙi a cikin mutanen Mthethwa. Babban basaraken Mthethwa, Dingiswayo, ya taimaka wa Shaka wajen samun amincewa a matsayin shugaban Zulu bayan rasuwar Senzangakhona a shekarar 1816. Basaraken biyu abokai ne na kut-da-kut, kuma mayaƙansu sun yi yaƙi tare da abokan gaba guda, kamar Ndwandwe ƙarƙashin jagorancin Sarki Zwide. Bayan Zwide ya kama Dingiswayo kuma ya kashe shi, mutanen Mthethwa suka miƙa kansu ƙarƙashin mulkin Shaka, sannan suka karɓi sunan Zulu. Shaka ya sauya tsarin yaƙin gargajiya ta hanyar gabatar da iklwa, wato gajeriyar mashi mai kaifi da ake soka da ita, a matsayin makami, tare da tsara mayaƙa zuwa rundunoni masu bin doka waɗanda ke yin yaƙi cikin tsari na kusa, a bayan manyan garkuwar fatar shanu. Ndwandwe da Zulus sun hadu a yaƙi a [[Yaƙin Kogin Mhlatuze]] a cikin shekarar 1819.A wannan lokaci, Ndwandwe sun riga sun karɓi dabarun yaƙi da makaman Zulu, don haka Shaka ya gajiyar da mayaƙan da suka mamaye ƙasar ta hanyar dabarun yaƙin ɓoye, kafin ya ƙaddamar da babban hari a lokacin da rundunar Ndwandwe ta rabu gida biyu yayin tsallakawar [[Kogin Mhlathuze|Kogin Mhlatuze]] . Mayaƙan Zulu sun isa hedikwatar Zwide kusa da Nongoma ta yanzu kafin labarin shan kayen ya isa, sannan suka tunkari sansanin suna rera waƙoƙin nasarar Ndwandwe domin a bar su su shiga. Shi kansa Zwide ya tsere tare da wasu tsirarun mabiyansa, yayin da mafi yawan mutanen Ndwandwe suka bar ƙasarsu suka yi ƙaura zuwa arewa, inda suka kafa masarautu masu kama da ta Zulu (mai suna Ngoni bayan sunan kabilanci-harshe "Nguni") a [[Zambiya|Zambia]], [[Malawi]], [[Mozambik|Mozambique]] da [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]]. Wannan shi ne mataki na karshe na [[Mfecane]], wani mummunan yaƙin basasa mai zubar da jini da kuma ƙaurar ƙabilu daban-daban da dama a yankin, wanda da farko yunwa ta haddasa shi a kusan shekarar 1802, amma daga ƙarshe ya samo asali ne daga ƙoƙarin tserewa daga kabilar Zulu. Ƙungiyoyin Ngoni sun haifar da rikice-rikice da kansu ta hanyar amfani da dabarun yaƙin Zulu. Sun kafa ƙungiyoyin siyasa masu ƙarfi a wasu ƙasashe, ta yadda suka zama barazana ga mulkin mallaka na Turawa, misali a lokacin [[Maji Maji Rebellion|Tawayen Maji-Maji]] a Gabashin Afirka ta Jamus (1905–1907). Shaka shi ne ya yi nasara a ƙarshe, kuma har yanzu mutanensa suna rayuwa a faɗin Zululand, inda al’adunsu da salon rayuwarsu za a iya gano tushensu cikin sauƙi tun daga zamanin Shaka. == Dubi kuma == * Yaƙin Anglo-Zulu * Yaƙin Gqokli Hill * Tarihin Afirka ta Kudu * Tarihin Soja na Afirka ta Kudu * [[Yaƙin Kogin Mhlatuze]] == Manazarta == qosobqey4iqm7zotqox5lozgj6k1adl 0 166191 915201 2026-09-03T03:47:19Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1311483362|Matilda Centre]]" 915201 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Cibiyar Matilda''' ya kasance cibiyar zamantakewa da al’umma mai cin gashin kanta, wadda jama’a suka kafa kuma suka gudanar da ita, da ke a 111 Matilda Street a [[Sheffield]], South Yorkshire, [[Ingila]]. Cibiyar ta ɗauki sunan titin da ginin yake a kai, wanda har yanzu ana iya samun sa. An kafa ta ne a cikin ginin Sydney Works da aka bari ya lalace, inda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suka gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri, ciki har da gidan abinci, shagon kyauta, da wurin gudanar da kide-kide. An kori cibiyar daga wurin a watan Yuni 2006. == Aiki == A watan Yunin 2005, [[Sheffield]] ta dauki bakuncin taron Ministocin Shari'a da Harkokin Cikin Gida na G8. An yi wa ginin Sydney Works da ke 111 Matilda Street kwace ta hanyar mamaye shi, domin amfani da shi a matsayin wurin haɗuwa ga masu zanga-zangar adawa da taron. An taɓa mayar da tsohon ginin masana’antar zuwa studiyoyi ta Yorkshire ArtSpace. Daga nan sai ta zama cibiyar zamantakewa mai cin gashin kanta. Ƙungiyoyin masu ra’ayin rashin mulkin gwamnati da suka gudanar da cibiyar sun yi aiki wajen haɓaka ayyukan ƙirƙira daban-daban a cikinta, ciki har da shagon kyauta, kiɗan kai-tsaye da zane-zane, ayyukan siyasa, da ayyukan manhajar buɗaɗɗen tushe. Sun gudanar da gidan abinci, sannan kuma suka yi aiki wajen kula da ginin.<ref name="NT">{{Cite web |date=27 November 2012 |title=Localcheck |url=http://nowthenmagazine.com/sheffield/issue-55/localcheck/ |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=Now Then}}</ref><ref name="DM">{{Cite web |title=Documenting Matilda |url=https://sheffield.indymedia.org.uk/2006/06/343815.html |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=sheffield.indymedia.org.uk}}</ref> A watan Yuni 2006, kamfanin raya yankin Yorkshire Forward, wanda shi ne mamallakin ginin, ya fara shigar da ƙara domin kwace ginin daga hannun mutanen da suka mamaye shi.[1] Yorkshire Forward ya samu izinin karɓe ginin, kuma mutanen da suka mamaye shi suka bar ginin, suna cewa “mun fi damuwa da ƙirƙira fiye da shiga gardama da su.” == Manazarta == ewu0qg9nrta5er4rwpz7nan4vsat2zr 915202 915201 2026-09-03T03:47:46Z Qassamy 47996 915202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Cibiyar Matilda''' ya kasance cibiyar zamantakewa da al’umma mai cin gashin kanta, wadda jama’a suka kafa kuma suka gudanar da ita, da ke a 111 Matilda Street a [[Sheffield]], South Yorkshire, [[Ingila]]. Cibiyar ta ɗauki sunan titin da ginin yake a kai, wanda har yanzu ana iya samun sa. An kafa ta ne a cikin ginin Sydney Works da aka bari ya lalace, inda ƙungiyoyi daban-daban suka gudanar da ayyuka iri-iri, ciki har da gidan abinci, shagon kyauta, da wurin gudanar da kide-kide. An kori cibiyar daga wurin a watan Yuni 2006. == Aiki == A watan Yunin 2005, [[Sheffield]] ta dauki bakuncin taron Ministocin Shari'a da Harkokin Cikin Gida na G8. An yi wa ginin Sydney Works da ke 111 Matilda Street kwace ta hanyar mamaye shi, domin amfani da shi a matsayin wurin haɗuwa ga masu zanga-zangar adawa da taron. An taɓa mayar da tsohon ginin masana’antar zuwa studiyoyi ta Yorkshire ArtSpace. Daga nan sai ta zama cibiyar zamantakewa mai cin gashin kanta. Ƙungiyoyin masu ra’ayin rashin mulkin gwamnati da suka gudanar da cibiyar sun yi aiki wajen haɓaka ayyukan ƙirƙira daban-daban a cikinta, ciki har da shagon kyauta, kiɗan kai-tsaye da zane-zane, ayyukan siyasa, da ayyukan manhajar buɗaɗɗen tushe. Sun gudanar da gidan abinci, sannan kuma suka yi aiki wajen kula da ginin.<ref name="NT">{{Cite web |date=27 November 2012 |title=Localcheck |url=http://nowthenmagazine.com/sheffield/issue-55/localcheck/ |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=Now Then}}</ref><ref name="DM">{{Cite web |title=Documenting Matilda |url=https://sheffield.indymedia.org.uk/2006/06/343815.html |access-date=11 April 2020 |website=sheffield.indymedia.org.uk}}</ref> A watan Yuni 2006, kamfanin raya yankin Yorkshire Forward, wanda shi ne mamallakin ginin, ya fara shigar da ƙara domin kwace ginin daga hannun mutanen da suka mamaye shi.[1] Yorkshire Forward ya samu izinin karɓe ginin, kuma mutanen da suka mamaye shi suka bar ginin, suna cewa “mun fi damuwa da ƙirƙira fiye da shiga gardama da su.” == Manazarta == kmfnbwv4x7xp9rf12e0bktw6qvyfaol 0 166192 915203 2026-09-03T03:54:24Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1360753229|Teatro Princesa]]" 915203 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Solar_on_estava_el_teatre_Princesa,_València.JPG|thumb|Filin da babu gini a wurin da Teatro Princesa ta taɓa kasancewa.]] Teatro Princesa ([[Turanci]]: Princess Theatre) gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne a [[Valencia]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] . Dan wasan kwaikwayo Lluís Nonell ya mutu yayin wasan El diluvio que viene a ranar 30 ga Janairu 1982 sakamakon mutuwar zuciya kwatsam. == Tarihi == Masanin gine-gine Jose Zacarias Camaña ne ya tsara shi kuma an buɗe shi a 1853. A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain ana kiran shi da Teatro Libertad . Miguel Sanchis ne ya sake gyara shi a shekarar 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=Proyecto de reforma del PEPRI en 1992 |url=http://www.santiagofajardo.com/recintos_escenicos/rehabilitacion/teatro_princesa_valencia/presentacion.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304053906/http://www.santiagofajardo.com/recintos_escenicos/rehabilitacion/teatro_princesa_valencia/presentacion.html |archive-date=4 March 2009 |access-date=10 July 2019 |website=Arquitecto Santiago Fajardo |language=es}}</ref> An watsar da ginin a shekarar 1990. A watan Oktoba 1999, wasu mutane suka shiga suka zauna a cikin ginin ba tare da izini ba, amma daga baya Policía Nacional ta kore su. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009 wuta ta lalata shi. == Manazarta == r0hha4a3a07t7c3nscksuxu9q3jtb8k 915204 915203 2026-09-03T03:54:51Z Qassamy 47996 915204 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Solar_on_estava_el_teatre_Princesa,_València.JPG|thumb|Filin da babu gini a wurin da Teatro Princesa ta taɓa kasancewa.]] Teatro Princesa ([[Turanci]]: Princess Theatre) gidan wasan kwaikwayo ne a [[Valencia]], [[Ispaniya|Spain]] . Dan wasan kwaikwayo Lluís Nonell ya mutu yayin wasan El diluvio que viene a ranar 30 ga Janairu 1982 sakamakon mutuwar zuciya kwatsam. == Tarihi == Masanin gine-gine Jose Zacarias Camaña ne ya tsara shi kuma an buɗe shi a 1853. A lokacin Yaƙin basasar Spain ana kiran shi da Teatro Libertad . Miguel Sanchis ne ya sake gyara shi a shekarar 1956.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1992 |title=Proyecto de reforma del PEPRI en 1992 |url=http://www.santiagofajardo.com/recintos_escenicos/rehabilitacion/teatro_princesa_valencia/presentacion.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090304053906/http://www.santiagofajardo.com/recintos_escenicos/rehabilitacion/teatro_princesa_valencia/presentacion.html |archive-date=4 March 2009 |access-date=10 July 2019 |website=Arquitecto Santiago Fajardo |language=es}}</ref> An watsar da ginin a shekarar 1990. A watan Oktoba 1999, wasu mutane suka shiga suka zauna a cikin ginin ba tare da izini ba, amma daga baya Policía Nacional ta kore su. A ranar 27 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009 wuta ta lalata shi. == Manazarta == m58vpr03936xk6ujy26suf07lpvyc2x 0 166193 915206 2026-09-03T04:02:26Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353854974|Ritz Hotel Project]]" 915206 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Exterior.920_F.St.N.W._Nov.21,2010.jpg|thumb|Wajen ginin 920 F St. N.W., Washington, D.C., a watan Nuwamba 2010, wurin da aka gudanar da aikin Ritz Hotel a farkon shekarar 1983.]] Nunin zane-zane na '''Ritz''' haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin ƙungiyar COLAB ta [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]'s Washington Project for the Arts. Ra’ayin ya samo asali ne lokacin da ƙungiyoyi biyu suka haɗa kai wajen shirya wani taro makamancin Times Square Show na COLAB (1980), inda ƙungiyar New York ta mamaye wani gini a yankin red-light na Times Square, wanda a lokacin, wato shekarar 1983, yake cikin mummunan yanayi. == Tarihi da wuri == '''Ritz''' ya gudana ne a tsakiyar birnin Washington, D.C., a lokacin bazarar shekarar 1983, a 920 F St., wanda yake tazara da gini guda daga ɗakin karatu na tunawa da Martin Luther King. Masu zane-zane sun cire allunan plywood da aka rufe ƙofar ginin da su, sannan suka shiga cikin wurin tare da kayan zane-zane da kayan aiki, inda suka mayar da otal ɗin zama da aka bari zuwa gidan kayan tarihi na ɗan lokaci. Bayan makonni biyu, birnin ya samu nasara ta hanyar kiran sashen kashe gobara na yankin, wanda ya rufe ginin saboda rashin bin ƙa’idojin tsaro, tare da korar dukkan masu zane-zanen da ke ciki da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba a sake shiga ginin ba. == Muhimmanci == Abin da ya fi ban mamaki kuma abin ban dariya game da nunin Ritz Hotel shi ne cewa ga alama masu zane-zanen New York sun ji takaici saboda rashin abubuwan siyasa a cikin ayyukan masu zane-zanen Washington. Hakan kuwa ya faru duk da kasancewar masu zane-zanen Washington Color School Gene Davis, Ann Truitt da Sam Gilliam a cikin nunin. A lokacin, galibin al’adun madadin na Washington ana samun su ne a fagen kiɗan da masu zaman kansu ke gudanarwa a birnin, kuma babban wurin gudanar da su shi ne 9:30 Club, wanda yake da ƙofofi biyar kacal daga wurin, a 930 F St. N.W. a lokacin. Da masu zane-zanen birnin New York sun ci gaba da zama har zuwa ƙarshen mako, da wataƙila sun gano fagen kiɗan DC HarDCore na birnin, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da siyasa, tare da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa kamar Minor Threat, Bad Brains, da Black Flag. == Bayanan ƙasa == == Haɗin waje == 1li7bdo45p4yb6nwnojgx0g5rx6pjqu 915207 915206 2026-09-03T04:02:52Z Qassamy 47996 915207 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Exterior.920_F.St.N.W._Nov.21,2010.jpg|thumb|Wajen ginin 920 F St. N.W., Washington, D.C., a watan Nuwamba 2010, wurin da aka gudanar da aikin Ritz Hotel a farkon shekarar 1983.]] Nunin zane-zane na '''Ritz''' haɗin gwiwa ne tsakanin ƙungiyar COLAB ta [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] da [[Washington, D.C.|Washington, DC]]'s Washington Project for the Arts. Ra’ayin ya samo asali ne lokacin da ƙungiyoyi biyu suka haɗa kai wajen shirya wani taro makamancin Times Square Show na COLAB (1980), inda ƙungiyar New York ta mamaye wani gini a yankin red-light na Times Square, wanda a lokacin, wato shekarar 1983, yake cikin mummunan yanayi. == Tarihi da wuri == '''Ritz''' ya gudana ne a tsakiyar birnin Washington, D.C., a lokacin bazarar shekarar 1983, a 920 F St., wanda yake tazara da gini guda daga ɗakin karatu na tunawa da Martin Luther King. Masu zane-zane sun cire allunan plywood da aka rufe ƙofar ginin da su, sannan suka shiga cikin wurin tare da kayan zane-zane da kayan aiki, inda suka mayar da otal ɗin zama da aka bari zuwa gidan kayan tarihi na ɗan lokaci. Bayan makonni biyu, birnin ya samu nasara ta hanyar kiran sashen kashe gobara na yankin, wanda ya rufe ginin saboda rashin bin ƙa’idojin tsaro, tare da korar dukkan masu zane-zanen da ke ciki da kuma tabbatar da cewa ba a sake shiga ginin ba. == Muhimmanci == Abin da ya fi ban mamaki kuma abin ban dariya game da nunin Ritz Hotel shi ne cewa ga alama masu zane-zanen New York sun ji takaici saboda rashin abubuwan siyasa a cikin ayyukan masu zane-zanen Washington. Hakan kuwa ya faru duk da kasancewar masu zane-zanen Washington Color School Gene Davis, Ann Truitt da Sam Gilliam a cikin nunin. A lokacin, galibin al’adun madadin na Washington ana samun su ne a fagen kiɗan da masu zaman kansu ke gudanarwa a birnin, kuma babban wurin gudanar da su shi ne 9:30 Club, wanda yake da ƙofofi biyar kacal daga wurin, a 930 F St. N.W. a lokacin. Da masu zane-zanen birnin New York sun ci gaba da zama har zuwa ƙarshen mako, da wataƙila sun gano fagen kiɗan DC HarDCore na birnin, wanda ke da alaƙa kai tsaye da siyasa, tare da ƙungiyoyin kiɗa kamar Minor Threat, Bad Brains, da Black Flag. == Bayanan ƙasa == == Haɗin waje == r0ah6nhouj3z012ioppb2cfs21x3i14 0 166194 915210 2026-09-03T04:45:50Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369026895|Hotel New York (Rotterdam)]]" 915210 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Rotterdam_hotel_newyork.jpg|thumb|Otal din New York]] [[Fayil:Wilhelminapier_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Otal din New York]] '''Otal din New York''' otal ne a [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands, wanda aka kafa a tsohon ginin ofishin kamfanin Holland America Line (Nederlandsch Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij, ko NASM). An yi amfani da shi a matsayin masaukin wucin gadi ga ’yan gudun hijira daga Turai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20: “Sau da yawa, ana samun fakitin tafiye-tafiye da suka haɗa tikitin jirgin ƙasa, masaukin otal da kuma tafiya ta teku."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-07 |title=Hotel New York and Lloyd Hotel: migration stopovers between Europe and the Americas |url=http://blog.europeana.eu/2018/11/hotel-new-york-and-lloyd-hotel-migration-stopovers-between-europe-and-the-americas/ |access-date=2018-11-30 |website=blog.europeana.eu |publisher=[[Europeana]] (CC BY-SA) |language=en-GB}}</ref> Lokacin da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa daga Rotterdam zuwa New York ta koma zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, ginin ya zama kufai a shekarun 1980. A shekarar 1988, wasu mutane suka shiga suka zauna a cikin ginin ba tare da izinin ba. Ginin ya sake jan hankalin masu zuba jari lokacin da ’yan kasuwa Daan van der Have da Hans Loos, tare da mai tsara zane Dorine de Vos, suka ga yiwuwar mayar da shi otal. Bayan shafe shekaru ana gyara ginin, an buɗe otal ɗin a shekarar 1993.<ref name="RTV2">{{cite news |date=24 May 2018 |title=De verlaten Wilhelminapier in de jaren 70 en 80 |url=https://www.rijnmond.nl/nieuws/168780/De-verlaten-Wilhelminapier-in-de-jaren-70-en-80 |access-date=18 April 2019 |work=RTV Rijnmond}}</ref>Tun daga shekarar 2006, WestCord Hotels ne ke gudanar da Hotel New York, kamfanin da kuma ya mallaki SS Rotterdam, babban jirgin NASM na shekarun 1950. Ginin yana cikin unguwar Kop van Zuid, kuma tun shekarar 2000 yake matsayin wurin tarihi na ƙasa. Mawaƙiyar Dutch Anouk ta rubuta albam ɗinta Hotel New York a cikin otal ɗin. == Manazarta == 46xeie4qcep4todyi286yjjudcrl16b 915212 915210 2026-09-03T04:46:12Z Qassamy 47996 915212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Rotterdam_hotel_newyork.jpg|thumb|Otal din New York]] [[Fayil:Wilhelminapier_-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Otal din New York]] '''Otal din New York''' otal ne a [[Rotterdam]], Netherlands, wanda aka kafa a tsohon ginin ofishin kamfanin Holland America Line (Nederlandsch Amerikaansche Stoomvaart Maatschappij, ko NASM). An yi amfani da shi a matsayin masaukin wucin gadi ga ’yan gudun hijira daga Turai a ƙarshen ƙarni na 19 da farkon ƙarni na 20: “Sau da yawa, ana samun fakitin tafiye-tafiye da suka haɗa tikitin jirgin ƙasa, masaukin otal da kuma tafiya ta teku."<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-11-07 |title=Hotel New York and Lloyd Hotel: migration stopovers between Europe and the Americas |url=http://blog.europeana.eu/2018/11/hotel-new-york-and-lloyd-hotel-migration-stopovers-between-europe-and-the-americas/ |access-date=2018-11-30 |website=blog.europeana.eu |publisher=[[Europeana]] (CC BY-SA) |language=en-GB}}</ref> Lokacin da zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa daga Rotterdam zuwa New York ta koma zirga-zirgar jiragen sama, ginin ya zama kufai a shekarun 1980. A shekarar 1988, wasu mutane suka shiga suka zauna a cikin ginin ba tare da izinin ba. Ginin ya sake jan hankalin masu zuba jari lokacin da ’yan kasuwa Daan van der Have da Hans Loos, tare da mai tsara zane Dorine de Vos, suka ga yiwuwar mayar da shi otal. Bayan shafe shekaru ana gyara ginin, an buɗe otal ɗin a shekarar 1993.<ref name="RTV2">{{cite news |date=24 May 2018 |title=De verlaten Wilhelminapier in de jaren 70 en 80 |url=https://www.rijnmond.nl/nieuws/168780/De-verlaten-Wilhelminapier-in-de-jaren-70-en-80 |access-date=18 April 2019 |work=RTV Rijnmond}}</ref>Tun daga shekarar 2006, WestCord Hotels ne ke gudanar da Hotel New York, kamfanin da kuma ya mallaki SS Rotterdam, babban jirgin NASM na shekarun 1950. Ginin yana cikin unguwar Kop van Zuid, kuma tun shekarar 2000 yake matsayin wurin tarihi na ƙasa. Mawaƙiyar Dutch Anouk ta rubuta albam ɗinta Hotel New York a cikin otal ɗin. == Manazarta == 1sjkpt6fesbyvpt2zqadeo3nrm6e1cv 0 166195 915220 2026-09-03T04:58:29Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293933308|Chanti Ollin]]" 915220 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Chanti_Ollin_en_2022.jpg|thumb|Ginin Chanti Ollin a cikin 2022. Har yanzu ba a zaune ba bayan an kore shi a shekarar 2016.]] '''Chanti Ollin''' cibiyar zamantakewa ce mai kula da kanta a [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]], Mexico, tsakanin 2003 da 2017. Dalibai daga Yajin aikin UNAM na 1999-2000 da mahalarta Okupa Che sun mamaye shi a shekara ta 2003. Ya kasance gini mai hawa biyar da aka bari ya lalace, wanda yake a Calle Melchor Ocampo 424 a Cuauhtémoc . <ref name="Parte">{{Cite journal |last=González |first=Robert |last2=de Santiago |first2=Diego |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Marco Antonio |date=2020 |title=Squatted and Self-Managed Social Centres in Mexico City: Four Case Studies from 1978–2020 |journal=Partecipazione e Conflitto |doi=10.1285/i20356609v13i3p1269}}</ref> Sunan yana nufin “gida mai motsi” a harshen Nahuatl.<ref name="Parte" /> Tare da wasu wuraren zama ba bisa izini ba kamar Okupa Che, hukumomin leƙen asirin Mexico sun sanya Chanti Ollin cikin jerin ƙungiyoyin masu ra’ayin rashin mulkin gwamnati waɗanda ke kai hari ga gwamnati. An kore su daga wurin, amma daga baya suka sake komawa suka zauna a wurin a shekarar 2015. A ƙarshe, an kori mutanen da suka mamaye wurin a watan Nuwamba 2016. An kama mutane 25 sannan aka sake su, yayin da aka kori wani ɗan ƙasar Guatemala daga ƙasar. Mutanen da suka mamaye wurin sun yi Allah wadai da korar da suka ce an yi ta ba bisa doka ba. An kafa sansanin zanga-zanga a wajen ginin, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa watan Fabrairu 2017.<ref name="Parte" /> == Manazarta == 2kwynsf4iga1swjz9rmp2a04dyr9cio 915222 915220 2026-09-03T04:59:03Z Qassamy 47996 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1293933308|Chanti Ollin]]" 915222 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Chanti_Ollin_en_2022.jpg|thumb|Ginin Chanti Ollin a shekarar 2022. Har yanzu ba a sake amfani da shi ba bayan da aka kori mutanen da suka mamaye shi a shekarar 2016.]] '''Chanti Ollin''' cibiyar zamantakewa ce mai kula da kanta a [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]], Mexico, tsakanin 2003 da 2017. Dalibai daga Yajin aikin UNAM na 1999-2000 da mahalarta Okupa Che sun mamaye shi a shekara ta 2003. Ya kasance gini mai hawa biyar da aka bari ya lalace, wanda yake a Calle Melchor Ocampo 424 a Cuauhtémoc . <ref name="Parte">{{Cite journal |last=González |first=Robert |last2=de Santiago |first2=Diego |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Marco Antonio |date=2020 |title=Squatted and Self-Managed Social Centres in Mexico City: Four Case Studies from 1978–2020 |journal=Partecipazione e Conflitto |doi=10.1285/i20356609v13i3p1269}}</ref> Sunan yana nufin “gida mai motsi” a harshen Nahuatl.<ref name="Parte" /> Tare da wasu wuraren zama ba bisa izini ba kamar Okupa Che, hukumomin leƙen asirin Mexico sun sanya Chanti Ollin cikin jerin ƙungiyoyin masu ra’ayin rashin mulkin gwamnati waɗanda ke kai hari ga gwamnati. An kore su daga wurin, amma daga baya suka sake komawa suka zauna a wurin a shekarar 2015. A ƙarshe, an kori mutanen da suka mamaye wurin a watan Nuwamba 2016. An kama mutane 25 sannan aka sake su, yayin da aka kori wani ɗan ƙasar Guatemala daga ƙasar. Mutanen da suka mamaye wurin sun yi Allah wadai da korar da suka ce an yi ta ba bisa doka ba. An kafa sansanin zanga-zanga a wajen ginin, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa watan Fabrairu 2017.<ref name="Parte" /> == Manazarta == dypjyip4r0wk88xt3ogcdf5v1vwooxt 915223 915222 2026-09-03T04:59:28Z Qassamy 47996 915223 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Chanti_Ollin_en_2022.jpg|thumb|Ginin Chanti Ollin a shekarar 2022. Har yanzu ba a sake amfani da shi ba bayan da aka kori mutanen da suka mamaye shi a shekarar 2016.]] '''Chanti Ollin''' cibiyar zamantakewa ce mai kula da kanta a [[Mexico (birni)|Birnin Mexico]], Mexico, tsakanin 2003 da 2017. Dalibai daga Yajin aikin UNAM na 1999-2000 da mahalarta Okupa Che sun mamaye shi a shekara ta 2003. Ya kasance gini mai hawa biyar da aka bari ya lalace, wanda yake a Calle Melchor Ocampo 424 a Cuauhtémoc . <ref name="Parte">{{Cite journal |last=González |first=Robert |last2=de Santiago |first2=Diego |last3=Rodríguez |first3=Marco Antonio |date=2020 |title=Squatted and Self-Managed Social Centres in Mexico City: Four Case Studies from 1978–2020 |journal=Partecipazione e Conflitto |doi=10.1285/i20356609v13i3p1269}}</ref> Sunan yana nufin “gida mai motsi” a harshen Nahuatl.<ref name="Parte" /> Tare da wasu wuraren zama ba bisa izini ba kamar Okupa Che, hukumomin leƙen asirin Mexico sun sanya Chanti Ollin cikin jerin ƙungiyoyin masu ra’ayin rashin mulkin gwamnati waɗanda ke kai hari ga gwamnati. An kore su daga wurin, amma daga baya suka sake komawa suka zauna a wurin a shekarar 2015. A ƙarshe, an kori mutanen da suka mamaye wurin a watan Nuwamba 2016. An kama mutane 25 sannan aka sake su, yayin da aka kori wani ɗan ƙasar Guatemala daga ƙasar. Mutanen da suka mamaye wurin sun yi Allah wadai da korar da suka ce an yi ta ba bisa doka ba. An kafa sansanin zanga-zanga a wajen ginin, wanda ya ci gaba har zuwa watan Fabrairu 2017.<ref name="Parte" /> == Manazarta == b2krifzzs9k98judkfk0pnias3l3pat 0 166196 915228 2026-09-03T05:09:27Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1341617839|Emmie Allen]]" 915228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Emmie Elizabeth Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2002) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Bay FC na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). Ta buga wasanni biyu na Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina . == Rayuwa ta farko == Allen ya girma a High Point, North Carolina, ƙarami ne na yara biyu da Laura da Scott Allen suka haifa.[1] Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana ƙarama.[2] Ta fito ne daga dangin Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina kuma ta halarci sansanonin kwallon kafa a can yayin da take makarantar sakandare.[2] Ta buga kwallon kafa da kwando a Kwalejin Kirista ta High Point a aji na takwas.[3] Ta fara karatun kan layi a shekara mai zuwa yayin da take buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din na Kwalejin Courage ta Arewacin Carolina . [3] Ta himmatu ga Arewacin Carolina yayin da take aji na tara.[2] == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta yi amfani da shekara ta farko a bayan Claudia Dickey, Allen ta zama mai tsaron gida na Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina a farkon kakar 2022.[1][2] Ta sauya wasan da aka yi a wasanni shida kafin ta zama mai farawa na cikakken lokaci. [1] [3] A Gasar ACC, ta adana kwallaye biyu a wasan da aka yi da Duke don ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe.[4] A Gasar NCAA, ta buga wasanni shida a nasarar 2-0 a kan Notre Dame a wasan kusa da na karshe kuma ta yi wasanni tara a cikin nasarar 3-2 a kan Jihar Florida a wasan kusa na karshe.[5][6] A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na shekara ta 2022, ta yi rikodin ceto takwas a kan UCLA, kuma tawagarta ta jagoranci burin da ya rage lokacin da aka tura Allen zuwa ƙasa yayin kusurwa, kuma Bruins sun zira kwallaye. Ba a kira wani Laifi ba, kuma Arewacin Carolina ya ɓace a cikin karin lokaci.[7][8][9] Ta gama kakar 2022 tare da takalma 8 masu tsabta a wasanni 26.[1] Bayan ya warke daga raunin gwiwa a cikin bazara, Allen ya buga wa kungiyar North Carolina Courage U23 a lokacin rani na USL W League, ya taimaka wa tawagar zuwa wasan karshe na kasa.[1][2] A cikin kakar 2023, dan wasan Redshirt ya ci gaba da rufewa 8 a wasanni 21, ciki har da biyu a Gasar NCAA.[3] Ta daura aikinta tare da tara a cikin asarar 4-3 ga BYU a cikin kwata-kwata.[3][4] Bayan kakar, ta ayyana don Draft na NWSL na 2024. == Ayyukan kulob din == [[Fayil:Emmie_Allen_Gotham_FC_Bay_FC_6.21.2025-183.jpg|thumb|Allen tare da Bay FC a cikin 2025]] Bayan ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Draft na NWSL na 2024, an gayyaci Allen don horar da Bay FC a cikin kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2024, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓi na shekara guda, ya zama zaɓi na uku na Bay a cikin burin bayan Lysianne Proulx da Katelyn Rowland . Ta fara aikinta na farko a ranar 20 ga Yuli, ta fara ne a cikin shan kashi 3-1 ga San Diego Wave a cikin NWSL x Liga MX Femenil Summer Cup . A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ta buga rabi na biyu na wasan nune-nunen Bay da [[FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona]]. Bayan kakar 2024, ta sanya hannu kan sabon kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓi na ƙarin shekara. Kasancewar tsakiya Jordan Silkowitz ya lashe aikin farawa bayan Rowland ya yi ritaya a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025. A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2025, tare da Silkowitz rashin lafiya, Allen ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a kan Orlando Pride, ta yarda ne kawai bayan da ba ta da sa'a a cikin asarar 1-0. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, Bay ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila ta hanyar kakar 2027 tare da zaɓi na juna na wani shekara. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An kira Allen zuwa horo tare da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekaru 23 a watan Yunin 2025 a sansanin da aka gudanar a lokaci guda tare da Babban tawagar kasa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4oygz4njjax4mumhy73sle5q9wrqox0 915229 915228 2026-09-03T05:09:46Z Gwanki 3834 915229 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emmie Elizabeth Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2002) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Bay FC na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). Ta buga wasanni biyu na Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina . == Rayuwa ta farko == Allen ya girma a High Point, North Carolina, ƙarami ne na yara biyu da Laura da Scott Allen suka haifa.[1] Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana ƙarama.[2] Ta fito ne daga dangin Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina kuma ta halarci sansanonin kwallon kafa a can yayin da take makarantar sakandare.[2] Ta buga kwallon kafa da kwando a Kwalejin Kirista ta High Point a aji na takwas.[3] Ta fara karatun kan layi a shekara mai zuwa yayin da take buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din na Kwalejin Courage ta Arewacin Carolina . [3] Ta himmatu ga Arewacin Carolina yayin da take aji na tara.[2] == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta yi amfani da shekara ta farko a bayan Claudia Dickey, Allen ta zama mai tsaron gida na Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina a farkon kakar 2022.[1][2] Ta sauya wasan da aka yi a wasanni shida kafin ta zama mai farawa na cikakken lokaci. [1] [3] A Gasar ACC, ta adana kwallaye biyu a wasan da aka yi da Duke don ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe.[4] A Gasar NCAA, ta buga wasanni shida a nasarar 2-0 a kan Notre Dame a wasan kusa da na karshe kuma ta yi wasanni tara a cikin nasarar 3-2 a kan Jihar Florida a wasan kusa na karshe.[5][6] A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na shekara ta 2022, ta yi rikodin ceto takwas a kan UCLA, kuma tawagarta ta jagoranci burin da ya rage lokacin da aka tura Allen zuwa ƙasa yayin kusurwa, kuma Bruins sun zira kwallaye. Ba a kira wani Laifi ba, kuma Arewacin Carolina ya ɓace a cikin karin lokaci.[7][8][9] Ta gama kakar 2022 tare da takalma 8 masu tsabta a wasanni 26.[1] Bayan ya warke daga raunin gwiwa a cikin bazara, Allen ya buga wa kungiyar North Carolina Courage U23 a lokacin rani na USL W League, ya taimaka wa tawagar zuwa wasan karshe na kasa.[1][2] A cikin kakar 2023, dan wasan Redshirt ya ci gaba da rufewa 8 a wasanni 21, ciki har da biyu a Gasar NCAA.[3] Ta daura aikinta tare da tara a cikin asarar 4-3 ga BYU a cikin kwata-kwata.[3][4] Bayan kakar, ta ayyana don Draft na NWSL na 2024. == Ayyukan kulob din == [[Fayil:Emmie_Allen_Gotham_FC_Bay_FC_6.21.2025-183.jpg|thumb|Allen tare da Bay FC a cikin 2025]] Bayan ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Draft na NWSL na 2024, an gayyaci Allen don horar da Bay FC a cikin kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2024, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓi na shekara guda, ya zama zaɓi na uku na Bay a cikin burin bayan Lysianne Proulx da Katelyn Rowland . Ta fara aikinta na farko a ranar 20 ga Yuli, ta fara ne a cikin shan kashi 3-1 ga San Diego Wave a cikin NWSL x Liga MX Femenil Summer Cup . A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ta buga rabi na biyu na wasan nune-nunen Bay da [[FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona]]. Bayan kakar 2024, ta sanya hannu kan sabon kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓi na ƙarin shekara. Kasancewar tsakiya Jordan Silkowitz ya lashe aikin farawa bayan Rowland ya yi ritaya a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025. A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2025, tare da Silkowitz rashin lafiya, Allen ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a kan Orlando Pride, ta yarda ne kawai bayan da ba ta da sa'a a cikin asarar 1-0. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, Bay ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila ta hanyar kakar 2027 tare da zaɓi na juna na wani shekara. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An kira Allen zuwa horo tare da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekaru 23 a watan Yunin 2025 a sansanin da aka gudanar a lokaci guda tare da Babban tawagar kasa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 5kk5a76sjy4cfs56b874xxqgl9tgtk2 915231 915229 2026-09-03T05:12:11Z Gwanki 3834 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 915231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emmie Elizabeth Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2002) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Bay FC na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). Ta buga wasanni biyu na Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina . == Rayuwa ta farko == Allen ya girma a High Point, North Carolina, ƙarami ne na yara biyu da Laura da Scott Allen suka haifa. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana ƙarama. Ta fito ne daga dangin Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina kuma ta halarci sansanonin kwallon kafa a can yayin da take makarantar sakandare. Ta buga kwallon kafa da kwando a Kwalejin Kirista ta High Point a aji na takwas. Ta fara karatun kan layi a shekara mai zuwa yayin da take buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din na Kwalejin Courage ta Arewacin Carolina . Ta himmatu ga Arewacin Carolina yayin da take aji na tara.<ref name="UNC">{{cite web|url=https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/emmie-allen/24510|title=Emmie Allen – Women's Soccer|publisher=[[North Carolina Tar Heels|University of North Carolina Athletics]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> <ref name="RC">{{cite news|url=https://ramsclub.com/born-bred-keeping-the-faith/|title=Born & Bred: Keeping the Faith|last=Lucas|first=Adam|date=2023-09-29|publisher=[[Rams Club]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> <ref name="HPE">{{cite web|url=https://www.hpenews.com/newsletters/allen-relishes-starting-role-with-unc-soccer/article_d4cc6d6d-f982-5111-815f-9f588e05a764.html|archive-url=https://archve.today/20240107235236/https://www.hpenews.com/newsletters/allen-relishes-starting-role-with-unc-soccer/article_d4cc6d6d-f982-5111-815f-9f588e05a764.html|archive-date=2024-01-07|title=Allen relishes starting role with UNC soccer|date=2023-07-30|last=Lindsay|first=Michael|newspaper=[[High Point Enterprise]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta yi amfani da shekara ta farko a bayan Claudia Dickey, Allen ta zama mai tsaron gida na Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina a farkon kakar 2022.[1][2] Ta sauya wasan da aka yi a wasanni shida kafin ta zama mai farawa na cikakken lokaci. [1] [3] A Gasar ACC, ta adana kwallaye biyu a wasan da aka yi da Duke don ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe.[4] A Gasar NCAA, ta buga wasanni shida a nasarar 2-0 a kan Notre Dame a wasan kusa da na karshe kuma ta yi wasanni tara a cikin nasarar 3-2 a kan Jihar Florida a wasan kusa na karshe.[5][6] A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na shekara ta 2022, ta yi rikodin ceto takwas a kan UCLA, kuma tawagarta ta jagoranci burin da ya rage lokacin da aka tura Allen zuwa ƙasa yayin kusurwa, kuma Bruins sun zira kwallaye. Ba a kira wani Laifi ba, kuma Arewacin Carolina ya ɓace a cikin karin lokaci.[7][8][9] Ta gama kakar 2022 tare da takalma 8 masu tsabta a wasanni 26.[1] Bayan ya warke daga raunin gwiwa a cikin bazara, Allen ya buga wa kungiyar North Carolina Courage U23 a lokacin rani na USL W League, ya taimaka wa tawagar zuwa wasan karshe na kasa.[1][2] A cikin kakar 2023, dan wasan Redshirt ya ci gaba da rufewa 8 a wasanni 21, ciki har da biyu a Gasar NCAA.[3] Ta daura aikinta tare da tara a cikin asarar 4-3 ga BYU a cikin kwata-kwata.[3][4] Bayan kakar, ta ayyana don Draft na NWSL na 2024. == Ayyukan kulob din == [[Fayil:Emmie_Allen_Gotham_FC_Bay_FC_6.21.2025-183.jpg|thumb|Allen tare da Bay FC a cikin 2025]] Bayan ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Draft na NWSL na 2024, an gayyaci Allen don horar da Bay FC a cikin kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2024, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓi na shekara guda, ya zama zaɓi na uku na Bay a cikin burin bayan Lysianne Proulx da Katelyn Rowland . Ta fara aikinta na farko a ranar 20 ga Yuli, ta fara ne a cikin shan kashi 3-1 ga San Diego Wave a cikin NWSL x Liga MX Femenil Summer Cup . A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ta buga rabi na biyu na wasan nune-nunen Bay da [[FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona]]. Bayan kakar 2024, ta sanya hannu kan sabon kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓi na ƙarin shekara. Kasancewar tsakiya Jordan Silkowitz ya lashe aikin farawa bayan Rowland ya yi ritaya a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025. A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2025, tare da Silkowitz rashin lafiya, Allen ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a kan Orlando Pride, ta yarda ne kawai bayan da ba ta da sa'a a cikin asarar 1-0. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, Bay ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila ta hanyar kakar 2027 tare da zaɓi na juna na wani shekara. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An kira Allen zuwa horo tare da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekaru 23 a watan Yunin 2025 a sansanin da aka gudanar a lokaci guda tare da Babban tawagar kasa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] k8b0qqqz20kl2ct3fp8iw6c3lsnhf8x 915239 915231 2026-09-03T05:16:56Z Gwanki 3834 /* Ayyukan kwaleji */ 915239 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emmie Elizabeth Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2002) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Bay FC na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). Ta buga wasanni biyu na Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina . == Rayuwa ta farko == Allen ya girma a High Point, North Carolina, ƙarami ne na yara biyu da Laura da Scott Allen suka haifa. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana ƙarama. Ta fito ne daga dangin Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina kuma ta halarci sansanonin kwallon kafa a can yayin da take makarantar sakandare. Ta buga kwallon kafa da kwando a Kwalejin Kirista ta High Point a aji na takwas. Ta fara karatun kan layi a shekara mai zuwa yayin da take buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din na Kwalejin Courage ta Arewacin Carolina . Ta himmatu ga Arewacin Carolina yayin da take aji na tara.<ref name="UNC">{{cite web|url=https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/emmie-allen/24510|title=Emmie Allen – Women's Soccer|publisher=[[North Carolina Tar Heels|University of North Carolina Athletics]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> <ref name="RC">{{cite news|url=https://ramsclub.com/born-bred-keeping-the-faith/|title=Born & Bred: Keeping the Faith|last=Lucas|first=Adam|date=2023-09-29|publisher=[[Rams Club]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> <ref name="HPE">{{cite web|url=https://www.hpenews.com/newsletters/allen-relishes-starting-role-with-unc-soccer/article_d4cc6d6d-f982-5111-815f-9f588e05a764.html|archive-url=https://archve.today/20240107235236/https://www.hpenews.com/newsletters/allen-relishes-starting-role-with-unc-soccer/article_d4cc6d6d-f982-5111-815f-9f588e05a764.html|archive-date=2024-01-07|title=Allen relishes starting role with UNC soccer|date=2023-07-30|last=Lindsay|first=Michael|newspaper=[[High Point Enterprise]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta yi amfani da shekara ta farko a bayan Claudia Dickey, Allen ta zama mai tsaron gida na Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina a farkon kakar 2022.<ref name="UNC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/unc-womens-soccer-opens-season-with-win-over-no-11-tennessee|title=UNC Women's Soccer Opens Season With Win Over No. 11 Tennessee|last=Koh|first=Michael|date=2022-08-19|website=[[Chapelboro.com]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> Ta sauya wasan da aka yi a wasanni shida kafin ta zama mai farawa na cikakken lokaci. A Gasar ACC, ta adana kwallaye biyu a wasan da aka yi da Duke don ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe.<ref name="UNC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/no-2-unc-womens-soccer-takes-dominant-win-over-no-3-duke|title=No. 2 UNC Women's Soccer Takes Dominant Win Over No. 3 Duke|date=2022-09-02|last=Koh|first=Michael|website=[[Chapelboro.com]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> A Gasar NCAA, ta buga wasanni shida a nasarar 2-0 a kan Notre Dame a wasan kusa da na karshe kuma ta yi wasanni tara a cikin nasarar 3-2 a kan Jihar Florida a wasan kusa na karshe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2022/11/unc-womens-soccer-wins-shootout-penalty-kicks-duke-emily-moxley-emmie-allen-north-carolina-tar-heels|title=Moxley sends UNC women's soccer to ACC Championship final in shootout against Duke|last=Thomae|first=Lucas|date=2022-11-04|newspaper=[[The Daily Tar Heel]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na shekara ta 2022, ta yi rikodin ceto takwas a kan UCLA, kuma tawagarta ta jagoranci burin da ya rage lokacin da aka tura Allen zuwa ƙasa yayin kusurwa, kuma Bruins sun zira kwallaye. Ba a kira wani Laifi ba, kuma Arewacin Carolina ya ɓace a cikin karin lokaci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/college-cup-bound-unc-womens-soccer-beats-top-seeded-notre-dame-in-ncaa-quarterfinals|title=College Cup Bound: UNC Women's Soccer Beats Top-Seeded Notre Dame in NCAA Quarterfinals|date=2022-11-26|last=Koh|first=Michael|website=[[Chapelboro.com]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/unc-womens-soccer-advances-to-national-championship-with-3-2-win-over-fsu|title=UNC Women's Soccer Advances to National Championship With 3–2 Win Over FSU|date=2022-12-02|last=Koh|first=Michael|website=[[Chapelboro.com]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> Ta gama kakar 2022 tare da takalma 8 masu tsabta a wasanni 26.<ref name="RC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/unc-womens-soccer-falls-in-extra-time-in-national-championship|title=UNC Women's Soccer Falls In Extra Time in National Championship|date=2022-12-05|last=Koh|first=Michael|website=[[Chapelboro.com]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://girlssoccernetwork.com/ncaa-college-cup-recap-2022/|title=NCAA College Cup 2022 Recap: UCLA Wins the Championship|last=Wadera|first=Rohtas|date=2022-12-07|website=Girls Soccer Network|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> Bayan ya warke daga raunin gwiwa a cikin bazara, Allen ya buga wa kungiyar North Carolina Courage U23 a lokacin rani na USL W League, ya taimaka wa tawagar zuwa wasan karshe na kasa.[1][2] A cikin kakar 2023, dan wasan Redshirt ya ci gaba da rufewa 8 a wasanni 21, ciki har da biyu a Gasar NCAA.[3] Ta daura aikinta tare da tara a cikin asarar 4-3 ga BYU a cikin kwata-kwata.[3][4] Bayan kakar, ta ayyana don Draft na NWSL na 2024. == Ayyukan kulob din == [[Fayil:Emmie_Allen_Gotham_FC_Bay_FC_6.21.2025-183.jpg|thumb|Allen tare da Bay FC a cikin 2025]] Bayan ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Draft na NWSL na 2024, an gayyaci Allen don horar da Bay FC a cikin kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2024, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓi na shekara guda, ya zama zaɓi na uku na Bay a cikin burin bayan Lysianne Proulx da Katelyn Rowland . Ta fara aikinta na farko a ranar 20 ga Yuli, ta fara ne a cikin shan kashi 3-1 ga San Diego Wave a cikin NWSL x Liga MX Femenil Summer Cup . A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ta buga rabi na biyu na wasan nune-nunen Bay da [[FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona]]. Bayan kakar 2024, ta sanya hannu kan sabon kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓi na ƙarin shekara. Kasancewar tsakiya Jordan Silkowitz ya lashe aikin farawa bayan Rowland ya yi ritaya a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025. A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2025, tare da Silkowitz rashin lafiya, Allen ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a kan Orlando Pride, ta yarda ne kawai bayan da ba ta da sa'a a cikin asarar 1-0. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, Bay ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila ta hanyar kakar 2027 tare da zaɓi na juna na wani shekara. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An kira Allen zuwa horo tare da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekaru 23 a watan Yunin 2025 a sansanin da aka gudanar a lokaci guda tare da Babban tawagar kasa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 09l3n4i8c9zna1owin89cch777e3mx1 915242 915239 2026-09-03T05:18:44Z Gwanki 3834 /* Ayyukan kulob din */ 915242 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Emmie Elizabeth Allen''' (an haife ta a ranar 25 ga Oktoba, 2002) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] ga Bay FC na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL). Ta buga wasanni biyu na Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina . == Rayuwa ta farko == Allen ya girma a High Point, North Carolina, ƙarami ne na yara biyu da Laura da Scott Allen suka haifa. Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana ƙarama. Ta fito ne daga dangin Jami'ar Arewacin Carolina kuma ta halarci sansanonin kwallon kafa a can yayin da take makarantar sakandare. Ta buga kwallon kafa da kwando a Kwalejin Kirista ta High Point a aji na takwas. Ta fara karatun kan layi a shekara mai zuwa yayin da take buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din na Kwalejin Courage ta Arewacin Carolina . Ta himmatu ga Arewacin Carolina yayin da take aji na tara.<ref name="UNC">{{cite web|url=https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/emmie-allen/24510|title=Emmie Allen – Women's Soccer|publisher=[[North Carolina Tar Heels|University of North Carolina Athletics]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> <ref name="RC">{{cite news|url=https://ramsclub.com/born-bred-keeping-the-faith/|title=Born & Bred: Keeping the Faith|last=Lucas|first=Adam|date=2023-09-29|publisher=[[Rams Club]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> <ref name="HPE">{{cite web|url=https://www.hpenews.com/newsletters/allen-relishes-starting-role-with-unc-soccer/article_d4cc6d6d-f982-5111-815f-9f588e05a764.html|archive-url=https://archve.today/20240107235236/https://www.hpenews.com/newsletters/allen-relishes-starting-role-with-unc-soccer/article_d4cc6d6d-f982-5111-815f-9f588e05a764.html|archive-date=2024-01-07|title=Allen relishes starting role with UNC soccer|date=2023-07-30|last=Lindsay|first=Michael|newspaper=[[High Point Enterprise]]|url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Bayan ta yi amfani da shekara ta farko a bayan Claudia Dickey, Allen ta zama mai tsaron gida na Tar Heels na Arewacin Carolina a farkon kakar 2022.<ref name="UNC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/unc-womens-soccer-opens-season-with-win-over-no-11-tennessee|title=UNC Women's Soccer Opens Season With Win Over No. 11 Tennessee|last=Koh|first=Michael|date=2022-08-19|website=[[Chapelboro.com]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> Ta sauya wasan da aka yi a wasanni shida kafin ta zama mai farawa na cikakken lokaci. A Gasar ACC, ta adana kwallaye biyu a wasan da aka yi da Duke don ci gaba zuwa wasan karshe.<ref name="UNC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/no-2-unc-womens-soccer-takes-dominant-win-over-no-3-duke|title=No. 2 UNC Women's Soccer Takes Dominant Win Over No. 3 Duke|date=2022-09-02|last=Koh|first=Michael|website=[[Chapelboro.com]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> A Gasar NCAA, ta buga wasanni shida a nasarar 2-0 a kan Notre Dame a wasan kusa da na karshe kuma ta yi wasanni tara a cikin nasarar 3-2 a kan Jihar Florida a wasan kusa na karshe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.dailytarheel.com/article/2022/11/unc-womens-soccer-wins-shootout-penalty-kicks-duke-emily-moxley-emmie-allen-north-carolina-tar-heels|title=Moxley sends UNC women's soccer to ACC Championship final in shootout against Duke|last=Thomae|first=Lucas|date=2022-11-04|newspaper=[[The Daily Tar Heel]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> A cikin wasan kwaikwayo na kasa na shekara ta 2022, ta yi rikodin ceto takwas a kan UCLA, kuma tawagarta ta jagoranci burin da ya rage lokacin da aka tura Allen zuwa ƙasa yayin kusurwa, kuma Bruins sun zira kwallaye. Ba a kira wani Laifi ba, kuma Arewacin Carolina ya ɓace a cikin karin lokaci.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/college-cup-bound-unc-womens-soccer-beats-top-seeded-notre-dame-in-ncaa-quarterfinals|title=College Cup Bound: UNC Women's Soccer Beats Top-Seeded Notre Dame in NCAA Quarterfinals|date=2022-11-26|last=Koh|first=Michael|website=[[Chapelboro.com]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/unc-womens-soccer-advances-to-national-championship-with-3-2-win-over-fsu|title=UNC Women's Soccer Advances to National Championship With 3–2 Win Over FSU|date=2022-12-02|last=Koh|first=Michael|website=[[Chapelboro.com]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> Ta gama kakar 2022 tare da takalma 8 masu tsabta a wasanni 26.<ref name="RC"/><ref>{{cite news|url=https://chapelboro.com/sports/unc-womens-soccer-falls-in-extra-time-in-national-championship|title=UNC Women's Soccer Falls In Extra Time in National Championship|date=2022-12-05|last=Koh|first=Michael|website=[[Chapelboro.com]]|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://girlssoccernetwork.com/ncaa-college-cup-recap-2022/|title=NCAA College Cup 2022 Recap: UCLA Wins the Championship|last=Wadera|first=Rohtas|date=2022-12-07|website=Girls Soccer Network|access-date=2024-01-07}}</ref> Bayan ya warke daga raunin gwiwa a cikin bazara, Allen ya buga wa kungiyar North Carolina Courage U23 a lokacin rani na USL W League, ya taimaka wa tawagar zuwa wasan karshe na kasa.[1][2] A cikin kakar 2023, dan wasan Redshirt ya ci gaba da rufewa 8 a wasanni 21, ciki har da biyu a Gasar NCAA.[3] Ta daura aikinta tare da tara a cikin asarar 4-3 ga BYU a cikin kwata-kwata.[3][4] Bayan kakar, ta ayyana don Draft na NWSL na 2024. == Ayyukan kulob din == [[Fayil:Emmie_Allen_Gotham_FC_Bay_FC_6.21.2025-183.jpg|thumb|Allen tare da Bay FC a cikin 2025]] Bayan ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Draft na NWSL na 2024, an gayyaci Allen don horar da Bay FC a cikin kakar wasa ta farko. A ranar 13 ga Maris, 2024, an sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓi na shekara guda, ya zama zaɓi na uku na Bay a cikin burin bayan Lysianne Proulx da Katelyn Rowland . Ta fara aikinta na farko a ranar 20 ga Yuli, ta fara ne a cikin shan kashi 3-1 ga San Diego Wave a cikin NWSL x Liga MX Femenil Summer Cup . A ranar 27 ga watan Agusta, ta buga rabi na biyu na wasan nune-nunen Bay da [[FC Barcelona Femení|Barcelona]]. Bayan kakar 2024, ta sanya hannu kan sabon kwangilar shekara guda tare da zaɓi na ƙarin shekara. Kasancewar tsakiya Jordan Silkowitz ya lashe aikin farawa bayan Rowland ya yi ritaya a lokacin kakar wasa ta 2025.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/sports/article/bay-fc-starting-goalkeeper-katelyn-rowland-20168594.php|title=Bay FC starting goalkeeper Katelyn Rowland retires during training camp|last=Ingemi|first=Marisa|date=2025-02-14|newspaper=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=2025-03-15|url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://bayfc.com/press-releases/match-recap-bay-fc-opens-2025-season-with-1-1-draw-at-utah-royals/|title=Match Recap: Bay FC Opens 2025 Season With 1-1 Draw at Utah Royals|date=2025-03-15|publisher=[[Bay FC]]|access-date=2025-05-04}}</ref> A ranar 13 ga Yuni, 2025, tare da Silkowitz rashin lafiya, Allen ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a kan Orlando Pride,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/sports/article/bay-fc-s-shutout-loss-orlando-searching-ways-20373056.php|title=Bay FC's frustrating shutout loss to Orlando leaves them searching for ways to finish|last=Ingemi|first=Marisa|date=2025-06-13|website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|access-date=2025-06-14}}</ref> ta yarda ne kawai bayan da ba ta da sa'a a cikin asarar 1-0. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, Bay ta ba da sanarwar cewa an sanya hannu kan sabon kwangila ta hanyar kakar 2027 tare da zaɓi na juna na wani shekara.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://bayfc.com/press-releases/bay-fc-announces-mid-season-roster-updates-and-new-contracts-for-five-players-ahead-of-nwsl-free-agency/|title=Bay FC announces mid-season roster updates and new contracts for five players ahead of NWSL Free Agency|date=2025-07-01|publisher=[[Bay FC]]|access-date=2025-07-01}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == An kira Allen zuwa horo tare da tawagar Amurka ta kasa da shekaru 23 a watan Yunin 2025 a sansanin da aka gudanar a lokaci guda tare da Babban tawagar kasa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 57dsficunyilrnlnvyl4akj12kbok2v 0 166197 915235 2026-09-03T05:15:04Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354405818|Yuri Merzlyakov]]" 915235 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Merzljakov,_Juri.IMG_4112.JPG|right|thumb| Merzlyakov a shekarar 2012]] '''Yuri Nikolayevich Merzlyakov''' ( Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1949) jami'in diflomasiyyar Rasha ne, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar OSCE Minsk guda 3. Yuri Merzlyakov ya kammala karatunsa a MGIMO a shekarar 1971 da kuma Kwalejin Diflomasiyya ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1979, kuma ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a ofisoshin tsakiya na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Tarayyar Soviet da Rasha da kuma ofisoshin diflomasiyya a ƙasashen waje. A tsakanin 1998-1999 ya riƙe muƙamin jakada na musamman a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Rasha kuma shugaban Ƙungiyar Aiki a [[Tekun Caspian]] . Yuri Merzlyakov yana da matsayi na Jakadan Aji na 1 na Musamman kuma Mai Iko, yana jin Turanci, Faransanci da Swahili . Yana da aure kuma yana da 'ya mace. Shugaban Rasha Dimitri Medvedev ya naɗa Yuri Merzlyakov a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2010 a matsayin sabon jakadan Rasha a Estonia, inda ya maye gurbin abokin aikinsa {{Interlanguage link|Nikolai Nikolayevich Uspensky|ru|Успенский, Николай Николаевич}} . Ya yi aiki har zuwa 18 ga Agusta 2015, lokacin da {{Interlanguage link|Aleksandr Petrov (diplomat)|ru|Петров, Александр Михайлович (дипломат)}} ya gaje shi. . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2015 |title=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ О Мерзлякове Ю.Н. |url=https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420294732 |access-date=10 April 2021 |publisher=Электронный фонд правовых и нормативно-технических документов |language=Russian}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] r58b6me6lv1s0miq3d3h9icxttg0eab 915236 915235 2026-09-03T05:15:40Z Abusule dankofa 24259 915236 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Merzljakov,_Juri.IMG_4112.JPG|right|thumb| Merzlyakov a shekarar 2012]] '''Yuri Nikolayevich Merzlyakov''' ( Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1949) jami'in diflomasiyyar Rasha ne, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar OSCE Minsk guda 3. Yuri Merzlyakov ya kammala karatunsa a MGIMO a shekarar 1971 da kuma Kwalejin Diflomasiyya ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1979, kuma ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a ofisoshin tsakiya na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Tarayyar Soviet da Rasha da kuma ofisoshin diflomasiyya a ƙasashen waje. A tsakanin 1998-1999 ya riƙe muƙamin jakada na musamman a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Rasha kuma shugaban Ƙungiyar Aiki a [[Tekun Caspian]] . Yuri Merzlyakov yana da matsayi na Jakadan Aji na 1 na Musamman kuma Mai Iko, yana jin Turanci, Faransanci da Swahili . Yana da aure kuma yana da 'ya mace. Shugaban Rasha Dimitri Medvedev ya naɗa Yuri Merzlyakov a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2010 a matsayin sabon jakadan Rasha a Estonia, inda ya maye gurbin abokin aikinsa {{Interlanguage link|Nikolai Nikolayevich Uspensky|ru|Успенский, Николай Николаевич}} . Ya yi aiki har zuwa 18 ga Agusta 2015, lokacin da {{Interlanguage link|Aleksandr Petrov (diplomat)|ru|Петров, Александр Михайлович (дипломат)}} ya gaje shi. . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2015 |title=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ О Мерзлякове Ю.Н. |url=https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420294732 |access-date=10 April 2021 |publisher=Электронный фонд правовых и нормативно-технических документов |language=Russian}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 6j9fr1vxe5jysh667xzfocrmo0v33yu 915238 915236 2026-09-03T05:16:11Z Abusule dankofa 24259 915238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Merzljakov,_Juri.IMG_4112.JPG|right|thumb| Merzlyakov a shekarar 2012]] '''Yuri Nikolayevich Merzlyakov''' ( Russian ; an haife shi a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 1949) jami'in diflomasiyyar Rasha ne, wanda ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin shugabannin ƙungiyar OSCE Minsk guda 3. Yuri Merzlyakov ya kammala karatunsa a MGIMO a shekarar 1971 da kuma Kwalejin Diflomasiyya ta Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Tarayyar Soviet a shekarar 1979, kuma ya yi aiki a wurare daban-daban a ofisoshin tsakiya na Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Tarayyar Soviet da Rasha da kuma ofisoshin diflomasiyya a ƙasashen waje. A tsakanin 1998-1999 ya riƙe muƙamin jakada na musamman a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje ta Rasha kuma shugaban Ƙungiyar Aiki a [[Tekun Caspian]] . Yuri Merzlyakov yana da matsayi na Jakadan Aji na 1 na Musamman kuma Mai Iko, yana jin Turanci, Faransanci da Swahili . Yana da aure kuma yana da 'ya mace. Shugaban Rasha Dimitri Medvedev ya naɗa Yuri Merzlyakov a ranar 19 ga Yuli, 2010 a matsayin sabon jakadan Rasha a Estonia, inda ya maye gurbin abokin aikinsa {{Interlanguage link|Nikolai Nikolayevich Uspensky|ru|Успенский, Николай Николаевич}} . Ya yi aiki har zuwa 18 ga Agusta 2015, lokacin da {{Interlanguage link|Aleksandr Petrov (diplomat)|ru|Петров, Александр Михайлович (дипломат)}} ya gaje shi. . <ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2015 |title=УКАЗ ПРЕЗИДЕНТА РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ О Мерзлякове Ю.Н. |url=https://docs.cntd.ru/document/420294732 |access-date=10 April 2021 |publisher=Электронный фонд правовых и нормативно-технических документов |language=Russian}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1949]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ===manazarta=== n0vokgqo1kixm0ca2buun6tcufbmdsp 0 166198 915240 2026-09-03T05:18:05Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1366455074|Yuri Merkulov]]" 915240 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Yuri Alexandrovich Merkulov''' ( Russian ; 28 April [ - 13 ga Fabrairu 1979) ƙwararren mai fasaha ne [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|na Soviet]], [[Darakta|darektan]] zane-zane da fina-finai, mai gyara-maido da tsare-tsare, mai ƙirƙira, mai nazarin fina-finai kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar Soviet ta gargajiya da kuma zane-zanen motsa jiki na dakatarwa . == Shekarun farko == An haifi Yuri Merkulov a ƙauyen Rasskazovo (garin Rasskazovo na zamani, Tambov Oblast na [[Rasha]] ) cikin dangin Rasha masu arziki. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Alexander Nikolaevich Merkulov (1869–1924), fitaccen likitan fiɗa kuma memba na ƙungiyar likitoci ta Rasha waɗanda suka duba, shirya da sake tsara asibitoci a duk faɗin ƙasar. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin asibitocin soja na Moscow, kuma bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka ta Moscow, yana aiki tare da Nikolai Semashko . Mahaifiyar Yuri, Maria Karlovna Merkulova (1870–1944), ƙwararriyar mai buga piano ce wadda ta sadaukar da kanta ga renon yara. <ref name="kipnis">''Solomon Kipnis (1995)''. Novodevichy Memorial. Necropolis of the Novodevichy Cemetery. — Moscow: Propilei, p. 93 {{ISBN|5-7354-0023-1}}</ref> Yuri ya fara sha'awar fasaha tun farkon rayuwarsa kuma ya shiga Makarantar Zane-zane ta Moscow ta Fyodor Rerberg. A lokacin yaƙin shi da 'yan'uwansa mata sun yi aiki a asibitin mahaifinsu, suna gyara sojojin da suka ji rauni. Daga nan ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin ruwan Soviet kuma bayan ya dawo ya koma Vkhutemas inda ya yi karatu a hannun Ilya Mashkov har zuwa 1923. Ya sami alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da ƙungiyar fasaha ta Avant-Garde ta Soviet, inda ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ci gaba, ciki har da ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta zamani ta Vladimir Mayakovsky inda ya zana hotunan ROSTA da kuma tsara shimfidar wurare don wasan kwaikwayo na ''Mystery-Bouffe'', da sauransu. Tare da [[Daniil Cherkes|Daniil Cherkes,]] ya kuma yi wa jiragen agit ado; a lokacin ne suka fito da ra'ayin "fosta masu rai", nau'in zane-zane na Soviet na farko wanda ya dogara da fasahar Dmitry Moor, Viktor Deni da [[Mikhail Cheremnykh]] . == Sana'a == A 1923, Merkulov tare da Nikolai Khodataev da {{Interlanguage link|Zenon Komissarenko|ru|Комиссаренко, Зенон Петрович}} sun samar da zane-zane don fim ɗin almara na kimiyya ''na Aelita'' . Yayin da Yakov Protazanov ya ƙi ra'ayin haɗa ayyukan kai tsaye da zane-zane, su ukun sun kafa nasu bitar gwaji a ƙarƙashin Makarantar Koyon Cinematography ta Jiha, ɗakin zane-zane na farko na Soviet. A shekarar 1924 sun kammala ''juyin juya halin Interplanetary'' - wani zane mai ban dariya game da ''Aelita'' da kuma yanayin siyasa na yanzu wanda ya shahara sosai. <ref>''Larisa Malyukova (2013)''. OVERcinema. Modern Russian animation. — Saint Petersburg: Umnaya Masha, p. 264 {{ISBN|978-5-9904193-1-5}}</ref> A cikin shekara guda, gwamnatin Soviet ta ɗauke su aiki don samar da ''[[China in Flames|China a Flames]]'', wani ba'a na siyasa da ke sukar tsoma bakin Turai a tattalin arzikin China. Vladimir Suteev, Ivan Ivanov-Vano da ' yan'uwan Brumberg sun shiga ƙungiyar wanda ya haifar da salo daban-daban. Da tsawon mita 1000 na fim da firam 14 a sakan daya, ya yi tafiyar sama da mintuna 50 a lokacin, wanda hakan ya sanya shi zama fim na farko na Soviet mai motsi kuma daya daga cikin na farko a duniya. Bayan haka Merkulov, Khodataev da Komissarenko suka bi nasu hanyar. [[Fayil:1925._Китай_в_огне.ogv|thumb| ''China a cikin Harshen Wuta'' (1925)]] A shekarar 1926, Yuri ya shiga Mezhrabpom-Rus kuma ya kafa sashen zane-zane a can. Tare da Ivanov-Vano, ya zana jerin shirye-shiryen zane mai rai don fim ɗin Vsevolod Pudovkin 's ''Mechanics of the Brain'', fim ɗin kimiyya na farko da ya shahara a Soviet wanda ya sami yabo daga Ivan Pavlov da ƙwararrun likitoci na duniya. Tsohon abokinsa Daniil Cherkes ya haɗu da su a cikin wani aikinsu na gaba - wani fim mai rai mai suna ''Senka the African'' (1927) wanda aka gina a kan waƙar barkwanci ta Korney Chukovsky game da wani ƙaramin yaro wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Afirka]] a kan balan-balan. Ya haɗa da zane-zane da aka zana da hannu da kuma yankewa tare da jerin shirye-shiryen kai tsaye, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan Soviet na farko da aka yi niyya ga yara tare da ''The Skating Rink'' na Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky . Merkulov ya kuma ba da umarni a jerin shirye-shiryen zane mai motsi na ''A Kiss daga fim ɗin barkwanci na Mary Pickford'' . A shekarar 1928, ya ƙaddamar da shirin farko na zane mai rai na Soviet ''Bratishkin's Adventures'' at Mosfilm, a wannan karon ya haɗa kai tsaye da zane mai motsi don ba da labarai na barkwanci da suka shafi Bratishkin - ƙaramin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa wanda ya yi tafiya ta Moscow yana shiga cikin duk wani lamari na gaske. Matashin Alexander Ptushko ne ya haɗu da shi, wanda ya taimaka masa wajen ƙirƙirar 'yan tsana da kayan wasa, daga ƙarshe kuma ya hau kujerar daraktan. A lokacin, Merkulov ya riga ya koma Gosvoenkino (ɗakin motsa jiki da aka keɓe don shirye-shiryen fina-finai na soja) inda shi, Leonid Amalrik da Lev Atamanov suka fara wani bita na zane-zane. Shahararren aikinsu shine ''The First Cavalry'' (1929) wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Rundunar Sojojin Dawaki ta 1 da suka yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashin Semyon Budyonny a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Rasha . Merkulov ya kamu da son hakan a shekarar 1919 lokacin da ya ji labarin ɗaya daga cikin sojojin da suka ji rauni. Ma'aikatan sun sake haɗa ayyukan kai tsaye da zane-zane ta amfani da dabaru daban-daban. Eduard Tisse ya jagoranci daukar hotunan sinima mai sarkakiya. Fim ɗin ya yi nasara sosai kuma ya tallafa wa iyalan Merkulov tsawon shekaru da dama. Ya ci gaba da aiki a kan shirye-shiryen fina-finai da kuma shirye -shiryen agitprop mai rai, kodayake a tsakiyar shekarun 1930 ya fara canzawa zuwa wasu ayyuka. A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya gina kekunan shakatawa na Central Park of Culture and Leisure, gami da cikakken samfurin jirgin ruwa mai hulɗa da juna wanda aka sanye da injin harbi. A shekarar 1939, aka naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban baje kolin farko da aka keɓe ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Soviet wanda aka gudanar a Central Park. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a Fadar Vorontsov da ke Crimea kuma ya yi shirin gina Gidan Tarihi na Ƙarfin Sojan Ruwa a wurin tare da kallon gani mai ban mamaki, kodayake hakan bai taɓa faruwa ba. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi aiki sosai a matsayin mai zane kuma ya zana manyan fosta na tayar da hankali. == Shekarun ƙarshe == Merkulov ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Duniya na Ƙarshe kuma bayan dawowarsa ya ci gaba da aikin fasaha. Sai a shekarun 1950 ne ya koma harkar sinima. Tsakanin 1955 da 1965, ya ƙirƙiri jerin shirye-shiryen rairayi don fina-finai da yawa masu rai, ciki har da fim ɗin almara na kimiyya ''I Was a Satellite of the Sun'' (1959) da kuma ''bikin tunawa da Rashanci'' na Grigori Aleksandrov (1960). Ya kuma shirya wasu gajerun shirye-shiryen farfaganda masu raira waƙa irin waɗanda ya taɓa yi a shekarun 1920, kamar su ''Masu Tsoron Gurasa!'' (1965), kodayake babu buƙatar hakan kuma. Bugu da ƙari, ya taka rawar gani a cikin manyan mutane da masu gidaje na Rasha a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi: bayyanarsa ta sarauta ta jawo hankalin daraktocin fina-finai. Yuri Merkulov ya mutu a shekarar 1979 kuma an binne shi a kabarin iyali a Makabartar Novodevichy . <ref name="kipnis" /> Ya auri Antonina Vasilievna Merkulova wanda ya sadu a Crimea. Suna da 'ya mace Nina. == Adabi == * Cinema: Ƙamus na Encyclopedic // babban edita Sergei Yutkevich (1987). — Moscow: Kundin Tarihi na Soviet, shafi na&nbsp;265 * ''Olga Nesterovich (1971)'' . Rayuwa a Cinema. Tsoffin Sojoji game da Kansu da Abokansu. — Moscow: Iskusstvo, shafi.&nbsp;124 * ''Yuri Merkulov (1928)'' . Wani abu game da Bratishkin. — Allon Soviet № 49{{ISSN|0132-0742}} * ''Ivan Ivanov-Vano (1980)'' . Tsarin Bayan Tsarin. — Moscow: Iskusstvo, shafi.&nbsp;17-23, 54-60 [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] 2howp4o02taavoohcyojkuquao266q9 915243 915240 2026-09-03T05:18:54Z Abusule dankofa 24259 915243 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Yuri Alexandrovich Merkulov''' ( Russian ; 28 April [ - 13 ga Fabrairu 1979) ƙwararren mai fasaha ne [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|na Soviet]], [[Darakta|darektan]] zane-zane da fina-finai, mai gyara-maido da tsare-tsare, mai ƙirƙira, mai nazarin fina-finai kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar Soviet ta gargajiya da kuma zane-zanen motsa jiki na dakatarwa . == Shekarun farko == An haifi Yuri Merkulov a ƙauyen Rasskazovo (garin Rasskazovo na zamani, Tambov Oblast na [[Rasha]] ) cikin dangin Rasha masu arziki. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Alexander Nikolaevich Merkulov (1869–1924), fitaccen likitan fiɗa kuma memba na ƙungiyar likitoci ta Rasha waɗanda suka duba, shirya da sake tsara asibitoci a duk faɗin ƙasar. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin asibitocin soja na Moscow, kuma bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka ta Moscow, yana aiki tare da Nikolai Semashko . Mahaifiyar Yuri, Maria Karlovna Merkulova (1870–1944), ƙwararriyar mai buga piano ce wadda ta sadaukar da kanta ga renon yara. <ref name="kipnis">''Solomon Kipnis (1995)''. Novodevichy Memorial. Necropolis of the Novodevichy Cemetery. — Moscow: Propilei, p. 93 {{ISBN|5-7354-0023-1}}</ref> Yuri ya fara sha'awar fasaha tun farkon rayuwarsa kuma ya shiga Makarantar Zane-zane ta Moscow ta Fyodor Rerberg. A lokacin yaƙin shi da 'yan'uwansa mata sun yi aiki a asibitin mahaifinsu, suna gyara sojojin da suka ji rauni. Daga nan ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin ruwan Soviet kuma bayan ya dawo ya koma Vkhutemas inda ya yi karatu a hannun Ilya Mashkov har zuwa 1923. Ya sami alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da ƙungiyar fasaha ta Avant-Garde ta Soviet, inda ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ci gaba, ciki har da ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta zamani ta Vladimir Mayakovsky inda ya zana hotunan ROSTA da kuma tsara shimfidar wurare don wasan kwaikwayo na ''Mystery-Bouffe'', da sauransu. Tare da [[Daniil Cherkes|Daniil Cherkes,]] ya kuma yi wa jiragen agit ado; a lokacin ne suka fito da ra'ayin "fosta masu rai", nau'in zane-zane na Soviet na farko wanda ya dogara da fasahar Dmitry Moor, Viktor Deni da [[Mikhail Cheremnykh]] . == Sana'a == A 1923, Merkulov tare da Nikolai Khodataev da {{Interlanguage link|Zenon Komissarenko|ru|Комиссаренко, Зенон Петрович}} sun samar da zane-zane don fim ɗin almara na kimiyya ''na Aelita'' . Yayin da Yakov Protazanov ya ƙi ra'ayin haɗa ayyukan kai tsaye da zane-zane, su ukun sun kafa nasu bitar gwaji a ƙarƙashin Makarantar Koyon Cinematography ta Jiha, ɗakin zane-zane na farko na Soviet. A shekarar 1924 sun kammala ''juyin juya halin Interplanetary'' - wani zane mai ban dariya game da ''Aelita'' da kuma yanayin siyasa na yanzu wanda ya shahara sosai. <ref>''Larisa Malyukova (2013)''. OVERcinema. Modern Russian animation. — Saint Petersburg: Umnaya Masha, p. 264 {{ISBN|978-5-9904193-1-5}}</ref> A cikin shekara guda, gwamnatin Soviet ta ɗauke su aiki don samar da ''[[China in Flames|China a Flames]]'', wani ba'a na siyasa da ke sukar tsoma bakin Turai a tattalin arzikin China. Vladimir Suteev, Ivan Ivanov-Vano da ' yan'uwan Brumberg sun shiga ƙungiyar wanda ya haifar da salo daban-daban. Da tsawon mita 1000 na fim da firam 14 a sakan daya, ya yi tafiyar sama da mintuna 50 a lokacin, wanda hakan ya sanya shi zama fim na farko na Soviet mai motsi kuma daya daga cikin na farko a duniya. Bayan haka Merkulov, Khodataev da Komissarenko suka bi nasu hanyar. [[Fayil:1925._Китай_в_огне.ogv|thumb| ''China a cikin Harshen Wuta'' (1925)]] A shekarar 1926, Yuri ya shiga Mezhrabpom-Rus kuma ya kafa sashen zane-zane a can. Tare da Ivanov-Vano, ya zana jerin shirye-shiryen zane mai rai don fim ɗin Vsevolod Pudovkin 's ''Mechanics of the Brain'', fim ɗin kimiyya na farko da ya shahara a Soviet wanda ya sami yabo daga Ivan Pavlov da ƙwararrun likitoci na duniya. Tsohon abokinsa Daniil Cherkes ya haɗu da su a cikin wani aikinsu na gaba - wani fim mai rai mai suna ''Senka the African'' (1927) wanda aka gina a kan waƙar barkwanci ta Korney Chukovsky game da wani ƙaramin yaro wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Afirka]] a kan balan-balan. Ya haɗa da zane-zane da aka zana da hannu da kuma yankewa tare da jerin shirye-shiryen kai tsaye, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan Soviet na farko da aka yi niyya ga yara tare da ''The Skating Rink'' na Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky . Merkulov ya kuma ba da umarni a jerin shirye-shiryen zane mai motsi na ''A Kiss daga fim ɗin barkwanci na Mary Pickford'' . A shekarar 1928, ya ƙaddamar da shirin farko na zane mai rai na Soviet ''Bratishkin's Adventures'' at Mosfilm, a wannan karon ya haɗa kai tsaye da zane mai motsi don ba da labarai na barkwanci da suka shafi Bratishkin - ƙaramin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa wanda ya yi tafiya ta Moscow yana shiga cikin duk wani lamari na gaske. Matashin Alexander Ptushko ne ya haɗu da shi, wanda ya taimaka masa wajen ƙirƙirar 'yan tsana da kayan wasa, daga ƙarshe kuma ya hau kujerar daraktan. A lokacin, Merkulov ya riga ya koma Gosvoenkino (ɗakin motsa jiki da aka keɓe don shirye-shiryen fina-finai na soja) inda shi, Leonid Amalrik da Lev Atamanov suka fara wani bita na zane-zane. Shahararren aikinsu shine ''The First Cavalry'' (1929) wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Rundunar Sojojin Dawaki ta 1 da suka yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashin Semyon Budyonny a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Rasha . Merkulov ya kamu da son hakan a shekarar 1919 lokacin da ya ji labarin ɗaya daga cikin sojojin da suka ji rauni. Ma'aikatan sun sake haɗa ayyukan kai tsaye da zane-zane ta amfani da dabaru daban-daban. Eduard Tisse ya jagoranci daukar hotunan sinima mai sarkakiya. Fim ɗin ya yi nasara sosai kuma ya tallafa wa iyalan Merkulov tsawon shekaru da dama. Ya ci gaba da aiki a kan shirye-shiryen fina-finai da kuma shirye -shiryen agitprop mai rai, kodayake a tsakiyar shekarun 1930 ya fara canzawa zuwa wasu ayyuka. A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya gina kekunan shakatawa na Central Park of Culture and Leisure, gami da cikakken samfurin jirgin ruwa mai hulɗa da juna wanda aka sanye da injin harbi. A shekarar 1939, aka naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban baje kolin farko da aka keɓe ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Soviet wanda aka gudanar a Central Park. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a Fadar Vorontsov da ke Crimea kuma ya yi shirin gina Gidan Tarihi na Ƙarfin Sojan Ruwa a wurin tare da kallon gani mai ban mamaki, kodayake hakan bai taɓa faruwa ba. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi aiki sosai a matsayin mai zane kuma ya zana manyan fosta na tayar da hankali. == Shekarun ƙarshe == Merkulov ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Duniya na Ƙarshe kuma bayan dawowarsa ya ci gaba da aikin fasaha. Sai a shekarun 1950 ne ya koma harkar sinima. Tsakanin 1955 da 1965, ya ƙirƙiri jerin shirye-shiryen rairayi don fina-finai da yawa masu rai, ciki har da fim ɗin almara na kimiyya ''I Was a Satellite of the Sun'' (1959) da kuma ''bikin tunawa da Rashanci'' na Grigori Aleksandrov (1960). Ya kuma shirya wasu gajerun shirye-shiryen farfaganda masu raira waƙa irin waɗanda ya taɓa yi a shekarun 1920, kamar su ''Masu Tsoron Gurasa!'' (1965), kodayake babu buƙatar hakan kuma. Bugu da ƙari, ya taka rawar gani a cikin manyan mutane da masu gidaje na Rasha a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi: bayyanarsa ta sarauta ta jawo hankalin daraktocin fina-finai. Yuri Merkulov ya mutu a shekarar 1979 kuma an binne shi a kabarin iyali a Makabartar Novodevichy . <ref name="kipnis" /> Ya auri Antonina Vasilievna Merkulova wanda ya sadu a Crimea. Suna da 'ya mace Nina. == Adabi == * Cinema: Ƙamus na Encyclopedic // babban edita Sergei Yutkevich (1987). — Moscow: Kundin Tarihi na Soviet, shafi na&nbsp;265 * ''Olga Nesterovich (1971)'' . Rayuwa a Cinema. Tsoffin Sojoji game da Kansu da Abokansu. — Moscow: Iskusstvo, shafi.&nbsp;124 * ''Yuri Merkulov (1928)'' . Wani abu game da Bratishkin. — Allon Soviet № 49{{ISSN|0132-0742}} * ''Ivan Ivanov-Vano (1980)'' . Tsarin Bayan Tsarin. — Moscow: Iskusstvo, shafi.&nbsp;17-23, 54-60 [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] lfai2sb03h374h3mln7vgmc4cs7rqyj 915245 915243 2026-09-03T05:19:25Z Abusule dankofa 24259 915245 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Yuri Alexandrovich Merkulov''' ( Russian ; 28 April [ - 13 ga Fabrairu 1979) ƙwararren mai fasaha ne [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|na Soviet]], [[Darakta|darektan]] zane-zane da fina-finai, mai gyara-maido da tsare-tsare, mai ƙirƙira, mai nazarin fina-finai kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. An san shi a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa makarantar Soviet ta gargajiya da kuma zane-zanen motsa jiki na dakatarwa . == Shekarun farko == An haifi Yuri Merkulov a ƙauyen Rasskazovo (garin Rasskazovo na zamani, Tambov Oblast na [[Rasha]] ) cikin dangin Rasha masu arziki. Yana ɗaya daga cikin 'ya'ya bakwai na Alexander Nikolaevich Merkulov (1869–1924), fitaccen likitan fiɗa kuma memba na ƙungiyar likitoci ta Rasha waɗanda suka duba, shirya da sake tsara asibitoci a duk faɗin ƙasar. A lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya,]] ya jagoranci ɗaya daga cikin asibitocin soja na Moscow, kuma bayan juyin juya halin Oktoba ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Cututtuka ta Moscow, yana aiki tare da Nikolai Semashko . Mahaifiyar Yuri, Maria Karlovna Merkulova (1870–1944), ƙwararriyar mai buga piano ce wadda ta sadaukar da kanta ga renon yara. <ref name="kipnis">''Solomon Kipnis (1995)''. Novodevichy Memorial. Necropolis of the Novodevichy Cemetery. — Moscow: Propilei, p. 93 {{ISBN|5-7354-0023-1}}</ref> Yuri ya fara sha'awar fasaha tun farkon rayuwarsa kuma ya shiga Makarantar Zane-zane ta Moscow ta Fyodor Rerberg. A lokacin yaƙin shi da 'yan'uwansa mata sun yi aiki a asibitin mahaifinsu, suna gyara sojojin da suka ji rauni. Daga nan ya yi aiki a rundunar sojin ruwan Soviet kuma bayan ya dawo ya koma Vkhutemas inda ya yi karatu a hannun Ilya Mashkov har zuwa 1923. Ya sami alaƙa ta kut-da-kut da ƙungiyar fasaha ta Avant-Garde ta Soviet, inda ya shiga cikin ƙungiyoyi daban-daban na ci gaba, ciki har da ƙungiyar masu fasaha ta zamani ta Vladimir Mayakovsky inda ya zana hotunan ROSTA da kuma tsara shimfidar wurare don wasan kwaikwayo na ''Mystery-Bouffe'', da sauransu. Tare da [[Daniil Cherkes|Daniil Cherkes,]] ya kuma yi wa jiragen agit ado; a lokacin ne suka fito da ra'ayin "fosta masu rai", nau'in zane-zane na Soviet na farko wanda ya dogara da fasahar Dmitry Moor, Viktor Deni da [[Mikhail Cheremnykh]] . == Sana'a == A 1923, Merkulov tare da Nikolai Khodataev da {{Interlanguage link|Zenon Komissarenko|ru|Комиссаренко, Зенон Петрович}} sun samar da zane-zane don fim ɗin almara na kimiyya ''na Aelita'' . Yayin da Yakov Protazanov ya ƙi ra'ayin haɗa ayyukan kai tsaye da zane-zane, su ukun sun kafa nasu bitar gwaji a ƙarƙashin Makarantar Koyon Cinematography ta Jiha, ɗakin zane-zane na farko na Soviet. A shekarar 1924 sun kammala ''juyin juya halin Interplanetary'' - wani zane mai ban dariya game da ''Aelita'' da kuma yanayin siyasa na yanzu wanda ya shahara sosai. <ref>''Larisa Malyukova (2013)''. OVERcinema. Modern Russian animation. — Saint Petersburg: Umnaya Masha, p. 264 {{ISBN|978-5-9904193-1-5}}</ref> A cikin shekara guda, gwamnatin Soviet ta ɗauke su aiki don samar da ''[[China in Flames|China a Flames]]'', wani ba'a na siyasa da ke sukar tsoma bakin Turai a tattalin arzikin China. Vladimir Suteev, Ivan Ivanov-Vano da ' yan'uwan Brumberg sun shiga ƙungiyar wanda ya haifar da salo daban-daban. Da tsawon mita 1000 na fim da firam 14 a sakan daya, ya yi tafiyar sama da mintuna 50 a lokacin, wanda hakan ya sanya shi zama fim na farko na Soviet mai motsi kuma daya daga cikin na farko a duniya. Bayan haka Merkulov, Khodataev da Komissarenko suka bi nasu hanyar. [[Fayil:1925._Китай_в_огне.ogv|thumb| ''China a cikin Harshen Wuta'' (1925)]] A shekarar 1926, Yuri ya shiga Mezhrabpom-Rus kuma ya kafa sashen zane-zane a can. Tare da Ivanov-Vano, ya zana jerin shirye-shiryen zane mai rai don fim ɗin Vsevolod Pudovkin 's ''Mechanics of the Brain'', fim ɗin kimiyya na farko da ya shahara a Soviet wanda ya sami yabo daga Ivan Pavlov da ƙwararrun likitoci na duniya. Tsohon abokinsa Daniil Cherkes ya haɗu da su a cikin wani aikinsu na gaba - wani fim mai rai mai suna ''Senka the African'' (1927) wanda aka gina a kan waƙar barkwanci ta Korney Chukovsky game da wani ƙaramin yaro wanda ya yi tafiya zuwa [[Afirka]] a kan balan-balan. Ya haɗa da zane-zane da aka zana da hannu da kuma yankewa tare da jerin shirye-shiryen kai tsaye, wanda ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fina-finan Soviet na farko da aka yi niyya ga yara tare da ''The Skating Rink'' na Yuri Zhelyabuzhsky . Merkulov ya kuma ba da umarni a jerin shirye-shiryen zane mai motsi na ''A Kiss daga fim ɗin barkwanci na Mary Pickford'' . A shekarar 1928, ya ƙaddamar da shirin farko na zane mai rai na Soviet ''Bratishkin's Adventures'' at Mosfilm, a wannan karon ya haɗa kai tsaye da zane mai motsi don ba da labarai na barkwanci da suka shafi Bratishkin - ƙaramin ma'aikacin jirgin ruwa wanda ya yi tafiya ta Moscow yana shiga cikin duk wani lamari na gaske. Matashin Alexander Ptushko ne ya haɗu da shi, wanda ya taimaka masa wajen ƙirƙirar 'yan tsana da kayan wasa, daga ƙarshe kuma ya hau kujerar daraktan. A lokacin, Merkulov ya riga ya koma Gosvoenkino (ɗakin motsa jiki da aka keɓe don shirye-shiryen fina-finai na soja) inda shi, Leonid Amalrik da Lev Atamanov suka fara wani bita na zane-zane. Shahararren aikinsu shine ''The First Cavalry'' (1929) wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi daga Rundunar Sojojin Dawaki ta 1 da suka yi yaƙi a ƙarƙashin Semyon Budyonny a lokacin Yaƙin Basasa na Rasha . Merkulov ya kamu da son hakan a shekarar 1919 lokacin da ya ji labarin ɗaya daga cikin sojojin da suka ji rauni. Ma'aikatan sun sake haɗa ayyukan kai tsaye da zane-zane ta amfani da dabaru daban-daban. Eduard Tisse ya jagoranci daukar hotunan sinima mai sarkakiya. Fim ɗin ya yi nasara sosai kuma ya tallafa wa iyalan Merkulov tsawon shekaru da dama. Ya ci gaba da aiki a kan shirye-shiryen fina-finai da kuma shirye -shiryen agitprop mai rai, kodayake a tsakiyar shekarun 1930 ya fara canzawa zuwa wasu ayyuka. A matsayinsa na injiniya, ya gina kekunan shakatawa na Central Park of Culture and Leisure, gami da cikakken samfurin jirgin ruwa mai hulɗa da juna wanda aka sanye da injin harbi. A shekarar 1939, aka naɗa shi a matsayin shugaban baje kolin farko da aka keɓe ga Rundunar Sojan Ruwa ta Soviet wanda aka gudanar a Central Park. Ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin mai kula da kiyaye muhalli a Fadar Vorontsov da ke Crimea kuma ya yi shirin gina Gidan Tarihi na Ƙarfin Sojan Ruwa a wurin tare da kallon gani mai ban mamaki, kodayake hakan bai taɓa faruwa ba. Bugu da ƙari, ya yi aiki sosai a matsayin mai zane kuma ya zana manyan fosta na tayar da hankali. == Shekarun ƙarshe == Merkulov ya shiga cikin Yaƙin Duniya na Ƙarshe kuma bayan dawowarsa ya ci gaba da aikin fasaha. Sai a shekarun 1950 ne ya koma harkar sinima. Tsakanin 1955 da 1965, ya ƙirƙiri jerin shirye-shiryen rairayi don fina-finai da yawa masu rai, ciki har da fim ɗin almara na kimiyya ''I Was a Satellite of the Sun'' (1959) da kuma ''bikin tunawa da Rashanci'' na Grigori Aleksandrov (1960). Ya kuma shirya wasu gajerun shirye-shiryen farfaganda masu raira waƙa irin waɗanda ya taɓa yi a shekarun 1920, kamar su ''Masu Tsoron Gurasa!'' (1965), kodayake babu buƙatar hakan kuma. Bugu da ƙari, ya taka rawar gani a cikin manyan mutane da masu gidaje na Rasha a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na tarihi: bayyanarsa ta sarauta ta jawo hankalin daraktocin fina-finai. Yuri Merkulov ya mutu a shekarar 1979 kuma an binne shi a kabarin iyali a Makabartar Novodevichy . <ref name="kipnis" /> Ya auri Antonina Vasilievna Merkulova wanda ya sadu a Crimea. Suna da 'ya mace Nina. == Adabi == * Cinema: Ƙamus na Encyclopedic // babban edita Sergei Yutkevich (1987). — Moscow: Kundin Tarihi na Soviet, shafi na&nbsp;265 * ''Olga Nesterovich (1971)'' . Rayuwa a Cinema. Tsoffin Sojoji game da Kansu da Abokansu. — Moscow: Iskusstvo, shafi.&nbsp;124 * ''Yuri Merkulov (1928)'' . Wani abu game da Bratishkin. — Allon Soviet № 49{{ISSN|0132-0742}} * ''Ivan Ivanov-Vano (1980)'' . Tsarin Bayan Tsarin. — Moscow: Iskusstvo, shafi.&nbsp;17-23, 54-60 [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1979]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1901]] ===manazarta=== 8o90tyx4o4nfl0yt6m78say4blgv1mb 0 166199 915246 2026-09-03T05:22:38Z Abusule dankofa 24259 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1364971790|Jimmy Somerville]]" 915246 wikitext text/x-wiki '''James William Somerville''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1961) <ref name="pop">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Christopher |date=11 April 2019 |title=Where Are They Now? Jimmy Somerville |url=https://talkaboutpopmusic.com/2019/04/11/where-are-they-now-jimmy-somerville/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=Talk About Pop Music}}</ref> mawaki ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland. Ya shahara a shekarun 1980 a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar synth-pop Bronski Beat da Communards ; tare da tsohon, Somerville ya sami nasarar kasuwanci a duk duniya tare da waƙar " Smalltown Boy " ta 1984, wacce ta kai matsayi na uku a jadawalin waƙoƙin Burtaniya . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Smalltown Boy - BRONSKI BEAT |url=http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/1150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409063716/http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/1150 |archive-date=9 April 2012 |access-date=22 July 2013 |website=VRT |publisher=Top30-2.radio2.be |language=nl}} {{Lang|nl|Hoogste notering in de top 30}} : 1</ref> <ref name="auchart">{{Cite book|last3=David Kent (historian)}}</ref> Kundin wakokin Bronski Beat na farko mai ''suna The Age of Consent'' (1984) shi ne kawai fitowar da Somerville ya bayar a matsayin babban mawaki kafin ya bar ƙungiyar a shekarar 1985 ya shiga ƙungiyar Communards. Da yake Somerville ne ke jagorantar waƙoƙin, Communards sun fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsu na farko mai taken kansu a shekarar 1986, inda suka samar da waƙar " Don't Leave Me This Way " wacce ta yi fice a duniya, wadda ta zama waƙar da ta fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 a Burtaniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Don't Leave Me This Way by The Communards |url=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/the-communards/dont-leave-me-this-way |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Song Facts}}</ref> An samu ƙarin nasara tare da waƙar " So Cold Night " <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 1985 |title=COMMUNARDS |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/22830/Communards/ |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref> da kuma kundin waƙoƙinsu na biyu ''Red'' (1987) kafin su wargaje a shekarar 1988; daga nan Somerville ya fara aikin solo. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi James William Somerville a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1961, ya girma a Ruchill, wata unguwa da ke arewacin [[Glasgow]] . A shekarar 1980, ya koma Landan, inda yake zaune a cikin 'yan mata . Ya tsunduma cikin al'adun 'yan luwadi, kuma ya halarci ƙungiyar matasa 'yan luwadi ta London . == Sana'a == === Bronski Beat (1983–1985) === [[Fayil:Bronski_Beat_(1985_MCA_publicity_photo).jpg|right|thumb| Somerville (tsakiya) tare da Bronski Beat (1985)]] A shekarar 1983, Somerville ta haɗu ta kafa ƙungiyar synth-pop mai suna Bronski Beat, <ref name="pop" /> <ref name="cofounder">{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Somerville official biography |url=http://www.jimmysomerville.co.uk/biography.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801061838/http://www.jimmysomerville.co.uk/biography.php |archive-date=1 August 2010 |access-date=23 September 2010}}</ref> wadda ta samu nasara da dama a jadawalin Birtaniya. Babban abin da suka fi so shi ne " Smalltown Boy ", wanda ya kai matsayi na uku a jadawalin waƙoƙin da aka fi so a Burtaniya . <ref name="pop" /> A cikin bidiyon waƙar, Somerville ya taka rawar da ta taka a matsayin jarumin waƙar, wanda ya bar garinsu mai cike da ƙiyayya zuwa birnin da ya fi abokantaka, yana nuna irin abubuwan da Somerville ya fuskanta lokacin da ya ƙaura zuwa Landan. Bronski Beat ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar rikodi da London Records a shekarar 1984 bayan ya yi wasanni tara kacal kai tsaye. Waƙar farko ta ƙungiyar, " Smalltown Boy ", game da wani matashi ɗan luwaɗi da ya bar iyalinsa ya gudu daga garinsu, ta kasance abin sha'awa, inda ta kai matsayi na 3 a jadawalin waƙoƙin marasa aure na Burtaniya, kuma ta kasance ta farko a Belgium da Netherlands. <ref name="auto" /> An raka waƙar tare da wani bidiyo na talla wanda Bernard Rose ya jagoranta, wanda ke nuna Somerville yana ƙoƙarin yin abota da wani mai nutsewa mai kyau a wurin wanka, sannan abokan mai nutsewa suka kai masa hari, 'yan sanda suka mayar da shi ga iyalinsa kuma dole ne ya bar gida. (Colin Bell, manajan tallan London Records a lokacin, ya taka rawar jami'in 'yan sanda.) "Smalltown Boy" ya kai matsayi na 48 a jadawalin Amurka kuma ya kai matsayi na 8 a Ostiraliya. <ref name="auchart" /> Waƙar da ta biyo baya, " Me yasa? " , ya ɗauki sautin high-NRG kuma ya fi mai da hankali kan wariyar jinsi. Ta kuma kai matsayi na Top 10 a Burtaniya, inda ta kai matsayi na 6, kuma ta kasance wani babban matsayi na Top 10 ga ƙungiyar mawakan a Ostiraliya, Switzerland, Jamus, Faransa da Netherlands. A ƙarshen shekarar 1984, jaruman uku sun fitar da wani kundin wakoki mai suna ''The Age of Consent'' . Hannun rigar ya lissafa [[Shekarar yarda|shekaru daban-daban na yarda]] da jinsin luwaɗi a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya. A lokacin, shekarun amincewa da yin jima'i tsakanin maza a Burtaniya ya kai 21 idan aka kwatanta da 16 na yin jima'i tsakanin maza da mata, yayin da wasu ƙasashe da dama ke da dokoki masu sassaucin ra'ayi kan jima'i tsakanin maza da mata. Kundin ya kai matsayi na 4 a jadawalin kundin waƙoƙin Burtaniya, <ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums" /> 36 a Amurka, da kuma 12 a Ostiraliya. === Waƙoƙin Sadarwa da Solo (1985–1991) === Somerville ya bar Bronski Beat a shekarar 1985 ya kuma kafa ƙungiyar The Communards tare da Richard Coles, wanda aka horar da shi a fannin piano, wanda daga baya ya zama babban limamin cocin Ingila kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye. Sun yi fice da dama, ciki har da wani fim na Harold Melvin &amp;amp; the Blue Notes mai suna " Don't Leave Me This Way ", <ref name="pop" /> wanda ya shafe makonni huɗu a matsayi na 1 a jadawalin Burtaniya kuma ya zama waƙar da ta fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 a Burtaniya. Ya kuma rera waƙoƙin da suka goyi bayansa a sigar Fine Young Cannibals ta fim ɗin " Suspicious Minds ", wanda ya kasance fitaccen jarumi a Burtaniya. Ƙungiyar Communards ta rabu a shekarar 1988; Somerville ta fara aikinta na kaɗaici a shekara mai zuwa. Ya fitar da kundin wakokinsa na farko mai suna ''Read My Lips'' a watan Nuwamba na 1989, <ref name="pop" /> wanda ya ƙunshi wakoki uku mafi shahara a Burtaniya, ciki har da waƙar disco ta Sylvester mai suna " You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real) " da kuma waƙar " Comment te dire adieu? " , mai buga duet tare da June Miles-Kingston, wanda ya kai lamba 14 a jadawalin Singles na Burtaniya . Ya kuma rera waƙa a aikin Band Aid na biyu a ƙarshen 1989. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1990, an fitar da kundin wakokin Somerville mafi shahara '', The Singles Collection 1984/1990'' (wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙinsa tare da Bronski Beat da The Communards ban da kayansa); ya kai matsayi na 4 a jadawalin kundin wakokin Burtaniya. Ya haɗa da murfin reggae na waƙar Bee Gees mai suna " To Love Somebody ", wadda ta kai matsayi na 10 a jerin waƙoƙin da suka fi shahara a Burtaniya. Haka kuma a shekarar 1990, Somerville ya ba da gudummawar waƙar " From This Moment On " ga kundin waƙoƙin yabo na Cole Porter mai suna ''Red Hot + Blue'' wanda Red Hot Organization ta shirya, wanda kuɗin da aka samu ya amfanar da binciken cutar kanjamau. === ''Dare to Love'' da sauran ayyuka (1991–1997) ===   A shekarar 1991, Somerville ya yi waƙar goyon baya ga wata waƙa mai suna "Why Are not You in Love With Me?" daga kundin waƙoƙin ''Ripe'' by Communards offshoot band Banderas . 'Yan wasan Banderas biyu, Caroline Buckley da Sally Herbert, sun kasance cikin ƙungiyar mawakan da ke goyon bayan Somerville a baya. Bayan haka, ya ɓace daga hayyacinsa tsawon shekaru da dama. Ya dawo a shekarar 1995 da kundin wakokin ''Dare to Love'', wanda ya kunshi " Heartbeat " (wani wakokin Burtaniya mafi shahara 30 da kuma wakokin lamba 1 a jadawalin rawa na Amurka ), " Hurt So Good " da " By Your Side ", duk da cewa nasarar kasuwanci ta fara karewa daga gare shi kuma kwantiraginsa da London Records wanda ya sanya hannu a kansa sama da shekaru goma ya zo karshe. === ''Sarrafa Lalacewar'' da ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan (1997-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Jimmy_Somerville_in_Warsaw.jpg|left|thumb|262x262px| Somerville a kulob din Skarpa a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], [[Poland]], Yuni 2006]] An fitar da sabuwar waka mai suna "Dark Sky" a shekarar 1997 kuma ta kai matsayi na 66 a Burtaniya. A wannan shekarar ne ya yi waƙar mawaka a cikin kundin wakokin " The Number One Song in Heaven " na kundin wakokin Sparks mai suna Plagiarism tare da shirya shi na Tony Visconti . An fitar da kundin wakokinsa na uku, mai suna Manage The Damage, a shekarar 1999 ta hanyar Gut Records, amma bai yi tasiri ba. Wani kundin waƙoƙin remix na abokin wasansa, Root Beer, ya fito a shekarar 2000. An fitar da kundin wakokinsa na huɗu mai mayar da hankali kan rawa, Home Again, a shekarar 2004, kuma ba a yi masa jadawali ba. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2009, Somerville ta fitar da kundin wakokin Suddenly Last Summer, wanda ya ƙunshi fassarar waƙoƙin wasu mutane. Da farko an samu kundin ne kawai a matsayin saukewa ta dijital amma a watan Mayu na 2010 an samar da shi a cikin CD/DVD mai iyaka (kwafi 3,000) a Burtaniya. A ƙarshen shekarar 2010, Somerville ta fitar da wani shirin rawa mai suna Bright Thing . Fim ɗin EP na 2010 mai suna Bright Thing shi ne na farko daga cikin jerin fina-finai uku, inda Somerville ya fitar da Momentum a shekarar 2011 da kuma Solent a shekarar 2012, tare da abokin hulɗa na dogon lokaci John Winfield. Somerville ya fitar da wani kundin wakoki da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da faifan disco mai suna ''Homage'' a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Laura |date=28 February 2015 |title=Jimmy Somerville Interview: "I Wanted People To Love Me" |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jimmy-somerville-interview-i-wanted-people-love-me-10076014.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220609/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jimmy-somerville-interview-i-wanted-people-love-me-10076014.html |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Wakokin da aka yi wa aure "Back to Me" sai kuma "Travesty". Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai wajen yin rikodin kundin waƙoƙin shi ne cimma sahihancin waƙar da Somerville ya yi tun yana ƙarami yana sauraro. Ya ce: "A ƙarshe na yi kundin wakokin disko da nake so a da, kuma ban taɓa tunanin zan iya ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jimmy |first=Somerville |title=Homage (Limited Edition) |url=https://jimmysomerville.bandcamp.com/album/homage-limited-edition |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=bandcamp.com}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aikin wasan kwaikwayo, inda ya fito a fim ɗin Sally Potter na 1992 na fim ɗin [[Virginia Woolf]] na ''Orlando'', a cikin fim ɗin Isaac Julien na 1989 ''Looking for Langston'', da kuma wani shiri na shirin talabijin na almarar kimiyya na ƙungiyar asiri ''Lexx'' ("Girltown"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexx: The Dark Zone Stories Girltown (TV Episode 2000) - Full Cast and Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0631306/fullcredits/ |access-date=24 December 2019 |publisher=IMDb |at=imdb.com}}</ref>  A watan Fabrairun 2021, Somerville ta haɗu da furodusa Sally Herbert (wanda a da take cikin ƙungiyar Banderas ta shekarun 1990 kuma wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu goyon bayan The Communards ) don yin rikodin murfin fim ɗin "Everything Must Change" na Benard Ighner a matsayin rikodin agaji ga End Youth Homelessness, wata hanyar sadarwa ta ayyuka waɗanda suka haɗa da Centrepoint a London da wasu ƙungiyoyin agaji marasa gidaje a faɗin Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Somerville Supports Plight of Youth Homelessness with Nina Simone Cover {{!}} LBBOnline |url=https://www.lbbonline.com/news/jimmy-somerville-supports-plight-of-youth-homelessness-with-nina-simone-cover |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.lbbonline.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2021 |title=Homelessness charity launches new campaign with Jimmy Somerville |url=https://www.classicpopmag.com/2021/02/homelessness-charity-launches-new-campaign-with-jimmy-somerville/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=Classic Pop Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi ==   == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ ! scope="col" style="width:22%;" |Award ! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year ! scope="col" style="width:38%;" |Nominated work ! scope="col" style="width:24%;" |Category ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12%;" |Result |- ! scope="row" |BFI – Grierson Awards | style="text-align:center;" |1984 |''Framed Youth: The Revenge of the Teenage Perverts'' |Best Documentary | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Shared with Trill Burton, Jeff Cole, Rose Collis, Nicola Field, Toby Kettle and Pom Martin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001534/1984/|title=British Film Institute Awards (UK) > 1984 Awards|publisher=IMDb|at=imdb.com|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=Grierson Award}} (see 'WINNER' and the listed names)</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |Brit Awards | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1985 |Bronski Beat |Best British Group | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Shared as Bronski Beat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1985|title=Brit Awards > History > 1985|date=11 February 1985|work=[[Brit Awards]]|at=brits.co.uk|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=Best British Group" and "Best British Single|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210203059/https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1985|url-status=dead}} (only winners published)</ref>}} |- |"Smalltown Boy" | rowspan="2" |Best British Single | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center;" |1987 |"Don't Leave Me This Way" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Shared as the Communards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1987|title=Brit Awards > History > 1987|date=9 February 1987|work=Brit Awards|at=brits.co.uk|publisher=BPI|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=Best British Group|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224150911/https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1987|url-status=dead}} (only winner published)</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1991 |Himself |Best British Male Artist | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fielder |first=Hugh |date=22 December 1990 |title=Programmers Debate The Brits: 'Not Enough' New Talent |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1990/MM-1990-12-22.pdf |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Music & Media]] |publisher=Léon ten Hengel |at=worldradiohistory.com |quote=Best Male Artist}} (see section 'BRITS 1991 NOMINATIONS', p. 5)</ref> |- ! scope="row" |R.SH Gold Awards |"To Love Somebody"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musikdatenbank – Musiker Jimmy Somerville |url=https://www.radioswisspop.ch/de/musikdatenbank/musiker/6115778f017f7d2b7581a114ad36004d0c31e/biography |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Radio Swiss Pop |publisher=[[SRG SSR]] |at=radioswisspop.ch |language=German |quote=RSH-Gold, 1991: Kategorie „Kraftrille des Jahres" – Lied: To Love Somebody}} (see section 'Auszeichnungen')</ref> |Power Groove of the Year | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|R.SH Gold was an annual music show (1998 – 2000), held in [[Northern Germany]] by [[List of German-language radio stations#Regional (by federal states)|Radio Schleswig-Holstein]], a state private station. The event that took place at the [[Ostseehalle]] in [[Kiel]], the radio's base, awarded the most successful local artists of the past year, based on their top positions on the R.SH Nordparade chart (founded in [[Schleswig-Holstein|the region]] in 1996). The 4th ceremony featuring Somerville was held on 16 February 1991, while broadcast the 28th via [[RTL (German TV channel)|RTL Plus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fernsehserien.de/r-sh-gold/episodenguide|title=R.SH-Gold (Die Show der Goldpreisträger)|date=28 February 1991|work=Fernsehserien|at=fernsehserien.de|publisher=imfernsehen GmbH & Co. KG|access-date=6 June 2023|language=German}} (see the 4th ceremony from 1991)</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |Scottish Music Awards | style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Himself |Special Recognition Award | {{Won|Honored}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Also known as the Tartan Clefs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/tartan-clef-awards-bronski-beat-4730410|title=Tartan Clef Awards: Bronski Beat star Jimmy Somerville tells why he was proud to receive award in Glasgow 30 years after leaving|last=Lyons|first=Beverley|date=2 December 2014|work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]|location=Scotland|at=dailyrecord.co.uk|publisher=[[Reach plc]]|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=The former Bronski Beat star made a homecoming visit to Glasgow to pick up a Tartan Clef at the Scottish Music Awards [...] The singer was given a People Make Glasgow special recognition award}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a613339/idlewild-and-prince-among-winners-at-scottish-music-awards/|title=Idlewild and Prince among winners at Scottish Music Awards|last=Hegarty|first=Tasha|date=30 November 2014|work=Digital Spy|at=digitalspy.com|publisher=Hearst UK|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=The 16th annual Scottish Music Awards took place on Saturday [...] The ceremony was held at Glasgow's Old Fruitmarket, as the Tartan Clefs were handed out to some of Scotland's most celebrated acts. The Special Recognition Award was given to Bronski Beat's Jimmy Somerville for his contribution to Scottish music.}} (see paragraphs 1 – 3)</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |UK Festival Awards | style="text-align:center;" |2010 |80's Rewind |Critics' Choice Award | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Festival Awards 2010 - UK Festival Awards |url=http://uk.festivalawards.com/ |access-date=19 July 2026 |website=Uk.festivalawards.com}}</ref> |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; width:100%; background:#FFF; border-bottom:1px solid #FFF; border-left:1px solid #FFF; border-right:1px solid #FFF;font-size:85%" |The listed years are of the annual ceremonies, usually recognizing achievements for the previous calendar year. |- ! colspan="6" style="background:#FFF; border-left:1px solid #FFF; border-right:1px solid #FFF" |Online polls |- ! scope="row" |<nowiki><i id="mwAZU">Queerty</i></nowiki> Awards | style="text-align:center;" |2014 |"Travesty" |Earworm of the Year | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Queerties > Categories |url=http://www.queerty.com/queerties2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216224149/http://www.queerty.com/queerties2014 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=[[Queerty]] |publisher=Q.Digital |at=queerty.com |quote=Earworm of the Year}} (see the listed nominees)</ref> |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] du63p0q6v2xryag7s169bczs3yigp1u 915247 915246 2026-09-03T05:23:01Z Abusule dankofa 24259 915247 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James William Somerville''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1961) <ref name="pop">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Christopher |date=11 April 2019 |title=Where Are They Now? Jimmy Somerville |url=https://talkaboutpopmusic.com/2019/04/11/where-are-they-now-jimmy-somerville/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=Talk About Pop Music}}</ref> mawaki ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland. Ya shahara a shekarun 1980 a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar synth-pop Bronski Beat da Communards ; tare da tsohon, Somerville ya sami nasarar kasuwanci a duk duniya tare da waƙar " Smalltown Boy " ta 1984, wacce ta kai matsayi na uku a jadawalin waƙoƙin Burtaniya . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Smalltown Boy - BRONSKI BEAT |url=http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/1150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409063716/http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/1150 |archive-date=9 April 2012 |access-date=22 July 2013 |website=VRT |publisher=Top30-2.radio2.be |language=nl}} {{Lang|nl|Hoogste notering in de top 30}} : 1</ref> <ref name="auchart">{{Cite book|last3=David Kent (historian)}}</ref> Kundin wakokin Bronski Beat na farko mai ''suna The Age of Consent'' (1984) shi ne kawai fitowar da Somerville ya bayar a matsayin babban mawaki kafin ya bar ƙungiyar a shekarar 1985 ya shiga ƙungiyar Communards. Da yake Somerville ne ke jagorantar waƙoƙin, Communards sun fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsu na farko mai taken kansu a shekarar 1986, inda suka samar da waƙar " Don't Leave Me This Way " wacce ta yi fice a duniya, wadda ta zama waƙar da ta fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 a Burtaniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Don't Leave Me This Way by The Communards |url=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/the-communards/dont-leave-me-this-way |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Song Facts}}</ref> An samu ƙarin nasara tare da waƙar " So Cold Night " <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 1985 |title=COMMUNARDS |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/22830/Communards/ |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref> da kuma kundin waƙoƙinsu na biyu ''Red'' (1987) kafin su wargaje a shekarar 1988; daga nan Somerville ya fara aikin solo. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi James William Somerville a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1961, ya girma a Ruchill, wata unguwa da ke arewacin [[Glasgow]] . A shekarar 1980, ya koma Landan, inda yake zaune a cikin 'yan mata . Ya tsunduma cikin al'adun 'yan luwadi, kuma ya halarci ƙungiyar matasa 'yan luwadi ta London . == Sana'a == === Bronski Beat (1983–1985) === [[Fayil:Bronski_Beat_(1985_MCA_publicity_photo).jpg|right|thumb| Somerville (tsakiya) tare da Bronski Beat (1985)]] A shekarar 1983, Somerville ta haɗu ta kafa ƙungiyar synth-pop mai suna Bronski Beat, <ref name="pop" /> <ref name="cofounder">{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Somerville official biography |url=http://www.jimmysomerville.co.uk/biography.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801061838/http://www.jimmysomerville.co.uk/biography.php |archive-date=1 August 2010 |access-date=23 September 2010}}</ref> wadda ta samu nasara da dama a jadawalin Birtaniya. Babban abin da suka fi so shi ne " Smalltown Boy ", wanda ya kai matsayi na uku a jadawalin waƙoƙin da aka fi so a Burtaniya . <ref name="pop" /> A cikin bidiyon waƙar, Somerville ya taka rawar da ta taka a matsayin jarumin waƙar, wanda ya bar garinsu mai cike da ƙiyayya zuwa birnin da ya fi abokantaka, yana nuna irin abubuwan da Somerville ya fuskanta lokacin da ya ƙaura zuwa Landan. Bronski Beat ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar rikodi da London Records a shekarar 1984 bayan ya yi wasanni tara kacal kai tsaye. Waƙar farko ta ƙungiyar, " Smalltown Boy ", game da wani matashi ɗan luwaɗi da ya bar iyalinsa ya gudu daga garinsu, ta kasance abin sha'awa, inda ta kai matsayi na 3 a jadawalin waƙoƙin marasa aure na Burtaniya, kuma ta kasance ta farko a Belgium da Netherlands. <ref name="auto" /> An raka waƙar tare da wani bidiyo na talla wanda Bernard Rose ya jagoranta, wanda ke nuna Somerville yana ƙoƙarin yin abota da wani mai nutsewa mai kyau a wurin wanka, sannan abokan mai nutsewa suka kai masa hari, 'yan sanda suka mayar da shi ga iyalinsa kuma dole ne ya bar gida. (Colin Bell, manajan tallan London Records a lokacin, ya taka rawar jami'in 'yan sanda.) "Smalltown Boy" ya kai matsayi na 48 a jadawalin Amurka kuma ya kai matsayi na 8 a Ostiraliya. <ref name="auchart" /> Waƙar da ta biyo baya, " Me yasa? " , ya ɗauki sautin high-NRG kuma ya fi mai da hankali kan wariyar jinsi. Ta kuma kai matsayi na Top 10 a Burtaniya, inda ta kai matsayi na 6, kuma ta kasance wani babban matsayi na Top 10 ga ƙungiyar mawakan a Ostiraliya, Switzerland, Jamus, Faransa da Netherlands. A ƙarshen shekarar 1984, jaruman uku sun fitar da wani kundin wakoki mai suna ''The Age of Consent'' . Hannun rigar ya lissafa [[Shekarar yarda|shekaru daban-daban na yarda]] da jinsin luwaɗi a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya. A lokacin, shekarun amincewa da yin jima'i tsakanin maza a Burtaniya ya kai 21 idan aka kwatanta da 16 na yin jima'i tsakanin maza da mata, yayin da wasu ƙasashe da dama ke da dokoki masu sassaucin ra'ayi kan jima'i tsakanin maza da mata. Kundin ya kai matsayi na 4 a jadawalin kundin waƙoƙin Burtaniya, <ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums" /> 36 a Amurka, da kuma 12 a Ostiraliya. === Waƙoƙin Sadarwa da Solo (1985–1991) === Somerville ya bar Bronski Beat a shekarar 1985 ya kuma kafa ƙungiyar The Communards tare da Richard Coles, wanda aka horar da shi a fannin piano, wanda daga baya ya zama babban limamin cocin Ingila kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye. Sun yi fice da dama, ciki har da wani fim na Harold Melvin &amp;amp; the Blue Notes mai suna " Don't Leave Me This Way ", <ref name="pop" /> wanda ya shafe makonni huɗu a matsayi na 1 a jadawalin Burtaniya kuma ya zama waƙar da ta fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 a Burtaniya. Ya kuma rera waƙoƙin da suka goyi bayansa a sigar Fine Young Cannibals ta fim ɗin " Suspicious Minds ", wanda ya kasance fitaccen jarumi a Burtaniya. Ƙungiyar Communards ta rabu a shekarar 1988; Somerville ta fara aikinta na kaɗaici a shekara mai zuwa. Ya fitar da kundin wakokinsa na farko mai suna ''Read My Lips'' a watan Nuwamba na 1989, <ref name="pop" /> wanda ya ƙunshi wakoki uku mafi shahara a Burtaniya, ciki har da waƙar disco ta Sylvester mai suna " You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real) " da kuma waƙar " Comment te dire adieu? " , mai buga duet tare da June Miles-Kingston, wanda ya kai lamba 14 a jadawalin Singles na Burtaniya . Ya kuma rera waƙa a aikin Band Aid na biyu a ƙarshen 1989. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1990, an fitar da kundin wakokin Somerville mafi shahara '', The Singles Collection 1984/1990'' (wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙinsa tare da Bronski Beat da The Communards ban da kayansa); ya kai matsayi na 4 a jadawalin kundin wakokin Burtaniya. Ya haɗa da murfin reggae na waƙar Bee Gees mai suna " To Love Somebody ", wadda ta kai matsayi na 10 a jerin waƙoƙin da suka fi shahara a Burtaniya. Haka kuma a shekarar 1990, Somerville ya ba da gudummawar waƙar " From This Moment On " ga kundin waƙoƙin yabo na Cole Porter mai suna ''Red Hot + Blue'' wanda Red Hot Organization ta shirya, wanda kuɗin da aka samu ya amfanar da binciken cutar kanjamau. === ''Dare to Love'' da sauran ayyuka (1991–1997) ===   A shekarar 1991, Somerville ya yi waƙar goyon baya ga wata waƙa mai suna "Why Are not You in Love With Me?" daga kundin waƙoƙin ''Ripe'' by Communards offshoot band Banderas . 'Yan wasan Banderas biyu, Caroline Buckley da Sally Herbert, sun kasance cikin ƙungiyar mawakan da ke goyon bayan Somerville a baya. Bayan haka, ya ɓace daga hayyacinsa tsawon shekaru da dama. Ya dawo a shekarar 1995 da kundin wakokin ''Dare to Love'', wanda ya kunshi " Heartbeat " (wani wakokin Burtaniya mafi shahara 30 da kuma wakokin lamba 1 a jadawalin rawa na Amurka ), " Hurt So Good " da " By Your Side ", duk da cewa nasarar kasuwanci ta fara karewa daga gare shi kuma kwantiraginsa da London Records wanda ya sanya hannu a kansa sama da shekaru goma ya zo karshe. === ''Sarrafa Lalacewar'' da ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan (1997-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Jimmy_Somerville_in_Warsaw.jpg|left|thumb|262x262px| Somerville a kulob din Skarpa a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], [[Poland]], Yuni 2006]] An fitar da sabuwar waka mai suna "Dark Sky" a shekarar 1997 kuma ta kai matsayi na 66 a Burtaniya. A wannan shekarar ne ya yi waƙar mawaka a cikin kundin wakokin " The Number One Song in Heaven " na kundin wakokin Sparks mai suna Plagiarism tare da shirya shi na Tony Visconti . An fitar da kundin wakokinsa na uku, mai suna Manage The Damage, a shekarar 1999 ta hanyar Gut Records, amma bai yi tasiri ba. Wani kundin waƙoƙin remix na abokin wasansa, Root Beer, ya fito a shekarar 2000. An fitar da kundin wakokinsa na huɗu mai mayar da hankali kan rawa, Home Again, a shekarar 2004, kuma ba a yi masa jadawali ba. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2009, Somerville ta fitar da kundin wakokin Suddenly Last Summer, wanda ya ƙunshi fassarar waƙoƙin wasu mutane. Da farko an samu kundin ne kawai a matsayin saukewa ta dijital amma a watan Mayu na 2010 an samar da shi a cikin CD/DVD mai iyaka (kwafi 3,000) a Burtaniya. A ƙarshen shekarar 2010, Somerville ta fitar da wani shirin rawa mai suna Bright Thing . Fim ɗin EP na 2010 mai suna Bright Thing shi ne na farko daga cikin jerin fina-finai uku, inda Somerville ya fitar da Momentum a shekarar 2011 da kuma Solent a shekarar 2012, tare da abokin hulɗa na dogon lokaci John Winfield. Somerville ya fitar da wani kundin wakoki da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da faifan disco mai suna ''Homage'' a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Laura |date=28 February 2015 |title=Jimmy Somerville Interview: "I Wanted People To Love Me" |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jimmy-somerville-interview-i-wanted-people-love-me-10076014.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220609/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jimmy-somerville-interview-i-wanted-people-love-me-10076014.html |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Wakokin da aka yi wa aure "Back to Me" sai kuma "Travesty". Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai wajen yin rikodin kundin waƙoƙin shi ne cimma sahihancin waƙar da Somerville ya yi tun yana ƙarami yana sauraro. Ya ce: "A ƙarshe na yi kundin wakokin disko da nake so a da, kuma ban taɓa tunanin zan iya ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jimmy |first=Somerville |title=Homage (Limited Edition) |url=https://jimmysomerville.bandcamp.com/album/homage-limited-edition |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=bandcamp.com}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aikin wasan kwaikwayo, inda ya fito a fim ɗin Sally Potter na 1992 na fim ɗin [[Virginia Woolf]] na ''Orlando'', a cikin fim ɗin Isaac Julien na 1989 ''Looking for Langston'', da kuma wani shiri na shirin talabijin na almarar kimiyya na ƙungiyar asiri ''Lexx'' ("Girltown"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexx: The Dark Zone Stories Girltown (TV Episode 2000) - Full Cast and Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0631306/fullcredits/ |access-date=24 December 2019 |publisher=IMDb |at=imdb.com}}</ref>  A watan Fabrairun 2021, Somerville ta haɗu da furodusa Sally Herbert (wanda a da take cikin ƙungiyar Banderas ta shekarun 1990 kuma wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu goyon bayan The Communards ) don yin rikodin murfin fim ɗin "Everything Must Change" na Benard Ighner a matsayin rikodin agaji ga End Youth Homelessness, wata hanyar sadarwa ta ayyuka waɗanda suka haɗa da Centrepoint a London da wasu ƙungiyoyin agaji marasa gidaje a faɗin Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Somerville Supports Plight of Youth Homelessness with Nina Simone Cover {{!}} LBBOnline |url=https://www.lbbonline.com/news/jimmy-somerville-supports-plight-of-youth-homelessness-with-nina-simone-cover |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.lbbonline.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2021 |title=Homelessness charity launches new campaign with Jimmy Somerville |url=https://www.classicpopmag.com/2021/02/homelessness-charity-launches-new-campaign-with-jimmy-somerville/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=Classic Pop Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi ==   == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ ! scope="col" style="width:22%;" |Award ! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year ! scope="col" style="width:38%;" |Nominated work ! scope="col" style="width:24%;" |Category ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12%;" |Result |- ! scope="row" |BFI – Grierson Awards | style="text-align:center;" |1984 |''Framed Youth: The Revenge of the Teenage Perverts'' |Best Documentary | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Shared with Trill Burton, Jeff Cole, Rose Collis, Nicola Field, Toby Kettle and Pom Martin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001534/1984/|title=British Film Institute Awards (UK) > 1984 Awards|publisher=IMDb|at=imdb.com|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=Grierson Award}} (see 'WINNER' and the listed names)</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |Brit Awards | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1985 |Bronski Beat |Best British Group | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Shared as Bronski Beat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1985|title=Brit Awards > History > 1985|date=11 February 1985|work=[[Brit Awards]]|at=brits.co.uk|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=Best British Group" and "Best British Single|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210203059/https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1985|url-status=dead}} (only winners published)</ref>}} |- |"Smalltown Boy" | rowspan="2" |Best British Single | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center;" |1987 |"Don't Leave Me This Way" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Shared as the Communards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1987|title=Brit Awards > History > 1987|date=9 February 1987|work=Brit Awards|at=brits.co.uk|publisher=BPI|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=Best British Group|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224150911/https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1987|url-status=dead}} (only winner published)</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1991 |Himself |Best British Male Artist | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fielder |first=Hugh |date=22 December 1990 |title=Programmers Debate The Brits: 'Not Enough' New Talent |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1990/MM-1990-12-22.pdf |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Music & Media]] |publisher=Léon ten Hengel |at=worldradiohistory.com |quote=Best Male Artist}} (see section 'BRITS 1991 NOMINATIONS', p. 5)</ref> |- ! scope="row" |R.SH Gold Awards |"To Love Somebody"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musikdatenbank – Musiker Jimmy Somerville |url=https://www.radioswisspop.ch/de/musikdatenbank/musiker/6115778f017f7d2b7581a114ad36004d0c31e/biography |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Radio Swiss Pop |publisher=[[SRG SSR]] |at=radioswisspop.ch |language=German |quote=RSH-Gold, 1991: Kategorie „Kraftrille des Jahres" – Lied: To Love Somebody}} (see section 'Auszeichnungen')</ref> |Power Groove of the Year | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|R.SH Gold was an annual music show (1998 – 2000), held in [[Northern Germany]] by [[List of German-language radio stations#Regional (by federal states)|Radio Schleswig-Holstein]], a state private station. The event that took place at the [[Ostseehalle]] in [[Kiel]], the radio's base, awarded the most successful local artists of the past year, based on their top positions on the R.SH Nordparade chart (founded in [[Schleswig-Holstein|the region]] in 1996). The 4th ceremony featuring Somerville was held on 16 February 1991, while broadcast the 28th via [[RTL (German TV channel)|RTL Plus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fernsehserien.de/r-sh-gold/episodenguide|title=R.SH-Gold (Die Show der Goldpreisträger)|date=28 February 1991|work=Fernsehserien|at=fernsehserien.de|publisher=imfernsehen GmbH & Co. KG|access-date=6 June 2023|language=German}} (see the 4th ceremony from 1991)</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |Scottish Music Awards | style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Himself |Special Recognition Award | {{Won|Honored}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Also known as the Tartan Clefs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/tartan-clef-awards-bronski-beat-4730410|title=Tartan Clef Awards: Bronski Beat star Jimmy Somerville tells why he was proud to receive award in Glasgow 30 years after leaving|last=Lyons|first=Beverley|date=2 December 2014|work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]|location=Scotland|at=dailyrecord.co.uk|publisher=[[Reach plc]]|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=The former Bronski Beat star made a homecoming visit to Glasgow to pick up a Tartan Clef at the Scottish Music Awards [...] The singer was given a People Make Glasgow special recognition award}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a613339/idlewild-and-prince-among-winners-at-scottish-music-awards/|title=Idlewild and Prince among winners at Scottish Music Awards|last=Hegarty|first=Tasha|date=30 November 2014|work=Digital Spy|at=digitalspy.com|publisher=Hearst UK|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=The 16th annual Scottish Music Awards took place on Saturday [...] The ceremony was held at Glasgow's Old Fruitmarket, as the Tartan Clefs were handed out to some of Scotland's most celebrated acts. The Special Recognition Award was given to Bronski Beat's Jimmy Somerville for his contribution to Scottish music.}} (see paragraphs 1 – 3)</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |UK Festival Awards | style="text-align:center;" |2010 |80's Rewind |Critics' Choice Award | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Festival Awards 2010 - UK Festival Awards |url=http://uk.festivalawards.com/ |access-date=19 July 2026 |website=Uk.festivalawards.com}}</ref> |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; width:100%; background:#FFF; border-bottom:1px solid #FFF; border-left:1px solid #FFF; border-right:1px solid #FFF;font-size:85%" |The listed years are of the annual ceremonies, usually recognizing achievements for the previous calendar year. |- ! colspan="6" style="background:#FFF; border-left:1px solid #FFF; border-right:1px solid #FFF" |Online polls |- ! scope="row" |<nowiki><i id="mwAZU">Queerty</i></nowiki> Awards | style="text-align:center;" |2014 |"Travesty" |Earworm of the Year | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Queerties > Categories |url=http://www.queerty.com/queerties2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216224149/http://www.queerty.com/queerties2014 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=[[Queerty]] |publisher=Q.Digital |at=queerty.com |quote=Earworm of the Year}} (see the listed nominees)</ref> |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t6z14igw0tl07rdjgquhbaro5v1ci3e 915248 915247 2026-09-03T05:23:33Z Abusule dankofa 24259 915248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James William Somerville''' (an haife shi a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1961) <ref name="pop">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Christopher |date=11 April 2019 |title=Where Are They Now? Jimmy Somerville |url=https://talkaboutpopmusic.com/2019/04/11/where-are-they-now-jimmy-somerville/ |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=Talk About Pop Music}}</ref> mawaki ne ɗan ƙasar Scotland. Ya shahara a shekarun 1980 a matsayin memba na ƙungiyar synth-pop Bronski Beat da Communards ; tare da tsohon, Somerville ya sami nasarar kasuwanci a duk duniya tare da waƙar " Smalltown Boy " ta 1984, wacce ta kai matsayi na uku a jadawalin waƙoƙin Burtaniya . <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=Smalltown Boy - BRONSKI BEAT |url=http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/1150 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409063716/http://top30-2.radio2.be/#/song-info/1150 |archive-date=9 April 2012 |access-date=22 July 2013 |website=VRT |publisher=Top30-2.radio2.be |language=nl}} {{Lang|nl|Hoogste notering in de top 30}} : 1</ref> <ref name="auchart">{{Cite book|last3=David Kent (historian)}}</ref> Kundin wakokin Bronski Beat na farko mai ''suna The Age of Consent'' (1984) shi ne kawai fitowar da Somerville ya bayar a matsayin babban mawaki kafin ya bar ƙungiyar a shekarar 1985 ya shiga ƙungiyar Communards. Da yake Somerville ne ke jagorantar waƙoƙin, Communards sun fitar da kundin waƙoƙinsu na farko mai taken kansu a shekarar 1986, inda suka samar da waƙar " Don't Leave Me This Way " wacce ta yi fice a duniya, wadda ta zama waƙar da ta fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 a Burtaniya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Don't Leave Me This Way by The Communards |url=https://www.songfacts.com/facts/the-communards/dont-leave-me-this-way |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Song Facts}}</ref> An samu ƙarin nasara tare da waƙar " So Cold Night " <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 October 1985 |title=COMMUNARDS |url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artist/22830/Communards/ |access-date=6 December 2024 |website=Official Charts |language=en}}</ref> da kuma kundin waƙoƙinsu na biyu ''Red'' (1987) kafin su wargaje a shekarar 1988; daga nan Somerville ya fara aikin solo. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi James William Somerville a ranar 22 ga Yuni 1961, ya girma a Ruchill, wata unguwa da ke arewacin [[Glasgow]] . A shekarar 1980, ya koma Landan, inda yake zaune a cikin 'yan mata . Ya tsunduma cikin al'adun 'yan luwadi, kuma ya halarci ƙungiyar matasa 'yan luwadi ta London . == Sana'a == === Bronski Beat (1983–1985) === [[Fayil:Bronski_Beat_(1985_MCA_publicity_photo).jpg|right|thumb| Somerville (tsakiya) tare da Bronski Beat (1985)]] A shekarar 1983, Somerville ta haɗu ta kafa ƙungiyar synth-pop mai suna Bronski Beat, <ref name="pop" /> <ref name="cofounder">{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Somerville official biography |url=http://www.jimmysomerville.co.uk/biography.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100801061838/http://www.jimmysomerville.co.uk/biography.php |archive-date=1 August 2010 |access-date=23 September 2010}}</ref> wadda ta samu nasara da dama a jadawalin Birtaniya. Babban abin da suka fi so shi ne " Smalltown Boy ", wanda ya kai matsayi na uku a jadawalin waƙoƙin da aka fi so a Burtaniya . <ref name="pop" /> A cikin bidiyon waƙar, Somerville ya taka rawar da ta taka a matsayin jarumin waƙar, wanda ya bar garinsu mai cike da ƙiyayya zuwa birnin da ya fi abokantaka, yana nuna irin abubuwan da Somerville ya fuskanta lokacin da ya ƙaura zuwa Landan. Bronski Beat ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar rikodi da London Records a shekarar 1984 bayan ya yi wasanni tara kacal kai tsaye. Waƙar farko ta ƙungiyar, " Smalltown Boy ", game da wani matashi ɗan luwaɗi da ya bar iyalinsa ya gudu daga garinsu, ta kasance abin sha'awa, inda ta kai matsayi na 3 a jadawalin waƙoƙin marasa aure na Burtaniya, kuma ta kasance ta farko a Belgium da Netherlands. <ref name="auto" /> An raka waƙar tare da wani bidiyo na talla wanda Bernard Rose ya jagoranta, wanda ke nuna Somerville yana ƙoƙarin yin abota da wani mai nutsewa mai kyau a wurin wanka, sannan abokan mai nutsewa suka kai masa hari, 'yan sanda suka mayar da shi ga iyalinsa kuma dole ne ya bar gida. (Colin Bell, manajan tallan London Records a lokacin, ya taka rawar jami'in 'yan sanda.) "Smalltown Boy" ya kai matsayi na 48 a jadawalin Amurka kuma ya kai matsayi na 8 a Ostiraliya. <ref name="auchart" /> Waƙar da ta biyo baya, " Me yasa? " , ya ɗauki sautin high-NRG kuma ya fi mai da hankali kan wariyar jinsi. Ta kuma kai matsayi na Top 10 a Burtaniya, inda ta kai matsayi na 6, kuma ta kasance wani babban matsayi na Top 10 ga ƙungiyar mawakan a Ostiraliya, Switzerland, Jamus, Faransa da Netherlands. A ƙarshen shekarar 1984, jaruman uku sun fitar da wani kundin wakoki mai suna ''The Age of Consent'' . Hannun rigar ya lissafa [[Shekarar yarda|shekaru daban-daban na yarda]] da jinsin luwaɗi a ƙasashe daban-daban na duniya. A lokacin, shekarun amincewa da yin jima'i tsakanin maza a Burtaniya ya kai 21 idan aka kwatanta da 16 na yin jima'i tsakanin maza da mata, yayin da wasu ƙasashe da dama ke da dokoki masu sassaucin ra'ayi kan jima'i tsakanin maza da mata. Kundin ya kai matsayi na 4 a jadawalin kundin waƙoƙin Burtaniya, <ref name="British Hit Singles & Albums" /> 36 a Amurka, da kuma 12 a Ostiraliya. === Waƙoƙin Sadarwa da Solo (1985–1991) === Somerville ya bar Bronski Beat a shekarar 1985 ya kuma kafa ƙungiyar The Communards tare da Richard Coles, wanda aka horar da shi a fannin piano, wanda daga baya ya zama babban limamin cocin Ingila kuma mai watsa shirye-shirye. Sun yi fice da dama, ciki har da wani fim na Harold Melvin &amp;amp; the Blue Notes mai suna " Don't Leave Me This Way ", <ref name="pop" /> wanda ya shafe makonni huɗu a matsayi na 1 a jadawalin Burtaniya kuma ya zama waƙar da ta fi sayarwa a shekarar 1986 a Burtaniya. Ya kuma rera waƙoƙin da suka goyi bayansa a sigar Fine Young Cannibals ta fim ɗin " Suspicious Minds ", wanda ya kasance fitaccen jarumi a Burtaniya. Ƙungiyar Communards ta rabu a shekarar 1988; Somerville ta fara aikinta na kaɗaici a shekara mai zuwa. Ya fitar da kundin wakokinsa na farko mai suna ''Read My Lips'' a watan Nuwamba na 1989, <ref name="pop" /> wanda ya ƙunshi wakoki uku mafi shahara a Burtaniya, ciki har da waƙar disco ta Sylvester mai suna " You Make Me Feel (Mighty Real) " da kuma waƙar " Comment te dire adieu? " , mai buga duet tare da June Miles-Kingston, wanda ya kai lamba 14 a jadawalin Singles na Burtaniya . Ya kuma rera waƙa a aikin Band Aid na biyu a ƙarshen 1989. A watan Nuwamba na shekarar 1990, an fitar da kundin wakokin Somerville mafi shahara '', The Singles Collection 1984/1990'' (wanda ya ƙunshi waƙoƙinsa tare da Bronski Beat da The Communards ban da kayansa); ya kai matsayi na 4 a jadawalin kundin wakokin Burtaniya. Ya haɗa da murfin reggae na waƙar Bee Gees mai suna " To Love Somebody ", wadda ta kai matsayi na 10 a jerin waƙoƙin da suka fi shahara a Burtaniya. Haka kuma a shekarar 1990, Somerville ya ba da gudummawar waƙar " From This Moment On " ga kundin waƙoƙin yabo na Cole Porter mai suna ''Red Hot + Blue'' wanda Red Hot Organization ta shirya, wanda kuɗin da aka samu ya amfanar da binciken cutar kanjamau. === ''Dare to Love'' da sauran ayyuka (1991–1997) ===   A shekarar 1991, Somerville ya yi waƙar goyon baya ga wata waƙa mai suna "Why Are not You in Love With Me?" daga kundin waƙoƙin ''Ripe'' by Communards offshoot band Banderas . 'Yan wasan Banderas biyu, Caroline Buckley da Sally Herbert, sun kasance cikin ƙungiyar mawakan da ke goyon bayan Somerville a baya. Bayan haka, ya ɓace daga hayyacinsa tsawon shekaru da dama. Ya dawo a shekarar 1995 da kundin wakokin ''Dare to Love'', wanda ya kunshi " Heartbeat " (wani wakokin Burtaniya mafi shahara 30 da kuma wakokin lamba 1 a jadawalin rawa na Amurka ), " Hurt So Good " da " By Your Side ", duk da cewa nasarar kasuwanci ta fara karewa daga gare shi kuma kwantiraginsa da London Records wanda ya sanya hannu a kansa sama da shekaru goma ya zo karshe. === ''Sarrafa Lalacewar'' da ayyukan da aka yi kwanan nan (1997-yanzu) === [[Fayil:Jimmy_Somerville_in_Warsaw.jpg|left|thumb|262x262px| Somerville a kulob din Skarpa a [[Wosaa|Warsaw]], [[Poland]], Yuni 2006]] An fitar da sabuwar waka mai suna "Dark Sky" a shekarar 1997 kuma ta kai matsayi na 66 a Burtaniya. A wannan shekarar ne ya yi waƙar mawaka a cikin kundin wakokin " The Number One Song in Heaven " na kundin wakokin Sparks mai suna Plagiarism tare da shirya shi na Tony Visconti . An fitar da kundin wakokinsa na uku, mai suna Manage The Damage, a shekarar 1999 ta hanyar Gut Records, amma bai yi tasiri ba. Wani kundin waƙoƙin remix na abokin wasansa, Root Beer, ya fito a shekarar 2000. An fitar da kundin wakokinsa na huɗu mai mayar da hankali kan rawa, Home Again, a shekarar 2004, kuma ba a yi masa jadawali ba. A watan Mayu na shekarar 2009, Somerville ta fitar da kundin wakokin Suddenly Last Summer, wanda ya ƙunshi fassarar waƙoƙin wasu mutane. Da farko an samu kundin ne kawai a matsayin saukewa ta dijital amma a watan Mayu na 2010 an samar da shi a cikin CD/DVD mai iyaka (kwafi 3,000) a Burtaniya. A ƙarshen shekarar 2010, Somerville ta fitar da wani shirin rawa mai suna Bright Thing . Fim ɗin EP na 2010 mai suna Bright Thing shi ne na farko daga cikin jerin fina-finai uku, inda Somerville ya fitar da Momentum a shekarar 2011 da kuma Solent a shekarar 2012, tare da abokin hulɗa na dogon lokaci John Winfield. Somerville ya fitar da wani kundin wakoki da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi da faifan disco mai suna ''Homage'' a shekarar 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Martin |first=Laura |date=28 February 2015 |title=Jimmy Somerville Interview: "I Wanted People To Love Me" |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jimmy-somerville-interview-i-wanted-people-love-me-10076014.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220609/https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/music/features/jimmy-somerville-interview-i-wanted-people-love-me-10076014.html |archive-date=9 June 2022 |access-date=14 August 2021 |website=The Independent}}</ref> Wakokin da aka yi wa aure "Back to Me" sai kuma "Travesty". Babban abin da aka fi mayar da hankali a kai wajen yin rikodin kundin waƙoƙin shi ne cimma sahihancin waƙar da Somerville ya yi tun yana ƙarami yana sauraro. Ya ce: "A ƙarshe na yi kundin wakokin disko da nake so a da, kuma ban taɓa tunanin zan iya ba." <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jimmy |first=Somerville |title=Homage (Limited Edition) |url=https://jimmysomerville.bandcamp.com/album/homage-limited-edition |access-date=1 January 2016 |website=bandcamp.com}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aikin wasan kwaikwayo, inda ya fito a fim ɗin Sally Potter na 1992 na fim ɗin [[Virginia Woolf]] na ''Orlando'', a cikin fim ɗin Isaac Julien na 1989 ''Looking for Langston'', da kuma wani shiri na shirin talabijin na almarar kimiyya na ƙungiyar asiri ''Lexx'' ("Girltown"). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lexx: The Dark Zone Stories Girltown (TV Episode 2000) - Full Cast and Crew |url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0631306/fullcredits/ |access-date=24 December 2019 |publisher=IMDb |at=imdb.com}}</ref>  A watan Fabrairun 2021, Somerville ta haɗu da furodusa Sally Herbert (wanda a da take cikin ƙungiyar Banderas ta shekarun 1990 kuma wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar masu goyon bayan The Communards ) don yin rikodin murfin fim ɗin "Everything Must Change" na Benard Ighner a matsayin rikodin agaji ga End Youth Homelessness, wata hanyar sadarwa ta ayyuka waɗanda suka haɗa da Centrepoint a London da wasu ƙungiyoyin agaji marasa gidaje a faɗin Burtaniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jimmy Somerville Supports Plight of Youth Homelessness with Nina Simone Cover {{!}} LBBOnline |url=https://www.lbbonline.com/news/jimmy-somerville-supports-plight-of-youth-homelessness-with-nina-simone-cover |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=www.lbbonline.com |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 February 2021 |title=Homelessness charity launches new campaign with Jimmy Somerville |url=https://www.classicpopmag.com/2021/02/homelessness-charity-launches-new-campaign-with-jimmy-somerville/ |access-date=21 July 2021 |website=Classic Pop Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kundin Waƙoƙi ==   == Lambobin yabo da nadin mukamai == {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" |+ ! scope="col" style="width:22%;" |Award ! scope="col" style="width:4%;" |Year ! scope="col" style="width:38%;" |Nominated work ! scope="col" style="width:24%;" |Category ! colspan="2" scope="col" style="width:12%;" |Result |- ! scope="row" |BFI – Grierson Awards | style="text-align:center;" |1984 |''Framed Youth: The Revenge of the Teenage Perverts'' |Best Documentary | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Shared with Trill Burton, Jeff Cole, Rose Collis, Nicola Field, Toby Kettle and Pom Martin.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/event/ev0001534/1984/|title=British Film Institute Awards (UK) > 1984 Awards|publisher=IMDb|at=imdb.com|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=Grierson Award}} (see 'WINNER' and the listed names)</ref>}} |- ! rowspan="4" scope="row" |Brit Awards | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1985 |Bronski Beat |Best British Group | {{Nom}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Shared as Bronski Beat.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1985|title=Brit Awards > History > 1985|date=11 February 1985|work=[[Brit Awards]]|at=brits.co.uk|publisher=[[British Phonographic Industry|BPI]]|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=Best British Group" and "Best British Single|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210203059/https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1985|url-status=dead}} (only winners published)</ref>}} |- |"Smalltown Boy" | rowspan="2" |Best British Single | {{Nom}} |- | style="text-align:center;" |1987 |"Don't Leave Me This Way" | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Shared as the Communards.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1987|title=Brit Awards > History > 1987|date=9 February 1987|work=Brit Awards|at=brits.co.uk|publisher=BPI|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=Best British Group|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224150911/https://www.brits.co.uk/history/shows/1987|url-status=dead}} (only winner published)</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |1991 |Himself |Best British Male Artist | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fielder |first=Hugh |date=22 December 1990 |title=Programmers Debate The Brits: 'Not Enough' New Talent |url=https://worldradiohistory.com/UK/Music-and-Media/90s/1990/MM-1990-12-22.pdf |access-date=8 June 2023 |website=[[Music & Media]] |publisher=Léon ten Hengel |at=worldradiohistory.com |quote=Best Male Artist}} (see section 'BRITS 1991 NOMINATIONS', p. 5)</ref> |- ! scope="row" |R.SH Gold Awards |"To Love Somebody"<ref>{{Cite web |title=Musikdatenbank – Musiker Jimmy Somerville |url=https://www.radioswisspop.ch/de/musikdatenbank/musiker/6115778f017f7d2b7581a114ad36004d0c31e/biography |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=Radio Swiss Pop |publisher=[[SRG SSR]] |at=radioswisspop.ch |language=German |quote=RSH-Gold, 1991: Kategorie „Kraftrille des Jahres" – Lied: To Love Somebody}} (see section 'Auszeichnungen')</ref> |Power Groove of the Year | {{Won}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|R.SH Gold was an annual music show (1998 – 2000), held in [[Northern Germany]] by [[List of German-language radio stations#Regional (by federal states)|Radio Schleswig-Holstein]], a state private station. The event that took place at the [[Ostseehalle]] in [[Kiel]], the radio's base, awarded the most successful local artists of the past year, based on their top positions on the R.SH Nordparade chart (founded in [[Schleswig-Holstein|the region]] in 1996). The 4th ceremony featuring Somerville was held on 16 February 1991, while broadcast the 28th via [[RTL (German TV channel)|RTL Plus]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.fernsehserien.de/r-sh-gold/episodenguide|title=R.SH-Gold (Die Show der Goldpreisträger)|date=28 February 1991|work=Fernsehserien|at=fernsehserien.de|publisher=imfernsehen GmbH & Co. KG|access-date=6 June 2023|language=German}} (see the 4th ceremony from 1991)</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |Scottish Music Awards | style="text-align:center;" |2014 |Himself |Special Recognition Award | {{Won|Honored}} | style="text-align:center;" |{{Efn|Also known as the Tartan Clefs.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/entertainment/celebrity-interviews/tartan-clef-awards-bronski-beat-4730410|title=Tartan Clef Awards: Bronski Beat star Jimmy Somerville tells why he was proud to receive award in Glasgow 30 years after leaving|last=Lyons|first=Beverley|date=2 December 2014|work=[[Daily Record (Scotland)|Daily Record]]|location=Scotland|at=dailyrecord.co.uk|publisher=[[Reach plc]]|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=The former Bronski Beat star made a homecoming visit to Glasgow to pick up a Tartan Clef at the Scottish Music Awards [...] The singer was given a People Make Glasgow special recognition award}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.digitalspy.com/music/a613339/idlewild-and-prince-among-winners-at-scottish-music-awards/|title=Idlewild and Prince among winners at Scottish Music Awards|last=Hegarty|first=Tasha|date=30 November 2014|work=Digital Spy|at=digitalspy.com|publisher=Hearst UK|access-date=6 June 2023|quote=The 16th annual Scottish Music Awards took place on Saturday [...] The ceremony was held at Glasgow's Old Fruitmarket, as the Tartan Clefs were handed out to some of Scotland's most celebrated acts. The Special Recognition Award was given to Bronski Beat's Jimmy Somerville for his contribution to Scottish music.}} (see paragraphs 1 – 3)</ref>}} |- ! scope="row" |UK Festival Awards | style="text-align:center;" |2010 |80's Rewind |Critics' Choice Award | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=UK Festival Awards 2010 - UK Festival Awards |url=http://uk.festivalawards.com/ |access-date=19 July 2026 |website=Uk.festivalawards.com}}</ref> |- | colspan="6" style="text-align:center; width:100%; background:#FFF; border-bottom:1px solid #FFF; border-left:1px solid #FFF; border-right:1px solid #FFF;font-size:85%" |The listed years are of the annual ceremonies, usually recognizing achievements for the previous calendar year. |- ! colspan="6" style="background:#FFF; border-left:1px solid #FFF; border-right:1px solid #FFF" |Online polls |- ! scope="row" |<nowiki><i id="mwAZU">Queerty</i></nowiki> Awards | style="text-align:center;" |2014 |"Travesty" |Earworm of the Year | {{Nom}} | style="text-align:center;" |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 Queerties > Categories |url=http://www.queerty.com/queerties2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216224149/http://www.queerty.com/queerties2014 |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=6 June 2023 |website=[[Queerty]] |publisher=Q.Digital |at=queerty.com |quote=Earworm of the Year}} (see the listed nominees)</ref> |} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1961]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ===manazarta=== hxgsuefgs7vgfh355vjo0d2vemghxni 0 166200 915249 2026-09-03T05:23:36Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368987170|Shannon Boxx]]" 915249 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shannon Leigh Boxx Spearman''' (née Boxx; an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1977) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya kuma tsohuwar memba ce ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon mata ta ƙasar Amurka, tana taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Chicago Red Stars a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Amurka . Ta lashe lambobin zinare tare da Amurka a Wasannin Olympics na Athens na 2004, Wasannin Olympics na Beijing na 2008, da Wasannin Olympics na London na 2012. Ta kuma kammala matsayi na uku ko mafi kyau tare da Amurka a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2003, 2007, 2011 da 2015. Ta kasance 'yar wasan karshe a kyautar FIFA World Player of the Year ta 2005, kuma ta lashe gasar NCAA Women's Soccer Championship tare da Notre Dame a shekarar 1995. Shannon Boxx ta sanar da ritayar ta daga kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa da na kulob din bayan ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015. Ta buga wasan karshe a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2015, lokacin da USWNT ta daura da Brazil a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa na nasara. Boxx ita ce ƙanwar Gillian Boxx, wacce ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta 1996 tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka. An gano Boxx da [[lupus]] a shekara ta 2007 lokacin da take da shekaru 30, kuma ta fito fili tare da bincikenta jim kadan kafin Wasannin Olympics na London na 2012 inda ta lashe zinare tare da tawagar Amurka. A cikin 2020, Boxx ta shiga ƙungiyar masu mallakar Angel City FC na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shannon Boxx |url=https://www.angelcity.com/club/ownership/shannon-boxx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215224259/https://www.angelcity.com/club/ownership/shannon-boxx |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Angel City FC}}</ref> A cikin 2022, an shigar da Boxx cikin Hall of Fame na Kwallon Kafa na Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clint Dempsey, Hope Solo, Shannon Boxx Headline the National Soccer Hall of Fame's 2022 Class {{!}} National Soccer Hall of Fame |url=http://www.nationalsoccerhof.com/hall-of-famers/2022-hof-inductees.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Clint Dempsey, Hope Solo, Shannon Boxx Headline the National Soccer Hall of Fame’s 2022 Class {{!}} National Soccer Hall of Fame |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Boxx mai launin fari, wanda mahaifinsa na asali shine Black, mahaifiyarta mai zaman kanta ce ta haife ta a Kudancin California. A cikin wata hira ta 2008, ta tuna cewa ba ta da wata alaka da al'adun Afirka ta Amurka har sai da ta tafi Notre Dame: {{Blockquote|For me, I really learned about my other half. I took African American studies. I majored in it. I think that was one of the best things I could have ever done. My mom couldn't teach me those things. So I went and taught myself and learned those things when I was at Notre Dame.}} === Kungiyar Matasa === Daga U/12-U/18, <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Soccer – Features, Events, Results – Team USA |url=http://soccer.teamusa.org/athlete/athlete/781 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080717021805/http://soccer.teamusa.org/athlete/athlete/781 |archive-date=July 17, 2008 |website=Team USA}}</ref> Boxx ya buga wa Torrance United Waves Soccer Club, Torrance, California, kuma ya taimaka wajen jagorantar su zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Jiha 4 da tafiye-tafiye biyu zuwa USYSA National Championship Final Four a 1993 da 1994 <ref>{{Cite web |title=East Region - State Sites {{!}} US Youth Soccer |url=http://www.region1.com/NatlChamp/archives/Nationals/1994.pdf}}</ref> a U/17 da U/19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Region - State Sites {{!}} US Youth Soccer |url=http://www.region1.com/NatlChamp/archives/Nationals/1993.pdf}}</ref> === Makarantar sakandare === Daga 1991 zuwa 1995, Boxx ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudancin Torrance, inda ta kasance 'yar wasa hudu, tana buga kwallon kafa, volleyball, softball da kwando. An sanya mata suna a cikin tawagar Parade All-America don ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a shekarar 1995. <ref name="ussoccer">{{Cite web |title=Shannon Boxx Biography |url=http://ussoccer.com/bio/index.jsp_9852.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015151944/http://ussoccer.com/bio/index.jsp_9852.html |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |access-date=January 25, 2008 |website=USsoccer.com}}</ref> === Kwalejin === Boxx ya buga wa Notre Dame Fighting Irish daga 1995 zuwa 1998. Ta taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta mata ta NCAA ta farko a shekarar 1995, inda ta doke masu kare Arewacin Carolina a wasan kusa da na karshe. An kira Boxx zuwa ƙungiyar All-Big East a 1995, 1996 da 1997, kuma an ɗaure shi don yawancin wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka buga wa Irish a wasanni 101. <ref name="ussoccer" /> ==== Kididdigar kwaleji ==== {| class="wikitable" !Kwalejin !GP / GS !Manufofin !Taimako !Cikakken maki !Rashin cin nasara |- |Notre Dame 1995 |25/21 |7 |10 |24 |21–2–2 |- |Notre Dame 1996 |26/25 |12 |16 |40 |24–2–0 |- |Notre Dame 1997 |25/25 |13 |17 |43 |23–1–1 |- |Notre Dame 1998 |25/25 |7 |14 |28 |21–3–1 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == === 1999–2000 === A shekara ta 1999, Boxx ya buga wa Boston Renegades na W-League, sannan ya tafi Jamus don buga wa 1. FC Saarbrücken a cikin Bundesliga na mata. Koyaya, ba ta da farin ciki kuma ta yi la'akari da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa. === WUSA === A shekara ta 2001, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta fara wasa, kuma San Diego Spirit ta tsara Boxx a zagaye na uku na shirin shigarwa, tare da zabin 19 gaba ɗaya.<ref name="ussoccer" /> A cikin kakar 2001, Boxx ya fara dukkan wasannin 21 na Ruhu, ya rasa minti 20 na dukan kakar, kuma an kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar All-WUSA. Koyaya, an rage lokacin wasanta a kakar wasa mai zuwa, kuma a watan Satumbar 2002, an tura ta zuwa New York Power, a cikin cinikin 'yan wasa shida wanda ya ba San Diego zaɓi na farko a cikin shirin 2003, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don zaɓar [[Aly Wagner]]. Tare da New York, Boxx ya koma tsari, ya fara dukkan wasanni 21, ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya kuma ya taimaka wa wasan kwaikwayo sau takwas, kuma an kira shi zuwa tawagar All-WUSA ta 2003. Tsohon kocin tawagar mata ta kasa kuma kwamishinan league Tony DiCicco ya kira Boxx "mafi kyau a leaguemu a (tsakiyar tsakiya) - jiki, mai ƙarfi, fasaha". {| class="wikitable" !WUSA !GP / GS !MIN !Manufofin !Taimako !Cikakken maki !Rashin cin nasara |- |San Diego Ruhun 2001 |21/21 |1870 |3 |5 |11 |7–7–7 |- |San Diego Ruhun 2002 |20/15 |1349 |2 |2 |6 |5–11–5 |- |New York Power 2003 |21/21 |1868 |1 |8 |10 |7–9–5 |} === WPS === [[Fayil:Shannonbox2010-5-15.jpg|right|thumb|221x221px|Shannon Boxx tare da Saint Louis Athletica a cikin 2010.]] A shekara ta 2009, Boxx ya sanya hannu a Los Angeles Sun don kakar wasa ta farko ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata kuma an nada shi kyaftin din tawagar. Ta fara ne a wasanni 18 daga cikin 19 da ta buga wa Sol, inda ta zira kwallaye uku tare da taimakon uku. An kira Boxx zuwa WPS First Team kuma ya taka leda a WPS All-Star Game . Sol ya gama a wuri na farko a lokacin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun tare da rikodin 12-3-5.<ref name="ussoccer" /> A shekara ta 2010, an sanya hannu a Saint Louis Athletica a lokacin da aka rarraba Los Angeles Sun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Louis Athletica Select Shannon Boxx With Top Pick in LA Sol Dispersal Draft |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/339581-athletica-select-shannon-boxx-with-first-pick-in-la-sol-dispersal-draft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112103832/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/339581-athletica-select-shannon-boxx-with-first-pick-in-la-sol-dispersal-draft |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=November 16, 2012 |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> Daga baya a cikin kakar bayan Saint Louis Athletica ta ninka, an sayar da ita zuwa FC Gold Pride . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2010 |title=WPS: Boxx returns to California, joins Gold Pride |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/los-angeles/soccer/post/_/id/826/wps-boxx-returns-to-california-joins-gold-pride |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824011037/https://www.espn.com/blog/los-angeles/soccer/post/_/id/826/wps-boxx-returns-to-california-joins-gold-pride |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |access-date=November 16, 2012 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Boxx ya taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe gasar WPS ta yau da kullun da kuma gasar. Ta fara a wasanni 19 daga cikin 20 da ta buga, yayin da ta zira kwallaye daya kuma ta ba da gudummawa biyar. Ta kasance mai farawa na WPS All-Star Game kuma ta sami kuri'u na biyar.<ref name="ussoccer" /> Don kakar WPS ta 2011, Boxx ya sanya hannu tare da MagicJack kuma ya buga minti 833 a wasanni 10 da suka fara a cikinsu duka. Ta taimaka wa kulob din ya yi tsere zuwa wasan kwaikwayo a rabi na biyu na kakar kuma ya lashe wasan kusa da na karshe da Boston Breakers . <ref name="ussoccer" /> === NWSL === A shekara ta 2013, ta shiga kungiyar Chicago Red Stars a sabuwar Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa. Saboda rauni Boxx ta buga wasanni 2 a shekarar 2013, ta buga wasanni 5 a shekarar 2014 saboda ciki da haihuwar ɗanta na farko, kuma a shekarar 2015 ta buga wasanni 4 saboda ayyukan gasar cin Kofin Duniya. A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2015, Boxx ya sanar da ritaya daga NWSL da Red Stars nan da nan.<ref name="retire">{{Cite web |title=CHICAGO AND U.S. STAR SHANNON BOXX RETIRES FROM NWSL PLAY; Legendary midfielder's national team career to end at conclusion of 2015 |url=http://nwslsoccer.com/home/887845.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731085907/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/home/887845.html |archive-date=July 31, 2015 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[Fayil:Association_football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_006.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Boxx da USWNT suna murna bayan burin da suka ci a wasan zinare da suka yi da Japan, a gasar Olympics ta 2012. Komawa gaba: '''Boxx'''-7, [[Abby Wambach|Wambach-14]], O'Hara-5, [[Alex Morgan|Morgan-13]], Lloyd-10]] Kodayake Boxx ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Amurka, ba ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ba har zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, lokacin da kocin tawagar Amurka [[April Heinrichs|Afrilu Heinrichs]] ya sanya ta cikin tawagar gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2003, wanda ya sa ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko da ba ta da izini da za a kira ta a cikin tawagar cin kofin Duniya ta mata ta Amurka. Kafin kiran, bayan dakatarwar WUSA, Boxx ya shirya ya dauki matsayin kocin a Cal State-Dominguez Hills kuma ya bi digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Pepperdine.<ref name="soccer digest" /> Boxx ta zira kwallaye a kowane wasannin sada zumunci na gasar cin kofin duniya, da Costa Rica da Mexico, kuma a wasan farko na gasar cin Kofin Duniya da Sweden, Boxx ta zama mace ta farko ta Amurka da ta zira kwallan uku a wasanni uku na farko tare da tawagar kasa. Boxx ta fara wasanni biyar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata, inda ta sake zira kwallaye a kan Kanada a wasan na uku. An zabe ta a matsayin 'yar wasan da aka yi da Kanada ta FIFA Technical Study Group, wanda ya ce Boxx "ya kwace iko da wasan, ya motsa abokan aikinta kuma a ƙarshe ya zira kwallaye a nasarar Amurka". Boxx ta fara wasanni 31 na 32 na tawagar kasa da ta buga a shekara ta 2004, gami da dukkan wasanni shida a gasar Olympics ta 2004, inda ta zira kwallaye daya, ta taimaka a wani kuma ta taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe lambar zinare.<ref name="ussoccer" /> Ta zira kwallaye takwas a cikin shekara, ciki har da hat trick a kan Trinidad da Tobago a wasan cancantar Olympics. Boxx ya zo na bakwai a cikin jefa kuri'a don kyautar FIFA World Player of the Year ta 2004. A shekara ta 2005, Boxx ya fara dukkan wasannin tara na tawagar Amurka, yana wasa duk sai minti 23 na dukkan wasannin da aka buga. Ta kasance dan wasan karshe na FIFA World Player of the Year na 2005, ta zo a matsayi na uku a bayan [[Birgit Prinz]] da [[Marta (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)|Marta]] . Boxx ta rasa mafi yawan shekara ta 2006, da farko don tiyata don gyara karyewar karyewar a cikin cinya ta dama, sannan kuma don karyewar ligaments ta tsakiya da ta sha wahala a rana ta farko da ta dawo cikin horo tare da tawagar kasa. Ta dawo a shekara ta 2007 bayan da aka sallame ta watanni takwas, kuma an sanya mata suna a tawagar Amurka don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2007. Boxx ta taimaka wa tawagar ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe da Brazil, amma an kore ta bayan ta karbi katunan rawaya guda biyu, kuma Amurka ta ci gaba da rasa 4-0. Boxx ya buga kowane minti na dukkan wasannin Amurka guda biyar a gasar Olympics ta 2008 a Beijing. A shekara ta 2011, ta taka leda a dukkan wasannin gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta kungiyar tsaro saboda kokarin da ta yi a duk lokacin gasar. A lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya da Japan, wanda ya tafi harbi na karin lokaci, Boxx na ɗaya daga cikin Amurkawa da aka zaba don ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin harbi na kisa, kuma mai tsaron gidan Japan Ayumi Kaihori ya adana harbin ta. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="font-size:90%; background:#ffffff;" !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !GP / GS !MIN !Manufofin !Taimako !Cikakken maki !Rashin cin nasara |- |2003 |9/9 |762 |4 |0 |8 |7–1–1 |- |2004 |32/31 |2714 |8 |5 |21 |26–2–4 |- |2005 |9/9 |733 |1 |1 |3 |8–0–1 |- |2006 |9/9 |793 |1 |1 |3 |6–0–3 |- |2007 |10/8 |623 |2 |2 |6 |10–0–0 |- |2008 |33/33 |2747 |2 |4 |8 |34–1–1 |- |2009 |8/7 |614 |2 |0 |4 |7–0–1 |- |2010 |18/18 |1399 |1 |5 |7 |7–1–1 |- |2011 |17/17 |1344 |1 |2 |4 |13–3–4 |- |2012 |27/23 |1836 |3 |3 |9 |27–1–3 |} (*Dakkin da ya gabata a ranar 15 ga Disamba, ) === Manufofin kasa da kasa === {{Football international goals keys|num=n|rt=n|wq=n}} {| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size:90%" ! !Date !Location !Opponent ! data-sort-type="number" |Lineup !# ! data-sort-type="number" |Min !Assist/pass ! data-sort-type="number" |Score ! data-sort-type="number" |Result !Competition |- | align="center" |1 |2003-09-01<ref group="m" name="goal001">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Rolls Past Costa Rica 5–0 on Road to Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/U-S-Rolls-Past-Costa-Rica-5-0-On-Road-To-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730190436/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/U-S-Rolls-Past-Costa-Rica-5-0-On-Road-To-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Costa Rica}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |53 |Julie Foudy |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |{{sortfbs|5|0|||5550.05005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |2 |2003-09-07<ref group="m" name="goal002">{{Cite web |title=Five Different Players Score as U.S. Tops Mexico, 5–0, in Final Pre-Cup Match |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Articles/2003/09/Five-Different-Players-Score-As-U-S-Tops-Mexico-5-0-In-Final-Pre-Cup-Match.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730190457/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Articles/2003/09/Five-Different-Players-Score-As-U-S-Tops-Mexico-5-0-In-Final-Pre-Cup-Match.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] |{{Fbw|Mexico}} |{{subout|61|Angela|Hucles|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |10 |Julie Foudy |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|5|0|||5550.05005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |3 |2003-09-21<ref group="m" name="goal003">{{Cite web |title=Hamm's Three Assists Lead U.S. Past Sweden in Opener |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/Hamms-Three-Assists-Lead-U-S-Past-Sweden-In-Opener.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727184112/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/Hamms-Three-Assists-Lead-U-S-Past-Sweden-In-Opener.aspx |archive-date=July 27, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] |{{Fbw|Sweden}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |78 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg world cup final tournament}} |[[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup#Group A|World Cup: Group A]] |- | align="center" |4 |2003-10-11<ref group="m" name="goal004">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Downs Canada, 3–1, to Take Third Place in FIFA Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/10/U-S-Womens-National-Team-Downs-Canada-3-1-To-Take-Third-Place-In-FIFA-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724180959/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/10/U-S-Womens-National-Team-Downs-Canada-3-1-To-Take-Third-Place-In-FIFA-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |archive-date=July 24, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Canada}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |51 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|2|1|||5150.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg world cup final tournament}} |[[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup#Third Place|World Cup: third place match]] |- | align="center" |5 |2004-01-30<ref group="m" name="goal005">{{Cite web |title=Tarpley Scores Two as WNT Downs Sweden 3–0 in Opener of Four Nations Tournament in China on Friday |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/01/Tarpley-Scores-Two-As-WNT-Downs-Sweden-3-0-In-Opener-Of-Four-Nations-Tournament-In-China-On-Friday.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822163858/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/01/Tarpley-Scores-Two-As-WNT-Downs-Sweden-3-0-In-Opener-Of-Four-Nations-Tournament-In-China-On-Friday.aspx |archive-date=August 22, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Shenzhen]] |{{Fbw|Sweden}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |13 |[[Kristine Lilly]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2004 Four Nations Tournament (women's football)|Four Nations Tournament]] |- | align="center" |6 | rowspan="3" |2004-02-25<ref group="m" name="goal006">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Dominate Trinidad and Tobago 7–0 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/02/U-S-WNT-Dominate-Trinidad-And-Tobago-7-0.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823202847/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/02/U-S-WNT-Dominate-Trinidad-And-Tobago-7-0.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | [[San José|San Jose]] | rowspan="3" |{{Fbw|TTO}} | rowspan="3" | Start | align="center" |3.1 |22 |[[Abby Wambach]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} | rowspan="3" |{{sortfbs|7|0|||5750.07005}} | rowspan="3" {{fb bg olympic qualification}} |Olympic qualification |- | align="center" |7 | align="center" |3.2 |37 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |- | align="center" |8 | align="center" |3.3 |81 |[[Aly Wagner]] |{{sortfbs|7|0|||5750.07005}} |- | align="center" |9 |2004-03-03<ref group="m" name="goal009">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Defeat Costa Rica 4–0 to Qualify for 2004 Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/03/U-S-WNT-Defeat-Costa-Rica-4-0-To-Qualify-For-2004-Olympics.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823202932/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/03/U-S-WNT-Defeat-Costa-Rica-4-0-To-Qualify-For-2004-Olympics.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San José|San Jose]] |{{Fbw|Costa Rica}} |{{subout|60|Lindsay|Tarpley|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |51 |Shannon MacMillan |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg olympic qualification}} |Olympic qualification: semifinal |- | align="center" |10 |2004-07-21<ref group="m" name="goal010">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Defeat Australia, 3–1, as Mia Hamm Scores 150th Career Goal |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Australia-3-1-As-Mia-Hamm-Scores-150Th-Career-Goal.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723142613/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Australia-3-1-As-Mia-Hamm-Scores-150Th-Career-Goal.aspx |archive-date=July 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Blaine, Minnesota|Blaine]] |{{Fbw|Australia}} |{{subin|46|Brandi|Chastain|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |56 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|1|1|||5050.01005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |11 |2004-08-11<ref group="m" name="goal011">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Olympic Women's Soccer Team Downs Greece 3–0 in Opening Match of Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/08/U-S-Olympic-Womens-Soccer-Team-Downs-Greece-3-0-In-Opening-Match-Of-Olympics.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714181705/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/08/U-S-Olympic-Womens-Soccer-Team-Downs-Greece-3-0-In-Opening-Match-Of-Olympics.aspx |archive-date=July 14, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Heraklion|Heralklio]] |{{Fbw|Greece}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |14 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg olympic tournament}} |[[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Women's tournament#Group G|Olympics: Group G]] |- | align="center" |12 |2004-12-08<ref group="m" name="goal012">{{Cite web |title=Hamm, Foudy Close Careers With 5–0 Victory Over Mexico |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/12/Hamm-Foudy-Close-Careers-With-5-0-Victory-Over-Mexico.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723150137/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/12/Hamm-Foudy-Close-Careers-With-5-0-Victory-Over-Mexico.aspx |archive-date=July 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Mexico}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |44 |''unassisted'' |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} |{{sortfbs|5|0|||5550.05005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |13 |2005-07-23<ref group="m" name="goal013">{{Cite web |title=Fotopoulos Scores Twice as U.S. Women Defeat Iceland, 3–0 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2005/07/Fotopoulos-Scores-Twice-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Iceland-3-0.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823192938/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2005/07/Fotopoulos-Scores-Twice-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Iceland-3-0.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Iceland}} |{{subout|82|Angie|Woznuk|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |69 |[[Abby Wambach]] |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |14 |2006-01-18<ref group="m" name="goal014">{{Cite web |title=Lilly Earns 300th Cap as U.S. Women Defeat Norway, 3–1, to Open Four Nations Tournament |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2006/01/Lilly-Earns-300Th-Cap-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Norway-3-1-To-Open-Four-Nations-Tournament.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727212845/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2006/01/Lilly-Earns-300Th-Cap-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Norway-3-1-To-Open-Four-Nations-Tournament.aspx |archive-date=July 27, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Guangzhou]] |{{Fbw|Norway}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |77 |[[Kristine Lilly]] |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2006 Four Nations Tournament (women's football)|Four Nations Tournament]] |- | align="center" |15 |2007-07-28<ref group="m" name="goal015">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Defeat Japan, 4–1, at Spartan Stadium in San Jose |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Japan-4-1-At-Spartan-Stadium-In-San-Jose.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818064057/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Japan-4-1-At-Spartan-Stadium-In-San-Jose.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] |{{Fbw|Japan}} |{{subout|85|Angela|Hucles|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |17 |Stephanie Lopez |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|1|||5350.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |16 |2007-08-25<ref group="m" name="goal016">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Defeat Finland, 4–0, at The Home Depot Center; U.S. Finish Domestic Schedule Undefeated and Now Head To The 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/08/U-S-Women-Defeat-Finland-4-0-At-The-Home-Depot-Center-U-S-Finish-Domestic-Schedule-Undefeated-And-No.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818063433/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/08/U-S-Women-Defeat-Finland-4-0-At-The-Home-Depot-Center-U-S-Finish-Domestic-Schedule-Undefeated-And-No.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Finland}} |{{subout|79|Aly|Wagner|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |30 |[[Kristine Lilly]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |17 |2007-09-22<ref group="m" name="goal017">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Score Three Times in 13 Minutes During Second Half to Blow Open Quarterfinal and Defeat England, 3–0, to Advance to Semifinal of 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/09/U-S-Women-Score-Three-Times-In-13-Minutes-During-Second-Half-To-Blow-Open-Quarterfinal-And-Defeat-En.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425074936/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/09/U-S-Women-Score-Three-Times-In-13-Minutes-During-Second-Half-To-Blow-Open-Quarterfinal-And-Defeat-En.aspx |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Tianjin]] |{{Fbw|England}} |{{subout|82|Carli|Lloyd|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |57 |Cat Whitehill |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg world cup final tournament}} |[[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup#Quarterfinals|World Cup: quarterfinal]] |- | align="center" |18 |2008-01-20<ref group="m" name="goal018">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Wins 2008 Four Nations Tournament With 1–0 Victory Against China |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2008/01/U-S-WNT-Wins-2008-Four-Nations-Tournament-With-1-0-Victory-Against-China.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818020308/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2008/01/U-S-WNT-Wins-2008-Four-Nations-Tournament-With-1-0-Victory-Against-China.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Guangzhou]] |{{Fbw|China}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |77 |Becky Sauerbrunn |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2008 Four Nations Tournament (women's football)|Four Nations Tournament]] |- | align="center" |19 |2009-03-11<ref group="m" name="goal019">{{Cite web |title=Sweden Edges U.S. Women on Penalties in Algarve Final |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/03/Sweden-Edges-U-S-Women-On-Penalties-In-Algarve-Final.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818022540/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/03/Sweden-Edges-U-S-Women-On-Penalties-In-Algarve-Final.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]] |{{Fbw|Sweden}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |90 |[[Megan Rapinoe]] |{{sortfbs|1|1|||5050.01005}} |{{sortfbs|1|1|3|4|5049.0103}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2009 Algarve Cup#Final|Algarve Cup: final]] |- | align="center" |20 |2009-05-25<ref group="m" name="goal020">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Score Twice In Each Half to Defeat Canada 4–0 at BMO Field in Toronto |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/05/U-S-Women-Score-Twice-In-Each-Half-To-Defeat-Canada-4-0-At-BMO-Field-In-Toronto.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013213251/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/05/U-S-Women-Score-Twice-In-Each-Half-To-Defeat-Canada-4-0-At-BMO-Field-In-Toronto.aspx |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Toronto]] |{{Fbw|Canada}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |2 |[[Heather Mitts]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |21 |2010-03-28<ref group="m" name="goal021">{{Cite web |title=USA Defeats Mexico 3–0 in First Domestic Match of 2010 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2010/03/USA-Defeats-Mexico-in-San-Diego.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001161525/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2010/03/USA-Defeats-Mexico-in-San-Diego.aspx |archive-date=October 1, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San Diego]] |{{Fbw|Mexico}} | Start; (<span style="font-family:Copperplate gothic bold;">[[Captain (association football)|c]]</span>) | align="center" |1.1 |43 |''unassisted'' |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |22 |2011-03-07<ref group="m" name="goal022">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Put Four Past Finland in Group A Finale |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2011/03/US-WNT-Defeats-Finland-4-0-and-Advances-to-Algarve-Final.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818170137/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2011/03/US-WNT-Defeats-Finland-4-0-and-Advances-to-Algarve-Final.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Quarteira]] |{{Fbw|Finland}} |{{subout|46|Lori|Lindsey|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |8 |Carli Lloyd |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2011 Algarve Cup#Group A|Algarve Cup: Group A]] |- | align="center" |23 |2012-04-03<ref group="m" name="goal023">{{Cite web |title=Carli Lloyd, Shannon Boxx and Amy Rodriguez Score as the U.S. Women's National Team Downs Brazil 3–0 in Chiba, Japan |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/04/WNT-Defeats-Brazil-in-Chiba.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818023044/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/04/WNT-Defeats-Brazil-in-Chiba.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]] |{{Fbw|Brazil}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |23 |Lauren Holiday |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2012 Women's Kirin Challenge Cup#Results|Kirin Challenge Cup]] |- | align="center" |24 |2012-09-16<ref group="m" name="goal024">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Comes Back to Defeat Australia 2–1 at The Home Depot Center |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/09/WNT-Comes-Back-to-Defeat-Australia-21-at-The-HDC.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918190819/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/09/WNT-Comes-Back-to-Defeat-Australia-21-at-The-HDC.aspx |archive-date=September 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Australia}} |{{subin|46|Carli|Lloyd|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |63 |''penalty'' |{{sortfbs|2|1|||5150.02005}} |{{sortfbs|2|1|||5150.02005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |25 |2012-09-19<ref group="m" name="goal025">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Provides Head Coach Pia Sundhage with 6–2 Victory in Final Match in Charge |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/09/WNT-Gives-Sundhage-6-2-Victory-in-Her-Final-Match-in-Charge.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228065951/http://www.ussoccer.com/news/womens-national-team/2012/09/wnt-gives-sundhage-6-2-victory-in-her-final-match-in-charge.aspx |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Commerce City, Colorado|Commerce]] |{{Fbw|Australia}} |{{subin|46|Lauren|Holiday|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |63 |[[Megan Rapinoe]] |{{sortfbs|5|2|||5350.05005}} |{{sortfbs|6|2|||5450.06005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |26 |2013-02-09<ref group="m" name="goal026">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Begin Year with 4–1 Win against Scotland |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2013/02/WNT-Begin-Year-with-4-1-Win-against-Scotland.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214135917/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2013/02/WNT-Begin-Year-with-4-1-Win-against-Scotland.aspx |archive-date=February 14, 2013 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] |{{Fbw|SCO}} |{{subout|66|Yael|Averbuch|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |52 |Christen Press |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |{{sortfbs|4|1|||5350.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |27 |2013-03-06<ref group="m" name="goal027">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Opens the 2013 Algarve Cup with 3–0 Win Against Iceland |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2013/03/US-WNT-Opens-2013-Algarve-Cup-with-Win-Against-Iceland.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030031838/http://www.ussoccer.com/news/womens-national-team/2013/03/us-wnt-opens-2013-algarve-cup-with-win-against-iceland.aspx |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Albufeira, Portugal|Albufeira]] |{{Fbw|ISL}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |62 |Christie Rampone |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[2013 Algarve Cup#Group B|Algarve Cup: Group B]] |} == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == === Wasannin bidiyo === An nuna Boxx tare da abokan wasanta na kasa a cikin jerin wasannin bidiyo na EA Sports 'FIFA a ''FIFA 16'', karo na farko da aka haɗa 'yan wasan mata a wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Katie |date=September 28, 2015 |title=Why 'FIFA 16' is a Landmark for Women |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/13763107/why-fifa-16-landmark-women |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106120945/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/13763107/why-fifa-16-landmark-women |archive-date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> === Taron Ticker-tape da girmamawa na Fadar White House === Bayan nasarar da Amurka ta samu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2015, Boxx da abokan aikinta sun zama tawagar wasanni ta mata ta farko da za a girmama ta da fareti a Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2015 |title=U.S. women celebrate World Cup with ticker-tape parade in New York City |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/07/10/uswnt-world-cup-parade-new-york-city/29960353/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112103832/http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/07/10/uswnt-world-cup-parade-new-york-city/29960353/ |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> Kowane mai kunnawa ya sami maɓallin birni daga Magajin garin [[Bill de Blasio]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2015 |title=Team USA parades NYC's "Canyon of Heroes" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/us-womens-soccer-national-team-ticker-tape-victory-parade-new-york/38/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112103832/http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/us-womens-soccer-national-team-ticker-tape-victory-parade-new-york/38/ |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, [[Barack Obama|Shugaba Barack Obama]] ya girmama tawagar a [[White House|Fadar White House]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Laura |date=October 27, 2015 |title=Obama To U.S. Women's Soccer Team: 'Playing Like A Girl Means You're A Badass' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/27/452260571/obama-to-u-s-womens-soccer-team-playing-like-a-girl-means-youre-a-badass |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103050202/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/27/452260571/obama-to-u-s-womens-soccer-team-playing-like-a-girl-means-youre-a-badass |archive-date=January 3, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.shannonboxx.com}} * {{FIFA player|186586}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090911105849/http://www.ussoccer.com/Teams/WNT/B/Shannon-Boxx.aspx Bayanan dan wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka] * [http://www.und.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/boxx_shannon00.html Bayanan mai kunnawa na Notre Dame] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100126141339/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/la/players/bios/boxx-shannon Bayanan mai kunnawa na Los Angeles Sol] * Bayanan mai kunnawa na Chicago Red Stars An adana shi 7 ga Yuni, 2013, a [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] msbm3mkz7e1sj4z3vcctkbrua9c5cb4 915250 915249 2026-09-03T05:24:01Z Gwanki 3834 915250 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shannon Leigh Boxx Spearman''' (née Boxx; an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1977) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya kuma tsohuwar memba ce ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon mata ta ƙasar Amurka, tana taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Chicago Red Stars a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Amurka . Ta lashe lambobin zinare tare da Amurka a Wasannin Olympics na Athens na 2004, Wasannin Olympics na Beijing na 2008, da Wasannin Olympics na London na 2012. Ta kuma kammala matsayi na uku ko mafi kyau tare da Amurka a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2003, 2007, 2011 da 2015. Ta kasance 'yar wasan karshe a kyautar FIFA World Player of the Year ta 2005, kuma ta lashe gasar NCAA Women's Soccer Championship tare da Notre Dame a shekarar 1995. Shannon Boxx ta sanar da ritayar ta daga kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa da na kulob din bayan ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015. Ta buga wasan karshe a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2015, lokacin da USWNT ta daura da Brazil a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa na nasara. Boxx ita ce ƙanwar Gillian Boxx, wacce ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta 1996 tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka. An gano Boxx da [[lupus]] a shekara ta 2007 lokacin da take da shekaru 30, kuma ta fito fili tare da bincikenta jim kadan kafin Wasannin Olympics na London na 2012 inda ta lashe zinare tare da tawagar Amurka. A cikin 2020, Boxx ta shiga ƙungiyar masu mallakar Angel City FC na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shannon Boxx |url=https://www.angelcity.com/club/ownership/shannon-boxx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215224259/https://www.angelcity.com/club/ownership/shannon-boxx |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Angel City FC}}</ref> A cikin 2022, an shigar da Boxx cikin Hall of Fame na Kwallon Kafa na Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clint Dempsey, Hope Solo, Shannon Boxx Headline the National Soccer Hall of Fame's 2022 Class {{!}} National Soccer Hall of Fame |url=http://www.nationalsoccerhof.com/hall-of-famers/2022-hof-inductees.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Clint Dempsey, Hope Solo, Shannon Boxx Headline the National Soccer Hall of Fame’s 2022 Class {{!}} National Soccer Hall of Fame |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Boxx mai launin fari, wanda mahaifinsa na asali shine Black, mahaifiyarta mai zaman kanta ce ta haife ta a Kudancin California. A cikin wata hira ta 2008, ta tuna cewa ba ta da wata alaka da al'adun Afirka ta Amurka har sai da ta tafi Notre Dame: {{Blockquote|For me, I really learned about my other half. I took African American studies. I majored in it. I think that was one of the best things I could have ever done. My mom couldn't teach me those things. So I went and taught myself and learned those things when I was at Notre Dame.}} === Kungiyar Matasa === Daga U/12-U/18, <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Soccer – Features, Events, Results – Team USA |url=http://soccer.teamusa.org/athlete/athlete/781 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080717021805/http://soccer.teamusa.org/athlete/athlete/781 |archive-date=July 17, 2008 |website=Team USA}}</ref> Boxx ya buga wa Torrance United Waves Soccer Club, Torrance, California, kuma ya taimaka wajen jagorantar su zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Jiha 4 da tafiye-tafiye biyu zuwa USYSA National Championship Final Four a 1993 da 1994 <ref>{{Cite web |title=East Region - State Sites {{!}} US Youth Soccer |url=http://www.region1.com/NatlChamp/archives/Nationals/1994.pdf}}</ref> a U/17 da U/19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Region - State Sites {{!}} US Youth Soccer |url=http://www.region1.com/NatlChamp/archives/Nationals/1993.pdf}}</ref> === Makarantar sakandare === Daga 1991 zuwa 1995, Boxx ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudancin Torrance, inda ta kasance 'yar wasa hudu, tana buga kwallon kafa, volleyball, softball da kwando. An sanya mata suna a cikin tawagar Parade All-America don ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a shekarar 1995. <ref name="ussoccer">{{Cite web |title=Shannon Boxx Biography |url=http://ussoccer.com/bio/index.jsp_9852.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015151944/http://ussoccer.com/bio/index.jsp_9852.html |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |access-date=January 25, 2008 |website=USsoccer.com}}</ref> === Kwalejin === Boxx ya buga wa Notre Dame Fighting Irish daga 1995 zuwa 1998. Ta taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta mata ta NCAA ta farko a shekarar 1995, inda ta doke masu kare Arewacin Carolina a wasan kusa da na karshe. An kira Boxx zuwa ƙungiyar All-Big East a 1995, 1996 da 1997, kuma an ɗaure shi don yawancin wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka buga wa Irish a wasanni 101. <ref name="ussoccer" /> ==== Kididdigar kwaleji ==== {| class="wikitable" !Kwalejin !GP / GS !Manufofin !Taimako !Cikakken maki !Rashin cin nasara |- |Notre Dame 1995 |25/21 |7 |10 |24 |21–2–2 |- |Notre Dame 1996 |26/25 |12 |16 |40 |24–2–0 |- |Notre Dame 1997 |25/25 |13 |17 |43 |23–1–1 |- |Notre Dame 1998 |25/25 |7 |14 |28 |21–3–1 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == === 1999–2000 === A shekara ta 1999, Boxx ya buga wa Boston Renegades na W-League, sannan ya tafi Jamus don buga wa 1. FC Saarbrücken a cikin Bundesliga na mata. Koyaya, ba ta da farin ciki kuma ta yi la'akari da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa. === WUSA === A shekara ta 2001, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta fara wasa, kuma San Diego Spirit ta tsara Boxx a zagaye na uku na shirin shigarwa, tare da zabin 19 gaba ɗaya.<ref name="ussoccer" /> A cikin kakar 2001, Boxx ya fara dukkan wasannin 21 na Ruhu, ya rasa minti 20 na dukan kakar, kuma an kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar All-WUSA. Koyaya, an rage lokacin wasanta a kakar wasa mai zuwa, kuma a watan Satumbar 2002, an tura ta zuwa New York Power, a cikin cinikin 'yan wasa shida wanda ya ba San Diego zaɓi na farko a cikin shirin 2003, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don zaɓar [[Aly Wagner]]. Tare da New York, Boxx ya koma tsari, ya fara dukkan wasanni 21, ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya kuma ya taimaka wa wasan kwaikwayo sau takwas, kuma an kira shi zuwa tawagar All-WUSA ta 2003. Tsohon kocin tawagar mata ta kasa kuma kwamishinan league Tony DiCicco ya kira Boxx "mafi kyau a leaguemu a (tsakiyar tsakiya) - jiki, mai ƙarfi, fasaha". {| class="wikitable" !WUSA !GP / GS !MIN !Manufofin !Taimako !Cikakken maki !Rashin cin nasara |- |San Diego Ruhun 2001 |21/21 |1870 |3 |5 |11 |7–7–7 |- |San Diego Ruhun 2002 |20/15 |1349 |2 |2 |6 |5–11–5 |- |New York Power 2003 |21/21 |1868 |1 |8 |10 |7–9–5 |} === WPS === [[Fayil:Shannonbox2010-5-15.jpg|right|thumb|221x221px|Shannon Boxx tare da Saint Louis Athletica a cikin 2010.]] A shekara ta 2009, Boxx ya sanya hannu a Los Angeles Sun don kakar wasa ta farko ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata kuma an nada shi kyaftin din tawagar. Ta fara ne a wasanni 18 daga cikin 19 da ta buga wa Sol, inda ta zira kwallaye uku tare da taimakon uku. An kira Boxx zuwa WPS First Team kuma ya taka leda a WPS All-Star Game . Sol ya gama a wuri na farko a lokacin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun tare da rikodin 12-3-5.<ref name="ussoccer" /> A shekara ta 2010, an sanya hannu a Saint Louis Athletica a lokacin da aka rarraba Los Angeles Sun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Louis Athletica Select Shannon Boxx With Top Pick in LA Sol Dispersal Draft |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/339581-athletica-select-shannon-boxx-with-first-pick-in-la-sol-dispersal-draft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112103832/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/339581-athletica-select-shannon-boxx-with-first-pick-in-la-sol-dispersal-draft |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=November 16, 2012 |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> Daga baya a cikin kakar bayan Saint Louis Athletica ta ninka, an sayar da ita zuwa FC Gold Pride . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2010 |title=WPS: Boxx returns to California, joins Gold Pride |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/los-angeles/soccer/post/_/id/826/wps-boxx-returns-to-california-joins-gold-pride |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824011037/https://www.espn.com/blog/los-angeles/soccer/post/_/id/826/wps-boxx-returns-to-california-joins-gold-pride |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |access-date=November 16, 2012 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Boxx ya taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe gasar WPS ta yau da kullun da kuma gasar. Ta fara a wasanni 19 daga cikin 20 da ta buga, yayin da ta zira kwallaye daya kuma ta ba da gudummawa biyar. Ta kasance mai farawa na WPS All-Star Game kuma ta sami kuri'u na biyar.<ref name="ussoccer" /> Don kakar WPS ta 2011, Boxx ya sanya hannu tare da MagicJack kuma ya buga minti 833 a wasanni 10 da suka fara a cikinsu duka. Ta taimaka wa kulob din ya yi tsere zuwa wasan kwaikwayo a rabi na biyu na kakar kuma ya lashe wasan kusa da na karshe da Boston Breakers . <ref name="ussoccer" /> === NWSL === A shekara ta 2013, ta shiga kungiyar Chicago Red Stars a sabuwar Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa. Saboda rauni Boxx ta buga wasanni 2 a shekarar 2013, ta buga wasanni 5 a shekarar 2014 saboda ciki da haihuwar ɗanta na farko, kuma a shekarar 2015 ta buga wasanni 4 saboda ayyukan gasar cin Kofin Duniya. A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2015, Boxx ya sanar da ritaya daga NWSL da Red Stars nan da nan.<ref name="retire">{{Cite web |title=CHICAGO AND U.S. STAR SHANNON BOXX RETIRES FROM NWSL PLAY; Legendary midfielder's national team career to end at conclusion of 2015 |url=http://nwslsoccer.com/home/887845.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731085907/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/home/887845.html |archive-date=July 31, 2015 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[Fayil:Association_football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_006.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Boxx da USWNT suna murna bayan burin da suka ci a wasan zinare da suka yi da Japan, a gasar Olympics ta 2012. Komawa gaba: '''Boxx'''-7, [[Abby Wambach|Wambach-14]], O'Hara-5, [[Alex Morgan|Morgan-13]], Lloyd-10]] Kodayake Boxx ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Amurka, ba ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ba har zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, lokacin da kocin tawagar Amurka [[April Heinrichs|Afrilu Heinrichs]] ya sanya ta cikin tawagar gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2003, wanda ya sa ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko da ba ta da izini da za a kira ta a cikin tawagar cin kofin Duniya ta mata ta Amurka. Kafin kiran, bayan dakatarwar WUSA, Boxx ya shirya ya dauki matsayin kocin a Cal State-Dominguez Hills kuma ya bi digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Pepperdine.<ref name="soccer digest" /> Boxx ta zira kwallaye a kowane wasannin sada zumunci na gasar cin kofin duniya, da Costa Rica da Mexico, kuma a wasan farko na gasar cin Kofin Duniya da Sweden, Boxx ta zama mace ta farko ta Amurka da ta zira kwallan uku a wasanni uku na farko tare da tawagar kasa. Boxx ta fara wasanni biyar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata, inda ta sake zira kwallaye a kan Kanada a wasan na uku. An zabe ta a matsayin 'yar wasan da aka yi da Kanada ta FIFA Technical Study Group, wanda ya ce Boxx "ya kwace iko da wasan, ya motsa abokan aikinta kuma a ƙarshe ya zira kwallaye a nasarar Amurka". Boxx ta fara wasanni 31 na 32 na tawagar kasa da ta buga a shekara ta 2004, gami da dukkan wasanni shida a gasar Olympics ta 2004, inda ta zira kwallaye daya, ta taimaka a wani kuma ta taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe lambar zinare.<ref name="ussoccer" /> Ta zira kwallaye takwas a cikin shekara, ciki har da hat trick a kan Trinidad da Tobago a wasan cancantar Olympics. Boxx ya zo na bakwai a cikin jefa kuri'a don kyautar FIFA World Player of the Year ta 2004. A shekara ta 2005, Boxx ya fara dukkan wasannin tara na tawagar Amurka, yana wasa duk sai minti 23 na dukkan wasannin da aka buga. Ta kasance dan wasan karshe na FIFA World Player of the Year na 2005, ta zo a matsayi na uku a bayan [[Birgit Prinz]] da [[Marta (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)|Marta]] . Boxx ta rasa mafi yawan shekara ta 2006, da farko don tiyata don gyara karyewar karyewar a cikin cinya ta dama, sannan kuma don karyewar ligaments ta tsakiya da ta sha wahala a rana ta farko da ta dawo cikin horo tare da tawagar kasa. Ta dawo a shekara ta 2007 bayan da aka sallame ta watanni takwas, kuma an sanya mata suna a tawagar Amurka don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2007. Boxx ta taimaka wa tawagar ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe da Brazil, amma an kore ta bayan ta karbi katunan rawaya guda biyu, kuma Amurka ta ci gaba da rasa 4-0. Boxx ya buga kowane minti na dukkan wasannin Amurka guda biyar a gasar Olympics ta 2008 a Beijing. A shekara ta 2011, ta taka leda a dukkan wasannin gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta kungiyar tsaro saboda kokarin da ta yi a duk lokacin gasar. A lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya da Japan, wanda ya tafi harbi na karin lokaci, Boxx na ɗaya daga cikin Amurkawa da aka zaba don ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin harbi na kisa, kuma mai tsaron gidan Japan Ayumi Kaihori ya adana harbin ta. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="font-size:90%; background:#ffffff;" !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !GP / GS !MIN !Manufofin !Taimako !Cikakken maki !Rashin cin nasara |- |2003 |9/9 |762 |4 |0 |8 |7–1–1 |- |2004 |32/31 |2714 |8 |5 |21 |26–2–4 |- |2005 |9/9 |733 |1 |1 |3 |8–0–1 |- |2006 |9/9 |793 |1 |1 |3 |6–0–3 |- |2007 |10/8 |623 |2 |2 |6 |10–0–0 |- |2008 |33/33 |2747 |2 |4 |8 |34–1–1 |- |2009 |8/7 |614 |2 |0 |4 |7–0–1 |- |2010 |18/18 |1399 |1 |5 |7 |7–1–1 |- |2011 |17/17 |1344 |1 |2 |4 |13–3–4 |- |2012 |27/23 |1836 |3 |3 |9 |27–1–3 |} (*Dakkin da ya gabata a ranar 15 ga Disamba, ) === Manufofin kasa da kasa === {{Football international goals keys|num=n|rt=n|wq=n}} {| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size:90%" ! !Date !Location !Opponent ! data-sort-type="number" |Lineup !# ! data-sort-type="number" |Min !Assist/pass ! data-sort-type="number" |Score ! data-sort-type="number" |Result !Competition |- | align="center" |1 |2003-09-01<ref group="m" name="goal001">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Rolls Past Costa Rica 5–0 on Road to Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/U-S-Rolls-Past-Costa-Rica-5-0-On-Road-To-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730190436/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/U-S-Rolls-Past-Costa-Rica-5-0-On-Road-To-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Costa Rica}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |53 |Julie Foudy |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |{{sortfbs|5|0|||5550.05005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |2 |2003-09-07<ref group="m" name="goal002">{{Cite web |title=Five Different Players Score as U.S. Tops Mexico, 5–0, in Final Pre-Cup Match |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Articles/2003/09/Five-Different-Players-Score-As-U-S-Tops-Mexico-5-0-In-Final-Pre-Cup-Match.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730190457/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Articles/2003/09/Five-Different-Players-Score-As-U-S-Tops-Mexico-5-0-In-Final-Pre-Cup-Match.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] |{{Fbw|Mexico}} |{{subout|61|Angela|Hucles|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |10 |Julie Foudy |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|5|0|||5550.05005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |3 |2003-09-21<ref group="m" name="goal003">{{Cite web |title=Hamm's Three Assists Lead U.S. Past Sweden in Opener |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/Hamms-Three-Assists-Lead-U-S-Past-Sweden-In-Opener.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727184112/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/Hamms-Three-Assists-Lead-U-S-Past-Sweden-In-Opener.aspx |archive-date=July 27, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] |{{Fbw|Sweden}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |78 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg world cup final tournament}} |[[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup#Group A|World Cup: Group A]] |- | align="center" |4 |2003-10-11<ref group="m" name="goal004">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Downs Canada, 3–1, to Take Third Place in FIFA Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/10/U-S-Womens-National-Team-Downs-Canada-3-1-To-Take-Third-Place-In-FIFA-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724180959/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/10/U-S-Womens-National-Team-Downs-Canada-3-1-To-Take-Third-Place-In-FIFA-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |archive-date=July 24, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Canada}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |51 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|2|1|||5150.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg world cup final tournament}} |[[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup#Third Place|World Cup: third place match]] |- | align="center" |5 |2004-01-30<ref group="m" name="goal005">{{Cite web |title=Tarpley Scores Two as WNT Downs Sweden 3–0 in Opener of Four Nations Tournament in China on Friday |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/01/Tarpley-Scores-Two-As-WNT-Downs-Sweden-3-0-In-Opener-Of-Four-Nations-Tournament-In-China-On-Friday.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822163858/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/01/Tarpley-Scores-Two-As-WNT-Downs-Sweden-3-0-In-Opener-Of-Four-Nations-Tournament-In-China-On-Friday.aspx |archive-date=August 22, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Shenzhen]] |{{Fbw|Sweden}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |13 |[[Kristine Lilly]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2004 Four Nations Tournament (women's football)|Four Nations Tournament]] |- | align="center" |6 | rowspan="3" |2004-02-25<ref group="m" name="goal006">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Dominate Trinidad and Tobago 7–0 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/02/U-S-WNT-Dominate-Trinidad-And-Tobago-7-0.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823202847/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/02/U-S-WNT-Dominate-Trinidad-And-Tobago-7-0.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | [[San José|San Jose]] | rowspan="3" |{{Fbw|TTO}} | rowspan="3" | Start | align="center" |3.1 |22 |[[Abby Wambach]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} | rowspan="3" |{{sortfbs|7|0|||5750.07005}} | rowspan="3" {{fb bg olympic qualification}} |Olympic qualification |- | align="center" |7 | align="center" |3.2 |37 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |- | align="center" |8 | align="center" |3.3 |81 |[[Aly Wagner]] |{{sortfbs|7|0|||5750.07005}} |- | align="center" |9 |2004-03-03<ref group="m" name="goal009">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Defeat Costa Rica 4–0 to Qualify for 2004 Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/03/U-S-WNT-Defeat-Costa-Rica-4-0-To-Qualify-For-2004-Olympics.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823202932/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/03/U-S-WNT-Defeat-Costa-Rica-4-0-To-Qualify-For-2004-Olympics.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San José|San Jose]] |{{Fbw|Costa Rica}} |{{subout|60|Lindsay|Tarpley|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |51 |Shannon MacMillan |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg olympic qualification}} |Olympic qualification: semifinal |- | align="center" |10 |2004-07-21<ref group="m" name="goal010">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Defeat Australia, 3–1, as Mia Hamm Scores 150th Career Goal |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Australia-3-1-As-Mia-Hamm-Scores-150Th-Career-Goal.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723142613/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Australia-3-1-As-Mia-Hamm-Scores-150Th-Career-Goal.aspx |archive-date=July 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Blaine, Minnesota|Blaine]] |{{Fbw|Australia}} |{{subin|46|Brandi|Chastain|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |56 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|1|1|||5050.01005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |11 |2004-08-11<ref group="m" name="goal011">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Olympic Women's Soccer Team Downs Greece 3–0 in Opening Match of Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/08/U-S-Olympic-Womens-Soccer-Team-Downs-Greece-3-0-In-Opening-Match-Of-Olympics.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714181705/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/08/U-S-Olympic-Womens-Soccer-Team-Downs-Greece-3-0-In-Opening-Match-Of-Olympics.aspx |archive-date=July 14, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Heraklion|Heralklio]] |{{Fbw|Greece}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |14 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg olympic tournament}} |[[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Women's tournament#Group G|Olympics: Group G]] |- | align="center" |12 |2004-12-08<ref group="m" name="goal012">{{Cite web |title=Hamm, Foudy Close Careers With 5–0 Victory Over Mexico |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/12/Hamm-Foudy-Close-Careers-With-5-0-Victory-Over-Mexico.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723150137/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/12/Hamm-Foudy-Close-Careers-With-5-0-Victory-Over-Mexico.aspx |archive-date=July 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Mexico}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |44 |''unassisted'' |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} |{{sortfbs|5|0|||5550.05005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |13 |2005-07-23<ref group="m" name="goal013">{{Cite web |title=Fotopoulos Scores Twice as U.S. Women Defeat Iceland, 3–0 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2005/07/Fotopoulos-Scores-Twice-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Iceland-3-0.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823192938/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2005/07/Fotopoulos-Scores-Twice-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Iceland-3-0.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Iceland}} |{{subout|82|Angie|Woznuk|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |69 |[[Abby Wambach]] |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |14 |2006-01-18<ref group="m" name="goal014">{{Cite web |title=Lilly Earns 300th Cap as U.S. Women Defeat Norway, 3–1, to Open Four Nations Tournament |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2006/01/Lilly-Earns-300Th-Cap-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Norway-3-1-To-Open-Four-Nations-Tournament.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727212845/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2006/01/Lilly-Earns-300Th-Cap-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Norway-3-1-To-Open-Four-Nations-Tournament.aspx |archive-date=July 27, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Guangzhou]] |{{Fbw|Norway}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |77 |[[Kristine Lilly]] |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2006 Four Nations Tournament (women's football)|Four Nations Tournament]] |- | align="center" |15 |2007-07-28<ref group="m" name="goal015">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Defeat Japan, 4–1, at Spartan Stadium in San Jose |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Japan-4-1-At-Spartan-Stadium-In-San-Jose.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818064057/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Japan-4-1-At-Spartan-Stadium-In-San-Jose.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] |{{Fbw|Japan}} |{{subout|85|Angela|Hucles|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |17 |Stephanie Lopez |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|1|||5350.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |16 |2007-08-25<ref group="m" name="goal016">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Defeat Finland, 4–0, at The Home Depot Center; U.S. Finish Domestic Schedule Undefeated and Now Head To The 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/08/U-S-Women-Defeat-Finland-4-0-At-The-Home-Depot-Center-U-S-Finish-Domestic-Schedule-Undefeated-And-No.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818063433/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/08/U-S-Women-Defeat-Finland-4-0-At-The-Home-Depot-Center-U-S-Finish-Domestic-Schedule-Undefeated-And-No.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Finland}} |{{subout|79|Aly|Wagner|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |30 |[[Kristine Lilly]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |17 |2007-09-22<ref group="m" name="goal017">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Score Three Times in 13 Minutes During Second Half to Blow Open Quarterfinal and Defeat England, 3–0, to Advance to Semifinal of 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/09/U-S-Women-Score-Three-Times-In-13-Minutes-During-Second-Half-To-Blow-Open-Quarterfinal-And-Defeat-En.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425074936/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/09/U-S-Women-Score-Three-Times-In-13-Minutes-During-Second-Half-To-Blow-Open-Quarterfinal-And-Defeat-En.aspx |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Tianjin]] |{{Fbw|England}} |{{subout|82|Carli|Lloyd|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |57 |Cat Whitehill |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg world cup final tournament}} |[[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup#Quarterfinals|World Cup: quarterfinal]] |- | align="center" |18 |2008-01-20<ref group="m" name="goal018">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Wins 2008 Four Nations Tournament With 1–0 Victory Against China |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2008/01/U-S-WNT-Wins-2008-Four-Nations-Tournament-With-1-0-Victory-Against-China.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818020308/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2008/01/U-S-WNT-Wins-2008-Four-Nations-Tournament-With-1-0-Victory-Against-China.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Guangzhou]] |{{Fbw|China}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |77 |Becky Sauerbrunn |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2008 Four Nations Tournament (women's football)|Four Nations Tournament]] |- | align="center" |19 |2009-03-11<ref group="m" name="goal019">{{Cite web |title=Sweden Edges U.S. Women on Penalties in Algarve Final |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/03/Sweden-Edges-U-S-Women-On-Penalties-In-Algarve-Final.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818022540/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/03/Sweden-Edges-U-S-Women-On-Penalties-In-Algarve-Final.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]] |{{Fbw|Sweden}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |90 |[[Megan Rapinoe]] |{{sortfbs|1|1|||5050.01005}} |{{sortfbs|1|1|3|4|5049.0103}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2009 Algarve Cup#Final|Algarve Cup: final]] |- | align="center" |20 |2009-05-25<ref group="m" name="goal020">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Score Twice In Each Half to Defeat Canada 4–0 at BMO Field in Toronto |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/05/U-S-Women-Score-Twice-In-Each-Half-To-Defeat-Canada-4-0-At-BMO-Field-In-Toronto.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013213251/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/05/U-S-Women-Score-Twice-In-Each-Half-To-Defeat-Canada-4-0-At-BMO-Field-In-Toronto.aspx |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Toronto]] |{{Fbw|Canada}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |2 |[[Heather Mitts]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |21 |2010-03-28<ref group="m" name="goal021">{{Cite web |title=USA Defeats Mexico 3–0 in First Domestic Match of 2010 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2010/03/USA-Defeats-Mexico-in-San-Diego.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001161525/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2010/03/USA-Defeats-Mexico-in-San-Diego.aspx |archive-date=October 1, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San Diego]] |{{Fbw|Mexico}} | Start; (<span style="font-family:Copperplate gothic bold;">[[Captain (association football)|c]]</span>) | align="center" |1.1 |43 |''unassisted'' |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |22 |2011-03-07<ref group="m" name="goal022">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Put Four Past Finland in Group A Finale |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2011/03/US-WNT-Defeats-Finland-4-0-and-Advances-to-Algarve-Final.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818170137/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2011/03/US-WNT-Defeats-Finland-4-0-and-Advances-to-Algarve-Final.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Quarteira]] |{{Fbw|Finland}} |{{subout|46|Lori|Lindsey|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |8 |Carli Lloyd |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2011 Algarve Cup#Group A|Algarve Cup: Group A]] |- | align="center" |23 |2012-04-03<ref group="m" name="goal023">{{Cite web |title=Carli Lloyd, Shannon Boxx and Amy Rodriguez Score as the U.S. Women's National Team Downs Brazil 3–0 in Chiba, Japan |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/04/WNT-Defeats-Brazil-in-Chiba.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818023044/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/04/WNT-Defeats-Brazil-in-Chiba.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]] |{{Fbw|Brazil}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |23 |Lauren Holiday |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2012 Women's Kirin Challenge Cup#Results|Kirin Challenge Cup]] |- | align="center" |24 |2012-09-16<ref group="m" name="goal024">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Comes Back to Defeat Australia 2–1 at The Home Depot Center |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/09/WNT-Comes-Back-to-Defeat-Australia-21-at-The-HDC.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918190819/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/09/WNT-Comes-Back-to-Defeat-Australia-21-at-The-HDC.aspx |archive-date=September 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Australia}} |{{subin|46|Carli|Lloyd|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |63 |''penalty'' |{{sortfbs|2|1|||5150.02005}} |{{sortfbs|2|1|||5150.02005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |25 |2012-09-19<ref group="m" name="goal025">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Provides Head Coach Pia Sundhage with 6–2 Victory in Final Match in Charge |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/09/WNT-Gives-Sundhage-6-2-Victory-in-Her-Final-Match-in-Charge.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228065951/http://www.ussoccer.com/news/womens-national-team/2012/09/wnt-gives-sundhage-6-2-victory-in-her-final-match-in-charge.aspx |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Commerce City, Colorado|Commerce]] |{{Fbw|Australia}} |{{subin|46|Lauren|Holiday|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |63 |[[Megan Rapinoe]] |{{sortfbs|5|2|||5350.05005}} |{{sortfbs|6|2|||5450.06005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |26 |2013-02-09<ref group="m" name="goal026">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Begin Year with 4–1 Win against Scotland |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2013/02/WNT-Begin-Year-with-4-1-Win-against-Scotland.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214135917/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2013/02/WNT-Begin-Year-with-4-1-Win-against-Scotland.aspx |archive-date=February 14, 2013 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] |{{Fbw|SCO}} |{{subout|66|Yael|Averbuch|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |52 |Christen Press |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |{{sortfbs|4|1|||5350.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |27 |2013-03-06<ref group="m" name="goal027">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Opens the 2013 Algarve Cup with 3–0 Win Against Iceland |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2013/03/US-WNT-Opens-2013-Algarve-Cup-with-Win-Against-Iceland.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030031838/http://www.ussoccer.com/news/womens-national-team/2013/03/us-wnt-opens-2013-algarve-cup-with-win-against-iceland.aspx |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Albufeira, Portugal|Albufeira]] |{{Fbw|ISL}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |62 |Christie Rampone |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[2013 Algarve Cup#Group B|Algarve Cup: Group B]] |} == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == === Wasannin bidiyo === An nuna Boxx tare da abokan wasanta na kasa a cikin jerin wasannin bidiyo na EA Sports 'FIFA a ''FIFA 16'', karo na farko da aka haɗa 'yan wasan mata a wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Katie |date=September 28, 2015 |title=Why 'FIFA 16' is a Landmark for Women |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/13763107/why-fifa-16-landmark-women |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106120945/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/13763107/why-fifa-16-landmark-women |archive-date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> === Taron Ticker-tape da girmamawa na Fadar White House === Bayan nasarar da Amurka ta samu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2015, Boxx da abokan aikinta sun zama tawagar wasanni ta mata ta farko da za a girmama ta da fareti a Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2015 |title=U.S. women celebrate World Cup with ticker-tape parade in New York City |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/07/10/uswnt-world-cup-parade-new-york-city/29960353/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112103832/http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/07/10/uswnt-world-cup-parade-new-york-city/29960353/ |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> Kowane mai kunnawa ya sami maɓallin birni daga Magajin garin [[Bill de Blasio]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2015 |title=Team USA parades NYC's "Canyon of Heroes" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/us-womens-soccer-national-team-ticker-tape-victory-parade-new-york/38/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112103832/http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/us-womens-soccer-national-team-ticker-tape-victory-parade-new-york/38/ |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, [[Barack Obama|Shugaba Barack Obama]] ya girmama tawagar a [[White House|Fadar White House]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Laura |date=October 27, 2015 |title=Obama To U.S. Women's Soccer Team: 'Playing Like A Girl Means You're A Badass' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/27/452260571/obama-to-u-s-womens-soccer-team-playing-like-a-girl-means-youre-a-badass |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103050202/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/27/452260571/obama-to-u-s-womens-soccer-team-playing-like-a-girl-means-youre-a-badass |archive-date=January 3, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.shannonboxx.com}} * {{FIFA player|186586}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090911105849/http://www.ussoccer.com/Teams/WNT/B/Shannon-Boxx.aspx Bayanan dan wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka] * [http://www.und.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/boxx_shannon00.html Bayanan mai kunnawa na Notre Dame] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100126141339/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/la/players/bios/boxx-shannon Bayanan mai kunnawa na Los Angeles Sol] * Bayanan mai kunnawa na Chicago Red Stars An adana shi 7 ga Yuni, 2013, a [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2lwpuoirni0u0v9vyj08tg43xcwk8f6 915251 915250 2026-09-03T05:24:18Z Gwanki 3834 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 915251 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Shannon Leigh Boxx Spearman''' (née Boxx; an haife ta a ranar 29 ga watan Yunin shekara ta 1977) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka da ta yi ritaya kuma tsohuwar memba ce ta ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙwallon mata ta ƙasar Amurka, tana taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya. Ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kulob din Chicago Red Stars a cikin Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Amurka . Ta lashe lambobin zinare tare da Amurka a Wasannin Olympics na Athens na 2004, Wasannin Olympics na Beijing na 2008, da Wasannin Olympics na London na 2012. Ta kuma kammala matsayi na uku ko mafi kyau tare da Amurka a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2003, 2007, 2011 da 2015. Ta kasance 'yar wasan karshe a kyautar FIFA World Player of the Year ta 2005, kuma ta lashe gasar NCAA Women's Soccer Championship tare da Notre Dame a shekarar 1995. Shannon Boxx ta sanar da ritayar ta daga kwallon kafa na kasa da kasa da na kulob din bayan ta lashe Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2015. Ta buga wasan karshe a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, 2015, lokacin da USWNT ta daura da Brazil a matsayin wani ɓangare na yawon shakatawa na nasara. Boxx ita ce ƙanwar Gillian Boxx, wacce ta lashe lambar zinare a gasar Olympics ta 1996 tare da ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Amurka. An gano Boxx da [[lupus]] a shekara ta 2007 lokacin da take da shekaru 30, kuma ta fito fili tare da bincikenta jim kadan kafin Wasannin Olympics na London na 2012 inda ta lashe zinare tare da tawagar Amurka. A cikin 2020, Boxx ta shiga ƙungiyar masu mallakar Angel City FC na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Shannon Boxx |url=https://www.angelcity.com/club/ownership/shannon-boxx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231215224259/https://www.angelcity.com/club/ownership/shannon-boxx |archive-date=December 15, 2023 |access-date=2023-12-15 |website=Angel City FC}}</ref> A cikin 2022, an shigar da Boxx cikin Hall of Fame na Kwallon Kafa na Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Clint Dempsey, Hope Solo, Shannon Boxx Headline the National Soccer Hall of Fame's 2022 Class {{!}} National Soccer Hall of Fame |url=http://www.nationalsoccerhof.com/hall-of-famers/2022-hof-inductees.html |access-date=2023-12-18 |website=Clint Dempsey, Hope Solo, Shannon Boxx Headline the National Soccer Hall of Fame’s 2022 Class {{!}} National Soccer Hall of Fame |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Boxx mai launin fari, wanda mahaifinsa na asali shine Black, mahaifiyarta mai zaman kanta ce ta haife ta a Kudancin California. A cikin wata hira ta 2008, ta tuna cewa ba ta da wata alaka da al'adun Afirka ta Amurka har sai da ta tafi Notre Dame: {{Blockquote|For me, I really learned about my other half. I took African American studies. I majored in it. I think that was one of the best things I could have ever done. My mom couldn't teach me those things. So I went and taught myself and learned those things when I was at Notre Dame.}} === Kungiyar Matasa === Daga U/12-U/18, <ref>{{Cite web |title=US Soccer – Features, Events, Results – Team USA |url=http://soccer.teamusa.org/athlete/athlete/781 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080717021805/http://soccer.teamusa.org/athlete/athlete/781 |archive-date=July 17, 2008 |website=Team USA}}</ref> Boxx ya buga wa Torrance United Waves Soccer Club, Torrance, California, kuma ya taimaka wajen jagorantar su zuwa Gasar Cin Kofin Jiha 4 da tafiye-tafiye biyu zuwa USYSA National Championship Final Four a 1993 da 1994 <ref>{{Cite web |title=East Region - State Sites {{!}} US Youth Soccer |url=http://www.region1.com/NatlChamp/archives/Nationals/1994.pdf}}</ref> a U/17 da U/19.<ref>{{Cite web |title=East Region - State Sites {{!}} US Youth Soccer |url=http://www.region1.com/NatlChamp/archives/Nationals/1993.pdf}}</ref> === Makarantar sakandare === Daga 1991 zuwa 1995, Boxx ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Kudancin Torrance, inda ta kasance 'yar wasa hudu, tana buga kwallon kafa, volleyball, softball da kwando. An sanya mata suna a cikin tawagar Parade All-America don ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata a shekarar 1995. <ref name="ussoccer">{{Cite web |title=Shannon Boxx Biography |url=http://ussoccer.com/bio/index.jsp_9852.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071015151944/http://ussoccer.com/bio/index.jsp_9852.html |archive-date=October 15, 2007 |access-date=January 25, 2008 |website=USsoccer.com}}</ref> === Kwalejin === Boxx ya buga wa Notre Dame Fighting Irish daga 1995 zuwa 1998. Ta taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe gasar zakarun kwallon kafa ta mata ta NCAA ta farko a shekarar 1995, inda ta doke masu kare Arewacin Carolina a wasan kusa da na karshe. An kira Boxx zuwa ƙungiyar All-Big East a 1995, 1996 da 1997, kuma an ɗaure shi don yawancin wasannin ƙwallon ƙafa da aka buga wa Irish a wasanni 101. <ref name="ussoccer" /> ==== Kididdigar kwaleji ==== {| class="wikitable" !Kwalejin !GP / GS !Manufofin !Taimako !Cikakken maki !Rashin cin nasara |- |Notre Dame 1995 |25/21 |7 |10 |24 |21–2–2 |- |Notre Dame 1996 |26/25 |12 |16 |40 |24–2–0 |- |Notre Dame 1997 |25/25 |13 |17 |43 |23–1–1 |- |Notre Dame 1998 |25/25 |7 |14 |28 |21–3–1 |} == Ayyukan sana'a == === 1999–2000 === A shekara ta 1999, Boxx ya buga wa Boston Renegades na W-League, sannan ya tafi Jamus don buga wa 1. FC Saarbrücken a cikin Bundesliga na mata. Koyaya, ba ta da farin ciki kuma ta yi la'akari da yin ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa. === WUSA === A shekara ta 2001, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta fara wasa, kuma San Diego Spirit ta tsara Boxx a zagaye na uku na shirin shigarwa, tare da zabin 19 gaba ɗaya.<ref name="ussoccer" /> A cikin kakar 2001, Boxx ya fara dukkan wasannin 21 na Ruhu, ya rasa minti 20 na dukan kakar, kuma an kira shi zuwa ƙungiyar All-WUSA. Koyaya, an rage lokacin wasanta a kakar wasa mai zuwa, kuma a watan Satumbar 2002, an tura ta zuwa New York Power, a cikin cinikin 'yan wasa shida wanda ya ba San Diego zaɓi na farko a cikin shirin 2003, wanda aka yi amfani da shi don zaɓar [[Aly Wagner]]. Tare da New York, Boxx ya koma tsari, ya fara dukkan wasanni 21, ya zira kwallaye sau ɗaya kuma ya taimaka wa wasan kwaikwayo sau takwas, kuma an kira shi zuwa tawagar All-WUSA ta 2003. Tsohon kocin tawagar mata ta kasa kuma kwamishinan league Tony DiCicco ya kira Boxx "mafi kyau a leaguemu a (tsakiyar tsakiya) - jiki, mai ƙarfi, fasaha". {| class="wikitable" !WUSA !GP / GS !MIN !Manufofin !Taimako !Cikakken maki !Rashin cin nasara |- |San Diego Ruhun 2001 |21/21 |1870 |3 |5 |11 |7–7–7 |- |San Diego Ruhun 2002 |20/15 |1349 |2 |2 |6 |5–11–5 |- |New York Power 2003 |21/21 |1868 |1 |8 |10 |7–9–5 |} === WPS === [[Fayil:Shannonbox2010-5-15.jpg|right|thumb|221x221px|Shannon Boxx tare da Saint Louis Athletica a cikin 2010.]] A shekara ta 2009, Boxx ya sanya hannu a Los Angeles Sun don kakar wasa ta farko ta ƙwallon ƙafa ta mata kuma an nada shi kyaftin din tawagar. Ta fara ne a wasanni 18 daga cikin 19 da ta buga wa Sol, inda ta zira kwallaye uku tare da taimakon uku. An kira Boxx zuwa WPS First Team kuma ya taka leda a WPS All-Star Game . Sol ya gama a wuri na farko a lokacin kakar wasa ta yau da kullun tare da rikodin 12-3-5.<ref name="ussoccer" /> A shekara ta 2010, an sanya hannu a Saint Louis Athletica a lokacin da aka rarraba Los Angeles Sun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=St. Louis Athletica Select Shannon Boxx With Top Pick in LA Sol Dispersal Draft |url=https://bleacherreport.com/articles/339581-athletica-select-shannon-boxx-with-first-pick-in-la-sol-dispersal-draft |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112103832/http://bleacherreport.com/articles/339581-athletica-select-shannon-boxx-with-first-pick-in-la-sol-dispersal-draft |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=November 16, 2012 |publisher=Bleacher Report}}</ref> Daga baya a cikin kakar bayan Saint Louis Athletica ta ninka, an sayar da ita zuwa FC Gold Pride . <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2, 2010 |title=WPS: Boxx returns to California, joins Gold Pride |url=https://www.espn.com/blog/los-angeles/soccer/post/_/id/826/wps-boxx-returns-to-california-joins-gold-pride |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824011037/https://www.espn.com/blog/los-angeles/soccer/post/_/id/826/wps-boxx-returns-to-california-joins-gold-pride |archive-date=August 24, 2021 |access-date=November 16, 2012 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> Boxx ya taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe gasar WPS ta yau da kullun da kuma gasar. Ta fara a wasanni 19 daga cikin 20 da ta buga, yayin da ta zira kwallaye daya kuma ta ba da gudummawa biyar. Ta kasance mai farawa na WPS All-Star Game kuma ta sami kuri'u na biyar.<ref name="ussoccer" /> Don kakar WPS ta 2011, Boxx ya sanya hannu tare da MagicJack kuma ya buga minti 833 a wasanni 10 da suka fara a cikinsu duka. Ta taimaka wa kulob din ya yi tsere zuwa wasan kwaikwayo a rabi na biyu na kakar kuma ya lashe wasan kusa da na karshe da Boston Breakers . <ref name="ussoccer" /> === NWSL === A shekara ta 2013, ta shiga kungiyar Chicago Red Stars a sabuwar Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta Mata ta Kasa. Saboda rauni Boxx ta buga wasanni 2 a shekarar 2013, ta buga wasanni 5 a shekarar 2014 saboda ciki da haihuwar ɗanta na farko, kuma a shekarar 2015 ta buga wasanni 4 saboda ayyukan gasar cin Kofin Duniya. A ranar 27 ga Yuli, 2015, Boxx ya sanar da ritaya daga NWSL da Red Stars nan da nan.<ref name="retire">{{Cite web |title=CHICAGO AND U.S. STAR SHANNON BOXX RETIRES FROM NWSL PLAY; Legendary midfielder's national team career to end at conclusion of 2015 |url=http://nwslsoccer.com/home/887845.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150731085907/http://www.nwslsoccer.com/home/887845.html |archive-date=July 31, 2015 |publisher=nwslsoccer.com}}</ref> == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == [[Fayil:Association_football_at_the_2012_Summer_Olympics_006.jpg|right|thumb|300x300px|Boxx da USWNT suna murna bayan burin da suka ci a wasan zinare da suka yi da Japan, a gasar Olympics ta 2012. Komawa gaba: '''Boxx'''-7, [[Abby Wambach|Wambach-14]], O'Hara-5, [[Alex Morgan|Morgan-13]], Lloyd-10]] Kodayake Boxx ta kasance memba na ƙungiyar 'yan kasa da shekara 21 ta Amurka, ba ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ba har zuwa watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, lokacin da kocin tawagar Amurka [[April Heinrichs|Afrilu Heinrichs]] ya sanya ta cikin tawagar gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2003, wanda ya sa ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko da ba ta da izini da za a kira ta a cikin tawagar cin kofin Duniya ta mata ta Amurka. Kafin kiran, bayan dakatarwar WUSA, Boxx ya shirya ya dauki matsayin kocin a Cal State-Dominguez Hills kuma ya bi digiri na biyu a Jami'ar Pepperdine.<ref name="soccer digest" /> Boxx ta zira kwallaye a kowane wasannin sada zumunci na gasar cin kofin duniya, da Costa Rica da Mexico, kuma a wasan farko na gasar cin Kofin Duniya da Sweden, Boxx ta zama mace ta farko ta Amurka da ta zira kwallan uku a wasanni uku na farko tare da tawagar kasa. Boxx ta fara wasanni biyar a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata, inda ta sake zira kwallaye a kan Kanada a wasan na uku. An zabe ta a matsayin 'yar wasan da aka yi da Kanada ta FIFA Technical Study Group, wanda ya ce Boxx "ya kwace iko da wasan, ya motsa abokan aikinta kuma a ƙarshe ya zira kwallaye a nasarar Amurka". Boxx ta fara wasanni 31 na 32 na tawagar kasa da ta buga a shekara ta 2004, gami da dukkan wasanni shida a gasar Olympics ta 2004, inda ta zira kwallaye daya, ta taimaka a wani kuma ta taimaka wa tawagar ta lashe lambar zinare.<ref name="ussoccer" /> Ta zira kwallaye takwas a cikin shekara, ciki har da hat trick a kan Trinidad da Tobago a wasan cancantar Olympics. Boxx ya zo na bakwai a cikin jefa kuri'a don kyautar FIFA World Player of the Year ta 2004. A shekara ta 2005, Boxx ya fara dukkan wasannin tara na tawagar Amurka, yana wasa duk sai minti 23 na dukkan wasannin da aka buga. Ta kasance dan wasan karshe na FIFA World Player of the Year na 2005, ta zo a matsayi na uku a bayan [[Birgit Prinz]] da [[Marta (mai wasan ƙwallon ƙafa)|Marta]] . Boxx ta rasa mafi yawan shekara ta 2006, da farko don tiyata don gyara karyewar karyewar a cikin cinya ta dama, sannan kuma don karyewar ligaments ta tsakiya da ta sha wahala a rana ta farko da ta dawo cikin horo tare da tawagar kasa. Ta dawo a shekara ta 2007 bayan da aka sallame ta watanni takwas, kuma an sanya mata suna a tawagar Amurka don gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2007. Boxx ta taimaka wa tawagar ta kai wasan kusa da na karshe da Brazil, amma an kore ta bayan ta karbi katunan rawaya guda biyu, kuma Amurka ta ci gaba da rasa 4-0. Boxx ya buga kowane minti na dukkan wasannin Amurka guda biyar a gasar Olympics ta 2008 a Beijing. A shekara ta 2011, ta taka leda a dukkan wasannin gasar cin kofin duniya, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta kungiyar tsaro saboda kokarin da ta yi a duk lokacin gasar. A lokacin wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin duniya da Japan, wanda ya tafi harbi na karin lokaci, Boxx na ɗaya daga cikin Amurkawa da aka zaba don ɗaukar ɗaya daga cikin harbi na kisa, kuma mai tsaron gidan Japan Ayumi Kaihori ya adana harbin ta. {| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable" style="font-size:90%; background:#ffffff;" !Ƙungiyar ƙasa !GP / GS !MIN !Manufofin !Taimako !Cikakken maki !Rashin cin nasara |- |2003 |9/9 |762 |4 |0 |8 |7–1–1 |- |2004 |32/31 |2714 |8 |5 |21 |26–2–4 |- |2005 |9/9 |733 |1 |1 |3 |8–0–1 |- |2006 |9/9 |793 |1 |1 |3 |6–0–3 |- |2007 |10/8 |623 |2 |2 |6 |10–0–0 |- |2008 |33/33 |2747 |2 |4 |8 |34–1–1 |- |2009 |8/7 |614 |2 |0 |4 |7–0–1 |- |2010 |18/18 |1399 |1 |5 |7 |7–1–1 |- |2011 |17/17 |1344 |1 |2 |4 |13–3–4 |- |2012 |27/23 |1836 |3 |3 |9 |27–1–3 |} (*Dakkin da ya gabata a ranar 15 ga Disamba, ) === Manufofin kasa da kasa === {{Football international goals keys|num=n|rt=n|wq=n}} {| class="wikitable collapsible sortable" style="font-size:90%" ! !Date !Location !Opponent ! data-sort-type="number" |Lineup !# ! data-sort-type="number" |Min !Assist/pass ! data-sort-type="number" |Score ! data-sort-type="number" |Result !Competition |- | align="center" |1 |2003-09-01<ref group="m" name="goal001">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Rolls Past Costa Rica 5–0 on Road to Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/U-S-Rolls-Past-Costa-Rica-5-0-On-Road-To-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730190436/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/U-S-Rolls-Past-Costa-Rica-5-0-On-Road-To-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Costa Rica}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |53 |Julie Foudy |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |{{sortfbs|5|0|||5550.05005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |2 |2003-09-07<ref group="m" name="goal002">{{Cite web |title=Five Different Players Score as U.S. Tops Mexico, 5–0, in Final Pre-Cup Match |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Articles/2003/09/Five-Different-Players-Score-As-U-S-Tops-Mexico-5-0-In-Final-Pre-Cup-Match.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730190457/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Articles/2003/09/Five-Different-Players-Score-As-U-S-Tops-Mexico-5-0-In-Final-Pre-Cup-Match.aspx |archive-date=July 30, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] |{{Fbw|Mexico}} |{{subout|61|Angela|Hucles|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |10 |Julie Foudy |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|5|0|||5550.05005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |3 |2003-09-21<ref group="m" name="goal003">{{Cite web |title=Hamm's Three Assists Lead U.S. Past Sweden in Opener |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/Hamms-Three-Assists-Lead-U-S-Past-Sweden-In-Opener.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727184112/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/09/Hamms-Three-Assists-Lead-U-S-Past-Sweden-In-Opener.aspx |archive-date=July 27, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]] |{{Fbw|Sweden}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |78 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg world cup final tournament}} |[[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup#Group A|World Cup: Group A]] |- | align="center" |4 |2003-10-11<ref group="m" name="goal004">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Downs Canada, 3–1, to Take Third Place in FIFA Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/10/U-S-Womens-National-Team-Downs-Canada-3-1-To-Take-Third-Place-In-FIFA-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120724180959/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2003/10/U-S-Womens-National-Team-Downs-Canada-3-1-To-Take-Third-Place-In-FIFA-Womens-World-Cup.aspx |archive-date=July 24, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Canada}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |51 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|2|1|||5150.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg world cup final tournament}} |[[2003 FIFA Women's World Cup#Third Place|World Cup: third place match]] |- | align="center" |5 |2004-01-30<ref group="m" name="goal005">{{Cite web |title=Tarpley Scores Two as WNT Downs Sweden 3–0 in Opener of Four Nations Tournament in China on Friday |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/01/Tarpley-Scores-Two-As-WNT-Downs-Sweden-3-0-In-Opener-Of-Four-Nations-Tournament-In-China-On-Friday.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822163858/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/01/Tarpley-Scores-Two-As-WNT-Downs-Sweden-3-0-In-Opener-Of-Four-Nations-Tournament-In-China-On-Friday.aspx |archive-date=August 22, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Shenzhen]] |{{Fbw|Sweden}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |13 |[[Kristine Lilly]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2004 Four Nations Tournament (women's football)|Four Nations Tournament]] |- | align="center" |6 | rowspan="3" |2004-02-25<ref group="m" name="goal006">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Dominate Trinidad and Tobago 7–0 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/02/U-S-WNT-Dominate-Trinidad-And-Tobago-7-0.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823202847/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/02/U-S-WNT-Dominate-Trinidad-And-Tobago-7-0.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | rowspan="3" | [[San José|San Jose]] | rowspan="3" |{{Fbw|TTO}} | rowspan="3" | Start | align="center" |3.1 |22 |[[Abby Wambach]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} | rowspan="3" |{{sortfbs|7|0|||5750.07005}} | rowspan="3" {{fb bg olympic qualification}} |Olympic qualification |- | align="center" |7 | align="center" |3.2 |37 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |- | align="center" |8 | align="center" |3.3 |81 |[[Aly Wagner]] |{{sortfbs|7|0|||5750.07005}} |- | align="center" |9 |2004-03-03<ref group="m" name="goal009">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Defeat Costa Rica 4–0 to Qualify for 2004 Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/03/U-S-WNT-Defeat-Costa-Rica-4-0-To-Qualify-For-2004-Olympics.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823202932/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/03/U-S-WNT-Defeat-Costa-Rica-4-0-To-Qualify-For-2004-Olympics.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San José|San Jose]] |{{Fbw|Costa Rica}} |{{subout|60|Lindsay|Tarpley|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |51 |Shannon MacMillan |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg olympic qualification}} |Olympic qualification: semifinal |- | align="center" |10 |2004-07-21<ref group="m" name="goal010">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Defeat Australia, 3–1, as Mia Hamm Scores 150th Career Goal |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Australia-3-1-As-Mia-Hamm-Scores-150Th-Career-Goal.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723142613/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Australia-3-1-As-Mia-Hamm-Scores-150Th-Career-Goal.aspx |archive-date=July 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Blaine, Minnesota|Blaine]] |{{Fbw|Australia}} |{{subin|46|Brandi|Chastain|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |56 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|1|1|||5050.01005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |11 |2004-08-11<ref group="m" name="goal011">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Olympic Women's Soccer Team Downs Greece 3–0 in Opening Match of Olympics |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/08/U-S-Olympic-Womens-Soccer-Team-Downs-Greece-3-0-In-Opening-Match-Of-Olympics.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714181705/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/08/U-S-Olympic-Womens-Soccer-Team-Downs-Greece-3-0-In-Opening-Match-Of-Olympics.aspx |archive-date=July 14, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Heraklion|Heralklio]] |{{Fbw|Greece}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |14 |[[Mia hamm|Mia Hamm]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg olympic tournament}} |[[Football at the 2004 Summer Olympics - Women's tournament#Group G|Olympics: Group G]] |- | align="center" |12 |2004-12-08<ref group="m" name="goal012">{{Cite web |title=Hamm, Foudy Close Careers With 5–0 Victory Over Mexico |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/12/Hamm-Foudy-Close-Careers-With-5-0-Victory-Over-Mexico.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120723150137/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2004/12/Hamm-Foudy-Close-Careers-With-5-0-Victory-Over-Mexico.aspx |archive-date=July 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Mexico}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |44 |''unassisted'' |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} |{{sortfbs|5|0|||5550.05005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |13 |2005-07-23<ref group="m" name="goal013">{{Cite web |title=Fotopoulos Scores Twice as U.S. Women Defeat Iceland, 3–0 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2005/07/Fotopoulos-Scores-Twice-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Iceland-3-0.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120823192938/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2005/07/Fotopoulos-Scores-Twice-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Iceland-3-0.aspx |archive-date=August 23, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Iceland}} |{{subout|82|Angie|Woznuk|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |69 |[[Abby Wambach]] |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |14 |2006-01-18<ref group="m" name="goal014">{{Cite web |title=Lilly Earns 300th Cap as U.S. Women Defeat Norway, 3–1, to Open Four Nations Tournament |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2006/01/Lilly-Earns-300Th-Cap-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Norway-3-1-To-Open-Four-Nations-Tournament.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120727212845/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2006/01/Lilly-Earns-300Th-Cap-As-U-S-Women-Defeat-Norway-3-1-To-Open-Four-Nations-Tournament.aspx |archive-date=July 27, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Guangzhou]] |{{Fbw|Norway}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |77 |[[Kristine Lilly]] |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|1|||5250.03005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2006 Four Nations Tournament (women's football)|Four Nations Tournament]] |- | align="center" |15 |2007-07-28<ref group="m" name="goal015">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Defeat Japan, 4–1, at Spartan Stadium in San Jose |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Japan-4-1-At-Spartan-Stadium-In-San-Jose.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818064057/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/07/U-S-Women-Defeat-Japan-4-1-At-Spartan-Stadium-In-San-Jose.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San Jose, California|San Jose]] |{{Fbw|Japan}} |{{subout|85|Angela|Hucles|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |17 |Stephanie Lopez |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|1|||5350.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |16 |2007-08-25<ref group="m" name="goal016">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Defeat Finland, 4–0, at The Home Depot Center; U.S. Finish Domestic Schedule Undefeated and Now Head To The 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup in China |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/08/U-S-Women-Defeat-Finland-4-0-At-The-Home-Depot-Center-U-S-Finish-Domestic-Schedule-Undefeated-And-No.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818063433/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/08/U-S-Women-Defeat-Finland-4-0-At-The-Home-Depot-Center-U-S-Finish-Domestic-Schedule-Undefeated-And-No.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Finland}} |{{subout|79|Aly|Wagner|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |30 |[[Kristine Lilly]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |17 |2007-09-22<ref group="m" name="goal017">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Score Three Times in 13 Minutes During Second Half to Blow Open Quarterfinal and Defeat England, 3–0, to Advance to Semifinal of 2007 FIFA Women's World Cup |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/09/U-S-Women-Score-Three-Times-In-13-Minutes-During-Second-Half-To-Blow-Open-Quarterfinal-And-Defeat-En.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425074936/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2007/09/U-S-Women-Score-Three-Times-In-13-Minutes-During-Second-Half-To-Blow-Open-Quarterfinal-And-Defeat-En.aspx |archive-date=April 25, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Tianjin]] |{{Fbw|England}} |{{subout|82|Carli|Lloyd|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |57 |Cat Whitehill |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg world cup final tournament}} |[[2007 FIFA Women's World Cup#Quarterfinals|World Cup: quarterfinal]] |- | align="center" |18 |2008-01-20<ref group="m" name="goal018">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Wins 2008 Four Nations Tournament With 1–0 Victory Against China |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2008/01/U-S-WNT-Wins-2008-Four-Nations-Tournament-With-1-0-Victory-Against-China.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818020308/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2008/01/U-S-WNT-Wins-2008-Four-Nations-Tournament-With-1-0-Victory-Against-China.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Guangzhou]] |{{Fbw|China}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |77 |Becky Sauerbrunn |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2008 Four Nations Tournament (women's football)|Four Nations Tournament]] |- | align="center" |19 |2009-03-11<ref group="m" name="goal019">{{Cite web |title=Sweden Edges U.S. Women on Penalties in Algarve Final |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/03/Sweden-Edges-U-S-Women-On-Penalties-In-Algarve-Final.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818022540/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/03/Sweden-Edges-U-S-Women-On-Penalties-In-Algarve-Final.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Faro, Portugal|Faro]] |{{Fbw|Sweden}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |90 |[[Megan Rapinoe]] |{{sortfbs|1|1|||5050.01005}} |{{sortfbs|1|1|3|4|5049.0103}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2009 Algarve Cup#Final|Algarve Cup: final]] |- | align="center" |20 |2009-05-25<ref group="m" name="goal020">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Score Twice In Each Half to Defeat Canada 4–0 at BMO Field in Toronto |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/05/U-S-Women-Score-Twice-In-Each-Half-To-Defeat-Canada-4-0-At-BMO-Field-In-Toronto.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013213251/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2009/05/U-S-Women-Score-Twice-In-Each-Half-To-Defeat-Canada-4-0-At-BMO-Field-In-Toronto.aspx |archive-date=October 13, 2013 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Toronto]] |{{Fbw|Canada}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |2 |[[Heather Mitts]] |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |21 |2010-03-28<ref group="m" name="goal021">{{Cite web |title=USA Defeats Mexico 3–0 in First Domestic Match of 2010 |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2010/03/USA-Defeats-Mexico-in-San-Diego.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121001161525/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2010/03/USA-Defeats-Mexico-in-San-Diego.aspx |archive-date=October 1, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[San Diego]] |{{Fbw|Mexico}} | Start; (<span style="font-family:Copperplate gothic bold;">[[Captain (association football)|c]]</span>) | align="center" |1.1 |43 |''unassisted'' |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |22 |2011-03-07<ref group="m" name="goal022">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women Put Four Past Finland in Group A Finale |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2011/03/US-WNT-Defeats-Finland-4-0-and-Advances-to-Algarve-Final.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818170137/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2011/03/US-WNT-Defeats-Finland-4-0-and-Advances-to-Algarve-Final.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Quarteira]] |{{Fbw|Finland}} |{{subout|46|Lori|Lindsey|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |8 |Carli Lloyd |{{sortfbs|1|0|||5150.01005}} |{{sortfbs|4|0|||5450.04005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2011 Algarve Cup#Group A|Algarve Cup: Group A]] |- | align="center" |23 |2012-04-03<ref group="m" name="goal023">{{Cite web |title=Carli Lloyd, Shannon Boxx and Amy Rodriguez Score as the U.S. Women's National Team Downs Brazil 3–0 in Chiba, Japan |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/04/WNT-Defeats-Brazil-in-Chiba.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818023044/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/04/WNT-Defeats-Brazil-in-Chiba.aspx |archive-date=August 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Chiba, Chiba|Chiba]] |{{Fbw|Brazil}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |23 |Lauren Holiday |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg invitational tournament}} |[[2012 Women's Kirin Challenge Cup#Results|Kirin Challenge Cup]] |- | align="center" |24 |2012-09-16<ref group="m" name="goal024">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Comes Back to Defeat Australia 2–1 at The Home Depot Center |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/09/WNT-Comes-Back-to-Defeat-Australia-21-at-The-HDC.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918190819/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/09/WNT-Comes-Back-to-Defeat-Australia-21-at-The-HDC.aspx |archive-date=September 18, 2012 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Carson, California|Carson]] |{{Fbw|Australia}} |{{subin|46|Carli|Lloyd|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |63 |''penalty'' |{{sortfbs|2|1|||5150.02005}} |{{sortfbs|2|1|||5150.02005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |25 |2012-09-19<ref group="m" name="goal025">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Provides Head Coach Pia Sundhage with 6–2 Victory in Final Match in Charge |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2012/09/WNT-Gives-Sundhage-6-2-Victory-in-Her-Final-Match-in-Charge.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228065951/http://www.ussoccer.com/news/womens-national-team/2012/09/wnt-gives-sundhage-6-2-victory-in-her-final-match-in-charge.aspx |archive-date=February 28, 2014 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Commerce City, Colorado|Commerce]] |{{Fbw|Australia}} |{{subin|46|Lauren|Holiday|45}} | align="center" |1.1 |63 |[[Megan Rapinoe]] |{{sortfbs|5|2|||5350.05005}} |{{sortfbs|6|2|||5450.06005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |26 |2013-02-09<ref group="m" name="goal026">{{Cite web |title=U.S. Women's National Team Begin Year with 4–1 Win against Scotland |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2013/02/WNT-Begin-Year-with-4-1-Win-against-Scotland.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130214135917/http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2013/02/WNT-Begin-Year-with-4-1-Win-against-Scotland.aspx |archive-date=February 14, 2013 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Jacksonville, Florida|Jacksonville]] |{{Fbw|SCO}} |{{subout|66|Yael|Averbuch|s}} | align="center" |1.1 |52 |Christen Press |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} |{{sortfbs|4|1|||5350.04005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[Exhibition game|Friendly]] |- | align="center" |27 |2013-03-06<ref group="m" name="goal027">{{Cite web |title=U.S. WNT Opens the 2013 Algarve Cup with 3–0 Win Against Iceland |url=http://www.ussoccer.com/News/Womens-National-Team/2013/03/US-WNT-Opens-2013-Algarve-Cup-with-Win-Against-Iceland.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131030031838/http://www.ussoccer.com/news/womens-national-team/2013/03/us-wnt-opens-2013-algarve-cup-with-win-against-iceland.aspx |archive-date=October 30, 2013 |publisher=U.S.Soccer}}</ref> | [[Albufeira, Portugal|Albufeira]] |{{Fbw|ISL}} | Start | align="center" |1.1 |62 |Christie Rampone |{{sortfbs|2|0|||5250.02005}} |{{sortfbs|3|0|||5350.03005}} | {{fb bg friendly match}} |[[2013 Algarve Cup#Group B|Algarve Cup: Group B]] |} == A cikin al'adun gargajiya == === Wasannin bidiyo === An nuna Boxx tare da abokan wasanta na kasa a cikin jerin wasannin bidiyo na EA Sports 'FIFA a ''FIFA 16'', karo na farko da aka haɗa 'yan wasan mata a wasan. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Katie |date=September 28, 2015 |title=Why 'FIFA 16' is a Landmark for Women |url=https://www.espn.com/espnw/news-commentary/story/_/id/13763107/why-fifa-16-landmark-women |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106120945/http://espn.go.com/espnw/news-commentary/article/13763107/why-fifa-16-landmark-women |archive-date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=ESPN}}</ref> === Taron Ticker-tape da girmamawa na Fadar White House === Bayan nasarar da Amurka ta samu a gasar cin kofin duniya ta mata ta FIFA ta 2015, Boxx da abokan aikinta sun zama tawagar wasanni ta mata ta farko da za a girmama ta da fareti a Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 11, 2015 |title=U.S. women celebrate World Cup with ticker-tape parade in New York City |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/07/10/uswnt-world-cup-parade-new-york-city/29960353/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112103832/http://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/soccer/2015/07/10/uswnt-world-cup-parade-new-york-city/29960353/ |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=USA Today}}</ref> Kowane mai kunnawa ya sami maɓallin birni daga Magajin garin [[Bill de Blasio]] . <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2015 |title=Team USA parades NYC's "Canyon of Heroes" |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/us-womens-soccer-national-team-ticker-tape-victory-parade-new-york/38/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160112103832/http://www.cbsnews.com/pictures/us-womens-soccer-national-team-ticker-tape-victory-parade-new-york/38/ |archive-date=January 12, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=CBS News}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na wannan shekarar, [[Barack Obama|Shugaba Barack Obama]] ya girmama tawagar a [[White House|Fadar White House]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagner |first=Laura |date=October 27, 2015 |title=Obama To U.S. Women's Soccer Team: 'Playing Like A Girl Means You're A Badass' |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/27/452260571/obama-to-u-s-womens-soccer-team-playing-like-a-girl-means-youre-a-badass |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160103050202/http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/10/27/452260571/obama-to-u-s-womens-soccer-team-playing-like-a-girl-means-youre-a-badass |archive-date=January 3, 2016 |access-date=January 3, 2016 |publisher=NPR}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.shannonboxx.com}} * {{FIFA player|186586}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20090911105849/http://www.ussoccer.com/Teams/WNT/B/Shannon-Boxx.aspx Bayanan dan wasan kwallon kafa na Amurka] * [http://www.und.com/sports/w-soccer/mtt/boxx_shannon00.html Bayanan mai kunnawa na Notre Dame] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100126141339/http://www.womensprosoccer.com/la/players/bios/boxx-shannon Bayanan mai kunnawa na Los Angeles Sol] * Bayanan mai kunnawa na Chicago Red Stars An adana shi 7 ga Yuni, 2013, a [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1977]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d1lc5eabhi6ve46fdl0wri7jo36d8j3 0 166201 915253 2026-09-03T05:26:44Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368010413|Jordan Brewster]]" 915253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jordan Lindsey Brewster''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1999) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallonƙwallon ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Arewacin AFC Toronto . Ta buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga West Virginia Mountaineers . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Brewster a Canton, Ohio, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Hoover . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Report |title=Hoover graduate Jordan Brewster named Big 12 Defensive Player of the Week |url=https://www.cantonrep.com/story/sports/college/soccer/2020/10/07/hoover-graduate-jordan-brewster-named-big-12-player-week/5911201002/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Canton Repository |language=en-US}}</ref> Brewster ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa tare da Internationals SC, yana wasa a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] da kuma gaba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hickman |first=Cliff |title=Brewster keeps earning invites with US Women's National Age-Group Teams |url=https://www.cantonrep.com/story/news/local/north-canton/2017/05/14/brewster-keeps-earning-invites-with/21045279007/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Canton Repository |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Brewster ta halarci Jami'ar West Virginia, inda ta taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga West Virginia Mountaineers daga 2018 zuwa 2022. A cikin shekaru biyar, ta taka leda a wasanni 101, ta zira kwallaye 9 kuma ta yi rajistar 11 . <ref name="Jordan Brewster - Women's Soccer">{{Cite web |title=Jordan Brewster - Women's Soccer |url=https://wvusports.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/jordan-brewster/16608 |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=West Virginia University Athletics |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=The Dominion |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Jordan Brewster named Big 12 Defensive Player of the Year; 6 named to all-conference team |url=https://www.dominionpost.com/2020/11/18/jordan-brewster-named-big-12-defensive-player-of-the-year-6-named-to-all-conference-team/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Dominion Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Repository |first=The Canton |title=Former Hoover soccer player Jordan Brewster on Hermann Trophy Watch List |url=https://www.cantonrep.com/story/sports/2021/02/01/jordan-brewster-hermann-trophy-watch-list-west-virginia-hoover-soccer/4329284001/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Canton Repository |language=en-US}}</ref> West Virginia ta shiga Gasar NCAA Division I sau uku a lokacin wannan lokacin, bayyanar da ta fi dacewa ita ce a zagaye na 16 a cikin 2019, lokacin sabon Brewster. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Kristianstads DFF === Brewster ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Shirin NWSL na 2023 kuma daga baya ya sanya hannu a Sweden tare da Kristianstads DFF a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2023, don lokutan 2023 da 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mellett |first=Julia |date=February 2, 2023 |title=Brewster Signs With Kristianstad's DFF |url=https://www.si.com/college/westvirginia/wvu-womens-soccer/brewster-signs-with-kristianstads-dff |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Sports Illustrated |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Välkommen Jordan Brewster! |url=http://www.kdff.nu/nyheter/Default.asp?ID=319151&NID=992912&ver=11 |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=Kristianstads Damfotbollsförening |language=sv}}</ref> Ta buga wasanni 21 a kulob din, ciki har da 17 a gasar da 4 a cikin 2022-23 Svenska Cupen, inda ta fara bugawa kulob din wasa a cikin nasara 1-0 a FC Rosengård . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Rosengård - Kristianstads DFF - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll |url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/fc-rosengard-kristianstads-dff-svenska-cupen-damer/5388310/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=www.svenskfotboll.se |language=sv}}</ref> Ta kuma zira kwallaye guda daya ga kulob din a gasar cin kofin, burin farko a cikin nasarar 6-2 a kan Alingsås FC United a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristianstads DFF - Alingsås IF FF - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll |url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/kristianstads-dff-alingsas-if-ff-svenska-cupen-damer/5388314/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=www.svenskfotboll.se |language=sv}}</ref> === Bay FC === An sanar da Brewster kamar yadda kungiyar fadada NWSL Bay FC ta sanya hannu a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2024, a kan kwangila ta hanyar kakar 2025 tare da zaɓi don 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Bay FC signs defender Jordan Brewster |url=https://bayfc.com/press-releases/bay-fc-signs-defender-jordan-brewster/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Bay FC |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, ta zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Kayla Sharples a rabi na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=Bay FC falls 5-2 on the road to Kansas City Current |url=https://bayfc.com/press-releases/bay-fc-falls-5-2-on-the-road-to-kansas-city-current/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Bay FC |language=en-US}}</ref> Fiye da shekara guda bayan haka, ta yi rikodin farawa ta farko ga Bay FC, ta buga minti 26 na wasan farko da Portland Thorns a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2025 kafin ta ci gaba da rauni kuma an maye gurbin ta da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-07 |title=Match Recap: Alyssa Malonson scores first career goal as Bay FC bests Portland Thorns 1-0 |url=https://bayfc.com/press-releases/match-recap-alyssa-malonson-scores-first-career-goal-as-bay-fc-bests-portland-thorns-1-0/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Bay FC |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2025, Bay FC ta ba da rancen Brewster ga kungiyar Mexico Club América ta ƙarshen kakar NWSL ta 2025. Brewster ta fara buga wasan Liga MX Femenil a kan Querétaro a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=earias |date=2025-08-14 |title=Jordan Brewster, defensa de América Femenil, habla sobre sus primeras impresiones en México |url=https://www.record.com.mx/futbol/futbol-nacional/ligafemenilmx/jordan-brewster-defensa-de-america-femenil-habla-sobre-sus |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.record.com.mx |language=es}}</ref> Ta buga sama da minti 300 a cikin kulob din yayin da América ta fadi kawai don samun lambar yabo ta Liga MX.<ref>{{Cite web |title=¡Una baja más! América Femenil confirma la salida de Jordan Brewster |url=https://www.viamx.com.mx/2025/12/una-baja-mas-america-femenil-confirma.html |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref> Bayan dawowa Bay FC a ƙarshen shekara, ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan da aka sanar da barin tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingemi |first=Marisa |date=December 11, 2025 |title=Changes are minimal as Bay FC releases their end-of-season roster |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/sports/article/changes-minimal-bay-fc-releases-end-of-season-21237957.php |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref> Brewster ya shiga San Diego Wave FC a matsayin wanda ba a gayyaci ba a cikin kakar wasa ta 2026, amma bai shiga tawagar karshe ba. === AFC Toronto === An sanar da Brewster a kungiyar AFC Toronto ta Arewa a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2026. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Brewster ya halarci sansanin 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 na Amurka a shekarar 2013, kuma ya ci gaba da karɓar kira daga kungiyoyin U-18, U-19, da U-20 na kasa.<ref name="Jordan Brewster - Women's Soccer" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2017 |title=BREWSTER AND DAWSON HEAD TO CHINA WITH U.S. U-19 WNT • SoccerToday |url=https://www.soccertoday.com/brewster-dawson-head-china-u-s-u-19-wnt/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=SoccerToday |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta taka leda a wurare da yawa a cikin tawagar matasa ta kasa, da farko an kira ta a matsayin mai tsaron gida a 2013 amma an kira ta azaman mai gaba a 2017 da kuma ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |title=Jordan Brewster attending US Soccer national camp |url=https://www.cantonrep.com/story/news/local/north-canton/2013/05/14/jordan-brewster-attending-us-soccer/42213011007/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Canton Repository |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Wasanni biyu da ta buga tare da U-18s sun zo ne a wasannin sada zumunci da U-19s na Australia. Ta fara a wasannin biyu, inda ta samu taimakon biyu a wasan na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. U-18 Women's National Team defeats Australia U-19s 2-1 |url=https://www.soccerwire.com/news/u-s-u-18-womens-national-team-defeats-australia-u-19s-2-1/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=SoccerWire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. U-18 Women's National Team storms past Australia U-19s 4-1 |url=https://www.soccerwire.com/news/u-s-u-18-womens-national-team-storms-past-australia-u-19s-4-1/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=SoccerWire |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Amurka U-20s a gasar zakarun mata ta CONCACAF U-20 ta 2018, tana horo tare da tawagar kafin gasar amma tana barin saboda babu dan wasan da ya ji rauni da zai maye gurbin a lokacin da aka fara gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yang |first=Stephanie |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Klimkova names roster for U-20 CONCACAF World Cup qualifying |url=https://www.starsandstripesfc.com/2018/1/10/16874564/klimkova-roster-u-20-concacaf-world-cup-france-qualifying |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=Stars and Stripes FC |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiya === {{Updated|March 31, 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin [ƙasa-alpha 1] ! colspan="2" |Wasanni[ƙasa-alpha 2] ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Kristianstads DFF |2023 |Damallsvenskan |17 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Bay FC |2024 | rowspan="2" |NWSL |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3] |0 |4 |0 |- |2025 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !3 !0 !4 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !18 !0 !4 !1 !0 !0 !3 !0 !25 !1 |} == Daraja == '''Masu hawan dutse na West Virginia''' * Gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Babban Taron 12: 2018, 2022 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta biyu All-American: 2020 * Kungiyar ta uku All-American: 2021, 2022 * Kungiyar farko All-Big 12: 2020, 2021, 2022 * Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big 12: 2018, 2019 * Babban Mai Tsaro na Shekara: 2020 * Babban Wasanni 12 Mai tsaron gida: 2022 == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] i01eicb65mbu0yj2k4xw2rvs4wdozp7 915254 915253 2026-09-03T05:27:03Z Gwanki 3834 915254 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jordan Lindsey Brewster''' (an haife shi a ranar 27 ga Satumba, 1999) ɗan wasan [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ne na ƙwallon ƙwallon Ƙwallon Ƙwararrun ƙwararrun ƙwallonƙwallon ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru na Arewacin AFC Toronto . Ta buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga West Virginia Mountaineers . == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Brewster a Canton, Ohio, kuma ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Hoover . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Report |title=Hoover graduate Jordan Brewster named Big 12 Defensive Player of the Week |url=https://www.cantonrep.com/story/sports/college/soccer/2020/10/07/hoover-graduate-jordan-brewster-named-big-12-player-week/5911201002/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Canton Repository |language=en-US}}</ref> Brewster ya buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa tare da Internationals SC, yana wasa a matsayin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]] da kuma gaba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Hickman |first=Cliff |title=Brewster keeps earning invites with US Women's National Age-Group Teams |url=https://www.cantonrep.com/story/news/local/north-canton/2017/05/14/brewster-keeps-earning-invites-with/21045279007/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Canton Repository |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Brewster ta halarci Jami'ar West Virginia, inda ta taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron gida ga West Virginia Mountaineers daga 2018 zuwa 2022. A cikin shekaru biyar, ta taka leda a wasanni 101, ta zira kwallaye 9 kuma ta yi rajistar 11 . <ref name="Jordan Brewster - Women's Soccer">{{Cite web |title=Jordan Brewster - Women's Soccer |url=https://wvusports.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/jordan-brewster/16608 |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=West Virginia University Athletics |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Post |first=The Dominion |date=November 19, 2020 |title=Jordan Brewster named Big 12 Defensive Player of the Year; 6 named to all-conference team |url=https://www.dominionpost.com/2020/11/18/jordan-brewster-named-big-12-defensive-player-of-the-year-6-named-to-all-conference-team/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Dominion Post |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Repository |first=The Canton |title=Former Hoover soccer player Jordan Brewster on Hermann Trophy Watch List |url=https://www.cantonrep.com/story/sports/2021/02/01/jordan-brewster-hermann-trophy-watch-list-west-virginia-hoover-soccer/4329284001/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Canton Repository |language=en-US}}</ref> West Virginia ta shiga Gasar NCAA Division I sau uku a lokacin wannan lokacin, bayyanar da ta fi dacewa ita ce a zagaye na 16 a cikin 2019, lokacin sabon Brewster. == Ayyukan kulob din == === Kristianstads DFF === Brewster ya tafi ba tare da an tsara shi ba a cikin Shirin NWSL na 2023 kuma daga baya ya sanya hannu a Sweden tare da Kristianstads DFF a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2023, don lokutan 2023 da 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mellett |first=Julia |date=February 2, 2023 |title=Brewster Signs With Kristianstad's DFF |url=https://www.si.com/college/westvirginia/wvu-womens-soccer/brewster-signs-with-kristianstads-dff |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Sports Illustrated |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Välkommen Jordan Brewster! |url=http://www.kdff.nu/nyheter/Default.asp?ID=319151&NID=992912&ver=11 |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=Kristianstads Damfotbollsförening |language=sv}}</ref> Ta buga wasanni 21 a kulob din, ciki har da 17 a gasar da 4 a cikin 2022-23 Svenska Cupen, inda ta fara bugawa kulob din wasa a cikin nasara 1-0 a FC Rosengård . <ref>{{Cite web |title=FC Rosengård - Kristianstads DFF - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll |url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/fc-rosengard-kristianstads-dff-svenska-cupen-damer/5388310/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=www.svenskfotboll.se |language=sv}}</ref> Ta kuma zira kwallaye guda daya ga kulob din a gasar cin kofin, burin farko a cikin nasarar 6-2 a kan Alingsås FC United a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kristianstads DFF - Alingsås IF FF - Matchfakta - Svensk fotboll |url=https://www.svenskfotboll.se/matchfakta/kristianstads-dff-alingsas-if-ff-svenska-cupen-damer/5388314/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=www.svenskfotboll.se |language=sv}}</ref> === Bay FC === An sanar da Brewster kamar yadda kungiyar fadada NWSL Bay FC ta sanya hannu a ranar 11 ga Maris, 2024, a kan kwangila ta hanyar kakar 2025 tare da zaɓi don 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 11, 2024 |title=Bay FC signs defender Jordan Brewster |url=https://bayfc.com/press-releases/bay-fc-signs-defender-jordan-brewster/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Bay FC |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, ta zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Kayla Sharples a rabi na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-20 |title=Bay FC falls 5-2 on the road to Kansas City Current |url=https://bayfc.com/press-releases/bay-fc-falls-5-2-on-the-road-to-kansas-city-current/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Bay FC |language=en-US}}</ref> Fiye da shekara guda bayan haka, ta yi rikodin farawa ta farko ga Bay FC, ta buga minti 26 na wasan farko da Portland Thorns a ranar 7 ga Yuni, 2025 kafin ta ci gaba da rauni kuma an maye gurbin ta da wuri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-07 |title=Match Recap: Alyssa Malonson scores first career goal as Bay FC bests Portland Thorns 1-0 |url=https://bayfc.com/press-releases/match-recap-alyssa-malonson-scores-first-career-goal-as-bay-fc-bests-portland-thorns-1-0/ |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=Bay FC |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 28 ga Yuli, 2025, Bay FC ta ba da rancen Brewster ga kungiyar Mexico Club América ta ƙarshen kakar NWSL ta 2025. Brewster ta fara buga wasan Liga MX Femenil a kan Querétaro a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |last=earias |date=2025-08-14 |title=Jordan Brewster, defensa de América Femenil, habla sobre sus primeras impresiones en México |url=https://www.record.com.mx/futbol/futbol-nacional/ligafemenilmx/jordan-brewster-defensa-de-america-femenil-habla-sobre-sus |access-date=2026-01-02 |website=www.record.com.mx |language=es}}</ref> Ta buga sama da minti 300 a cikin kulob din yayin da América ta fadi kawai don samun lambar yabo ta Liga MX.<ref>{{Cite web |title=¡Una baja más! América Femenil confirma la salida de Jordan Brewster |url=https://www.viamx.com.mx/2025/12/una-baja-mas-america-femenil-confirma.html |access-date=2026-01-02}}</ref> Bayan dawowa Bay FC a ƙarshen shekara, ta kasance cikin jerin 'yan wasan da aka sanar da barin tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ingemi |first=Marisa |date=December 11, 2025 |title=Changes are minimal as Bay FC releases their end-of-season roster |url=https://www.sfchronicle.com/sports/article/changes-minimal-bay-fc-releases-end-of-season-21237957.php |access-date=2 January 2026 |website=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]}}</ref> Brewster ya shiga San Diego Wave FC a matsayin wanda ba a gayyaci ba a cikin kakar wasa ta 2026, amma bai shiga tawagar karshe ba. === AFC Toronto === An sanar da Brewster a kungiyar AFC Toronto ta Arewa a ranar 17 ga Afrilu, 2026. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Brewster ya halarci sansanin 'yan kasa da shekaru 14 na Amurka a shekarar 2013, kuma ya ci gaba da karɓar kira daga kungiyoyin U-18, U-19, da U-20 na kasa.<ref name="Jordan Brewster - Women's Soccer" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 12, 2017 |title=BREWSTER AND DAWSON HEAD TO CHINA WITH U.S. U-19 WNT • SoccerToday |url=https://www.soccertoday.com/brewster-dawson-head-china-u-s-u-19-wnt/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=SoccerToday |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta taka leda a wurare da yawa a cikin tawagar matasa ta kasa, da farko an kira ta a matsayin mai tsaron gida a 2013 amma an kira ta azaman mai gaba a 2017 da kuma ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Writer |title=Jordan Brewster attending US Soccer national camp |url=https://www.cantonrep.com/story/news/local/north-canton/2013/05/14/jordan-brewster-attending-us-soccer/42213011007/ |access-date=March 23, 2024 |website=Canton Repository |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> Wasanni biyu da ta buga tare da U-18s sun zo ne a wasannin sada zumunci da U-19s na Australia. Ta fara a wasannin biyu, inda ta samu taimakon biyu a wasan na biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. U-18 Women's National Team defeats Australia U-19s 2-1 |url=https://www.soccerwire.com/news/u-s-u-18-womens-national-team-defeats-australia-u-19s-2-1/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=SoccerWire |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. U-18 Women's National Team storms past Australia U-19s 4-1 |url=https://www.soccerwire.com/news/u-s-u-18-womens-national-team-storms-past-australia-u-19s-4-1/ |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=SoccerWire |language=en}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin mataimakiyar Amurka U-20s a gasar zakarun mata ta CONCACAF U-20 ta 2018, tana horo tare da tawagar kafin gasar amma tana barin saboda babu dan wasan da ya ji rauni da zai maye gurbin a lokacin da aka fara gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yang |first=Stephanie |date=January 10, 2018 |title=Klimkova names roster for U-20 CONCACAF World Cup qualifying |url=https://www.starsandstripesfc.com/2018/1/10/16874564/klimkova-roster-u-20-concacaf-world-cup-france-qualifying |access-date=April 7, 2024 |website=Stars and Stripes FC |language=en}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiya === {{Updated|March 31, 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin [ƙasa-alpha 1] ! colspan="2" |Wasanni[ƙasa-alpha 2] ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- |Kristianstads DFF |2023 |Damallsvenskan |17 |0 |4 |1 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |21 |1 |- | rowspan="3" |Bay FC |2024 | rowspan="2" |NWSL |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |3[ƙasa-alpha 3] |0 |4 |0 |- |2025 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !1 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 !3 !0 !4 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !18 !0 !4 !1 !0 !0 !3 !0 !25 !1 |} == Daraja == '''Masu hawan dutse na West Virginia''' * Gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Babban Taron 12: 2018, 2022 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Ƙungiyar ta biyu All-American: 2020 * Kungiyar ta uku All-American: 2021, 2022 * Kungiyar farko All-Big 12: 2020, 2021, 2022 * Kungiyar ta biyu All-Big 12: 2018, 2019 * Babban Mai Tsaro na Shekara: 2020 * Babban Wasanni 12 Mai tsaron gida: 2022 == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1999]] m79guxo46wax8kpavg7k4otz2m4rex7 0 166202 915256 2026-09-03T05:29:57Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354601225|Eva Gaetino]]" 915256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eva Julianna Gaetino''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2002) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Denver Summit FC na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL) da kuma tawagar Amurka. Ta buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Amurka sau biyu. Ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da Paris Saint-Germain, inda ta lashe Coupe de France Féminine a kakar wasa ta farko a 2024. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Chesapeake, Virginia, Gaetino ya girma a Dexter, Michigan . Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana 'yar shekara biyu. Ta shiga Michigan Hawks lokacin da take da shekaru bakwai.<ref name="PSG24" /> Tare da Hawks, ta sami lambar yabo ta taron sau uku kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta ECNL a shekarar 2017.<ref name="ND">{{Cite web |title=Eva Gaetino |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/eva-gaetino/ |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=[[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]]}}</ref> Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish a lokacin da take sabuwar shekara a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dexter . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shealer |first=Sheldon |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Recruiting Roundup: December 18–24 |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/club-soccer-articles/recruiting-roundup:-december-18-24_aid43575 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Gaetino ya buga wa Notre Dame Fighting Irish wasa tsakanin 2020 da 2023, inda ya zira kwallaye 6 kuma ya fara 75 daga cikin wasanni 76. <ref name="ND" /> Ta koma tsakiya a kwaleji bayan ta girma a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ko mai gaba. A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2022, ta kafa layin tsaro tare da Leah Klenke da Waniya Hudson waɗanda suka jagoranci taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a cikin kashi na shutout tare da shutouts 14 a wasanni 23. Notre Dame ta sami iri daya a Gasar NCAA kuma ta shiga wasan kusa da na karshe ba tare da yarda ba a wasanninsu na farko uku. <ref name="ND" /> A cikin babban shekarunta a 2023, ta sami matsayi mai girma tare da kwallaye 4 da taimakon 3 a wasanni 19, ta taimaka wa Irish ta kammala ta biyu a cikin matsayi na yau da kullun na ACC. <ref name="ND" /> A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta da manyan shekarunta, an ba ta suna All-American na farko, All-ACC na farko, da kuma ACC Defensive Player of the Year, tare da Malia Berkely a matsayin dan wasa na biyu da ya lashe lambar yabo ta ƙarshe a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. <ref name="ND" /> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Paris Saint-Germain === An dauki Gaetino a matsayin babban mai yiwuwa wanda ya cancanci shirin NWSL na 2024, amma ya janye daga takardar zuwa gwaji tare da Paris Saint-German . A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arta ta farko tare da kulob din, tare da abokin wasan Notre Dame kuma babban aboki Korbin Shrader. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eva Gaetino |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/squad/eva-gaetino |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=[[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)|Paris Saint-Germain FC]]}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, ta fara bugawa a matsayin mai maye gurbin Jade Le Guilly a minti na 61 a kan abokan hamayyar Lyon.<ref name="E24" /> Ta taimaka wa [[Tabitha Chawinga]] ta bude kwallo minti biyar bayan ta shiga wasan, wanda ya ƙare a matsayin 1-1 draw. Daga baya ta kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun ga manajan Jocelyn Prêcheur . A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, 2024, Gaetino ta zira kwallaye na farko a Gasar Zakarun Mata ta UEFA, inda ta ci 2-1 a kan BK Häcken a wasan farko na kwata-kwata, kuma ta zama matashiyar Amurka da ta zira kwata-kallaye a gasar zarrawa. A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu, ta buga dukkan wasan a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Fleury a wasan karshe na Coupe de France Féminine, inda ta lashe kofin sana'a na farko. PSG ta ƙare kakar a matsayinsu na yau da kullun a matsayin masu tseren league zuwa Lyon, wanda kuma ya kawar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2024, Gaetino ya sabunta tare da PSG kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. Koyaya, ta ga lokacin wasa mai saurin gaske a ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Fabrice Abriel, yayin da PSG ta ga kansu daga gasar zakarun Turai a hannun Juventus a cikin cancanta. PSG ta koma wasan karshe na Coupe de France Féminine, amma Gaetino ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da aka yi wa Paris FC. Shekarar da ta biyo baya ba ta fi kyau a karkashin Paulo César ba. Ta buga wasanni 45 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a cikin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din. === Taron Denver === [[Fayil:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-146.jpg|thumb|Gaetino tare da taron koli na Denver a cikin 2026]] A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2026, Gaetino ya koma Ƙungiyar fadada NWSL Denver Summit FC, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a wasan farko na Summit, ta buga dukkan wasan a cikin asarar 2-1 ga Bay FC a ranar 14 ga Maris. A ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, ta zira kwallaye na farko na NWSL a nasarar 3-1 a kan Orlando Pride, inda ta fadi bayan da ta yi kusurwa don burin budewa. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Gaetino ta fara buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Amurka wasa a watan Janairun 2023, inda ta buga wasanni biyu da [[France women's national under-23 football team|Faransa]] ta yi.<ref name="ND" /> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, an kira ta zuwa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa a karo na farko daga kocin wucin gadi Twila Kilgore a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin sunayen SheBelieves Cup. Daga baya a wannan shekarar a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, ta fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a karkashin kocin Emma Hayes, ta fara kuma ta buga minti 70 a cikin nasarar 3-0 a kan Argentina inda abokin aikinta na tsakiya [[Naomi Girma]] ya zira kwallaye sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brace from Center Back Naomi Girma Leads U.S. Women's National Team to 3–0 Victory over Argentina to Close Out 2024 Home Campaign |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/10/usa-vs-argentina-score-result-highlights-match-recap-oct-30 |access-date=2024-10-31 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, bayan horo tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23, an zaba ta don sake shiga cikin manyan tawagar sauran sansanin, tare da Hayes yana kiranta "mafi kyawun dan wasan WNT a cikin wannan rukuni na U-23", kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu daga benci a kan New Zealand. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gaetino na ɗaya daga cikin yara huɗu da Katherine da Brandon Gaetino suka haifa. Iyayenta biyu sun buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji, mahaifiyarta a Virginia Tech kuma mahaifinta a Bucknell . Ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Gaetino, Bella, ta lashe gasar zakarun kasa tare da Arewacin Carolina a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bella Gaetino – Women's Soccer |url=https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/bella-gaetino/25964 |access-date=2024-08-29 |publisher=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiya === === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played October 29, 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ƙungiyar Ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="2" |Amurka |2024 |1 |0 |- |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !2 !0 |} == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * Kofin Faransa na Mata: 2023-24 <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=Le PSG Puissance 4 |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12448-le-psg-puissance-4.html |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> '''Amurka''' * SheBelieves Cup: 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Shebelieves Cup final USWNT vs Canada result |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024-shebelieves-cup-final-uswnt-vs-canada-result-score-stats-goals-highlights-match-recap |access-date=April 9, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kungiyar farko ta Amurka: 2022, 2023 * Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2022, 2023 * Mai tsaron gida na ACC na Shekara: 2022, 2023 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] d3ceiaw2l3bx23i77zh5kt8bjcd9jpm 915257 915256 2026-09-03T05:30:17Z Gwanki 3834 915257 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eva Julianna Gaetino''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2002) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Denver Summit FC na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL) da kuma tawagar Amurka. Ta buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Amurka sau biyu. Ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da Paris Saint-Germain, inda ta lashe Coupe de France Féminine a kakar wasa ta farko a 2024. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Chesapeake, Virginia, Gaetino ya girma a Dexter, Michigan . Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana 'yar shekara biyu. Ta shiga Michigan Hawks lokacin da take da shekaru bakwai.<ref name="PSG24" /> Tare da Hawks, ta sami lambar yabo ta taron sau uku kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta ECNL a shekarar 2017.<ref name="ND">{{Cite web |title=Eva Gaetino |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/eva-gaetino/ |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=[[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]]}}</ref> Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish a lokacin da take sabuwar shekara a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dexter . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shealer |first=Sheldon |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Recruiting Roundup: December 18–24 |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/club-soccer-articles/recruiting-roundup:-december-18-24_aid43575 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Gaetino ya buga wa Notre Dame Fighting Irish wasa tsakanin 2020 da 2023, inda ya zira kwallaye 6 kuma ya fara 75 daga cikin wasanni 76. <ref name="ND" /> Ta koma tsakiya a kwaleji bayan ta girma a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ko mai gaba. A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2022, ta kafa layin tsaro tare da Leah Klenke da Waniya Hudson waɗanda suka jagoranci taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a cikin kashi na shutout tare da shutouts 14 a wasanni 23. Notre Dame ta sami iri daya a Gasar NCAA kuma ta shiga wasan kusa da na karshe ba tare da yarda ba a wasanninsu na farko uku. <ref name="ND" /> A cikin babban shekarunta a 2023, ta sami matsayi mai girma tare da kwallaye 4 da taimakon 3 a wasanni 19, ta taimaka wa Irish ta kammala ta biyu a cikin matsayi na yau da kullun na ACC. <ref name="ND" /> A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta da manyan shekarunta, an ba ta suna All-American na farko, All-ACC na farko, da kuma ACC Defensive Player of the Year, tare da Malia Berkely a matsayin dan wasa na biyu da ya lashe lambar yabo ta ƙarshe a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. <ref name="ND" /> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Paris Saint-Germain === An dauki Gaetino a matsayin babban mai yiwuwa wanda ya cancanci shirin NWSL na 2024, amma ya janye daga takardar zuwa gwaji tare da Paris Saint-German . A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arta ta farko tare da kulob din, tare da abokin wasan Notre Dame kuma babban aboki Korbin Shrader. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eva Gaetino |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/squad/eva-gaetino |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=[[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)|Paris Saint-Germain FC]]}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, ta fara bugawa a matsayin mai maye gurbin Jade Le Guilly a minti na 61 a kan abokan hamayyar Lyon.<ref name="E24" /> Ta taimaka wa [[Tabitha Chawinga]] ta bude kwallo minti biyar bayan ta shiga wasan, wanda ya ƙare a matsayin 1-1 draw. Daga baya ta kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun ga manajan Jocelyn Prêcheur . A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, 2024, Gaetino ta zira kwallaye na farko a Gasar Zakarun Mata ta UEFA, inda ta ci 2-1 a kan BK Häcken a wasan farko na kwata-kwata, kuma ta zama matashiyar Amurka da ta zira kwata-kallaye a gasar zarrawa. A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu, ta buga dukkan wasan a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Fleury a wasan karshe na Coupe de France Féminine, inda ta lashe kofin sana'a na farko. PSG ta ƙare kakar a matsayinsu na yau da kullun a matsayin masu tseren league zuwa Lyon, wanda kuma ya kawar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2024, Gaetino ya sabunta tare da PSG kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. Koyaya, ta ga lokacin wasa mai saurin gaske a ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Fabrice Abriel, yayin da PSG ta ga kansu daga gasar zakarun Turai a hannun Juventus a cikin cancanta. PSG ta koma wasan karshe na Coupe de France Féminine, amma Gaetino ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da aka yi wa Paris FC. Shekarar da ta biyo baya ba ta fi kyau a karkashin Paulo César ba. Ta buga wasanni 45 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a cikin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din. === Taron Denver === [[Fayil:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-146.jpg|thumb|Gaetino tare da taron koli na Denver a cikin 2026]] A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2026, Gaetino ya koma Ƙungiyar fadada NWSL Denver Summit FC, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a wasan farko na Summit, ta buga dukkan wasan a cikin asarar 2-1 ga Bay FC a ranar 14 ga Maris. A ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, ta zira kwallaye na farko na NWSL a nasarar 3-1 a kan Orlando Pride, inda ta fadi bayan da ta yi kusurwa don burin budewa. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Gaetino ta fara buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Amurka wasa a watan Janairun 2023, inda ta buga wasanni biyu da [[France women's national under-23 football team|Faransa]] ta yi.<ref name="ND" /> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, an kira ta zuwa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa a karo na farko daga kocin wucin gadi Twila Kilgore a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin sunayen SheBelieves Cup. Daga baya a wannan shekarar a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, ta fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a karkashin kocin Emma Hayes, ta fara kuma ta buga minti 70 a cikin nasarar 3-0 a kan Argentina inda abokin aikinta na tsakiya [[Naomi Girma]] ya zira kwallaye sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brace from Center Back Naomi Girma Leads U.S. Women's National Team to 3–0 Victory over Argentina to Close Out 2024 Home Campaign |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/10/usa-vs-argentina-score-result-highlights-match-recap-oct-30 |access-date=2024-10-31 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, bayan horo tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23, an zaba ta don sake shiga cikin manyan tawagar sauran sansanin, tare da Hayes yana kiranta "mafi kyawun dan wasan WNT a cikin wannan rukuni na U-23", kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu daga benci a kan New Zealand. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gaetino na ɗaya daga cikin yara huɗu da Katherine da Brandon Gaetino suka haifa. Iyayenta biyu sun buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji, mahaifiyarta a Virginia Tech kuma mahaifinta a Bucknell . Ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Gaetino, Bella, ta lashe gasar zakarun kasa tare da Arewacin Carolina a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bella Gaetino – Women's Soccer |url=https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/bella-gaetino/25964 |access-date=2024-08-29 |publisher=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiya === === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played October 29, 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ƙungiyar Ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="2" |Amurka |2024 |1 |0 |- |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !2 !0 |} == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * Kofin Faransa na Mata: 2023-24 <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=Le PSG Puissance 4 |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12448-le-psg-puissance-4.html |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> '''Amurka''' * SheBelieves Cup: 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Shebelieves Cup final USWNT vs Canada result |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024-shebelieves-cup-final-uswnt-vs-canada-result-score-stats-goals-highlights-match-recap |access-date=April 9, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kungiyar farko ta Amurka: 2022, 2023 * Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2022, 2023 * Mai tsaron gida na ACC na Shekara: 2022, 2023 == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] fckl5t5wpczghrf19p909ww8itigm13 915258 915257 2026-09-03T05:32:24Z Gwanki 3834 /* Daraja da kyaututtuka */ 915258 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eva Julianna Gaetino''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2002) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Denver Summit FC na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL) da kuma tawagar Amurka. Ta buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Amurka sau biyu. Ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da Paris Saint-Germain, inda ta lashe Coupe de France Féminine a kakar wasa ta farko a 2024. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Chesapeake, Virginia, Gaetino ya girma a Dexter, Michigan . Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana 'yar shekara biyu. Ta shiga Michigan Hawks lokacin da take da shekaru bakwai.<ref name="PSG24" /> Tare da Hawks, ta sami lambar yabo ta taron sau uku kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta ECNL a shekarar 2017.<ref name="ND">{{Cite web |title=Eva Gaetino |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/eva-gaetino/ |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=[[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]]}}</ref> Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish a lokacin da take sabuwar shekara a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dexter . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shealer |first=Sheldon |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Recruiting Roundup: December 18–24 |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/club-soccer-articles/recruiting-roundup:-december-18-24_aid43575 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Gaetino ya buga wa Notre Dame Fighting Irish wasa tsakanin 2020 da 2023, inda ya zira kwallaye 6 kuma ya fara 75 daga cikin wasanni 76. <ref name="ND" /> Ta koma tsakiya a kwaleji bayan ta girma a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ko mai gaba. A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2022, ta kafa layin tsaro tare da Leah Klenke da Waniya Hudson waɗanda suka jagoranci taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a cikin kashi na shutout tare da shutouts 14 a wasanni 23. Notre Dame ta sami iri daya a Gasar NCAA kuma ta shiga wasan kusa da na karshe ba tare da yarda ba a wasanninsu na farko uku. <ref name="ND" /> A cikin babban shekarunta a 2023, ta sami matsayi mai girma tare da kwallaye 4 da taimakon 3 a wasanni 19, ta taimaka wa Irish ta kammala ta biyu a cikin matsayi na yau da kullun na ACC. <ref name="ND" /> A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta da manyan shekarunta, an ba ta suna All-American na farko, All-ACC na farko, da kuma ACC Defensive Player of the Year, tare da Malia Berkely a matsayin dan wasa na biyu da ya lashe lambar yabo ta ƙarshe a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. <ref name="ND" /> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Paris Saint-Germain === An dauki Gaetino a matsayin babban mai yiwuwa wanda ya cancanci shirin NWSL na 2024, amma ya janye daga takardar zuwa gwaji tare da Paris Saint-German . A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arta ta farko tare da kulob din, tare da abokin wasan Notre Dame kuma babban aboki Korbin Shrader. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eva Gaetino |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/squad/eva-gaetino |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=[[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)|Paris Saint-Germain FC]]}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, ta fara bugawa a matsayin mai maye gurbin Jade Le Guilly a minti na 61 a kan abokan hamayyar Lyon.<ref name="E24" /> Ta taimaka wa [[Tabitha Chawinga]] ta bude kwallo minti biyar bayan ta shiga wasan, wanda ya ƙare a matsayin 1-1 draw. Daga baya ta kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun ga manajan Jocelyn Prêcheur . A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, 2024, Gaetino ta zira kwallaye na farko a Gasar Zakarun Mata ta UEFA, inda ta ci 2-1 a kan BK Häcken a wasan farko na kwata-kwata, kuma ta zama matashiyar Amurka da ta zira kwata-kallaye a gasar zarrawa. A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu, ta buga dukkan wasan a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Fleury a wasan karshe na Coupe de France Féminine, inda ta lashe kofin sana'a na farko. PSG ta ƙare kakar a matsayinsu na yau da kullun a matsayin masu tseren league zuwa Lyon, wanda kuma ya kawar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2024, Gaetino ya sabunta tare da PSG kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. Koyaya, ta ga lokacin wasa mai saurin gaske a ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Fabrice Abriel, yayin da PSG ta ga kansu daga gasar zakarun Turai a hannun Juventus a cikin cancanta. PSG ta koma wasan karshe na Coupe de France Féminine, amma Gaetino ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da aka yi wa Paris FC. Shekarar da ta biyo baya ba ta fi kyau a karkashin Paulo César ba. Ta buga wasanni 45 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a cikin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din. === Taron Denver === [[Fayil:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-146.jpg|thumb|Gaetino tare da taron koli na Denver a cikin 2026]] A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2026, Gaetino ya koma Ƙungiyar fadada NWSL Denver Summit FC, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a wasan farko na Summit, ta buga dukkan wasan a cikin asarar 2-1 ga Bay FC a ranar 14 ga Maris. A ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, ta zira kwallaye na farko na NWSL a nasarar 3-1 a kan Orlando Pride, inda ta fadi bayan da ta yi kusurwa don burin budewa. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Gaetino ta fara buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Amurka wasa a watan Janairun 2023, inda ta buga wasanni biyu da [[France women's national under-23 football team|Faransa]] ta yi.<ref name="ND" /> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, an kira ta zuwa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa a karo na farko daga kocin wucin gadi Twila Kilgore a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin sunayen SheBelieves Cup. Daga baya a wannan shekarar a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, ta fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a karkashin kocin Emma Hayes, ta fara kuma ta buga minti 70 a cikin nasarar 3-0 a kan Argentina inda abokin aikinta na tsakiya [[Naomi Girma]] ya zira kwallaye sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brace from Center Back Naomi Girma Leads U.S. Women's National Team to 3–0 Victory over Argentina to Close Out 2024 Home Campaign |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/10/usa-vs-argentina-score-result-highlights-match-recap-oct-30 |access-date=2024-10-31 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, bayan horo tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23, an zaba ta don sake shiga cikin manyan tawagar sauran sansanin, tare da Hayes yana kiranta "mafi kyawun dan wasan WNT a cikin wannan rukuni na U-23", kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu daga benci a kan New Zealand. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gaetino na ɗaya daga cikin yara huɗu da Katherine da Brandon Gaetino suka haifa. Iyayenta biyu sun buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji, mahaifiyarta a Virginia Tech kuma mahaifinta a Bucknell . Ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Gaetino, Bella, ta lashe gasar zakarun kasa tare da Arewacin Carolina a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bella Gaetino – Women's Soccer |url=https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/bella-gaetino/25964 |access-date=2024-08-29 |publisher=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiya === === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played October 29, 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ƙungiyar Ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="2" |Amurka |2024 |1 |0 |- |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !2 !0 |} == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * Kofin Faransa na Mata: 2023-24 <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=Le PSG Puissance 4 |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12448-le-psg-puissance-4.html |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> '''Amurka''' * SheBelieves Cup: 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Shebelieves Cup final USWNT vs Canada result |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024-shebelieves-cup-final-uswnt-vs-canada-result-score-stats-goals-highlights-match-recap |access-date=April 9, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kungiyar farko ta Amurka: 2022, 2023 * Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2022, 2023 * Mai tsaron gida na ACC na Shekara: 2022, 2023 == Gidan hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="250"> File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-28.jpg|A shekarar 2026 tana bugawa Denver Summit FC a kan Gotham FC File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-133.jpg|A lokacin wasan da aka buga da Gotham FC a watan Maris na 2026 File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-14.jpg|A wasan National Women's Soccer League a watan Maris na 2026 File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-146.jpg|Tana bugawa Denver Summit FC a watan Maris na 2026 </gallery> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 8vcdwc73mjrqhkhszrqnk9mytueg57q 915263 915258 2026-09-03T06:22:55Z Lawan Bala 15944 /* Bayanan da aka ambata */ 915263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eva Julianna Gaetino''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2002) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Denver Summit FC na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL) da kuma tawagar Amurka. Ta buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Amurka sau biyu. Ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da Paris Saint-Germain, inda ta lashe Coupe de France Féminine a kakar wasa ta farko a 2024. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Chesapeake, Virginia, Gaetino ya girma a Dexter, Michigan . Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana 'yar shekara biyu. Ta shiga Michigan Hawks lokacin da take da shekaru bakwai.<ref name="PSG24" /> Tare da Hawks, ta sami lambar yabo ta taron sau uku kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta ECNL a shekarar 2017.<ref name="ND">{{Cite web |title=Eva Gaetino |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/eva-gaetino/ |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=[[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]]}}</ref> Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish a lokacin da take sabuwar shekara a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dexter . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shealer |first=Sheldon |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Recruiting Roundup: December 18–24 |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/club-soccer-articles/recruiting-roundup:-december-18-24_aid43575 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Gaetino ya buga wa Notre Dame Fighting Irish wasa tsakanin 2020 da 2023, inda ya zira kwallaye 6 kuma ya fara 75 daga cikin wasanni 76. <ref name="ND" /> Ta koma tsakiya a kwaleji bayan ta girma a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ko mai gaba. A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2022, ta kafa layin tsaro tare da Leah Klenke da Waniya Hudson waɗanda suka jagoranci taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a cikin kashi na shutout tare da shutouts 14 a wasanni 23. Notre Dame ta sami iri daya a Gasar NCAA kuma ta shiga wasan kusa da na karshe ba tare da yarda ba a wasanninsu na farko uku. <ref name="ND" /> A cikin babban shekarunta a 2023, ta sami matsayi mai girma tare da kwallaye 4 da taimakon 3 a wasanni 19, ta taimaka wa Irish ta kammala ta biyu a cikin matsayi na yau da kullun na ACC. <ref name="ND" /> A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta da manyan shekarunta, an ba ta suna All-American na farko, All-ACC na farko, da kuma ACC Defensive Player of the Year, tare da Malia Berkely a matsayin dan wasa na biyu da ya lashe lambar yabo ta ƙarshe a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. <ref name="ND" /> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Paris Saint-Germain === An dauki Gaetino a matsayin babban mai yiwuwa wanda ya cancanci shirin NWSL na 2024, amma ya janye daga takardar zuwa gwaji tare da Paris Saint-German . A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arta ta farko tare da kulob din, tare da abokin wasan Notre Dame kuma babban aboki Korbin Shrader. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eva Gaetino |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/squad/eva-gaetino |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=[[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)|Paris Saint-Germain FC]]}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, ta fara bugawa a matsayin mai maye gurbin Jade Le Guilly a minti na 61 a kan abokan hamayyar Lyon.<ref name="E24" /> Ta taimaka wa [[Tabitha Chawinga]] ta bude kwallo minti biyar bayan ta shiga wasan, wanda ya ƙare a matsayin 1-1 draw. Daga baya ta kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun ga manajan Jocelyn Prêcheur . A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, 2024, Gaetino ta zira kwallaye na farko a Gasar Zakarun Mata ta UEFA, inda ta ci 2-1 a kan BK Häcken a wasan farko na kwata-kwata, kuma ta zama matashiyar Amurka da ta zira kwata-kallaye a gasar zarrawa. A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu, ta buga dukkan wasan a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Fleury a wasan karshe na Coupe de France Féminine, inda ta lashe kofin sana'a na farko. PSG ta ƙare kakar a matsayinsu na yau da kullun a matsayin masu tseren league zuwa Lyon, wanda kuma ya kawar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2024, Gaetino ya sabunta tare da PSG kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. Koyaya, ta ga lokacin wasa mai saurin gaske a ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Fabrice Abriel, yayin da PSG ta ga kansu daga gasar zakarun Turai a hannun Juventus a cikin cancanta. PSG ta koma wasan karshe na Coupe de France Féminine, amma Gaetino ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da aka yi wa Paris FC. Shekarar da ta biyo baya ba ta fi kyau a karkashin Paulo César ba. Ta buga wasanni 45 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a cikin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din. === Taron Denver === [[Fayil:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-146.jpg|thumb|Gaetino tare da taron koli na Denver a cikin 2026]] A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2026, Gaetino ya koma Ƙungiyar fadada NWSL Denver Summit FC, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a wasan farko na Summit, ta buga dukkan wasan a cikin asarar 2-1 ga Bay FC a ranar 14 ga Maris. A ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, ta zira kwallaye na farko na NWSL a nasarar 3-1 a kan Orlando Pride, inda ta fadi bayan da ta yi kusurwa don burin budewa. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Gaetino ta fara buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Amurka wasa a watan Janairun 2023, inda ta buga wasanni biyu da [[France women's national under-23 football team|Faransa]] ta yi.<ref name="ND" /> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, an kira ta zuwa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa a karo na farko daga kocin wucin gadi Twila Kilgore a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin sunayen SheBelieves Cup. Daga baya a wannan shekarar a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, ta fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a karkashin kocin Emma Hayes, ta fara kuma ta buga minti 70 a cikin nasarar 3-0 a kan Argentina inda abokin aikinta na tsakiya [[Naomi Girma]] ya zira kwallaye sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brace from Center Back Naomi Girma Leads U.S. Women's National Team to 3–0 Victory over Argentina to Close Out 2024 Home Campaign |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/10/usa-vs-argentina-score-result-highlights-match-recap-oct-30 |access-date=2024-10-31 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, bayan horo tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23, an zaba ta don sake shiga cikin manyan tawagar sauran sansanin, tare da Hayes yana kiranta "mafi kyawun dan wasan WNT a cikin wannan rukuni na U-23", kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu daga benci a kan New Zealand. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gaetino na ɗaya daga cikin yara huɗu da Katherine da Brandon Gaetino suka haifa. Iyayenta biyu sun buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji, mahaifiyarta a Virginia Tech kuma mahaifinta a Bucknell . Ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Gaetino, Bella, ta lashe gasar zakarun kasa tare da Arewacin Carolina a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bella Gaetino – Women's Soccer |url=https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/bella-gaetino/25964 |access-date=2024-08-29 |publisher=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiya === === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played October 29, 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ƙungiyar Ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="2" |Amurka |2024 |1 |0 |- |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !2 !0 |} == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * Kofin Faransa na Mata: 2023-24 <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=Le PSG Puissance 4 |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12448-le-psg-puissance-4.html |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> '''Amurka''' * SheBelieves Cup: 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Shebelieves Cup final USWNT vs Canada result |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024-shebelieves-cup-final-uswnt-vs-canada-result-score-stats-goals-highlights-match-recap |access-date=April 9, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kungiyar farko ta Amurka: 2022, 2023 * Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2022, 2023 * Mai tsaron gida na ACC na Shekara: 2022, 2023 == Gidan hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="250"> File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-28.jpg|A shekarar 2026 tana bugawa Denver Summit FC a kan Gotham FC File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-133.jpg|A lokacin wasan da aka buga da Gotham FC a watan Maris na 2026 File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-14.jpg|A wasan National Women's Soccer League a watan Maris na 2026 File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-146.jpg|Tana bugawa Denver Summit FC a watan Maris na 2026 </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gd7cxcasn6tp6zy4dmte85absvzxzlt 915264 915263 2026-09-03T06:23:42Z Lawan Bala 15944 /* Rayuwa ta farko */ 915264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Eva Julianna Gaetino''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba, shekara ta 2002) 'yar wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta Amurka wacce ke taka leda a matsayin mai tsakiya a Denver Summit FC na Kungiyar [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Mata ta Kasa (NWSL) da kuma tawagar Amurka. Ta buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish, inda ta sami lambar yabo ta farko ta Amurka sau biyu. Ta fara aikinta na sana'a tare da Paris Saint-Germain, inda ta lashe Coupe de France Féminine a kakar wasa ta farko a 2024. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haife shi a Chesapeake, Virginia, Gaetino ya girma a Dexter, Michigan . Ta fara buga kwallon kafa tun tana 'yar shekara biyu. Ta shiga Michigan Hawks lokacin da take da shekaru bakwai.<ref name="PSG24" /> Tare da Hawks, ta sami lambar yabo ta taron sau uku kuma ta lashe lambar yabo ta ECNL a shekarar 2017.<ref> name="ND">{{Cite web |title=Eva Gaetino |url=https://fightingirish.com/roster/eva-gaetino/ |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=[[Notre Dame Fighting Irish]]}}</ref> Ta himmatu ga buga wasan Kwallon ƙafa na kwaleji ga Notre Dame Fighting Irish a lokacin da take sabuwar shekara a Makarantar Sakandare ta Dexter . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Shealer |first=Sheldon |date=December 18, 2017 |title=Recruiting Roundup: December 18–24 |url=https://www.topdrawersoccer.com/club-soccer-articles/recruiting-roundup:-december-18-24_aid43575 |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=[[TopDrawerSoccer]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Gaetino ya buga wa Notre Dame Fighting Irish wasa tsakanin 2020 da 2023, inda ya zira kwallaye 6 kuma ya fara 75 daga cikin wasanni 76. <ref name="ND" /> Ta koma tsakiya a kwaleji bayan ta girma a matsayin dan wasan tsakiya ko mai gaba. A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta a 2022, ta kafa layin tsaro tare da Leah Klenke da Waniya Hudson waɗanda suka jagoranci taron Atlantic Coast (ACC) a cikin kashi na shutout tare da shutouts 14 a wasanni 23. Notre Dame ta sami iri daya a Gasar NCAA kuma ta shiga wasan kusa da na karshe ba tare da yarda ba a wasanninsu na farko uku. <ref name="ND" /> A cikin babban shekarunta a 2023, ta sami matsayi mai girma tare da kwallaye 4 da taimakon 3 a wasanni 19, ta taimaka wa Irish ta kammala ta biyu a cikin matsayi na yau da kullun na ACC. <ref name="ND" /> A cikin ƙaramar shekarunta da manyan shekarunta, an ba ta suna All-American na farko, All-ACC na farko, da kuma ACC Defensive Player of the Year, tare da Malia Berkely a matsayin dan wasa na biyu da ya lashe lambar yabo ta ƙarshe a cikin lokutan da suka biyo baya. <ref name="ND" /> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Paris Saint-Germain === An dauki Gaetino a matsayin babban mai yiwuwa wanda ya cancanci shirin NWSL na 2024, amma ya janye daga takardar zuwa gwaji tare da Paris Saint-German . A ranar 23 ga watan Janairu, ta sanya hannu kan kwangilar sana'arta ta farko tare da kulob din, tare da abokin wasan Notre Dame kuma babban aboki Korbin Shrader. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eva Gaetino |url=https://en.psg.fr/teams/womens-team/squad/eva-gaetino |access-date=March 26, 2024 |publisher=[[Paris Saint-Germain FC (women)|Paris Saint-Germain FC]]}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Fabrairu, ta fara bugawa a matsayin mai maye gurbin Jade Le Guilly a minti na 61 a kan abokan hamayyar Lyon.<ref name="E24" /> Ta taimaka wa [[Tabitha Chawinga]] ta bude kwallo minti biyar bayan ta shiga wasan, wanda ya ƙare a matsayin 1-1 draw. Daga baya ta kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun ga manajan Jocelyn Prêcheur . A ranar 20 ga watan Maris, 2024, Gaetino ta zira kwallaye na farko a Gasar Zakarun Mata ta UEFA, inda ta ci 2-1 a kan BK Häcken a wasan farko na kwata-kwata, kuma ta zama matashiyar Amurka da ta zira kwata-kallaye a gasar zarrawa. A ranar 4 ga watan Mayu, ta buga dukkan wasan a cikin nasara 1-0 a kan Fleury a wasan karshe na Coupe de France Féminine, inda ta lashe kofin sana'a na farko. PSG ta ƙare kakar a matsayinsu na yau da kullun a matsayin masu tseren league zuwa Lyon, wanda kuma ya kawar da su a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar zakarun Turai. A ranar 26 ga Yuli, 2024, Gaetino ya sabunta tare da PSG kan kwangilar shekaru biyu. Koyaya, ta ga lokacin wasa mai saurin gaske a ƙarƙashin sabon kocin Fabrice Abriel, yayin da PSG ta ga kansu daga gasar zakarun Turai a hannun Juventus a cikin cancanta. PSG ta koma wasan karshe na Coupe de France Féminine, amma Gaetino ya kasance mai maye gurbin da ba a yi amfani da shi ba a wasan da aka yi wa Paris FC. Shekarar da ta biyo baya ba ta fi kyau a karkashin Paulo César ba. Ta buga wasanni 45 kuma ta zira kwallaye 1 a cikin shekaru biyu tare da kulob din. === Taron Denver === [[Fayil:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-146.jpg|thumb|Gaetino tare da taron koli na Denver a cikin 2026]] A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2026, Gaetino ya koma Ƙungiyar fadada NWSL Denver Summit FC, inda ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku. Ta fara buga wasan farko na NWSL a wasan farko na Summit, ta buga dukkan wasan a cikin asarar 2-1 ga Bay FC a ranar 14 ga Maris. A ranar 16 ga watan Mayu, ta zira kwallaye na farko na NWSL a nasarar 3-1 a kan Orlando Pride, inda ta fadi bayan da ta yi kusurwa don burin budewa. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Gaetino ta fara buga wa tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23 ta Amurka wasa a watan Janairun 2023, inda ta buga wasanni biyu da [[France women's national under-23 football team|Faransa]] ta yi.<ref name="ND" /> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, an kira ta zuwa babbar kungiyar kwallon kafa ta kasa a karo na farko daga kocin wucin gadi Twila Kilgore a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin sunayen SheBelieves Cup. Daga baya a wannan shekarar a ranar 30 ga Oktoba, ta fara buga wasan farko na kasa da kasa a karkashin kocin Emma Hayes, ta fara kuma ta buga minti 70 a cikin nasarar 3-0 a kan Argentina inda abokin aikinta na tsakiya [[Naomi Girma]] ya zira kwallaye sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Brace from Center Back Naomi Girma Leads U.S. Women's National Team to 3–0 Victory over Argentina to Close Out 2024 Home Campaign |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/10/usa-vs-argentina-score-result-highlights-match-recap-oct-30 |access-date=2024-10-31 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]] |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, bayan horo tare da tawagar 'yan kasa da shekaru 23, an zaba ta don sake shiga cikin manyan tawagar sauran sansanin, tare da Hayes yana kiranta "mafi kyawun dan wasan WNT a cikin wannan rukuni na U-23", kuma ta sami lambar yabo ta biyu daga benci a kan New Zealand. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gaetino na ɗaya daga cikin yara huɗu da Katherine da Brandon Gaetino suka haifa. Iyayenta biyu sun buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na kwaleji, mahaifiyarta a Virginia Tech kuma mahaifinta a Bucknell . Ƙaramar 'yar'uwar Gaetino, Bella, ta lashe gasar zakarun kasa tare da Arewacin Carolina a matsayin sabon shiga a shekarar 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bella Gaetino – Women's Soccer |url=https://goheels.com/sports/womens-soccer/roster/bella-gaetino/25964 |access-date=2024-08-29 |publisher=[[North Carolina Tar Heels]]}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiya === === Kasashen Duniya === {{Updated|match played October 29, 2025}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" !Ƙungiyar Ƙasa !Shekara !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="2" |Amurka |2024 |1 |0 |- |2025 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !2 !0 |} == Daraja da kyaututtuka == '''Paris Saint-Germain''' * Kofin Faransa na Mata: 2023-24 <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 May 2024 |title=Le PSG Puissance 4 |url=https://www.fff.fr/article/12448-le-psg-puissance-4.html |access-date=4 May 2024 |language=fr}}</ref> '''Amurka''' * SheBelieves Cup: 2024 <ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Shebelieves Cup final USWNT vs Canada result |url=https://www.ussoccer.com/stories/2024/04/2024-shebelieves-cup-final-uswnt-vs-canada-result-score-stats-goals-highlights-match-recap |access-date=April 9, 2024 |publisher=[[United States Soccer Federation]]}}</ref> '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Kungiyar farko ta Amurka: 2022, 2023 * Kungiyar farko All-ACC: 2022, 2023 * Mai tsaron gida na ACC na Shekara: 2022, 2023 == Gidan hotuna == <gallery mode="packed-hover" heights="250"> File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-28.jpg|A shekarar 2026 tana bugawa Denver Summit FC a kan Gotham FC File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-133.jpg|A lokacin wasan da aka buga da Gotham FC a watan Maris na 2026 File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-14.jpg|A wasan National Women's Soccer League a watan Maris na 2026 File:Eva_Gaetino_Gotham_v_Denver_Mar_25_2026-146.jpg|Tana bugawa Denver Summit FC a watan Maris na 2026 </gallery> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 2002]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 4iydjn811of7sm9twjf9zrmie0sglc7 0 166203 915272 2026-09-03T07:28:29Z Saad Nuhu 43323 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1347591683|Abimbola Omololu-Mulele]]" 915272 wikitext text/x-wiki Cif Frederica Abimbola Aina Omololu-Mulele (née Da Rocha-Afodu, kuma tsohuwar Omololu; ta rasu a shekara ta 2009) lauya ce kuma malamar Najeriya. Ita jikar Cif  ce. Ita ce ta kafa kuma ta mallaki Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta A.D.R.A.O., wadda ta kafa a shekara ta 1963.<ref name="crown">{{cite web |author=Ominira-Bluejack, 'Shèun |date=December 31, 2024 |title=Of Old Renown |url=https://www.africanwriter.com/sheun-ominira-bluejack-old-renown/ |accessdate=July 27, 2025 |website=africanwriter.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Abisogun Afodu lecture launches N36m endowment fund for pharmacy research, others |url=https://medicalworldnigeria.com/post/abisogun-afodu-lecture-launches-n36m-endowment-fund-for-pharmacy-research-others?pid=24284 |accessdate=December 4, 2024 |website=medicalworldnigeria.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vanguard |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200307130322.html |accessdate=December 4, 2024 |website=allafrica.com}}</ref> Ta kasance memba na Middle Temple, kuma ta kammala karatu daga Trinity College Dublin. Ɗan'uwanta ya bayyana cewa ita ce “mace ta farko ’yar Najeriya da ta kammala karatun shari'a a jami'a”. Ta kuma yi karatu a Jami'ar Sorbonne da ke Paris.;<ref name="osuncitizen">{{cite web |title=The Story Of Nigeria's First Millionaire Da Rocha, the Lodifi of Ilesa |url=https://osuncitizen.com/2017/11/07/the-story-nigerias-first-millionaire-da-rocha-the-lodifi-of-ilesa/ |accessdate=December 4, 2024 |website=osuncitizen.com}}</ref> Ta yi aure sau biyu; mijinta na farko, Mai Shari'a Olusanya Omololu, [[Alkali|Jami'in shari'a]] ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya, yayin da mijinta na biyu, Janar Guiome Mulele, jami'an soja ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abisogun Afodu lecture launches N36m endowment fund for pharmacy research, others |url=https://pharmanewsonline.com/abisogun-afodu-lecture-launches-n36m-endowment-fund-for-pharmacy-research-others/ |access-date=December 10, 2024 |website=pharmanewsonline.com}}</ref> Cif Omololu-Mulele ya mutu a shekara ta 2009 sakamakon hadarin wuta a gidanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abimbola Omololu-Mulele |url=https://www.picuki.com/media/2219116900644942010 |access-date=December 10, 2024 |website=Asiri Magazine}}</ref> Bayan mutuwarta, an ba da gudummawar sadaka da yawa a cikin sunanta ga dalilai daban-daban na ilimi bisa ga sharuddan nufinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unilag VC, Awosika task pharmacists on optimisation of role in public health |url=https://pharmanewsonline.com/unilag-vc-awosika-task-pharmacists-optimisation-role-public-health/ |access-date=December 10, 2024 |website=pharmanewsonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=African Royal Families |title=Chief Abimbola Omololu-Mulele (on the left) and Queen Elizabeth, Queen Mother of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=628110454554166&id=100067166753624&__n=K |access-date=December 10, 2024 |via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Maluman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]] 90fpdnf0cx6fg862qpfunqtmel9v4uo 915273 915272 2026-09-03T07:29:14Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Cif Frederica Abimbola Aina Omololu-Mulele (née Da Rocha-Afodu, kuma tsohuwar Omololu; ta rasu a shekara ta 2009) lauya ce kuma malamar Najeriya. Ita jikar Cif  ce. Ita ce ta kafa kuma ta mallaki Makarantar Kasa da Kasa ta A.D.R.A.O., wadda ta kafa a shekara ta 1963.<ref name="crown">{{cite web |author=Ominira-Bluejack, 'Shèun |date=December 31, 2024 |title=Of Old Renown |url=https://www.africanwriter.com/sheun-ominira-bluejack-old-renown/ |accessdate=July 27, 2025 |website=africanwriter.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Abisogun Afodu lecture launches N36m endowment fund for pharmacy research, others |url=https://medicalworldnigeria.com/post/abisogun-afodu-lecture-launches-n36m-endowment-fund-for-pharmacy-research-others?pid=24284 |accessdate=December 4, 2024 |website=medicalworldnigeria.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Vanguard |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200307130322.html |accessdate=December 4, 2024 |website=allafrica.com}}</ref> Ta kasance memba na Middle Temple, kuma ta kammala karatu daga Trinity College Dublin. Ɗan'uwanta ya bayyana cewa ita ce “mace ta farko ’yar Najeriya da ta kammala karatun shari'a a jami'a”. Ta kuma yi karatu a Jami'ar Sorbonne da ke Paris.;<ref name="osuncitizen">{{cite web |title=The Story Of Nigeria's First Millionaire Da Rocha, the Lodifi of Ilesa |url=https://osuncitizen.com/2017/11/07/the-story-nigerias-first-millionaire-da-rocha-the-lodifi-of-ilesa/ |accessdate=December 4, 2024 |website=osuncitizen.com}}</ref> Ta yi aure sau biyu; mijinta na farko, Mai Shari'a Olusanya Omololu, [[Alkali|Jami'in shari'a]] ne kuma jami'in diflomasiyya, yayin da mijinta na biyu, Janar Guiome Mulele, jami'an soja ne.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abisogun Afodu lecture launches N36m endowment fund for pharmacy research, others |url=https://pharmanewsonline.com/abisogun-afodu-lecture-launches-n36m-endowment-fund-for-pharmacy-research-others/ |access-date=December 10, 2024 |website=pharmanewsonline.com}}</ref> Cif Omololu-Mulele ya mutu a shekara ta 2009 sakamakon hadarin wuta a gidanta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abimbola Omololu-Mulele |url=https://www.picuki.com/media/2219116900644942010 |access-date=December 10, 2024 |website=Asiri Magazine}}</ref> Bayan mutuwarta, an ba da gudummawar sadaka da yawa a cikin sunanta ga dalilai daban-daban na ilimi bisa ga sharuddan nufinta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unilag VC, Awosika task pharmacists on optimisation of role in public health |url=https://pharmanewsonline.com/unilag-vc-awosika-task-pharmacists-optimisation-role-public-health/ |access-date=December 10, 2024 |website=pharmanewsonline.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=African Royal Families |title=Chief Abimbola Omololu-Mulele (on the left) and Queen Elizabeth, Queen Mother of Great Britain and Northern Ireland |url=https://www.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid=628110454554166&id=100067166753624&__n=K |access-date=December 10, 2024 |via=[[Facebook]]}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2009]] [[Rukuni:Maluman Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Lauyoyi yan Najeriya]] gvp3jbxl7bqne4yayxkhe4l1odwcz8c 0 166204 915278 2026-09-03T07:45:52Z Baffa ali 47435 Sabon shafi: '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: 915278 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: 5mgrikohgyvladudl61pffaiuxmwwpu 915279 915278 2026-09-03T07:46:33Z Baffa ali 47435 915279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Masarautar dabbobi== md72wz7sw5eseqqh95i239vrsoiou81 915280 915279 2026-09-03T07:47:59Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Masarautar dabbobi */ 915280 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Masarautar dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki 5b9tsycfp6i1o3yxlup5exew5jsye9j 915281 915280 2026-09-03T07:48:53Z Baffa ali 47435 915281 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Masarautar dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== hr8jdfyq1u1ol9st43pwzelcsaqyes6 915282 915281 2026-09-03T07:49:25Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Fim da talabijin */ 915282 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Masarautar dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • Boxer TV Access, mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • Boxer (fim na 1984), fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 3ti78k41qjggfnquxwjvuhxi8bie49r 915283 915282 2026-09-03T07:50:00Z Baffa ali 47435 915283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Masarautar dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • Boxer TV Access, mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • Boxer (fim na 1984), fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== 7sj52u9hdn3go2xa7c4ommqdfue5sqj 915287 915283 2026-09-03T07:53:07Z Baffa ali 47435 915287 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Masarautar dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • Boxer TV Access, mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • Boxer (fim na 1984), fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== 8bh1z0jujnxgnln8ki7wvjin70ap5o7 915290 915287 2026-09-03T07:58:39Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Fim da talabijin */ 915290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Masarautar dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • Boxer TV Access, mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • Boxer (fim na 1984), fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== pbrlkwb5ptul28y8trbylo0izyitq4z 915293 915290 2026-09-03T07:59:49Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Fim da talabijin */ 915293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Masarautar dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • Boxer TV Access, mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • Boxer (fim na 1984), fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== 6tz9bv0mdxr9bsu5xinq5om8o21n0s7 915294 915293 2026-09-03T08:00:27Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Fim da talabijin */ 915294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Masarautar dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • [[Boxer TV Access]], mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • Boxer (fim na 1984), fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== nct7voxysfw0pj83tfw06s1m7fguwlm 915295 915294 2026-09-03T08:00:53Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Fim da talabijin */ 915295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Masarautar dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • [[Boxer TV Access]], mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • [[Boxer (fim na 1984)]], fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== gjc739wwo70bl1geu9k81dqzzejbkjl 915299 915295 2026-09-03T08:05:00Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Masarautar dabbobi */ 915299 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Sashin dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • [[Boxer TV Access]], mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • [[Boxer (fim na 1984)]], fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== 6ybg2ysatqe092pcterph72qttmy3cc 915301 915299 2026-09-03T08:07:26Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Soja */ 915301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Sashin dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • [[Boxer TV Access]], mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • [[Boxer (fim na 1984)]], fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== Mutane Sufuri da injiniya 0b8rm2tgpjxeallfzq6ln9mmwdkc0nf 915302 915301 2026-09-03T08:08:34Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Soja */ 915302 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Sashin dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • [[Boxer TV Access]], mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • [[Boxer (fim na 1984)]], fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== Mutane Sufuri da injiniya ==Sauran== roblurfxk6azqn80p9eoz36f16g3bez 915304 915302 2026-09-03T08:10:23Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Sauran */ 915304 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Sashin dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • [[Boxer TV Access]], mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • [[Boxer (fim na 1984)]], fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== Mutane Sufuri da injiniya ==Sauran== • Gajeren wando ko gajeren wando, nau'o'i biyu na tufafin namiji bisa ga ga gajeren wando • Boxer (ya'yan inabi), wani suna ga inabi na ruwan inabi na Jamus Bukettraube • Boxer (mujallar), mujallar da aka buga a Turkiyya • Boxer (Animal Farm), wani hali a cikin George Orwell's Animal FarmGinin dabbobi • Balrog (Street Fighter) , wani Street Fighter hali sau da yawa ake kira Boxer • Boxers (littafin hoto) , na Gene Luen Yang, 2013 • The Boxer (manhwa), jerin manhwa na Koriya ta Kudu • The Boxers (zane-zane) , aikin 1987 na Keith Haring a Berlin, Jamus • Mai dambe a Hutu, siffar Helenistic da aka kirkira tsakanin 330 da 50 KZ • Boxer Codex, wani rubutun hannu da aka rubuta a kusa da 1595 dauke da hotuna da ke nuna mazaunan Philippines a lokacin da suka sadu da Mutanen Espanya •Cutar mai dambe ko Dementia pugilistica, raunin kwakwalwa mai tsanani wanda ya haifar da bugun kai • Boxer na farko, wani nau'in harsashi na tsakiya m77as75fmbm0jippky9r9qclm3g7x5d 915305 915304 2026-09-03T08:11:49Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Sauran */ 915305 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Boxer(mai dambe)'''Mai dambe galibi yana nufin:• Mai dambe (mai fafatawa), mai fafatawa a wasan dambe • Mai dambe (tsarin kare) , wani nau'in kare''''yan dambe '''ko masu dambe na iya nufin: ==Sashin dabbobi== Sanya Sakin layi • Injin Boxer, wani nau'in injin konewa na ciki • Peugeot Boxer, a van • Ferrari Berlinetta Boxer, motar motsa jiki ==Fim da talabijin== • [[Boxer TV Access]], mai ba da talabijin na dijital na Sweden • [[Boxer (fim na 1984)]], fim na harshen Hindi na 1984 • Boxer (fim na 2015), fim na harshen Kannada na 2015 • Boxer (fim na 2018) fim ne na harshen Bengali na 2018 • The Boxer (fim na 1997) , fim din 1997 wanda Daniel Day-Lewis ya fito da shi • The Boxer (fim din 1958) , fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Mexico na 1958 • The Boxer (fim na 2012) , wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2012 wanda Paul Barber ya fito da shi • The Boxer, aka Ripped Off, fim din Italiyanci na 1972 wanda Robert Blake da Ernest Borgnine suka fitoBlake da Ernest Borgnine suka fito • The Boxers, Fim din Hong Kong na 1973 ==Soja== Mutane Sufuri da injiniya ==Sauran== • Gajeren wando ko gajeren wando, nau'o'i biyu na tufafin namiji bisa ga ga gajeren wando • Boxer (ya'yan inabi), wani suna ga inabi na ruwan inabi na Jamus Bukettraube. • Boxer (mujallar), mujallar da aka buga a Turkiyya. • Boxer (Animal Farm), wani hali a cikin George Orwell's Animal FarmGinin dabbobi. • Balrog (Street Fighter) , wani Street Fighter hali sau da yawa ake kira Boxer. • Boxers (littafin hoto) , na Gene Luen Yang, 2013. • The Boxer (manhwa), jerin manhwa na Koriya ta Kudu. • The Boxers (zane-zane) , aikin 1987 na Keith Haring a Berlin, Jamus. • Mai dambe a Hutu, siffar Helenistic da aka kirkira tsakanin 330 da 50 KZ. • Boxer Codex, wani rubutun hannu da aka rubuta a kusa da 1595 dauke da hotuna da ke nuna mazaunan Philippines a lokacin da suka sadu da Mutanen Espanya. •Cutar mai dambe ko Dementia pugilistica, raunin kwakwalwa mai tsanani wanda ya haifar da bugun kai. • Boxer na farko, wani nau'in harsashi na tsakiya. reeer1fkx2go5ixh2dx08m06qn87odc 0 166205 915292 2026-09-03T07:59:45Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Biriyai Dambo, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke matsayin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar Bayelsa, Najeriya.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Executive Council |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da asalinsa == An haifi Biriyai Dambo a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961 a Legas, Najeriya, kuma ya fito ne daga [[Nembe-Bassambiri]] a J... 915292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Biriyai Dambo, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar Najeriya wanda ke matsayin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar Bayelsa, Najeriya.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Executive Council |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da asalinsa == An haifi Biriyai Dambo a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961 a Legas, Najeriya, kuma ya fito ne daga [[Nembe-Bassambiri]] a Jihar Bayelsa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Ya halarci Government Comprehensive Secondary School da ke [[Borikiri]], a Fatakwal, sannan daga baya ya halarci Federal Government College, [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]]. Ya samu digirin farko na ''Bachelor of Laws'' (LL.B) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekara ta 1986. Haka kuma ya kammala horonsa a [[Nigerian Law School]], bayan haka aka kira shi zuwa Lauyoyin Najeriya a shekara ta 1988.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Attorney General – Ministry of Justice |url=https://moja.bayelsastate.gov.ng/about-us/attorney-general/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> Dambo ya samu digirin Master of Laws (LL.M) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekara ta 2003. A shekara ta 2013, aka ba shi matsayin [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria|Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN)]].<ref name=":0" /> == Aikin lauya == Kafin ya zama Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a, Dambo ya yi aikin lauya. Ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na Biriyai Dambo & Co a shekara ta 1994, inda ya kasance Babban Abokin Hulɗa.<ref name=":2" /> Ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban a fannin aikin lauya, ciki har da waɗanda suka ƙara ƙwarewarsa a fannonin **mulkin kamfanoni, dokokin harkokin ruwa da kuma batutuwan shari'a da suka shafi al'umma**.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Biriyai Dambo |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/biriyai-dambo |access-date=2025-12-21|}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2020, an naɗa Dambo Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar Bayelsa, sannan aka sake naɗa shi a watan Afrilu 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diri swears in 14 Commissioners, Revenue Chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/diri-swears-in-14-commissioners-lg-revenue-board-chairmen/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-21|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Ya yi aiki a wasu kwamitocin da suka shafi harkokin shari'a, ciki har da kwamitocin sulhu da kwamitocin fasaha da aka kafa domin magance matsalolin da suka shafi jiha da al'ummomi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuel |first=Olusegun |title=Community Crises: Bayelsa Govt Sets up Reconciliation Committee |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/06/07/community-crises-bayelsa-govt-sets-up-reconciliation-committee/ |access-date=2025-12-21|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == [[Executive Council of Bayelsa State]] == Manazarta == mrcpod6emtimg8z8xsqzuuof76pqq4p 915296 915292 2026-09-03T08:02:39Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915296 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Biriyai Dambo, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar [[Najeriya]] wanda ke matsayin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar Bayelsa, Najeriya.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Executive Council |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da asalinsa == An haifi Biriyai Dambo a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961 a Legas, Najeriya, kuma ya fito ne daga [[Nembe-Bassambiri]] a Jihar Bayelsa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Ya halarci Government Comprehensive Secondary School da ke [[Borikiri]], a Fatakwal, sannan daga baya ya halarci Federal Government College, [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]]. Ya samu digirin farko na ''Bachelor of Laws'' (LL.B) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekara ta 1986. Haka kuma ya kammala horonsa a [[Nigerian Law School]], bayan haka aka kira shi zuwa Lauyoyin Najeriya a shekara ta 1988.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Attorney General – Ministry of Justice |url=https://moja.bayelsastate.gov.ng/about-us/attorney-general/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> Dambo ya samu digirin Master of Laws (LL.M) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekara ta 2003. A shekara ta 2013, aka ba shi matsayin [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria|Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN)]].<ref name=":0" /> == Aikin lauya == Kafin ya zama Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a, Dambo ya yi aikin lauya. Ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na Biriyai Dambo & Co a shekara ta 1994, inda ya kasance Babban Abokin Hulɗa.<ref name=":2" /> Ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban a fannin aikin lauya, ciki har da waɗanda suka ƙara ƙwarewarsa a fannonin **mulkin kamfanoni, dokokin harkokin ruwa da kuma batutuwan shari'a da suka shafi al'umma**.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Biriyai Dambo |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/biriyai-dambo |access-date=2025-12-21|}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2020, an naɗa Dambo Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar Bayelsa, sannan aka sake naɗa shi a watan Afrilu 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diri swears in 14 Commissioners, Revenue Chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/diri-swears-in-14-commissioners-lg-revenue-board-chairmen/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-21|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Ya yi aiki a wasu kwamitocin da suka shafi harkokin shari'a, ciki har da kwamitocin sulhu da kwamitocin fasaha da aka kafa domin magance matsalolin da suka shafi jiha da al'ummomi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuel |first=Olusegun |title=Community Crises: Bayelsa Govt Sets up Reconciliation Committee |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/06/07/community-crises-bayelsa-govt-sets-up-reconciliation-committee/ |access-date=2025-12-21|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == [[Executive Council of Bayelsa State]] == Manazarta == nchtppglv8rjr3ttwl5rx3cxq01j4cb 915297 915296 2026-09-03T08:03:30Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Biriyai Dambo, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar [[Najeriya]] wanda ke matsayin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar [[Bayelsa]], Najeriya.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Executive Council |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da asalinsa == An haifi Biriyai Dambo a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961 a Legas, Najeriya, kuma ya fito ne daga [[Nembe-Bassambiri]] a Jihar Bayelsa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Ya halarci Government Comprehensive Secondary School da ke [[Borikiri]], a Fatakwal, sannan daga baya ya halarci Federal Government College, [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]]. Ya samu digirin farko na ''Bachelor of Laws'' (LL.B) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekara ta 1986. Haka kuma ya kammala horonsa a [[Nigerian Law School]], bayan haka aka kira shi zuwa Lauyoyin Najeriya a shekara ta 1988.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Attorney General – Ministry of Justice |url=https://moja.bayelsastate.gov.ng/about-us/attorney-general/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> Dambo ya samu digirin Master of Laws (LL.M) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekara ta 2003. A shekara ta 2013, aka ba shi matsayin [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria|Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN)]].<ref name=":0" /> == Aikin lauya == Kafin ya zama Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a, Dambo ya yi aikin lauya. Ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na Biriyai Dambo & Co a shekara ta 1994, inda ya kasance Babban Abokin Hulɗa.<ref name=":2" /> Ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban a fannin aikin lauya, ciki har da waɗanda suka ƙara ƙwarewarsa a fannonin **mulkin kamfanoni, dokokin harkokin ruwa da kuma batutuwan shari'a da suka shafi al'umma**.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Biriyai Dambo |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/biriyai-dambo |access-date=2025-12-21|}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2020, an naɗa Dambo Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar Bayelsa, sannan aka sake naɗa shi a watan Afrilu 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diri swears in 14 Commissioners, Revenue Chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/diri-swears-in-14-commissioners-lg-revenue-board-chairmen/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-21|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Ya yi aiki a wasu kwamitocin da suka shafi harkokin shari'a, ciki har da kwamitocin sulhu da kwamitocin fasaha da aka kafa domin magance matsalolin da suka shafi jiha da al'ummomi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuel |first=Olusegun |title=Community Crises: Bayelsa Govt Sets up Reconciliation Committee |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/06/07/community-crises-bayelsa-govt-sets-up-reconciliation-committee/ |access-date=2025-12-21|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == [[Executive Council of Bayelsa State]] == Manazarta == gq31149qvnrgudtd5qgp5vvdaia12x7 915298 915297 2026-09-03T08:04:46Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915298 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Biriyai Dambo, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar [[Najeriya]] wanda ke matsayin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar [[Bayelsa]], Najeriya.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Executive Council |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da asalinsa == An haifi Biriyai Dambo a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961 a [[Lagos|Legas]], Najeriya, kuma ya fito ne daga [[Nembe-Bassambiri]] a Jihar Bayelsa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Ya halarci Government Comprehensive Secondary School da ke [[Borikiri]], a Fatakwal, sannan daga baya ya halarci Federal Government College, [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]]. Ya samu digirin farko na ''Bachelor of Laws'' (LL.B) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekara ta 1986. Haka kuma ya kammala horonsa a [[Nigerian Law School]], bayan haka aka kira shi zuwa Lauyoyin Najeriya a shekara ta 1988.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Attorney General – Ministry of Justice |url=https://moja.bayelsastate.gov.ng/about-us/attorney-general/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> Dambo ya samu digirin Master of Laws (LL.M) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekara ta 2003. A shekara ta 2013, aka ba shi matsayin [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria|Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN)]].<ref name=":0" /> == Aikin lauya == Kafin ya zama Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a, Dambo ya yi aikin lauya. Ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na Biriyai Dambo & Co a shekara ta 1994, inda ya kasance Babban Abokin Hulɗa.<ref name=":2" /> Ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban a fannin aikin lauya, ciki har da waɗanda suka ƙara ƙwarewarsa a fannonin **mulkin kamfanoni, dokokin harkokin ruwa da kuma batutuwan shari'a da suka shafi al'umma**.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Biriyai Dambo |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/biriyai-dambo |access-date=2025-12-21|}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2020, an naɗa Dambo Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar Bayelsa, sannan aka sake naɗa shi a watan Afrilu 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diri swears in 14 Commissioners, Revenue Chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/diri-swears-in-14-commissioners-lg-revenue-board-chairmen/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-21|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Ya yi aiki a wasu kwamitocin da suka shafi harkokin shari'a, ciki har da kwamitocin sulhu da kwamitocin fasaha da aka kafa domin magance matsalolin da suka shafi jiha da al'ummomi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuel |first=Olusegun |title=Community Crises: Bayelsa Govt Sets up Reconciliation Committee |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/06/07/community-crises-bayelsa-govt-sets-up-reconciliation-committee/ |access-date=2025-12-21|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == [[Executive Council of Bayelsa State]] == Manazarta == i6zwteil6rg3nsvvran7k5vlqx1aa4p 915300 915298 2026-09-03T08:06:15Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915300 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Biriyai Dambo, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961) lauya ne kuma ɗan siyasar [[Najeriya]] wanda ke matsayin Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar [[Bayelsa]], Najeriya.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Executive Council |url=https://bayelsastate.gov.ng/executive-council/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da asalinsa == An haifi Biriyai Dambo a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1961 a [[Lagos|Legas]], Najeriya, kuma ya fito ne daga [[Nembe-Bassambiri]] a Jihar Bayelsa.<ref name=":0" /> == Ilimi == Ya halarci Government Comprehensive Secondary School da ke [[Borikiri]], a Fatakwal, sannan daga baya ya halarci Federal Government College, [[Port Harcourt|Fatakwal]]. Ya samu digirin farko na ''Bachelor of Laws'' (LL.B) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekara ta 1986. Haka kuma ya kammala horonsa a [[Nigerian Law School]], bayan haka aka kira shi zuwa Lauyoyin Najeriya a shekara ta 1988.<ref name=":0">{{cite web |title=Attorney General – Ministry of Justice |url=https://moja.bayelsastate.gov.ng/about-us/attorney-general/ |access-date=2025-12-21}}</ref> Dambo ya samu digirin Master of Laws (LL.M) daga [[Jami'ar Legas]] a shekara ta 2003. A shekara ta 2013, aka ba shi matsayin [[Senior Advocate of Nigeria|Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN)]].<ref name=":0" /> == Aikin lauya == Kafin ya zama Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a, Dambo ya yi aikin lauya. Ya kafa kamfanin lauyoyi na Biriyai Dambo & Co a shekara ta 1994, inda ya kasance Babban Abokin Hulɗa.<ref name=":2" /> Ya riƙe mukamai daban-daban a fannin aikin lauya, ciki har da waɗanda suka ƙara ƙwarewarsa a fannonin mulkin kamfanoni, dokokin harkokin ruwa da kuma batutuwan shari'a da suka shafi al'umma.<ref name=":2">{{cite web |title=Biriyai Dambo |url=https://leaderbox.africa/leaders/biriyai-dambo |access-date=2025-12-21|}}</ref> == Aikin siyasa == A ranar 25 ga Agusta 2020, an naɗa Dambo Babban Lauyan Gwamnati kuma Kwamishinan Shari'a na Jihar Bayelsa, sannan aka sake naɗa shi a watan Afrilu 2024.<ref>{{cite news |title=Diri swears in 14 Commissioners, Revenue Chairman |url=https://thesun.ng/diri-swears-in-14-commissioners-lg-revenue-board-chairmen/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2025-12-21|newspaper=[[The Sun (Nigeria)|The Sun]]}}</ref><ref name=":1" /> Ya yi aiki a wasu kwamitocin da suka shafi harkokin shari'a, ciki har da kwamitocin sulhu da kwamitocin fasaha da aka kafa domin magance matsalolin da suka shafi jiha da al'ummomi.<ref>{{cite news |last=Samuel |first=Olusegun |title=Community Crises: Bayelsa Govt Sets up Reconciliation Committee |url=https://www.thisdaylive.com/2023/06/07/community-crises-bayelsa-govt-sets-up-reconciliation-committee/ |access-date=2025-12-21|newspaper=[[This Day]]}}</ref> == Duba kuma == [[Executive Council of Bayelsa State]] == Manazarta == eelujw7qb1fukoaha2923ipb1av4dme 0 166206 915306 2026-09-03T08:13:12Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Barrista Bisi Adegbuyi''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1961) lauya ne, ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma tsohon **Babban Manajan Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya (Postmaster General)** da kuma Babban Darakta na [[Nigerian Postal Service|Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya]] (NIPOST).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-12 |title=Reps summon ex-NIPOST boss, Adegbuyi, over agency's accounts |url=https://punchng.com/reps-summon-ex-nipost-boss-adegbuyi-over-agencys-accounts/ |access-date=2022-06-... 915306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barrista Bisi Adegbuyi''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1961) lauya ne, ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma tsohon **Babban Manajan Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya (Postmaster General)** da kuma Babban Darakta na [[Nigerian Postal Service|Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya]] (NIPOST).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-12 |title=Reps summon ex-NIPOST boss, Adegbuyi, over agency's accounts |url=https://punchng.com/reps-summon-ex-nipost-boss-adegbuyi-over-agencys-accounts/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, ya wakilci [[Ogun State|Jihar Ogun]] a **Taron Ƙasa (National Confab)**, sannan shi ne wanda ya kafa **Grassroots Addressing and Identity Network (GAIN)**.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-28 |title=ADEGBUYI: Campaign Issue Or Not, APC Would Have To Look At Confab Recommendations |url=https://m.guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/c104-sunday-magazine/adegbuyi-campaign-issue-or-not-apc-would-have-to-look-at-confab-recommendations/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=How to use GAIN for employment, security, IGR – Adegbuyi |url=https://www.thexpressng.com/how-to-use-gain-for-employment-security-igr-adegbuyi-2/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=The Nigerian Xpress |language=en-US}}</ref> Adegbuyi ya gaji **Dr. Richard Balami** a matsayin Babban Manajan Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya a watan Agusta 2016, a lokacin mulkin Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics {{!}} Dailytrust |url=https://dailytrust.com/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blueprint |date=2016-08-03 |title=Buhari appoints Adegbuyi as NIPOST boss |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/buhari-appoints-adegbuyi-as-nipost-boss/ |location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa watan Disamba 2019, lokacin da aka cire shi daga mukaminsa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-23 |title=Buhari Removes Bisi Adegbuyi As Postmaster- General Of NIPOST |url=https://independent.ng/buhari-removes-bisi-adegbuyi-as-postmaster-general-of-nipost/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ahde97qkzyty6jomn8kemlfqe4c0ub3 915307 915306 2026-09-03T08:14:30Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915307 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barrista Bisi Adegbuyi''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga Mayu 1961) lauya ne, ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma tsohon Babban Manajan Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya (Postmaster General) da kuma Babban Darakta na [[Nigerian Postal Service|Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya]] (NIPOST).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-12 |title=Reps summon ex-NIPOST boss, Adegbuyi, over agency's accounts |url=https://punchng.com/reps-summon-ex-nipost-boss-adegbuyi-over-agencys-accounts/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, ya wakilci [[Ogun State|Jihar Ogun]] a Taron Ƙasa (National Confab), sannan shi ne wanda ya kafa Grassroots Addressing and Identity Network (GAIN).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-28 |title=ADEGBUYI: Campaign Issue Or Not, APC Would Have To Look At Confab Recommendations |url=https://m.guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/c104-sunday-magazine/adegbuyi-campaign-issue-or-not-apc-would-have-to-look-at-confab-recommendations/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=How to use GAIN for employment, security, IGR – Adegbuyi |url=https://www.thexpressng.com/how-to-use-gain-for-employment-security-igr-adegbuyi-2/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=The Nigerian Xpress |language=en-US}}</ref> Adegbuyi ya gaji Dr. Richard Balami a matsayin Babban Manajan Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya a watan Agusta 2016, a lokacin mulkin Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics {{!}} Dailytrust |url=https://dailytrust.com/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blueprint |date=2016-08-03 |title=Buhari appoints Adegbuyi as NIPOST boss |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/buhari-appoints-adegbuyi-as-nipost-boss/ |location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa watan Disamba 2019, lokacin da aka cire shi daga mukaminsa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-23 |title=Buhari Removes Bisi Adegbuyi As Postmaster- General Of NIPOST |url=https://independent.ng/buhari-removes-bisi-adegbuyi-as-postmaster-general-of-nipost/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} fpylbz5shflcrkidwkamy4xso5qw2at 915336 915307 2026-09-03T09:42:40Z Baby juuu 38856 915336 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barrista Bisi Adegbuyi''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Mayu a shekarar 1961) lauya ne, ma'aikacin gwamnati kuma tsohon Babban Manajan Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya (Postmaster General) da kuma Babban Darakta na [[Nigerian Postal Service|Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya]] (NIPOST).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2020-02-12 |title=Reps summon ex-NIPOST boss, Adegbuyi, over agency's accounts |url=https://punchng.com/reps-summon-ex-nipost-boss-adegbuyi-over-agencys-accounts/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[The Punch]]|language=en-US}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, ya wakilci [[Ogun State|Jihar Ogun]] a Taron Ƙasa (National Confab), sannan shi ne wanda ya kafa Grassroots Addressing and Identity Network (GAIN).<ref>{{Cite news |date=2015-02-28 |title=ADEGBUYI: Campaign Issue Or Not, APC Would Have To Look At Confab Recommendations |url=https://m.guardian.ng/sunday-magazine/c104-sunday-magazine/adegbuyi-campaign-issue-or-not-apc-would-have-to-look-at-confab-recommendations/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[The Guardian (Nigeria)|The Guardian]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-07 |title=How to use GAIN for employment, security, IGR – Adegbuyi |url=https://www.thexpressng.com/how-to-use-gain-for-employment-security-igr-adegbuyi-2/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=The Nigerian Xpress |language=en-US}}</ref> Adegbuyi ya gaji Dr. Richard Balami a matsayin Babban Manajan Hukumar Wasikun Najeriya a watan Agusta 2016, a lokacin mulkin Shugaba [[Muhammadu Buhari]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dailytrust News, Sports and Business, Politics {{!}} Dailytrust |url=https://dailytrust.com/ |access-date=2022-06-29 |website=Daily Trust |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Blueprint |date=2016-08-03 |title=Buhari appoints Adegbuyi as NIPOST boss |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/buhari-appoints-adegbuyi-as-nipost-boss/ |location=Abuja, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[Blueprint (newspaper)|Blueprint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Ya ci gaba da riƙe wannan matsayi har zuwa watan Disamba 2019, lokacin da aka cire shi daga mukaminsa.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-12-23 |title=Buhari Removes Bisi Adegbuyi As Postmaster- General Of NIPOST |url=https://independent.ng/buhari-removes-bisi-adegbuyi-as-postmaster-general-of-nipost/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-06-29 |newspaper=[[Independent (Nigeria)|Independent]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} k0x50oamigmbr9ihvqahnprw8utt4ur 0 166207 915308 2026-09-03T08:19:48Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372056078|2026 Commonwealth Games]]" 915308 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Wasannin Commonwealth na XXIII''' kuma wanda aka fi saninsa da '''[[Glasgow]] 2026''', wani taron wasanni ne da aka gudanar daga 23 ga Yuli zuwa 2 ga Agusta 2026 a Glasgow, birni mafi girma a [[Scotland]], ga membobin Commonwealth of Nations . Wannan shi ne Wasannin Commonwealth na huɗu da za a shirya a Scotland, bayan wasannin 1970 da 1986 a [[Edinburgh]], da Wasannin 2014 a Glasgow. Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 shine na farko da za a gudanar tun bayan mutuwar [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] da kuma hauhawar Sarki Charles III a matsayin Shugaban Commonwealth, kuma fitowar farko tun lokacin da Donald Rukare ya zama shugaban Commonwealth Sport. Har zuwa wani lokaci, wasannin ba su da mai karɓar bakuncin bayan an janye tayin daga Victoria, Ostiraliya don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026, an fara sanar da Victoria a matsayin mai karɓar baƙi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Games-Australian state to be confirmed 2026 Commonwealth Games host -report |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1999991-games-australian-state-to-be-confirmed-2026-commonwealth-games-host--report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411230949/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1999991-games-australian-state-to-be-confirmed-2026-commonwealth-games-host--report |archive-date=11 April 2022 |website=Devdiscourse}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2023, gwamnatin jihar Victoria ta soke shirye-shiryenta saboda karuwar tsadar farashi. Birnin [[Gold Coast|Gold Coast, Queensland]], ya ba da gudummawa ga karɓar bakuncin taron amma daga baya ya janye saboda irin waɗannan dalilai. Ba tare da mai masaukin baki ba, akwai haɗarin cewa ana iya jinkirta wasannin zuwa 2027 ko soke su gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Costs Too High At Over $6 Billion |url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718031331/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=premier.vic.gov.au |publisher=Premier of Victoria}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2024, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Glasgow ta cimma yarjejeniya don karɓar haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin, <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Trainer |first=Paul |date=11 August 2024 |title=Reports: Glasgow set to be announced as host city for Commonwealth Games 2026 |url=https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/glasgow-set-to-be-announced-as-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-2026-4737747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811193745/https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/glasgow-set-to-be-announced-as-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-2026-4737747 |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=GlasgowWorld}}</ref> amma washegari an bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da tattaunawa ba tare da yarjejeniya ta ƙarshe ko sanarwar da ke gabatowa ba. Wasannin Commonwealth na Scotland sun ba da shawarar sake fasalin taron, wanda ke nuna wasanni 10 zuwa 13 da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu, tare da fam miliyan 100 a cikin kudade daga Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth da ƙarin fam miliyan 30 zuwa 50 daga tushen kasuwanci, tabbatar da cewa ba za a buƙaci kudaden jama'a ba. Wani sabuntawa a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2024 ya tabbatar da cewa wasannin za su sami tallafin kudi na AU $ 200 miliyan, wanda aka samu a matsayin diyya daga gwamnatin Victoria bayan janyewarsu.<ref name="CGGlasgow">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Commonwealth Games Scotland Update on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901025238/https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/ |archive-date=2024-09-01 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=Team Scotland}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2024, Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da karbar bakuncin wasannin tare da tallafin kudi daga Wasannin Commonwealth na Australia. Wasannin da aka rage da kuma ƙananan farashi sun nuna wasanni 10 da ke faruwa a wurare bakwai kuma babu ƙauyen 'yan wasa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sports {{!}} Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/sports/www.glasgow2026.com/sports/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Ostiraliya ta hau teburin lambobin yabo na uku a jere na Commonwealth Games, tare da zinare 70 da jimlar lambobin yabo 171. Ingila ta kasance ta biyu tare da lambobin zinare 29 da jimlar 110, yayin da Kanada ta kammala ta uku tare da lambun zinare 19 da jimlar 62. Kasar da ta karbi bakuncin, Scotland, ta kammala ta biyar a bayan Indiya, kowannensu yana da lambobin zinare 13 da lambobin 29. Gabon, Rwanda da Tuvalu sun lashe lambobin yabo na farko na Commonwealth, tare da Dominica ta lashe lambar zinare ta farko. == Zaɓin mai masaukin baki ==   === Zaɓin farko === [[Fayil:Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008.jpg|thumb|Jihar Victoria ta Australiya da farko an nada ta a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin.]] A lokacin Babban Taron CGF a ranar 31 ga Maris 2017 a [[Gold Coast]], bayan rikice-rikice na Wasannin Commonwealth na 2022 wanda ya karbi bakuncin birnin, kwamitin zartarwa ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya shirya bayar da kyautar wasannin Commonwealth guda 2026 da 2030 a lokaci guda a Babban TaronCGF da aka shirya don [[Kigali]], Rwanda a watan Satumbar 2019. An aiwatar da sabon samfurin da ake kira CGF Partnerships (CGFP) wanda ke da niyyar ba da goyon baya mai ƙarfi ga ƙungiyoyi da biranen da ke nuna sha'awar karɓar bakuncin wasannin gaba da haɓaka ƙimar taron gaba ɗaya. Wannan yayi kama da tsarin da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na kasa da kasa (IOC) ya yi amfani da shi tun daga shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Resurgent Commonwealth agrees to begin the process of selecting 2026 and 2030 Commonwealth Games Host Cities |url=https://thecgf.com/news/resurgent-commonwealth-agrees-begin-process-selecting-2026-and-2030-commonwealth-games-host |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161505/https://thecgf.com/news/resurgent-commonwealth-agrees-begin-process-selecting-2026-and-2030-commonwealth-games-host/ |archive-date=2018-05-01 |access-date=10 July 2018 |website=Commonwealth Games Federation}}</ref> A cikin 2015, birnin [[Durban]] na Afirka ta Kudu ya lashe haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin wasannin Commonwealth na 2022, amma an kwace waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a cikin 2017 saboda damuwa da kuɗi. A sakamakon haka, Birmingham ta tashi daga wasannin da aka shirya daga 2026 zuwa 2022. Wannan ya bar wasannin 2026 ba tare da mai masaukin baki ba kuma an janye tayin daga [[Kuala Lumpur]], Cardiff, [[Calgary]], [[Edmonton]] da [[Adelaide]] duk saboda damuwa game da farashi, tare da yanke shawara mai karɓar bakuncin da Ƙungiyar Wasannin Commonwealth ba ta yi tsakanin 2019 da 2022.<ref name=":11" /> A watan Janairun 2022, Gwamnatin Jihar Victoria ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana ba da la'akari sosai ga buƙatar da ta gabata daga CGF don karɓar bakuncin wasannin. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2022, Firayim Minista na Victoria Daniel Andrews ya tabbatar da cewa jihar tana cikin tattaunawa ta musamman tare da CGF don karbar bakuncin wasannin. An bayyana cewa idan an ci nasara wajen karbar bakuncin wasannin a karo na biyu, wani yunkuri na Victorian zai yi niyyar jaddada cibiyoyin yanki na jihar - kamar Geelong, Ballarat da Bendigo - maimakon kasancewa mafi yawan [[Melbourne]], kamar a shekara ta 2006. Bendigo a baya ya dauki bakuncin Wasannin Matasa na Commonwealth na 2004. Amincewa da tayin zai iya zama ya danganta da yarjejeniya kan hanyoyin sarrafa farashi, kamar gidaje da jami'ai a otal-otal maimakon ƙauyen da aka keɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masters |first=Roy |date=19 January 2022 |title=Melbourne set to step into breach as 2026 Commonwealth Games host city |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182013/https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Victoria present bid to host 2026 Commonwealth Games, could include 22 sports |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120592/commonwealth-games-victoria-2026-bid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315170813/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120592/commonwealth-games-victoria-2026-bid |archive-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> An tabbatar da wannan tayin a matsayin mai nasara a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2022. A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2023, gwamnatin jihar ta yi niyyar soke karbar bakuncin wasannin 2026 a Victoria. Watanni goma sha biyar bayan amincewa da karbar bakuncin wasannin, Firayim Minista Daniel Andrews ya ce farashin ya karu zuwa kimanin dala biliyan 6-7, ninki biyu na amfanin tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta ga jihar, kuma gwamnati ba za ta iya tabbatar da kudin ba. Jiha ta ce za ta dakatar da yarjejeniyar mai karɓar bakuncin ta tare da Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth kuma ta nemi sasantawa game da kwangilar.<ref name=":8" /> Cirewar ta haifar da sabon bincike don mai masaukin baki don Wasannin 2026. {| class="wikitable" |+2026 Commonwealth Games bidding results !City / region !Nation !Votes |- |Victoria |{{Flagicon|Australia}} Australia | align="center" |Unanimous (2022)<br /><br />Withdrew (2023) |} === Zaɓin na biyu === ==== Sha'awa ta farko ==== [[Fayil:Launch_Commonwealth_Games_2026_with_First_Minister_Swinney_in_Glasgow,_Scotland_on_22_October_2024_-_7.jpg|thumb|Ministan farko na Scotland, John Swinney, ya kaddamar da wasannin Commonwealth na 2026, Oktoba 2024.]] Magajin garin London [[Sadiq Khan]] daga baya ya ce ya "shirya" don tallafawa yunkurin [[Landan]] don maye gurbin Victoria a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin. Ministan farko na Scotland Humza Yousaf ya kuma bayyana cewa yana "sonin yin la'akari da shawarwari" ga Scotland don karɓar bakuncin akalla wasu abubuwan da suka faru a wasannin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2023 |title=Humza Yousaf to 'explore' Scotland Commonwealth Games bid |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66240078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718234838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66240078 |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=BBC News}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Gold Coast ta kori kanta daga karbar bakuncin wasannin. A wannan rana, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta tabbatar da cewa ba za a sami "ceto na Burtaniya" don wasannin ba kuma ba za a karbe su a Burtaniya ba, suna mai cewa babu wani sha'awar kudi ko wani shiri na farko don ba da damar wani birni na Burtaniya ya sake shiga tsakani bayan Birmingham 2022 A ranar 11 ga Maris 2024, Majalisar Wasannin Olympics ta Malaysia ta bayyana cewa Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth (CGF) ta ba Malaysia kimanin fam miliyan 100 don karbar bakuncin Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a karamin sikelin fiye da yadda aka tsara da farko, tare da tattaunawa da ke gudana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=CGF offers Malaysia to host 2026 Commonwealth Games, says OCM |url=https://www.malaymail.com/article/2868977 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311110456/https://www.malaymail.com/article/2868977 |archive-date=2024-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Malay Mail}}</ref> Koyaya, a ranar 22 ga Maris 2024, Ma'aikatar Malaysia ta ki amincewa da tayin, tana mai bayyana cewa fam miliyan 100 ba zai isa ya rufe kuɗin taron ba. Bugu da ƙari, Gwamnatin Tarayya ba ta son amfani da kuɗin masu biyan haraji don tallafawa wasannin, musamman idan aka ba da haɗarin rikici na tsarawa tare da Wasannin SEA na 2027, wanda kuma za a gudanar a Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Malaysia declines to host Commonwealth Games 2026 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/03/22/malaysia-declines-to-host-commonwealth-games-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322065350/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/03/22/malaysia-declines-to-host-commonwealth-games-2026 |archive-date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Star}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, Majalisar Wasannin Olympics ta Singapore (SNOC), Sport Singapore (SportSG), da Commonwealth Games Singapore (CGS) sun ba da sanarwar cewa suna bincika yiwuwar karbar bakuncin wasannin, gami da yiwuwar hadin gwiwa tare da Malaysia don rage kudade. Koyaya, a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2024, CGS da SportSG sun tabbatar da cewa Singapore ba za ta gabatar da tayin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for 2026 Commonwealth Games host goes on after Singapore opts not to bid |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/sport/commonwealth-games-2026-host-decline-sportsg-feasibility-4239171 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403062430/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/sport/commonwealth-games-2026-host-decline-sportsg-feasibility-4239171 |archive-date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=CNA}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2024, CGF ta nuna cewa za a iya sanar da sabon mai karɓar bakuncin wasannin 2026 a watan da ya biyo baya, kuma a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2024 Ministan Matasa da Wasanni na [[Ghana]], Mustapha Ussif, ya nuna sha'awar karɓar bakin bayan nasarar da [[Accra]] ta samu na Wasannin Afirka na 2023 a watan Maris na 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2024 |title=2026 Commonwealth Games update |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/3959749/2026-commonwealth-games-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409092907/https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/3959749/2026-commonwealth-games-update |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Commonwealth Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Ghana to host 2026 Commonwealth Games? |url=https://3news.com/sports/other/ghana-to-host-2026-commonwealth-games-sports-minister-reveals-plans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409092906/https://3news.com/sports/other/ghana-to-host-2026-commonwealth-games-sports-minister-reveals-plans |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=3News Ghana}}</ref> ==== Kasuwancin Scotland ==== [[Fayil:Glasgow_-_aerial_-_2025-04-17_15.jpg|thumb|260x260px|An dauki [[Glasgow]] a matsayin "matsayin karshe" don karbar bakuncin wasannin 2026 bayan Victoria ta fice.]] A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa an dauki [[Glasgow]] a matsayin "matsayin karshe" don karbar bakuncin wasannin 2026 idan babu wani mai masaukin baki da ke zuwa. An ruwaito cewa wasannin za su kasance a kan karami kuma za su iya sake amfani da wuraren daga Wasannin Commonwealth na 2014. Gidaje ga 'yan wasa za su hada da otal-otal, kuma mai yiwuwa mazaunan ɗalibai na Jami'ar Glasgow Caledonian da Jami'ar Glasgo.<ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, farashin wasannin za a rufe su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth da masu tallafawa kamfanonin su.<ref name=":1" /> Tattaunawar ta ci gaba tsakanin Wasannin Commonwealth na Scotland, Gwamnatin Scotland da EventScotland: ana sa ran tabbatar da tayin a ƙarshen watan, amma a zahiri ba a gabatar da takardun tayin a wannan lokacin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Exclusive: Glasgow in frame for Commonwealth Games return in 2026 |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/exclusive-glasgow-in-frame-for-commonwealth-games-return-in-2026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802103313/https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/exclusive-glasgow-in-frame-for-commonwealth-games-return-in-2026/ |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=SportBusiness-US}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yulin 2024, BBC ta ba da rahoton cewa za a yanke shawara a watan Agusta. A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2024, an yi hasashen cewa an cimma yarjejeniya ga Glasgow don karɓar haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin wasannin.<ref name="auto" /> Wata sanarwa daga Majalisar Wasannin Commonwealth ta Scotland da aka bayar a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 2024, ta ba da shawarar wasannin da ba su da yawa tare da wasanni 10 a wurare huɗu ciki har da Filin wasa na Scotstoun da Cibiyar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Tollcross.<ref name="CGGlasgow" /> A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da karbar bakuncin wasannin tare da diyya daga Victoria. {| class="wikitable" |+Sakamakon wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 !Birni / yanki !Al'umma !Zaɓuɓɓuka |- |[[Glasgow]] |Scotland{{Flagicon|Scotland}} | align="center" |Tare da hadin kai |} == Wuraren da ake ciki == An yi amfani da wuraren da ke biyowa don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026: <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2024 |title=Event Delivery Partners' Information Pack |url=https://resources.cwg-qbr.pulselive.com/qbr-commonwealth-games/document/2024/12/11/aed32654-5b86-4101-9464-b82b9d1f44ef/Glasgow-2026-EDP-EOI-Document.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312125740/https://resources.cwg-qbr.pulselive.com/qbr-commonwealth-games/document/2024/12/11/aed32654-5b86-4101-9464-b82b9d1f44ef/Glasgow-2026-EDP-EOI-Document.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Wurin da ake ciki !Abubuwan da suka faru !Capacity !Matsayi |- | rowspan="2" |Hydro |Bukukuwan | rowspan="2" |12,306 | rowspan="2" |Abubuwan da ke akwai |- |Kwallon Net |- | rowspan="4" |Cibiyar SEC |Kwando na 3x3 |TBD | rowspan="4" |Kasancewa tare da tsayawa na wucin gadi |- |Kwallon kwalliya |TBD |- |Kwallon kwallo |TBD |- |Judo |TBD |- |SEC Armadillo |Ɗauki nauyi |3,000 |Abubuwan da ke akwai |- |Filin wasa na Scotstoun |Wasanni |10,000-11,000 |Abubuwan da ke akwai, an gyara su |- |Cibiyar Gudun Ruwa ta Duniya ta Tollcross |Yin iyo |2,000 | rowspan="3" |Abubuwan da ke akwai |- |Filin wasa na Commonwealth |Wasan motsa jiki na fasaha |5,000 |- |Sir Chris Yau Velodrome |Hanyar keke |2,000 |} === Gidan wuraren da ake kira === <gallery> Fayil:Stadium_Track_and_Pitch.jpg|Scotstoun Stadium Fayil:Tollcross_International_Swimming_Centre_(28921366007).jpg|Tollcross International Swimming Centre Fayil:Emirates_Arena_on_Glasgow_Rocks_Opening_Night_(cropped).jpg|Commonwealth Arena Fayil:Sir_Chris_Hoy_Velodrome_26.jpg|Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome Fayil:Wfm_foster_armadillo.jpg|SEC Armadillo Fayil:Entrance_to_the_SEC_Centre_(geograph_5692529).jpg|SEC Centre Fayil:The_SSE_Hydro_(geograph_5420681).jpg|The Hydro </gallery> == Matsayin Sarki == An kaddamar da Baton na Sarki a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Maris 2025, don nuna farkon ƙididdigar kwanaki 500, tare da Sarki Charles III, a cikin cikakken kayan soja, yana bayyana takardar sannan ya mika sandar ga mai gudu na farko, Sir Chris Hoy. Tim Norman ne ya tsara sandar da aka yi da Itacen ash. Kungiyar ta yanke shawarar cewa za a aika shi zuwa yankin Caribbean don fara ragowar duniya tare da Port of Spain, a [[Trinidad da Tobago]], a matsayin tashar farko ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KINGS BATON RELAY IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route/4236096/www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route/4236096/trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> Zaɓin Trinidad da Tobago ya kasance sakamakon nasarar da ƙasar ta samu wajen karbar bakuncin Wasannin Matasan Commonwealth na 2023. Sashe na Caribbean na Baton Relay ya ƙare a Saint Vincent da Grenadines a ranar Asabar 14 ga Yuni, kafin ɓangaren Afirka (15 ga Yuni zuwa 24 ga Oktoba), sannan Asiya (25 ga Oktoba zuwa 21 ga Disamba), Oceania (2 ga Janairu zuwa 26 ga Maris 2026), Amurka (27 ga Maris zuwa 6 ga Mayu 2026), da Turai (8 ga Mayu zuwa 23 ga Yuli 2026). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baton Relay Locations Map |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route |url-status=live |website=Commonwealth Sport}}</ref> Don 18th Baton Relay, an gabatar da sabon tsari inda kowannensu daga cikin 74 Commonwealth Games Associations (CGAs) ya sami sandar mutum da aka yi a Glasgow. Maimakon wucewa guda ɗaya tsakanin al'ummomi, an ba da izinin kowane CGA ya tsara sandarsa don nuna al'adun yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about the King's Baton Relay |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/faqs |url-status=live |website=Commonwweath Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.sandhurst.catholic.org.au/item/3126-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=sandhurst.catholic.org.au}}</ref> Baya ga kasancewa a karo na farko na kasancewa wani ɓangare na The King's Baton Relay, Commonwealth Sport ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS) don haɗa Kamfen ɗin Flastik na Tsabtace Tekun Commonwealth a cikin ragowar, yana mai da hankali kan kiyaye teku da hanyoyin sake amfani da sharar filastik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Commonwealth Sport supports Clean Oceans Plastics Campaign |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4157153/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4157153/commonwealth-sport-supports-clean-oceans-plastics-campaign |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> King's Baton Relay ya ƙare a bikin buɗewa na Glasgow 2026 a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026, a matsayin wani ɓangare na gargajiya da mahimmanci na bikin buɗe wasannin Commonwealth . == Bukukuwan == A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin da aka gabatar ta Commonwealth Games Scotland, an rage bikin buɗewa da rufewa idan aka kwatanta da wasannin da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Glasgow to host 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/cvgw51kqx7wo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921132332/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/cvgw51kqx7wo |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=BBC Newsround}}</ref> An sanar da shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 2026 cewa za a gudanar da bikin buɗewa a OVO Hydro, karo na farko a cikin tarihin wasannin 'shekaru 96 cewa za a yi bikin a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2026 |title=Glasgow 2026 reveals opening ceremony venue and calls for 700 volunteer cast members to be part of the show |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4472430/glasgow-2026-reveals-opening-ceremony-venue-and-calls-for-700-volunteer-cast-members-to-be-part-of-the-show |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> === Bikin buɗewa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>An gudanar da bikin bude wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026 a OVO Hydro a Glasgow. Wannan shi ne bikin bude wasannin Commonwealth na farko da aka shirya gaba ɗaya a cikin gida. Mawallafin mawaƙa na Scotland KT Tunstall ya jagoranci bikin, tare da wasan kwaikwayon da Callum Beattie, Nina Nesbitt, Nathan Evans da Saint Phnx suka yi, yayin da duo na lantarki Valtos ya ba da sauti ga Parade of Nations . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2026 |title=Glasgow 2026 reveals Scottish Talent soundtracking the Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4532708/glasgow-2026-reveals-scottish-talent-soundtracking-the-opening-ceremony |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> [[Charles III|Sarki]] da Sarauniya, Firayim Minista na Ƙasar Ingila da Minista na farko na Scotland sun halarci taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2026 |title=His Majesty The King and Her Majesty The Queen to officially open Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4533307/his-majesty-the-king-and-her-majesty-the-queen-to-officially-open-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=King and Queen emerge from Tardis to open Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2g3053ejko |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bikin ya kammala Sarki's Baton Relay . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=King and Queen emerge from Tardis to open Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2g3053ejko |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Bikin rufewa === An gudanar da bikin rufe wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a OVO Hydro a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta 2026, wurin da aka yi bikin budewa. Kungiyar rock ta Scotland Simple Minds ta jagoranci bikin, tare da wasan kwaikwayon BEMZ, [[Cammy Barnes]] da Sandi Thom. Mawakin Australiya [[Delta goodrem|Delta Goodrem]] ta bayyana ta uku a bikin Wasannin Commonwealth, bayan ta yi a bikin buɗewa na 2006 da 2018 a Melbourne da Gold Coast bi da bi. Shirin da aka shirya don mika wasannin Commonwealth na gaba na 2030 [[Ahmedabad]], Indiya, ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Shankar Mahadevan da [[Rashmika Mandanna]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2026 |title=Scots Legends Simple Minds to Close Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4539986/scots-legends-simple-minds-to-close-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin shiga == Dukkanin Ƙungiyoyin Wasannin Commonwealth 74 sun shiga cikin Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026. [[Gabon]] da [[Togo]] sun fara bugawa bayan sun shiga Commonwealth of Nations a watan Yunin 2022. {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;" !Participating Commonwealth Games Associations |- | <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Div col}} *{{flagCGF|AIA|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Anguilla set for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/AnguillaCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/anguilla-friday-3-july-2026team-anguilla-set-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/1519691523287073/|website=Facebook|publisher=Anguilla Commonwealth Games Association|date=3 July 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ANT|2026|12}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Antigua and Barbuda Commonwealth Games Association announces 12-member team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/antigua-and-barbuda-commonwealth-games-association-announces-12-member-team-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Antigua News Room|location=St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|AUS|2026|257}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vaughan|first1=Roger|last2=Chadband|first2=Ian|title=The Australian athletes to watch in the 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://7news.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/the-australian-athletes-to-watch-in-the-2026-commonwealth-games-c-22622193|work=[[7NEWS]]|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAH|2026|20}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Sheldon|title=BOC names teams for summer games|url=https://www.thenassauguardian.com/sports/boc-names-teams-for-summer-games/article_826b4c46-082a-4708-9f74-97d3a2d691d4.html|work=The Nassau Guardian|location=Nassau, Bahamas|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAN|2026|15}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh head to Commonwealth Games to protect membership|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/more-sports/news/bangladesh-head-commonwealth-games-games-protect-membership-4223791|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAR|2026|21}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=Benson|title=Barbados names 21-member Commonwealth Games team|url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2026/07/02/barbados-names-21-member-commonwealth-games-team/|work=Barbados Today|location=Bridgetown, Barbados|date=2 July 2026|access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BIZ|2026|5}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Belize Ready to Compete at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.sanpedrosun.com/sports/2026/07/17/team-belize-ready-to-compete-at-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=[[The San Pedro Sun]]|location=San Pedro Town, Belize|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BER|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite news|title=BOA Announces Commonwealth Games Team|url=https://bernews.com/2026/07/july9boa-announces-commonwealth-games-team/|work=[[Bernews]]|location=Hamilton, Bermuda|date=9 July 2026|access-date=9 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BOT|2026|25}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Sibanda|first=Anastacia|date=1 April 2026|title=BNOC targets seven medals|url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/90826|work=[[Daily News Botswana]]|location=Gaborone, Botswana|access-date=12 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IVB|2026|11}}<ref>{{cite news|title=11 athletes to rep VI at 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/en/news/11-athletes-to-rep-vi-2026-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow-|work=Virgin Islands News Online|location=Road Town, British Virgin Islands|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BRU|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Six athletes to represent Brunei at 23rd Commonwealth Games|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/six-athletes-to-represent-brunei-at-23rd-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Borneo Bulletin]]|location=Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei|date=13 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CMR|2026|20}} *{{flagCGF|CAN|2026|149}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Campigotto|first=Jesse|title=The Commonwealth Games are back — here's what to know|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/the-buzzer-newsletter-commonwealth-games-preview-2026-9.7273303|website=[[CBC Sports]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC)|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CAY|2026|20}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Cayman Islands Teams Named for the 2026 Commonwealth Games and Central American & Caribbean Games|url=https://www.radiocayman.gov.ky/news/cayman-islands-teams-named-for-the-2026-commonwealth-games-and-central-american-caribbean-games|website=Radio Cayman|location=George Town, Cayman Islands|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|COK|2026|15}}<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2026|title=Cook Islands names 15 athletes for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/sport/athletics/cook-islands-names-15-athletes-for-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Cook Islands News]]|location=Rarotonga, Cook Islands|access-date=20 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CYP|2026|36}}<ref>{{cite web|title=36 αθλητές, τρεις σε έξι αθλήματα στους 23ους Κοινοπολιτειακούς Αγώνες "Glasgow 2026"|trans-title=36 athletes across six sports at the 23rd Commonwealth Games "Glasgow 2026"|language=el|url=https://www.olympic.org.cy/index.php/gr/news/1730-36-23-glasgow-2026|website=[[Cyprus Olympic Committee]]|location=Nicosia, Cyprus|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|DMA|2026|3}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Dominica names three-athlete team for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dominica-names-three-athlete-team-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Dominica News Online|location=Roseau, Dominica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ENG|2026|204}} *{{flagCGF|SWZ|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Nhlabatsi|first=Sifiso|title=Team Eswatini unveils 17-member squad for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://independentnews.co.sz/44665/sports/team-eswatini-unveils-17-member-squad-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Independent News Eswatini|location=Mbabane, Eswatini|date=16 June 2026|access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|FLK|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Astill|first=David|date=23 January 2026|title=Falkland Islands Commonwealth Games Team Announced for 2026|url=https://fitv.co.fk/news-and-events/falkland-islands-commonwealth-games-team-announced-for-2026/|website=fitv.co.fk|location=Stanley, Falkland Islands|publisher=[[Falkland Islands Television]]|access-date=18 May 2026|quote=The only sport the Islands are competing in is indoor bowls, with Daphne Arthur-Almond, Sharon Barnes, Kris Thorsen, Cecil Alexander, Ian Barnes and Oliver Thompson selected to form the team aiming for glory.}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|FIJ|2026|36}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Biudole|first=Noa|title=Team Fiji names squad for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://fijilive.com/team-fiji-names-squad-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games/|work=FijiLive|location=Suva, Fiji|date=12 June 2026|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GAB|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabon|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/gabon|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GAM|2026|12}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Jobe|first=Seedy|title=Gambia declares readiness for 2026 Commonwealth Games as team heads to Glasgow|url=https://www.kerrfatou.com/gambia-declares-readiness-for-2026-commonwealth-games-as-team-heads-to-glasgow/|website=Kerr Fatou|location=Banjul, The Gambia|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GHA|2026|40}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=TEAM GHANA UNVEILS OFFICIAL HIGH-PERFORMANCE SQUAD FOR GLASGOW 2026|url=https://www.ghanaolympic.org/blog/team-ghana-unveils-official-high-performance-squad-for-glasgow-2026|access-date=2026-07-13|website=GOC - Ghana Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GIB|2026|16}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignacio|first=Stephen|date=22 May 2026|title=Team Gibraltar announced for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.chronicle.gi/team-gibraltar-announced-for-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|location=Gibraltar|access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GRN|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Bascombe|first=Michael|title=Grenada names teams for Commonwealth and CAC Games amid scheduling clash|url=https://mikebas.blogspot.com/2026/07/grenada-names-teams-for-commonwealth.html|website=Mike Bascombe|date=15 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GGY|2026|20}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-03-21|title=The Commonwealth Games: Who is going, and which sports are missing out?|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport-ge/the-commonwealth-games-who-is-going-and-which-sports-are-missing-out/|access-date=2026-05-26|website=Bailiwick Express News Guernsey|language=en-GB}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GUY|2026|16}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgrave, Moore to carry Guyana's flag at Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://kaieteurnewsonline.com/2026/07/23/belgrave-moore-to-carry-guyanas-flag-at-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=[[Kaieteur News]]|location=Georgetown, Guyana|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IND|2026|122}}<ref name="OlympicsCWG2026">{{cite news|last=Nalwala|first=Ali Asgar|date=2026-07-09|title=Commonwealth Games 2026 schedule - dates and events for Indian athletes|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-commonwealth-games-2026-schedule|access-date=2026-07-10|publisher=International Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IOM|2026|27}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Nicoll|first=Catherine|title=Manx athletes 'absolutely raring to go' at games|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8kmxznzmdo|work=[[BBC News]]|location=London, England|date=24 July 2026|access-date=22 August 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|JAM|2026|76}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bryce|first=Gregory|title=Samuda: Welcome to history - JOA prepares for hectic July schedule with Commonwealth and CAC Games|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20260710/samuda-welcome-history-joa-prepares-hectic-july-schedule-commonwealth-and|work=[[The Gleaner]]|location=Kingston, Jamaica|date=10 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|JEY|2026|22}}<ref>{{cite web|date=13 June 2026|title=Weightlifter Dodds added to Jersey team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/weightlifting/articles/c862pp689v6o|website=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|KEN|2026|98}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Maluki|first=Shadrack|title=Why Kenya is preparing differently for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/opinion-sports/article/2001552572/why-kenya-is-preparing-differently-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games|work=The Standard|location=Nairobi, Kenya|date=11 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|KIR|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Naare|first=Rikamati|title=Team Kiribati Ready for Glasgow 2026|url=https://bpa.org.ki/team-kiribati-ready-for-glasgow-2026/|website=BPA News|location=Tarawa, Kiribati|date=22 June 2026|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|LES|2026|14}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Litsitso|first=Letsunyane|date=24 May 2026|title=Lesotho Sends 14 Athletes to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://lesothotribune.co.ls/lesotho-sends-14-athletes-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Lesotho Tribune|location=Maseru, Lesotho|access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MAW|2026|25}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Mmana|first=Samantha|title=Team Malawi unveiled for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.moc.org.mw/team-malawi-unveiled-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|website=[[Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association of Malawi|Malawi Olympic Committee]]|location=Lilongwe, Malawi|date=11 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MAS|2026|59}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ishak|first=Fadhli|title=OCM names lean and mean contingent for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2026/07/1486164/ocm-names-lean-and-mean-contingent-commonwealth-games|work=[[New Straits Times]]|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|date=11 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MDV|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ކޮމަންވެލްތު ގޭމްސްގައި ރާއްޖޭން ވާދަކުރަނީ ދެ ކުޅިވަރަކުން|trans-title=Maldives to compete in two sports at the Commonwealth Games|url=https://adhadhu.com/84511|website=Adhadhu|language=dv|location=Malé, Maldives|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MLT|2026|23}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vella-Galea|first=Maria|date=2026-07-08|title=Maltese Olympic Committee Announces Athletes for Glasgow, Taranto and Dakar|url=https://nocmalta.org/maltese-olympic-committee-announces-athletes-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|access-date=2026-07-09|website=Maltese Olympic Committee|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MRI|2026|40}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeux du Commonwealth 2026 : Team Mauritius officiellement présentée avant le départ pour Glasgow|trans-title=2026 Commonwealth Games: Team Mauritius officially presented before departure for Glasgow|url=https://topfm.mu/jeux-du-commonwealth-2026-team-mauritius-officiellement-presentee-avant-le-depart-pour-glasgow|location=Port Louis, Mauritius|website=TOP FM Mauritius|language=French|access-date=2 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MSR|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Montserrat|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/montserrat|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MOZ|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Boxe fora dos Jogos da Commonwealth|trans-title=Boxing out of the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.jornaldesafio.co.mz/index.php/2026/07/23/boxe-fora-dos-jogos-da-commonwealth/|work=Jornal Desafio|location=Maputo, Mozambique|language=pt|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NAM|2026|24}}<ref>{{cite news|date=5 June 2026|title=23 athletes to participate in the upcoming 2026 Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://economist.com.na/107239/sport/23-athletes-to-participate-in-the-upcoming-2026-glasgow-commonwealth-games/|work=www.economist.com.na|location=Windhoek, Namibia|publisher=[[Namibia Economist]]|access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NRU|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2026|title=Team Announcement 3/3|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Be7pFPxvn/|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Yaren, Nauru|publisher=[[Nauru Olympic Committee]]|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NZL|2026|113}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Kiwi Commonwealth Games team: Ellesse Andrews heading big medal hopes chasing gold in Glasgow|url=https://www.thepost.co.nz/sport/361043097/meet-kiwi-commonwealth-games-team-ellesse-andrews-heading-big-medal-hopes-chasing-gold-glasgow|work=[[The Post (New Zealand newspaper)|The Post]]|location=Wellington, New Zealand|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NGR|2026|73}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Eludini|first=Tunde|title=Tinubu charges Team Nigeria to 'win clean' at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/892571-tinubu-charges-team-nigeria-to-win-clean-at-2026-commonwealth-games.html|work=[[Premium Times]]|location=Abuja, Nigeria|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NIU|2026|11}}<ref name=pac>{{cite news|last=Momoisea|first=Penina|title=As the 2026 Commonwealth Games begin, meet the Pacific Island athletes competing|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/commonwealth-games-2026-pacific-island-athletes-competing/106920598|work=[[ABC Pacific]]|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NFI|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Matthews|first=Betty|title=Norfolk Island Commonwealth Games Team, Sunday Parade|url=https://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/article/norfolk-island-commonwealth-games-team-sunday-parade|work=Norfolk Online News|location=Norfolk Island|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NIR|2026|65}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/cy9rp9v882qo|title=Meet Team NI athletes heading to the Commonwealth Games|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=13 July 2026|accessdate=13 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|PAK|2026|21}}<ref>{{Citation|title=Pakistan at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|date=2026-07-14|work=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_at_the_2026_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=1364169501|access-date=2026-07-16|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|PNG|2026|35}}<ref>{{cite news|title=PNG names 55-member team for Glasgow Games|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/png-names-55-member-team-for-glasgow-games/|work=[[The National (Papua New Guinea)|The National]]|location=Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea|date=8 July 2026|access-date=8 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|RWA|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Mugenga|first=Dylan|title=Swimming opens Team Rwanda's campaign at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/37641/sports/swimming/swimming-opens-team-rwandas-campaign-at-2026-commonwealth-games|work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|location=Kigali, Rwanda|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SHN|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The King's Baton Relay|url=https://www.sthelenaonline.org/the-kings-baton-relay/|work=Saint Helena online|location=Saint Helena|access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SKN|2026|4}}<ref>{{cite web|title=St Kitts and Nevis Olympic Committee (SKNOC) Announces Delegations for 2026 Commonwealth Games and C.A.C Games|url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/127676|website=SKNVibes|location=Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|LCA|2026|3}}<ref>{{cite news|title=No easy ride to LA Olympics, 28 states SLOC president|url=https://thevoiceslu.com/2026/07/no-easy-ride-to-la-olympics-28-states-sloc-president/|work=The Voice|location=Castries, Saint Lucia|date=3 July 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|VIN|2026|8}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Eight named for Commonwealth Games 2026|url=https://www.searchlight.vc/sports/2026/07/24/eight-named-commonwealth-games-2026/|work=Searchlight|location=Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|date=24 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SAM|2026|21}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Faulalo|first=Sulamanaia Manaui|title=Glasgow-bound Samoa teams head to Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/120885|work=[[Samoa Observer]]|location=Apia, Samoa|date=10 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SCO|2026|177}} '''(host)''' *{{flagCGF|SEY|2026|18}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bonnelame|first=Betymie|title=Team Seychelles targets first Commonwealth Games gold as new cash rewards announced|url=https://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/22185/team-seychelles-targets-first-commonwealth-games-gold-as-new-cash-rewards-announced|work=[[Seychelles News Agency]]|location=Victoria, Seychelles|date=16 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SLE|2026|19}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/sierra-leone|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SGP|2026|53}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Singapore embarks on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games campaign – Singapore National Olympic Council|url=https://singaporeolympics.com/team-singapore-embarks-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-campaign/|access-date=2026-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SOL|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Inifiri Jr|first=Timothy|title=Team Solomon named for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.solomonstarnews.com/%F0%9D%97%A0%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%97%F0%9D%97%94%F0%9D%97%9F-%F0%9D%97%9C%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%96%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%A7%F0%9D%97%9C%F0%9D%97%A9%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A6/|work=Solomon Star News|location=Honiara, Solomon Islands|date=19 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|RSA|2026|112}}<ref name=rsateam>{{cite news|last=Pita|first=Lebohang|title=Team SA names 112 athletes for multi-sport Glasgow Games campaign|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/springs-advertiser/sports-news/local-sports/2026/06/28/team-sa-names-112-athletes-for-multi-sport-glasgow-games-campaign|work=Springs Advertiser|location=Springs, South Africa|date=28 June 2026|access-date=28 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SRI|2026|40}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ratnaweera|first=Dhammika|title=Tharanga leads 40-athlete Sri Lanka squad|url=https://dailynews.lk/2026/07/17/sports/1028352/tharanga-leads-40-athlete-sri-lanka-squad/|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TAN|2026|12}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-13|title=Tanzania unveils 12-strong squad for Scotland Games|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/swimming/tanzania-unveils-12-strong-squad-for-scotland-games-5525362|access-date=2026-07-13|website=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TOG|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Edorh|first=Nicolas|title=Jeux du Commonwealth Glasgow 2026 : voici les athlètes togolais en lice|trans-title=Commonwealth Games Glasgow 2026: here are the Togolese athletes competing|language=fr|url=https://lanouvelletribune.tg/jeux-du-commonwealth-glasgow-2026-voici-les-athletes-togolais-en-lice/|work=La Nouvelle Tribune|location=Lomé, Togo|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TGA|2026|28}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Tonga will compete across eight sports at Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://matangitonga.to/2026/06/23/team-tonga-glasgow-2026|work=Matangi Tonga|location=Nukuʻalofa, Tonga|date=23 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TTO|2026|37}}<ref>{{cite news|title=T&T 36 athletes set for Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/sports/tt-36-athletes-set-for-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow-6.2.2631421.dfeb9f32ea|work=[[Trinidad and Tobago Guardian]]|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TCA|2026|9}}<ref>{{cite web|title=We can hear it now... Team TCI! Raise your flag!|url=https://www.facebook.com/tcisportscommission/photos/we-can-hear-it-now-team-tci-raise-your-flag-drop-in-the-comments-turksandcaicosi/1355869126685880/|website=[[Facebook]]|publisher=Turks and Caicos Islands Sports Commission|location=Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands|date=21 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TUV|2026|8}}<ref>{{cite web|date=15 July 2026|title=Meet your team that will represent our small nation at the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games.|url=https://www.facebook.com/TASNOC/photos/meet-your-team-that-will-represent-our-small-nation-at-the-glasgow-2026-commonwe/1442109287953924/|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Funafuti, Tuvalu|publisher=[[Tuvalu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee]]|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|UGA|2026|57}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Uganda|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/uganda|website=www.glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|VAN|2026|14}}<ref name=vanuteam>{{Cite web|last=Tora|first=Iliesa|date=2026-06-15|title=Pacific Islands name teams for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/pacific/598212/pacific-islands-name-teams-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games|access-date=2026-06-17|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|WAL|2026|114}}<ref name=walann>{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Celyn|date=2026-06-19|title=Team Wales Announces Athletes for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://teamwales.cymru/team-wales-announces-athletes-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|access-date=2026-06-19|website=Team Wales|language=en-GB}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ZAM|2026|22}}<ref>{{cite news|date=13 June 2026|title=Zambia enters 5 disciplines for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2026/06/13/zambia-enters-5-disciplines-for-commonwealth-games/|work=Lusaka Times|location=Lusaka Times|access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> {{Div col end}} |} '''Adadin 'yan wasa ta Ƙungiyar Wasannin Commonwealth'''   == Tebur na lambar yabo == == Wasanni == Idan aka ba da gaggawa da rashin lokaci don shirya taron, wannan shine mafi ƙarancin adadin wasanni da aka bayar a wasannin tun 1994.{{Efn|[[Paralympic powerlifting|Para powerlifting]] is treated as part of the [[weightlifting]] programme and 3x3 [[wheelchair basketball]] as part of the [[3x3 basketball|basketball]] programme for these purposes, but as separate disciplines in the official schedule.}} Farawa da wannan fitowar, Wasannin suna da wasanni biyu kawai na tilas na wasanni da iyo.<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />Shida daga cikin wasannin da aka zaɓa sun gudanar da wani bangare na wasanni na Para. Wadannan sune Para Athletics, Para Track Cycling, 3x3 Wheelchair Basketball, Para Swimming, Para Bowls, da Para Powerlifting.<ref name=":4" /> Wasanni da horo da aka sauke daga Wasannin da suka gabata sun haɗa da badminton, volleyball na rairayin bakin teku, Twenty20 cricket, nutsewa, hockey, keken dutse, wasan motsa jiki, keken keke, rugby bakwai, squash, wasan Tennis na tebur da wasan tennis, Triathlon da para triathlon kuma kokawa. Daga cikin wasannin kungiya na gaba ɗaya, kawai Netball da 3x3 basketball sun haɗa. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru a waje a cikin wasanni masu riƙewa kamar su wasanni (marathons da tseren tsere) da keke (babur na dutse da keken keke na hanya) an kuma sauke su saboda farashi, yayin da aka gudanar da gasar bowls a cikin tsarin bowls na cikin gida, maimakon tsarin bowls. Shirye-shiryen wasanni da yawa sun sami canje-canje a cikin tsarin su. A wasu lokuta, adadin adadin ya karu, a wasu lokuta an gudanar da sabon iri-iri a karon farko === Canje-canje ga shirin wasanni === Wasannin Parasports Wasannin sun nuna mafi yawan abubuwan wasanni na Para a tarihin Wasannin Commonwealth, tare da 47 na karshe a cikin wasanni shida. Masu shirya '''Wasanni''' sun yanke shawarar ƙara tseren 4x400 kuma sun zaɓi dawowar taron Mile maimakon taron 1,500m. An gudanar da mil din karshe a shekarar 1966; masu shirya taron sun dauki farfadowar a matsayin girmamawa ga "Miracle Mile" daga Vancouver 1954 tsakanin Roger Bannister da [[John Landy]], kuma a karo na farko, mata ne suka kalubalanci wannan taron. Parathletics sun ga 'yan wasa suna fafatawa a cikin fannoni uku na wasanni: tsalle, jefawa da abubuwan da suka faru. '''Kwallon kwando''' An fadada yawan kungiyoyi a gasar kwando ta 3x3. Duk da yake yawan kungiyoyi a gasar tsayawa ya karu zuwa 12 ga kowane jinsi, yawan kungiyoyin keken guragu ya karu zuwa 8 ga mata. Taron keken guragu na maza 3x3 ya kasance a kungiyoyi takwas. Bowls Wani babban ci gaba a Glasgow shine sake fasalin gasar bowls, wanda yake cikin gida kuma ba a kan ciyawa ba. Tare da shirin da aka sake sabuntawa, yawan abubuwan da suka faru sun ragu daga 11 zuwa 7, yayin da aka cire wasanni uku da hudu. '''Gudun keke''' Duk da rashin faruwar keken dutse da abubuwan da suka faru a hanya, an ci gaba da yawan abubuwan da aka gudanar a 26 tare da tseren kawarwa da aka kara zuwa shirin hanya mai iyawa, kuma yawan abubuwan da suka shafi wasanni sun ninka sau biyu daga 4 zuwa 8 don haɗawa da masu tuka keke na C. '''Yin iyo''' Yawan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shirin yin iyo ya karu daga 52 zuwa 54 a duk faɗin gasa na Para da wadanda ba Para ba, tare da karawa da taron 800m na kyauta ga maza da kuma taron 1500m na kyauta don mata. == Kalanda == An saki jadawalin ne a ranar 31 ga Yulin 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2025 |title=Session Schedule Unveiled for the UK's Biggest Sporting Event Next Year |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4328872/session-schedule-unveiled-for-the-uk-s-biggest-sporting-event-next-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052356/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4328872/session-schedule-unveiled-for-the-uk-s-biggest-sporting-event-next-year |archive-date=4 August 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Competition Schedule |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/schedule/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052703/https://www.glasgow2026.com/schedule/overview |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2 August 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2026 |title=Bowls and Para Bowls gets extra day and £10 tickets to kick off Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games after large entry with Draw and Schedule revealed |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4534556/bowls-and-para-bowls-gets-extra-day-and-10-tickets-to-kick-off-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-after-large-entry-with-draw-and-schedule-revealed |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> : ''Duk lokutan da kwanakin suna amfani da Lokacin bazara na Burtaniya (UTC+1) '' {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; position:relative; width:75%;" | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#00cc33; text-align:center;" |'''OC''' |Bikin buɗewa | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#3399ff; text-align:center;" |● |Gasar da ta faru | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ffcc00; text-align:center;" |'''1''' |Abubuwan da suka faru na zinariya | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ee3333; text-align:center;" |'''CC''' |Bikin rufewa |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em; width:75%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:20%;" |Yuli/Agusta 2026 ! colspan="9" |Yuli ! colspan="2" |Agusta ! rowspan="2" style="width:7%;" |Abubuwan da suka faru |- ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 23<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |24thFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |25thSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |26thSun<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |27thWatan<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Na 28th Tue<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |29th Wage<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 30<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |31stFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |1stSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Rana ta biyu<br /> |- | colspan="2" |Bukukuwan[[Fayil:Commonwealth_Games_Federation_symbol_(2019-_Till_Date)_Black.svg|20x20px]] | style="background-color:#00cc33;text-align:center;" |'''OC''' | | | | | | | | | | style="background-color:#ee3333;text-align:center;" |'''CC'''||{{N/a}} |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:3x3 basketball pictogram.svg|20px]] [[3x3 basketball at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|3x3 basketball]]}} | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' ! |'''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Artistic gymnastics at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Artistic gymnastics]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' ! |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Athletics_pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Athletics at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''6''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''11''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''19''' ! |'''59''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Lawn bowls pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Bowls at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Bowls]]}} ! style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |4 |'''7''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Boxing at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]}} | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''14''' ! |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Judo pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Judo at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Judo]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |4 |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Netball pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Netball at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Netball]]}} | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |1 |'''1''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Powerlifting pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Para powerlifting at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Para powerlifting]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' ! |'''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Swimming pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Swimming at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''8''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''10''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''11''' ! |'''56''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Cycling at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Track cycling]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''6''' ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |6 |'''26''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Weightlifting at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' ! |'''16''' |- ! colspan="2" |Abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun !0 !14 !9 !14 !27 !27 !25 !17 !23 !44 !15 ! rowspan="2" |215 |- ! colspan="2" |Adadin jimlar !0 !14 !23 !37 !64 !91 !116 !133 !156 !200 !215 |- style="text-align:center;" |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:23%;" |Yuli/Agusta 2026 ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 23<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |24thFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |25thSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |26thSun<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |27thWatan<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Na 28th Tue<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |29th Wage<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 30<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |31stFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |1stSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Rana ta biyu<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Jimillar abubuwan da suka faru |- ! colspan="9" |Yuli ! colspan="2" |Agusta |} == Tallace-tallace == === Bayyanawa ta gani === An bayyana tambarin wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a matsayin "na farko na tarihi", wanda ya haɗa tambarin Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth tare da ainihin asalin birnin Glasgow. Yana nuna alamun wakilci na Kogin Clyde da gadar Clyde Arc, wanda aka haɗa a cikin alamar bikin Commonwealth Sport, wanda aka nuna a cikin launuka na bakin teku. Kamfanin Loop Design ne ya kirkireshi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/about/questions?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEaqhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa07LX_nrJvvmLahn0eyQYTIebho_lcLbx1uvbwjRj5u52ssqNz0LunDog_aem__BulJmkKEk6Eg8nIn3tOzw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119125359/https://www.glasgow2026.com/about/questions?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEaqhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa07LX_nrJvvmLahn0eyQYTIebho_lcLbx1uvbwjRj5u52ssqNz0LunDog_aem__BulJmkKEk6Eg8nIn3tOzw |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=22 October 2024 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An bayyana tartan na hukuma don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a Glasgow a watan Yulin 2025 kuma an kirkireshi ne tare da hadin gwiwar mai tsara kayan ado na Scotland Siobhan Mackenzie . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=New tartan set to make its debut at Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/new-tartan-set-to-make-its-debut-at-glasgow-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053556/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/new-tartan-set-to-make-its-debut-at-glasgow-2026 |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2025-07-22 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An yi rajista tare da Scottish Register of Tartans, ƙirar ta haɗa da launin shudi, ruwan hoda, da launin ruwan kasa na Glasgow 2026 wanda aka saita a kan tushe mai launin toka na ƙarfe - alamar alama ga al'adun masana'antu na birnin. Ƙididdigar zaren tartan tana ɗauke da ma'ana mai zurfi: 74 gashi suna wakiltar yawan kasashe da yankuna masu halarta, yayin da ƙididdigar blue thread mai launin shudi na 26 ke ba da haraji ga shekarar Wasannin. Za a samar da tartan a Scotland ta amfani da masana'antun gida da masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Check this: Glasgow reveals Commonwealth Games 2026 tartan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qx2q9473vo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717120126/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qx2q9473vo |archive-date=17 July 2025 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Mascot === [[Fayil:Finnie_the_Unicorn_mascot_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|271x271px|Finnie a lokacin da aka bayyana, 23 ga Yuli 2025]] An shirya za a bayyana mascot na hukuma don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2025, yana nuna daidai shekara guda har zuwa farkon Wasannin. Yara a makaranta ne suka tsara mascot din a duk faɗin Scotland, suna ƙarfafa kerawa da shiga matasa a cikin jagorancin taron wasanni na duniya. Kafin sanarwar, kokarin gabatarwa sun hada da bidiyon da aka fitar a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2025 wanda ke nuna Clyde, sanannen mascot na wasannin Commonwealth na 2014 da aka gudanar a Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Commonwealth mascot Clyde out of the running for 2026 Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czry48vpmyro |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2025 an sanar da mascot din wasannin a matsayin Finnie, Glaswegian unicorn. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Magic moment: Official Glasgow 2026 mascot Finnie unveiled |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4320470/magic-moment-official-glasgow-2026-mascot-finnie-unveiled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053217/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4320470/magic-moment-official-glasgow-2026-mascot-finnie-unveiled |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2025-06-23 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An sanya mata suna ne bayan Finnieston Crane na birnin kuma tana wasa da ƙaho na zirga-zirga a matsayin ƙaho, tana mai da hankali ga al'adar sanya ƙaho na hanya a kan mutum-mutumi na Duke na Wellington na Glasgow. Unicorn dabba ce ta ƙasar Scotland kuma mai goyon bayan tutar makamai ta Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=Goodbye Clyde, Hello Finnie!: Glasgow Commonwealth Games mascot unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wprgqnz5wo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723074704/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wprgqnz5wo |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Jakadu === An sanar da Scotland mai mulki 10,000m Commonwealth Champion, Eilish McColgan, a matsayin Jakadan Wasannin farko na Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games a ranar 21 ga Yulin 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=Eilish McColgan Named First Official Ambassador for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/eilish-mccolgan-named-first-official-ambassador-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053207/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/eilish-mccolgan-named-first-official-ambassador-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2025-07-22 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Mai ɗaukar nauyi Emily Campbell, mai wasan motsa jiki Jake Jarman, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na keken hannu Robyn Love da mai iyo [[Duncan Scott (mai iyo)|Duncan Scott]] duk an sanar da su a matsayin Jakadu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=Commonwealth Weightlifting Champion Emily Campbell announced as Official Games Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4364429/commonwealth-weightlifting-champion-emily-campbell-announced-as-official-games-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2025 |title=Jake Jarman Joins Glasgow 2026 as Athlete Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4375155/jake-jarman-joins-glasgow-2026-as-athlete-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=Robyn Love "honoured" to be a Glasgow 2026 Athlete Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4376925/robyn-love-honoured-to-be-a-glasgow-2026-athlete-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2025 |title=Scotland's Most Decorated Commonwealth Games Athlete Announced as Official Glasgow 2026 Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4388485/scotland-s-most-decorated-commonwealth-games-athlete-announced-as-official-glasgow-2026-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> === Tallafin kamfanoni === {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="float:center; margin:10px;" width="90%" !Masu tallafawa wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Partner Family |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819230742/https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=13 August 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> |- |Manyan Abokan hulɗa<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * [[Bupa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bupa announced as Official Healthcare Principal Partner to Glasgow 2026=|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4516373/bupa-announced-as-official-healthcare-principal-partner-to-glasgow-2026|date=9 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[EDF Energy]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iconic Glasgow 2026 Venues Set To Be Powered By Zero Carbon Scottish Electricity as EDF Becomes a Principal Games Partner|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4518259/iconic-glasgow-2026-venues-set-to-be-powered-by-zero-carbon-scottish-electricity-as-edf-becomes-a-principal-games-partner|date=12 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[HBO Max]] {{Col-5}} * Ideagen<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ideagen becomes Games first AI technology Principal Partner and backs Commonwealth Netball|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4498564/ideagen-becomes-games-first-ai-technology-principal-partner-and-backs-commonwealth-netball|date=5 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Longines]] {{Col-end}} |- |Abokan hulɗa Allied Mobility Allwyn Entertainment Amul [149][150][151] BYD Auto[152] CMS[153] Coca-Cola[154] Jubel[155] Trespass[156] Trivandi[157]<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * Allied Mobility<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allied Mobility Announced As Official Accessibility Partner For Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4506543/allied-mobility-announced-as-official-accessibility-partner-for-glasgow-2026|date=20 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[KKCG#Lottery and gambling|Allwyn Entertainment]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Lottery operator Allwyn announced as Official Volunteer Learning and Development Partner of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4437643/national-lottery-operator-allwyn-announced-as-official-volunteer-learning-and-development-partner-of-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=21 January 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Amul]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amul joins as Official Partner of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4541260/amul-joins-as-official-partner-of-glasgow-2026|date=22 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[BYD Auto]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BYD announced as the Official Car Partner of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4444982/byd-announced-as-the-official-car-partner-of-glasgow-2026|date=5 February 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[CMS (law firm)|CMS]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Leading Law Firm CMS as Legal Partner|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4373648/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-law-firm-cms-as-legal-partner|date=1 October 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113504/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4373648/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-law-firm-cms-as-legal-partner|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Coca-Cola Europacific Partners|Coca-Cola]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola Named as Official Soft Drinks Partner to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4479927/coca-cola-named-as-official-soft-drinks-partner-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=2 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[Jubel beer|Jubel]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 and JUBEL Raise a Pint to Official Games Partnership|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4482896/glasgow-2026-and-jubel-raise-a-pint-to-official-games-partnership|date=7 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Trespass (clothing)|Trespass]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trespass to Kit Out Glasgow 2026 Workforce and Volunteers as Returning Sponsor|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4335154/trespass-to-kit-out-glasgow-2026-workforce-and-volunteers-as-returning-sponsor|date=7 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=8 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908030146/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4335154/trespass-to-kit-out-glasgow-2026-workforce-and-volunteers-as-returning-sponsor|url-status=live}}</ref> * Trivandi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Global Major Event Leader Trivandi to Deliver Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4339534/glasgow-2026-appoints-global-major-event-leader-trivandi-to-deliver-games|date=13 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=8 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908031117/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4339534/glasgow-2026-appoints-global-major-event-leader-trivandi-to-deliver-games|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Col-end}} |- |Masu ba da sabis Actua Dynamik Sports Floors[158] Eleiko[159] InBudget[160] Live Nation Entertainment (Ticketmaster) Live Team Microplus Ƙalubalen da ya fi girma[161] Riedel Sadarwa[162] SLX[163] Sting[164] Tafiya Daga 4[165]<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * Actua * Dynamik Sports Floors<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Leading Sports Flooring Specialists DYNAMIK as Official Provider|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4365582/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-sports-flooring-specialists-dynamik-as-official-provider|date=20 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113808/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4365582/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-sports-flooring-specialists-dynamik-as-official-provider|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Eleiko]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eleiko Named Official Weightlifting and Para Powerlifting Equipment Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4486656/eleiko-named-official-weightlifting-and-para-powerlifting-equipment-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=13 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * InBudget<ref>{{Cite web|title=InBudget announced as Official Cost Planning and Budgeting Software Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4398026/inbudget-announced-as-official-cost-planning-and-budgeting-software-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=7 November 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[Live Nation Entertainment]] ([[Ticketmaster]]) * [[Wasserman (company)|Live Team]] * Microplus<ref>{{Cite web|title=Microplus appointed as Official Provider of Games Information Systems|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4368664/microplus-appointed-as-official-provider-of-games-information-systems|date=24 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113726/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4368664/microplus-appointed-as-official-provider-of-games-information-systems|url-status=live}}</ref> * My Peak Challenge {{Col-5}} * [[Riedel Communications]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riedel to Support Glasgow 2026 as Official Connectivity Integration Provider|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4500058/riedel-to-support-glasgow-2026-as-official-connectivity-integration-provider|date=8 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * SLX<ref>{{Cite web|title=SLX announced as Official Provider of Broadcast Lighting and Rigging for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4369872/slx-announced-as-official-provider-of-broadcast-lighting-and-rigging-for-glasgow-2026|date=26 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113740/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4369872/slx-announced-as-official-provider-of-broadcast-lighting-and-rigging-for-glasgow-2026|url-status=live}}</ref> * Sting<ref>{{Cite web|title=STING named Official Boxing Equipment Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4488038/sting-named-official-boxing-equipment-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=15 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Tour De 4<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland's sporting icon Sir Chris Hoy and Tour de 4 join the Glasgow 2026 team|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4514784/scotland-s-sporting-icon-sir-chris-hoy-and-tour-de-4-join-the-glasgow-2026-team|date=5 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-end}} |- |Masu goyon bayan hukuma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Supporters |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships/official-supporters |access-date=21 May 2026 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Aspen Solutions[167] Duncan Farms[168] Farko na Farko na Tafiya[169] Filin jirgin saman Glasgow[170] Karex (Pasante Healthcare) MIH Manyan Abubuwan OFX[171] Scotsman Baƙi[172] Ayyukan Scotland don Lafiya ta Zuciya[173] Ruwa na Scotland Tarin Kyakkyawan Ruwa Rayuwa Walker Slater Zero Waste Scotland[174]<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * Aspen Solutions<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aspen Solutions appointed as Official Supporter for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4520802/aspen-solutions-appointed-as-official-supporter-for-glasgow-2026|date=17 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Duncan Farms<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cracking News: Duncan's Eggs named Official Egg Provider to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4522145/cracking-news-duncan-s-eggs-named-official-egg-provider-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=19 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[First Travel Solutions]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stop the bus, it's 50 Days to Go until Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4513616/stop-the-bus-it-s-50-days-to-go-until-glasgow-2026|date=3 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Glasgow Airport]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finnie checks in as Glasgow Airport becomes Official Supporter of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4507311/finnie-checks-in-as-glasgow-airport-becomes-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|date=21 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Karex]] (Pasante Healthcare) {{Col-5}} * MIH Major Events * [[OFX (company)|OFX]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=OFX supporting financial operations behind the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4550621/ofx-supporting-financial-operations-behind-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=31 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Scotsman Hospitality<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotsman Hospitality named Official Supporter of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4536160/scotsman-hospitality-named-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|date=15 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Scottish Action for Mental Health<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 to be first mentally healthy Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4531839/glasgow-2026-to-be-first-mentally-healthy-commonwealth-games|date=7 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[Scottish Water]] * The Superlative Collection<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow Restaurants Serve Up Official Support for Glasgow 2026 with Foodie Trail|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4513965/glasgow-restaurants-serve-up-official-support-for-glasgow-2026-with-foodie-trail|date=4 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Vieve * Walker Slater * Zero Waste Scotland {{Col-end}} |} === Tikiti === Rijistar tikiti 500,000 kafin sayarwa don Wasannin Commonwealth sun buɗe kuma sun gudana har zuwa 16 ga Oktoba, suna ba da fifiko ga magoya baya daga birni da ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin, sannan tallace-tallace na jama'a sun fara ne a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025. Ana samun tikiti daga £ 26 don zaman lambar yabo da £ 17 don zaman da ba na lambar yabo ba, tare da tikitin izini farawa a £ 12. Daga baya an rage tikiti kusa da Wasannin don wasu wasanni kamar kwano zuwa farawa na £ 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2025 |title=Game On: Glasgow 2026 Ticket Pre-Sale Dates Announced |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4374049/game-on-glasgow-2026-ticket-pre-sale-dates-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015115753/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4374049/game-on-glasgow-2026-ticket-pre-sale-dates-announced |archive-date=15 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa an sayar da tikiti 434,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-02 |title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Joyful Glasgow cannot banish all doubts for future |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/c2k7nn9z0e7o |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rediyo == * Asiya - ABU * Ostiraliya - Cibiyar sadarwa Bakwai <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2025 |title=Seven signs deal for Commonwealth Games 2026, 2030 |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2025/04/seven-signs-deal-for-commonwealth-games-2026-2030.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415223121/https://tvtonight.com.au/2025/04/seven-signs-deal-for-commonwealth-games-2026-2030.html |archive-date=15 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=TV Tonight}}</ref> * Brunei - RTB * Kanada - CBC/Radio-Canada <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nakhuda |first=Mikail |title=CBC/Radio-Canada to become exclusive Canadian broadcaster of the 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/cbc-radio-canada-exclusive-broadcaster-commonweatlh-games-9.7250528 |access-date=28 June 2026 |website=cbc.ca |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref> * [[Karibiyan|Yankin Caribbean]] - RushSports <ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadcast deals struck in APAC, Africa, Caribbean for Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.sportcal.com/news/broadcast-deals-struck-in-apac-africa-caribbean-for-commonwealth-games/?cf-view |url-status=live |website=SPORTCAL}}</ref> * Turai - Eurosport da HBO Max * Indiya - DD Sports da Sony Sports Network <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2026 |title=SPNI acquires rights for the 2026 Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/media/spni-acquires-rights-for-the-2026-glasgow-commonwealth-games/132430167 |access-date=20 July 2026 |website=indiatimes.com |publisher=India Times}}</ref> * Malaysia - RTM <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2026 |title=RTM Penyiar Rasmi Sukan Komanwel Glasgow 2026 |url=https://berita.rtm.gov.my/arena/senarai-berita-arena/senarai-artikel/rtm-penyiar-rasmi-sukan-komanwel-glasgow-2026/ |access-date=22 July 2026 |website=RTM}}</ref> * New Zealand - Sama <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2019 |title=Sky TV Wins Broadcast Rights For 2022 And 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://ministryofsport.com.au/sky-tv-wins-broadcast-rights-for-2022-and-2026-commonwealth-games/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115085732/https://ministryofsport.com.au/sky-tv-wins-broadcast-rights-for-2022-and-2026-commonwealth-games/ |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=15 November 2019 |website=Ministry of Sport}}</ref> * Singapore - Mediacorp <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2026 |title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games FAQs |url=https://mewatch.my.site.com/helpcentre/s/article/Glasgow-2026-Commonwealth-Games-FAQs |access-date=19 July 2026 |website=MeWatch Help Centre}}</ref> * Afirka ta kudu da Sahara - Canal+ (SuperSport) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=Canal+ confirms broadcast rights for 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://supersport.com/commonwealth%20games/news/1b3b71a2-5be2-4b3b-840b-2e60ca0e2b19/canal-confirms-broadcast-rights-for-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2026-07-29 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> * United Kingdom - TNT Sports, 5 (bikin buɗewa da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na yau da kullun kawai), S4C (harshen Welsh), BBC Alba (harshen Gaelic) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=TNT Sports confirmed as live UK broadcast partner for Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4422497/tnt-sports-confirmed-as-live-uk-broadcast-partner-for-glasgow-2026 |access-date=2025-12-19 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2026 |title=S4C announced as Welsh-language broadcaster for Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4518260/s4c-announced-as-welsh-language-broadcaster-for-glasgow-2026 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-06 |title=BBC ALBA to broadcast live action from the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2026/bbc-alba-to-broadcast-live-from-the-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow |access-date=6 July 2026 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> * Amurka - beIN SPORTS <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-20 |title=Glasgow 2026 expands global broadcast reach as Commonwealth Sport enters a new era |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4539284/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4539284/glasgow-2026-expands-global-broadcast-reach-as-commonwealth-sport-enters-a-new-era |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a5ozs1t9wfz28sryoumgoxxjmxcj57x 915310 915308 2026-09-03T08:20:17Z Gwanki 3834 915310 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Wasannin Commonwealth na XXIII''' kuma wanda aka fi saninsa da '''[[Glasgow]] 2026''', wani taron wasanni ne da aka gudanar daga 23 ga Yuli zuwa 2 ga Agusta 2026 a Glasgow, birni mafi girma a [[Scotland]], ga membobin Commonwealth of Nations . Wannan shi ne Wasannin Commonwealth na huɗu da za a shirya a Scotland, bayan wasannin 1970 da 1986 a [[Edinburgh]], da Wasannin 2014 a Glasgow. Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 shine na farko da za a gudanar tun bayan mutuwar [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] da kuma hauhawar Sarki Charles III a matsayin Shugaban Commonwealth, kuma fitowar farko tun lokacin da Donald Rukare ya zama shugaban Commonwealth Sport. Har zuwa wani lokaci, wasannin ba su da mai karɓar bakuncin bayan an janye tayin daga Victoria, Ostiraliya don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026, an fara sanar da Victoria a matsayin mai karɓar baƙi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Games-Australian state to be confirmed 2026 Commonwealth Games host -report |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1999991-games-australian-state-to-be-confirmed-2026-commonwealth-games-host--report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411230949/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1999991-games-australian-state-to-be-confirmed-2026-commonwealth-games-host--report |archive-date=11 April 2022 |website=Devdiscourse}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2023, gwamnatin jihar Victoria ta soke shirye-shiryenta saboda karuwar tsadar farashi. Birnin [[Gold Coast|Gold Coast, Queensland]], ya ba da gudummawa ga karɓar bakuncin taron amma daga baya ya janye saboda irin waɗannan dalilai. Ba tare da mai masaukin baki ba, akwai haɗarin cewa ana iya jinkirta wasannin zuwa 2027 ko soke su gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Costs Too High At Over $6 Billion |url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718031331/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=premier.vic.gov.au |publisher=Premier of Victoria}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2024, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Glasgow ta cimma yarjejeniya don karɓar haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin, <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Trainer |first=Paul |date=11 August 2024 |title=Reports: Glasgow set to be announced as host city for Commonwealth Games 2026 |url=https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/glasgow-set-to-be-announced-as-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-2026-4737747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811193745/https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/glasgow-set-to-be-announced-as-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-2026-4737747 |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=GlasgowWorld}}</ref> amma washegari an bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da tattaunawa ba tare da yarjejeniya ta ƙarshe ko sanarwar da ke gabatowa ba. Wasannin Commonwealth na Scotland sun ba da shawarar sake fasalin taron, wanda ke nuna wasanni 10 zuwa 13 da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu, tare da fam miliyan 100 a cikin kudade daga Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth da ƙarin fam miliyan 30 zuwa 50 daga tushen kasuwanci, tabbatar da cewa ba za a buƙaci kudaden jama'a ba. Wani sabuntawa a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2024 ya tabbatar da cewa wasannin za su sami tallafin kudi na AU $ 200 miliyan, wanda aka samu a matsayin diyya daga gwamnatin Victoria bayan janyewarsu.<ref name="CGGlasgow">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Commonwealth Games Scotland Update on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901025238/https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/ |archive-date=2024-09-01 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=Team Scotland}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2024, Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da karbar bakuncin wasannin tare da tallafin kudi daga Wasannin Commonwealth na Australia. Wasannin da aka rage da kuma ƙananan farashi sun nuna wasanni 10 da ke faruwa a wurare bakwai kuma babu ƙauyen 'yan wasa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sports {{!}} Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/sports/www.glasgow2026.com/sports/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Ostiraliya ta hau teburin lambobin yabo na uku a jere na Commonwealth Games, tare da zinare 70 da jimlar lambobin yabo 171. Ingila ta kasance ta biyu tare da lambobin zinare 29 da jimlar 110, yayin da Kanada ta kammala ta uku tare da lambun zinare 19 da jimlar 62. Kasar da ta karbi bakuncin, Scotland, ta kammala ta biyar a bayan Indiya, kowannensu yana da lambobin zinare 13 da lambobin 29. Gabon, Rwanda da Tuvalu sun lashe lambobin yabo na farko na Commonwealth, tare da Dominica ta lashe lambar zinare ta farko. == Zaɓin mai masaukin baki ==   === Zaɓin farko === [[Fayil:Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008.jpg|thumb|Jihar Victoria ta Australiya da farko an nada ta a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin.]] A lokacin Babban Taron CGF a ranar 31 ga Maris 2017 a [[Gold Coast]], bayan rikice-rikice na Wasannin Commonwealth na 2022 wanda ya karbi bakuncin birnin, kwamitin zartarwa ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya shirya bayar da kyautar wasannin Commonwealth guda 2026 da 2030 a lokaci guda a Babban TaronCGF da aka shirya don [[Kigali]], Rwanda a watan Satumbar 2019. An aiwatar da sabon samfurin da ake kira CGF Partnerships (CGFP) wanda ke da niyyar ba da goyon baya mai ƙarfi ga ƙungiyoyi da biranen da ke nuna sha'awar karɓar bakuncin wasannin gaba da haɓaka ƙimar taron gaba ɗaya. Wannan yayi kama da tsarin da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na kasa da kasa (IOC) ya yi amfani da shi tun daga shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Resurgent Commonwealth agrees to begin the process of selecting 2026 and 2030 Commonwealth Games Host Cities |url=https://thecgf.com/news/resurgent-commonwealth-agrees-begin-process-selecting-2026-and-2030-commonwealth-games-host |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161505/https://thecgf.com/news/resurgent-commonwealth-agrees-begin-process-selecting-2026-and-2030-commonwealth-games-host/ |archive-date=2018-05-01 |access-date=10 July 2018 |website=Commonwealth Games Federation}}</ref> A cikin 2015, birnin [[Durban]] na Afirka ta Kudu ya lashe haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin wasannin Commonwealth na 2022, amma an kwace waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a cikin 2017 saboda damuwa da kuɗi. A sakamakon haka, Birmingham ta tashi daga wasannin da aka shirya daga 2026 zuwa 2022. Wannan ya bar wasannin 2026 ba tare da mai masaukin baki ba kuma an janye tayin daga [[Kuala Lumpur]], Cardiff, [[Calgary]], [[Edmonton]] da [[Adelaide]] duk saboda damuwa game da farashi, tare da yanke shawara mai karɓar bakuncin da Ƙungiyar Wasannin Commonwealth ba ta yi tsakanin 2019 da 2022.<ref name=":11" /> A watan Janairun 2022, Gwamnatin Jihar Victoria ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana ba da la'akari sosai ga buƙatar da ta gabata daga CGF don karɓar bakuncin wasannin. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2022, Firayim Minista na Victoria Daniel Andrews ya tabbatar da cewa jihar tana cikin tattaunawa ta musamman tare da CGF don karbar bakuncin wasannin. An bayyana cewa idan an ci nasara wajen karbar bakuncin wasannin a karo na biyu, wani yunkuri na Victorian zai yi niyyar jaddada cibiyoyin yanki na jihar - kamar Geelong, Ballarat da Bendigo - maimakon kasancewa mafi yawan [[Melbourne]], kamar a shekara ta 2006. Bendigo a baya ya dauki bakuncin Wasannin Matasa na Commonwealth na 2004. Amincewa da tayin zai iya zama ya danganta da yarjejeniya kan hanyoyin sarrafa farashi, kamar gidaje da jami'ai a otal-otal maimakon ƙauyen da aka keɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masters |first=Roy |date=19 January 2022 |title=Melbourne set to step into breach as 2026 Commonwealth Games host city |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182013/https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Victoria present bid to host 2026 Commonwealth Games, could include 22 sports |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120592/commonwealth-games-victoria-2026-bid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315170813/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120592/commonwealth-games-victoria-2026-bid |archive-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> An tabbatar da wannan tayin a matsayin mai nasara a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2022. A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2023, gwamnatin jihar ta yi niyyar soke karbar bakuncin wasannin 2026 a Victoria. Watanni goma sha biyar bayan amincewa da karbar bakuncin wasannin, Firayim Minista Daniel Andrews ya ce farashin ya karu zuwa kimanin dala biliyan 6-7, ninki biyu na amfanin tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta ga jihar, kuma gwamnati ba za ta iya tabbatar da kudin ba. Jiha ta ce za ta dakatar da yarjejeniyar mai karɓar bakuncin ta tare da Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth kuma ta nemi sasantawa game da kwangilar.<ref name=":8" /> Cirewar ta haifar da sabon bincike don mai masaukin baki don Wasannin 2026. {| class="wikitable" |+2026 Commonwealth Games bidding results !City / region !Nation !Votes |- |Victoria |{{Flagicon|Australia}} Australia | align="center" |Unanimous (2022)<br /><br />Withdrew (2023) |} === Zaɓin na biyu === ==== Sha'awa ta farko ==== [[Fayil:Launch_Commonwealth_Games_2026_with_First_Minister_Swinney_in_Glasgow,_Scotland_on_22_October_2024_-_7.jpg|thumb|Ministan farko na Scotland, John Swinney, ya kaddamar da wasannin Commonwealth na 2026, Oktoba 2024.]] Magajin garin London [[Sadiq Khan]] daga baya ya ce ya "shirya" don tallafawa yunkurin [[Landan]] don maye gurbin Victoria a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin. Ministan farko na Scotland Humza Yousaf ya kuma bayyana cewa yana "sonin yin la'akari da shawarwari" ga Scotland don karɓar bakuncin akalla wasu abubuwan da suka faru a wasannin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2023 |title=Humza Yousaf to 'explore' Scotland Commonwealth Games bid |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66240078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718234838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66240078 |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=BBC News}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Gold Coast ta kori kanta daga karbar bakuncin wasannin. A wannan rana, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta tabbatar da cewa ba za a sami "ceto na Burtaniya" don wasannin ba kuma ba za a karbe su a Burtaniya ba, suna mai cewa babu wani sha'awar kudi ko wani shiri na farko don ba da damar wani birni na Burtaniya ya sake shiga tsakani bayan Birmingham 2022 A ranar 11 ga Maris 2024, Majalisar Wasannin Olympics ta Malaysia ta bayyana cewa Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth (CGF) ta ba Malaysia kimanin fam miliyan 100 don karbar bakuncin Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a karamin sikelin fiye da yadda aka tsara da farko, tare da tattaunawa da ke gudana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=CGF offers Malaysia to host 2026 Commonwealth Games, says OCM |url=https://www.malaymail.com/article/2868977 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311110456/https://www.malaymail.com/article/2868977 |archive-date=2024-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Malay Mail}}</ref> Koyaya, a ranar 22 ga Maris 2024, Ma'aikatar Malaysia ta ki amincewa da tayin, tana mai bayyana cewa fam miliyan 100 ba zai isa ya rufe kuɗin taron ba. Bugu da ƙari, Gwamnatin Tarayya ba ta son amfani da kuɗin masu biyan haraji don tallafawa wasannin, musamman idan aka ba da haɗarin rikici na tsarawa tare da Wasannin SEA na 2027, wanda kuma za a gudanar a Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Malaysia declines to host Commonwealth Games 2026 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/03/22/malaysia-declines-to-host-commonwealth-games-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322065350/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/03/22/malaysia-declines-to-host-commonwealth-games-2026 |archive-date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Star}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, Majalisar Wasannin Olympics ta Singapore (SNOC), Sport Singapore (SportSG), da Commonwealth Games Singapore (CGS) sun ba da sanarwar cewa suna bincika yiwuwar karbar bakuncin wasannin, gami da yiwuwar hadin gwiwa tare da Malaysia don rage kudade. Koyaya, a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2024, CGS da SportSG sun tabbatar da cewa Singapore ba za ta gabatar da tayin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for 2026 Commonwealth Games host goes on after Singapore opts not to bid |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/sport/commonwealth-games-2026-host-decline-sportsg-feasibility-4239171 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403062430/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/sport/commonwealth-games-2026-host-decline-sportsg-feasibility-4239171 |archive-date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=CNA}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2024, CGF ta nuna cewa za a iya sanar da sabon mai karɓar bakuncin wasannin 2026 a watan da ya biyo baya, kuma a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2024 Ministan Matasa da Wasanni na [[Ghana]], Mustapha Ussif, ya nuna sha'awar karɓar bakin bayan nasarar da [[Accra]] ta samu na Wasannin Afirka na 2023 a watan Maris na 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2024 |title=2026 Commonwealth Games update |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/3959749/2026-commonwealth-games-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409092907/https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/3959749/2026-commonwealth-games-update |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Commonwealth Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Ghana to host 2026 Commonwealth Games? |url=https://3news.com/sports/other/ghana-to-host-2026-commonwealth-games-sports-minister-reveals-plans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409092906/https://3news.com/sports/other/ghana-to-host-2026-commonwealth-games-sports-minister-reveals-plans |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=3News Ghana}}</ref> ==== Kasuwancin Scotland ==== [[Fayil:Glasgow_-_aerial_-_2025-04-17_15.jpg|thumb|260x260px|An dauki [[Glasgow]] a matsayin "matsayin karshe" don karbar bakuncin wasannin 2026 bayan Victoria ta fice.]] A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa an dauki [[Glasgow]] a matsayin "matsayin karshe" don karbar bakuncin wasannin 2026 idan babu wani mai masaukin baki da ke zuwa. An ruwaito cewa wasannin za su kasance a kan karami kuma za su iya sake amfani da wuraren daga Wasannin Commonwealth na 2014. Gidaje ga 'yan wasa za su hada da otal-otal, kuma mai yiwuwa mazaunan ɗalibai na Jami'ar Glasgow Caledonian da Jami'ar Glasgo.<ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, farashin wasannin za a rufe su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth da masu tallafawa kamfanonin su.<ref name=":1" /> Tattaunawar ta ci gaba tsakanin Wasannin Commonwealth na Scotland, Gwamnatin Scotland da EventScotland: ana sa ran tabbatar da tayin a ƙarshen watan, amma a zahiri ba a gabatar da takardun tayin a wannan lokacin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Exclusive: Glasgow in frame for Commonwealth Games return in 2026 |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/exclusive-glasgow-in-frame-for-commonwealth-games-return-in-2026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802103313/https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/exclusive-glasgow-in-frame-for-commonwealth-games-return-in-2026/ |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=SportBusiness-US}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yulin 2024, BBC ta ba da rahoton cewa za a yanke shawara a watan Agusta. A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2024, an yi hasashen cewa an cimma yarjejeniya ga Glasgow don karɓar haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin wasannin.<ref name="auto" /> Wata sanarwa daga Majalisar Wasannin Commonwealth ta Scotland da aka bayar a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 2024, ta ba da shawarar wasannin da ba su da yawa tare da wasanni 10 a wurare huɗu ciki har da Filin wasa na Scotstoun da Cibiyar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Tollcross.<ref name="CGGlasgow" /> A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da karbar bakuncin wasannin tare da diyya daga Victoria. {| class="wikitable" |+Sakamakon wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 !Birni / yanki !Al'umma !Zaɓuɓɓuka |- |[[Glasgow]] |Scotland{{Flagicon|Scotland}} | align="center" |Tare da hadin kai |} == Wuraren da ake ciki == An yi amfani da wuraren da ke biyowa don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026: <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2024 |title=Event Delivery Partners' Information Pack |url=https://resources.cwg-qbr.pulselive.com/qbr-commonwealth-games/document/2024/12/11/aed32654-5b86-4101-9464-b82b9d1f44ef/Glasgow-2026-EDP-EOI-Document.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312125740/https://resources.cwg-qbr.pulselive.com/qbr-commonwealth-games/document/2024/12/11/aed32654-5b86-4101-9464-b82b9d1f44ef/Glasgow-2026-EDP-EOI-Document.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Wurin da ake ciki !Abubuwan da suka faru !Capacity !Matsayi |- | rowspan="2" |Hydro |Bukukuwan | rowspan="2" |12,306 | rowspan="2" |Abubuwan da ke akwai |- |Kwallon Net |- | rowspan="4" |Cibiyar SEC |Kwando na 3x3 |TBD | rowspan="4" |Kasancewa tare da tsayawa na wucin gadi |- |Kwallon kwalliya |TBD |- |Kwallon kwallo |TBD |- |Judo |TBD |- |SEC Armadillo |Ɗauki nauyi |3,000 |Abubuwan da ke akwai |- |Filin wasa na Scotstoun |Wasanni |10,000-11,000 |Abubuwan da ke akwai, an gyara su |- |Cibiyar Gudun Ruwa ta Duniya ta Tollcross |Yin iyo |2,000 | rowspan="3" |Abubuwan da ke akwai |- |Filin wasa na Commonwealth |Wasan motsa jiki na fasaha |5,000 |- |Sir Chris Yau Velodrome |Hanyar keke |2,000 |} === Gidan wuraren da ake kira === <gallery> Fayil:Stadium_Track_and_Pitch.jpg|Scotstoun Stadium Fayil:Tollcross_International_Swimming_Centre_(28921366007).jpg|Tollcross International Swimming Centre Fayil:Emirates_Arena_on_Glasgow_Rocks_Opening_Night_(cropped).jpg|Commonwealth Arena Fayil:Sir_Chris_Hoy_Velodrome_26.jpg|Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome Fayil:Wfm_foster_armadillo.jpg|SEC Armadillo Fayil:Entrance_to_the_SEC_Centre_(geograph_5692529).jpg|SEC Centre Fayil:The_SSE_Hydro_(geograph_5420681).jpg|The Hydro </gallery> == Matsayin Sarki == An kaddamar da Baton na Sarki a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Maris 2025, don nuna farkon ƙididdigar kwanaki 500, tare da Sarki Charles III, a cikin cikakken kayan soja, yana bayyana takardar sannan ya mika sandar ga mai gudu na farko, Sir Chris Hoy. Tim Norman ne ya tsara sandar da aka yi da Itacen ash. Kungiyar ta yanke shawarar cewa za a aika shi zuwa yankin Caribbean don fara ragowar duniya tare da Port of Spain, a [[Trinidad da Tobago]], a matsayin tashar farko ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KINGS BATON RELAY IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route/4236096/www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route/4236096/trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> Zaɓin Trinidad da Tobago ya kasance sakamakon nasarar da ƙasar ta samu wajen karbar bakuncin Wasannin Matasan Commonwealth na 2023. Sashe na Caribbean na Baton Relay ya ƙare a Saint Vincent da Grenadines a ranar Asabar 14 ga Yuni, kafin ɓangaren Afirka (15 ga Yuni zuwa 24 ga Oktoba), sannan Asiya (25 ga Oktoba zuwa 21 ga Disamba), Oceania (2 ga Janairu zuwa 26 ga Maris 2026), Amurka (27 ga Maris zuwa 6 ga Mayu 2026), da Turai (8 ga Mayu zuwa 23 ga Yuli 2026). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baton Relay Locations Map |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route |url-status=live |website=Commonwealth Sport}}</ref> Don 18th Baton Relay, an gabatar da sabon tsari inda kowannensu daga cikin 74 Commonwealth Games Associations (CGAs) ya sami sandar mutum da aka yi a Glasgow. Maimakon wucewa guda ɗaya tsakanin al'ummomi, an ba da izinin kowane CGA ya tsara sandarsa don nuna al'adun yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about the King's Baton Relay |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/faqs |url-status=live |website=Commonwweath Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.sandhurst.catholic.org.au/item/3126-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=sandhurst.catholic.org.au}}</ref> Baya ga kasancewa a karo na farko na kasancewa wani ɓangare na The King's Baton Relay, Commonwealth Sport ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS) don haɗa Kamfen ɗin Flastik na Tsabtace Tekun Commonwealth a cikin ragowar, yana mai da hankali kan kiyaye teku da hanyoyin sake amfani da sharar filastik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Commonwealth Sport supports Clean Oceans Plastics Campaign |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4157153/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4157153/commonwealth-sport-supports-clean-oceans-plastics-campaign |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> King's Baton Relay ya ƙare a bikin buɗewa na Glasgow 2026 a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026, a matsayin wani ɓangare na gargajiya da mahimmanci na bikin buɗe wasannin Commonwealth . == Bukukuwan == A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin da aka gabatar ta Commonwealth Games Scotland, an rage bikin buɗewa da rufewa idan aka kwatanta da wasannin da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Glasgow to host 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/cvgw51kqx7wo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921132332/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/cvgw51kqx7wo |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=BBC Newsround}}</ref> An sanar da shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 2026 cewa za a gudanar da bikin buɗewa a OVO Hydro, karo na farko a cikin tarihin wasannin 'shekaru 96 cewa za a yi bikin a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2026 |title=Glasgow 2026 reveals opening ceremony venue and calls for 700 volunteer cast members to be part of the show |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4472430/glasgow-2026-reveals-opening-ceremony-venue-and-calls-for-700-volunteer-cast-members-to-be-part-of-the-show |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> === Bikin buɗewa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>An gudanar da bikin bude wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026 a OVO Hydro a Glasgow. Wannan shi ne bikin bude wasannin Commonwealth na farko da aka shirya gaba ɗaya a cikin gida. Mawallafin mawaƙa na Scotland KT Tunstall ya jagoranci bikin, tare da wasan kwaikwayon da Callum Beattie, Nina Nesbitt, Nathan Evans da Saint Phnx suka yi, yayin da duo na lantarki Valtos ya ba da sauti ga Parade of Nations . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2026 |title=Glasgow 2026 reveals Scottish Talent soundtracking the Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4532708/glasgow-2026-reveals-scottish-talent-soundtracking-the-opening-ceremony |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> [[Charles III|Sarki]] da Sarauniya, Firayim Minista na Ƙasar Ingila da Minista na farko na Scotland sun halarci taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2026 |title=His Majesty The King and Her Majesty The Queen to officially open Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4533307/his-majesty-the-king-and-her-majesty-the-queen-to-officially-open-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=King and Queen emerge from Tardis to open Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2g3053ejko |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bikin ya kammala Sarki's Baton Relay . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=King and Queen emerge from Tardis to open Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2g3053ejko |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Bikin rufewa === An gudanar da bikin rufe wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a OVO Hydro a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta 2026, wurin da aka yi bikin budewa. Kungiyar rock ta Scotland Simple Minds ta jagoranci bikin, tare da wasan kwaikwayon BEMZ, [[Cammy Barnes]] da Sandi Thom. Mawakin Australiya [[Delta goodrem|Delta Goodrem]] ta bayyana ta uku a bikin Wasannin Commonwealth, bayan ta yi a bikin buɗewa na 2006 da 2018 a Melbourne da Gold Coast bi da bi. Shirin da aka shirya don mika wasannin Commonwealth na gaba na 2030 [[Ahmedabad]], Indiya, ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Shankar Mahadevan da [[Rashmika Mandanna]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2026 |title=Scots Legends Simple Minds to Close Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4539986/scots-legends-simple-minds-to-close-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin shiga == Dukkanin Ƙungiyoyin Wasannin Commonwealth 74 sun shiga cikin Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026. [[Gabon]] da [[Togo]] sun fara bugawa bayan sun shiga Commonwealth of Nations a watan Yunin 2022. {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;" !Participating Commonwealth Games Associations |- | <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Div col}} *{{flagCGF|AIA|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Anguilla set for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/AnguillaCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/anguilla-friday-3-july-2026team-anguilla-set-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/1519691523287073/|website=Facebook|publisher=Anguilla Commonwealth Games Association|date=3 July 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ANT|2026|12}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Antigua and Barbuda Commonwealth Games Association announces 12-member team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/antigua-and-barbuda-commonwealth-games-association-announces-12-member-team-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Antigua News Room|location=St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|AUS|2026|257}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vaughan|first1=Roger|last2=Chadband|first2=Ian|title=The Australian athletes to watch in the 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://7news.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/the-australian-athletes-to-watch-in-the-2026-commonwealth-games-c-22622193|work=[[7NEWS]]|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAH|2026|20}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Sheldon|title=BOC names teams for summer games|url=https://www.thenassauguardian.com/sports/boc-names-teams-for-summer-games/article_826b4c46-082a-4708-9f74-97d3a2d691d4.html|work=The Nassau Guardian|location=Nassau, Bahamas|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAN|2026|15}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh head to Commonwealth Games to protect membership|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/more-sports/news/bangladesh-head-commonwealth-games-games-protect-membership-4223791|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAR|2026|21}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=Benson|title=Barbados names 21-member Commonwealth Games team|url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2026/07/02/barbados-names-21-member-commonwealth-games-team/|work=Barbados Today|location=Bridgetown, Barbados|date=2 July 2026|access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BIZ|2026|5}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Belize Ready to Compete at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.sanpedrosun.com/sports/2026/07/17/team-belize-ready-to-compete-at-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=[[The San Pedro Sun]]|location=San Pedro Town, Belize|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BER|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite news|title=BOA Announces Commonwealth Games Team|url=https://bernews.com/2026/07/july9boa-announces-commonwealth-games-team/|work=[[Bernews]]|location=Hamilton, Bermuda|date=9 July 2026|access-date=9 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BOT|2026|25}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Sibanda|first=Anastacia|date=1 April 2026|title=BNOC targets seven medals|url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/90826|work=[[Daily News Botswana]]|location=Gaborone, Botswana|access-date=12 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IVB|2026|11}}<ref>{{cite news|title=11 athletes to rep VI at 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/en/news/11-athletes-to-rep-vi-2026-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow-|work=Virgin Islands News Online|location=Road Town, British Virgin Islands|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BRU|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Six athletes to represent Brunei at 23rd Commonwealth Games|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/six-athletes-to-represent-brunei-at-23rd-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Borneo Bulletin]]|location=Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei|date=13 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CMR|2026|20}} *{{flagCGF|CAN|2026|149}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Campigotto|first=Jesse|title=The Commonwealth Games are back — here's what to know|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/the-buzzer-newsletter-commonwealth-games-preview-2026-9.7273303|website=[[CBC Sports]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC)|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CAY|2026|20}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Cayman Islands Teams Named for the 2026 Commonwealth Games and Central American & Caribbean Games|url=https://www.radiocayman.gov.ky/news/cayman-islands-teams-named-for-the-2026-commonwealth-games-and-central-american-caribbean-games|website=Radio Cayman|location=George Town, Cayman Islands|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|COK|2026|15}}<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2026|title=Cook Islands names 15 athletes for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/sport/athletics/cook-islands-names-15-athletes-for-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Cook Islands News]]|location=Rarotonga, Cook Islands|access-date=20 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CYP|2026|36}}<ref>{{cite web|title=36 αθλητές, τρεις σε έξι αθλήματα στους 23ους Κοινοπολιτειακούς Αγώνες "Glasgow 2026"|trans-title=36 athletes across six sports at the 23rd Commonwealth Games "Glasgow 2026"|language=el|url=https://www.olympic.org.cy/index.php/gr/news/1730-36-23-glasgow-2026|website=[[Cyprus Olympic Committee]]|location=Nicosia, Cyprus|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|DMA|2026|3}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Dominica names three-athlete team for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dominica-names-three-athlete-team-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Dominica News Online|location=Roseau, Dominica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ENG|2026|204}} *{{flagCGF|SWZ|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Nhlabatsi|first=Sifiso|title=Team Eswatini unveils 17-member squad for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://independentnews.co.sz/44665/sports/team-eswatini-unveils-17-member-squad-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Independent News Eswatini|location=Mbabane, Eswatini|date=16 June 2026|access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|FLK|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Astill|first=David|date=23 January 2026|title=Falkland Islands Commonwealth Games Team Announced for 2026|url=https://fitv.co.fk/news-and-events/falkland-islands-commonwealth-games-team-announced-for-2026/|website=fitv.co.fk|location=Stanley, Falkland Islands|publisher=[[Falkland Islands Television]]|access-date=18 May 2026|quote=The only sport the Islands are competing in is indoor bowls, with Daphne Arthur-Almond, Sharon Barnes, Kris Thorsen, Cecil Alexander, Ian Barnes and Oliver Thompson selected to form the team aiming for glory.}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|FIJ|2026|36}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Biudole|first=Noa|title=Team Fiji names squad for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://fijilive.com/team-fiji-names-squad-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games/|work=FijiLive|location=Suva, Fiji|date=12 June 2026|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GAB|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabon|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/gabon|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GAM|2026|12}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Jobe|first=Seedy|title=Gambia declares readiness for 2026 Commonwealth Games as team heads to Glasgow|url=https://www.kerrfatou.com/gambia-declares-readiness-for-2026-commonwealth-games-as-team-heads-to-glasgow/|website=Kerr Fatou|location=Banjul, The Gambia|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GHA|2026|40}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=TEAM GHANA UNVEILS OFFICIAL HIGH-PERFORMANCE SQUAD FOR GLASGOW 2026|url=https://www.ghanaolympic.org/blog/team-ghana-unveils-official-high-performance-squad-for-glasgow-2026|access-date=2026-07-13|website=GOC - Ghana Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GIB|2026|16}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignacio|first=Stephen|date=22 May 2026|title=Team Gibraltar announced for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.chronicle.gi/team-gibraltar-announced-for-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|location=Gibraltar|access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GRN|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Bascombe|first=Michael|title=Grenada names teams for Commonwealth and CAC Games amid scheduling clash|url=https://mikebas.blogspot.com/2026/07/grenada-names-teams-for-commonwealth.html|website=Mike Bascombe|date=15 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GGY|2026|20}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-03-21|title=The Commonwealth Games: Who is going, and which sports are missing out?|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport-ge/the-commonwealth-games-who-is-going-and-which-sports-are-missing-out/|access-date=2026-05-26|website=Bailiwick Express News Guernsey|language=en-GB}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GUY|2026|16}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgrave, Moore to carry Guyana's flag at Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://kaieteurnewsonline.com/2026/07/23/belgrave-moore-to-carry-guyanas-flag-at-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=[[Kaieteur News]]|location=Georgetown, Guyana|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IND|2026|122}}<ref name="OlympicsCWG2026">{{cite news|last=Nalwala|first=Ali Asgar|date=2026-07-09|title=Commonwealth Games 2026 schedule - dates and events for Indian athletes|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-commonwealth-games-2026-schedule|access-date=2026-07-10|publisher=International Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IOM|2026|27}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Nicoll|first=Catherine|title=Manx athletes 'absolutely raring to go' at games|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8kmxznzmdo|work=[[BBC News]]|location=London, England|date=24 July 2026|access-date=22 August 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|JAM|2026|76}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bryce|first=Gregory|title=Samuda: Welcome to history - JOA prepares for hectic July schedule with Commonwealth and CAC Games|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20260710/samuda-welcome-history-joa-prepares-hectic-july-schedule-commonwealth-and|work=[[The Gleaner]]|location=Kingston, Jamaica|date=10 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|JEY|2026|22}}<ref>{{cite web|date=13 June 2026|title=Weightlifter Dodds added to Jersey team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/weightlifting/articles/c862pp689v6o|website=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|KEN|2026|98}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Maluki|first=Shadrack|title=Why Kenya is preparing differently for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/opinion-sports/article/2001552572/why-kenya-is-preparing-differently-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games|work=The Standard|location=Nairobi, Kenya|date=11 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|KIR|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Naare|first=Rikamati|title=Team Kiribati Ready for Glasgow 2026|url=https://bpa.org.ki/team-kiribati-ready-for-glasgow-2026/|website=BPA News|location=Tarawa, Kiribati|date=22 June 2026|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|LES|2026|14}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Litsitso|first=Letsunyane|date=24 May 2026|title=Lesotho Sends 14 Athletes to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://lesothotribune.co.ls/lesotho-sends-14-athletes-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Lesotho Tribune|location=Maseru, Lesotho|access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MAW|2026|25}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Mmana|first=Samantha|title=Team Malawi unveiled for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.moc.org.mw/team-malawi-unveiled-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|website=[[Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association of Malawi|Malawi Olympic Committee]]|location=Lilongwe, Malawi|date=11 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MAS|2026|59}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ishak|first=Fadhli|title=OCM names lean and mean contingent for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2026/07/1486164/ocm-names-lean-and-mean-contingent-commonwealth-games|work=[[New Straits Times]]|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|date=11 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MDV|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ކޮމަންވެލްތު ގޭމްސްގައި ރާއްޖޭން ވާދަކުރަނީ ދެ ކުޅިވަރަކުން|trans-title=Maldives to compete in two sports at the Commonwealth Games|url=https://adhadhu.com/84511|website=Adhadhu|language=dv|location=Malé, Maldives|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MLT|2026|23}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vella-Galea|first=Maria|date=2026-07-08|title=Maltese Olympic Committee Announces Athletes for Glasgow, Taranto and Dakar|url=https://nocmalta.org/maltese-olympic-committee-announces-athletes-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|access-date=2026-07-09|website=Maltese Olympic Committee|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MRI|2026|40}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeux du Commonwealth 2026 : Team Mauritius officiellement présentée avant le départ pour Glasgow|trans-title=2026 Commonwealth Games: Team Mauritius officially presented before departure for Glasgow|url=https://topfm.mu/jeux-du-commonwealth-2026-team-mauritius-officiellement-presentee-avant-le-depart-pour-glasgow|location=Port Louis, Mauritius|website=TOP FM Mauritius|language=French|access-date=2 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MSR|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Montserrat|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/montserrat|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MOZ|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Boxe fora dos Jogos da Commonwealth|trans-title=Boxing out of the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.jornaldesafio.co.mz/index.php/2026/07/23/boxe-fora-dos-jogos-da-commonwealth/|work=Jornal Desafio|location=Maputo, Mozambique|language=pt|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NAM|2026|24}}<ref>{{cite news|date=5 June 2026|title=23 athletes to participate in the upcoming 2026 Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://economist.com.na/107239/sport/23-athletes-to-participate-in-the-upcoming-2026-glasgow-commonwealth-games/|work=www.economist.com.na|location=Windhoek, Namibia|publisher=[[Namibia Economist]]|access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NRU|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2026|title=Team Announcement 3/3|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Be7pFPxvn/|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Yaren, Nauru|publisher=[[Nauru Olympic Committee]]|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NZL|2026|113}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Kiwi Commonwealth Games team: Ellesse Andrews heading big medal hopes chasing gold in Glasgow|url=https://www.thepost.co.nz/sport/361043097/meet-kiwi-commonwealth-games-team-ellesse-andrews-heading-big-medal-hopes-chasing-gold-glasgow|work=[[The Post (New Zealand newspaper)|The Post]]|location=Wellington, New Zealand|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NGR|2026|73}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Eludini|first=Tunde|title=Tinubu charges Team Nigeria to 'win clean' at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/892571-tinubu-charges-team-nigeria-to-win-clean-at-2026-commonwealth-games.html|work=[[Premium Times]]|location=Abuja, Nigeria|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NIU|2026|11}}<ref name=pac>{{cite news|last=Momoisea|first=Penina|title=As the 2026 Commonwealth Games begin, meet the Pacific Island athletes competing|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/commonwealth-games-2026-pacific-island-athletes-competing/106920598|work=[[ABC Pacific]]|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NFI|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Matthews|first=Betty|title=Norfolk Island Commonwealth Games Team, Sunday Parade|url=https://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/article/norfolk-island-commonwealth-games-team-sunday-parade|work=Norfolk Online News|location=Norfolk Island|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NIR|2026|65}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/cy9rp9v882qo|title=Meet Team NI athletes heading to the Commonwealth Games|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=13 July 2026|accessdate=13 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|PAK|2026|21}}<ref>{{Citation|title=Pakistan at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|date=2026-07-14|work=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_at_the_2026_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=1364169501|access-date=2026-07-16|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|PNG|2026|35}}<ref>{{cite news|title=PNG names 55-member team for Glasgow Games|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/png-names-55-member-team-for-glasgow-games/|work=[[The National (Papua New Guinea)|The National]]|location=Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea|date=8 July 2026|access-date=8 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|RWA|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Mugenga|first=Dylan|title=Swimming opens Team Rwanda's campaign at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/37641/sports/swimming/swimming-opens-team-rwandas-campaign-at-2026-commonwealth-games|work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|location=Kigali, Rwanda|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SHN|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The King's Baton Relay|url=https://www.sthelenaonline.org/the-kings-baton-relay/|work=Saint Helena online|location=Saint Helena|access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SKN|2026|4}}<ref>{{cite web|title=St Kitts and Nevis Olympic Committee (SKNOC) Announces Delegations for 2026 Commonwealth Games and C.A.C Games|url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/127676|website=SKNVibes|location=Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|LCA|2026|3}}<ref>{{cite news|title=No easy ride to LA Olympics, 28 states SLOC president|url=https://thevoiceslu.com/2026/07/no-easy-ride-to-la-olympics-28-states-sloc-president/|work=The Voice|location=Castries, Saint Lucia|date=3 July 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|VIN|2026|8}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Eight named for Commonwealth Games 2026|url=https://www.searchlight.vc/sports/2026/07/24/eight-named-commonwealth-games-2026/|work=Searchlight|location=Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|date=24 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SAM|2026|21}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Faulalo|first=Sulamanaia Manaui|title=Glasgow-bound Samoa teams head to Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/120885|work=[[Samoa Observer]]|location=Apia, Samoa|date=10 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SCO|2026|177}} '''(host)''' *{{flagCGF|SEY|2026|18}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bonnelame|first=Betymie|title=Team Seychelles targets first Commonwealth Games gold as new cash rewards announced|url=https://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/22185/team-seychelles-targets-first-commonwealth-games-gold-as-new-cash-rewards-announced|work=[[Seychelles News Agency]]|location=Victoria, Seychelles|date=16 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SLE|2026|19}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/sierra-leone|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SGP|2026|53}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Singapore embarks on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games campaign – Singapore National Olympic Council|url=https://singaporeolympics.com/team-singapore-embarks-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-campaign/|access-date=2026-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SOL|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Inifiri Jr|first=Timothy|title=Team Solomon named for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.solomonstarnews.com/%F0%9D%97%A0%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%97%F0%9D%97%94%F0%9D%97%9F-%F0%9D%97%9C%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%96%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%A7%F0%9D%97%9C%F0%9D%97%A9%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A6/|work=Solomon Star News|location=Honiara, Solomon Islands|date=19 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|RSA|2026|112}}<ref name=rsateam>{{cite news|last=Pita|first=Lebohang|title=Team SA names 112 athletes for multi-sport Glasgow Games campaign|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/springs-advertiser/sports-news/local-sports/2026/06/28/team-sa-names-112-athletes-for-multi-sport-glasgow-games-campaign|work=Springs Advertiser|location=Springs, South Africa|date=28 June 2026|access-date=28 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SRI|2026|40}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ratnaweera|first=Dhammika|title=Tharanga leads 40-athlete Sri Lanka squad|url=https://dailynews.lk/2026/07/17/sports/1028352/tharanga-leads-40-athlete-sri-lanka-squad/|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TAN|2026|12}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-13|title=Tanzania unveils 12-strong squad for Scotland Games|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/swimming/tanzania-unveils-12-strong-squad-for-scotland-games-5525362|access-date=2026-07-13|website=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TOG|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Edorh|first=Nicolas|title=Jeux du Commonwealth Glasgow 2026 : voici les athlètes togolais en lice|trans-title=Commonwealth Games Glasgow 2026: here are the Togolese athletes competing|language=fr|url=https://lanouvelletribune.tg/jeux-du-commonwealth-glasgow-2026-voici-les-athletes-togolais-en-lice/|work=La Nouvelle Tribune|location=Lomé, Togo|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TGA|2026|28}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Tonga will compete across eight sports at Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://matangitonga.to/2026/06/23/team-tonga-glasgow-2026|work=Matangi Tonga|location=Nukuʻalofa, Tonga|date=23 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TTO|2026|37}}<ref>{{cite news|title=T&T 36 athletes set for Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/sports/tt-36-athletes-set-for-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow-6.2.2631421.dfeb9f32ea|work=[[Trinidad and Tobago Guardian]]|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TCA|2026|9}}<ref>{{cite web|title=We can hear it now... Team TCI! Raise your flag!|url=https://www.facebook.com/tcisportscommission/photos/we-can-hear-it-now-team-tci-raise-your-flag-drop-in-the-comments-turksandcaicosi/1355869126685880/|website=[[Facebook]]|publisher=Turks and Caicos Islands Sports Commission|location=Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands|date=21 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TUV|2026|8}}<ref>{{cite web|date=15 July 2026|title=Meet your team that will represent our small nation at the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games.|url=https://www.facebook.com/TASNOC/photos/meet-your-team-that-will-represent-our-small-nation-at-the-glasgow-2026-commonwe/1442109287953924/|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Funafuti, Tuvalu|publisher=[[Tuvalu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee]]|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|UGA|2026|57}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Uganda|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/uganda|website=www.glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|VAN|2026|14}}<ref name=vanuteam>{{Cite web|last=Tora|first=Iliesa|date=2026-06-15|title=Pacific Islands name teams for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/pacific/598212/pacific-islands-name-teams-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games|access-date=2026-06-17|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|WAL|2026|114}}<ref name=walann>{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Celyn|date=2026-06-19|title=Team Wales Announces Athletes for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://teamwales.cymru/team-wales-announces-athletes-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|access-date=2026-06-19|website=Team Wales|language=en-GB}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ZAM|2026|22}}<ref>{{cite news|date=13 June 2026|title=Zambia enters 5 disciplines for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2026/06/13/zambia-enters-5-disciplines-for-commonwealth-games/|work=Lusaka Times|location=Lusaka Times|access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> {{Div col end}} |} '''Adadin 'yan wasa ta Ƙungiyar Wasannin Commonwealth'''   == Tebur na lambar yabo == == Wasanni == Idan aka ba da gaggawa da rashin lokaci don shirya taron, wannan shine mafi ƙarancin adadin wasanni da aka bayar a wasannin tun 1994.{{Efn|[[Paralympic powerlifting|Para powerlifting]] is treated as part of the [[weightlifting]] programme and 3x3 [[wheelchair basketball]] as part of the [[3x3 basketball|basketball]] programme for these purposes, but as separate disciplines in the official schedule.}} Farawa da wannan fitowar, Wasannin suna da wasanni biyu kawai na tilas na wasanni da iyo.<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />Shida daga cikin wasannin da aka zaɓa sun gudanar da wani bangare na wasanni na Para. Wadannan sune Para Athletics, Para Track Cycling, 3x3 Wheelchair Basketball, Para Swimming, Para Bowls, da Para Powerlifting.<ref name=":4" /> Wasanni da horo da aka sauke daga Wasannin da suka gabata sun haɗa da badminton, volleyball na rairayin bakin teku, Twenty20 cricket, nutsewa, hockey, keken dutse, wasan motsa jiki, keken keke, rugby bakwai, squash, wasan Tennis na tebur da wasan tennis, Triathlon da para triathlon kuma kokawa. Daga cikin wasannin kungiya na gaba ɗaya, kawai Netball da 3x3 basketball sun haɗa. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru a waje a cikin wasanni masu riƙewa kamar su wasanni (marathons da tseren tsere) da keke (babur na dutse da keken keke na hanya) an kuma sauke su saboda farashi, yayin da aka gudanar da gasar bowls a cikin tsarin bowls na cikin gida, maimakon tsarin bowls. Shirye-shiryen wasanni da yawa sun sami canje-canje a cikin tsarin su. A wasu lokuta, adadin adadin ya karu, a wasu lokuta an gudanar da sabon iri-iri a karon farko === Canje-canje ga shirin wasanni === Wasannin Parasports Wasannin sun nuna mafi yawan abubuwan wasanni na Para a tarihin Wasannin Commonwealth, tare da 47 na karshe a cikin wasanni shida. Masu shirya '''Wasanni''' sun yanke shawarar ƙara tseren 4x400 kuma sun zaɓi dawowar taron Mile maimakon taron 1,500m. An gudanar da mil din karshe a shekarar 1966; masu shirya taron sun dauki farfadowar a matsayin girmamawa ga "Miracle Mile" daga Vancouver 1954 tsakanin Roger Bannister da [[John Landy]], kuma a karo na farko, mata ne suka kalubalanci wannan taron. Parathletics sun ga 'yan wasa suna fafatawa a cikin fannoni uku na wasanni: tsalle, jefawa da abubuwan da suka faru. '''Kwallon kwando''' An fadada yawan kungiyoyi a gasar kwando ta 3x3. Duk da yake yawan kungiyoyi a gasar tsayawa ya karu zuwa 12 ga kowane jinsi, yawan kungiyoyin keken guragu ya karu zuwa 8 ga mata. Taron keken guragu na maza 3x3 ya kasance a kungiyoyi takwas. Bowls Wani babban ci gaba a Glasgow shine sake fasalin gasar bowls, wanda yake cikin gida kuma ba a kan ciyawa ba. Tare da shirin da aka sake sabuntawa, yawan abubuwan da suka faru sun ragu daga 11 zuwa 7, yayin da aka cire wasanni uku da hudu. '''Gudun keke''' Duk da rashin faruwar keken dutse da abubuwan da suka faru a hanya, an ci gaba da yawan abubuwan da aka gudanar a 26 tare da tseren kawarwa da aka kara zuwa shirin hanya mai iyawa, kuma yawan abubuwan da suka shafi wasanni sun ninka sau biyu daga 4 zuwa 8 don haɗawa da masu tuka keke na C. '''Yin iyo''' Yawan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shirin yin iyo ya karu daga 52 zuwa 54 a duk faɗin gasa na Para da wadanda ba Para ba, tare da karawa da taron 800m na kyauta ga maza da kuma taron 1500m na kyauta don mata. == Kalanda == An saki jadawalin ne a ranar 31 ga Yulin 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2025 |title=Session Schedule Unveiled for the UK's Biggest Sporting Event Next Year |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4328872/session-schedule-unveiled-for-the-uk-s-biggest-sporting-event-next-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052356/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4328872/session-schedule-unveiled-for-the-uk-s-biggest-sporting-event-next-year |archive-date=4 August 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Competition Schedule |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/schedule/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052703/https://www.glasgow2026.com/schedule/overview |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2 August 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2026 |title=Bowls and Para Bowls gets extra day and £10 tickets to kick off Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games after large entry with Draw and Schedule revealed |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4534556/bowls-and-para-bowls-gets-extra-day-and-10-tickets-to-kick-off-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-after-large-entry-with-draw-and-schedule-revealed |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> : ''Duk lokutan da kwanakin suna amfani da Lokacin bazara na Burtaniya (UTC+1) '' {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; position:relative; width:75%;" | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#00cc33; text-align:center;" |'''OC''' |Bikin buɗewa | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#3399ff; text-align:center;" |● |Gasar da ta faru | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ffcc00; text-align:center;" |'''1''' |Abubuwan da suka faru na zinariya | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ee3333; text-align:center;" |'''CC''' |Bikin rufewa |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em; width:75%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:20%;" |Yuli/Agusta 2026 ! colspan="9" |Yuli ! colspan="2" |Agusta ! rowspan="2" style="width:7%;" |Abubuwan da suka faru |- ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 23<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |24thFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |25thSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |26thSun<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |27thWatan<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Na 28th Tue<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |29th Wage<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 30<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |31stFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |1stSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Rana ta biyu<br /> |- | colspan="2" |Bukukuwan[[Fayil:Commonwealth_Games_Federation_symbol_(2019-_Till_Date)_Black.svg|20x20px]] | style="background-color:#00cc33;text-align:center;" |'''OC''' | | | | | | | | | | style="background-color:#ee3333;text-align:center;" |'''CC'''||{{N/a}} |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:3x3 basketball pictogram.svg|20px]] [[3x3 basketball at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|3x3 basketball]]}} | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' ! |'''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Artistic gymnastics at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Artistic gymnastics]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' ! |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Athletics_pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Athletics at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''6''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''11''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''19''' ! |'''59''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Lawn bowls pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Bowls at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Bowls]]}} ! style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |4 |'''7''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Boxing at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]}} | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''14''' ! |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Judo pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Judo at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Judo]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |4 |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Netball pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Netball at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Netball]]}} | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |1 |'''1''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Powerlifting pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Para powerlifting at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Para powerlifting]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' ! |'''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Swimming pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Swimming at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''8''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''10''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''11''' ! |'''56''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Cycling at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Track cycling]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''6''' ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |6 |'''26''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Weightlifting at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' ! |'''16''' |- ! colspan="2" |Abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun !0 !14 !9 !14 !27 !27 !25 !17 !23 !44 !15 ! rowspan="2" |215 |- ! colspan="2" |Adadin jimlar !0 !14 !23 !37 !64 !91 !116 !133 !156 !200 !215 |- style="text-align:center;" |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:23%;" |Yuli/Agusta 2026 ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 23<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |24thFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |25thSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |26thSun<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |27thWatan<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Na 28th Tue<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |29th Wage<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 30<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |31stFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |1stSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Rana ta biyu<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Jimillar abubuwan da suka faru |- ! colspan="9" |Yuli ! colspan="2" |Agusta |} == Tallace-tallace == === Bayyanawa ta gani === An bayyana tambarin wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a matsayin "na farko na tarihi", wanda ya haɗa tambarin Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth tare da ainihin asalin birnin Glasgow. Yana nuna alamun wakilci na Kogin Clyde da gadar Clyde Arc, wanda aka haɗa a cikin alamar bikin Commonwealth Sport, wanda aka nuna a cikin launuka na bakin teku. Kamfanin Loop Design ne ya kirkireshi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/about/questions?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEaqhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa07LX_nrJvvmLahn0eyQYTIebho_lcLbx1uvbwjRj5u52ssqNz0LunDog_aem__BulJmkKEk6Eg8nIn3tOzw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119125359/https://www.glasgow2026.com/about/questions?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEaqhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa07LX_nrJvvmLahn0eyQYTIebho_lcLbx1uvbwjRj5u52ssqNz0LunDog_aem__BulJmkKEk6Eg8nIn3tOzw |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=22 October 2024 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An bayyana tartan na hukuma don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a Glasgow a watan Yulin 2025 kuma an kirkireshi ne tare da hadin gwiwar mai tsara kayan ado na Scotland Siobhan Mackenzie . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=New tartan set to make its debut at Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/new-tartan-set-to-make-its-debut-at-glasgow-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053556/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/new-tartan-set-to-make-its-debut-at-glasgow-2026 |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2025-07-22 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An yi rajista tare da Scottish Register of Tartans, ƙirar ta haɗa da launin shudi, ruwan hoda, da launin ruwan kasa na Glasgow 2026 wanda aka saita a kan tushe mai launin toka na ƙarfe - alamar alama ga al'adun masana'antu na birnin. Ƙididdigar zaren tartan tana ɗauke da ma'ana mai zurfi: 74 gashi suna wakiltar yawan kasashe da yankuna masu halarta, yayin da ƙididdigar blue thread mai launin shudi na 26 ke ba da haraji ga shekarar Wasannin. Za a samar da tartan a Scotland ta amfani da masana'antun gida da masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Check this: Glasgow reveals Commonwealth Games 2026 tartan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qx2q9473vo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717120126/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qx2q9473vo |archive-date=17 July 2025 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Mascot === [[Fayil:Finnie_the_Unicorn_mascot_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|271x271px|Finnie a lokacin da aka bayyana, 23 ga Yuli 2025]] An shirya za a bayyana mascot na hukuma don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2025, yana nuna daidai shekara guda har zuwa farkon Wasannin. Yara a makaranta ne suka tsara mascot din a duk faɗin Scotland, suna ƙarfafa kerawa da shiga matasa a cikin jagorancin taron wasanni na duniya. Kafin sanarwar, kokarin gabatarwa sun hada da bidiyon da aka fitar a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2025 wanda ke nuna Clyde, sanannen mascot na wasannin Commonwealth na 2014 da aka gudanar a Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Commonwealth mascot Clyde out of the running for 2026 Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czry48vpmyro |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2025 an sanar da mascot din wasannin a matsayin Finnie, Glaswegian unicorn. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Magic moment: Official Glasgow 2026 mascot Finnie unveiled |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4320470/magic-moment-official-glasgow-2026-mascot-finnie-unveiled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053217/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4320470/magic-moment-official-glasgow-2026-mascot-finnie-unveiled |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2025-06-23 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An sanya mata suna ne bayan Finnieston Crane na birnin kuma tana wasa da ƙaho na zirga-zirga a matsayin ƙaho, tana mai da hankali ga al'adar sanya ƙaho na hanya a kan mutum-mutumi na Duke na Wellington na Glasgow. Unicorn dabba ce ta ƙasar Scotland kuma mai goyon bayan tutar makamai ta Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=Goodbye Clyde, Hello Finnie!: Glasgow Commonwealth Games mascot unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wprgqnz5wo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723074704/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wprgqnz5wo |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Jakadu === An sanar da Scotland mai mulki 10,000m Commonwealth Champion, Eilish McColgan, a matsayin Jakadan Wasannin farko na Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games a ranar 21 ga Yulin 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=Eilish McColgan Named First Official Ambassador for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/eilish-mccolgan-named-first-official-ambassador-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053207/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/eilish-mccolgan-named-first-official-ambassador-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2025-07-22 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Mai ɗaukar nauyi Emily Campbell, mai wasan motsa jiki Jake Jarman, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na keken hannu Robyn Love da mai iyo [[Duncan Scott (mai iyo)|Duncan Scott]] duk an sanar da su a matsayin Jakadu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=Commonwealth Weightlifting Champion Emily Campbell announced as Official Games Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4364429/commonwealth-weightlifting-champion-emily-campbell-announced-as-official-games-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2025 |title=Jake Jarman Joins Glasgow 2026 as Athlete Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4375155/jake-jarman-joins-glasgow-2026-as-athlete-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=Robyn Love "honoured" to be a Glasgow 2026 Athlete Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4376925/robyn-love-honoured-to-be-a-glasgow-2026-athlete-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2025 |title=Scotland's Most Decorated Commonwealth Games Athlete Announced as Official Glasgow 2026 Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4388485/scotland-s-most-decorated-commonwealth-games-athlete-announced-as-official-glasgow-2026-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> === Tallafin kamfanoni === {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="float:center; margin:10px;" width="90%" !Masu tallafawa wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Partner Family |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819230742/https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=13 August 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> |- |Manyan Abokan hulɗa<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * [[Bupa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bupa announced as Official Healthcare Principal Partner to Glasgow 2026=|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4516373/bupa-announced-as-official-healthcare-principal-partner-to-glasgow-2026|date=9 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[EDF Energy]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iconic Glasgow 2026 Venues Set To Be Powered By Zero Carbon Scottish Electricity as EDF Becomes a Principal Games Partner|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4518259/iconic-glasgow-2026-venues-set-to-be-powered-by-zero-carbon-scottish-electricity-as-edf-becomes-a-principal-games-partner|date=12 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[HBO Max]] {{Col-5}} * Ideagen<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ideagen becomes Games first AI technology Principal Partner and backs Commonwealth Netball|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4498564/ideagen-becomes-games-first-ai-technology-principal-partner-and-backs-commonwealth-netball|date=5 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Longines]] {{Col-end}} |- |Abokan hulɗa Allied Mobility Allwyn Entertainment Amul [149][150][151] BYD Auto[152] CMS[153] Coca-Cola[154] Jubel[155] Trespass[156] Trivandi[157]<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * Allied Mobility<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allied Mobility Announced As Official Accessibility Partner For Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4506543/allied-mobility-announced-as-official-accessibility-partner-for-glasgow-2026|date=20 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[KKCG#Lottery and gambling|Allwyn Entertainment]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Lottery operator Allwyn announced as Official Volunteer Learning and Development Partner of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4437643/national-lottery-operator-allwyn-announced-as-official-volunteer-learning-and-development-partner-of-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=21 January 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Amul]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amul joins as Official Partner of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4541260/amul-joins-as-official-partner-of-glasgow-2026|date=22 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[BYD Auto]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BYD announced as the Official Car Partner of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4444982/byd-announced-as-the-official-car-partner-of-glasgow-2026|date=5 February 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[CMS (law firm)|CMS]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Leading Law Firm CMS as Legal Partner|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4373648/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-law-firm-cms-as-legal-partner|date=1 October 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113504/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4373648/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-law-firm-cms-as-legal-partner|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Coca-Cola Europacific Partners|Coca-Cola]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola Named as Official Soft Drinks Partner to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4479927/coca-cola-named-as-official-soft-drinks-partner-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=2 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[Jubel beer|Jubel]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 and JUBEL Raise a Pint to Official Games Partnership|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4482896/glasgow-2026-and-jubel-raise-a-pint-to-official-games-partnership|date=7 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Trespass (clothing)|Trespass]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trespass to Kit Out Glasgow 2026 Workforce and Volunteers as Returning Sponsor|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4335154/trespass-to-kit-out-glasgow-2026-workforce-and-volunteers-as-returning-sponsor|date=7 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=8 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908030146/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4335154/trespass-to-kit-out-glasgow-2026-workforce-and-volunteers-as-returning-sponsor|url-status=live}}</ref> * Trivandi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Global Major Event Leader Trivandi to Deliver Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4339534/glasgow-2026-appoints-global-major-event-leader-trivandi-to-deliver-games|date=13 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=8 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908031117/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4339534/glasgow-2026-appoints-global-major-event-leader-trivandi-to-deliver-games|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Col-end}} |- |Masu ba da sabis Actua Dynamik Sports Floors[158] Eleiko[159] InBudget[160] Live Nation Entertainment (Ticketmaster) Live Team Microplus Ƙalubalen da ya fi girma[161] Riedel Sadarwa[162] SLX[163] Sting[164] Tafiya Daga 4[165]<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * Actua * Dynamik Sports Floors<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Leading Sports Flooring Specialists DYNAMIK as Official Provider|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4365582/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-sports-flooring-specialists-dynamik-as-official-provider|date=20 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113808/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4365582/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-sports-flooring-specialists-dynamik-as-official-provider|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Eleiko]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eleiko Named Official Weightlifting and Para Powerlifting Equipment Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4486656/eleiko-named-official-weightlifting-and-para-powerlifting-equipment-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=13 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * InBudget<ref>{{Cite web|title=InBudget announced as Official Cost Planning and Budgeting Software Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4398026/inbudget-announced-as-official-cost-planning-and-budgeting-software-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=7 November 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[Live Nation Entertainment]] ([[Ticketmaster]]) * [[Wasserman (company)|Live Team]] * Microplus<ref>{{Cite web|title=Microplus appointed as Official Provider of Games Information Systems|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4368664/microplus-appointed-as-official-provider-of-games-information-systems|date=24 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113726/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4368664/microplus-appointed-as-official-provider-of-games-information-systems|url-status=live}}</ref> * My Peak Challenge {{Col-5}} * [[Riedel Communications]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riedel to Support Glasgow 2026 as Official Connectivity Integration Provider|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4500058/riedel-to-support-glasgow-2026-as-official-connectivity-integration-provider|date=8 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * SLX<ref>{{Cite web|title=SLX announced as Official Provider of Broadcast Lighting and Rigging for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4369872/slx-announced-as-official-provider-of-broadcast-lighting-and-rigging-for-glasgow-2026|date=26 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113740/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4369872/slx-announced-as-official-provider-of-broadcast-lighting-and-rigging-for-glasgow-2026|url-status=live}}</ref> * Sting<ref>{{Cite web|title=STING named Official Boxing Equipment Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4488038/sting-named-official-boxing-equipment-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=15 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Tour De 4<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland's sporting icon Sir Chris Hoy and Tour de 4 join the Glasgow 2026 team|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4514784/scotland-s-sporting-icon-sir-chris-hoy-and-tour-de-4-join-the-glasgow-2026-team|date=5 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-end}} |- |Masu goyon bayan hukuma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Supporters |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships/official-supporters |access-date=21 May 2026 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Aspen Solutions[167] Duncan Farms[168] Farko na Farko na Tafiya[169] Filin jirgin saman Glasgow[170] Karex (Pasante Healthcare) MIH Manyan Abubuwan OFX[171] Scotsman Baƙi[172] Ayyukan Scotland don Lafiya ta Zuciya[173] Ruwa na Scotland Tarin Kyakkyawan Ruwa Rayuwa Walker Slater Zero Waste Scotland[174]<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * Aspen Solutions<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aspen Solutions appointed as Official Supporter for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4520802/aspen-solutions-appointed-as-official-supporter-for-glasgow-2026|date=17 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Duncan Farms<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cracking News: Duncan's Eggs named Official Egg Provider to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4522145/cracking-news-duncan-s-eggs-named-official-egg-provider-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=19 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[First Travel Solutions]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stop the bus, it's 50 Days to Go until Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4513616/stop-the-bus-it-s-50-days-to-go-until-glasgow-2026|date=3 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Glasgow Airport]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finnie checks in as Glasgow Airport becomes Official Supporter of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4507311/finnie-checks-in-as-glasgow-airport-becomes-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|date=21 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Karex]] (Pasante Healthcare) {{Col-5}} * MIH Major Events * [[OFX (company)|OFX]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=OFX supporting financial operations behind the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4550621/ofx-supporting-financial-operations-behind-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=31 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Scotsman Hospitality<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotsman Hospitality named Official Supporter of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4536160/scotsman-hospitality-named-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|date=15 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Scottish Action for Mental Health<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 to be first mentally healthy Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4531839/glasgow-2026-to-be-first-mentally-healthy-commonwealth-games|date=7 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[Scottish Water]] * The Superlative Collection<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow Restaurants Serve Up Official Support for Glasgow 2026 with Foodie Trail|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4513965/glasgow-restaurants-serve-up-official-support-for-glasgow-2026-with-foodie-trail|date=4 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Vieve * Walker Slater * Zero Waste Scotland {{Col-end}} |} === Tikiti === Rijistar tikiti 500,000 kafin sayarwa don Wasannin Commonwealth sun buɗe kuma sun gudana har zuwa 16 ga Oktoba, suna ba da fifiko ga magoya baya daga birni da ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin, sannan tallace-tallace na jama'a sun fara ne a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025. Ana samun tikiti daga £ 26 don zaman lambar yabo da £ 17 don zaman da ba na lambar yabo ba, tare da tikitin izini farawa a £ 12. Daga baya an rage tikiti kusa da Wasannin don wasu wasanni kamar kwano zuwa farawa na £ 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2025 |title=Game On: Glasgow 2026 Ticket Pre-Sale Dates Announced |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4374049/game-on-glasgow-2026-ticket-pre-sale-dates-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015115753/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4374049/game-on-glasgow-2026-ticket-pre-sale-dates-announced |archive-date=15 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa an sayar da tikiti 434,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-02 |title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Joyful Glasgow cannot banish all doubts for future |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/c2k7nn9z0e7o |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rediyo == * Asiya - ABU * Ostiraliya - Cibiyar sadarwa Bakwai <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2025 |title=Seven signs deal for Commonwealth Games 2026, 2030 |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2025/04/seven-signs-deal-for-commonwealth-games-2026-2030.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415223121/https://tvtonight.com.au/2025/04/seven-signs-deal-for-commonwealth-games-2026-2030.html |archive-date=15 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=TV Tonight}}</ref> * Brunei - RTB * Kanada - CBC/Radio-Canada <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nakhuda |first=Mikail |title=CBC/Radio-Canada to become exclusive Canadian broadcaster of the 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/cbc-radio-canada-exclusive-broadcaster-commonweatlh-games-9.7250528 |access-date=28 June 2026 |website=cbc.ca |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref> * [[Karibiyan|Yankin Caribbean]] - RushSports <ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadcast deals struck in APAC, Africa, Caribbean for Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.sportcal.com/news/broadcast-deals-struck-in-apac-africa-caribbean-for-commonwealth-games/?cf-view |url-status=live |website=SPORTCAL}}</ref> * Turai - Eurosport da HBO Max * Indiya - DD Sports da Sony Sports Network <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2026 |title=SPNI acquires rights for the 2026 Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/media/spni-acquires-rights-for-the-2026-glasgow-commonwealth-games/132430167 |access-date=20 July 2026 |website=indiatimes.com |publisher=India Times}}</ref> * Malaysia - RTM <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2026 |title=RTM Penyiar Rasmi Sukan Komanwel Glasgow 2026 |url=https://berita.rtm.gov.my/arena/senarai-berita-arena/senarai-artikel/rtm-penyiar-rasmi-sukan-komanwel-glasgow-2026/ |access-date=22 July 2026 |website=RTM}}</ref> * New Zealand - Sama <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2019 |title=Sky TV Wins Broadcast Rights For 2022 And 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://ministryofsport.com.au/sky-tv-wins-broadcast-rights-for-2022-and-2026-commonwealth-games/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115085732/https://ministryofsport.com.au/sky-tv-wins-broadcast-rights-for-2022-and-2026-commonwealth-games/ |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=15 November 2019 |website=Ministry of Sport}}</ref> * Singapore - Mediacorp <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2026 |title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games FAQs |url=https://mewatch.my.site.com/helpcentre/s/article/Glasgow-2026-Commonwealth-Games-FAQs |access-date=19 July 2026 |website=MeWatch Help Centre}}</ref> * Afirka ta kudu da Sahara - Canal+ (SuperSport) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=Canal+ confirms broadcast rights for 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://supersport.com/commonwealth%20games/news/1b3b71a2-5be2-4b3b-840b-2e60ca0e2b19/canal-confirms-broadcast-rights-for-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2026-07-29 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> * United Kingdom - TNT Sports, 5 (bikin buɗewa da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na yau da kullun kawai), S4C (harshen Welsh), BBC Alba (harshen Gaelic) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=TNT Sports confirmed as live UK broadcast partner for Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4422497/tnt-sports-confirmed-as-live-uk-broadcast-partner-for-glasgow-2026 |access-date=2025-12-19 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2026 |title=S4C announced as Welsh-language broadcaster for Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4518260/s4c-announced-as-welsh-language-broadcaster-for-glasgow-2026 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-06 |title=BBC ALBA to broadcast live action from the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2026/bbc-alba-to-broadcast-live-from-the-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow |access-date=6 July 2026 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> * Amurka - beIN SPORTS <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-20 |title=Glasgow 2026 expands global broadcast reach as Commonwealth Sport enters a new era |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4539284/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4539284/glasgow-2026-expands-global-broadcast-reach-as-commonwealth-sport-enters-a-new-era |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 91l9wlwdx4vy4zx2bssti0tdnfb0l70 915312 915310 2026-09-03T08:20:54Z Gwanki 3834 /* Rediyo */ 915312 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Wasannin Commonwealth na XXIII''' kuma wanda aka fi saninsa da '''[[Glasgow]] 2026''', wani taron wasanni ne da aka gudanar daga 23 ga Yuli zuwa 2 ga Agusta 2026 a Glasgow, birni mafi girma a [[Scotland]], ga membobin Commonwealth of Nations . Wannan shi ne Wasannin Commonwealth na huɗu da za a shirya a Scotland, bayan wasannin 1970 da 1986 a [[Edinburgh]], da Wasannin 2014 a Glasgow. Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 shine na farko da za a gudanar tun bayan mutuwar [[Elizabeth II|Sarauniya Elizabeth II]] da kuma hauhawar Sarki Charles III a matsayin Shugaban Commonwealth, kuma fitowar farko tun lokacin da Donald Rukare ya zama shugaban Commonwealth Sport. Har zuwa wani lokaci, wasannin ba su da mai karɓar bakuncin bayan an janye tayin daga Victoria, Ostiraliya don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026, an fara sanar da Victoria a matsayin mai karɓar baƙi a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2022 |title=Games-Australian state to be confirmed 2026 Commonwealth Games host -report |url=https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1999991-games-australian-state-to-be-confirmed-2026-commonwealth-games-host--report |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220411230949/https://www.devdiscourse.com/article/sports-games/1999991-games-australian-state-to-be-confirmed-2026-commonwealth-games-host--report |archive-date=11 April 2022 |website=Devdiscourse}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2023, gwamnatin jihar Victoria ta soke shirye-shiryenta saboda karuwar tsadar farashi. Birnin [[Gold Coast|Gold Coast, Queensland]], ya ba da gudummawa ga karɓar bakuncin taron amma daga baya ya janye saboda irin waɗannan dalilai. Ba tare da mai masaukin baki ba, akwai haɗarin cewa ana iya jinkirta wasannin zuwa 2027 ko soke su gaba ɗaya.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |title=Commonwealth Games Costs Too High At Over $6 Billion |url=https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718031331/https://www.premier.vic.gov.au/commonwealth-games-costs-too-high-over-6-billion |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=18 July 2023 |website=premier.vic.gov.au |publisher=Premier of Victoria}}</ref> A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2024, rahotanni sun bayyana cewa Glasgow ta cimma yarjejeniya don karɓar haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin, <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Trainer |first=Paul |date=11 August 2024 |title=Reports: Glasgow set to be announced as host city for Commonwealth Games 2026 |url=https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/glasgow-set-to-be-announced-as-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-2026-4737747 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240811193745/https://www.glasgowworld.com/news/glasgow-set-to-be-announced-as-host-city-for-commonwealth-games-2026-4737747 |archive-date=2024-08-11 |access-date=12 August 2024 |website=GlasgowWorld}}</ref> amma washegari an bayyana cewa ana ci gaba da tattaunawa ba tare da yarjejeniya ta ƙarshe ko sanarwar da ke gabatowa ba. Wasannin Commonwealth na Scotland sun ba da shawarar sake fasalin taron, wanda ke nuna wasanni 10 zuwa 13 da kuma amfani da ababen more rayuwa na yanzu, tare da fam miliyan 100 a cikin kudade daga Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth da ƙarin fam miliyan 30 zuwa 50 daga tushen kasuwanci, tabbatar da cewa ba za a buƙaci kudaden jama'a ba. Wani sabuntawa a ranar 30 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2024 ya tabbatar da cewa wasannin za su sami tallafin kudi na AU $ 200 miliyan, wanda aka samu a matsayin diyya daga gwamnatin Victoria bayan janyewarsu.<ref name="CGGlasgow">{{Cite web |date=30 August 2024 |title=Commonwealth Games Scotland Update on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901025238/https://www.teamscotland.scot/commonwealth-games-scotland-update-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/ |archive-date=2024-09-01 |access-date=1 September 2024 |website=Team Scotland}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2024, Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da karbar bakuncin wasannin tare da tallafin kudi daga Wasannin Commonwealth na Australia. Wasannin da aka rage da kuma ƙananan farashi sun nuna wasanni 10 da ke faruwa a wurare bakwai kuma babu ƙauyen 'yan wasa.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=Sports {{!}} Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/sports/www.glasgow2026.com/sports/ |access-date=2026-02-15 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Ostiraliya ta hau teburin lambobin yabo na uku a jere na Commonwealth Games, tare da zinare 70 da jimlar lambobin yabo 171. Ingila ta kasance ta biyu tare da lambobin zinare 29 da jimlar 110, yayin da Kanada ta kammala ta uku tare da lambun zinare 19 da jimlar 62. Kasar da ta karbi bakuncin, Scotland, ta kammala ta biyar a bayan Indiya, kowannensu yana da lambobin zinare 13 da lambobin 29. Gabon, Rwanda da Tuvalu sun lashe lambobin yabo na farko na Commonwealth, tare da Dominica ta lashe lambar zinare ta farko. == Zaɓin mai masaukin baki ==   === Zaɓin farko === [[Fayil:Melbourne_Skyline_and_Princes_Bridge_-_Dec_2008.jpg|thumb|Jihar Victoria ta Australiya da farko an nada ta a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin.]] A lokacin Babban Taron CGF a ranar 31 ga Maris 2017 a [[Gold Coast]], bayan rikice-rikice na Wasannin Commonwealth na 2022 wanda ya karbi bakuncin birnin, kwamitin zartarwa ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya shirya bayar da kyautar wasannin Commonwealth guda 2026 da 2030 a lokaci guda a Babban TaronCGF da aka shirya don [[Kigali]], Rwanda a watan Satumbar 2019. An aiwatar da sabon samfurin da ake kira CGF Partnerships (CGFP) wanda ke da niyyar ba da goyon baya mai ƙarfi ga ƙungiyoyi da biranen da ke nuna sha'awar karɓar bakuncin wasannin gaba da haɓaka ƙimar taron gaba ɗaya. Wannan yayi kama da tsarin da kwamitin wasannin Olympics na kasa da kasa (IOC) ya yi amfani da shi tun daga shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Resurgent Commonwealth agrees to begin the process of selecting 2026 and 2030 Commonwealth Games Host Cities |url=https://thecgf.com/news/resurgent-commonwealth-agrees-begin-process-selecting-2026-and-2030-commonwealth-games-host |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180501161505/https://thecgf.com/news/resurgent-commonwealth-agrees-begin-process-selecting-2026-and-2030-commonwealth-games-host/ |archive-date=2018-05-01 |access-date=10 July 2018 |website=Commonwealth Games Federation}}</ref> A cikin 2015, birnin [[Durban]] na Afirka ta Kudu ya lashe haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin wasannin Commonwealth na 2022, amma an kwace waɗannan haƙƙoƙin a cikin 2017 saboda damuwa da kuɗi. A sakamakon haka, Birmingham ta tashi daga wasannin da aka shirya daga 2026 zuwa 2022. Wannan ya bar wasannin 2026 ba tare da mai masaukin baki ba kuma an janye tayin daga [[Kuala Lumpur]], Cardiff, [[Calgary]], [[Edmonton]] da [[Adelaide]] duk saboda damuwa game da farashi, tare da yanke shawara mai karɓar bakuncin da Ƙungiyar Wasannin Commonwealth ba ta yi tsakanin 2019 da 2022.<ref name=":11" /> A watan Janairun 2022, Gwamnatin Jihar Victoria ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana ba da la'akari sosai ga buƙatar da ta gabata daga CGF don karɓar bakuncin wasannin. A ranar 16 ga Fabrairu 2022, Firayim Minista na Victoria Daniel Andrews ya tabbatar da cewa jihar tana cikin tattaunawa ta musamman tare da CGF don karbar bakuncin wasannin. An bayyana cewa idan an ci nasara wajen karbar bakuncin wasannin a karo na biyu, wani yunkuri na Victorian zai yi niyyar jaddada cibiyoyin yanki na jihar - kamar Geelong, Ballarat da Bendigo - maimakon kasancewa mafi yawan [[Melbourne]], kamar a shekara ta 2006. Bendigo a baya ya dauki bakuncin Wasannin Matasa na Commonwealth na 2004. Amincewa da tayin zai iya zama ya danganta da yarjejeniya kan hanyoyin sarrafa farashi, kamar gidaje da jami'ai a otal-otal maimakon ƙauyen da aka keɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Masters |first=Roy |date=19 January 2022 |title=Melbourne set to step into breach as 2026 Commonwealth Games host city |url=https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220118182013/https://www.smh.com.au/sport/melbourne-set-to-step-into-breach-as-2026-commonwealth-games-host-city-20220118-p59p6r.html |archive-date=2022-01-18 |access-date=19 January 2022 |website=Sydney Morning Herald}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2022 |title=Victoria present bid to host 2026 Commonwealth Games, could include 22 sports |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120592/commonwealth-games-victoria-2026-bid |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220315170813/https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1120592/commonwealth-games-victoria-2026-bid |archive-date=2022-03-15}}</ref> An tabbatar da wannan tayin a matsayin mai nasara a ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2022. A ranar 18 ga watan Yulin 2023, gwamnatin jihar ta yi niyyar soke karbar bakuncin wasannin 2026 a Victoria. Watanni goma sha biyar bayan amincewa da karbar bakuncin wasannin, Firayim Minista Daniel Andrews ya ce farashin ya karu zuwa kimanin dala biliyan 6-7, ninki biyu na amfanin tattalin arziki da aka kiyasta ga jihar, kuma gwamnati ba za ta iya tabbatar da kudin ba. Jiha ta ce za ta dakatar da yarjejeniyar mai karɓar bakuncin ta tare da Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth kuma ta nemi sasantawa game da kwangilar.<ref name=":8" /> Cirewar ta haifar da sabon bincike don mai masaukin baki don Wasannin 2026. {| class="wikitable" |+2026 Commonwealth Games bidding results !City / region !Nation !Votes |- |Victoria |{{Flagicon|Australia}} Australia | align="center" |Unanimous (2022)<br /><br />Withdrew (2023) |} === Zaɓin na biyu === ==== Sha'awa ta farko ==== [[Fayil:Launch_Commonwealth_Games_2026_with_First_Minister_Swinney_in_Glasgow,_Scotland_on_22_October_2024_-_7.jpg|thumb|Ministan farko na Scotland, John Swinney, ya kaddamar da wasannin Commonwealth na 2026, Oktoba 2024.]] Magajin garin London [[Sadiq Khan]] daga baya ya ce ya "shirya" don tallafawa yunkurin [[Landan]] don maye gurbin Victoria a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin. Ministan farko na Scotland Humza Yousaf ya kuma bayyana cewa yana "sonin yin la'akari da shawarwari" ga Scotland don karɓar bakuncin akalla wasu abubuwan da suka faru a wasannin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 July 2023 |title=Humza Yousaf to 'explore' Scotland Commonwealth Games bid |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66240078 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230718234838/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-66240078 |archive-date=2023-07-18 |access-date=4 August 2023 |website=BBC News}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2023, Gold Coast ta kori kanta daga karbar bakuncin wasannin. A wannan rana, gwamnatin Burtaniya ta tabbatar da cewa ba za a sami "ceto na Burtaniya" don wasannin ba kuma ba za a karbe su a Burtaniya ba, suna mai cewa babu wani sha'awar kudi ko wani shiri na farko don ba da damar wani birni na Burtaniya ya sake shiga tsakani bayan Birmingham 2022 A ranar 11 ga Maris 2024, Majalisar Wasannin Olympics ta Malaysia ta bayyana cewa Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth (CGF) ta ba Malaysia kimanin fam miliyan 100 don karbar bakuncin Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a karamin sikelin fiye da yadda aka tsara da farko, tare da tattaunawa da ke gudana.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-11 |title=CGF offers Malaysia to host 2026 Commonwealth Games, says OCM |url=https://www.malaymail.com/article/2868977 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240311110456/https://www.malaymail.com/article/2868977 |archive-date=2024-03-11 |access-date=2024-03-11 |website=Malay Mail}}</ref> Koyaya, a ranar 22 ga Maris 2024, Ma'aikatar Malaysia ta ki amincewa da tayin, tana mai bayyana cewa fam miliyan 100 ba zai isa ya rufe kuɗin taron ba. Bugu da ƙari, Gwamnatin Tarayya ba ta son amfani da kuɗin masu biyan haraji don tallafawa wasannin, musamman idan aka ba da haɗarin rikici na tsarawa tare da Wasannin SEA na 2027, wanda kuma za a gudanar a Malaysia.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-03-22 |title=Malaysia declines to host Commonwealth Games 2026 |url=https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/03/22/malaysia-declines-to-host-commonwealth-games-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322065350/https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2024/03/22/malaysia-declines-to-host-commonwealth-games-2026 |archive-date=2024-03-22 |access-date=2024-03-22 |website=The Star}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2024, Majalisar Wasannin Olympics ta Singapore (SNOC), Sport Singapore (SportSG), da Commonwealth Games Singapore (CGS) sun ba da sanarwar cewa suna bincika yiwuwar karbar bakuncin wasannin, gami da yiwuwar hadin gwiwa tare da Malaysia don rage kudade. Koyaya, a ranar 3 ga Afrilu 2024, CGS da SportSG sun tabbatar da cewa Singapore ba za ta gabatar da tayin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Search for 2026 Commonwealth Games host goes on after Singapore opts not to bid |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/sport/commonwealth-games-2026-host-decline-sportsg-feasibility-4239171 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240403062430/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/sport/commonwealth-games-2026-host-decline-sportsg-feasibility-4239171 |archive-date=2024-04-03 |access-date=2024-04-03 |website=CNA}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Afrilu 2024, CGF ta nuna cewa za a iya sanar da sabon mai karɓar bakuncin wasannin 2026 a watan da ya biyo baya, kuma a ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2024 Ministan Matasa da Wasanni na [[Ghana]], Mustapha Ussif, ya nuna sha'awar karɓar bakin bayan nasarar da [[Accra]] ta samu na Wasannin Afirka na 2023 a watan Maris na 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 April 2024 |title=2026 Commonwealth Games update |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/3959749/2026-commonwealth-games-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409092907/https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/3959749/2026-commonwealth-games-update |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-08 |website=Commonwealth Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 April 2024 |title=Ghana to host 2026 Commonwealth Games? |url=https://3news.com/sports/other/ghana-to-host-2026-commonwealth-games-sports-minister-reveals-plans |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240409092906/https://3news.com/sports/other/ghana-to-host-2026-commonwealth-games-sports-minister-reveals-plans |archive-date=2024-04-09 |access-date=2024-04-09 |website=3News Ghana}}</ref> ==== Kasuwancin Scotland ==== [[Fayil:Glasgow_-_aerial_-_2025-04-17_15.jpg|thumb|260x260px|An dauki [[Glasgow]] a matsayin "matsayin karshe" don karbar bakuncin wasannin 2026 bayan Victoria ta fice.]] A ranar 11 ga Afrilu 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa an dauki [[Glasgow]] a matsayin "matsayin karshe" don karbar bakuncin wasannin 2026 idan babu wani mai masaukin baki da ke zuwa. An ruwaito cewa wasannin za su kasance a kan karami kuma za su iya sake amfani da wuraren daga Wasannin Commonwealth na 2014. Gidaje ga 'yan wasa za su hada da otal-otal, kuma mai yiwuwa mazaunan ɗalibai na Jami'ar Glasgow Caledonian da Jami'ar Glasgo.<ref name=":1" /> Bugu da ƙari, farashin wasannin za a rufe su gaba ɗaya ta hanyar Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth da masu tallafawa kamfanonin su.<ref name=":1" /> Tattaunawar ta ci gaba tsakanin Wasannin Commonwealth na Scotland, Gwamnatin Scotland da EventScotland: ana sa ran tabbatar da tayin a ƙarshen watan, amma a zahiri ba a gabatar da takardun tayin a wannan lokacin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-11 |title=Exclusive: Glasgow in frame for Commonwealth Games return in 2026 |url=https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/exclusive-glasgow-in-frame-for-commonwealth-games-return-in-2026/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240802103313/https://www.sportbusiness.com/news/exclusive-glasgow-in-frame-for-commonwealth-games-return-in-2026/ |archive-date=2024-08-02 |access-date=2024-04-11 |website=SportBusiness-US}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga Yulin 2024, BBC ta ba da rahoton cewa za a yanke shawara a watan Agusta. A ranar 11 ga watan Agustan 2024, an yi hasashen cewa an cimma yarjejeniya ga Glasgow don karɓar haƙƙin karɓar bakuncin wasannin.<ref name="auto" /> Wata sanarwa daga Majalisar Wasannin Commonwealth ta Scotland da aka bayar a ranar 30 ga watan Agusta 2024, ta ba da shawarar wasannin da ba su da yawa tare da wasanni 10 a wurare huɗu ciki har da Filin wasa na Scotstoun da Cibiyar Ruwa ta Duniya ta Tollcross.<ref name="CGGlasgow" /> A ranar 17 ga Satumba 2024, an ba da sanarwar cewa Gwamnatin Scotland ta amince da karbar bakuncin wasannin tare da diyya daga Victoria. {| class="wikitable" |+Sakamakon wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 !Birni / yanki !Al'umma !Zaɓuɓɓuka |- |[[Glasgow]] |Scotland{{Flagicon|Scotland}} | align="center" |Tare da hadin kai |} == Wuraren da ake ciki == An yi amfani da wuraren da ke biyowa don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026: <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2024 |title=Event Delivery Partners' Information Pack |url=https://resources.cwg-qbr.pulselive.com/qbr-commonwealth-games/document/2024/12/11/aed32654-5b86-4101-9464-b82b9d1f44ef/Glasgow-2026-EDP-EOI-Document.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250312125740/https://resources.cwg-qbr.pulselive.com/qbr-commonwealth-games/document/2024/12/11/aed32654-5b86-4101-9464-b82b9d1f44ef/Glasgow-2026-EDP-EOI-Document.pdf |archive-date=12 March 2025}}</ref> {| class="wikitable sortable" !Wurin da ake ciki !Abubuwan da suka faru !Capacity !Matsayi |- | rowspan="2" |Hydro |Bukukuwan | rowspan="2" |12,306 | rowspan="2" |Abubuwan da ke akwai |- |Kwallon Net |- | rowspan="4" |Cibiyar SEC |Kwando na 3x3 |TBD | rowspan="4" |Kasancewa tare da tsayawa na wucin gadi |- |Kwallon kwalliya |TBD |- |Kwallon kwallo |TBD |- |Judo |TBD |- |SEC Armadillo |Ɗauki nauyi |3,000 |Abubuwan da ke akwai |- |Filin wasa na Scotstoun |Wasanni |10,000-11,000 |Abubuwan da ke akwai, an gyara su |- |Cibiyar Gudun Ruwa ta Duniya ta Tollcross |Yin iyo |2,000 | rowspan="3" |Abubuwan da ke akwai |- |Filin wasa na Commonwealth |Wasan motsa jiki na fasaha |5,000 |- |Sir Chris Yau Velodrome |Hanyar keke |2,000 |} === Gidan wuraren da ake kira === <gallery> Fayil:Stadium_Track_and_Pitch.jpg|Scotstoun Stadium Fayil:Tollcross_International_Swimming_Centre_(28921366007).jpg|Tollcross International Swimming Centre Fayil:Emirates_Arena_on_Glasgow_Rocks_Opening_Night_(cropped).jpg|Commonwealth Arena Fayil:Sir_Chris_Hoy_Velodrome_26.jpg|Sir Chris Hoy Velodrome Fayil:Wfm_foster_armadillo.jpg|SEC Armadillo Fayil:Entrance_to_the_SEC_Centre_(geograph_5692529).jpg|SEC Centre Fayil:The_SSE_Hydro_(geograph_5420681).jpg|The Hydro </gallery> == Matsayin Sarki == An kaddamar da Baton na Sarki a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Maris 2025, don nuna farkon ƙididdigar kwanaki 500, tare da Sarki Charles III, a cikin cikakken kayan soja, yana bayyana takardar sannan ya mika sandar ga mai gudu na farko, Sir Chris Hoy. Tim Norman ne ya tsara sandar da aka yi da Itacen ash. Kungiyar ta yanke shawarar cewa za a aika shi zuwa yankin Caribbean don fara ragowar duniya tare da Port of Spain, a [[Trinidad da Tobago]], a matsayin tashar farko ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=KINGS BATON RELAY IN TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route/4236096/www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route/4236096/trinidad-and-tobago |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> Zaɓin Trinidad da Tobago ya kasance sakamakon nasarar da ƙasar ta samu wajen karbar bakuncin Wasannin Matasan Commonwealth na 2023. Sashe na Caribbean na Baton Relay ya ƙare a Saint Vincent da Grenadines a ranar Asabar 14 ga Yuni, kafin ɓangaren Afirka (15 ga Yuni zuwa 24 ga Oktoba), sannan Asiya (25 ga Oktoba zuwa 21 ga Disamba), Oceania (2 ga Janairu zuwa 26 ga Maris 2026), Amurka (27 ga Maris zuwa 6 ga Mayu 2026), da Turai (8 ga Mayu zuwa 23 ga Yuli 2026). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Baton Relay Locations Map |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/route |url-status=live |website=Commonwealth Sport}}</ref> Don 18th Baton Relay, an gabatar da sabon tsari inda kowannensu daga cikin 74 Commonwealth Games Associations (CGAs) ya sami sandar mutum da aka yi a Glasgow. Maimakon wucewa guda ɗaya tsakanin al'ummomi, an ba da izinin kowane CGA ya tsara sandarsa don nuna al'adun yankin.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Everything you need to know about the King's Baton Relay |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/faqs |url-status=live |website=Commonwweath Sport}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.sandhurst.catholic.org.au/item/3126-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=sandhurst.catholic.org.au}}</ref> Baya ga kasancewa a karo na farko na kasancewa wani ɓangare na The King's Baton Relay, Commonwealth Sport ta yi haɗin gwiwa tare da Royal Commonwealth Society (RCS) don haɗa Kamfen ɗin Flastik na Tsabtace Tekun Commonwealth a cikin ragowar, yana mai da hankali kan kiyaye teku da hanyoyin sake amfani da sharar filastik.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-10-27 |title=Commonwealth Sport supports Clean Oceans Plastics Campaign |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4157153/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4157153/commonwealth-sport-supports-clean-oceans-plastics-campaign |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> King's Baton Relay ya ƙare a bikin buɗewa na Glasgow 2026 a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026, a matsayin wani ɓangare na gargajiya da mahimmanci na bikin buɗe wasannin Commonwealth . == Bukukuwan == A matsayin wani ɓangare na shirin da aka gabatar ta Commonwealth Games Scotland, an rage bikin buɗewa da rufewa idan aka kwatanta da wasannin da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2024 |title=Glasgow to host 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/cvgw51kqx7wo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240921132332/https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/articles/cvgw51kqx7wo |archive-date=2024-09-21 |access-date=2024-09-18 |website=BBC Newsround}}</ref> An sanar da shi a ranar 20 ga Maris 2026 cewa za a gudanar da bikin buɗewa a OVO Hydro, karo na farko a cikin tarihin wasannin 'shekaru 96 cewa za a yi bikin a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 March 2026 |title=Glasgow 2026 reveals opening ceremony venue and calls for 700 volunteer cast members to be part of the show |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4472430/glasgow-2026-reveals-opening-ceremony-venue-and-calls-for-700-volunteer-cast-members-to-be-part-of-the-show |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> === Bikin buɗewa === <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>An gudanar da bikin bude wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026 a OVO Hydro a Glasgow. Wannan shi ne bikin bude wasannin Commonwealth na farko da aka shirya gaba ɗaya a cikin gida. Mawallafin mawaƙa na Scotland KT Tunstall ya jagoranci bikin, tare da wasan kwaikwayon da Callum Beattie, Nina Nesbitt, Nathan Evans da Saint Phnx suka yi, yayin da duo na lantarki Valtos ya ba da sauti ga Parade of Nations . <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 July 2026 |title=Glasgow 2026 reveals Scottish Talent soundtracking the Opening Ceremony |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4532708/glasgow-2026-reveals-scottish-talent-soundtracking-the-opening-ceremony |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> [[Charles III|Sarki]] da Sarauniya, Firayim Minista na Ƙasar Ingila da Minista na farko na Scotland sun halarci taron.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 July 2026 |title=His Majesty The King and Her Majesty The Queen to officially open Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4533307/his-majesty-the-king-and-her-majesty-the-queen-to-officially-open-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=King and Queen emerge from Tardis to open Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2g3053ejko |access-date=2026-07-24 |website=bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Bikin ya kammala Sarki's Baton Relay . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=King and Queen emerge from Tardis to open Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/cm2g3053ejko |access-date=2026-07-25 |website=bbc.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Bikin rufewa === An gudanar da bikin rufe wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a OVO Hydro a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta 2026, wurin da aka yi bikin budewa. Kungiyar rock ta Scotland Simple Minds ta jagoranci bikin, tare da wasan kwaikwayon BEMZ, [[Cammy Barnes]] da Sandi Thom. Mawakin Australiya [[Delta goodrem|Delta Goodrem]] ta bayyana ta uku a bikin Wasannin Commonwealth, bayan ta yi a bikin buɗewa na 2006 da 2018 a Melbourne da Gold Coast bi da bi. Shirin da aka shirya don mika wasannin Commonwealth na gaba na 2030 [[Ahmedabad]], Indiya, ya nuna wasan kwaikwayon Shankar Mahadevan da [[Rashmika Mandanna]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 July 2026 |title=Scots Legends Simple Minds to Close Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4539986/scots-legends-simple-minds-to-close-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyin shiga == Dukkanin Ƙungiyoyin Wasannin Commonwealth 74 sun shiga cikin Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026. [[Gabon]] da [[Togo]] sun fara bugawa bayan sun shiga Commonwealth of Nations a watan Yunin 2022. {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="width:100%;" !Participating Commonwealth Games Associations |- | <templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />{{Div col}} *{{flagCGF|AIA|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Anguilla set for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/AnguillaCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/anguilla-friday-3-july-2026team-anguilla-set-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/1519691523287073/|website=Facebook|publisher=Anguilla Commonwealth Games Association|date=3 July 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ANT|2026|12}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Antigua and Barbuda Commonwealth Games Association announces 12-member team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/antigua-and-barbuda-commonwealth-games-association-announces-12-member-team-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Antigua News Room|location=St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|AUS|2026|257}}<ref>{{cite news|last1=Vaughan|first1=Roger|last2=Chadband|first2=Ian|title=The Australian athletes to watch in the 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://7news.com.au/sport/commonwealth-games/the-australian-athletes-to-watch-in-the-2026-commonwealth-games-c-22622193|work=[[7NEWS]]|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAH|2026|20}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Longley|first=Sheldon|title=BOC names teams for summer games|url=https://www.thenassauguardian.com/sports/boc-names-teams-for-summer-games/article_826b4c46-082a-4708-9f74-97d3a2d691d4.html|work=The Nassau Guardian|location=Nassau, Bahamas|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAN|2026|15}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh head to Commonwealth Games to protect membership|url=https://www.thedailystar.net/sports/more-sports/news/bangladesh-head-commonwealth-games-games-protect-membership-4223791|work=[[The Daily Star (Bangladesh)|The Daily Star]]|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BAR|2026|21}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Joseph|first=Benson|title=Barbados names 21-member Commonwealth Games team|url=https://barbadostoday.bb/2026/07/02/barbados-names-21-member-commonwealth-games-team/|work=Barbados Today|location=Bridgetown, Barbados|date=2 July 2026|access-date=3 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BIZ|2026|5}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Belize Ready to Compete at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.sanpedrosun.com/sports/2026/07/17/team-belize-ready-to-compete-at-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=[[The San Pedro Sun]]|location=San Pedro Town, Belize|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BER|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite news|title=BOA Announces Commonwealth Games Team|url=https://bernews.com/2026/07/july9boa-announces-commonwealth-games-team/|work=[[Bernews]]|location=Hamilton, Bermuda|date=9 July 2026|access-date=9 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BOT|2026|25}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Sibanda|first=Anastacia|date=1 April 2026|title=BNOC targets seven medals|url=https://dailynews.gov.bw/news-detail/90826|work=[[Daily News Botswana]]|location=Gaborone, Botswana|access-date=12 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IVB|2026|11}}<ref>{{cite news|title=11 athletes to rep VI at 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.virginislandsnewsonline.com/en/news/11-athletes-to-rep-vi-2026-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow-|work=Virgin Islands News Online|location=Road Town, British Virgin Islands|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|BRU|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Six athletes to represent Brunei at 23rd Commonwealth Games|url=https://borneobulletin.com.bn/six-athletes-to-represent-brunei-at-23rd-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Borneo Bulletin]]|location=Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei|date=13 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CMR|2026|20}} *{{flagCGF|CAN|2026|149}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Campigotto|first=Jesse|title=The Commonwealth Games are back — here's what to know|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/the-buzzer-newsletter-commonwealth-games-preview-2026-9.7273303|website=[[CBC Sports]]|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] (CBC)|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CAY|2026|20}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Cayman Islands Teams Named for the 2026 Commonwealth Games and Central American & Caribbean Games|url=https://www.radiocayman.gov.ky/news/cayman-islands-teams-named-for-the-2026-commonwealth-games-and-central-american-caribbean-games|website=Radio Cayman|location=George Town, Cayman Islands|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|COK|2026|15}}<ref>{{cite news|date=19 June 2026|title=Cook Islands names 15 athletes for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/sport/athletics/cook-islands-names-15-athletes-for-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Cook Islands News]]|location=Rarotonga, Cook Islands|access-date=20 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|CYP|2026|36}}<ref>{{cite web|title=36 αθλητές, τρεις σε έξι αθλήματα στους 23ους Κοινοπολιτειακούς Αγώνες "Glasgow 2026"|trans-title=36 athletes across six sports at the 23rd Commonwealth Games "Glasgow 2026"|language=el|url=https://www.olympic.org.cy/index.php/gr/news/1730-36-23-glasgow-2026|website=[[Cyprus Olympic Committee]]|location=Nicosia, Cyprus|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|DMA|2026|3}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Dominica names three-athlete team for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://dominicanewsonline.com/news/homepage/homepage-carousel/dominica-names-three-athlete-team-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Dominica News Online|location=Roseau, Dominica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ENG|2026|204}} *{{flagCGF|SWZ|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Nhlabatsi|first=Sifiso|title=Team Eswatini unveils 17-member squad for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://independentnews.co.sz/44665/sports/team-eswatini-unveils-17-member-squad-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Independent News Eswatini|location=Mbabane, Eswatini|date=16 June 2026|access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|FLK|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Astill|first=David|date=23 January 2026|title=Falkland Islands Commonwealth Games Team Announced for 2026|url=https://fitv.co.fk/news-and-events/falkland-islands-commonwealth-games-team-announced-for-2026/|website=fitv.co.fk|location=Stanley, Falkland Islands|publisher=[[Falkland Islands Television]]|access-date=18 May 2026|quote=The only sport the Islands are competing in is indoor bowls, with Daphne Arthur-Almond, Sharon Barnes, Kris Thorsen, Cecil Alexander, Ian Barnes and Oliver Thompson selected to form the team aiming for glory.}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|FIJ|2026|36}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Biudole|first=Noa|title=Team Fiji names squad for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://fijilive.com/team-fiji-names-squad-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games/|work=FijiLive|location=Suva, Fiji|date=12 June 2026|access-date=1 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GAB|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Gabon|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/gabon|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GAM|2026|12}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Jobe|first=Seedy|title=Gambia declares readiness for 2026 Commonwealth Games as team heads to Glasgow|url=https://www.kerrfatou.com/gambia-declares-readiness-for-2026-commonwealth-games-as-team-heads-to-glasgow/|website=Kerr Fatou|location=Banjul, The Gambia|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GHA|2026|40}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=TEAM GHANA UNVEILS OFFICIAL HIGH-PERFORMANCE SQUAD FOR GLASGOW 2026|url=https://www.ghanaolympic.org/blog/team-ghana-unveils-official-high-performance-squad-for-glasgow-2026|access-date=2026-07-13|website=GOC - Ghana Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GIB|2026|16}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ignacio|first=Stephen|date=22 May 2026|title=Team Gibraltar announced for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.chronicle.gi/team-gibraltar-announced-for-commonwealth-games/|work=[[Gibraltar Chronicle]]|location=Gibraltar|access-date=30 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GRN|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Bascombe|first=Michael|title=Grenada names teams for Commonwealth and CAC Games amid scheduling clash|url=https://mikebas.blogspot.com/2026/07/grenada-names-teams-for-commonwealth.html|website=Mike Bascombe|date=15 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GGY|2026|20}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-03-21|title=The Commonwealth Games: Who is going, and which sports are missing out?|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport-ge/the-commonwealth-games-who-is-going-and-which-sports-are-missing-out/|access-date=2026-05-26|website=Bailiwick Express News Guernsey|language=en-GB}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|GUY|2026|16}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Belgrave, Moore to carry Guyana's flag at Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://kaieteurnewsonline.com/2026/07/23/belgrave-moore-to-carry-guyanas-flag-at-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=[[Kaieteur News]]|location=Georgetown, Guyana|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IND|2026|122}}<ref name="OlympicsCWG2026">{{cite news|last=Nalwala|first=Ali Asgar|date=2026-07-09|title=Commonwealth Games 2026 schedule - dates and events for Indian athletes|url=https://www.olympics.com/en/news/india-commonwealth-games-2026-schedule|access-date=2026-07-10|publisher=International Olympic Committee|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|IOM|2026|27}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Nicoll|first=Catherine|title=Manx athletes 'absolutely raring to go' at games|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/ce8kmxznzmdo|work=[[BBC News]]|location=London, England|date=24 July 2026|access-date=22 August 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|JAM|2026|76}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bryce|first=Gregory|title=Samuda: Welcome to history - JOA prepares for hectic July schedule with Commonwealth and CAC Games|url=https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/sports/20260710/samuda-welcome-history-joa-prepares-hectic-july-schedule-commonwealth-and|work=[[The Gleaner]]|location=Kingston, Jamaica|date=10 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|JEY|2026|22}}<ref>{{cite web|date=13 June 2026|title=Weightlifter Dodds added to Jersey team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/weightlifting/articles/c862pp689v6o|website=[[BBC Sport]]|publisher=[[BBC]]|access-date=15 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|KEN|2026|98}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Maluki|first=Shadrack|title=Why Kenya is preparing differently for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/business/opinion-sports/article/2001552572/why-kenya-is-preparing-differently-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games|work=The Standard|location=Nairobi, Kenya|date=11 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|KIR|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Naare|first=Rikamati|title=Team Kiribati Ready for Glasgow 2026|url=https://bpa.org.ki/team-kiribati-ready-for-glasgow-2026/|website=BPA News|location=Tarawa, Kiribati|date=22 June 2026|access-date=23 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|LES|2026|14}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Litsitso|first=Letsunyane|date=24 May 2026|title=Lesotho Sends 14 Athletes to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://lesothotribune.co.ls/lesotho-sends-14-athletes-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Lesotho Tribune|location=Maseru, Lesotho|access-date=27 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MAW|2026|25}}<ref>{{cite web|last=Mmana|first=Samantha|title=Team Malawi unveiled for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.moc.org.mw/team-malawi-unveiled-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|website=[[Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association of Malawi|Malawi Olympic Committee]]|location=Lilongwe, Malawi|date=11 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MAS|2026|59}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ishak|first=Fadhli|title=OCM names lean and mean contingent for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.nst.com.my/sports/others/2026/07/1486164/ocm-names-lean-and-mean-contingent-commonwealth-games|work=[[New Straits Times]]|location=Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia|date=11 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MDV|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite web|title=ކޮމަންވެލްތު ގޭމްސްގައި ރާއްޖޭން ވާދަކުރަނީ ދެ ކުޅިވަރަކުން|trans-title=Maldives to compete in two sports at the Commonwealth Games|url=https://adhadhu.com/84511|website=Adhadhu|language=dv|location=Malé, Maldives|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MLT|2026|23}}<ref>{{Cite web|last=Vella-Galea|first=Maria|date=2026-07-08|title=Maltese Olympic Committee Announces Athletes for Glasgow, Taranto and Dakar|url=https://nocmalta.org/maltese-olympic-committee-announces-athletes-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|access-date=2026-07-09|website=Maltese Olympic Committee|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MRI|2026|40}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeux du Commonwealth 2026 : Team Mauritius officiellement présentée avant le départ pour Glasgow|trans-title=2026 Commonwealth Games: Team Mauritius officially presented before departure for Glasgow|url=https://topfm.mu/jeux-du-commonwealth-2026-team-mauritius-officiellement-presentee-avant-le-depart-pour-glasgow|location=Port Louis, Mauritius|website=TOP FM Mauritius|language=French|access-date=2 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MSR|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Montserrat|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/montserrat|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|MOZ|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Boxe fora dos Jogos da Commonwealth|trans-title=Boxing out of the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.jornaldesafio.co.mz/index.php/2026/07/23/boxe-fora-dos-jogos-da-commonwealth/|work=Jornal Desafio|location=Maputo, Mozambique|language=pt|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NAM|2026|24}}<ref>{{cite news|date=5 June 2026|title=23 athletes to participate in the upcoming 2026 Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://economist.com.na/107239/sport/23-athletes-to-participate-in-the-upcoming-2026-glasgow-commonwealth-games/|work=www.economist.com.na|location=Windhoek, Namibia|publisher=[[Namibia Economist]]|access-date=5 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NRU|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite web|date=16 July 2026|title=Team Announcement 3/3|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1Be7pFPxvn/|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Yaren, Nauru|publisher=[[Nauru Olympic Committee]]|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NZL|2026|113}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Meet the Kiwi Commonwealth Games team: Ellesse Andrews heading big medal hopes chasing gold in Glasgow|url=https://www.thepost.co.nz/sport/361043097/meet-kiwi-commonwealth-games-team-ellesse-andrews-heading-big-medal-hopes-chasing-gold-glasgow|work=[[The Post (New Zealand newspaper)|The Post]]|location=Wellington, New Zealand|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NGR|2026|73}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Eludini|first=Tunde|title=Tinubu charges Team Nigeria to 'win clean' at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/sports/football/892571-tinubu-charges-team-nigeria-to-win-clean-at-2026-commonwealth-games.html|work=[[Premium Times]]|location=Abuja, Nigeria|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NIU|2026|11}}<ref name=pac>{{cite news|last=Momoisea|first=Penina|title=As the 2026 Commonwealth Games begin, meet the Pacific Island athletes competing|url=https://www.abc.net.au/pacific/commonwealth-games-2026-pacific-island-athletes-competing/106920598|work=[[ABC Pacific]]|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NFI|2026|6}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Matthews|first=Betty|title=Norfolk Island Commonwealth Games Team, Sunday Parade|url=https://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/article/norfolk-island-commonwealth-games-team-sunday-parade|work=Norfolk Online News|location=Norfolk Island|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|NIR|2026|65}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/articles/cy9rp9v882qo|title=Meet Team NI athletes heading to the Commonwealth Games|publisher=[[BBC Sport]]|date=13 July 2026|accessdate=13 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|PAK|2026|21}}<ref>{{Citation|title=Pakistan at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|date=2026-07-14|work=Wikipedia|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pakistan_at_the_2026_Commonwealth_Games&oldid=1364169501|access-date=2026-07-16|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|PNG|2026|35}}<ref>{{cite news|title=PNG names 55-member team for Glasgow Games|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/png-names-55-member-team-for-glasgow-games/|work=[[The National (Papua New Guinea)|The National]]|location=Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea|date=8 July 2026|access-date=8 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|RWA|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Mugenga|first=Dylan|title=Swimming opens Team Rwanda's campaign at 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.newtimes.co.rw/article/37641/sports/swimming/swimming-opens-team-rwandas-campaign-at-2026-commonwealth-games|work=[[The New Times (Rwanda)|The New Times]]|location=Kigali, Rwanda|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SHN|2026|7}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The King's Baton Relay|url=https://www.sthelenaonline.org/the-kings-baton-relay/|work=Saint Helena online|location=Saint Helena|access-date=22 May 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SKN|2026|4}}<ref>{{cite web|title=St Kitts and Nevis Olympic Committee (SKNOC) Announces Delegations for 2026 Commonwealth Games and C.A.C Games|url=https://www.sknvibes.com/news/newsdetails.cfm/127676|website=SKNVibes|location=Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|LCA|2026|3}}<ref>{{cite news|title=No easy ride to LA Olympics, 28 states SLOC president|url=https://thevoiceslu.com/2026/07/no-easy-ride-to-la-olympics-28-states-sloc-president/|work=The Voice|location=Castries, Saint Lucia|date=3 July 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|VIN|2026|8}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Eight named for Commonwealth Games 2026|url=https://www.searchlight.vc/sports/2026/07/24/eight-named-commonwealth-games-2026/|work=Searchlight|location=Kingstown, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|date=24 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SAM|2026|21}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Faulalo|first=Sulamanaia Manaui|title=Glasgow-bound Samoa teams head to Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.samoaobserver.ws/category/sport/120885|work=[[Samoa Observer]]|location=Apia, Samoa|date=10 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SCO|2026|177}} '''(host)''' *{{flagCGF|SEY|2026|18}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Bonnelame|first=Betymie|title=Team Seychelles targets first Commonwealth Games gold as new cash rewards announced|url=https://www.seychellesnewsagency.com/articles/22185/team-seychelles-targets-first-commonwealth-games-gold-as-new-cash-rewards-announced|work=[[Seychelles News Agency]]|location=Victoria, Seychelles|date=16 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SLE|2026|19}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/sierra-leone|website=glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SGP|2026|53}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Team Singapore embarks on Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games campaign – Singapore National Olympic Council|url=https://singaporeolympics.com/team-singapore-embarks-on-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-campaign/|access-date=2026-07-09|language=en-US}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SOL|2026|13}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Inifiri Jr|first=Timothy|title=Team Solomon named for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.solomonstarnews.com/%F0%9D%97%A0%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%97%F0%9D%97%94%F0%9D%97%9F-%F0%9D%97%9C%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%96%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A1%F0%9D%97%A7%F0%9D%97%9C%F0%9D%97%A9%F0%9D%97%98%F0%9D%97%A6/|work=Solomon Star News|location=Honiara, Solomon Islands|date=19 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|RSA|2026|112}}<ref name=rsateam>{{cite news|last=Pita|first=Lebohang|title=Team SA names 112 athletes for multi-sport Glasgow Games campaign|url=https://www.citizen.co.za/springs-advertiser/sports-news/local-sports/2026/06/28/team-sa-names-112-athletes-for-multi-sport-glasgow-games-campaign|work=Springs Advertiser|location=Springs, South Africa|date=28 June 2026|access-date=28 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|SRI|2026|40}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Ratnaweera|first=Dhammika|title=Tharanga leads 40-athlete Sri Lanka squad|url=https://dailynews.lk/2026/07/17/sports/1028352/tharanga-leads-40-athlete-sri-lanka-squad/|work=[[Daily News (Sri Lanka)|Daily News]]|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TAN|2026|12}}<ref>{{Cite web|date=2026-07-13|title=Tanzania unveils 12-strong squad for Scotland Games|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/swimming/tanzania-unveils-12-strong-squad-for-scotland-games-5525362|access-date=2026-07-13|website=The Citizen|language=en}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TOG|2026|10}}<ref>{{cite news|last=Edorh|first=Nicolas|title=Jeux du Commonwealth Glasgow 2026 : voici les athlètes togolais en lice|trans-title=Commonwealth Games Glasgow 2026: here are the Togolese athletes competing|language=fr|url=https://lanouvelletribune.tg/jeux-du-commonwealth-glasgow-2026-voici-les-athletes-togolais-en-lice/|work=La Nouvelle Tribune|location=Lomé, Togo|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TGA|2026|28}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Tonga will compete across eight sports at Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://matangitonga.to/2026/06/23/team-tonga-glasgow-2026|work=Matangi Tonga|location=Nukuʻalofa, Tonga|date=23 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TTO|2026|37}}<ref>{{cite news|title=T&T 36 athletes set for Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.guardian.co.tt/sports/tt-36-athletes-set-for-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow-6.2.2631421.dfeb9f32ea|work=[[Trinidad and Tobago Guardian]]|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TCA|2026|9}}<ref>{{cite web|title=We can hear it now... Team TCI! Raise your flag!|url=https://www.facebook.com/tcisportscommission/photos/we-can-hear-it-now-team-tci-raise-your-flag-drop-in-the-comments-turksandcaicosi/1355869126685880/|website=[[Facebook]]|publisher=Turks and Caicos Islands Sports Commission|location=Providenciales, Turks and Caicos Islands|date=21 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|TUV|2026|8}}<ref>{{cite web|date=15 July 2026|title=Meet your team that will represent our small nation at the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games.|url=https://www.facebook.com/TASNOC/photos/meet-your-team-that-will-represent-our-small-nation-at-the-glasgow-2026-commonwe/1442109287953924/|website=[[Facebook]]|location=Funafuti, Tuvalu|publisher=[[Tuvalu Association of Sports and National Olympic Committee]]|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|UGA|2026|57}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Uganda|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/teams/uganda|website=www.glasgow2026.com|publisher=Glasgow 2026 Organising Committee|location=Glasgow, Scotland|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|VAN|2026|14}}<ref name=vanuteam>{{Cite web|last=Tora|first=Iliesa|date=2026-06-15|title=Pacific Islands name teams for Glasgow Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/news/pacific/598212/pacific-islands-name-teams-for-glasgow-commonwealth-games|access-date=2026-06-17|website=RNZ|language=en-nz}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|WAL|2026|114}}<ref name=walann>{{Cite web|last=Evans|first=Celyn|date=2026-06-19|title=Team Wales Announces Athletes for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://teamwales.cymru/team-wales-announces-athletes-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|access-date=2026-06-19|website=Team Wales|language=en-GB}}</ref> *{{flagCGF|ZAM|2026|22}}<ref>{{cite news|date=13 June 2026|title=Zambia enters 5 disciplines for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.lusakatimes.com/2026/06/13/zambia-enters-5-disciplines-for-commonwealth-games/|work=Lusaka Times|location=Lusaka Times|access-date=13 June 2026}}</ref> {{Div col end}} |} '''Adadin 'yan wasa ta Ƙungiyar Wasannin Commonwealth'''   == Tebur na lambar yabo == == Wasanni == Idan aka ba da gaggawa da rashin lokaci don shirya taron, wannan shine mafi ƙarancin adadin wasanni da aka bayar a wasannin tun 1994.{{Efn|[[Paralympic powerlifting|Para powerlifting]] is treated as part of the [[weightlifting]] programme and 3x3 [[wheelchair basketball]] as part of the [[3x3 basketball|basketball]] programme for these purposes, but as separate disciplines in the official schedule.}} Farawa da wannan fitowar, Wasannin suna da wasanni biyu kawai na tilas na wasanni da iyo.<templatestyles src="Div col/styles.css" />Shida daga cikin wasannin da aka zaɓa sun gudanar da wani bangare na wasanni na Para. Wadannan sune Para Athletics, Para Track Cycling, 3x3 Wheelchair Basketball, Para Swimming, Para Bowls, da Para Powerlifting.<ref name=":4" /> Wasanni da horo da aka sauke daga Wasannin da suka gabata sun haɗa da badminton, volleyball na rairayin bakin teku, Twenty20 cricket, nutsewa, hockey, keken dutse, wasan motsa jiki, keken keke, rugby bakwai, squash, wasan Tennis na tebur da wasan tennis, Triathlon da para triathlon kuma kokawa. Daga cikin wasannin kungiya na gaba ɗaya, kawai Netball da 3x3 basketball sun haɗa. Wasu abubuwan da suka faru a waje a cikin wasanni masu riƙewa kamar su wasanni (marathons da tseren tsere) da keke (babur na dutse da keken keke na hanya) an kuma sauke su saboda farashi, yayin da aka gudanar da gasar bowls a cikin tsarin bowls na cikin gida, maimakon tsarin bowls. Shirye-shiryen wasanni da yawa sun sami canje-canje a cikin tsarin su. A wasu lokuta, adadin adadin ya karu, a wasu lokuta an gudanar da sabon iri-iri a karon farko === Canje-canje ga shirin wasanni === Wasannin Parasports Wasannin sun nuna mafi yawan abubuwan wasanni na Para a tarihin Wasannin Commonwealth, tare da 47 na karshe a cikin wasanni shida. Masu shirya '''Wasanni''' sun yanke shawarar ƙara tseren 4x400 kuma sun zaɓi dawowar taron Mile maimakon taron 1,500m. An gudanar da mil din karshe a shekarar 1966; masu shirya taron sun dauki farfadowar a matsayin girmamawa ga "Miracle Mile" daga Vancouver 1954 tsakanin Roger Bannister da [[John Landy]], kuma a karo na farko, mata ne suka kalubalanci wannan taron. Parathletics sun ga 'yan wasa suna fafatawa a cikin fannoni uku na wasanni: tsalle, jefawa da abubuwan da suka faru. '''Kwallon kwando''' An fadada yawan kungiyoyi a gasar kwando ta 3x3. Duk da yake yawan kungiyoyi a gasar tsayawa ya karu zuwa 12 ga kowane jinsi, yawan kungiyoyin keken guragu ya karu zuwa 8 ga mata. Taron keken guragu na maza 3x3 ya kasance a kungiyoyi takwas. Bowls Wani babban ci gaba a Glasgow shine sake fasalin gasar bowls, wanda yake cikin gida kuma ba a kan ciyawa ba. Tare da shirin da aka sake sabuntawa, yawan abubuwan da suka faru sun ragu daga 11 zuwa 7, yayin da aka cire wasanni uku da hudu. '''Gudun keke''' Duk da rashin faruwar keken dutse da abubuwan da suka faru a hanya, an ci gaba da yawan abubuwan da aka gudanar a 26 tare da tseren kawarwa da aka kara zuwa shirin hanya mai iyawa, kuma yawan abubuwan da suka shafi wasanni sun ninka sau biyu daga 4 zuwa 8 don haɗawa da masu tuka keke na C. '''Yin iyo''' Yawan abubuwan da suka faru a cikin shirin yin iyo ya karu daga 52 zuwa 54 a duk faɗin gasa na Para da wadanda ba Para ba, tare da karawa da taron 800m na kyauta ga maza da kuma taron 1500m na kyauta don mata. == Kalanda == An saki jadawalin ne a ranar 31 ga Yulin 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 July 2025 |title=Session Schedule Unveiled for the UK's Biggest Sporting Event Next Year |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4328872/session-schedule-unveiled-for-the-uk-s-biggest-sporting-event-next-year |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052356/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4328872/session-schedule-unveiled-for-the-uk-s-biggest-sporting-event-next-year |archive-date=4 August 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Competition Schedule |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/schedule/overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804052703/https://www.glasgow2026.com/schedule/overview |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2 August 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 July 2026 |title=Bowls and Para Bowls gets extra day and £10 tickets to kick off Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games after large entry with Draw and Schedule revealed |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4534556/bowls-and-para-bowls-gets-extra-day-and-10-tickets-to-kick-off-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-after-large-entry-with-draw-and-schedule-revealed |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> : ''Duk lokutan da kwanakin suna amfani da Lokacin bazara na Burtaniya (UTC+1) '' {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; position:relative; width:75%;" | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#00cc33; text-align:center;" |'''OC''' |Bikin buɗewa | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#3399ff; text-align:center;" |● |Gasar da ta faru | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ffcc00; text-align:center;" |'''1''' |Abubuwan da suka faru na zinariya | style="width:2.5em; background-color:#ee3333; text-align:center;" |'''CC''' |Bikin rufewa |} {| class="wikitable" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:90%; line-height:1.25em; width:75%;" ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:20%;" |Yuli/Agusta 2026 ! colspan="9" |Yuli ! colspan="2" |Agusta ! rowspan="2" style="width:7%;" |Abubuwan da suka faru |- ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 23<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |24thFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |25thSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |26thSun<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |27thWatan<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Na 28th Tue<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |29th Wage<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 30<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |31stFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |1stSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Rana ta biyu<br /> |- | colspan="2" |Bukukuwan[[Fayil:Commonwealth_Games_Federation_symbol_(2019-_Till_Date)_Black.svg|20x20px]] | style="background-color:#00cc33;text-align:center;" |'''OC''' | | | | | | | | | | style="background-color:#ee3333;text-align:center;" |'''CC'''||{{N/a}} |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:3x3 basketball pictogram.svg|20px]] [[3x3 basketball at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|3x3 basketball]]}} | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' ! |'''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Gymnastics (artistic) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Artistic gymnastics at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Artistic gymnastics]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''1''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''2''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' ! |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Athletics_pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Athletics at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Athletics]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''6''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''11''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''19''' ! |'''59''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Lawn bowls pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Bowls at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Bowls]]}} ! style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |4 |'''7''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Boxing pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Boxing at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Boxing]]}} | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''14''' ! |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Judo pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Judo at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Judo]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''5''' ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |4 |'''14''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Netball pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Netball at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Netball]]}} | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● | style="background-color:#3399ff;" |● ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |1 |'''1''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Powerlifting pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Para powerlifting at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Para powerlifting]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' ! |'''4''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Swimming pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Swimming at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Swimming]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''8''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''9''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''10''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''11''' ! |'''56''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Cycling (track) pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Cycling at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Track cycling]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''7''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''6''' ! style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |6 |'''26''' |- style="text-align:center;" | colspan="2" style="text-align:left;" |{{Nowrap|[[File:Weightlifting pictogram.svg|20px]] [[Weightlifting at the 2026 Commonwealth Games|Weightlifting]]}} | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''4''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' | style="background-color:#ffcc00;" |'''3''' ! |'''16''' |- ! colspan="2" |Abubuwan da suka faru na yau da kullun !0 !14 !9 !14 !27 !27 !25 !17 !23 !44 !15 ! rowspan="2" |215 |- ! colspan="2" |Adadin jimlar !0 !14 !23 !37 !64 !91 !116 !133 !156 !200 !215 |- style="text-align:center;" |- ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="width:23%;" |Yuli/Agusta 2026 ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 23<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |24thFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |25thSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |26thSun<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |27thWatan<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Na 28th Tue<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |29th Wage<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Thu na 30<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |31stFri<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |1stSat<br /> ! style="width:4%;" |Rana ta biyu<br /> ! rowspan="2" |Jimillar abubuwan da suka faru |- ! colspan="9" |Yuli ! colspan="2" |Agusta |} == Tallace-tallace == === Bayyanawa ta gani === An bayyana tambarin wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a matsayin "na farko na tarihi", wanda ya haɗa tambarin Tarayyar Wasannin Commonwealth tare da ainihin asalin birnin Glasgow. Yana nuna alamun wakilci na Kogin Clyde da gadar Clyde Arc, wanda aka haɗa a cikin alamar bikin Commonwealth Sport, wanda aka nuna a cikin launuka na bakin teku. Kamfanin Loop Design ne ya kirkireshi.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/about/questions?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEaqhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa07LX_nrJvvmLahn0eyQYTIebho_lcLbx1uvbwjRj5u52ssqNz0LunDog_aem__BulJmkKEk6Eg8nIn3tOzw |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250119125359/https://www.glasgow2026.com/about/questions?fbclid=IwY2xjawGEaqhleHRuA2FlbQIxMAABHa07LX_nrJvvmLahn0eyQYTIebho_lcLbx1uvbwjRj5u52ssqNz0LunDog_aem__BulJmkKEk6Eg8nIn3tOzw |archive-date=19 January 2025 |access-date=22 October 2024 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An bayyana tartan na hukuma don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a Glasgow a watan Yulin 2025 kuma an kirkireshi ne tare da hadin gwiwar mai tsara kayan ado na Scotland Siobhan Mackenzie . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=New tartan set to make its debut at Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/new-tartan-set-to-make-its-debut-at-glasgow-2026 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053556/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4314631/new-tartan-set-to-make-its-debut-at-glasgow-2026 |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2025-07-22 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An yi rajista tare da Scottish Register of Tartans, ƙirar ta haɗa da launin shudi, ruwan hoda, da launin ruwan kasa na Glasgow 2026 wanda aka saita a kan tushe mai launin toka na ƙarfe - alamar alama ga al'adun masana'antu na birnin. Ƙididdigar zaren tartan tana ɗauke da ma'ana mai zurfi: 74 gashi suna wakiltar yawan kasashe da yankuna masu halarta, yayin da ƙididdigar blue thread mai launin shudi na 26 ke ba da haraji ga shekarar Wasannin. Za a samar da tartan a Scotland ta amfani da masana'antun gida da masana'antu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-17 |title=Check this: Glasgow reveals Commonwealth Games 2026 tartan |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qx2q9473vo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717120126/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c9qx2q9473vo |archive-date=17 July 2025 |access-date=2025-07-22 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Mascot === [[Fayil:Finnie_the_Unicorn_mascot_(cropped)_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|271x271px|Finnie a lokacin da aka bayyana, 23 ga Yuli 2025]] An shirya za a bayyana mascot na hukuma don Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2025, yana nuna daidai shekara guda har zuwa farkon Wasannin. Yara a makaranta ne suka tsara mascot din a duk faɗin Scotland, suna ƙarfafa kerawa da shiga matasa a cikin jagorancin taron wasanni na duniya. Kafin sanarwar, kokarin gabatarwa sun hada da bidiyon da aka fitar a ranar 9 ga Yulin 2025 wanda ke nuna Clyde, sanannen mascot na wasannin Commonwealth na 2014 da aka gudanar a Glasgow.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-09 |title=Commonwealth mascot Clyde out of the running for 2026 Games |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/czry48vpmyro |access-date=2025-08-06 |website=[[BBC]]}}</ref> A ranar 23 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2025 an sanar da mascot din wasannin a matsayin Finnie, Glaswegian unicorn. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-23 |title=Magic moment: Official Glasgow 2026 mascot Finnie unveiled |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4320470/magic-moment-official-glasgow-2026-mascot-finnie-unveiled |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053217/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4320470/magic-moment-official-glasgow-2026-mascot-finnie-unveiled |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2025-06-23 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An sanya mata suna ne bayan Finnieston Crane na birnin kuma tana wasa da ƙaho na zirga-zirga a matsayin ƙaho, tana mai da hankali ga al'adar sanya ƙaho na hanya a kan mutum-mutumi na Duke na Wellington na Glasgow. Unicorn dabba ce ta ƙasar Scotland kuma mai goyon bayan tutar makamai ta Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 July 2025 |title=Goodbye Clyde, Hello Finnie!: Glasgow Commonwealth Games mascot unveiled |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wprgqnz5wo |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250723074704/https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c1wprgqnz5wo |archive-date=23 July 2025 |access-date=23 July 2025 |website=BBC News}}</ref> === Jakadu === An sanar da Scotland mai mulki 10,000m Commonwealth Champion, Eilish McColgan, a matsayin Jakadan Wasannin farko na Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games a ranar 21 ga Yulin 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-07-21 |title=Eilish McColgan Named First Official Ambassador for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/eilish-mccolgan-named-first-official-ambassador-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804053207/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/www.glasgow2026.com/news/4319590/eilish-mccolgan-named-first-official-ambassador-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games |archive-date=4 August 2025 |access-date=2025-07-22 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Mai ɗaukar nauyi Emily Campbell, mai wasan motsa jiki Jake Jarman, ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na keken hannu Robyn Love da mai iyo [[Duncan Scott (mai iyo)|Duncan Scott]] duk an sanar da su a matsayin Jakadu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2025 |title=Commonwealth Weightlifting Champion Emily Campbell announced as Official Games Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4364429/commonwealth-weightlifting-champion-emily-campbell-announced-as-official-games-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 October 2025 |title=Jake Jarman Joins Glasgow 2026 as Athlete Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4375155/jake-jarman-joins-glasgow-2026-as-athlete-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 October 2025 |title=Robyn Love "honoured" to be a Glasgow 2026 Athlete Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4376925/robyn-love-honoured-to-be-a-glasgow-2026-athlete-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2025 |title=Scotland's Most Decorated Commonwealth Games Athlete Announced as Official Glasgow 2026 Ambassador |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4388485/scotland-s-most-decorated-commonwealth-games-athlete-announced-as-official-glasgow-2026-ambassador |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> === Tallafin kamfanoni === {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="float:center; margin:10px;" width="90%" !Masu tallafawa wasannin Commonwealth na 2026 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Partner Family |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250819230742/https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships |archive-date=19 August 2025 |access-date=13 August 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> |- |Manyan Abokan hulɗa<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * [[Bupa]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bupa announced as Official Healthcare Principal Partner to Glasgow 2026=|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4516373/bupa-announced-as-official-healthcare-principal-partner-to-glasgow-2026|date=9 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[EDF Energy]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Iconic Glasgow 2026 Venues Set To Be Powered By Zero Carbon Scottish Electricity as EDF Becomes a Principal Games Partner|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4518259/iconic-glasgow-2026-venues-set-to-be-powered-by-zero-carbon-scottish-electricity-as-edf-becomes-a-principal-games-partner|date=12 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[HBO Max]] {{Col-5}} * Ideagen<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ideagen becomes Games first AI technology Principal Partner and backs Commonwealth Netball|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4498564/ideagen-becomes-games-first-ai-technology-principal-partner-and-backs-commonwealth-netball|date=5 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Longines]] {{Col-end}} |- |Abokan hulɗa Allied Mobility Allwyn Entertainment Amul [149][150][151] BYD Auto[152] CMS[153] Coca-Cola[154] Jubel[155] Trespass[156] Trivandi[157]<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * Allied Mobility<ref>{{Cite web|title=Allied Mobility Announced As Official Accessibility Partner For Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4506543/allied-mobility-announced-as-official-accessibility-partner-for-glasgow-2026|date=20 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[KKCG#Lottery and gambling|Allwyn Entertainment]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=National Lottery operator Allwyn announced as Official Volunteer Learning and Development Partner of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4437643/national-lottery-operator-allwyn-announced-as-official-volunteer-learning-and-development-partner-of-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=21 January 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Amul]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amul joins as Official Partner of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4541260/amul-joins-as-official-partner-of-glasgow-2026|date=22 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[BYD Auto]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=BYD announced as the Official Car Partner of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4444982/byd-announced-as-the-official-car-partner-of-glasgow-2026|date=5 February 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[CMS (law firm)|CMS]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Leading Law Firm CMS as Legal Partner|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4373648/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-law-firm-cms-as-legal-partner|date=1 October 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113504/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4373648/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-law-firm-cms-as-legal-partner|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Coca-Cola Europacific Partners|Coca-Cola]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Coca-Cola Named as Official Soft Drinks Partner to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4479927/coca-cola-named-as-official-soft-drinks-partner-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=2 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[Jubel beer|Jubel]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 and JUBEL Raise a Pint to Official Games Partnership|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4482896/glasgow-2026-and-jubel-raise-a-pint-to-official-games-partnership|date=7 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Trespass (clothing)|Trespass]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Trespass to Kit Out Glasgow 2026 Workforce and Volunteers as Returning Sponsor|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4335154/trespass-to-kit-out-glasgow-2026-workforce-and-volunteers-as-returning-sponsor|date=7 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=8 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908030146/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4335154/trespass-to-kit-out-glasgow-2026-workforce-and-volunteers-as-returning-sponsor|url-status=live}}</ref> * Trivandi<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Global Major Event Leader Trivandi to Deliver Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4339534/glasgow-2026-appoints-global-major-event-leader-trivandi-to-deliver-games|date=13 August 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=8 September 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250908031117/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4339534/glasgow-2026-appoints-global-major-event-leader-trivandi-to-deliver-games|url-status=live}}</ref> {{Col-end}} |- |Masu ba da sabis Actua Dynamik Sports Floors[158] Eleiko[159] InBudget[160] Live Nation Entertainment (Ticketmaster) Live Team Microplus Ƙalubalen da ya fi girma[161] Riedel Sadarwa[162] SLX[163] Sting[164] Tafiya Daga 4[165]<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * Actua * Dynamik Sports Floors<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Appoints Leading Sports Flooring Specialists DYNAMIK as Official Provider|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4365582/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-sports-flooring-specialists-dynamik-as-official-provider|date=20 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113808/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4365582/glasgow-2026-appoints-leading-sports-flooring-specialists-dynamik-as-official-provider|url-status=live}}</ref> * [[Eleiko]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Eleiko Named Official Weightlifting and Para Powerlifting Equipment Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4486656/eleiko-named-official-weightlifting-and-para-powerlifting-equipment-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=13 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * InBudget<ref>{{Cite web|title=InBudget announced as Official Cost Planning and Budgeting Software Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4398026/inbudget-announced-as-official-cost-planning-and-budgeting-software-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=7 November 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[Live Nation Entertainment]] ([[Ticketmaster]]) * [[Wasserman (company)|Live Team]] * Microplus<ref>{{Cite web|title=Microplus appointed as Official Provider of Games Information Systems|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4368664/microplus-appointed-as-official-provider-of-games-information-systems|date=24 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113726/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4368664/microplus-appointed-as-official-provider-of-games-information-systems|url-status=live}}</ref> * My Peak Challenge {{Col-5}} * [[Riedel Communications]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Riedel to Support Glasgow 2026 as Official Connectivity Integration Provider|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4500058/riedel-to-support-glasgow-2026-as-official-connectivity-integration-provider|date=8 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * SLX<ref>{{Cite web|title=SLX announced as Official Provider of Broadcast Lighting and Rigging for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4369872/slx-announced-as-official-provider-of-broadcast-lighting-and-rigging-for-glasgow-2026|date=26 September 2025|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games|archive-date=15 October 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015113740/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4369872/slx-announced-as-official-provider-of-broadcast-lighting-and-rigging-for-glasgow-2026|url-status=live}}</ref> * Sting<ref>{{Cite web|title=STING named Official Boxing Equipment Provider for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4488038/sting-named-official-boxing-equipment-provider-for-glasgow-2026|date=15 April 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Tour De 4<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotland's sporting icon Sir Chris Hoy and Tour de 4 join the Glasgow 2026 team|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4514784/scotland-s-sporting-icon-sir-chris-hoy-and-tour-de-4-join-the-glasgow-2026-team|date=5 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-end}} |- |Masu goyon bayan hukuma <ref>{{Cite web |title=Official Supporters |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/partnerships/official-supporters |access-date=21 May 2026 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> Aspen Solutions[167] Duncan Farms[168] Farko na Farko na Tafiya[169] Filin jirgin saman Glasgow[170] Karex (Pasante Healthcare) MIH Manyan Abubuwan OFX[171] Scotsman Baƙi[172] Ayyukan Scotland don Lafiya ta Zuciya[173] Ruwa na Scotland Tarin Kyakkyawan Ruwa Rayuwa Walker Slater Zero Waste Scotland[174]<templatestyles src="Col-begin/styles.css" />{{Col-begin}} {{Col-5}} * Aspen Solutions<ref>{{Cite web|title=Aspen Solutions appointed as Official Supporter for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4520802/aspen-solutions-appointed-as-official-supporter-for-glasgow-2026|date=17 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Duncan Farms<ref>{{Cite web|title=Cracking News: Duncan's Eggs named Official Egg Provider to Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4522145/cracking-news-duncan-s-eggs-named-official-egg-provider-to-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=19 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[First Travel Solutions]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Stop the bus, it's 50 Days to Go until Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4513616/stop-the-bus-it-s-50-days-to-go-until-glasgow-2026|date=3 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Glasgow Airport]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=Finnie checks in as Glasgow Airport becomes Official Supporter of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4507311/finnie-checks-in-as-glasgow-airport-becomes-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|date=21 May 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * [[Karex]] (Pasante Healthcare) {{Col-5}} * MIH Major Events * [[OFX (company)|OFX]]<ref>{{Cite web|title=OFX supporting financial operations behind the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4550621/ofx-supporting-financial-operations-behind-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games|date=31 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Scotsman Hospitality<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scotsman Hospitality named Official Supporter of Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4536160/scotsman-hospitality-named-official-supporter-of-glasgow-2026|date=15 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Scottish Action for Mental Health<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 to be first mentally healthy Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4531839/glasgow-2026-to-be-first-mentally-healthy-commonwealth-games|date=7 July 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> {{Col-5}} * [[Scottish Water]] * The Superlative Collection<ref>{{Cite web|title=Glasgow Restaurants Serve Up Official Support for Glasgow 2026 with Foodie Trail|url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4513965/glasgow-restaurants-serve-up-official-support-for-glasgow-2026-with-foodie-trail|date=4 June 2026|publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> * Vieve * Walker Slater * Zero Waste Scotland {{Col-end}} |} === Tikiti === Rijistar tikiti 500,000 kafin sayarwa don Wasannin Commonwealth sun buɗe kuma sun gudana har zuwa 16 ga Oktoba, suna ba da fifiko ga magoya baya daga birni da ƙasar da ke karɓar bakuncin, sannan tallace-tallace na jama'a sun fara ne a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 2025. Ana samun tikiti daga £ 26 don zaman lambar yabo da £ 17 don zaman da ba na lambar yabo ba, tare da tikitin izini farawa a £ 12. Daga baya an rage tikiti kusa da Wasannin don wasu wasanni kamar kwano zuwa farawa na £ 10.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2025 |title=Game On: Glasgow 2026 Ticket Pre-Sale Dates Announced |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4374049/game-on-glasgow-2026-ticket-pre-sale-dates-announced |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251015115753/https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4374049/game-on-glasgow-2026-ticket-pre-sale-dates-announced |archive-date=15 October 2025 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa an sayar da tikiti 434,000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-02 |title=Commonwealth Games 2026: Joyful Glasgow cannot banish all doubts for future |url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/c2k7nn9z0e7o |access-date=2026-08-03 |website=BBC Sport |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rediyo == * Asiya - ABU * Ostiraliya - Cibiyar sadarwa Bakwai <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 April 2025 |title=Seven signs deal for Commonwealth Games 2026, 2030 |url=https://tvtonight.com.au/2025/04/seven-signs-deal-for-commonwealth-games-2026-2030.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415223121/https://tvtonight.com.au/2025/04/seven-signs-deal-for-commonwealth-games-2026-2030.html |archive-date=15 April 2025 |access-date=13 April 2025 |website=TV Tonight}}</ref> * Brunei - RTB * Kanada - CBC/Radio-Canada <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nakhuda |first=Mikail |title=CBC/Radio-Canada to become exclusive Canadian broadcaster of the 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/cbc-radio-canada-exclusive-broadcaster-commonweatlh-games-9.7250528 |access-date=28 June 2026 |website=cbc.ca |publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref> * [[Karibiyan|Yankin Caribbean]] - RushSports <ref>{{Cite web |title=Broadcast deals struck in APAC, Africa, Caribbean for Commonwealth Games |url=https://www.sportcal.com/news/broadcast-deals-struck-in-apac-africa-caribbean-for-commonwealth-games/?cf-view |url-status=live |website=SPORTCAL}}</ref> * Turai - Eurosport da HBO Max * Indiya - DD Sports da Sony Sports Network <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 July 2026 |title=SPNI acquires rights for the 2026 Glasgow Commonwealth Games |url=https://brandequity.economictimes.indiatimes.com/amp/news/media/spni-acquires-rights-for-the-2026-glasgow-commonwealth-games/132430167 |access-date=20 July 2026 |website=indiatimes.com |publisher=India Times}}</ref> * Malaysia - RTM <ref>{{Cite web |date=22 July 2026 |title=RTM Penyiar Rasmi Sukan Komanwel Glasgow 2026 |url=https://berita.rtm.gov.my/arena/senarai-berita-arena/senarai-artikel/rtm-penyiar-rasmi-sukan-komanwel-glasgow-2026/ |access-date=22 July 2026 |website=RTM}}</ref> * New Zealand - Sama <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 November 2019 |title=Sky TV Wins Broadcast Rights For 2022 And 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://ministryofsport.com.au/sky-tv-wins-broadcast-rights-for-2022-and-2026-commonwealth-games/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191115085732/https://ministryofsport.com.au/sky-tv-wins-broadcast-rights-for-2022-and-2026-commonwealth-games/ |archive-date=2019-11-15 |access-date=15 November 2019 |website=Ministry of Sport}}</ref> * Singapore - Mediacorp <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2026 |title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games FAQs |url=https://mewatch.my.site.com/helpcentre/s/article/Glasgow-2026-Commonwealth-Games-FAQs |access-date=19 July 2026 |website=MeWatch Help Centre}}</ref> * Afirka ta kudu da Sahara - Canal+ (SuperSport) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-23 |title=Canal+ confirms broadcast rights for 2026 Commonwealth Games |url=https://supersport.com/commonwealth%20games/news/1b3b71a2-5be2-4b3b-840b-2e60ca0e2b19/canal-confirms-broadcast-rights-for-2026-commonwealth-games |access-date=2026-07-29 |website=SuperSport |language=en}}</ref> * United Kingdom - TNT Sports, 5 (bikin buɗewa da abubuwan da suka fi dacewa na yau da kullun kawai), S4C (harshen Welsh), BBC Alba (harshen Gaelic) <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-19 |title=TNT Sports confirmed as live UK broadcast partner for Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4422497/tnt-sports-confirmed-as-live-uk-broadcast-partner-for-glasgow-2026 |access-date=2025-12-19 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=12 June 2026 |title=S4C announced as Welsh-language broadcaster for Glasgow 2026 |url=https://www.glasgow2026.com/news/4518260/s4c-announced-as-welsh-language-broadcaster-for-glasgow-2026 |publisher=Glasgow Organising Company for the 2026 Commonwealth Games}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-06 |title=BBC ALBA to broadcast live action from the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow |url=https://www.bbc.com/mediacentre/2026/bbc-alba-to-broadcast-live-from-the-commonwealth-games-in-glasgow |access-date=6 July 2026 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> * Amurka - beIN SPORTS <ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-20 |title=Glasgow 2026 expands global broadcast reach as Commonwealth Sport enters a new era |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4539284/www.commonwealthsport.com/news/4539284/glasgow-2026-expands-global-broadcast-reach-as-commonwealth-sport-enters-a-new-era |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=Commonwealth Sport |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qui8ezvocywdyd4ywgl4vugqng6vjod 0 166208 915309 2026-09-03T08:20:16Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: {{Databox}} '''Dr. Charles Ayodeji Adeogun-Phillips, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Maris 1966 a [[London]], Ingila) lauya ne ɗan ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya taɓa zama babban mai gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi da kuma shugaban sashen bincike na musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ya kai matsayi mafi girma na yabo na ilimi da na ƙwarewa a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Anthony LLP – Meeting The Challenges Of A World In Constant Evolution |url=https:... 915309 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Dr. Charles Ayodeji Adeogun-Phillips, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Maris 1966 a [[London]], Ingila) lauya ne ɗan ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya taɓa zama babban mai gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi da kuma shugaban sashen bincike na musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ya kai matsayi mafi girma na yabo na ilimi da na ƙwarewa a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Anthony LLP – Meeting The Challenges Of A World In Constant Evolution |url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/}}</ref> == Asali == Shi ɗan **Farfesa Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun** ne, Farfesa Emeritus na Dokokin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a na [[Jami'ar Legas]], wanda ƙwararre ne a fannin dokokin ƙwadago na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History – Charles Anthony LLP|url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/our-history/|access-date=2021-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, **Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun** (née Williams), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma ungozoma da ta yi ritaya. Shi jikan **Phillip Bamgbose** da **Theresa Fatola Adeogun** ne na Ajale Compound, Igbajo, [[Jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]]. Haka kuma shi jikan **Henry Isaac Kobina-Badu Williams** ne daga [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]], da **Joanna Olasumbo Williams** daga Itesi, [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]], Najeriya. Sunansa na ''Ayodeji'' na nufin **“farincikina ya ninka”** a [[Harshen Yarbanci|Yarbanci]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/nigeriannames/ad.asp?blurb=4660|title=Ayodeji|website=Online Nigeria: Nigerian Names and meanings|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya yi karatunsa a [[CMS Grammar School, Lagos|C.M.S Grammar School]], Legas, wadda ita ce makarantar sakandare ta farko a Najeriya, wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1859. Daga baya ya halarci shahararriyar makarantar kwana ta Birtaniya, [[Repton School|Repton]], wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1557.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independent Co-Educational Boarding and Day School for pupils aged 13 to 18. |url=https://www.repton.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[www.repton.org.uk](http://www.repton.org.uk) |language=en}}</ref> Ya karanci shari'a a [[Jami'ar Warwick]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1989. Daga nan ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), [[Jami'ar London]], inda ya samu digirinsa na biyu a shekara ta 1994. A shekara ta 2019, tsohuwar jami'arsa ta [[Jami'ar Warwick]] ta gayyace shi domin ya gabatar da jawabi ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICTR-01-71 {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-01-71 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022, jami'ar ta karrama shi da digirin girmamawa na **LL.D**, saboda muhimmiyar gudummawar da ya bayar da kuma ƙwarewarsa a fannin shari'a a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, da kuma gudummawarsa wajen bunƙasa [[dokar laifukan ƙasa da ƙasa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of all Honorary Graduates and Chancellor's Medallists |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/services/gov/hongrads/list/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=warwick.ac.uk}}</ref> A fannin aikin lauya, an shigar da Charles a matsayin **Barrister da Solicitor na Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya** a shekara ta 1992. A shekara ta 1996 kuma, ya zama **Solicitor na Manyan Kotunan Ingila da Wales**. A shekara ta 2021, **Lincoln's Inn** ta kira shi zuwa Bar na Ingila da Wales a matsayin Solicitor da ya sauya matsayinsa zuwa Bar. A shekara ta 2024, Babban Alƙalin Najeriya ya ba shi matsayin **Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN)**.<ref>{{Citation|title=Graduation Speech from Warwick Law Alumnus, Charles Adeogun Phillips| date=5 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cd5Ux0fmOY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/8cd5Ux0fmOY |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Warwick Global Impact: Human Rights Lawyer Charles Adeogun Phillips| date=25 September 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntQQs9kRzQU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/ntQQs9kRzQU |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref> == Aikin gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa == [[File:UN SG Office.JPG|thumb|Charles a hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke New York, tare da Mataimakin Babban Sakatare Janar Hassan Jallow, Babban Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kofi Annan da Mataimakin Babban Sakatare Janar Adama Dieng]] Charles ya shiga **Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Ƙara (OTP)** na [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya kan Rwanda]] (UN-ICTR) a watan Janairun 1998, bayan ya bar aikin lauya a Birtaniya. Babbar Mai Gabatar da Ƙara ta lokacin ta UN-ICTY/UN-ICTR, [[Louise Arbour#The Hague|Mai Shari'a Louise Arbour]], wadda ta kasance alƙali a [[Supreme Court of Canada|Kotun Ƙoli ta Kanada]] kuma daga baya Babbar Kwamishiniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, ce ta naɗa shi. Abin da ya fara ɗauka a matsayin ɗan gajeren hutu daga aikin yau da kullum na kare waɗanda ake zargi da laifuka a birnin Landan, daga baya ya zama aikin da ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Tsakanin watan Janairun 1998 da Yunin 2010, Charles ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyin masu gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa cikin nasara a shari'o'in kisan kare dangi guda 12 da suka kafa muhimman tubalai a fannin shari'a. A cikin waɗannan shari'o'i, ya samu hukuncin laifin kisan kare dangi kan mutane 12 daga cikin jimillar mutane 62 da ICTR ta same su da laifi. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi, kuma daga cikin waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa da samun nasara a wannan fanni a duniya. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 34, an ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin babban mai gabatar da ƙara a wata kotun ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babbar Mai Gabatar da Ƙara ta ICTY/ICTR, Madam [[Carla Del Ponte]], wadda ta taɓa zama Babbar Lauyar Gwamnatin Switzerland. Wannan naɗin ya kasance na musamman a tarihin aikin gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa. Tsakanin shekarun 2007 da 2008, ya kuma riƙe matsayin **Shugaban Bincike na Musamman** a Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Ƙara, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow|Mai Shari'a Hassan B. Jallow]], wanda ya kasance Babban Alƙalin Gambiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-23 |title=Fighting for justice after genocide in Rwanda |url=https://lacuna.org.uk/justice/fighting-for-justice-after-rwanda-genocide-interview-charles-adeogun-phillips/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Lacuna Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == fq3h12ysgr1l59akmzvl9ns6hucvjj1 915313 915309 2026-09-03T08:22:00Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Charles A Adeogun-Phillips, SAN | image = DR. CHARLES ADEOGUN PHILIPS.jpg | honorific_prefix = | profession = Lawyer | birth_date = 6th of March 1966 | birth_place = London England | alma_mater = Warwick University | citizenship = United Kingdom | office1 = | mother = Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun | father = Professor Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun }} '''Dr. Charles Ayodeji Adeogun-Phillips, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Maris 1966 a [[London]], Ingila) lauya ne ɗan ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya taɓa zama babban mai gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi da kuma shugaban sashen bincike na musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ya kai matsayi mafi girma na yabo na ilimi da na ƙwarewa a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Anthony LLP – Meeting The Challenges Of A World In Constant Evolution |url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/}}</ref> == Asali == Shi ɗan **Farfesa Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun** ne, Farfesa Emeritus na Dokokin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a na [[Jami'ar Legas]], wanda ƙwararre ne a fannin dokokin ƙwadago na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History – Charles Anthony LLP|url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/our-history/|access-date=2021-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, **Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun** (née Williams), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma ungozoma da ta yi ritaya. Shi jikan **Phillip Bamgbose** da **Theresa Fatola Adeogun** ne na Ajale Compound, Igbajo, [[Jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]]. Haka kuma shi jikan **Henry Isaac Kobina-Badu Williams** ne daga [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]], da **Joanna Olasumbo Williams** daga Itesi, [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]], Najeriya. Sunansa na ''Ayodeji'' na nufin **“farincikina ya ninka”** a [[Harshen Yarbanci|Yarbanci]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/nigeriannames/ad.asp?blurb=4660|title=Ayodeji|website=Online Nigeria: Nigerian Names and meanings|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya yi karatunsa a [[CMS Grammar School, Lagos|C.M.S Grammar School]], Legas, wadda ita ce makarantar sakandare ta farko a Najeriya, wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1859. Daga baya ya halarci shahararriyar makarantar kwana ta Birtaniya, [[Repton School|Repton]], wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1557.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independent Co-Educational Boarding and Day School for pupils aged 13 to 18. |url=https://www.repton.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[www.repton.org.uk](http://www.repton.org.uk) |language=en}}</ref> Ya karanci shari'a a [[Jami'ar Warwick]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1989. Daga nan ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), [[Jami'ar London]], inda ya samu digirinsa na biyu a shekara ta 1994. A shekara ta 2019, tsohuwar jami'arsa ta [[Jami'ar Warwick]] ta gayyace shi domin ya gabatar da jawabi ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICTR-01-71 {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-01-71 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022, jami'ar ta karrama shi da digirin girmamawa na **LL.D**, saboda muhimmiyar gudummawar da ya bayar da kuma ƙwarewarsa a fannin shari'a a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, da kuma gudummawarsa wajen bunƙasa [[dokar laifukan ƙasa da ƙasa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of all Honorary Graduates and Chancellor's Medallists |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/services/gov/hongrads/list/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=warwick.ac.uk}}</ref> A fannin aikin lauya, an shigar da Charles a matsayin **Barrister da Solicitor na Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya** a shekara ta 1992. A shekara ta 1996 kuma, ya zama **Solicitor na Manyan Kotunan Ingila da Wales**. A shekara ta 2021, **Lincoln's Inn** ta kira shi zuwa Bar na Ingila da Wales a matsayin Solicitor da ya sauya matsayinsa zuwa Bar. A shekara ta 2024, Babban Alƙalin Najeriya ya ba shi matsayin **Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN)**.<ref>{{Citation|title=Graduation Speech from Warwick Law Alumnus, Charles Adeogun Phillips| date=5 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cd5Ux0fmOY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/8cd5Ux0fmOY |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Warwick Global Impact: Human Rights Lawyer Charles Adeogun Phillips| date=25 September 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntQQs9kRzQU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/ntQQs9kRzQU |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref> == Aikin gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa == [[File:UN SG Office.JPG|thumb|Charles a hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke New York, tare da Mataimakin Babban Sakatare Janar Hassan Jallow, Babban Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kofi Annan da Mataimakin Babban Sakatare Janar Adama Dieng]] Charles ya shiga **Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Ƙara (OTP)** na [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya kan Rwanda]] (UN-ICTR) a watan Janairun 1998, bayan ya bar aikin lauya a Birtaniya. Babbar Mai Gabatar da Ƙara ta lokacin ta UN-ICTY/UN-ICTR, [[Louise Arbour#The Hague|Mai Shari'a Louise Arbour]], wadda ta kasance alƙali a [[Supreme Court of Canada|Kotun Ƙoli ta Kanada]] kuma daga baya Babbar Kwamishiniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, ce ta naɗa shi. Abin da ya fara ɗauka a matsayin ɗan gajeren hutu daga aikin yau da kullum na kare waɗanda ake zargi da laifuka a birnin Landan, daga baya ya zama aikin da ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Tsakanin watan Janairun 1998 da Yunin 2010, Charles ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyin masu gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa cikin nasara a shari'o'in kisan kare dangi guda 12 da suka kafa muhimman tubalai a fannin shari'a. A cikin waɗannan shari'o'i, ya samu hukuncin laifin kisan kare dangi kan mutane 12 daga cikin jimillar mutane 62 da ICTR ta same su da laifi. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi, kuma daga cikin waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa da samun nasara a wannan fanni a duniya. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 34, an ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin babban mai gabatar da ƙara a wata kotun ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babbar Mai Gabatar da Ƙara ta ICTY/ICTR, Madam [[Carla Del Ponte]], wadda ta taɓa zama Babbar Lauyar Gwamnatin Switzerland. Wannan naɗin ya kasance na musamman a tarihin aikin gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa. Tsakanin shekarun 2007 da 2008, ya kuma riƙe matsayin **Shugaban Bincike na Musamman** a Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Ƙara, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow|Mai Shari'a Hassan B. Jallow]], wanda ya kasance Babban Alƙalin Gambiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-23 |title=Fighting for justice after genocide in Rwanda |url=https://lacuna.org.uk/justice/fighting-for-justice-after-rwanda-genocide-interview-charles-adeogun-phillips/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Lacuna Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 8psdgm4cfa693mnti6e3194soxzgv9c 915315 915313 2026-09-03T08:23:44Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915315 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Charles A Adeogun-Phillips, SAN | image = DR. CHARLES ADEOGUN PHILIPS.jpg | honorific_prefix = | profession = Lawyer | birth_date = 6th of March 1966 | birth_place = London England | alma_mater = Warwick University | citizenship = United Kingdom | office1 = | mother = Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun | father = Professor Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun }} '''Dr. Charles Ayodeji Adeogun-Phillips, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Maris 1966 a [[London]], Ingila) lauya ne ɗan ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya taɓa zama babban mai gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi da kuma shugaban sashen bincike na musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ya kai matsayi mafi girma na yabo na ilimi da na ƙwarewa a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Anthony LLP – Meeting The Challenges Of A World In Constant Evolution |url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/}}</ref> == Asali == Shi ɗan '''Farfesa Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun''' ne, Farfesa Emeritus na Dokokin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a na [[Jami'ar Legas]], wanda ƙwararre ne a fannin dokokin ƙwadago na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History – Charles Anthony LLP|url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/our-history/|access-date=2021-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, '''Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun''' (née Williams), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma ungozoma da ta yi ritaya. Shi jikan '''Phillip Bamgbose''' da '''Theresa Fatola Adeogun''' ne na Ajale Compound, Igbajo, [[Jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]]. Haka kuma shi jikan Henry Isaac Kobina-Badu Williams ne daga [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]], da Joanna Olasumbo Williams daga Itesi, [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]], Najeriya. Sunansa na ''Ayodeji'' na nufin “farincikina ya ninka”a [[Harshen Yarbanci|Yarbanci]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/nigeriannames/ad.asp?blurb=4660|title=Ayodeji|website=Online Nigeria: Nigerian Names and meanings|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya yi karatunsa a [[CMS Grammar School, Lagos|C.M.S Grammar School]], Legas, wadda ita ce makarantar sakandare ta farko a Najeriya, wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1859. Daga baya ya halarci shahararriyar makarantar kwana ta Birtaniya, [[Repton School|Repton]], wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1557.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independent Co-Educational Boarding and Day School for pupils aged 13 to 18. |url=https://www.repton.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[www.repton.org.uk](http://www.repton.org.uk) |language=en}}</ref> Ya karanci shari'a a [[Jami'ar Warwick]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1989. Daga nan ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), [[Jami'ar London]], inda ya samu digirinsa na biyu a shekara ta 1994. A shekara ta 2019, tsohuwar jami'arsa ta [[Jami'ar Warwick]] ta gayyace shi domin ya gabatar da jawabi ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICTR-01-71 {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-01-71 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022, jami'ar ta karrama shi da digirin girmamawa na **LL.D**, saboda muhimmiyar gudummawar da ya bayar da kuma ƙwarewarsa a fannin shari'a a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, da kuma gudummawarsa wajen bunƙasa [[dokar laifukan ƙasa da ƙasa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of all Honorary Graduates and Chancellor's Medallists |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/services/gov/hongrads/list/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=warwick.ac.uk}}</ref> A fannin aikin lauya, an shigar da Charles a matsayin **Barrister da Solicitor na Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya** a shekara ta 1992. A shekara ta 1996 kuma, ya zama **Solicitor na Manyan Kotunan Ingila da Wales**. A shekara ta 2021, **Lincoln's Inn** ta kira shi zuwa Bar na Ingila da Wales a matsayin Solicitor da ya sauya matsayinsa zuwa Bar. A shekara ta 2024, Babban Alƙalin Najeriya ya ba shi matsayin **Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN)**.<ref>{{Citation|title=Graduation Speech from Warwick Law Alumnus, Charles Adeogun Phillips| date=5 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cd5Ux0fmOY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/8cd5Ux0fmOY |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Warwick Global Impact: Human Rights Lawyer Charles Adeogun Phillips| date=25 September 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntQQs9kRzQU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/ntQQs9kRzQU |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref> == Aikin gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa == [[File:UN SG Office.JPG|thumb|Charles a hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke New York, tare da Mataimakin Babban Sakatare Janar Hassan Jallow, Babban Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kofi Annan da Mataimakin Babban Sakatare Janar Adama Dieng]] Charles ya shiga **Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Ƙara (OTP)** na [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya kan Rwanda]] (UN-ICTR) a watan Janairun 1998, bayan ya bar aikin lauya a Birtaniya. Babbar Mai Gabatar da Ƙara ta lokacin ta UN-ICTY/UN-ICTR, [[Louise Arbour#The Hague|Mai Shari'a Louise Arbour]], wadda ta kasance alƙali a [[Supreme Court of Canada|Kotun Ƙoli ta Kanada]] kuma daga baya Babbar Kwamishiniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, ce ta naɗa shi. Abin da ya fara ɗauka a matsayin ɗan gajeren hutu daga aikin yau da kullum na kare waɗanda ake zargi da laifuka a birnin Landan, daga baya ya zama aikin da ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Tsakanin watan Janairun 1998 da Yunin 2010, Charles ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyin masu gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa cikin nasara a shari'o'in kisan kare dangi guda 12 da suka kafa muhimman tubalai a fannin shari'a. A cikin waɗannan shari'o'i, ya samu hukuncin laifin kisan kare dangi kan mutane 12 daga cikin jimillar mutane 62 da ICTR ta same su da laifi. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi, kuma daga cikin waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa da samun nasara a wannan fanni a duniya. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 34, an ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin babban mai gabatar da ƙara a wata kotun ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babbar Mai Gabatar da Ƙara ta ICTY/ICTR, Madam [[Carla Del Ponte]], wadda ta taɓa zama Babbar Lauyar Gwamnatin Switzerland. Wannan naɗin ya kasance na musamman a tarihin aikin gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa. Tsakanin shekarun 2007 da 2008, ya kuma riƙe matsayin **Shugaban Bincike na Musamman** a Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Ƙara, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow|Mai Shari'a Hassan B. Jallow]], wanda ya kasance Babban Alƙalin Gambiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-23 |title=Fighting for justice after genocide in Rwanda |url=https://lacuna.org.uk/justice/fighting-for-justice-after-rwanda-genocide-interview-charles-adeogun-phillips/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Lacuna Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == n5gjr8di2u9x49rpdl0b15ll73288nx 915316 915315 2026-09-03T08:24:50Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Charles A Adeogun-Phillips, SAN | image = DR. CHARLES ADEOGUN PHILIPS.jpg | honorific_prefix = | profession = Lawyer | birth_date = 6th of March 1966 | birth_place = London England | alma_mater = Warwick University | citizenship = United Kingdom | office1 = | mother = Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun | father = Professor Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun }} '''Dr. Charles Ayodeji Adeogun-Phillips, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Maris 1966 a [[London]], Ingila) lauya ne ɗan ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya taɓa zama babban mai gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi da kuma shugaban sashen bincike na musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ya kai matsayi mafi girma na yabo na ilimi da na ƙwarewa a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Anthony LLP – Meeting The Challenges Of A World In Constant Evolution |url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/}}</ref> == Asali == Shi ɗan '''Farfesa Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun''' ne, Farfesa Emeritus na Dokokin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a na [[Jami'ar Legas]], wanda ƙwararre ne a fannin dokokin ƙwadago na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History – Charles Anthony LLP|url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/our-history/|access-date=2021-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, '''Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun''' (née Williams), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma ungozoma da ta yi ritaya. Shi jikan '''Phillip Bamgbose''' da '''Theresa Fatola Adeogun''' ne na Ajale Compound, Igbajo, [[Jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]]. Haka kuma shi jikan Henry Isaac Kobina-Badu Williams ne daga [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]], da Joanna Olasumbo Williams daga Itesi, [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]], Najeriya. Sunansa na ''Ayodeji'' na nufin “farincikina ya ninka”a [[Harshen Yarbanci|Yarbanci]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/nigeriannames/ad.asp?blurb=4660|title=Ayodeji|website=Online Nigeria: Nigerian Names and meanings|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya yi karatunsa a [[CMS Grammar School, Lagos|C.M.S Grammar School]], Legas, wadda ita ce makarantar sakandare ta farko a Najeriya, wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1859. Daga baya ya halarci shahararriyar makarantar kwana ta Birtaniya, [[Repton School|Repton]], wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1557.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independent Co-Educational Boarding and Day School for pupils aged 13 to 18. |url=https://www.repton.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[www.repton.org.uk](http://www.repton.org.uk) |language=en}}</ref> Ya karanci shari'a a [[Jami'ar Warwick]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1989. Daga nan ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), [[Jami'ar London]], inda ya samu digirinsa na biyu a shekara ta 1994. A shekara ta 2019, tsohuwar jami'arsa ta [[Jami'ar Warwick]] ta gayyace shi domin ya gabatar da jawabi ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICTR-01-71 {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-01-71 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022, jami'ar ta karrama shi da digirin girmamawa na **LL.D**, saboda muhimmiyar gudummawar da ya bayar da kuma ƙwarewarsa a fannin shari'a a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, da kuma gudummawarsa wajen bunƙasa [[dokar laifukan ƙasa da ƙasa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of all Honorary Graduates and Chancellor's Medallists |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/services/gov/hongrads/list/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=warwick.ac.uk}}</ref> A fannin aikin lauya, an shigar da Charles a matsayin Barrister da Solicitor na Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya a shekara ta 1992. A shekara ta 1996 kuma, ya zama Solicitor na Manyan Kotunan Ingila da Wales. A shekara ta 2021, Lincoln's Inn ta kira shi zuwa Bar na Ingila da Wales a matsayin Solicitor da ya sauya matsayinsa zuwa Bar. A shekara ta 2024, Babban Alƙalin Najeriya ya ba shi matsayin Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN).<ref>{{Citation|title=Graduation Speech from Warwick Law Alumnus, Charles Adeogun Phillips| date=5 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cd5Ux0fmOY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/8cd5Ux0fmOY |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Warwick Global Impact: Human Rights Lawyer Charles Adeogun Phillips| date=25 September 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntQQs9kRzQU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/ntQQs9kRzQU |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref> == Aikin gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa == [[File:UN SG Office.JPG|thumb|Charles a hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke New York, tare da Mataimakin Babban Sakatare Janar Hassan Jallow, Babban Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kofi Annan da Mataimakin Babban Sakatare Janar Adama Dieng]] Charles ya shiga Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Ƙara (OTP) na [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya kan Rwanda]] (UN-ICTR) a watan Janairun 1998, bayan ya bar aikin lauya a Birtaniya. Babbar Mai Gabatar da Ƙara ta lokacin ta UN-ICTY/UN-ICTR, [[Louise Arbour#The Hague|Mai Shari'a Louise Arbour]], wadda ta kasance alƙali a [[Supreme Court of Canada|Kotun Ƙoli ta Kanada]] kuma daga baya Babbar Kwamishiniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, ce ta naɗa shi. Abin da ya fara ɗauka a matsayin ɗan gajeren hutu daga aikin yau da kullum na kare waɗanda ake zargi da laifuka a birnin Landan, daga baya ya zama aikin da ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Tsakanin watan Janairun 1998 da Yunin 2010, Charles ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyin masu gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa cikin nasara a shari'o'in kisan kare dangi guda 12 da suka kafa muhimman tubalai a fannin shari'a. A cikin waɗannan shari'o'i, ya samu hukuncin laifin kisan kare dangi kan mutane 12 daga cikin jimillar mutane 62 da ICTR ta same su da laifi. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi, kuma daga cikin waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa da samun nasara a wannan fanni a duniya. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 34, an ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin babban mai gabatar da ƙara a wata kotun ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babbar Mai Gabatar da Ƙara ta ICTY/ICTR, Madam [[Carla Del Ponte]], wadda ta taɓa zama Babbar Lauyar Gwamnatin Switzerland. Wannan naɗin ya kasance na musamman a tarihin aikin gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa. Tsakanin shekarun 2007 da 2008, ya kuma riƙe matsayin Shugaban Bincike na Musamman a Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Ƙara, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow|Mai Shari'a Hassan B. Jallow]], wanda ya kasance Babban Alƙalin Gambiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-23 |title=Fighting for justice after genocide in Rwanda |url=https://lacuna.org.uk/justice/fighting-for-justice-after-rwanda-genocide-interview-charles-adeogun-phillips/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Lacuna Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == aq3jtkx4t81c8pr249wv6xrjf3ljglp 915317 915316 2026-09-03T08:25:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915317 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Charles A Adeogun-Phillips, SAN | image = DR. CHARLES ADEOGUN PHILIPS.jpg | honorific_prefix = | profession = Lawyer | birth_date = 6th of March 1966 | birth_place = London England | alma_mater = Warwick University | citizenship = United Kingdom | office1 = | mother = Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun | father = Professor Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun }} '''Dr. Charles Ayodeji Adeogun-Phillips, SAN''' (an haife shi a ranar 6 ga Maris 1966 a [[London]], Ingila) lauya ne ɗan ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya taɓa zama babban mai gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi da kuma shugaban sashen bincike na musamman na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya. Ya kai matsayi mafi girma na yabo na ilimi da na ƙwarewa a fannin shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Charles Anthony LLP – Meeting The Challenges Of A World In Constant Evolution |url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/}}</ref> == Asali == Shi ɗan '''Farfesa Anthony Adeyemi Adeogun''' ne, Farfesa Emeritus na Dokokin Kasuwanci da Masana'antu kuma tsohon Mataimakin Shugaban Jami'a na [[Jami'ar Legas]], wanda ƙwararre ne a fannin dokokin ƙwadago na ƙasa da ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our History – Charles Anthony LLP|url=https://charlesanthonylaw.com/our-history/|access-date=2021-05-17|language=en-US}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa, '''Margaret Amba Ayinke Adeogun''' (née Williams), ma'aikaciyar jinya ce kuma ungozoma da ta yi ritaya. Shi jikan '''Phillip Bamgbose''' da '''Theresa Fatola Adeogun''' ne na Ajale Compound, Igbajo, [[Jihar Osun]], [[Najeriya]]. Haka kuma shi jikan Henry Isaac Kobina-Badu Williams ne daga [[Cape Coast]], [[Ghana]], da Joanna Olasumbo Williams daga Itesi, [[Abeokuta]], [[Jihar Ogun]], Najeriya. Sunansa na ''Ayodeji'' na nufin “farincikina ya ninka”a [[Harshen Yarbanci|Yarbanci]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.onlinenigeria.com/nigeriannames/ad.asp?blurb=4660|title=Ayodeji|website=Online Nigeria: Nigerian Names and meanings|accessdate=20 November 2014}}</ref> == Ilimi == Ya yi karatunsa a [[CMS Grammar School, Lagos|C.M.S Grammar School]], Legas, wadda ita ce makarantar sakandare ta farko a Najeriya, wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1859. Daga baya ya halarci shahararriyar makarantar kwana ta Birtaniya, [[Repton School|Repton]], wadda aka kafa a shekara ta 1557.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Independent Co-Educational Boarding and Day School for pupils aged 13 to 18. |url=https://www.repton.org.uk/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=[www.repton.org.uk](http://www.repton.org.uk) |language=en}}</ref> Ya karanci shari'a a [[Jami'ar Warwick]], inda ya kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 1989. Daga nan ya yi karatun digiri na biyu a fannin shari'a a [[School of Oriental and African Studies]] (SOAS), [[Jami'ar London]], inda ya samu digirinsa na biyu a shekara ta 1994. A shekara ta 2019, tsohuwar jami'arsa ta [[Jami'ar Warwick]] ta gayyace shi domin ya gabatar da jawabi ga ɗaliban da suka kammala karatu a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ICTR-01-71 {{!}} United Nations International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda |url=https://unictr.irmct.org/en/cases/ictr-01-71 |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=unictr.irmct.org}}</ref> A shekara ta 2022, jami'ar ta karrama shi da digirin girmamawa na LL.D, saboda muhimmiyar gudummawar da ya bayar da kuma ƙwarewarsa a fannin shari'a a Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya, da kuma gudummawarsa wajen bunƙasa [[dokar laifukan ƙasa da ƙasa]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of all Honorary Graduates and Chancellor's Medallists |url=https://warwick.ac.uk/services/gov/hongrads/list/ |access-date=2025-04-28 |website=warwick.ac.uk}}</ref> A fannin aikin lauya, an shigar da Charles a matsayin Barrister da Solicitor na Kotun Ƙoli ta Najeriya a shekara ta 1992. A shekara ta 1996 kuma, ya zama Solicitor na Manyan Kotunan Ingila da Wales. A shekara ta 2021, Lincoln's Inn ta kira shi zuwa Bar na Ingila da Wales a matsayin Solicitor da ya sauya matsayinsa zuwa Bar. A shekara ta 2024, Babban Alƙalin Najeriya ya ba shi matsayin Babban Lauyan Najeriya (SAN).<ref>{{Citation|title=Graduation Speech from Warwick Law Alumnus, Charles Adeogun Phillips| date=5 March 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8cd5Ux0fmOY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/8cd5Ux0fmOY |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|title=Warwick Global Impact: Human Rights Lawyer Charles Adeogun Phillips| date=25 September 2020 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ntQQs9kRzQU |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/ntQQs9kRzQU |archive-date=2021-12-20 |url-status=live|language=en|access-date=2021-05-17}}{{cbignore}}</ref> == Aikin gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa == [[File:UN SG Office.JPG|thumb|Charles a hedkwatar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya da ke New York, tare da Mataimakin Babban Sakatare Janar Hassan Jallow, Babban Sakatare Janar na Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya Kofi Annan da Mataimakin Babban Sakatare Janar Adama Dieng]] Charles ya shiga Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Ƙara (OTP) na [[International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda|Kotun Hukunta Manyan Laifuka ta Duniya kan Rwanda]] (UN-ICTR) a watan Janairun 1998, bayan ya bar aikin lauya a Birtaniya. Babbar Mai Gabatar da Ƙara ta lokacin ta UN-ICTY/UN-ICTR, [[Louise Arbour#The Hague|Mai Shari'a Louise Arbour]], wadda ta kasance alƙali a [[Supreme Court of Canada|Kotun Ƙoli ta Kanada]] kuma daga baya Babbar Kwamishiniyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Dan Adam, ce ta naɗa shi. Abin da ya fara ɗauka a matsayin ɗan gajeren hutu daga aikin yau da kullum na kare waɗanda ake zargi da laifuka a birnin Landan, daga baya ya zama aikin da ya ɗauki fiye da shekaru goma. Tsakanin watan Janairun 1998 da Yunin 2010, Charles ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyin masu gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa cikin nasara a shari'o'in kisan kare dangi guda 12 da suka kafa muhimman tubalai a fannin shari'a. A cikin waɗannan shari'o'i, ya samu hukuncin laifin kisan kare dangi kan mutane 12 daga cikin jimillar mutane 62 da ICTR ta same su da laifi. Saboda haka, ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu gabatar da ƙara kan laifin kisan kare dangi, kuma daga cikin waɗanda suka fi ƙwarewa da samun nasara a wannan fanni a duniya. A lokacin da yake da shekaru 34, an ɗaga shi zuwa matsayin babban mai gabatar da ƙara a wata kotun ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babbar Mai Gabatar da Ƙara ta ICTY/ICTR, Madam [[Carla Del Ponte]], wadda ta taɓa zama Babbar Lauyar Gwamnatin Switzerland. Wannan naɗin ya kasance na musamman a tarihin aikin gabatar da ƙara na ƙasa da ƙasa. Tsakanin shekarun 2007 da 2008, ya kuma riƙe matsayin Shugaban Bincike na Musamman a Ofishin Mai Gabatar da Ƙara, ƙarƙashin jagorancin [[Hassan Bubacar Jallow|Mai Shari'a Hassan B. Jallow]], wanda ya kasance Babban Alƙalin Gambiya.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2018-04-23 |title=Fighting for justice after genocide in Rwanda |url=https://lacuna.org.uk/justice/fighting-for-justice-after-rwanda-genocide-interview-charles-adeogun-phillips/ |access-date=2021-05-17 |website=Lacuna Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == 88569ya6aabl2hyq485y4yofy4ofme8 0 166209 915319 2026-09-03T08:47:30Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1365476009|Lothar Gall]]" 915319 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lothar Gall''' (3 Disamba 1936 - 20 Yuni 2024) masanin tarihin Jamus ne wanda aka fi sani da "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana tarihi na 'yanci na Jamus". Ya kasance farfesa na tarihi a Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt daga 1975 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2005. An fassara tarihin rayuwar [[Otto von Bismarck]] zuwa Turanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Jafananci. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Gall a Lötzen a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 1936. <ref name="Frankfurt">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Lothar Gall |url=https://www.geschichte.uni-frankfurt.de/44122882/Lothar-Gall |access-date=27 June 2024 |publisher=Goethe University Frankfurt}}</ref> Mahaifinsa shi ne Franz Gall, wani Janar Janar na Wehrmacht wanda aka kashe a Italiya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1944. Gall ta yi karatun tarihi da Romance da yarukan Jamusanci a Munich da Mainz . <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Rubutun digirin digirinsa na 1960 ya bincika tunanin siyasa na Benjamin Constant, mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Faransa, da tasirinsa a Vormärz Jamus.<ref name="Frankfurt" /> Theodor Schieder ne ya kula da habilitation dinsa na 1967 a Jami'ar Cologne . <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Littafinsa na gaba shine binciken yanki na [[Liberalism|'yanci]] a Baden tsakanin 1848 da 1871. Wannan ya sanar da wata kasida mai tasiri ta 1975 game da tasirin Juyin juya halin 1848 a kan 'yanci na Jamus. Gall ya yi jayayya cewa juyin juya halin ya canza sassaucin ra'ayi daga ƙungiyar tsarin mulki da aka himmatu ga al'umma mara aji na burghers zuwa akidar tattalin arziki da aka himmate ga [[jari-hujja]] ta kasuwa. An fassara tarihin rayuwar [[Otto von Bismarck]] zuwa Turanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Jafananci. An nada Gall a matsayin farfesa a Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen a shekarar 1968. <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Shekaru hudu bayan haka ya zama farfesa a Freie Universität Berlin . Ya kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Oxford daga 1972 zuwa 1973. <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Gall ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Frankfurt tun daga 1975, kuma ya zama farfesa a shekara ta 2005. <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Ya mayar da hankali kan tarihin 'yanci a Turai kuma ya kasance gwani a binciken Bismarck. Littafinsa na 1980 ''Bismarck. '' . Der weiße Revolutionär an dauke shi a matsayin tarihin zamani na farko na Bismarck. Gall ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2024, yana da shekaru 87. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] ruluriovalc7zc4krc569vm26ybckiv 915320 915319 2026-09-03T08:48:35Z Usman saadu 46863 915320 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lothar Gall''' (3 Disamba 1936 - 20 Yuni 2024) masanin tarihin Jamus ne wanda aka fi sani da "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana tarihi na 'yanci na Jamus". Ya kasance farfesa na tarihi a Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt daga 1975 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2005. An fassara tarihin rayuwar [[Otto von Bismarck]] zuwa Turanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Jafananci. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Gall a Lötzen a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 1936. <ref name="Frankfurt">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Lothar Gall |url=https://www.geschichte.uni-frankfurt.de/44122882/Lothar-Gall |access-date=27 June 2024 |publisher=Goethe University Frankfurt}}</ref> Mahaifinsa shi ne Franz Gall, wani Janar Janar na Wehrmacht wanda aka kashe a Italiya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1944. Gall ta yi karatun tarihi da Romance da yarukan Jamusanci a Munich da Mainz . <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Rubutun digirin digirinsa na 1960 ya bincika tunanin siyasa na Benjamin Constant, mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Faransa, da tasirinsa a Vormärz Jamus.<ref name="Frankfurt" /> Theodor Schieder ne ya kula da habilitation dinsa na 1967 a Jami'ar Cologne . <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Littafinsa na gaba shine binciken yanki na [[Liberalism|'yanci]] a Baden tsakanin 1848 da 1871. Wannan ya sanar da wata kasida mai tasiri ta 1975 game da tasirin Juyin juya halin 1848 a kan 'yanci na Jamus. Gall ya yi jayayya cewa juyin juya halin ya canza sassaucin ra'ayi daga ƙungiyar tsarin mulki da aka himmatu ga al'umma mara aji na burghers zuwa akidar tattalin arziki da aka himmate ga [[jari-hujja]] ta kasuwa. An fassara tarihin rayuwar [[Otto von Bismarck]] zuwa Turanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Jafananci. An nada Gall a matsayin farfesa a Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen a shekarar 1968. <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Shekaru hudu bayan haka ya zama farfesa a Freie Universität Berlin . Ya kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Oxford daga 1972 zuwa 1973. <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Gall ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Frankfurt tun daga 1975, kuma ya zama farfesa a shekara ta 2005. <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Ya mayar da hankali kan tarihin 'yanci a Turai kuma ya kasance gwani a binciken Bismarck. Littafinsa na 1980 ''Bismarck. '' . Der weiße Revolutionär an dauke shi a matsayin tarihin zamani na farko na Bismarck. Gall ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2024, yana da shekaru 87. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] phe5ufnf3vztu6pka9n0ea1n3yzxe8n 915321 915320 2026-09-03T08:49:05Z Usman saadu 46863 915321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lothar Gall''' (3 Disamba 1936 - 20 ga Yuni a shekara ta 2024) masanin tarihin Jamus ne wanda aka fi sani da "ɗaya daga cikin manyan masana tarihi na 'yanci na Jamus". Ya kasance farfesa na tarihi a Jami'ar Goethe Frankfurt daga 1975 har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya a 2005. An fassara tarihin rayuwar [[Otto von Bismarck]] zuwa Turanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Jafananci. == Rayuwa da aiki == An haifi Gall a Lötzen a ranar 3 ga watan Disamba 1936. <ref name="Frankfurt">{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Lothar Gall |url=https://www.geschichte.uni-frankfurt.de/44122882/Lothar-Gall |access-date=27 June 2024 |publisher=Goethe University Frankfurt}}</ref> Mahaifinsa shi ne Franz Gall, wani Janar Janar na Wehrmacht wanda aka kashe a Italiya a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1944. Gall ta yi karatun tarihi da Romance da yarukan Jamusanci a Munich da Mainz . <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Rubutun digirin digirinsa na 1960 ya bincika tunanin siyasa na Benjamin Constant, mai sassaucin ra'ayi na Faransa, da tasirinsa a Vormärz Jamus.<ref name="Frankfurt" /> Theodor Schieder ne ya kula da habilitation dinsa na 1967 a Jami'ar Cologne . <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Littafinsa na gaba shine binciken yanki na [[Liberalism|'yanci]] a Baden tsakanin 1848 da 1871. Wannan ya sanar da wata kasida mai tasiri ta 1975 game da tasirin Juyin juya halin 1848 a kan 'yanci na Jamus. Gall ya yi jayayya cewa juyin juya halin ya canza sassaucin ra'ayi daga ƙungiyar tsarin mulki da aka himmatu ga al'umma mara aji na burghers zuwa akidar tattalin arziki da aka himmate ga [[jari-hujja]] ta kasuwa. An fassara tarihin rayuwar [[Otto von Bismarck]] zuwa Turanci, Faransanci, Italiyanci, da Jafananci. An nada Gall a matsayin farfesa a Justus-Liebig-Universität Gießen a shekarar 1968. <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Shekaru hudu bayan haka ya zama farfesa a Freie Universität Berlin . Ya kasance farfesa baƙo a Jami'ar Oxford daga 1972 zuwa 1973. <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Gall ya kuma koyar a Jami'ar Frankfurt tun daga 1975, kuma ya zama farfesa a shekara ta 2005. <ref name="Frankfurt" /> Ya mayar da hankali kan tarihin 'yanci a Turai kuma ya kasance gwani a binciken Bismarck. Littafinsa na 1980 ''Bismarck. '' . Der weiße Revolutionär an dauke shi a matsayin tarihin zamani na farko na Bismarck. Gall ya mutu a ranar 20 ga Yuni 2024, yana da shekaru 87. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] kcnf7qrwib197cdk2r3qy113ea8gbcz 0 166210 915322 2026-09-03T08:58:38Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370776360|Hugo Wolf]]" 915322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf''' (/vɔːlf/; [vɔlf]; 13 Maris 1860 - 22 Fabrairu 1903) ya kasance mawaki ne na Austriya, musamman sananne ne ga waƙoƙin fasaha, ko Lieder . {{IPA|de|vɔlf|lang}}Ya kawo wannan nau'in mai da hankali sosai wanda ya kasance na musamman a cikin kiɗa na Romantic, wanda ya ɗan alaƙa da na Makarantar Viennese ta Biyu a takaice amma ya bambanta sosai a cikin fasaha. Kodayake yana da fashewa da yawa na ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki, musamman a cikin 1888 da 1889, baƙin ciki yana katse lokutan kirkirarsa akai-akai, kuma an rubuta waƙarsa ta ƙarshe a cikin 1898, kafin ya sha wahala daga faduwar hankali wanda ya haifar da [[Tunjere|syphilis]]. == Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko (1860-1887) === Hugo Wolf was born in Windischgrätz in the Duchy of Styria (now Slovenj Gradec, [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]), then a part of the Austrian Empire. His baptismal entry records him as ''Hugo Philip. Jacob. Wolf'', the son of Filip Wolf and Katharina (née Nußbaumer) Wolf. Herbert von Karajan was related to him on his maternal side.<ref name="KarajanFamily">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Von Karajan-Karajan Family |url=http://www.karajan.co.uk/family.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226030037/http://www.karajan.co.uk/family.html |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=Karajan Family}}</ref><ref name="Lapajne2008">{{Cite web |last=Branka Lapajne |date=4 April 2008 |title=The Shared Slovenian Ancestors of Herbert von Karajan and Hugo Wolf |url=http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/2500 |access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref> He spent most of his life in [[Vienna]], becoming a representative of a "New German" trend in Lieder, a trend which followed from the expressive, chromatic and dramatic musical innovations of [[Richard Wagner]]. Yaro ne mai ban mamaki, mahaifinsa ya koya wa Wolf Piano da violin tun yana ɗan shekara huɗu, kuma sau ɗaya a makarantar firamare ya yi karatun piano da Ka'idar kiɗa tare da Sebastian Weixler. Batutuwa ban da kiɗa sun kasa riƙe sha'awarsa; an kore shi daga makarantar sakandare ta farko da ya halarta a matsayin "ba ta da isasshen", ya bar wani kan matsalolin da ya fuskanta a cikin karatun Latin na tilas, kuma bayan ya fadi tare da farfesa wanda ya yi sharhi game da "laifukan kiɗa", ya bar na ƙarshe. Daga can, ya tafi Vienna Conservatory, abin takaici ga mahaifinsa, wanda ya yi fatan ɗansa ba zai yi ƙoƙarin samun rayuwarsa daga kiɗa ba. Har ila yau, duk da haka, an kore shi bayan shekaru biyu saboda "rashin horo", kodayake Wolf mai yawan tawaye zai yi iƙirarin ya bar cikin takaici game da ra'ayin mazan jiya na makarantar. Bayan watanni takwas tare da iyalinsa, ya koma Vienna don koyar da kiɗa. Kodayake fushinsa na wuta bai dace da koyarwa ba, kyautar kiɗa ta Wolf, da kuma sha'awar kansa, sun ba shi kulawa da kulawa. Taimako ga masu ba da gudummawa ya ba shi damar yin rayuwa a matsayin mawaƙi, kuma 'yar ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da taimako ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya rubuta wa Vally ("Valentine") Franck, ƙaunarta ta farko, wanda ya kasance tare da shi na tsawon shekaru uku. A lokacin dangantakarsu, alamun salon sa na balaga zai bayyana a cikin Lieder. Wolf yana iya fama da baƙin ciki da sauye-sauye masu yawa, wanda zai shafi shi duk rayuwarsa. Lokacin da Franck ya bar shi kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 21, ya yi baƙin ciki. Ya koma gida, kodayake dangantakar iyalinsa ma ta kasance mai wahala; mahaifinsa har yanzu ya gamsu da ɗansa ne mai saurin aiki. Lokacin da ya yi takaitaccen aiki a matsayin Kapellmeister na biyu a [[Salzburg]] kawai ya karfafa wannan ra'ayi: Wolf ba shi da halin kirki, dabarar gudanarwa ko kuma alaƙa da abubuwan da ba na Wagner ba don samun nasara, kuma a cikin shekara guda ya sake komawa Vienna don koyarwa a cikin irin yanayin da ya gabata. [[Fayil:Postcard-1910_Hugo_Wolf.jpg|right|thumb|238x238px|Hugo Wolf (1885) ]] Mutuwar Wagner a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1883 wani lamari ne mai matukar motsawa a rayuwar saurayin mawaƙa. Waƙar "Zur Ruh, zur Ruh" an rubuta ta ba da daɗewa ba kuma an dauke ta mafi kyawun ayyukansa na farko; an yi hasashen cewa an yi niyya ne a matsayin yabo ga Wagner. Wolf sau da yawa yana da matukar damuwa game da makomar sa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, a cikin duniyar da gunkinsa ya tashi, ya bar matakai masu yawa don bi kuma babu jagora game da yadda za a yi hakan. Wannan ya bar shi sau da yawa mai saurin fushi, yana ware abokai da masu tallafawa, kodayake kyakkyawa ta taimaka masa ya riƙe su fiye da ayyukan da ya cancanci. Waƙoƙinsa a halin yanzu sun ja hankalin Franz Liszt, wanda yake girmamawa sosai, kuma kamar masu ba da shawara na Wolf na baya sun shawarce shi ya bi manyan siffofi; shawarar da a wannan lokacin ya bi tare da waka ta sauti ''Penthesilea''. Ayyukansa a matsayin mai sukar sun fara karuwa. Ya kasance marar tausayi a cikin sukar da ya yi game da ƙananan ayyukan da ya gani suna karɓar yanayin kiɗa na lokacin; waɗanda na Anton Rubinstein ya ɗauka musamman masu ƙyama. Amma ya kasance mai himma a cikin goyon bayansa ga Liszt, Schubert da [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]], wanda ya gane basirarsu. An san shi da "Wild Wolf" saboda tsananin da ƙarfin bayyanar gaskatawarsa, muryarsa ta sanya shi wasu abokan gaba. Ya rubuta kadan a wannan lokacin, kuma abin da ya rubuta ba zai iya yin shi ba; Rosé Quartet (wanda jagorancin Vienna Philharmonic concertmaster Arnold Rosé) ba zai ma duban D minor Quartet ba bayan an raba shi a cikin wani shafi, kuma Vienna Philharmoniic ya sadu da gabatarwa na ''Penthesilea'', lokacin da suka gwada shi a ƙarƙashin shahararren mai gudanarwa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Hans Richter, ba tare da komai ba'a ga 'mutumin da ya yi ƙarfin hali ya soki "Meister Brahms' da kansa. Ya watsar da ayyukansa a matsayin mai sukar a shekara ta 1887 kuma ya fara sake yin waka; watakila ba zato ba tsammani ba, waƙoƙin farko da ya rubuta bayan waƙoƙinsa (ga waƙoƙinsu na [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], Joseph von Eichendorff da Joseph Viktor von Scheffel) sun jaddada jigogi na ƙarfi da ƙuduri a ƙarƙashin wahala. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya kammala ɗan gajeren motsi ɗaya na Italiyanci Serenade don quartet na kirtani wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na salon kayan aikinsa. Bayan mako guda mahaifinsa ya mutu, ya bar shi ya lalace, kuma bai rubuta ba har zuwa sauran shekara. === Manazarta === kcawqa2lnhyq6mxhqc4m3wbgyj8wf6b 915323 915322 2026-09-03T08:59:09Z Usman saadu 46863 915323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hugo Philipp Jacob Wolf''' (/vɔːlf/; [vɔlf]; 13 Maris 1860 - 22 Fabrairu 1903) ya kasance mawaki ne na Austriya, musamman sananne ne ga waƙoƙin fasaha, ko Lieder . {{IPA|de|vɔlf|lang}}Ya kawo wannan nau'in mai da hankali sosai wanda ya kasance na musamman a cikin kiɗa na Romantic, wanda ya ɗan alaƙa da na Makarantar Viennese ta Biyu a takaice amma ya bambanta sosai a cikin fasaha. Kodayake yana da fashewa da yawa na ƙwarewa mai ban mamaki, musamman a cikin 1888 da 1889, baƙin ciki yana katse lokutan kirkirarsa akai-akai, kuma an rubuta waƙarsa ta ƙarshe a cikin 1898, kafin ya sha wahala daga faduwar hankali wanda ya haifar da [[Tunjere|syphilis]]. == Rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko (1860-1887) === Hugo Wolf was born in Windischgrätz in the Duchy of Styria (now Slovenj Gradec, [[Sloveniya|Slovenia]]), then a part of the Austrian Empire. His baptismal entry records him as ''Hugo Philip. Jacob. Wolf'', the son of Filip Wolf and Katharina (née Nußbaumer) Wolf. Herbert von Karajan was related to him on his maternal side.<ref name="KarajanFamily">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Von Karajan-Karajan Family |url=http://www.karajan.co.uk/family.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226030037/http://www.karajan.co.uk/family.html |archive-date=26 February 2012 |access-date=14 March 2012 |publisher=Karajan Family}}</ref><ref name="Lapajne2008">{{Cite web |last=Branka Lapajne |date=4 April 2008 |title=The Shared Slovenian Ancestors of Herbert von Karajan and Hugo Wolf |url=http://www.canadafreepress.com/index.php/article/2500 |access-date=5 May 2008}}</ref> He spent most of his life in [[Vienna]], becoming a representative of a "New German" trend in Lieder, a trend which followed from the expressive, chromatic and dramatic musical innovations of [[Richard Wagner]]. Yaro ne mai ban mamaki, mahaifinsa ya koya wa Wolf Piano da violin tun yana ɗan shekara huɗu, kuma sau ɗaya a makarantar firamare ya yi karatun piano da Ka'idar kiɗa tare da Sebastian Weixler. Batutuwa ban da kiɗa sun kasa riƙe sha'awarsa; an kore shi daga makarantar sakandare ta farko da ya halarta a matsayin "ba ta da isasshen", ya bar wani kan matsalolin da ya fuskanta a cikin karatun Latin na tilas, kuma bayan ya fadi tare da farfesa wanda ya yi sharhi game da "laifukan kiɗa", ya bar na ƙarshe. Daga can, ya tafi Vienna Conservatory, abin takaici ga mahaifinsa, wanda ya yi fatan ɗansa ba zai yi ƙoƙarin samun rayuwarsa daga kiɗa ba. Har ila yau, duk da haka, an kore shi bayan shekaru biyu saboda "rashin horo", kodayake Wolf mai yawan tawaye zai yi iƙirarin ya bar cikin takaici game da ra'ayin mazan jiya na makarantar. Bayan watanni takwas tare da iyalinsa, ya koma Vienna don koyar da kiɗa. Kodayake fushinsa na wuta bai dace da koyarwa ba, kyautar kiɗa ta Wolf, da kuma sha'awar kansa, sun ba shi kulawa da kulawa. Taimako ga masu ba da gudummawa ya ba shi damar yin rayuwa a matsayin mawaƙi, kuma 'yar ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu ba da taimako ta yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya rubuta wa Vally ("Valentine") Franck, ƙaunarta ta farko, wanda ya kasance tare da shi na tsawon shekaru uku. A lokacin dangantakarsu, alamun salon sa na balaga zai bayyana a cikin Lieder. Wolf yana iya fama da baƙin ciki da sauye-sauye masu yawa, wanda zai shafi shi duk rayuwarsa. Lokacin da Franck ya bar shi kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta 21, ya yi baƙin ciki. Ya koma gida, kodayake dangantakar iyalinsa ma ta kasance mai wahala; mahaifinsa har yanzu ya gamsu da ɗansa ne mai saurin aiki. Lokacin da ya yi takaitaccen aiki a matsayin Kapellmeister na biyu a [[Salzburg]] kawai ya karfafa wannan ra'ayi: Wolf ba shi da halin kirki, dabarar gudanarwa ko kuma alaƙa da abubuwan da ba na Wagner ba don samun nasara, kuma a cikin shekara guda ya sake komawa Vienna don koyarwa a cikin irin yanayin da ya gabata. [[Fayil:Postcard-1910_Hugo_Wolf.jpg|right|thumb|238x238px|Hugo Wolf (1885) ]] Mutuwar Wagner a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 1883 wani lamari ne mai matukar motsawa a rayuwar saurayin mawaƙa. Waƙar "Zur Ruh, zur Ruh" an rubuta ta ba da daɗewa ba kuma an dauke ta mafi kyawun ayyukansa na farko; an yi hasashen cewa an yi niyya ne a matsayin yabo ga Wagner. Wolf sau da yawa yana da matukar damuwa game da makomar sa a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, a cikin duniyar da gunkinsa ya tashi, ya bar matakai masu yawa don bi kuma babu jagora game da yadda za a yi hakan. Wannan ya bar shi sau da yawa mai saurin fushi, yana ware abokai da masu tallafawa, kodayake kyakkyawa ta taimaka masa ya riƙe su fiye da ayyukan da ya cancanci. Waƙoƙinsa a halin yanzu sun ja hankalin Franz Liszt, wanda yake girmamawa sosai, kuma kamar masu ba da shawara na Wolf na baya sun shawarce shi ya bi manyan siffofi; shawarar da a wannan lokacin ya bi tare da waka ta sauti ''Penthesilea''. Ayyukansa a matsayin mai sukar sun fara karuwa. Ya kasance marar tausayi a cikin sukar da ya yi game da ƙananan ayyukan da ya gani suna karɓar yanayin kiɗa na lokacin; waɗanda na Anton Rubinstein ya ɗauka musamman masu ƙyama. Amma ya kasance mai himma a cikin goyon bayansa ga Liszt, Schubert da [[Frédéric Chopin|Chopin]], wanda ya gane basirarsu. An san shi da "Wild Wolf" saboda tsananin da ƙarfin bayyanar gaskatawarsa, muryarsa ta sanya shi wasu abokan gaba. Ya rubuta kadan a wannan lokacin, kuma abin da ya rubuta ba zai iya yin shi ba; Rosé Quartet (wanda jagorancin Vienna Philharmonic concertmaster Arnold Rosé) ba zai ma duban D minor Quartet ba bayan an raba shi a cikin wani shafi, kuma Vienna Philharmoniic ya sadu da gabatarwa na ''Penthesilea'', lokacin da suka gwada shi a ƙarƙashin shahararren mai gudanarwa mai ra'ayin mazan jiya Hans Richter, ba tare da komai ba'a ga 'mutumin da ya yi ƙarfin hali ya soki "Meister Brahms' da kansa. Ya watsar da ayyukansa a matsayin mai sukar a shekara ta 1887 kuma ya fara sake yin waka; watakila ba zato ba tsammani ba, waƙoƙin farko da ya rubuta bayan waƙoƙinsa (ga waƙoƙinsu na [[Johann Wolfgang von Goethe|Goethe]], Joseph von Eichendorff da Joseph Viktor von Scheffel) sun jaddada jigogi na ƙarfi da ƙuduri a ƙarƙashin wahala. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan haka, ya kammala ɗan gajeren motsi ɗaya na Italiyanci Serenade don quartet na kirtani wanda aka ɗauka a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin misalai mafi kyau na salon kayan aikinsa. Bayan mako guda mahaifinsa ya mutu, ya bar shi ya lalace, kuma bai rubuta ba har zuwa sauran shekara. === Manazarta === iouqgcd7l2z1trpebphfh2mkw3btsmc 0 166211 915324 2026-09-03T08:59:42Z Saad Nuhu 43323 Sabon shafi: '''Chude Jideonwo''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Maris 1985) ɗan Najeriya ne mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, mai shirya fina-finai kuma ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai. Shi ne wanda ya kafa tare da wani abokin hulɗa kamfanin Red Africa<ref>{{cite news |url=http://techmoran.com/microsoft-the-future-project-launch-aiki-ng-to-give-nigerias-youth-skills-match-them-to-job/ |access-date=2 May 2017 |title=Microsoft & The Future Project Launch Aiki.ng to Give Nig... 915324 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chude Jideonwo''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Maris 1985) ɗan Najeriya ne mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, mai shirya fina-finai kuma ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai. Shi ne wanda ya kafa tare da wani abokin hulɗa kamfanin Red Africa<ref>{{cite news |url=http://techmoran.com/microsoft-the-future-project-launch-aiki-ng-to-give-nigerias-youth-skills-match-them-to-job/ |access-date=2 May 2017 |title=Microsoft & The Future Project Launch Aiki.ng to Give Nigeria's Youth Skills & Match Them to Jobs |newspaper=Techmoran |date=21 November 2013}}</ref> da kuma Joy, Inc, wani kamfanin Amurka da ke da reshe a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |title=This 33-Year-Old Nigerian Entrepreneur Has Launched A Startup To Spread Happiness Across Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2018/02/06/this-33-year-old-nigerian-entrepreneur-has-launched-a-startup-to-spread-happiness-across-africa/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a fannoni da suka haɗa da [[Kafafen yaɗa labarai|kafofin yaɗa labarai]], [[tallace-tallace]] da [[hulɗa da jama'a]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview/ |access-date=31 January 2016 |title=The Young Moguls that built a Media Empire in Nigeria with zero capital |newspaper=Techpoint.ng |date=31 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/10/with-a-focus-on-media-as-a-business-enterprise-chude-jideonwo-is-featured-on-cnn-moneys-passion-to-portfolio-watch/ |access-date=2 May 2017 |title=With a Focus on Media as a Business Enterprise, Chude Jideonwo has been featured on CNN Money's Passion to Portfolio |newspaper=Bellanaija.com |date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Shi ne babban mai shirya shirin kuma mai gabatar da ''#WithChude'', wani jerin shirye-shirye na musamman da ya ƙunshi tattaunawa da bincike ta hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban, ciki har da bidiyo, sauti, rubutu da shirye-shiryen taro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Platforms|url=https://withchude.com/platforms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=#WithChude|language=en-US}}</ref> Haka kuma shi ne daraktan ''#ChudeExplains'', jerin fina-finai da suka mayar da hankali kan adalci na zamantakewa da al'adu, sannan shi ne wanda ya kafa tare da abokan hulɗa [[The Future Awards Africa|The Future Project]]. Ta hannun Red Africa, ƙungiyarsa ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe da shirye-shiryen sadarwa ga shugabannin Najeriya biyu da kuma wani shugaban Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kachifo.com/author.php?au=2017|title=About Chude Jideonwo|website=Kachifo}}</ref> A shekara ta 2023, an naɗa Jideonwo a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na The Initiative for Equal Rights (TIERs). A shekara ta 2024, an naɗa shi Creative-In-Residence a London School of Economics. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Jideonwo a Legas ga Ifeanyi S. Jideonwo da Ngozi A. Jideonwo. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a K. Kotun Memorial Primary School, Adebola Baptist High School da kuma [[Mayflower School]], [[Ikenne]], bi da bi. Ya karanci shari'a a [[Jami'ar Legas]], inda aka kira shi zuwa [[Nigerian Bar Association|Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya]] a watan Nuwamba 2007. Jideonwo ya samu digirinsa na [[Digiri na biyu|Master's degree]] a fannin kafofin yaɗa labarai da sadarwa daga [[Pan-Atlantic University|Jami'ar Pan-African]], Legas.<ref name=thisday/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/news/97675-interview-with-chude-jideonwo.html |access-date=4 January 2013 |title=Interview: Chude Jideonwo talks about the challenges of Future Awards |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=26 August 2012}}</ref> == Aiki == === Talabijin === Jideonwo ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Nigerian Television Authority|NTA]].{{when|date=December 2023}} Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a shirye-shiryen ''Celebrating Jesus'' (MBI) da ''Inside Out with Agatha'', wani shirin talabijin da [[Agatha Amata]] ke gabatarwa wanda ake watsawa a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. A wannan lokacin ne ya haɗu da [[Adebola Williams]], wanda daga baya suka kafa Red Africa tare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview|title=The Young Moguls that built a Media Empire in Nigeria with zero capital|website=techpoint.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-03|date=31 October 2016}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance mataimakin mai shirya ''New Dawn'', wanda ake watsawa a gidan talabijin na NTA Network. Ya kuma fito a shirye-shiryen ''The Academy'', ''Patito's Gang'', ''Video 10'', ''[[Big Brother Nigeria]]'', ''Moments with Mo'' na [[MNet]], da kuma shirin tattaunawa ''Rubbin' Minds'' na [[Channels TV|Channels Television]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chude! |date=2007-09-01 |title=Chude!: Rubbing Minds Gets Reloaded! |url=https://chudesblog.blogspot.com/2007/08/rubbing-minds-gets-reloaded.html |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Chude!}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, lokacin da yake aiki a shirin ''[[Funmi Iyanda#New Dawn with Funmi|New Dawn]]'' tare da [[Funmi Iyanda]], Jideonwo ya gabatar da wani shirin NTA Network mai suna ''Youth Talk''. Wannan aiki ya taimaka wajen kafa da kuma rajistar thRedSTRAT a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://punchng.com/vulnerability-should-not-be-a-weakness-chude-jideonwo/|access-date=18 April 2020 |title=Vulnerability should not be a weakness – Chude Jideonwo|date=24 April 2020|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun bayyana a wasu fitattun tashoshin talabijin, ciki har da [[Channels TV]], Rave TV, Wazobia Max TV, [[GOtv]], [[StarTimes]] da [[DStv]].<ref>{{Citation |last=#WithChude |title=Watch #WithChude Online {{!}} Vimeo On Demand |date=2021-04-02 |url=https://vimeo.com/ondemand/withchude |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref> Shirinsa ya karɓi baƙi da dama, ciki har da [[Joke Silva]], matar [[Olu Jacobs]], [[Jim Iyke]] da Kemi Afolabi.<ref>{{Cite news |title='I miss di old Olu Jacobs well-well' - Joke Silva open up on her husband dementia and her life tori |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-59355183 |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-20 |title="He has dementia" Joke Silva speaks publicly for the first time about husband Olu Jacobs' health (video) |url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/he-has-dementia-joke-silva-speaks-publicly-for-the-first-time-about-husband-olu-jacobs-health-video/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-05-31 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonofua |first=Odion |date=2022-02-19 |title=Jim Iyke says he was once married and has 2...3 children |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/jim-iyke-says-he-was-once-married-and-has-3-children/nls9ehy |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Pulselive Kenya |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-11 |title=Lupus: I have five years to live ― Kemi Afolabi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/lupus-i-have-five-years-to-live-―-kemi-afolabi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-05-31 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Jaridu === A watan Yulin 2009, Jideonwo ya shiga tsohuwar jaridar [[Next (Nigeria)|''NEXT'']], inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba na kwamitin editoci da kuma mai gyara rubuce-rubuce.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.youthdevelopment.gov.ng/index.php/youth-champions/chude-jideonwa |access-date=4 January 2013 |title=Youth Champions |newspaper=Federal Ministry of Youth Development|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104092809/http://www.youthdevelopment.gov.ng/index.php/youth-champions/chude-jideonwa |archive-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya gudanar da wani shafi mai suna "Sons and Daughters" na tsawon shekaru uku a cikin bugu na Lahadi na jaridar [[The Guardian (Nigeria)|''The Guardian'']], inda yake gabatar da tarihin 'ya'yan attajirai da fitattun mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=Jideonwo Chude: Biography, Education, Career, Marriage, Net Worth, Achievements and More |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/12/19/jideonwo-chude-biography-education-career-marriage-net-worth-achievements-and-more/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Jideonwo shi ne wanda ya kafa Joy, Inc., sannan yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na RED. Ya haɗu da [[Adebola Williams]], wanda ya kafa Red tare da shi, a wajen shirya ''Inside Out with Agatha'', tare da [[Agatha Amata]], inda Jideonwo ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ma'aikacin shirya shirin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview/|title=The Young Moguls that built a Media Empire in Nigeria with zero capital|website=techpoint.ng|language=en-US|access-date=9 March 2017|date=31 October 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == tl1dje0l0hwfsqtdheavj0dn5ufjvtp 915325 915324 2026-09-03T09:04:07Z Saad Nuhu 43323 915325 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Chude Jideonwo | image = | caption = Chude | birth_name = Ifechukwude Osanedum Jideonwo | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1985|3|16}} | birth_place = [[Nigeria]] | death_date = | death_place = | citizenship = [[Nigerian]] | education = [[Mayflower School]] | alma_mater = [[University of Lagos]]<br>[[Pan African University]] | occupation = Media Entrepreneur | awards = [[Yale World Fellow]]; [[Business Day (Nigeria)|Business Day]] 40 Under 40 (2012);[[Forbes 30 Under 30]]: Africa's Best Young Entrepreneurs; [[CNBC]] Young Business Leader of the Year | website = {{URL|chudejideonwo.me}} }} '''Chude Jideonwo''' (an haife shi a ranar 16 ga Maris 1985) ɗan Najeriya ne mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin, mai shirya fina-finai kuma ɗan kasuwa a fannin kafafen yaɗa labarai. Shi ne wanda ya kafa tare da wani abokin hulɗa kamfanin Red Africa<ref>{{cite news |url=http://techmoran.com/microsoft-the-future-project-launch-aiki-ng-to-give-nigerias-youth-skills-match-them-to-job/ |access-date=2 May 2017 |title=Microsoft & The Future Project Launch Aiki.ng to Give Nigeria's Youth Skills & Match Them to Jobs |newspaper=Techmoran |date=21 November 2013}}</ref> da kuma Joy, Inc, wani kamfanin Amurka da ke da reshe a Najeriya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nsehe |first=Mfonobong |title=This 33-Year-Old Nigerian Entrepreneur Has Launched A Startup To Spread Happiness Across Africa |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/mfonobongnsehe/2018/02/06/this-33-year-old-nigerian-entrepreneur-has-launched-a-startup-to-spread-happiness-across-africa/ |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a fannoni da suka haɗa da [[Kafafen yaɗa labarai|kafofin yaɗa labarai]], [[tallace-tallace]] da [[hulɗa da jama'a]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview/ |access-date=31 January 2016 |title=The Young Moguls that built a Media Empire in Nigeria with zero capital |newspaper=Techpoint.ng |date=31 October 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2016/10/with-a-focus-on-media-as-a-business-enterprise-chude-jideonwo-is-featured-on-cnn-moneys-passion-to-portfolio-watch/ |access-date=2 May 2017 |title=With a Focus on Media as a Business Enterprise, Chude Jideonwo has been featured on CNN Money's Passion to Portfolio |newspaper=Bellanaija.com |date=25 October 2016}}</ref> Shi ne babban mai shirya shirin kuma mai gabatar da ''#WithChude'', wani jerin shirye-shirye na musamman da ya ƙunshi tattaunawa da bincike ta hanyoyin sadarwa daban-daban, ciki har da bidiyo, sauti, rubutu da shirye-shiryen taro.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Platforms|url=https://withchude.com/platforms|access-date=2022-01-27|website=#WithChude|language=en-US}}</ref> Haka kuma shi ne daraktan ''#ChudeExplains'', jerin fina-finai da suka mayar da hankali kan adalci na zamantakewa da al'adu, sannan shi ne wanda ya kafa tare da abokan hulɗa [[The Future Awards Africa|The Future Project]]. Ta hannun Red Africa, ƙungiyarsa ta jagoranci yaƙin neman zaɓe da shirye-shiryen sadarwa ga shugabannin Najeriya biyu da kuma wani shugaban Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.kachifo.com/author.php?au=2017|title=About Chude Jideonwo|website=Kachifo}}</ref> A shekara ta 2023, an naɗa Jideonwo a matsayin shugaban kwamitin gudanarwa na The Initiative for Equal Rights (TIERs). A shekara ta 2024, an naɗa shi Creative-In-Residence a London School of Economics. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Jideonwo a Legas ga Ifeanyi S. Jideonwo da Ngozi A. Jideonwo. Ya yi karatun firamare da sakandare a K. Kotun Memorial Primary School, Adebola Baptist High School da kuma [[Mayflower School]], [[Ikenne]], bi da bi. Ya karanci shari'a a [[Jami'ar Legas]], inda aka kira shi zuwa [[Nigerian Bar Association|Ƙungiyar Lauyoyin Najeriya]] a watan Nuwamba 2007. Jideonwo ya samu digirinsa na [[Digiri na biyu|Master's degree]] a fannin kafofin yaɗa labarai da sadarwa daga [[Pan-Atlantic University|Jami'ar Pan-African]], Legas.<ref name=thisday/><ref>{{cite news|url=http://premiumtimesng.com/news/97675-interview-with-chude-jideonwo.html |access-date=4 January 2013 |title=Interview: Chude Jideonwo talks about the challenges of Future Awards |newspaper=[[Premium Times]] |date=26 August 2012}}</ref> == Aiki == === Talabijin === Jideonwo ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen talabijin a [[Nigerian Television Authority|NTA]].{{when|date=December 2023}} Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin mai bincike a shirye-shiryen ''Celebrating Jesus'' (MBI) da ''Inside Out with Agatha'', wani shirin talabijin da [[Agatha Amata]] ke gabatarwa wanda ake watsawa a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. A wannan lokacin ne ya haɗu da [[Adebola Williams]], wanda daga baya suka kafa Red Africa tare.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview|title=The Young Moguls that built a Media Empire in Nigeria with zero capital|website=techpoint.ng|language=en-US|access-date=2018-01-03|date=31 October 2016}}</ref> Ya kuma kasance mataimakin mai shirya ''New Dawn'', wanda ake watsawa a gidan talabijin na NTA Network. Ya kuma fito a shirye-shiryen ''The Academy'', ''Patito's Gang'', ''Video 10'', ''[[Big Brother Nigeria]]'', ''Moments with Mo'' na [[MNet]], da kuma shirin tattaunawa ''Rubbin' Minds'' na [[Channels TV|Channels Television]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chude! |date=2007-09-01 |title=Chude!: Rubbing Minds Gets Reloaded! |url=https://chudesblog.blogspot.com/2007/08/rubbing-minds-gets-reloaded.html |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Chude!}}</ref> A shekara ta 2004, lokacin da yake aiki a shirin ''[[Funmi Iyanda#New Dawn with Funmi|New Dawn]]'' tare da [[Funmi Iyanda]], Jideonwo ya gabatar da wani shirin NTA Network mai suna ''Youth Talk''. Wannan aiki ya taimaka wajen kafa da kuma rajistar thRedSTRAT a shekara ta 2005.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://punchng.com/vulnerability-should-not-be-a-weakness-chude-jideonwo/|access-date=18 April 2020 |title=Vulnerability should not be a weakness – Chude Jideonwo|date=24 April 2020|newspaper=[[The Punch]]}}</ref> Ayyukansa sun bayyana a wasu fitattun tashoshin talabijin, ciki har da [[Channels TV]], Rave TV, Wazobia Max TV, [[GOtv]], [[StarTimes]] da [[DStv]].<ref>{{Citation |last=#WithChude |title=Watch #WithChude Online {{!}} Vimeo On Demand |date=2021-04-02 |url=https://vimeo.com/ondemand/withchude |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref> Shirinsa ya karɓi baƙi da dama, ciki har da [[Joke Silva]], matar [[Olu Jacobs]], [[Jim Iyke]] da Kemi Afolabi.<ref>{{Cite news |title='I miss di old Olu Jacobs well-well' - Joke Silva open up on her husband dementia and her life tori |work=BBC News Pidgin |url=https://www.bbc.com/pidgin/tori-59355183 |access-date=2022-05-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-11-20 |title="He has dementia" Joke Silva speaks publicly for the first time about husband Olu Jacobs' health (video) |url=https://allure.vanguardngr.com/2021/11/he-has-dementia-joke-silva-speaks-publicly-for-the-first-time-about-husband-olu-jacobs-health-video/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-05-31 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Okonofua |first=Odion |date=2022-02-19 |title=Jim Iyke says he was once married and has 2...3 children |url=https://www.pulselive.co.ke/entertainment/celebrities/jim-iyke-says-he-was-once-married-and-has-3-children/nls9ehy |access-date=2022-05-31 |website=Pulselive Kenya |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-03-11 |title=Lupus: I have five years to live ― Kemi Afolabi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/03/lupus-i-have-five-years-to-live-―-kemi-afolabi/ |location=Lagos, Nigeria|access-date=2022-05-31 |newspaper=[[Vanguard (Nigeria)|Vanguard]]|language=en-GB}}</ref> === Jaridu === A watan Yulin 2009, Jideonwo ya shiga tsohuwar jaridar [[Next (Nigeria)|''NEXT'']], inda ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba na kwamitin editoci da kuma mai gyara rubuce-rubuce.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.youthdevelopment.gov.ng/index.php/youth-champions/chude-jideonwa |access-date=4 January 2013 |title=Youth Champions |newspaper=Federal Ministry of Youth Development|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130104092809/http://www.youthdevelopment.gov.ng/index.php/youth-champions/chude-jideonwa |archive-date=4 January 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ya gudanar da wani shafi mai suna "Sons and Daughters" na tsawon shekaru uku a cikin bugu na Lahadi na jaridar [[The Guardian (Nigeria)|''The Guardian'']], inda yake gabatar da tarihin 'ya'yan attajirai da fitattun mutane.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-12-19 |title=Jideonwo Chude: Biography, Education, Career, Marriage, Net Worth, Achievements and More |url=https://newswirengr.com/2022/12/19/jideonwo-chude-biography-education-career-marriage-net-worth-achievements-and-more/ |access-date=2026-06-18 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kasuwanci == Jideonwo shi ne wanda ya kafa Joy, Inc., sannan yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na RED. Ya haɗu da [[Adebola Williams]], wanda ya kafa Red tare da shi, a wajen shirya ''Inside Out with Agatha'', tare da [[Agatha Amata]], inda Jideonwo ya yi aiki a matsayin mataimakin ma'aikacin shirya shirin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://techpoint.ng/2016/10/31/red-media-founders-interview/|title=The Young Moguls that built a Media Empire in Nigeria with zero capital|website=techpoint.ng|language=en-US|access-date=9 March 2017|date=31 October 2016}}</ref> == Manazarta == 7og9xn5iujmkzu9pn4uq36wyrn6ttd7 0 166212 915326 2026-09-03T09:23:54Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1371369946|Mary Sparkes Wheeler]]" 915326 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mary '''Sparkes''' Wheeler''' (née, Sparkes; 21 Yuni 1835 - 21 Janairu 1919) marubuciya ce ta Burtaniya, mawaki, kuma malami. Ta rubuta kalmomin waƙoƙi da yawa, <ref name="hymntime.com">{{Cite web |title=Mary Sparkes Wheeler |url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/h/e/wheeler_ms.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231093517/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/h/e/wheeler_ms.htm |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=31 December 2018 |website=www.hymntime.com}}</ref> ciki har da sanannun waƙoƙin ado na sojoji guda biyu. Farfesa Sweeney, P. P. Bliss, Kirkpatrick da sauransu ne suka saita waƙoƙinta zuwa kiɗa. Ita ce marubucin Poems for the Fireside (1883), Modern Cosmogony and the Bible (1880), Shekaru goma na farko na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Waje ta Methodist Episcopal Church: tare da zane-zane na mishaneri (1883), ''Kamar yadda yake a sama'' (1906), da ''Tsarkakewa da tsabtar, ko, nufin Allah game da ni'' (1913).{{Sfn|Herringshaw|1914}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Mary Sparkes a kusa da Tintern Abbey, Ingila, 21 Yuni 1835. {{Sfn|Herringshaw|1914}}Ita 'yar'uwar Sama'ila da Elizabeth (Tratt) Sparkes ce.{{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}}A lokacin da take da shekaru shida, ta zo tare da iyayenta zuwa Amurka kuma ta zauna a Binghamton, New York, inda ta kasance yarinta da ƙuruciya.{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}'Yar'uwarta, [[Fannie Sparkes]], ta zama mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje.{{Sfn|Robert|1996}} Yayinda yake yaro, Wheeler ya nuna matukar sha'awar littattafai. A cikin abun da ke ciki, ta yi fice, kuma ta fara rubutu ga manema labarai tun tana ƙarama.{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}Ta yi karatu a makarantun jama'a na Binghamton . {{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta, Wheeler ta zama malama kuma shugabar makaranta a makarantar da ta fi girma a Binghamton har zuwa aurenta, a wannan birni, Afrilu 13, 1858, ga Rev. Henry Wheeler, na Taron Philadelphia na Ikilisiyar Episcopal na Methodist. Shi ne marubucin The Memory of the Just, Methodism da Temperance Reformation, Rays of Light in the Valley of Sorrow, Deaconesses: Ancient and Modern, da sauran ayyukan. Shekaru da yawa bayan aurenta, an ba da rayuwarta galibi ga kula da 'ya'yanta, waɗanda ke cikin rashin lafiya. Daga cikin bakwai da aka haifa musu, biyu sun tsira har zuwa balaga: [[Mary Wheeler Newberry]], farfesa na Turanci kuma dean na Monnett Hall a Jami'ar Ohio Wesleyan da G. Post Wheeler, sakataren ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg, Rasha]]. {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}{{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} A matsayinsa na marubucin Methodist, Wheeler ya rubuta karin waka fiye da rubutu.{{Sfn|Zaccarini|2001}} Ita ce marubucin wani littafi mai suna Poems for the Fireside (Cincinnati, 1888). Wasu daga cikin wadanda aka sake bugawa kuma masu magana da yawa sun yi amfani da su, musamman ma "Charge of the Rum Brigade".Philip Bliss, Farfesa Sweeney, Kirkpatrick da sauransu sun sanya waƙoƙinta da yawa zuwa kiɗa. Bisa ga bukatar Farfesa Sweeney, wanda ya kirkiro waƙar, ta rubuta waƙoƙin ado na sojoji biyu, "Peacefully Rest" da "Scatter Love's Beautiful Garlands Above Them".{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}} Baya ga Poems for the Fireside, ita ce marubuciyar littattafai guda biyu, Modern Cosmogony da Littafi Mai-Tsarki (New York City, 1880); ''Shekaru goma na farko na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Waje ta Ƙasashen Waje'' (New York, 1884); kuma tana ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga wallafe-wallafen lokaci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta kasashen waje ta Philadelphia, kuma mai bishara ta kasa ta kungiyar mata ta Kirista (WCTU). {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}} Wheeler ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Philadelphia Society of the Methodist Episcopal cocin a Pennsylvania da [[Delaware]]. Shekaru da yawa, ta kasance memba na Ofishin Laccoci na Kasa, Chicago, tana ba da laccoci a duk sassan ƙasar. Wheeler ya yi magana a yawancin majami'u mafi girma daga [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], zuwa Lincoln, Nebraska. Ta yi jawabi ga manyan masu sauraro a cikin iska mai budewa a irin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa na rani kamar Thousand Islands Park da Ocean Grove . {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}An nada ta a shekara ta 1889 a matsayin mai bishara ta kasa ta Ƙungiyar Taron Kirista ta Mata, kuma a shekara ta 1891; mai kula da Ofishin Jakadancin WCTU na Duniya, a cikin wannan damar ta jagoranci kuma ta yi wa'azi a yawancin ayyukan bishara. A shekara ta 1906 an nada ta shugabar Kwamitin Manajoji na Gidan Matasa, wanda ke Ocean Grove, New Jersey . {{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1919]] bb3ixzhh6s9v9eonjavj8jprjzud76d 915328 915326 2026-09-03T09:24:17Z Usman saadu 46863 915328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary '''Sparkes''' Wheeler''' (née, Sparkes; 21 Yuni 1835 - 21 Janairu 1919) marubuciya ce ta Burtaniya, mawaki, kuma malami. Ta rubuta kalmomin waƙoƙi da yawa, <ref name="hymntime.com">{{Cite web |title=Mary Sparkes Wheeler |url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/h/e/wheeler_ms.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231093517/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/h/e/wheeler_ms.htm |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=31 December 2018 |website=www.hymntime.com}}</ref> ciki har da sanannun waƙoƙin ado na sojoji guda biyu. Farfesa Sweeney, P. P. Bliss, Kirkpatrick da sauransu ne suka saita waƙoƙinta zuwa kiɗa. Ita ce marubucin Poems for the Fireside (1883), Modern Cosmogony and the Bible (1880), Shekaru goma na farko na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Waje ta Methodist Episcopal Church: tare da zane-zane na mishaneri (1883), ''Kamar yadda yake a sama'' (1906), da ''Tsarkakewa da tsabtar, ko, nufin Allah game da ni'' (1913).{{Sfn|Herringshaw|1914}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Mary Sparkes a kusa da Tintern Abbey, Ingila, 21 Yuni 1835. {{Sfn|Herringshaw|1914}}Ita 'yar'uwar Sama'ila da Elizabeth (Tratt) Sparkes ce.{{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}}A lokacin da take da shekaru shida, ta zo tare da iyayenta zuwa Amurka kuma ta zauna a Binghamton, New York, inda ta kasance yarinta da ƙuruciya.{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}'Yar'uwarta, [[Fannie Sparkes]], ta zama mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje.{{Sfn|Robert|1996}} Yayinda yake yaro, Wheeler ya nuna matukar sha'awar littattafai. A cikin abun da ke ciki, ta yi fice, kuma ta fara rubutu ga manema labarai tun tana ƙarama.{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}Ta yi karatu a makarantun jama'a na Binghamton . {{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta, Wheeler ta zama malama kuma shugabar makaranta a makarantar da ta fi girma a Binghamton har zuwa aurenta, a wannan birni, Afrilu 13, 1858, ga Rev. Henry Wheeler, na Taron Philadelphia na Ikilisiyar Episcopal na Methodist. Shi ne marubucin The Memory of the Just, Methodism da Temperance Reformation, Rays of Light in the Valley of Sorrow, Deaconesses: Ancient and Modern, da sauran ayyukan. Shekaru da yawa bayan aurenta, an ba da rayuwarta galibi ga kula da 'ya'yanta, waɗanda ke cikin rashin lafiya. Daga cikin bakwai da aka haifa musu, biyu sun tsira har zuwa balaga: [[Mary Wheeler Newberry]], farfesa na Turanci kuma dean na Monnett Hall a Jami'ar Ohio Wesleyan da G. Post Wheeler, sakataren ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg, Rasha]]. {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}{{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} A matsayinsa na marubucin Methodist, Wheeler ya rubuta karin waka fiye da rubutu.{{Sfn|Zaccarini|2001}} Ita ce marubucin wani littafi mai suna Poems for the Fireside (Cincinnati, 1888). Wasu daga cikin wadanda aka sake bugawa kuma masu magana da yawa sun yi amfani da su, musamman ma "Charge of the Rum Brigade".Philip Bliss, Farfesa Sweeney, Kirkpatrick da sauransu sun sanya waƙoƙinta da yawa zuwa kiɗa. Bisa ga bukatar Farfesa Sweeney, wanda ya kirkiro waƙar, ta rubuta waƙoƙin ado na sojoji biyu, "Peacefully Rest" da "Scatter Love's Beautiful Garlands Above Them".{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}} Baya ga Poems for the Fireside, ita ce marubuciyar littattafai guda biyu, Modern Cosmogony da Littafi Mai-Tsarki (New York City, 1880); ''Shekaru goma na farko na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Waje ta Ƙasashen Waje'' (New York, 1884); kuma tana ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga wallafe-wallafen lokaci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta kasashen waje ta Philadelphia, kuma mai bishara ta kasa ta kungiyar mata ta Kirista (WCTU). {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}} Wheeler ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Philadelphia Society of the Methodist Episcopal cocin a Pennsylvania da [[Delaware]]. Shekaru da yawa, ta kasance memba na Ofishin Laccoci na Kasa, Chicago, tana ba da laccoci a duk sassan ƙasar. Wheeler ya yi magana a yawancin majami'u mafi girma daga [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], zuwa Lincoln, Nebraska. Ta yi jawabi ga manyan masu sauraro a cikin iska mai budewa a irin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa na rani kamar Thousand Islands Park da Ocean Grove . {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}An nada ta a shekara ta 1889 a matsayin mai bishara ta kasa ta Ƙungiyar Taron Kirista ta Mata, kuma a shekara ta 1891; mai kula da Ofishin Jakadancin WCTU na Duniya, a cikin wannan damar ta jagoranci kuma ta yi wa'azi a yawancin ayyukan bishara. A shekara ta 1906 an nada ta shugabar Kwamitin Manajoji na Gidan Matasa, wanda ke Ocean Grove, New Jersey . {{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1919]] mw69sigiivqgb73jxpxmyh4wnnqz2wc 915329 915328 2026-09-03T09:24:51Z Usman saadu 46863 915329 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary '''Sparkes''' Wheeler''' (née, Sparkes; 21 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1835 - 21 Janairu 1919) marubuciya ce ta Burtaniya, mawaki, kuma malami. Ta rubuta kalmomin waƙoƙi da yawa, <ref name="hymntime.com">{{Cite web |title=Mary Sparkes Wheeler |url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/h/e/wheeler_ms.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231093517/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/h/e/wheeler_ms.htm |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=31 December 2018 |website=www.hymntime.com}}</ref> ciki har da sanannun waƙoƙin ado na sojoji guda biyu. Farfesa Sweeney, P. P. Bliss, Kirkpatrick da sauransu ne suka saita waƙoƙinta zuwa kiɗa. Ita ce marubucin Poems for the Fireside (1883), Modern Cosmogony and the Bible (1880), Shekaru goma na farko na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Waje ta Methodist Episcopal Church: tare da zane-zane na mishaneri (1883), ''Kamar yadda yake a sama'' (1906), da ''Tsarkakewa da tsabtar, ko, nufin Allah game da ni'' (1913).{{Sfn|Herringshaw|1914}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Mary Sparkes a kusa da Tintern Abbey, Ingila, 21 Yuni 1835. {{Sfn|Herringshaw|1914}}Ita 'yar'uwar Sama'ila da Elizabeth (Tratt) Sparkes ce.{{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}}A lokacin da take da shekaru shida, ta zo tare da iyayenta zuwa Amurka kuma ta zauna a Binghamton, New York, inda ta kasance yarinta da ƙuruciya.{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}'Yar'uwarta, [[Fannie Sparkes]], ta zama mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje.{{Sfn|Robert|1996}} Yayinda yake yaro, Wheeler ya nuna matukar sha'awar littattafai. A cikin abun da ke ciki, ta yi fice, kuma ta fara rubutu ga manema labarai tun tana ƙarama.{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}Ta yi karatu a makarantun jama'a na Binghamton . {{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta, Wheeler ta zama malama kuma shugabar makaranta a makarantar da ta fi girma a Binghamton har zuwa aurenta, a wannan birni, Afrilu 13, 1858, ga Rev. Henry Wheeler, na Taron Philadelphia na Ikilisiyar Episcopal na Methodist. Shi ne marubucin The Memory of the Just, Methodism da Temperance Reformation, Rays of Light in the Valley of Sorrow, Deaconesses: Ancient and Modern, da sauran ayyukan. Shekaru da yawa bayan aurenta, an ba da rayuwarta galibi ga kula da 'ya'yanta, waɗanda ke cikin rashin lafiya. Daga cikin bakwai da aka haifa musu, biyu sun tsira har zuwa balaga: [[Mary Wheeler Newberry]], farfesa na Turanci kuma dean na Monnett Hall a Jami'ar Ohio Wesleyan da G. Post Wheeler, sakataren ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg, Rasha]]. {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}{{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} A matsayinsa na marubucin Methodist, Wheeler ya rubuta karin waka fiye da rubutu.{{Sfn|Zaccarini|2001}} Ita ce marubucin wani littafi mai suna Poems for the Fireside (Cincinnati, 1888). Wasu daga cikin wadanda aka sake bugawa kuma masu magana da yawa sun yi amfani da su, musamman ma "Charge of the Rum Brigade".Philip Bliss, Farfesa Sweeney, Kirkpatrick da sauransu sun sanya waƙoƙinta da yawa zuwa kiɗa. Bisa ga bukatar Farfesa Sweeney, wanda ya kirkiro waƙar, ta rubuta waƙoƙin ado na sojoji biyu, "Peacefully Rest" da "Scatter Love's Beautiful Garlands Above Them".{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}} Baya ga Poems for the Fireside, ita ce marubuciyar littattafai guda biyu, Modern Cosmogony da Littafi Mai-Tsarki (New York City, 1880); ''Shekaru goma na farko na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Waje ta Ƙasashen Waje'' (New York, 1884); kuma tana ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga wallafe-wallafen lokaci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta kasashen waje ta Philadelphia, kuma mai bishara ta kasa ta kungiyar mata ta Kirista (WCTU). {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}} Wheeler ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Philadelphia Society of the Methodist Episcopal cocin a Pennsylvania da [[Delaware]]. Shekaru da yawa, ta kasance memba na Ofishin Laccoci na Kasa, Chicago, tana ba da laccoci a duk sassan ƙasar. Wheeler ya yi magana a yawancin majami'u mafi girma daga [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], zuwa Lincoln, Nebraska. Ta yi jawabi ga manyan masu sauraro a cikin iska mai budewa a irin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa na rani kamar Thousand Islands Park da Ocean Grove . {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}An nada ta a shekara ta 1889 a matsayin mai bishara ta kasa ta Ƙungiyar Taron Kirista ta Mata, kuma a shekara ta 1891; mai kula da Ofishin Jakadancin WCTU na Duniya, a cikin wannan damar ta jagoranci kuma ta yi wa'azi a yawancin ayyukan bishara. A shekara ta 1906 an nada ta shugabar Kwamitin Manajoji na Gidan Matasa, wanda ke Ocean Grove, New Jersey . {{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1919]] q0zvuxicf5d6o0z28m5q5sdnpa64nlr 915330 915329 2026-09-03T09:25:38Z Usman saadu 46863 915330 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mary '''Sparkes''' Wheeler''' (née, Sparkes; 21 ga watan Yuni a shekara ta 1835 - 21 Janairu 1919) marubuciya ce ta Burtaniya, mawaki, kuma malami. Ta rubuta kalmomin waƙoƙi da yawa, <ref name="hymntime.com">{{Cite web |title=Mary Sparkes Wheeler |url=http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/h/e/wheeler_ms.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181231093517/http://www.hymntime.com/tch/bio/w/h/e/wheeler_ms.htm |archive-date=31 December 2018 |access-date=31 December 2018 |website=www.hymntime.com}}</ref> ciki har da sanannun waƙoƙin ado na sojoji guda biyu. Farfesa Sweeney, P. P. Bliss, Kirkpatrick da sauransu ne suka saita waƙoƙinta zuwa kiɗa. Ita ce marubucin Poems for the Fireside (1883), Modern Cosmogony and the Bible (1880), Shekaru goma na farko na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Waje ta Methodist Episcopal Church: tare da zane-zane na mishaneri (1883), ''Kamar yadda yake a sama'' (1906), da ''Tsarkakewa da tsabtar, ko, nufin Allah game da ni'' (1913).{{Sfn|Herringshaw|1914}} == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Mary Sparkes a kusa da Tintern Abbey, Ingila, 21 Yuni 1835. {{Sfn|Herringshaw|1914}}Ita 'yar'uwar Sama'ila da Elizabeth (Tratt) Sparkes ce.{{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}}A lokacin da take da shekaru shida, ta zo tare da iyayenta zuwa Amurka kuma ta zauna a Binghamton, New York, inda ta kasance yarinta da ƙuruciya.{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}'Yar'uwarta, [[Fannie Sparkes]], ta zama mai wa'azi a ƙasashen waje.{{Sfn|Robert|1996}} Yayinda yake yaro, Wheeler ya nuna matukar sha'awar littattafai. A cikin abun da ke ciki, ta yi fice, kuma ta fara rubutu ga manema labarai tun tana ƙarama.{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}Ta yi karatu a makarantun jama'a na Binghamton . {{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} == Ayyuka == Bayan kammala karatunta, Wheeler ta zama malama kuma shugabar makaranta a makarantar da ta fi girma a Binghamton har zuwa aurenta, a wannan birni, Afrilu 13 ga watan, A shekara ta 1858, ga Rev. Henry Wheeler, na Taron Philadelphia na Ikilisiyar Episcopal na Methodist. Shi ne marubucin The Memory of the Just, Methodism da Temperance Reformation, Rays of Light in the Valley of Sorrow, Deaconesses: Ancient and Modern, da sauran ayyukan. Shekaru da yawa bayan aurenta, an ba da rayuwarta galibi ga kula da 'ya'yanta, waɗanda ke cikin rashin lafiya. Daga cikin bakwai da aka haifa musu, biyu sun tsira har zuwa balaga: [[Mary Wheeler Newberry]], farfesa na Turanci kuma dean na Monnett Hall a Jami'ar Ohio Wesleyan da G. Post Wheeler, sakataren ofishin jakadancin Amurka a [[Saint-Petersburg|St. Petersburg, Rasha]]. {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}{{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} A matsayinsa na marubucin Methodist, Wheeler ya rubuta karin waka fiye da rubutu.{{Sfn|Zaccarini|2001}} Ita ce marubucin wani littafi mai suna Poems for the Fireside (Cincinnati, 1888). Wasu daga cikin wadanda aka sake bugawa kuma masu magana da yawa sun yi amfani da su, musamman ma "Charge of the Rum Brigade".Philip Bliss, Farfesa Sweeney, Kirkpatrick da sauransu sun sanya waƙoƙinta da yawa zuwa kiɗa. Bisa ga bukatar Farfesa Sweeney, wanda ya kirkiro waƙar, ta rubuta waƙoƙin ado na sojoji biyu, "Peacefully Rest" da "Scatter Love's Beautiful Garlands Above Them".{{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}} Baya ga Poems for the Fireside, ita ce marubuciyar littattafai guda biyu, Modern Cosmogony da Littafi Mai-Tsarki (New York City, 1880); ''Shekaru goma na farko na Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Waje ta Ƙasashen Waje'' (New York, 1884); kuma tana ba da gudummawa akai-akai ga wallafe-wallafen lokaci. Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar kungiyar mata ta kasashen waje ta Philadelphia, kuma mai bishara ta kasa ta kungiyar mata ta Kirista (WCTU). {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}} Wheeler ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kungiyar Philadelphia Society of the Methodist Episcopal cocin a Pennsylvania da [[Delaware]]. Shekaru da yawa, ta kasance memba na Ofishin Laccoci na Kasa, Chicago, tana ba da laccoci a duk sassan ƙasar. Wheeler ya yi magana a yawancin majami'u mafi girma daga [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]], zuwa Lincoln, Nebraska. Ta yi jawabi ga manyan masu sauraro a cikin iska mai budewa a irin waɗannan wuraren shakatawa na rani kamar Thousand Islands Park da Ocean Grove . {{Sfn|Willard|Livermore|1893}}An nada ta a shekara ta 1889 a matsayin mai bishara ta kasa ta Ƙungiyar Taron Kirista ta Mata, kuma a shekara ta 1891; mai kula da Ofishin Jakadancin WCTU na Duniya, a cikin wannan damar ta jagoranci kuma ta yi wa'azi a yawancin ayyukan bishara. A shekara ta 1906 an nada ta shugabar Kwamitin Manajoji na Gidan Matasa, wanda ke Ocean Grove, New Jersey . {{Sfn|Successful Americans|1911}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1919]] 9bsuti0inq6x9z60bieh4jd0fh4pn6c 0 166213 915396 2026-09-03T10:42:02Z Gwanki 3834 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368237918|2026 Commonwealth Games Parade of Nations]]" 915396 wikitext text/x-wiki A lokacin Parade of Nations a bikin bude [[Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026]], wanda za a gudanar a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026, 'yan wasa da ke ɗauke da tutar da sanduna na kasashensu suna jagorantar tawagarsu ta ƙasa yayin da suke tafiya a cikin Hydro a cikin birnin [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]]. Kimanin kasashe 74 za su shiga fagen wasa. A karo na farko da aka taba yi, kowace al'umma da ta halarci ta kirkiro nasu sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na King's Baton Relay. Kowace al'umma ta kuma sanya dan wasa daya don ɗaukar sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Baton |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/baton |access-date=21 July 2026 |website=[[Commonwealth Sport]]}}</ref> == Umurni na tafiya == A cikin hutu daga al'ada, Ingila ba ta jagoranci fareti a matsayin kasar da ta gabata ba. Scotland ta shiga karshe a matsayin masu masaukin baki na yanzu. Duk sauran kasashe sun yi tafiya a cikin haruffa a cikin yankunansu: Afirka, Amurka, Asiya, Caribbean, Oceania, da Turai. == Kasashe da masu ɗaukar tutar == Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙasashe masu zanga-zangar da masu ɗaukar tutar da aka sanar, a cikin tsari ɗaya da na fareti. Wannan ana iya rarraba shi da sunan ƙasa, sunan mai ɗaukar tutar, ko wasan mai ɗaukar tutar. Ana ba da sunaye a cikin fom ɗin da CGF ta tsara. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 9x4rin85gbvdd6w4exoal8i7j899b4k 915397 915396 2026-09-03T10:42:20Z Gwanki 3834 915397 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A lokacin Parade of Nations a bikin bude [[Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026]], wanda za a gudanar a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026, 'yan wasa da ke ɗauke da tutar da sanduna na kasashensu suna jagorantar tawagarsu ta ƙasa yayin da suke tafiya a cikin Hydro a cikin birnin [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]]. Kimanin kasashe 74 za su shiga fagen wasa. A karo na farko da aka taba yi, kowace al'umma da ta halarci ta kirkiro nasu sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na King's Baton Relay. Kowace al'umma ta kuma sanya dan wasa daya don ɗaukar sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Baton |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/baton |access-date=21 July 2026 |website=[[Commonwealth Sport]]}}</ref> == Umurni na tafiya == A cikin hutu daga al'ada, Ingila ba ta jagoranci fareti a matsayin kasar da ta gabata ba. Scotland ta shiga karshe a matsayin masu masaukin baki na yanzu. Duk sauran kasashe sun yi tafiya a cikin haruffa a cikin yankunansu: Afirka, Amurka, Asiya, Caribbean, Oceania, da Turai. == Kasashe da masu ɗaukar tutar == Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙasashe masu zanga-zangar da masu ɗaukar tutar da aka sanar, a cikin tsari ɗaya da na fareti. Wannan ana iya rarraba shi da sunan ƙasa, sunan mai ɗaukar tutar, ko wasan mai ɗaukar tutar. Ana ba da sunaye a cikin fom ɗin da CGF ta tsara. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 4asasrh0h5jn2572ibblr2k5nso64rx 915401 915397 2026-09-03T10:54:23Z Gwanki 3834 /* Kasashe da masu ɗaukar tutar */ 915401 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A lokacin Parade of Nations a bikin bude [[Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026]], wanda za a gudanar a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026, 'yan wasa da ke ɗauke da tutar da sanduna na kasashensu suna jagorantar tawagarsu ta ƙasa yayin da suke tafiya a cikin Hydro a cikin birnin [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]]. Kimanin kasashe 74 za su shiga fagen wasa. A karo na farko da aka taba yi, kowace al'umma da ta halarci ta kirkiro nasu sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na King's Baton Relay. Kowace al'umma ta kuma sanya dan wasa daya don ɗaukar sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Baton |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/baton |access-date=21 July 2026 |website=[[Commonwealth Sport]]}}</ref> == Umurni na tafiya == A cikin hutu daga al'ada, Ingila ba ta jagoranci fareti a matsayin kasar da ta gabata ba. Scotland ta shiga karshe a matsayin masu masaukin baki na yanzu. Duk sauran kasashe sun yi tafiya a cikin haruffa a cikin yankunansu: Afirka, Amurka, Asiya, Caribbean, Oceania, da Turai. == Kasashe da masu ɗaukar tutar == Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙasashe masu zanga-zangar da masu ɗaukar tutar da aka sanar, a cikin tsari ɗaya da na fareti. Wannan ana iya rarraba shi da sunan ƙasa, sunan mai ɗaukar tutar, ko wasan mai ɗaukar tutar. Ana ba da sunaye a cikin fom ɗin da CGF ta tsara. {| class="sortable wikitable" |- !Jerin !Ƙasa !Mai Ɗaukar Tuta !Wasanni !Mai Ɗaukar Sanda !Wasanni !class="unsortable" |{{refh}} |- |align=center|1 || {{flagCGF|BOT|2026}} || Maxine Egner || Yin ruwa || Lee Eppie || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony in Pictures|url=https://www.facebook.com/BotswanaNOC/posts/glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-in-pictures-a-historic-night-in/1078828597801813/|website=Facebook|publisher=Botswana National Olympic Committee|location=Gaborone, Botswana|date=24 July 2026|access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|2 || {{flagCGF|CMR|2026}} || Nora Monie || Wasannin motsa jiki || Junior Ngadja Nyabeyeu || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Glasgow 2026 : Le Cameroun entame sa campagne|trans-title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games: Cameroon begins its campaign|url=https://seasonmedia.net/commonwealth-glasgow-2026-le-cameroun-entame-sa-campagne/|website=Season Media|location=Yaoundé, Cameroon|language=fr|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|3 || {{flagCGF|SWZ|2026}} || Hayley Hoy || Yin ruwa || Mukelo Dlamini || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Eswatini proudly marched into the OVO Hydro during the Glasgow 2026 Opening Ceremony, with Hayley Hoy leading the delegation as the Flag Bearer and Mukelo Dlamini proudly carrying the Commonwealth Sport King's Baton.|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1653933572380772/|website=Facebook|publisher=Commonwealth Games Eswatini|location=Mbabane, Eswatini|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|4 || {{flagCGF|GAB|2026}} || Noélie Annette Lacour || Yin ruwa || Kurt Ogouenkero || Jami'in ƙungiya || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeux du Commonwealth 2026 : La nageuse Noélie Annette Lacour lance la campagne du Gabon|trans-title=2026 Commonwealth Games: Swimmer Noélie Annette Lacour launches Gabon's campaign|url=https://gabonallsport.com/jeux-du-commonwealth-2026-la-nageuse-noelie-annette-lacour-lance-la-campagne-du-gabon/|website=Gabon All Sport|location=Libreville, Gabon|language=fr|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Noélie Annette Suzanne Lacour of Team Gabon and King's Baton Bearer Kurt Ogouenkero of Team Gabon lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-noelie-annette-suzanne-lacour-of-team-gabon-and-news-photo/2287363000|website=Getty Images|author=Molly Darlington|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|5 || {{flagCGF|GAM|2026}} || Ousman Jobe || Yin ruwa || Pap Jonga || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flag and King's Baton handed over: A proud moment for Team Gambia at Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.facebook.com/GambiaOlympic220/posts/flag-and-kings-baton-handed-over-a-proud-moment-for-team-gambia-at-glasgow-2026o/1329203939330687/|website=Facebook|publisher=Gambia National Olympic Committee|location=Banjul, The Gambia|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|6 || {{flagCGF|GHA|2026}} || Frema Agyei || Judo || Tahiru Haruna || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Tahiru Haruna, Frema Agyei named Team Ghana's ceremonial leaders for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/sports/tahiru-frema-glasgow/2026/2/|website=GBC Ghana Online|publisher=Ghana Broadcasting Corporation|location=Accra, Ghana|date=21 July 2026|access-date=21 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|7 || {{flagCGF|KEN|2026}} || Robert Okaka || Dambe || Hellen Wawira || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Kenya at the Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony at the OVO Hydro Arena in Glasgow, Scotland.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DbK7mrxBgep/|website=Instagram|publisher=LTN Sports|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|8 || {{flagCGF|LES|2026}} || Rapelang Maselela || Dambe || Mathealira Seholohohlo || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Rapelang Maselela of Team Lesotho and King's Baton Bearer Mathealira Seholoholo of Lesotho lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-rapelang-maselela-of-team-lesotho-and-kings-news-photo/2287370300|website=Getty Images|author=Dean Mouhtaropoulos|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|9 || {{flagCGF|MAW|2026}} || Deborah Mtenje || Dambe || Zoe Rebello || Yin ruwa|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Deborah Mtenje of Team Malawi and King's Baton Bearer Zoe Rebello lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-deborah-mtenje-of-team-malawi-and-kings-news-photo/2287370169|website=Getty Images|author=Dean Mouhtaropoulos|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|10 || {{flagCGF|MRI|2026}} || Fabrice Valerie || Dambe || Anishta Teeluck || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Fabrice Valérie désigné porte-drapeau de la délégation mauricienne|trans-title=Fabrice Valérie named flag bearer of the Mauritian delegation|url=https://maurice-info.mu/2026/07/01/fabrice-valerie-designe-porte-drapeau-de-la-delegation-mauricienne.html|website=Maurice Info|language=French|location=Port Louis, Mauritius|date=1 July 2026|access-date=2 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|11 || {{flagCGF|MOZ|2026}} || Matthew Lawrence || Yin ruwa || Cleyton Munguambe || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Moçambique na Cerimónia de Abertura dos Jogos da Commonwealth Glasgow 2026|trans-title=Mozambique at the Opening Ceremony of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/comiteolimpicodemocambique/posts/pfbid0bBKGxNYJP3XkWWiVUnuZ2cTam4nzi71nehDpLojDA8AqXmx7F8fzmZPoPsKiXVWWl |website=Facebook|publisher=National Olympic Committee of Mozambique|location=Maputo, Mozambique|language=pt|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|12 || {{flagCGF|NAM|2026}} || Chenoult Lionel Coetzee || Wasannin motsa jiki || Diana Viljoen || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet Team Namibia's Flag Bearers|url=https://www.facebook.com/NamOlympic/posts/meet-team-namibias-flag-bearerswe-are-proud-to-announce-diana-viljoen-and-lionel/1816148380156728/|website=Facebook|publisher=Namibia National Olympic Committee|location=Windhoek, Namibia|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|13 || {{flagCGF|NGR|2026}} || Abdul Jabar Adama || Yin ruwa || Folashade Oluwafemiayo || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=VIDEO: Team Nigeria joins opening ceremony of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbK8bs1i40X/|website=Instagram|publisher=The Nation|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=24 July 2026|access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|14 || {{flagCGF|RWA|2026}} || Jayden Ntwali || Yin ruwa || Axela Echessah || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Rwanda in the opening ceremony of Commonwealth games 2026 in Glasgow.|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbJ34sCoh_c/|website=Instagram|publisher=Rwanda Aquatics Federation|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|15 || {{flagCGF|SEY|2026}} || Natasha Chetty || Wasannin motsa jiki || Adam Moncherry || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Government backs Team Seychelles with medal rewards ahead of Commonwealth Games|url=https://statehouse.gov.sc/news/7137/government-backs-team-seychelles-with-medal-rewards-ahead-of-commonwealth-games|website=State House, Seychelles|location=Victoria, Seychelles|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|16 || {{flagCGF|SLE|2026}} || Jordan Aki-Sawyerr || Wasannin motsa jiki || Josefien Betist || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Freetown Mayor Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr celebrates son’s participation at Commonwealth Games|url=https://sierraloaded.sl/sport/freetown-aki-sawyerr-commonwealth-games/|website=Sierraloaded|location=Freetown, Sierra Leone|date=25 July 2026|access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Betist: Sierra Leone's Commonwealth Games medal hopeful|url=https://sierraloaded.sl/sport/betist-sierra-leones-commonwealth-games-medal/|website=Sierraloaded|location=Freetown, Sierra Leone|date=26 July 2026|access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|17 || {{flagCGF|RSA|2026}} || Bridget Herselman || Wasan bowls || Shaun Williams || {{nowrap|Wasan kwallon kwando ta keken guragu 3x3}} || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Lambley|first=Garrin|title=Team SA flag bearers named for Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/team-sa-flag-bearers-named-for-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=The South African|location=Cape Town, South Africa|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|18 || {{flagCGF|TAN|2026}} || Collins Saliboko || Yin ruwa || Zawadi Kutaka || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Omary|first=Majuto|title=Bring home medals, govt urges Tanzania's C' Games-bound squad|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/bring-home-medals-govt-urges-tanzania-s-c-games-bound-squad-5529642|work=The Citizen|location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Collins Phillip Saliboko of Team Tanzania and King's Baton Bearer Zawadi Amos Kutaka lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-collins-phillip-saliboko-of-team-tanzania-and-news-photo/2287364812|website=Getty Images|author=Mattia Ozbot|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|19 || {{flagCGF|TOG|2026}} || Fayza Abdoukerim || Wasannin motsa jiki|| Médard Nayo || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Craig|title=Commonwealth games opening ceremony in pictures featuring the Royals and the Tardis|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-pictures-085300544.html|website=Yahoo Sports UK|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|20 || {{flagCGF|UGA|2026}} || Mary Cholhok Nuba || Wasan netball || Dennis Mbaziira || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=#TeamUganda at the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbKYFrSsko-/|website=Instagram|publisher=Uganda Olympic Committee|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|21 || {{flagCGF|ZAM|2026}} || Muzala Samukonga || Wasannin motsa jiki || Catherine Mwape || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=CGA Zambia announces flag and baton bearers|url=https://www.facebook.com/TeamZambia/posts/cga-zambia-announces-flag-and-baton-bearersthe-commonwealth-games-association-of/2099544363990726/|website=Facebook|publisher=National Olympic Committee of Zambia|location=Lusaka, Zambia|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|22 || {{flagCGF|BAH|2026}} || Zaylie-Elizabeth Thompson || Yin ruwa || Rashield Williams || Dambe|| align=center|<ref name=cer/> |- |align=center|23 || {{flagCGF|BIZ|2026}} || Davia Richardson || Yin ruwa ||Leticia Westby || Jagoran tawaga || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=🇧🇿 A proud moment for Team Belize! Here are some unforgettable moments from the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BelizeOlympicandCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/-a-proud-moment-for-team-belizehere-are-some-unforgettable-moments-from-the-glas/1446382764177340/|website=Facebook|publisher=Belize Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association|location=Belmopan, Belize|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ms. Leticia Westby had the distinguished honor of presenting Belize's Commonwealth Sport King’s Baton to His Majesty King Charles III during the Opening Ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DbL0tBPGusB/|website=Instagram|publisher=Hot Off The Press Belize|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|24 || {{flagCGF|BER|2026}} ||Tiara DeRosa || Wasannin motsa jiki || Caitlyn Bobb || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarke|first=Ross|title=DeRosa and Bobb to carry flag and baton at Games opening|url=https://www.royalgazette.com/general/sport/article/20260722/derosa-and-bobb-to-carry-flag-and-baton-at-games-opening/|work=The Royal Gazette|location=Hamilton, Bermuda|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|25 || {{flagCGF|CAN|2026}}|| Kady Dandeneau ||Wasan kwallon kwando ta keken guragu 3x3 || Ryan Bester || Wasan bowls|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Wheelchair basketball player Kady Dandeneau named Canadian flag-bearer for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/commonwealth-games-flag-bearer-announcement-9.7274395|website=CBC Sports|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=21 July 2026|access-date=21 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|26 || {{flagCGF|FAI|2026}} ||Oliver Thompson || Wasan bowls || Daphne Arthur-Almond || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Falklands Commonwealth Games flag and baton bearers announced|url=https://radio.co.fk/news-posts/falklands-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers-announced/|work=Falklands Radio|location=Stanley, Falkland Islands|date=1 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|27 || {{flagCGF|GUY|2026}} || Travis Belgrave || Wasan kwallon kwando 3x3 || Aaliyah Moore || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref name=flag>{{cite news|title=Belgrave, Moore to carry Guyana's flag at Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://kaieteurnewsonline.com/2026/07/23/belgrave-moore-to-carry-guyanas-flag-at-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=Kaieteur News|location=Georgetown, Guyana|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|28 || {{flagCGF|SHN|2026}} ||Sean Crowie || Wasannin motsa jiki || William Caswell || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team St Helena ahead of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth|url=https://sthelenaonline.org/team-st-helena-ahead-of-glasgow-2026-commonwealth/|website=St Helena Online|location=Jamestown, Saint Helena|date=18 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|29 || {{flagCGF|BAN|2026}} || Samiul Islam Rafi || Yin ruwa || Sonia Aktar || Yin ruwa ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh set for token participation in 2026 C'wealth Games|url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/others/306137/bangladesh-set-for-token-participation-in-2026-cwealth-games|work=New Age|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|30 || {{flagCGF|BRU|2026}} || Joel Ling || Yin ruwa || Sharmeen Mohammad Mharvin || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Leong|first=Yee Chun|title=Brunei swimmers make splash at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.brusports.com/2026/07/30/brunei-swimmers-make-splash-at-commonwealth-games/|website=BruSports|location=Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei|date=30 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|31 || {{flagCGF|IND|2026}} || Mirabai Chanu || Ɗaga nauyi || Lovlina Borgohain || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Sabyasachi|title=Mirabai Chanu, Lovlina Borgohain named India's flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|work=India Today|location=NNoida, Uttar Pradesh, India|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|32 || {{flagCGF|MAS|2026}} || Abdul Latif Romly || Para wasannin motsa jiki || Emma Firyana Saroji || Wasan bowls ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Latif Romly named Malaysia's flag bearer for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://thesun.my/sports/latif-romly-named-malaysias-flag-bearer-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=The Sun|location=Petaling Jaya, Malaysia|date=11 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|33 || {{flagCGF|MDV|2026}} || {{Nowrap|Mohamed Aan Hussain}} || Yin ruwa || Meral Ayn Latheef || Yin ruwa || == Bayanan da aka ambata == gblsx44wht68eqf5azj2r9a2re74t7v 915403 915401 2026-09-03T10:57:11Z Gwanki 3834 /* Kasashe da masu ɗaukar tutar */ 915403 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} A lokacin Parade of Nations a bikin bude [[Wasannin Commonwealth na 2026]], wanda za a gudanar a ranar 23 ga Yuli 2026, 'yan wasa da ke ɗauke da tutar da sanduna na kasashensu suna jagorantar tawagarsu ta ƙasa yayin da suke tafiya a cikin Hydro a cikin birnin [[Glasgow|Glasgow, Scotland]]. Kimanin kasashe 74 za su shiga fagen wasa. A karo na farko da aka taba yi, kowace al'umma da ta halarci ta kirkiro nasu sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na King's Baton Relay. Kowace al'umma ta kuma sanya dan wasa daya don ɗaukar sandar a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin buɗewa, <ref>{{Cite web |title=The King's Baton |url=https://www.commonwealthsport.com/kings-baton-relay/baton |access-date=21 July 2026 |website=[[Commonwealth Sport]]}}</ref> == Umurni na tafiya == A cikin hutu daga al'ada, Ingila ba ta jagoranci fareti a matsayin kasar da ta gabata ba. Scotland ta shiga karshe a matsayin masu masaukin baki na yanzu. Duk sauran kasashe sun yi tafiya a cikin haruffa a cikin yankunansu: Afirka, Amurka, Asiya, Caribbean, Oceania, da Turai. == Kasashe da masu ɗaukar tutar == Da ke ƙasa akwai jerin ƙasashe masu zanga-zangar da masu ɗaukar tutar da aka sanar, a cikin tsari ɗaya da na fareti. Wannan ana iya rarraba shi da sunan ƙasa, sunan mai ɗaukar tutar, ko wasan mai ɗaukar tutar. Ana ba da sunaye a cikin fom ɗin da CGF ta tsara. {| class="sortable wikitable" |- !Jerin !Ƙasa !Mai Ɗaukar Tuta !Wasanni !Mai Ɗaukar Sanda !Wasanni !class="unsortable" |{{refh}} |- |align=center|1 || {{flagCGF|BOT|2026}} || Maxine Egner || Yin ruwa || Lee Eppie || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony in Pictures|url=https://www.facebook.com/BotswanaNOC/posts/glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-in-pictures-a-historic-night-in/1078828597801813/|website=Facebook|publisher=Botswana National Olympic Committee|location=Gaborone, Botswana|date=24 July 2026|access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|2 || {{flagCGF|CMR|2026}} || Nora Monie || Wasannin motsa jiki || Junior Ngadja Nyabeyeu || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Commonwealth Glasgow 2026 : Le Cameroun entame sa campagne|trans-title=Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games: Cameroon begins its campaign|url=https://seasonmedia.net/commonwealth-glasgow-2026-le-cameroun-entame-sa-campagne/|website=Season Media|location=Yaoundé, Cameroon|language=fr|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|3 || {{flagCGF|SWZ|2026}} || Hayley Hoy || Yin ruwa || Mukelo Dlamini || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Eswatini proudly marched into the OVO Hydro during the Glasgow 2026 Opening Ceremony, with Hayley Hoy leading the delegation as the Flag Bearer and Mukelo Dlamini proudly carrying the Commonwealth Sport King's Baton.|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1653933572380772/|website=Facebook|publisher=Commonwealth Games Eswatini|location=Mbabane, Eswatini|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|4 || {{flagCGF|GAB|2026}} || Noélie Annette Lacour || Yin ruwa || Kurt Ogouenkero || Jami'in ƙungiya || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Jeux du Commonwealth 2026 : La nageuse Noélie Annette Lacour lance la campagne du Gabon|trans-title=2026 Commonwealth Games: Swimmer Noélie Annette Lacour launches Gabon's campaign|url=https://gabonallsport.com/jeux-du-commonwealth-2026-la-nageuse-noelie-annette-lacour-lance-la-campagne-du-gabon/|website=Gabon All Sport|location=Libreville, Gabon|language=fr|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Noélie Annette Suzanne Lacour of Team Gabon and King's Baton Bearer Kurt Ogouenkero of Team Gabon lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-noelie-annette-suzanne-lacour-of-team-gabon-and-news-photo/2287363000|website=Getty Images|author=Molly Darlington|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|5 || {{flagCGF|GAM|2026}} || Ousman Jobe || Yin ruwa || Pap Jonga || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flag and King's Baton handed over: A proud moment for Team Gambia at Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.facebook.com/GambiaOlympic220/posts/flag-and-kings-baton-handed-over-a-proud-moment-for-team-gambia-at-glasgow-2026o/1329203939330687/|website=Facebook|publisher=Gambia National Olympic Committee|location=Banjul, The Gambia|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|6 || {{flagCGF|GHA|2026}} || Frema Agyei || Judo || Tahiru Haruna || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Tahiru Haruna, Frema Agyei named Team Ghana's ceremonial leaders for Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.gbcghanaonline.com/sports/tahiru-frema-glasgow/2026/2/|website=GBC Ghana Online|publisher=Ghana Broadcasting Corporation|location=Accra, Ghana|date=21 July 2026|access-date=21 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|7 || {{flagCGF|KEN|2026}} || Robert Okaka || Dambe || Hellen Wawira || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Kenya at the Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony at the OVO Hydro Arena in Glasgow, Scotland.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DbK7mrxBgep/|website=Instagram|publisher=LTN Sports|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|8 || {{flagCGF|LES|2026}} || Rapelang Maselela || Dambe || Mathealira Seholohohlo || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Rapelang Maselela of Team Lesotho and King's Baton Bearer Mathealira Seholoholo of Lesotho lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-rapelang-maselela-of-team-lesotho-and-kings-news-photo/2287370300|website=Getty Images|author=Dean Mouhtaropoulos|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|9 || {{flagCGF|MAW|2026}} || Deborah Mtenje || Dambe || Zoe Rebello || Yin ruwa|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Deborah Mtenje of Team Malawi and King's Baton Bearer Zoe Rebello lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-deborah-mtenje-of-team-malawi-and-kings-news-photo/2287370169|website=Getty Images|author=Dean Mouhtaropoulos|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|10 || {{flagCGF|MRI|2026}} || Fabrice Valerie || Dambe || Anishta Teeluck || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Fabrice Valérie désigné porte-drapeau de la délégation mauricienne|trans-title=Fabrice Valérie named flag bearer of the Mauritian delegation|url=https://maurice-info.mu/2026/07/01/fabrice-valerie-designe-porte-drapeau-de-la-delegation-mauricienne.html|website=Maurice Info|language=French|location=Port Louis, Mauritius|date=1 July 2026|access-date=2 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|11 || {{flagCGF|MOZ|2026}} || Matthew Lawrence || Yin ruwa || Cleyton Munguambe || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Moçambique na Cerimónia de Abertura dos Jogos da Commonwealth Glasgow 2026|trans-title=Mozambique at the Opening Ceremony of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/comiteolimpicodemocambique/posts/pfbid0bBKGxNYJP3XkWWiVUnuZ2cTam4nzi71nehDpLojDA8AqXmx7F8fzmZPoPsKiXVWWl |website=Facebook|publisher=National Olympic Committee of Mozambique|location=Maputo, Mozambique|language=pt|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|12 || {{flagCGF|NAM|2026}} || Chenoult Lionel Coetzee || Wasannin motsa jiki || Diana Viljoen || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Meet Team Namibia's Flag Bearers|url=https://www.facebook.com/NamOlympic/posts/meet-team-namibias-flag-bearerswe-are-proud-to-announce-diana-viljoen-and-lionel/1816148380156728/|website=Facebook|publisher=Namibia National Olympic Committee|location=Windhoek, Namibia|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|13 || {{flagCGF|NGR|2026}} || Abdul Jabar Adama || Yin ruwa || Folashade Oluwafemiayo || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=VIDEO: Team Nigeria joins opening ceremony of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbK8bs1i40X/|website=Instagram|publisher=The Nation|location=Lagos, Nigeria|date=24 July 2026|access-date=28 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|14 || {{flagCGF|RWA|2026}} || Jayden Ntwali || Yin ruwa || Axela Echessah || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Rwanda in the opening ceremony of Commonwealth games 2026 in Glasgow.|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbJ34sCoh_c/|website=Instagram|publisher=Rwanda Aquatics Federation|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|15 || {{flagCGF|SEY|2026}} || Natasha Chetty || Wasannin motsa jiki || Adam Moncherry || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Government backs Team Seychelles with medal rewards ahead of Commonwealth Games|url=https://statehouse.gov.sc/news/7137/government-backs-team-seychelles-with-medal-rewards-ahead-of-commonwealth-games|website=State House, Seychelles|location=Victoria, Seychelles|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|16 || {{flagCGF|SLE|2026}} || Jordan Aki-Sawyerr || Wasannin motsa jiki || Josefien Betist || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Freetown Mayor Yvonne Aki-Sawyerr celebrates son’s participation at Commonwealth Games|url=https://sierraloaded.sl/sport/freetown-aki-sawyerr-commonwealth-games/|website=Sierraloaded|location=Freetown, Sierra Leone|date=25 July 2026|access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Betist: Sierra Leone's Commonwealth Games medal hopeful|url=https://sierraloaded.sl/sport/betist-sierra-leones-commonwealth-games-medal/|website=Sierraloaded|location=Freetown, Sierra Leone|date=26 July 2026|access-date=29 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|17 || {{flagCGF|RSA|2026}} || Bridget Herselman || Wasan bowls || Shaun Williams || {{nowrap|Wasan kwallon kwando ta keken guragu 3x3}} || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Lambley|first=Garrin|title=Team SA flag bearers named for Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.thesouthafrican.com/sport/team-sa-flag-bearers-named-for-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=The South African|location=Cape Town, South Africa|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|18 || {{flagCGF|TAN|2026}} || Collins Saliboko || Yin ruwa || Zawadi Kutaka || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Omary|first=Majuto|title=Bring home medals, govt urges Tanzania's C' Games-bound squad|url=https://www.thecitizen.co.tz/tanzania/sports/bring-home-medals-govt-urges-tanzania-s-c-games-bound-squad-5529642|work=The Citizen|location=Dar es Salaam, Tanzania|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Flagbearer Collins Phillip Saliboko of Team Tanzania and King's Baton Bearer Zawadi Amos Kutaka lead their teammates during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.gettyimages.ca/detail/news-photo/flagbearer-collins-phillip-saliboko-of-team-tanzania-and-news-photo/2287364812|website=Getty Images|author=Mattia Ozbot|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|19 || {{flagCGF|TOG|2026}} || Fayza Abdoukerim || Wasannin motsa jiki|| Médard Nayo || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Alexander|first=Craig|title=Commonwealth games opening ceremony in pictures featuring the Royals and the Tardis|url=https://uk.sports.yahoo.com/news/commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-pictures-085300544.html|website=Yahoo Sports UK|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|20 || {{flagCGF|UGA|2026}} || Mary Cholhok Nuba || Wasan netball || Dennis Mbaziira || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=#TeamUganda at the opening ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow|url=https://www.instagram.com/reels/DbKYFrSsko-/|website=Instagram|publisher=Uganda Olympic Committee|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|21 || {{flagCGF|ZAM|2026}} || Muzala Samukonga || Wasannin motsa jiki || Catherine Mwape || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=CGA Zambia announces flag and baton bearers|url=https://www.facebook.com/TeamZambia/posts/cga-zambia-announces-flag-and-baton-bearersthe-commonwealth-games-association-of/2099544363990726/|website=Facebook|publisher=National Olympic Committee of Zambia|location=Lusaka, Zambia|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|22 || {{flagCGF|BAH|2026}} || Zaylie-Elizabeth Thompson || Yin ruwa || Rashield Williams || Dambe|| align=center|<ref name=cer/> |- |align=center|23 || {{flagCGF|BIZ|2026}} || Davia Richardson || Yin ruwa ||Leticia Westby || Jagoran tawaga || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=🇧🇿 A proud moment for Team Belize! Here are some unforgettable moments from the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony.|url=https://www.facebook.com/BelizeOlympicandCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/-a-proud-moment-for-team-belizehere-are-some-unforgettable-moments-from-the-glas/1446382764177340/|website=Facebook|publisher=Belize Olympic and Commonwealth Games Association|location=Belmopan, Belize|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Ms. Leticia Westby had the distinguished honor of presenting Belize's Commonwealth Sport King’s Baton to His Majesty King Charles III during the Opening Ceremony of the Commonwealth Games in Glasgow.|url=https://www.instagram.com/p/DbL0tBPGusB/|website=Instagram|publisher=Hot Off The Press Belize|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|24 || {{flagCGF|BER|2026}} ||Tiara DeRosa || Wasannin motsa jiki || Caitlyn Bobb || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Clarke|first=Ross|title=DeRosa and Bobb to carry flag and baton at Games opening|url=https://www.royalgazette.com/general/sport/article/20260722/derosa-and-bobb-to-carry-flag-and-baton-at-games-opening/|work=The Royal Gazette|location=Hamilton, Bermuda|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|25 || {{flagCGF|CAN|2026}}|| Kady Dandeneau ||Wasan kwallon kwando ta keken guragu 3x3 || Ryan Bester || Wasan bowls|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Wheelchair basketball player Kady Dandeneau named Canadian flag-bearer for Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/commonwealthgames/commonwealth-games-flag-bearer-announcement-9.7274395|website=CBC Sports|publisher=Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC)|location=Toronto, Ontario, Canada|date=21 July 2026|access-date=21 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|26 || {{flagCGF|FAI|2026}} ||Oliver Thompson || Wasan bowls || Daphne Arthur-Almond || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Falklands Commonwealth Games flag and baton bearers announced|url=https://radio.co.fk/news-posts/falklands-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers-announced/|work=Falklands Radio|location=Stanley, Falkland Islands|date=1 June 2026|access-date=25 June 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|27 || {{flagCGF|GUY|2026}} || Travis Belgrave || Wasan kwallon kwando 3x3 || Aaliyah Moore || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref name=flag>{{cite news|title=Belgrave, Moore to carry Guyana's flag at Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://kaieteurnewsonline.com/2026/07/23/belgrave-moore-to-carry-guyanas-flag-at-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony/|work=Kaieteur News|location=Georgetown, Guyana|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|28 || {{flagCGF|SHN|2026}} ||Sean Crowie || Wasannin motsa jiki || William Caswell || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team St Helena ahead of Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth|url=https://sthelenaonline.org/team-st-helena-ahead-of-glasgow-2026-commonwealth/|website=St Helena Online|location=Jamestown, Saint Helena|date=18 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|29 || {{flagCGF|BAN|2026}} || Samiul Islam Rafi || Yin ruwa || Sonia Aktar || Yin ruwa ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Bangladesh set for token participation in 2026 C'wealth Games|url=https://www.newagebd.net/post/others/306137/bangladesh-set-for-token-participation-in-2026-cwealth-games|work=New Age|location=Dhaka, Bangladesh|date=14 July 2026|access-date=14 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|30 || {{flagCGF|BRU|2026}} || Joel Ling || Yin ruwa || Sharmeen Mohammad Mharvin || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Leong|first=Yee Chun|title=Brunei swimmers make splash at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.brusports.com/2026/07/30/brunei-swimmers-make-splash-at-commonwealth-games/|website=BruSports|location=Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei|date=30 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|31 || {{flagCGF|IND|2026}} || Mirabai Chanu || Ɗaga nauyi || Lovlina Borgohain || Dambe || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Chowdhury|first=Sabyasachi|title=Mirabai Chanu, Lovlina Borgohain named India's flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/sports/athletics/story/mirabai-chanu-lovlina-borgohain-flagbearers-india-2026-commonwealth-games-glasgow-2950769-2026-07-18|work=India Today|location=NNoida, Uttar Pradesh, India|date=18 July 2026|access-date=18 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|32 || {{flagCGF|MAS|2026}} || Abdul Latif Romly || Para wasannin motsa jiki || Emma Firyana Saroji || Wasan bowls ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Latif Romly named Malaysia's flag bearer for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://thesun.my/sports/latif-romly-named-malaysias-flag-bearer-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=The Sun|location=Petaling Jaya, Malaysia|date=11 July 2026|access-date=11 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|33 || {{flagCGF|MDV|2026}} || {{Nowrap|Mohamed Aan Hussain}} || Yin ruwa || Meral Ayn Latheef || Yin ruwa || |- |align=center|34 || {{flagCGF|PAK|2026}} || Arshad Nadeem || Wasannin motsa jiki|| Fatima Zahra || Dambe|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Raheel|first=Natasha|title=Pakistan at disadvantage in the scaled-back 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.lostonthedesk.com/p/pakistan-at-disadvantage-in-the-2026|website=Lost on the Desk|location=Karachi, Pakistan|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|35 ||{{flagCGF|SGP|2026}} ||Gan Ching Hwee|| Yin ruwa || Mawjit Singh || Para bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Kwek|first=Kimberly|title=Gan Ching Hwee, Mawjit Singh named S’pore’s flag bearers for 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.straitstimes.com/sport/gan-ching-hwee-mawjit-singh-named-spores-flag-bearers-for-2026-commonwealth-games|work=The Straits Times|location=Singapore|date=6 July 2026|access-date=6 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|36 || {{flagCGF|SRI|2026}} || Palitha Bandara || Para wasannin motsa jiki || Janani Dhananjana || Para wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=PRESS RELEASE: Team Sri Lanka officially unveiled for the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.olympic.lk/media/news/press-release-team-sri-lanka-officially-unveiled-for-the-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|website=National Olympic Committee of Sri Lanka|location=Colombo, Sri Lanka|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|37 || {{flagCGF|AIA|2026}} || Tri-tania Lowe || Wasannin motsa jiki || Jonathan Irizarry || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Huge congratulations to our flag bearer and King's Baton bearer at the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.facebook.com/AnguillaCommonwealthGamesAssociation/posts/pfbid0sL7uDd1x6Q41YFmmGZT9wjTbWDgMEbABrS22wF2XajhjAX4TfmfWGGdmk4EHzp7il|website=Facebook|publisher=Anguilla Commonwealth Games Association|location=The Valley, Anguilla|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|38 || {{flagCGF|ANT|2026}} || Alston Ryan || Dambe || Aunjulique Liddie || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Antigua and Barbuda Commonwealth Games Association announces 12-member team for Glasgow 2026|url=https://antiguanewsroom.com/antigua-and-barbuda-commonwealth-games-association-announces-12-member-team-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Antigua News Room|location=St. John's, Antigua and Barbuda|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|39 || {{flagCGF|BAR|2026}} || Erin Pinder || Gimnastik na fasaha || Antwahn Boyce-Vaughan || Para yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Team Barbados launches historic dual Games bid|url=https://olympic.org.bb/archives/team-barbados-launches-historic-dual-games-bid/|website=Barbados Olympic Association|location=Bridgetown, Barbados|date=13 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|40 || {{flagCGF|IVB|2026}} || Adaejah Hodge|| Wasannin motsa jiki || Jaleel Croal || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=BVIOC announces teams for Commonwealth Games, CAC Games|url=https://www.virginislandsdailynews.com/sports/bvioc-announces-teams-for-commonwealth-games-cac-games/article_4781f066-0018-4be8-ad9b-79e81cc393f1.html|work=The Virgin Islands Daily News|location=St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands|date=10 July 2026|access-date=10 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|41 || {{flagCGF|CAY|2026}} || Connor Macdonald || Yin ruwa || Siena Santiago || Gimnastik na fasaha || align=center|<ref name=cer>{{cite web|title=Opening Ceremony HIGHLIGHTS Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games 07/23/2026|url=https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xarm4fa|website=Dailymotion|publisher=BeIN Sports USA|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|42 || {{flagCGF|DMA|2026}} || Thea LaFond || Wasannin motsa jiki || Jasmine Schofield || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Team Dominica set for Glasgow 2026|url=https://natureisle.news/sports/team-dominica-set-for-glasgow-2026/|work=Nature Isle News|location=Roseau, Dominica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|43 || {{flagCGF|GRN|2026}} || Zachary Gresham || Yin ruwa || Tilly Collymore || Yin ruwa|| align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Chase|first=Tisagh|title=Team Grenada Set for Glasgow 2026 Opening Ceremony 🇬🇩|url=https://gocgrenada.com/team-grenada-set-for-glasgow-2026-opening-ceremony-%f0%9f%87%ac%f0%9f%87%a9/|website=Grenada Olympic Committee|location=St. George's, Grenada|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|44 || {{flagCGF|JAM|2026}} || Collin McKenzie || Yin ruwa || Shamera Sterling || Wasan netball || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|last=Fraser|first=Dwight|title=Jamaican teams build up to Commonwealth Games|url=https://iriefm.net/jamaican-teams-build-up-to-commonwealth-games/|website=IRIE FM|location=Kingston, Jamaica|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|45 || {{flagCGF|MNT|2026}} || Julius Morris || Jami'in ƙungiya || Amani Kirnon || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Photos of Team Montserrat yesterday at the opening of the Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.facebook.com/664connectmedia/posts/pfbid02juBEwcVWg1S3DBPQ8tfohrVTqwnt4kQ5x3QXmUeE3HhScYGtKDdtCzTnyKnviBR5l|website=Facebook|publisher=664 Connect Media|location=Montserrat|date=24 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|46 || {{flagCGF|LCA|2026}} || Helena Renee || Jagoran tawaga || Mai sawo kai || Mai sawo kai || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Finisterre|first=Terry|title=Alcide repping Athletes Commission at Glasgow 2026|url=https://stluciatimes.com/182321/2026/07/alcide-repping-athletes-commission-at-glasgow-2026/|work=St. Lucia Times|location=Castries, Saint Lucia|date=25 July 2026|access-date=26 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|47 || {{flagCGF|SKN|2026}} || Skyla Connor || Yin ruwa || Jonathan Essien || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=The excitement is building as the 2026 Commonwealth Games Opening Ceremony is now just hours away!|url=https://www.facebook.com/SKNAQU/posts/the-excitement-is-building-as-the-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-is-no/901800062999037/|website=Facebook|publisher=St. Kitts and Nevis Aquatics Federation|location=Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis|date=23 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|48 || {{Nowrap|{{flagCGF|SVG|2026}}}} || Kennice Greene ||Yin ruwa|| Matthew Ballah || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Proudly flying the national flag, Team Saint Vincent and the Grenadines made a memorable appearance at the Opening Ceremony of the 2026 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, Scotland.|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1336847928608467|website=Facebook|publisher=High Commission for St Vincent and the Grenadines|location=London, England|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|49 || {{flagCGF|TRI|2026}} || Nigel Paul || Dambe|| Joelisa Cooper || Wasan netball || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Boxer Nigel Paul, Netballer Joelisa Cooper Named TeamTTO Flag And Baton Bearers For Glasgow 2026|url=https://www.ttt.live/boxer-nigel-paul-netballer-joelisa-cooper-named-teamtto-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-glasgow-2026/|work=TTT News|location=Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago|date=22 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|50 || {{flagCGF|TCA|2026}} ||Lerano Missick || Wasannin motsa jiki || Arleigha Hall || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref name=cer/> |- |align=center|51 || {{flagCGF|AUS|2026}} || Nina Kennedy || Wasannin motsa jiki || Timothy Hodge || Para yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Healy|first=Jon|title=Nina Kennedy named Australian flag-bearer for Glasgow Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2026-07-23/nina-kennedy-tim-hodge-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers/106946590|work=ABC News|location=Sydney, New South Wales, Australia|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|52 || {{flagCGF|COK|2026}} ||Teokotai Jim || Wasan bowls || Jacob Story || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Dasalusalu|first=Losirene|title=Cook Islands pride on display at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.cookislandsnews.com/internal/sport/commonwealth-games/cook-islands-pride-on-display-at-commonwealth-games/|work=Cook Islands News|location=Avarua, Cook Islands|date=24 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|53 || {{flagCGF|FIJ|2026}} ||David Young || Yin ruwa || Anahira McCutcheon || Yin ruwa||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=FASANOC: Young and McCutcheon to lead Team Fiji|url=https://www.fijitimes.com.fj/fasanoc-young-and-mccutcheon-to-lead-team-fiji/|work=The Fiji Times|location=Suva, Fiji|date=7 July 2026|access-date=13 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|54 || {{flagCGF|KIR|2026}} || Tavita Kaoma || Dambe || Andrew Kometa || Koci || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Behind the scenes of the Opening Ceremony of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games...|url=https://www.facebook.com/share/p/1HSoyBXTbT/|website=Facebook|publisher=Kiribati Boxing Federation|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|55 || {{flagCGF|NRU|2026}} || Femily-Crystie Notte || Ɗaga nauyi || Winzar Kakiouea || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Games officially opens|url=https://www.instagram.com/reel/DbJxdpXimzZ/|website=Instagram|publisher=Nauru Olympic Committee|date=24 July 2026|access-date=30 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|56 || {{flagCGF|NZL|2026}} || David Liti || Ɗaga nauyi || Moira de Villiers || Judo || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Liti and de Villiers named Ngā Pou Hāpai - our Flag bearer and Baton bearer for Glasgow 2026|url=https://olympic.org.nz/news/liti-and-de-villiers-named-nga-pou-hapai-our-flag-bearer-and-baton-bearer-for-glasgow-2026|website=New Zealand Olympic Committee|location=Auckland, New Zealand|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|57 || {{flagCGF|NIU|2026}} || Duken Tutakitoa-Williams || Dambe || Christine Ioane || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Pacific pride takes centre stage in Glasgow as Commonwealth Games 2026 begin|url=https://pmn.co.nz/read/sports/pacific-pride-takes-centre-stage-as-glasgow-commonwealth-games-begin|work=Pacific Media Network|location=Auckland, New Zealand|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|58 || {{flagCGF|NFI|2026}} || Micheal Trickey || Wasan bowls || Christine Jones || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Matthews|first=Betty|title=Norfolk Island Commonwealth Games Team, Sunday Parade|url=https://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/article/norfolk-island-commonwealth-games-team-sunday-parade|work=Norfolk Online News|location=Norfolk Island|date=3 July 2026|access-date=19 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|59 || {{flagCGF|PNG|2026}} || Morea Baru ||Ɗaga nauyi || Pais Wisil || Wasannin motsa jiki || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Baru is flag bearer at Commonwealth Games|url=https://www.thenational.com.pg/baru-is-flag-bearer-at-commonwealth-games/|work=The National|location=Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|60 || {{flagCGF|SAM|2026}} ||Sanele Mao||Ɗaga nauyi||Iuniarra Sipaia||Ɗaga nauyi|| align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Samoa team departs for the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://samoaglobalnews.com/191490-2/|work=Samoa Global News|location=Apia, Samoa|date=17 July 2026|access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|61 || {{flagCGF|SOL|2026}} || Maximilian Makana || Dambe || Moffet Tolomae || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=OPENING CEREMONY – COMMONWEALTH GAMES 2026|url=https://www.facebook.com/reel/1780397746431609/|website=Facebook|publisher=Iumi Team Solomon|location=Honiara, Solomon Islands|date=23 July 2026|access-date=25 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|62 || {{flagCGF|TGA|2026}} ||Hulita Veve || Wasan netball || Finau Ohuafi || Yin ruwa ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=TASANOC names flag and baton bearers for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://talanoaotonga.to/tasanoc-names-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Talanoa 'o Tonga|location=Nukuʻalofa, Tonga|date=12 June 2026|access-date=4 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|63 || {{flagCGF|TUV|2026}} || Pasoni Taafaki || Dambe || Malia Timo || Ɗaga nauyi ||align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Alexander|first=Craig|title=Commonwealth Games opening ceremony 2026 in pictures|url=https://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/26405805.commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-2026-pictures/|work=The Herald|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=24 July 2026|access-date=24 July 2026|quote=Flagbearer Pasoni Badi Taafaki of Team Tuvalu and King's Baton Bearer Malia Timo of Team Tuvalu lead their team during the opening ceremony ahead of the Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games at The Hydro on July 23, 2026 in Glasgow, Scotland.}}</ref> |- |align=center|64 || {{flagCGF|VAN|2026}} || Ajah Pritchard-Lolo || Ɗaga nauyi || Thomas Wilbur || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Hinge|first=Keith|title=Team Vanuatu Ready for Glasgow 2026 Commonwealth Games|url=https://vbtc.vu/team-vanuatu-glasgow-2026-commonwealth-games/|work=Vanuatu Broadcasting and Television Corporation|location=Port Vila, Vanuatu|date=15 July 2026|access-date=15 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|65 || {{flagCGF|CYP|2026}} || Elena Kulichenko || Wasannin motsa jiki || Maria Markou || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Husseini|first=Dina|title=Kulichenko, Markou to lead Cyprus in Glasgow|url=https://cyprus-mail.com/2026/07/16/kulichenko-markou-to-lead-cyprus-in-glasgow|work=Cyprus Mail|location=Nicosia, Cyprus|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|66 || {{flagCGF|ENG|2026}} || Sian Honnor || Wasan bowls || Luke Greenbank || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite web|title=Sian Honnor and Luke Greenbank named flag and baton bearers for opening ceremony|url=https://teamengland.org/news/sian-honnor-and-luke-greenbank-named-flag-and-baton-bearers-for-opening-ceremony|website=Commonwealth Games England|location=London, England|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|67 || {{flagCGF|GIB|2026}} || Jordan Gonzalez || Yin ruwa || Holly O’Shea || Ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Gibraltar names Commonwealth Games flag and baton bearers|url=https://www.gbc.gi/news/gibraltar-names-commonwealth-games-flag-and-baton-bearers|work=GBC News|location=Gibraltar|date=16 July 2026|access-date=16 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|68 || {{flagCGF|GUE|2026}} || Alison Merrien || Wasan bowls || Ian Merrien || Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|title=Merriens to lead out Guernsey at opening ceremony|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/ce3qlen454lo|work=BBC Sport|location=London, England|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|69 || {{flagCGF|IOM|2026}} || Alfie Bezance || Para ɗaga nauyi || Laura Kinley || Yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Morrey|first=Charlie|title=Kinley, Bezance to lead Team Isle of Man at Glasgow|url=https://www.manx.news/kinley-bezance-to-lead-team-isle-of-man-at-glasgow/|work=Manx News|location=Douglas, Isle of Man|date=20 July 2026|access-date=20 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|70 || {{flagCGF|JEY|2026}} || Malcolm De Sousa || Wasan bowls || Lucy Woodward || Wasannin motsa jiki|| align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Corbel|first=Elliot|title=Flag and baton bearers prepare for opening ceremony|url=https://www.bailiwickexpress.com/sport/flag-and-baton-bearers-prepare-for-opening-ceremony/|work=Bailiwick Express|location=Jersey|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|71 || {{flagCGF|MLT|2026}} ||Connie Rixon || Wasan bowls || Nick Mercieca || Para ɗaga nauyi || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Fenech|first=Gerald|title=Maltese Olympic Committee names teams for Glasgow, Taranto and Dakar|url=https://themalteseherald.com/2026/07/09/maltese-olympic-committee-names-teams-for-glasgow-taranto-and-dakar/|work=The Maltese Herald|location=Valletta, Malta|date=9 July 2026|access-date=9 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|72 || {{flagCGF|NIR|2026}} || Gary Kelly || Wasan bowls || Bethany Firth || Para yin ruwa || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Morton|first=Johnny|title=Team Northern Ireland reveal duo leading country out for 2026 Commonwealth Games opening ceremony|url=https://www.newsletter.co.uk/sport/other-sport/team-northern-ireland-reveal-duo-leading-country-out-for-2026-commonwealth-games-opening-ceremony-8818569|work=News Letter|location=Belfast, Northern Ireland|date=23 July 2026|access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|73 || {{flagCGF|WAL|2026}} || Rosie Eccles || Dambe || Daniel Salmon ||Wasan bowls || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last=Richards|first=Andrew|title=Eccles and Salmon given Team Wales honour in Glasgow|url=https://www.bbc.com/sport/articles/cr596z7d1ejo|work=BBC Sport|location=London, England|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |- |align=center|74 || {{flagCGF|SCO|2026}} || Alex Marshall || Wasan bowls || Sarah Adlington || Judo || align=center|<ref>{{cite news|last1=VanReenen|first1=Danyel|last2=Pooran|first2=Neil|last3=Bark|first3=Stephen|title=Team Scotland's Glasgow Commonwealth Games flagbearers revealed|url=https://www.dailyrecord.co.uk/news/scottish-news/team-scotlands-glasgow-commonwealth-games-37464100|work=Daily Record|location=Glasgow, Scotland|date=22 July 2026|access-date=22 July 2026}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka ambata == egsxplk5jm86ba06kivf1hcba9nublz