Wikipedia hawiki https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Babban_shafi MediaWiki 1.47.0-wmf.22 first-letter Midiya Musamman Tattaunawa User Tattaunawar user Wikipedia Tattaunawar Wikipedia Fayil Tattaunawar fayil MediaWiki Tattaunawar MediaWiki Samfuri Tattaunawar samfuri Taimako Tattaunawar taimako Rukuni Tattaunawar rukuni TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Event Event talk Guguwa 0 3705 962008 952413 2026-10-02T19:19:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962008 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''guguwa''' guguwa ce ta wurare masu zafi wacce ke tasowa tsakanin 100 °E da 100 ° E a Arewacin Hemisphere kuma wanda ke samar da iskar guguwa mai ƙarfi na akalla {{Convert|119|km/h|mph}} km / h (74 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Typhoon |url=http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Typhoon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150412011727/http://glossary.ametsoc.org/wiki/Typhoon |archive-date=2015-04-12 |access-date=2015-04-05 |website=Glossary of Meteorology |publisher=[[American Meteorological Society]]}}</ref> Wannan yankin ana kiransa da Northwestern Pacific Basin, wanda ke da kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na guguwar zafi ta duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chris Landsea |author-link=Chris Landsea |date=2010-06-01 |title=Subject: F1) What regions around the globe have tropical cyclones and who is responsible for forecasting there? |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/F1.html |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres |pages=D06108 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120731202710/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/F1.html |archive-date=2012-07-31 |access-date=2011-03-30}}</ref> Don dalilai na ƙungiya, arewacin [[Tekun Pacific]] ya kasu kashi uku: gabas (Amurka ta Arewa zuwa 140 ° W), tsakiya (140 ° W zuwa 180 °), da yamma (180 ° zuwa 100 ° E). Cibiyar Kula da Yanayi ta Yanayi (RSMC) don hasashen guguwa na wurare masu zafi tana cikin [[Japan]], tare da wasu cibiyoyin gargadi na guguwa masu zafi don arewa maso yammacin Pacific a [[Hawaii]] (Cibiyar Gargadi ta Hadari), [[Filipin|Philippines]], da [[Hong Kong]]. Kodayake RSMC sunayen kowane tsarin, babban jerin sunayen kanta an daidaita shi tsakanin kasashe 18 waɗanda ke da yankuna da guguwa ke barazana a kowace shekara.<ref name="HCT">{{Cite web |title=What is the difference between a hurricane, a cyclone, and a typhoon? |url=http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225071725/http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/cyclone.html |archive-date=2016-12-25 |access-date=2016-12-24 |website=OCEAN FACTS |publisher=[[National Ocean Service]]}}</ref> A cikin mafi yawan arewa maso yammacin Pacific, babu lokutan guguwa na hukuma kamar yadda guguwa ta wurare masu zafi ke samuwa a duk shekara. Kamar kowane guguwa na wurare masu zafi, akwai manyan buƙatu da yawa don samar da guguwa da ci gaba. Dole ne ya kasance a cikin isasshen Yanayin zafi na teku, rashin daidaituwa na yanayi, babban [[danshi]] a cikin ƙananan matakan tsakiya na troposphere, yana da isasshen Tasirin Coriolis don haɓaka Cibiyar matsin lamba, ƙaramin matakin da ya riga ya kasance ko rikici, da ƙananan iska mai laushi. Kodayake yawancin guguwa suna faruwa tsakanin Yuni da Nuwamba, wasu guguwa na iya faruwa tsakanin Disamba da Mayu (ko da yake samar da guguwa mai zafi yana da wuya a wannan lokacin). A matsakaici, arewa maso yammacin Pacific yana da mafi yawan guguwa masu zafi a duniya. Kamar sauran tafkuna, ana jagorantar su ta hanyar [[Yanayin horse|tudun subtropical]] zuwa yamma ko arewa maso yamma, tare da wasu tsarin da ke dawowa kusa da gabashin [[Japan]]. Philippines tana karɓar mafi girman tasirin, tare da [[Sin|China]] da Japan ba su da tasiri sau da yawa. Koyaya, wasu daga cikin guguwa mafi muni a tarihi sun mamaye China. Kudancin kasar Sin yana da rikodin mafi tsawo na tasirin guguwa ga yankin, tare da samfurin shekaru dubu ta hanyar takardu a cikin ɗakunan ajiyar su. [[Taiwan]] ta sami guguwa mafi zafi da aka sani a rubuce-rubuce don wuraren guguwa na arewa maso yammacin Pacific. Koyaya, Vietnam ta fahimci lokacin guguwa kamar yadda yake daga farkon Yuni zuwa ƙarshen Nuwamba, tare da matsakaicin guguwa huɗu zuwa shida da ke buga ƙasar a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-10-29 |title=Typhoon and Tropical Cyclone Seasons in Vietnam |url=https://vn.usembassy.gov/typhoon-and-tropical-cyclone-seasons-in-vietnam/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107033323/https://vn.usembassy.gov/typhoon-and-tropical-cyclone-seasons-in-vietnam/ |archive-date=2022-01-07 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=U.S. Embassy & Consulate in Vietnam |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Briefing |first=Vietnam |date=2021-09-15 |title=Typhoon Season in Vietnam: How to Prepare Your Business |url=https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/typhoon-season-vietnam-how-to-prepare-your-business.html/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216070109/https://www.vietnam-briefing.com/news/typhoon-season-vietnam-how-to-prepare-your-business.html/ |archive-date=2021-12-16 |access-date=2022-01-07 |website=Vietnam Briefing News |language=en}}</ref> Dangane da kididdigar Cibiyar Gargadi ta Hadari, daga 1950 zuwa 2022, Arewa maso Yammacin Pacific ta samar da matsakaicin 26.5 da ake kira guguwa mai zafi a kowace shekara, wanda matsakaicin 16.6 ya kai matsayin guguwa ko sama kamar yadda Cibiyar Gargar da Hadari ta bayyana.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Northwest Pacific Ocean Historical Tropical Cyclone Statistics |url=http://tropical.atmos.colostate.edu/Realtime/index.php?arch&loc=northwestpacific |website=Colorado State University}}</ref> == Nomenclature == Wasu masana harsunan Ingilishi sun ba da shawarar kalmar Ingilishi typhoon da aka gano zuwa furcin Cantonese na Ō風 [{{IPA|yue|tʰɔi fuŋ|}}] (wanda ya dace da Mandarin [{{IPA|cmn|tʰaɪ fɤŋ|}}]), bi da bi kalmar Cantonese da aka gano a Larabci. Wannan da'awar ta saba wa gaskiyar cewa kalmar Cantonese don guguwa ita ce {{Lang|zh|風舊}} {{IPA|yue|fuŋ kɐu|}} kafin ci gaban kasa na 意風.<ref name="Li 1990">{{Cite journal |last=李荣 |date=1990 |title=台风的本字(上) |url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html |journal=方言 |issue=4}}; {{Cite journal |last=李荣 |date=1991 |title=台风的本字(中) |url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html |journal=方言 |issue=1}}; {{Cite journal |last=李荣 |date=1991 |title=台风的本字(下) |url=https://www.ispeakmin.com/bbs/thread-4425-1.html |journal=方言 |issue=2}}; {{Cite journal |last=李荣 |date=2006 |title=台风的本字 [Selected reprint] |url=http://www.term.org.cn/CN/PDF/10948?token=7ea825541ba2405ca4e592c820de03bf |journal=科技术语研究(季刊) |volume=8 |issue=4}}</ref> {{Lang|zh|風舊}} (ma'anar "iska wanda ya daɗe") an fara tabbatar da shi a cikin 280, kasancewar tsohuwar kalmar Sinanci don guguwa. Babu wani tarihin tarihin kasar Sin da ke da alaƙa da asalin Larabci ko na kasashen waje.<ref name="Fu 2023">{{Cite journal |last=Fu |display-authors=et al |date=2023 |title=Historic and Future Perspectives of Storm and Cyclone |url=https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00376-022-2184-1.pdf?error=cookies_not_supported&code=9b4e99db-050b-43d1-a238-bce77d44ed41 |journal=Advances in Atmospheric Sciences |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=450–451 |bibcode=2023AdAtS..40..447F |doi=10.1007/s00376-022-2184-1 |issn=0256-1530 |s2cid=253918708}}</ref><ref name="Wu 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Wu |first=Liguang |date=2020 |title=台风一词的历史沿革 |trans-title=Historical evolution of the word 'Typhoon' |url=http://html.rhhz.net/qxxb_cn/html/2020072.htm |journal=气象学报 (Acta Meteorologica Sinica) |volume=78 |issue=6 |pages=1065–1075 |doi=10.11676/qxxb2020.072 |issn=0577-6619}}</ref> A gefe guda, bayanan kasar Sin koyaushe suna tabbatar da cewa baƙi suna magana game da guguwa a matsayin "baƙar iska". <ref name="Fu 2023" /><ref name="Wu 2020" /> "Black wind" daga ƙarshe ya shiga ƙamus na Jin Chinese a matsayin {{Lang|zh|黑老風}} [xəʔ lo pawn]. A madadin haka, wasu ƙamus sun ba da shawarar cewa guguwa ta samo asali ne daga (طوف) ''tūfān'', ma'ana guguwa a [[Farisawa|Farisa]] da [[Indiyanci|Hindu]].<ref name="online">{{Cite web |title=typhoon {{!}} Origin and meaning of typhoon by Online Etymology Dictionary |url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=typhoon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140125091024/http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=typhoon |archive-date=2014-01-25 |access-date=2008-10-26 |website=Online Etymology Dictionary}}</ref> tushen (طوف) ''tūfān'' mai yiwuwa ya samo asali ne daga tsohuwar halitta ta Girka mai suna ''Typhon'' . <ref name="online" /> A cikin [[Faransanci]] an tabbatar da ''guguwa'' a matsayin guguwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=TYPHON: Définition de TYPHON |url=https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/typhon |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200809125523/https://www.cnrtl.fr/definition/typhon |archive-date=2020-08-09 |access-date=2019-08-19 |language=fr}}</ref> Matafiyi na Portuguese Fernão Mendes Pinto ya ambaci ''Tuffon'' a cikin tarihinsa da aka buga a shekara ta 1614. Hanyar farko a cikin Turanci ita ce "touffon" (1588), daga baya a matsayin touffon, tuffon, tofon, tuffin, tuffoon, tayfun, tiffoon, typhawn. <ref name="online" /> <ref name="Fu 2023" /><ref name="Wu 2020" /> === Rarrabawar ƙarfi === {{Japan Meteorological Agency's Tropical Cyclone Intensity Scale}}''Rashin lafiya na wurare masu zafi'' shine mafi ƙasƙanci da Hu Kula da Yanayi ta Japan ke amfani da shi kuma shine kalmar da aka yi amfani da ita don tsarin wurare masu zafi wanda ke da saurin iska wanda bai wuce {{Convert|33|kn|mph km/h}} (38 mph; 61 km / h). <ref name="TCOM">{{Cite web |last=Typhoon Committee |year=2008 |title=Typhoon Committee Operational Manual |url=http://www.wmo.ch/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP-23EDITION2008.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717055253/http://www.wmo.int/pages/prog/www/tcp/documents/TCP-23EDITION2008.pdf |archive-date=2012-07-17 |access-date=2008-12-23 |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]] |type=report}}</ref> Ana inganta mummunan yanayi na wurare masu zafi zuwa ''guguwa ta wurare masu zafi'' idan saurin iska ya wuce {{Convert|34|kn|mph km/h}} mph; 63 km / h). Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi kuma suna karɓar sunayen hukuma daga RSMC Tokyo . <ref name="TCOM" /> Idan guguwar ta kara karfi ta kai saurin iska na {{Convert|48|kn|mph km/h}} mph; 89 km / h) to za a rarraba shi a matsayin ''guguwa mai tsanani''.<ref name="TCOM" /> Da zarar iyakar iskar da ke ci gaba ta tsarin ta kai saurin iska na {{Convert|64|kn|mph km/h}} mph; 119 km / h), JMA za ta sanya ''guguwa'' ta wurare masu zafi a matsayin guguwa - mafi girman rukuni a sikelin ta.<ref name="TCOM" /> Tun daga shekara ta 2009 Cibiyar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwancin Hong Kong ta raba ''guguwa'' zuwa kashi uku daban-daban: guguwa, ''guguwa mai tsanani'' da kuma guguwa.<ref name="HKO" /> ''guguwa'' tana da saurin iska na 64-79 mph; 119-146 km / h), guguwa mai tsanani tana da iskõki na akalla {{Convert|80|kn|mph km/h}} mph; 150 km / h, babban guguwa yana da iskõkin akalla {{Convert|100|kn|mph km/h}} mph; 190 km / h). <ref name="HKO">{{Cite web |date=2009-03-18 |title=Classifications of Tropical cyclones |url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/news/2009/20090318_appendix1e.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330002011/http://www.weather.gov.hk/wxinfo/news/2009/20090318_appendix1e.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-30 |access-date=2009-04-27 |publisher=[[Hong Kong Observatory]]}}</ref> Cibiyar Gargadi ta Hadaddiyar Hadari ta [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]] (JTWC) ta rarraba guguwa tare da saurin iska na akalla {{Convert|130|kn|mph km/h}} mph; 240 km / h) - daidai da guguwa mai karfi na Category 4 a cikin sikelin Saffir-Simpson - a matsayin ''manyan guguwa''.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |author-link=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |date=2008-03-31 |title=What are the description labels used with tropical cyclones by JTWC? |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1#labels |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715214854/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1#labels |archive-date=2012-07-15 |access-date=2008-12-22 |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] – Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)}}</ref> &nbsp;Koyaya, matsakaicin ma'aunin saurin iska wanda JTWC ke amfani da shi ya dogara ne akan matsakaicin minti 1, kamar Cibiyar Guguwa ta Amurka da Cibiyar Gudu ta Tsakiya ta Pacific. A sakamakon haka, rahotanni na iska na JTWC sun fi na JMA girma, saboda ƙarshen ya dogara ne akan matsakaicin minti 10.<ref name="JTWC FAQ fcstdiff">{{Cite web |date=2008-03-31 |title=How are JTWC forecasts different than forecasts issued by tropical cyclone warning centres (TCWCs) of other countries? |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1#fcstdiff |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120715214854/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/frequently-asked-questions-1#fcstdiff |archive-date=2012-07-15 |access-date=2008-12-26 |publisher=[[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]]}}</ref> == Farawa == Akwai manyan buƙatu guda shida don cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi: isasshen yanayin zafi na teku, rashin kwanciyar hankali na yanayi, babban [[danshi]] a cikin ƙananan zuwa matsakaicin matakan troposphere, isasshen Ƙarfin Coriolis don haɓaka cibiyar matsin lamba, ƙaramin matakin da ya riga ya kasance ko rikici, da ƙananan iska mai ɗagawa. Duk da yake waɗannan yanayi suna da mahimmanci don samar da guguwa ta wurare masu zafi, ba su tabbatar da cewa guguwa mai zafi za ta samo asali ba. Yawancin lokaci, zafin teku na {{Convert|26.5|°C|°F}} ° C (79.7 ° F) wanda ke wucewa ta hanyar zurfin akalla mita 50 (160 ana ɗaukarsa mafi ƙanƙanta don kula da [[mesocyclone]] na musamman wanda shine guguwa mai zafi. Ana buƙatar waɗannan ruwan dumi don kula da tsakiya mai dumi wanda ke samar da tsarin wurare masu zafi. Ana buƙatar mafi ƙarancin nisan kilomita {{Convert|500|km|mi}} (310 daga ma'auni don cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi.<ref name="A15" /> Ko yana da bakin ciki a cikin Yankin Haɗuwa na Intertropical (ITCZ) ko kuma kwandon ruwan sama, gaba mai faɗi, ko iyakar fita, ana buƙatar fasalin ƙasa tare da isasshen vorticity da haɗuwa don fara cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi. Kimanin kashi 85 zuwa 90 cikin dari na guguwar Pacific suna samuwa a cikin Rashin ruwan sama. &nbsp;Ko da tare da cikakkun yanayi na sama da rashin kwanciyar hankali na yanayi da ake buƙata, rashin mai da hankali ga farfajiyar zai hana ci gaban tsari mai tsarawa da ƙasa mai zurfi. Jirgin iska na tsaye na kasa da mita 10 a kowace dakika (19 knots; 33 feet a kowace dakika) tsakanin saman teku da tropopause ana buƙatar don ci gaban guguwa na wurare masu zafi. <ref name="A15">{{Cite web |last=[[Chris Landsea]] |date=1 June 2010 |title=Subject: A15) How do tropical cyclones form ? |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090827030639/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html |archive-date=2009-08-27 |access-date=2011-03-24 |website=NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory |publisher=[[National Hurricane Center]] |pages= |doi=}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hurricane FAQ |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/A15.html |website=NOAA's Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory}}</ref> Yawanci tare da guguwar Pacific, akwai jirage biyu na fita: daya zuwa arewa a gaban wani rami na sama a yamma, kuma na biyu zuwa ga ma'auni.<ref name="KingTUTT" /> Gabaɗaya, ƙaruwar iska ta yamma da ke da alaƙa da oscillation na Madden-Julian yana haifar da karuwar cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi a duk wuraren guguwa na wurare masu wurare masu zafi. Yayinda oscillation ke yaduwa daga yamma zuwa gabas, yana haifar da tafiya zuwa gabas a cikin cyclogenesis na wurare masu zafi tare da lokaci a lokacin bazara na wannan hemisphere.<ref name="AMS2">{{Cite journal |last=John Molinari |last2=David Vollaro |date=September 2000 |title=Planetary- and Synoptic-Scale Influences on Eastern Pacific Tropical Cyclogenesis |journal=[[Monthly Weather Review]] |volume=128 |issue=9 |pages=3296–307 |bibcode=2000MWRv..128.3296M |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(2000)128<3296:PASSIO>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0027-0644 |s2cid=9278279 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A matsakaici, sau biyu a kowace shekara guguwa ta wurare masu zafi za su kasance a yammacin Tekun Pacific, kusa da 5th parallel arewa da 5th parallel kudu, tare da wannan meridian, ko layin longitude. Akwai wata alaƙa mai banbanci tsakanin aikin guguwa na wurare masu zafi a yammacin Pacific da Arewacin Atlantic, duk da haka. Lokacin da wani kwandon yake aiki, ɗayan yana da nutsuwa, kuma akasin haka. Babban dalilin wannan ya bayyana a matsayin matakin Madden-Julian oscillation, ko MJO, wanda yawanci yake a cikin hanyoyi daban-daban tsakanin kwandon biyu a kowane lokaci.<ref name="Mad-Jul">{{Cite journal |last=E. D. Maloney |last2=D. L. Hartmann |date=September 2001 |title=The Madden–Julian Oscillation, Barotropic Dynamics, and North Pacific Tropical Cyclone Formation. Part I: Observations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-the-atmospheric-sciences_2001-09-01_58_17/page/2545 |journal=[[Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences]] |volume=58 |issue=17 |pages=2545–2558 |bibcode=2001JAtS...58.2545M |doi=10.1175/1520-0469(2001)058<2545:TMJOBD>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0022-4928 |s2cid=35852730}}</ref> == Matsakaicin lokaci == {| class="wikitable" style="width:300px; text-align:center; margin:0 1em; float:right" |+Hadari FrequencyTropical hadari da Typhoons ta wata, don lokacin 1959-2020 (Northwest Pacific) <br /><br /> !Wata !Ƙididdiga !Matsakaicin |- |Jan |29 |0.5 |- |Fabrairu |16 |0.3 |- |Tekun |28 |0.5 |- |Afrilu |38 |0.6 |- |Mayu |68 |1.1 |- |Yuni |108 |1.7 |- |Yuli |244 |3.9 |- |Aug |348 |5.6 |- |Satumba |300 |4.8 |- |Oktoba |246 |4.0 |- |Nuwamba |155 |2.5 |- |Disamba |73 |1.2 |- |Shekara-shekara |1653 |26.7 |- | colspan="3" style="text-align:center;" |Tushen: '''JTWC''' |} Kusan kashi ɗaya bisa uku na guguwa masu zafi na duniya suna samuwa a yammacin Pacific. Wannan ya sa wannan kwandon ya fi aiki a Duniya.<ref name="enso">{{Cite journal |last=James B. Elsner |last2=Kam-Biu Liu |date=2003-10-08 |title=Examining the ENSO-Typhoon Hypothesis |url=https://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/25/c025p043.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Climate Research |volume=25 |page=43 |bibcode=2003ClRes..25...43E |doi=10.3354/cr025043 |issn=0936-577X |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080409132416/http://www.int-res.com/articles/cr2003/25/c025p043.pdf |archive-date=2008-04-09 |access-date=2007-08-18 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Guguwar Pacific ta samo asali a duk shekara, tare da watanni masu yawa daga Agusta zuwa Oktoba. Watanni masu yawa sun dace da na lokutan guguwar Atlantic. Tare da babban guguwa, wannan kwandon kuma yana da guguwa mai tsanani a duniya a rikodin. Ɗaya daga cikin lokutan aiki na baya-bayan nan shine 2013. Guguwa ta wurare masu zafi tana samuwa a kowane wata na shekara a fadin arewa maso yammacin Tekun Pacific kuma tana mai da hankali a kusa da Yuni da Nuwamba a arewacin Tekun Indiya. Yankin da ke arewa maso gabashin Philippines shine wuri mafi aiki a Duniya don guguwa ta wurare masu zafi. A duk faɗin Philippines da kansu, aikin ya kai mafi ƙanƙanta a watan Fabrairu, kafin ya karu a hankali har zuwa Yuni kuma ya tashi daga Yuli zuwa Oktoba, tare da Satumba kasancewa watan da ya fi aiki ga guguwa masu zafi a duk faɗin tsibirin. Ayyuka sun fadi sosai a watan Nuwamba, kodayake Typhoon Haiyan, guguwar Philippine mafi karfi a rubuce, guguwa ce ta Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=García-Herrera |first=Ricardo |last2=Ribera |first2=Pedro |last3=Hernández |first3=Emiliano |last4=Gimeno |first4=Luis |year=2006 |title=Typhoons in the Philippine Islands, 1566–1900 |url=http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/PhilippineTyphoons1566-1900.pdf |url-status=live |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=112 |issue=D6 |page=40 |bibcode=2007JGRD..112.6108G |doi=10.1029/2006JD007370 |issn=0148-0227 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007120619/http://www.typhoon2000.ph/stormstats/PhilippineTyphoons1566-1900.pdf |archive-date=2009-10-07 |access-date=2010-04-13 |bibcode-access=free |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yankunan da guguwa masu zafi suka fi shafa a Philippines sune arewa da tsakiyar Luzon da gabashin Visayas. Matsakaicin shekaru goma na ruwan sama na tauraron dan adam ya nuna cewa akalla kashi 30 cikin 100 na ruwan sama mai shekaru-shekara a arewacin Philippines za a iya gano shi ga guguwa na wurare masu zafi, yayin da tsibirai na kudancin ke karɓar ƙasa da kashi 10 cikin 100 na ruwa na shekara-shekarar daga guguwa ta wurare masu zafi.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Edward B. Rodgers |last2=Robert F. Adler |last3=Harold F. Pierce |date=October 2000 |title=Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to the North Pacific Climatological Rainfall as Observed from Satellites |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-applied-meteorology-and-climatology_2000-10_39_10/page/1662 |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |volume=39 |issue=10 |page=1662 |bibcode=2000JApMe..39.1658R |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(2000)039<1658:COTCTT>2.0.CO;2 |issn=1558-8424 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Halitta da tsananin guguwa suma ana daidaita su ta hanyar jinkirin bambancin zafin jiki na teku da fasalulluka na yaduwa biyo bayan kusan shekaru 10.<ref name="WangClark2010">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Shih-Yu |last2=Clark |first2=Adam J. |date=2011 |title=Quasi-decadal spectral peaks of tropical western Pacific SSTs as a precursor for tropical cyclone threat |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |language=en |volume=37 |issue=21 |pages=n/a |bibcode=2010GeoRL..3721810W |doi=10.1029/2010GL044709 |issn=0094-8276 |pmid= |s2cid=39433860 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Hanyoyi == [[File:Pacific_typhoon_tracks_1980-2005.jpg|thumb|Waƙoƙi na duk guguwa masu zafi a arewa maso yammacin [[Tekun Pacific]] tsakanin 1980 da 2005. Layin tsaye a dama shine Layin Lokaci na Duniya.]] Yawancin guguwa na wurare masu zafi suna samuwa a gefen tudun subtropical kusa da ma'auni, sannan su motsa zuwa pole zuwa bayan axis na tudun kafin su koma arewa da arewa maso gabas zuwa babban belin yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |year=2006 |title=3.3 JTWC Forecasting Philosophies |url=http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/forecaster_handbooks/Philippines2/Forecasters%20Handbook%20for%20the%20Philippine%20Islands%20and%20Surrounding%20Waters%20Typhoon%20Forecasting.3.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120705161830/http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/forecaster_handbooks/Philippines2/Forecasters%20Handbook%20for%20the%20Philippine%20Islands%20and%20Surrounding%20Waters%20Typhoon%20Forecasting.3.pdf |archive-date=2012-07-05 |access-date=2007-02-11 |publisher=[[United States Navy]]}}</ref> Yawancin guguwa suna samuwa a wani yanki a arewa maso yammacin Pacific da aka sani da hanyar guguwa, inda guguwa mafi karfi a duniya ke tasowa akai-akai.<ref name="typhoon alley">{{Cite web |last=Jonathan Belles |date=July 6, 2016 |title=Typhoon Alley: Where the Planet's Most Intense Tropical Cyclones Most Frequently Happen |url=https://weather.com/storms/typhoon/news/typhoon-alley-most-powerful-cyclone-earth |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412095427/https://weather.com/storms/typhoon/news/typhoon-alley-most-powerful-cyclone-earth |archive-date=April 12, 2019 |access-date=April 12, 2019 |publisher=[[The Weather Company]]}}</ref> Lokacin da tudun subtropical ya canza saboda [[El Niño-Kudancin Oscillation|El Niño]], haka ne waƙoƙin guguwa na wurare masu zafi. Yankunan yammacin Japan da Koriya suna fuskantar ƙananan tasirin guguwa na wurare masu zafi a lokacin El Niño da shekarun tsaka-tsaki. A lokacin shekarun El Niño, raguwa a cikin tudun subtropical yana kusa da 130 ° E, wanda zai fi son tsibirin Japan.<ref name="China" /> A cikin shekarun La Niña, samar da guguwa na wurare masu zafi, da kuma matsayi na subtropical, sun koma yamma a fadin yammacin Tekun Pacific, wanda ke kara barazanar faɗuwa ga kasar Sin da kuma mafi karfi ga [[Filipin|Philippines]].<ref name="China">{{Cite journal |last=M. C. Wu |last2=W. L. Chang |last3=W. M. Leung |year=2003 |title=Impacts of El Nino-Southern Oscillation Events on Tropical Cyclone Landfalling Activity in the Western North Pacific |journal=Journal of Climate |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=1419–1428 |bibcode=2004JCli...17.1419W |doi=10.1175/1520-0442(2004)017<1419:IOENOE>2.0.CO;2 |issn=0894-8755}}</ref> Wadanda suka samo asali a kusa da [[Tsibiran Mashal|Tsibirin Marshall]] sun sami hanyar zuwa [[Tsibirin Jeju]], Koriya. Hanyoyin guguwa suna bin manyan hanyoyi guda uku.<ref name="enso" /> * Hanya madaidaiciya (ko mai gudu madaidaiciya). Hanyar yammaci gaba ɗaya tana shafar [[Filipin|Philippines]], kudancin China, [[Taiwan]], da [[Vietnam]]. * Hanya mai maimaitawa. Guguwa da ke maimaitawa tana shafar gabashin Philippines, gabashin China, Taiwan, Koriya, Japan, da Gabashin Gabashin Rasha. * Hanyar arewa. Daga asalin, guguwar ta bi hanyar arewa, kawai ta shafi kananan tsibirai. Wasu guguwa masu ban sha'awa, kamar Guguwar John, an sake sanya su a matsayin guguwa yayin da suka samo asali a Gabashin / Tsakiyar Pacific kuma suka koma yammacin Pacific. == Kula da kwari == A cikin Yammacin Pacific, Cibiyar RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon, wani ɓangare na Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan, tana da alhakin gargadi na hukuma ga dukan Yammacin Fasifik tun 1989, <ref name="JMA2000">{{Cite web |last=Japan Meteorological Agency |author-link=Japan Meteorological Agency |date=2001-05-25 |title=Annual Report on Activities of the RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center: 2000 |url=http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212234149/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/AnnualReport/2000/Text/Text2000.pdf |archive-date=2013-12-12 |access-date=2011-03-11 |pages=iii,11}}</ref> da kuma alhakin suna don tsarin ƙarfin guguwa na wurare masu zafi ko mafi girma tun daga 2000. <ref name="HKO" /> Koyaya kowane sabis na yanayi da ruwa na ƙasa a cikin yammacin Pacific yana da alhakin bayar da gargadi ga yankunan ƙasa game da guguwa na wurare masu zafi da ke shafar ƙasarsu, kamar Cibiyar Gargadi ta Hadaddiyar Guguwa don hukumomin Amurka, Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA) don abubuwan da ke cikin tsibirin tsibirin tsibiri, da kuma Hong Kong Observatory don guguwa da ke kusa da su haifar da bayar da siginar gargadi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Naval Meteorology and Oceanography Command |year=2011 |title=Products and Service Notice |url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/products-and-services-notice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609092158/http://www.usno.navy.mil/JTWC/products-and-services-notice |archive-date=2017-06-09 |access-date=2011-03-11 |publisher=[[United States Navy]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical & Astronomical Services Administration |year=2004 |title=Mission/Vision |url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/mission.shtml |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040422082657/http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/mission.shtml |archive-date=2004-04-22 |access-date=2011-03-11}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hong Kong Observatory |date=September 2010 |title=Tropical Cyclones in 2009 |url=http://www.weather.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc2009.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629115042/http://www.weather.gov.hk/publica/tc/tc2009.pdf |archive-date=2017-06-29 |access-date=2011-03-11 |pages=18–19}}</ref> === Tushen sunaye da jerin sunaye === Jerin sunayen sun hada da shigarwa daga kasashe da yankuna 14 na kudu maso gabas da gabashin Asiya da Amurka waɗanda ke da yankuna da guguwa ta shafa kai tsaye. An shirya sunayen da aka gabatar a cikin jerin, za a yi amfani da sunayen da ke cikin jerin daga sama zuwa ƙasa, daga hagu zuwa dama. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da dukkan sunayen da ke cikin jerin, zai sake farawa daga kusurwar hagu-sama. Lokacin da guguwa ta haifar da lalacewa a yankin, yankin da abin ya shafa na iya neman yin ritaya da sunan a zaman na gaba na Kwamitin Guguwa na ESCAP / WMO. Yankin da aka yi ritaya zai yanke shawarar sabon suna. Ba kamar guguwa na wurare masu zafi a wasu sassan duniya ba, ba a sanya wa guguwa suna bayan mutane ba. Maimakon haka, galibi suna nufin dabbobi, furanni, alamun taurari, da wasu sunayen mutum. Koyaya, Philippines (PAGASA) tana riƙe da jerin sunanta, wanda ya ƙunshi sunayen mutane da sauran abubuwa. Japan da wasu ƙasashen Gabashin Asiya suma suna ba da lambobi ga guguwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Digital Typhoon: Typhoon Names (Asian Names) |url=http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/help/tcnames.html.en#:~:text=Number-based%20conventions%20are%20based,typhoon%20of%20the%20typhoon%20season. |access-date=2023-07-31 |website=agora.ex.nii.ac.jp}}</ref> Guguwar da ta tsallaka layin kwanan wata daga tsakiyar Pacific suna riƙe da sunansu na asali, amma sunan guguwa ya zama guguwa. {| class="wikitable" style="width:100%" |+Jerin sunayen guguwa na Yammacin Pacific <small> (kamar yadda na 2026) </small> ! rowspan="2" scope="col" |Jerin ! colspan="14" scope="col" |Kasashe / yankuna masu ba da gudummawa |- ! scope="col" | Kambodiya ! scope="col" |{{CHN}} ! scope="col" | Koriya ta Arewa ! scope="col" | Hong Kong ! scope="col" |{{JPN}} ! scope="col" |{{LAO}} ! scope="col" | Macau ! scope="col" | Malaysia ! scope="col" | Jihohin Tarayyar Micronesia ! scope="col" | Philippines ! scope="col" | Koriya ta Kudu ! scope="col" | Thailand ! scope="col" | Amurka ! scope="col" |{{VNM}} |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |1 |Damrey |Tianma |Kirogi |Yun-yeung |Koinu |Bolaven |Sanba |Jelawat |Tirou |Maliksi |Gaemi |Prapiroon |Maria |Son-Tinh |- |Ampil |Wukong |Jongdari |Shanshan |Tomo |Leepi |Bebinca |Pulasan |Soulik |Cimaron |Narae |Burapha |Barijat |Hoaban |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |2 |Koki |Yinxing |Gaeguri |Rashin kuɗi |Hebi |Pabuk |Wutip |Sepat |Mun |Danas |Hanci |Wipha |Francisco |Mai Haɗin Kai |- |Krosa |Bailu |Ƙarƙashin ƙarfi |Yin amfani da shi |Kajiki |Nongfa |Peipah |Tapah |Mitag |Ragasa |Neoguri |Bualoi |Matmo |Halong |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |3 |Nakri |Fengshen |Kalmaegi |Fung-wong |Koto |Nokaen |Penha |Nuri |Sinlaku |Hagupit |Jangmi |Mekkhala |Figs |Bavi |- |Maysak |Haishen |Noul |Dolphin |Kujira |Chan-hom |Gishiri |Nangka |Saudel |Labari |Gaenari |Atsani |Yankin da ake kira Etau |Bang-Lang |- |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |4 |Krovanh |Dujuan |Surigae |Choi-wan |Koguma |Champion |In-fa |Cempaka |Nepartak |Lupit |Mirinae |Nida |Ya kasance |Luc-Binh |- |Chanthu |Dianmu |Mindulle |Lionrock |Tokei |Namtheun |Malou |Nyatoh |Sarbul |Amuyao |Gosari |Chaba |Jirgin sama |Songda |- ! rowspan="2" scope="row" |5 |Rashin hankali |Mulan |Meari |Tsing-ma |Tokage |Ong-mang |Muifa |Merbok |Nanmadol |Talas |Hodu |Kulap |Roke |Sonca |- |Nesat |Haitang |Jamjari |Banyan |Yamaneko |Pakhar |Sanvu |Mawar |Guchol |Talim |Bori |Khanun |Lan |Saobien |- ! colspan="20" |Bayanan: <ref>{{Cite web |last=RSMC Tokyo-Typhoon Center |title=List of names for tropical cyclones adopted by the ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee for the western North Pacific and the South China Sea (valid as of 2019) |url=https://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/tyname.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210105031223/http://www.jma.go.jp/jma/jma-eng/jma-center/rsmc-hp-pub-eg/tyname.html |archive-date=January 5, 2021 |access-date=October 25, 2019 |website=[[Japan Meteorological Agency]]: [[Regional Specialized Meteorological Center|RSMC Tokyo – Typhoon Center]] |publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency}}</ref> |} == Rubuce-rubuce == {| class="wikitable" style="width:300px; text-align:center; margin:0 1em; float:right; clear:right" !Hadari mai ƙarfi<br /> !Shekara !Hadari na wurare masu zafi<br /> !Guguwa !Supertyphoons<br /> |- |39 |1964 |13 |19 |7 |- |35 |1965<br />1967<br />1971 |141511<br /><br /> |101616<br /><br /> |1144<br /><br /> |- |34 |1994 |14 |14 |6 |- |33 |1996 |12 |15 |6 |- |32 |1974 |16 |16 |0 |- |31 |1989<br />1992<br />2013 |101318<br /><br /> |15178<br /><br /> |655<br /><br /> |- |30 |1962<br />1966<br />1972<br />1990<br />2004 |7108910<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |1717201713<br /><br /><br /><br /> |63247<br /><br /><br /><br /> |} Lokacin guguwar Yammacin Pacific mafi aiki ya kasance a cikin 1964, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-12-07 |title=A Tale of Two Cyclone Seasons |url=https://www.naturalhazards.nasa.gov/images/82528/a-tale-of-two-cyclone-seasons |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=www.naturalhazards.nasa.gov |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250817081200/https://www.naturalhazards.nasa.gov/images/82528/a-tale-of-two-cyclone-seasons |archive-date=2025-08-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lokacin da guguwa 39 na ƙarfin guguwa na wurare masu zafi suka samo asali. &nbsp;Shekaru 15 ne kawai ke da guguwa 30 ko fiye da haka tun lokacin da aka fara rubuce-rubuce masu aminci. Mafi ƙarancin aikin da aka gani a arewa maso yammacin Tekun Pacific ya kasance a lokacin guguwar guguwa ta Pacific ta 2010, lokacin da guguwa 14 kawai da guguwar bakwai suka samo asali. &nbsp;A cikin Philippines, lokacin da ya fi aiki tun 1945 don yajin aikin guguwa na wurare masu zafi shine 1993, lokacin da guguwa goma sha tara suka ratsa kasar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |author-link=Joint Typhoon Warning Center |year=2009 |title=Member Report Republic of the Philippines |url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190912115140/http://www.typhooncommittee.org/41st/docs/TC2_MemberReport2008_PHILIPPINES1.pdf |archive-date=2019-09-12 |access-date=2010-04-14 |website=[[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] |publisher=[[World Meteorological Organization]]}}</ref> Akwai guguwa guda daya kawai da ta ratsa Philippines a shekarar 1958. Lokacin guguwar Pacific na 2004 shine mafi yawan jama'a a Okinawa tun shekara ta 1957. A cikin Guangdong a kudancin kasar Sin, a cikin shekaru dubu da suka gabata, shekarun da suka fi dacewa don yajin aikin guguwa sune shekarun 1660 da 1670. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kam-Biu Liu |last2=Caiming Shen |last3=Kin-Sheun Louie |year=2001 |title=A 1,000-Year History of Typhoon Landfalls in Guangdong, Southern China, Reconstructed from Chinese Historical Documentary Records |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |volume=91 |issue=3 |pages=453–464 |doi=10.1111/0004-5608.00253 |issn=0004-5608 |s2cid=53066209}}</ref> Mafi girman abin dogaro da aka kiyasta mafi girman iska mai ɗorewa a rubuce-rubuce don guguwa shine na Typhoon Haiyan a {{Convert|195|mph|km/h}} km / h (195 jim kadan kafin ya sauka a tsakiyar [[Filipin|Philippines]] a ranar 8 ga Nuwamba, 2013. Guguwa mafi tsanani wanda ya danganci mafi ƙarancin matsin lamba shine Typhoon Tip a arewa maso yammacin Tekun Pacific a cikin 1979, wanda ya kai mafi ƙaranci matsin lamba na {{Convert|870|hPa|inHg}} da matsakaicin saurin iska na {{Convert|165|kn|mph km/h}} mph; 306 km / h). <ref name="JTWC">{{Cite journal |last=George M. Dunnavan |last2=John W. Diercks |year=1980 |title=An Analysis of Super Typhoon Tip (October 1979) |url=https://archive.org/details/monthly-weather-review_1980-11_108_11/page/1915 |journal=Monthly Weather Review |volume=108 |issue=11 |pages=1915–1923 |bibcode=1980MWRv..108.1915D |doi=10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1915:AAOSTT>2.0.CO;2 |issn=1520-0493 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Guguwa mafi muni a karni na 20 ita ce Typhoon Nina, wanda ya kashe kusan 100,000 a kasar Sin a 1975 saboda ambaliyar da ta haifar da tafkuna 12 su kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Anderson-Berry |first=Linda J. |last2=Weyman James C. |date=2008-02-26 |title=Fifth International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones: Topic 5.1: Societal Impacts of Tropical Cyclones. |url=http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/iwtc/AndersonBerry5-1.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121114001936/http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/iwtc/AndersonBerry5-1.html |archive-date=2012-11-14 |access-date=2011-03-31 |website=World Meteorological Organization |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration}}</ref> Bayan Typhoon Morakot ya sauka a Taiwan a tsakar dare a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 2009, kusan dukkanin yankin kudancin Taiwan (Chiayi County / Chiayi City, Tainan County / Tainan City (yanzu an haɗa shi da Tainan), Kaohsiung County / Kaohsiong City (yan yanzu an haɗa shi a matsayin Kaohsiungu), da Pingtung County) da kuma wasu sassan Taitung County da Nantou County sun cika da ruwan sama mai yawa. Ruwan sama a yankin Pingtung ya kai 2,327 millimeters (91.6 inci), ya karya duk bayanan ruwan sama na kowane wuri guda a Taiwan wanda guguwa guda ɗaya ta haifar, kuma ya sa guguwar ta zama guguwa mafi zafi da aka sani.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Arizona State University |date=2009-08-12 |title=Taiwan Rainfall Record Investigation |url=http://wmo.asu.edu/Taiwan-rainfall-record-investigation |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110102193453/http://wmo.asu.edu/Taiwan-rainfall-record-investigation |archive-date=2011-01-02 |access-date=2011-03-06}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Lokacin guguwa na Pacific * [[Tropical cyclones in {{CURRENTYEAR}}]] * [[{{CURRENTYEAR}} Pacific typhoon season]] * Tasirin guguwa na wurare masu zafi * Yanayin yanayi na guguwa na wurare masu zafi na kasar Sin Ga guguwar da ta shafi ƙasashe a cikin wannan kwandon: * Guguwa mai zafi a Malaysia * Guguwa mai zafi a Vietnam * Guguwa a yankin Koriya * Guguwa a cikin Philippines * Guguwa a Japan == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] og41e96kxmeorcvqca4y344k0kohbej Tattaunawar user:Ammarpad 3 6214 961871 957729 2026-10-02T13:21:17Z ~2026-53210-05 49584 /* Tambaya */ sabon sashe 961871 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa == Hi, Welcome on the Hausa Wikipedia. Sorry that this message is in English - we are very few editors here and most of us speak only basic/survival Hausa... so I'm very glad to see that someone who speaks fluently has just arrived. Wishing you a good time contributing to this project (please spread the news around you, since it needs more Hausa speakers!), --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:30, 12 Agusta 2017 (UTC) :Nagode [[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], Zanyi kokari in jawo mutane don mu inganta [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. :Thank you [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]], I will try to draw more people to help develop this [[w:ha:|Hausa Wikipedia]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:47, 10 Satumba 2017 (UTC) ::Congratulations on your recent edits! I just wanted to ask if you had received my email from last week (there is a project in order to promote Wikipedia among Hausa speakers that I would like to talk you about), and if not, at which email address I could reach out to you. Thanks a lot, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 14:03, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :::Thanks Don. I have received it, and I will reply you there –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:23, 3 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ::::I replied. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:48, 6 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) :Hello, iam jalamcy2023 by name iam also a participant of Wikipedia, I used to edits in wikis, so iam try to filled the data support form but it refuse to open for me I don't no what's wrong, and I need the data because I don't have money to buy, please I need your help, so that I should continue my work in Wikipedia, I really enjoyed working with you. Thanks [[User:Jalamcy2023|Jalamcy2023]] ([[User talk:Jalamcy2023|talk]]) 14:28, 12 Satumba 2023 (UTC) :samaan :Hausa :@[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39981-47|&#126;2026-39981-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39981-47|talk]]) 13:46, 16 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Help == I am Hausa by tribe,and I am interested to start editing and creating some page need ur help don Camilo and ammar,sorry nt gud in speaking English. [[User:Slmdbr|Slmdbr]] ([[User talk:Slmdbr|talk]]) 15:20, 21 Oktoba 2017 (UTC) ==Translation of three sentences== Dear Ammarpad, I hope this finds you well. [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] posted this request on my talk page, but sadly my Hausa is too weak to translate it correctly. Maybe you will be able to help him? Thanks a lot, kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 12:29, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) We are working on an offline distribution system for Wikipedia in Nigeria. Am needing help with the translation of the three sentences '''[https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Internet-in-a-Box/Nigeria#Hausa here]'''. Wondering if you can help. Thanks [[User:Doc James|Doc James]] ([[User talk:Doc James|talk]]) 11:48, 8 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) *@Doc James and DonCamillo. I have translated it. I will also send someone to translate the Igbo, if no one did. Thank you all. [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 00:01, 15 Faburairu 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot! :) --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Facebook page == Dear Ammar, Just to mention that I have just created a Facebook page regarding the Hausa Wikipedia, in order to get more interest from Hausa-speaking people: you're welcome if you want to like it or share it with your friends: [https://www.facebook.com/HausaWikipedia/ Hausa Wikipedia] Thanks a lot, Kind regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 11:10, 5 Maris 2018 (UTC) :Thanks a lot. I have seen it, will share too. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:48, 8 Maris 2018 (UTC) == Neman Admin == Barka dai Mr.Ammarpad, Ina da matukar sha'awa sosai na taimaka a wannan shafin na hausa Wikipedia. Ni Bahaushe ne kuma ina gane Turanci, na fassara makaloli da dama daga Turanci Zuwa Hausa sabo da haka ne nake nema wannan shafin ya bani Admin domin karin tallafawa sosai. Nagode [[Abubakar A Gwanki]] :[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]] Naji dadin kasancewar ka bahaushe anan. Kasan babu Hausawa da yawa da zamu gina shi. Amma akwai shirye-shiryen da akeyi na farfado da it's. A wane gari kake zaune? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:27, 11 Mayu 2018 (UTC) ::Mr.Ammarpad ina zaune ne a kauyen [[Gwanki]] na karamar hukumar [[Bagwai]] a jihar [[Kano]] Najeriya. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]]. :::OK, da kwai shirin taro na musamman da ake fatan yi a Kano domin fadada wannan Wikipedia da kuma sawa dalibai suyi rubuta a nan, zan nemeka in sha Allah. Kuma idan ka gama rubuta bayani a shafin tattaunawa (kamar nan da muke magana) kawai ka rubuta (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>) guda hudu, banda bracket din, to zaka ga sunan ka, da kwanan wata, ya fito da kanshi. Kamar yadda zaka ga nawa a kasa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:05, 12 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == [[AuwalAzare]] == This page can be deleted (again), apparently. [[User:PlyrStar93|PlyrStar93]] ([[User talk:PlyrStar93|talk]]) 04:16, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :[[User:PlyrStar93|PlyStar93]]. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 04:47, 16 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Auwal Azare == Barla dai malam Ammarpad, Wanda ya kirkiri wannan makalar ta '''Auwal Azare''' ya tubtubeni game da yadda za'ayi unblocking nashi. Idan da yadda za'ayi to a taimaka. Nagode AAgwanki 16:16, 19 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Gwanki]] Bani na yi blocking din shi ba. Daga can babban shafin [[Special:CentralAuth/Auwall|Meta da Wikifidiya ta Truranci]] akayi blocking din shi. Sannn '''ka daina kirkirar article akan shi''', ci gaba da yin hakan za iya ja yayi blocking dinka. Wikipedia ba wurin talla bane, kuma ba kowa ake rubuta ma tarihi ba sai sannanun mutane na hakika irin yan siyasa da makamantansu. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:30, 21 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == help == Please how to add reference and make template on Hausa articles. It's hard to me. [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 07:39, 22 Mayu 2018 (UTC) :@[[User:Abubakar A Gwanki]]: Yanzu babu template din anan sai an dauko su daga Wikipedia ta turanci. Amma idan kana son ka fiddo reference kawai kasa '''<nowiki><ref> .......</ref> </nowiki>''' a karshen bayanin zaka ga reference din ya fito a kasa kamar haka (<ref>misali</ref>). Inda ka ga nasa dash (....) sai ka sa link din bayanin wato kamar BBC Hausa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 13:54, 25 Mayu 2018 (UTC) == Databox == Hi Ammar, Well done on the translation of technical messages, I had started this a long time ago but you are way better than me at this! By the way, I have started to translate Wikidata properties into Hausa. This can be useful because since recently there is a new tool called Databox: it allows, with very simple code, to have an infobox with a lot of useful information on many articles: I have created [[Napoleon]] to give an example. As you can see all the properties are not translated yet into Hausa. It can enable us to create thousands of stubs here on the Hausa Wikipedia (or just add an infobox to the existing articles). I have put some on [[User:DonCamillo|my userpage]], you can translate them here if you want, or translate them directly on Wikidata if you are familiar with the "labels" system. Have a great day! Best regards, --[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 06:11, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :You're welcome {{@|DonCamillo}}, I will look into them and do the appropriate thing. By the way, I am working on new, more intuitive [[Wikipedia:Sabon babban shafi|main page here]], you can have a look and tweak as deem fit. You'll find some templates like [[Template:Articles needed|this]] and [[Template:Invite|this]] are transcluded, so they can be edited independent of main page. Thanks. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 19:12, 9 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Reason for deletion of the article Abubakar A Gwanki == I have created many articles here in Hausa language Wikipedia, I didn't see anyone deleted but only one article of "Abubakar A Gwanki" why is being deleted? Nasan Dai dukkan makalolin da na kirkira shima kamar sauran ne amma kuma sai shi kadai ne naga ka goge shi. __ [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|AAGWANKI]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 17:14, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} Ina so in tabbatar ma abun da kake yi a Hausa Wikipedia kana kokari, kuma ina fatan ka ida fahimtar ta baki daya. Na dauki number wayarka zan neme ka mu tattauna abubuwa da dama. Amma ka daina kirkirar mukala akanka ko wani abokinka. Mukalar insakulofidiya ana rubuta ta ne kawai akan mutane fitatattu na gaskiya. Shiya sa kaga aka goge [[:en:Abubakar A Gwanki|abunda ka rubuta a Wikipedia ta turanci]]. Na gode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:38, 11 Yuni 2018 (UTC) == Translation request == Hello! May I ask you for a translation of the phrase '''Automatic refresh''' into {{#language:ha}}? Thanks [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 18:23, 20 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) :Will do that on translatewiki –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:05, 26 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) ::It is not a MediaWiki message; just my own request. [[User:-XQV-|-XQV-]] ([[User talk:-XQV-|talk]]) 19:43, 27 ga Yuni, 2018 (UTC) == Neman taimako Daga Abdulmalik mansur sharif == Assalamu alaikum Ammarpad, Sunana abdulmalik mansur sharif a garin kano nake ni dalibi ne maison bincike, karance-karance da kuma rubutu musamman sanin tarihi dan Allah inaso a bani dama kuma asakani a hanya nayi wasu rubutun ta yadda zan anfanar da al'ummar hausawa, nadanyi wani Karin bayani akan tarihi Michael Jackson zaku iya dubawa Ku gani Dan Allah. Ina data zaku taimakeni. :Sannu da zuwa {{@|Ameer Maleek}} na duba gyaran da kayi kuma nayi farin ciki. A halin yanzu da kwai hausawa yan kadan a shafin, ina fatan zaka ci gaba da ziyartar shi lokaci lokaci. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:56, 7 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) == Godiya == Na gode in Allah ya yarda zanci gaba da bada gudun mowa Dari bisa dari kuma Dan idan kuna da wata kungiya inaso nazama member saboda na kara kwarewa Na kuma samu Karin ilimi da kuma hanyar da zan inganta rubuce rubuce Na. Na gode :{{@|Ameer Maleek}} OK, ka ban numbarka ta waya, zan neme ka. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 13 ga Yuli, 2018 (UTC) aslm wai wannan malamin yana ina azaune Lamba: 08160956607 Gari: kano Nigeria == [[Kira]] == Hi Ammarpad, sorry for writing in English. An IP has blanked the page above, do you think it was correct? If it was we can delete it. Regards [[User:DARIO SEVERI|DARIO SEVERI]] ([[User talk:DARIO SEVERI|talk]]) 05:58, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) :Hi {{@|DARIO SEVERI}} I have restored it and will develop it very soon. It is useful stub about [[:en:Blacsmith|Blacksmithing]]. Thank you. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 06:39, 15 ga Augusta, 2018 (UTC) == David oyedepo == Wanene crista == WAM 2018 == Salam Ammarpad, Bansan ko zaka shiga cikin wannan gasar ba, amma idan kanada sha'awa zaka iya shiga, ka duba Karin bayani anan [[Wikipedia:Watan Yan'Asiya]]. Nagode. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 21:24, 8 Nuwamba, 2018 (UTC) == Hausa Wikimedians User Group == Hello! [[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] I would like to let you know that I have started our Hausa editors community user group [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] in order to have a connected and collaborative working environment, that would serve as a primary place for co-ordinating of activities that would support us all in our editing and order related endeavors to improve and make quality contents of the Wikimedia projects. [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 12:39, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) :Thanks {{@|The Living love}}, I will take a look. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:26, 13 ga Janairu, 2019 (UTC) Hello {{@|Ammarpad}}, I'm sorry for contacting you here lately but I've sent you a message through WhatsApp earlier. I've spoken with {{@|DonCamillo}} regarding the application for recognition of our UG Hausa Wikimedians as I earlier told you about, and he's given 100% support for it. I hope to hear from you after seeing my messages. Thanks [[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:32, 8 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) :Hello [[user:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], as I told you, the [[meta:Hausa Wikimedians User Group|Hausa Wikimedians User Group]] is already on recognition process with the affiliation Committee of the '''WMF''', but the changes you've made just recently has changed everything in the application form we sent, and this has affected the mission which is very crucial. Please let us adhere to the previous name and design of the group. I would also start a discussion on the home page of the project on how we can select boards and audit committee for the group. As founding members I, you and [[user:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]]'s email were all sent to the AffCom committee and I hope they would certainly contact you. If permitted I can undo all the changes or you do it yourself, and if otherwise please let me know. Thanks -[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 02:55, 13 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) ::Zanyi reply ta WhatsApp. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 18:35, 14 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :Slm [[user:Ammarpad|Ammar]] na maka magana ta whatsapp da email, dangane da message din da AffCom suka dawo dashi. Yanzu bansan me zaka ce ba.[[User:The Living love|The Living love]] ([[User talk:The Living love|talk]]) 14:28, 7 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) ::Nayi reply. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:49, 8 ga Yuli, 2019 (UTC) == Moustapha == Hakananna sai nayi nazari == I-mel == Sannu! Na turo maka sakon I-mel. Na gode. [[User:Engr Muhammad Khamis|Engr Muhammad Khamis]] ([[User talk:Engr Muhammad Khamis|talk]]) 09:11, 10 ga Faburairu, 2019 (UTC) narda == Gyara == Barka da rana! Ina son Na ankarar da admins wata matsala da na gano ta a wannan shafin. Matsalar kuwa itace mu masu amfani da wayoyi wajen editing wannan shafin baya bude mana a Babban Shafi (desktop version), Idan da mai yiwuwa to a gyara. - [[User:Abubakar A Gwanki|Abubakar A Gwanki]] ([[User talk:Abubakar A Gwanki|talk]]) 11:56, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) :{{@|Abubakar A Gwanki}} OK, ina ganin wannan haka site din yake ne. Yanzu kaga nima ina kan wayar hannu ne, in kana son komawa desktop version, saidai ka latsa "Babban shafi" da kanka, zaka ga wurin a can kasan kowane shafi. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:08, 4 ga Maris, 2019 (UTC) == gidanhaki == Gidanhaki dai shiya ce mai din bin tarifi ta kafune tun da zuwan shehu uthaman bin fodiyo allah shi yarda dashi izuwa kawo yanzu sai dai karin suna datakeyi a sassa daban daban da fannin muhammad sani gidanhaki Slm ammarpad dan allah inaso na kirkiri shafuka na hausa Assalam == Kwankwaso,s wife == Kwankwaso,s wife == Various requests == Hello, Could you please: *Replace the [[MediaWiki:Common.css|Hausa wiki css]] with the [[:en:MediaWiki:Common.css|english wiki css]]. It fixes, amongst others, the position of the infoboxes. *Delete these two pages: [[Template:Wikibase]], [[Module:Wikibase]]. *Edit these localization pages (Just modify the values on the right hand side): **[[Template:Infobox biography/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/basketball/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/football/localize]]. **[[Template:Infobox biography/sport/tennis/localize]]. Thanks. [[User:Sami At Ferḥat|Sami At Ferḥat]] ([[User talk:Sami At Ferḥat|talk]]) 18:23, 15 Mayu 2019 (UTC) == Alijos A Shehu == Sunan DUNiYA == Ibrahim kabiru gagarawa == Ina Neman yadda zan bude account na Wikipedia :{{@| 197.210.47.39}} Ka shiga [[Special:CreateAccount]]. Ko kuma ka tura man sunanka da email ta email dina <code>ammar@wikimedia.org.ng</code>. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:04, 13 ga Yuni, 2019 (UTC) == Muhamadu == Salm YA AKEBUDE EMAIL == yusuf == Ibrahim == sa idu musa == riji yan gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu kano == sa idu musa rijiya gwamgwam jido dawakin kudu IP == Yayi daidai kobaiyiba awayar mindakai == 88465702 == Kaka ari == layisantara == lawal ninazauna awurare dabandaba naungowa natashi dagabayan garin daura sunwajan gari shadam bu == Aslm barkan'mu da warhaka ina mana patan alkhairi baki daya yan uwana musilmai == Ina godiya ga allah daya bamu damar yadda damu kasance atare da juna == babani == 112202 == Translation == I want to know if I can translate a Wikipedia article from 'English Wikipedia' to 'Hausa Wikipedia'. If yes, I want to know more about it. Thanks. == ibraheem Adamu gumel jigawa state == barkanku DA fatan kuna lafeeya I want be among members of this organization wannni yafara shugaban kasa a nejire == Neman taimako == Barkanku da aiki, ni sunana ABDULMALIK MANSUR ina zaune a garin kano nayi rijista da wannan shafi ne domin nima na bada gudunmowa. Dan Allah ina bukatar shawarwarinku da kuma taimakon ku na gode. Godiya [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 17:25, 13 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa {{@|Maliky}} Barka da zuwa, kamar dame dame kake bukatar ka sani? –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:31, 16 ga Augusta, 2020 (UTC) Kamar yadda ake yin table da kuma saka hoto. [[User:Maliky|Maliky]] ([[User talk:Maliky|talk]]) 11:41, 14 Satumba 2020 (UTC) == Muhammad Huwaidahu sufi == Facebook Wkslm lafiya kalau == 0852 == Aa == Aliyu iliyasu dangada == Nima inaso nabada gudummawa sosai Dan kara bunkasa yaren hausa innasamu damar hakan dukda ba sosai nake fashintar turanciba amma ina ganeshi misali wasu kalmomi da zamuso agyagygyara kuma muna munna da akasamar da wannan shafin muna jinjina maka matuka very good, [[Special:Contributions/105.112.25.48|105.112.25.48]] 10:00, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) :Yawwa yayi kyau, kuma muna maraba daku. Zaka iya shiga group dinmu na WhatsApp domin ci gaba da tattaunawa da kuma sanin shirye shiryen mu. Kuma ya kamata ka [[Special:CreateAccount|kirkiri sabon account]] don ka samu username na dindindin. Kana iya sake tambaya na idan kana neman karin bayani. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:09, 7 Oktoba 2020 (UTC) == ismail == Labaran duniya == Abdullahi dahiru odo ogun == Barkan muda warhaka! :Yawwa. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 11:58, 31 ga Janairu, 2021 (UTC) == na kirkira mukala == Ya zan sanya reference ::Ka duba shafinka na tattaunawa na anyi maka bayanin hakan. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 14:08, 16 ga Faburairu, 2021 (UTC) == From == Ghy == J k musa yaro == Son annabi shine so har abada shine son da mutum zai rika ya amfanar dashi duniya da lahira Allah kasa mudace allah kasamu cekinyan tatu bayin ka Asslm dan Allah ina da tambaya idan kana kusa == mansir isah == unguwar.magaji. kakngi.giwa.area.Kaduna.state Crawle == aminuidris0808811 == aminuiris == Auwal dalladi kargi == An haifi auwal a ranar 01/06/2000 == Databox == Asslm. Ammar ya ake sanya databox. Na yi translation na [[Jami'ar Jos]] amman daga baya naga '''Uncle bash''' ya saka databox. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 08:38, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]], Za ka rubuta <nowiki>{{databox}}</nowiki> ne a farkon article din. Har da brackets (braces) din. Daga nan zaka ga information din ya fito. A wani article din kuma ba zaka gani ba, amma duk daya ne. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 12:04, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]], na saka ma [[Jami'ar Jihar Kaduna]] yayi. [[User:BnHamid|BnHamid]] ([[User talk:BnHamid|talk]]) 16:34, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) ==Neman shawara== Masha Allah Gaskiya naji dadi sosai kasancewar ansamu mai kula da page na Wikipedia da Hausa hakan ba qaramin cigaba ne ba ace Yaren Hausa yasamu irin wannan daukaka ta hanyar Mr.Ammarpad. Mr. Ammarpad ina jinjina a gareka,Allah yaqara daukaka,yayimaka jagora adukan lamurranka. A qarshe ina neman shawarar ka akan yadda za,ayi nabudawa garina Salame Wikipedia,Kasancewar Salame tsohon garine mai dinbin tarihi a daular Usmaniyya Wanda shine mahaifar Sheik Abdulqadir bn Mustafa alturud Salame. Daga Kabiru Aliyu Salame,Gwadabawa local government,Sokoto state,Nigeria. [[User:Kabir salame|Kabir salame]] ([[User talk:Kabir salame|talk]]) 18:54, 11 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) :Barka da zuwa Malam Kabir, muna farin ciki da zuwanka. :Ka duba tutorial din mu: [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]] akwai bayani sosae akan yadda zaka yi gyara da ƙirƙira sabbin muƙaloli a Wikipedia. :Akwai kuma bayani na musamman a wannan shafin shima: [[Wikipedia:Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]]. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:46, 14 Nuwamba, 2022 (UTC) <u>ja layi</u> COMMUNIYT SYSTERM ALL THE USE VALU TRY [[Special:Contributions/197.210.70.246|197.210.70.246]] 23:09, 7 Disamba 2022 (UTC) == Jami u lawal == Allah yajikan zulaihatu == Databox == Barka da safe, Ammar, Ina fata kana lafiya. Congratulations on the work you are doing to add "databox" to articles where it was missing! I have been doing that manually for a long time but you have very clearly found a faster way to do it. :) Could you tell me which tool you are using? Nagode sosai, –[[User:DonCamillo|DonCamillo]] ([[User talk:DonCamillo|talk]]) 07:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) :Barka da yau {{@|DonCamillo|p=}} and sannu da ƙoƙari. Yes yana da wahala manually and can be quite slow. Ina amfani ne da custom PHP code ta hanyar [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=help&modules=edit module na editing], ba tool bane dake a kan wiki ba. Nagode. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 21:00, 22 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Saifillahi Abdullahi mlf == Kaura ne katsina SANI ABAKAR S D P SOKOTO WAMAKKO LG RUGGAR MONDE AR == Abia == Anyinasarar kama dantaaddaa'ngelzarma'jihar yobe karamunhukumar fune == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == ILIYASU UMAR KANYA BABBA JIGAWA == FUNAKAA == FUNAKAA agaskiya inada tambaya to kamar ita wannan kasar ta jamhoriyar nijar wane laifine muhammadu bazoum yake dashi har sukan yimasa juyi mulki == Gaisuwa == Na gode kwarai,muna alfahari daku wurin nuna kulawa akan mu, Godiya nake [[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]] ([[User talk:El-Abdallaah|talk]]) 07:59, 31 ga Augusta, 2023 (UTC) :Nagode, @[[User:El-Abdallaah|El-Abdallaah]]. Barka da ƙoƙari. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 22:53, 1 Satumba 2023 (UTC) == Usman abubakar == Ita rayuwa wace abace da Allah madau kakin sarki yatsa ramana ita == ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar == Ci kekken sunan saiyadina abubakar [[Special:Contributions/105.112.235.123|105.112.235.123]] 15:56, 9 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == maganin daji == maganin daji [[Special:Contributions/2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6|2C0F:ECF0:661:3B00:784B:D816:34A7:3ED6]] 20:01, 19 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Ali musa == An haife shi Chida ga watan Oktoba 1986 cikin@ gari gidan kube @ dake jahar maradi [[Nigerien Party for Democracy and Socialism]] [[Special:Contributions/41.254.48.53|41.254.48.53]] 21:45, 24 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) == Rigar kusa == "Rigar kusa" kauye ne dake karamar hukumar musawa katsina state. Rigar kusa kauye ne mai dauke dauke da yawa matasa da kuma dattawa masana sunce rigar kusa tsohon gari ne. Rigarkusa kauyika da dama yahada da yar kiya,sabongida slow,bambama da sauransu. Tana wutar nantarki da asibiti da makaranta primary da nasury. == Ghana Boy 055 == Chapiou @ [[Special:Contributions/154.160.9.24|154.160.9.24]] 12:09, 21 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) == ALIYO == BORNO == Namespaces == Hi! You [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia%3A%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&diff=213527&oldid=181184 emptied] the page "Wikipedia:Ƙofan al'umma" some time ago. There was a section I added there with a question about namespace names. It can be seen here in an old revision: [https://ha.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:%C6%98ofan_al%27umma&oldid=181178#Namespaces You know the Hausa language, and you are also very experienced with MediaWiki. Can you please check the table and tell me whether the proposed names are good? Thanks! [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 18:30, 11 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) :I made a new section about this here: [[Wikipedia:Kofan al'umma#Namespace name translations]]. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 20:01, 12 ga Afirilu, 2024 (UTC) == Shehu gibirima == Shehu gibirima [[Musamman:Contributions/102.91.4.40|102.91.4.40]] 19:03, 24 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) == Salisu garba == Assalamu alaikum inason tan baya kozan shiwaka tana da sinada rin ciwon tayi pot == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru == Shin taya gobarar greenhouse katsina ta faru [[Musamman:Contributions/105.112.117.72|105.112.117.72]] 13:47, 28 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC) == ABDULRAHMAN HARUNA == KADUNA == Bbca == A == HAUSA RIGAR SILKE == DUK WANI ABU DA YA SHAFI INGANTA HARSHEN HAUSA DA HAƁAKATA [[User:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU]] ([[User talk:ƊANDOGO BUNGUƊU|talk]]) 15:05, 2 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) == shaaibu == JIGAWA == SHEHU USMANU == GADA BUNGUDU ZAMFARA NIGERIA == AmmarBot for Swahili Wikipedia == Hello brother, I hope you are doing great after the series of sessions at Wikimania. I also hope you've returned safely to your home country. I was just asking about the bot issue which I shared with you back in Nairobi. Any progress so far? [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 12:36, 15 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) :Hello @[[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]], I am fine. I hope you reached home safely too. :I have set up the code now, I just need the translated text. Please share the welcome text. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 17:22, 16 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) ::Hello back @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]. I have replied to the email. [[User:Muddyb|Muddyb]] ([[User talk:Muddyb|talk]]) 17:46, 17 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) == 7 == uyt [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2025-29458-90|&#126;2025-29458-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2025-29458-90|talk]]) 17:51, 20 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) Taba nono na mace == Lawan abdulhamid == Lawan abdulhamid kano MIYzansa == Nakasa yin rijista == Nakasa yin rajista miyasane == SLM == SLM == Isma.il.abdul.yar.runfa == 08142754552 Aslm da farko sunana Abdul'aziz Anas ni ina yankin malumfashi ne '''mazaunin yakinkin karamar hukumar malumfashi garin YABA taken wanna rubutu da nakeyi shine ina da burin naga na wallafar da wani littafi Wanda na rubuta na da mashi suna rayuwar mu a yau .Wannan shine taken Wannan rubutu''' [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11554-74|&#126;2026-11554-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11554-74|talk]]) 13:02, 21 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji == suleman yakubu yargaba alhaji [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-11940-32|&#126;2026-11940-32]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-11940-32|talk]]) 22:34, 22 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Dodik == imomaliyev [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12770-62|&#126;2026-12770-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12770-62|talk]]) 13:18, 26 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:35, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == Tarihin fulani daneji == danejawa [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-12974-74|&#126;2026-12974-74]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-12974-74|talk]]) 22:36, 27 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) == NURA FADA MUHAMMED == assalama alaikum waramatullah ta alawabar katuhum dafar kodai sunana NURA FADA MUHAMMED MUBI kemikagai suwaga shugabannin kasarmu najeriya dakuma sauran gomnonin jahohin dake afadin najeriya tareda rokon allah subahanahu wata alamadaukakin yabawa shugaban kasar nigeria nisan kona da yawan nasarar wajenganin anshimma wannan zaben dayatinkaromu nashekara ta 2027 alfarman annabi tareda rokonku dan allah dan annabin allah idon allah yasa wanan sakon taje indanake keutata zato taje todan allah kuyikokarin nemoni a number tawa don da sauran bayanin ne al,umar najeriya 07025450283, inajiranku == inason zuwa gambiya == neman aure zasu bani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13669-78|&#126;2026-13669-78]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13669-78|talk]]) 02:28, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == yes [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-13801-80|&#126;2026-13801-80]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-13801-80|talk]]) 16:48, 3 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Usmanisah01234@gmail.com == Usmanu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14055-73|&#126;2026-14055-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14055-73|talk]]) 20:11, 4 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == AISHA ABDULLAHI == assalama alaikum mutanen wikipedia hausa == Abdul Aziz == Ssdf [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14413-94|&#126;2026-14413-94]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14413-94|talk]]) 07:21, 6 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == YAHAYA MUSA == 6/3/2026 Ni atemakeni bandasanaa == Isah Abubakar == kaduna steste nigeria inaneman temaku kudi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14783-76|&#126;2026-14783-76]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14783-76|talk]]) 05:47, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Help == Please help me improve [[Gaza genocide|this]] article I recently created; my Hausa language skills are poor. Also, please add [[:en:Gaza_genocide|this]] article to the Hausa Wikipedia as it is important. Thank you. [[User:جودت|جودت]] ([[User talk:جودت|talk]]) 15:48, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah == Tsakanin sani jingir da Bala lau waye shugaban izalah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-14911-34|&#126;2026-14911-34]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-14911-34|talk]]) 18:45, 8 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == INASONASHIGA == WALLAHI == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:39, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Alkasim == alkasim [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15496-73|&#126;2026-15496-73]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15496-73|talk]]) 13:40, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) Jahan dosso partama nawa ne Garett [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-15494-30|&#126;2026-15494-30]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-15494-30|talk]]) 23:24, 11 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Auwalu mansur gaya == A garin gaya na bada tallafin Ramadan a Kofar gidan Sarkin garin Wanda ya hada da shinkafa da wake da ruwan Leda da lemon fata == Block review == Hi! Could I ask for your review of the block on [[Musamman:Contributions/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] placed by a global sysop roughly a year ago? If you do not think their contributions necessitate it, I'd recommend removing the block. The short version on my end is that [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] created a new account, [[Special:CentralAuth/Adamu mc|Adamu mc]], after their account was blocked and subsequently locked. I identified this yesterday and globally blocked the new account. However, reviewing their edits, I don't think they're actually connected to AhmedMustafaaaa. If their contributions to this wiki do not warrant a block, removing their previous account's block would be useful. Thanks for your time, and let me know if I should send this request elsewhere. Best, [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 18:40, 16 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) :Hi @[[User:Vermont|Vermont]], I am not very familiar with this user, but from looking at the accounts involved, I agree they are the least likely to be AhmedMustafaaaa. Although [[User:Adamu ab|Adamu ab]] appears to be independently blocked on Wikidata and MediaWiki.org for unrelated reasons, their actions here on this wiki are quite acceptable and do not warrant a block. :I am fine with removing the block from the older account. However, it is worth noting that they created Adamu_ab about a month before the first account was blocked. They then immediately switched to the second account on the day the first was blocked. They need to stick to a single account and appeal blocks from there. –[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] ([[User talk:Ammarpad|talk]]) 10:33, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ::@[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]]: Indeed - part of a global unblock for them would be a commitment to using a single account, and the old account will likely remain locked. Thanks for looking into this. [[User:Vermont|Vermont]] ([[User talk:Vermont|talk]]) 14:49, 18 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Jimi boi gk == Washer boi == (Ibrahim bako) == Bissimillahi rahamani rahim == Zanshuga == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17709-67|&#126;2026-17709-67]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17709-67|talk]]) 20:02, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) @[[User:Ammarpad|Ammarpad]] [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-17806-26|&#126;2026-17806-26]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-17806-26|talk]]) 22:04, 21 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == I need to edit == yusuf bin shaik [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-18422-17|&#126;2026-18422-17]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-18422-17|talk]]) 01:37, 25 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Dari daya == Litafi dari daya == Gali == Gufanar da mal. Nasir el rufa'i a gabar kotu == ALI ISA JC NAWA == CHAM == Sai anjima == sai anjima [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19045-00|&#126;2026-19045-00]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19045-00|talk]]) 11:00, 27 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == xxwxx == pap pu wwxx [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-19636-09|&#126;2026-19636-09]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-19636-09|talk]]) 18:16, 29 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) == Masaudu == Ina son koyon NAHAWU [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20180-81|&#126;2026-20180-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20180-81|talk]]) 10:05, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ina bukatar taimakonku == Ina bukatar taimakonku [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20156-98|&#126;2026-20156-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20156-98|talk]]) 12:50, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. == Menene amfanin na'a na'a. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20503-90|&#126;2026-20503-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20503-90|talk]]) 01:46, 3 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Learning physics topics == Explain why ph [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20678-19|&#126;2026-20678-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20678-19|talk]]) 08:30, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == ١٢٣٤٥ == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20875-04|&#126;2026-20875-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20875-04|talk]]) 15:56, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Chrome == روحاني [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-20860-61|&#126;2026-20860-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-20860-61|talk]]) 16:09, 4 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Inason shiga kasara == yanada sauki kokuma yabinyake Kuma yakudian kasar suke [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21619-45|&#126;2026-21619-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21619-45|talk]]) 15:43, 7 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Fty == Fg [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21613-47|&#126;2026-21613-47]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21613-47|talk]]) 04:11, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:05, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alikirashi45 == alikirashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-21759-98|&#126;2026-21759-98]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-21759-98|talk]]) 11:06, 8 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Jibril auwal hamza == Inaso Na goge asusuna Na access bank Nada Wani asusuna Yaya zanyi domin Yin hakan == Usseni. Ibbirashim == 08133144879 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23155-49|&#126;2026-23155-49]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23155-49|talk]]) 14:59, 14 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Correction == The image of the statue, is not of Tullio Moneta but that of his Uncle/Great uncle, Ernesto Theodore Moneta. Tullio lived in Johannesburg, South Africa, not Durban. Mike Hoare lived in the Durban area. Wikipedia is a popular site as a source of credible information. Please be certain of facts before posting information on people. Thank you. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23654-39|&#126;2026-23654-39]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23654-39|talk]]) 17:00, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Ahmad Rufai == Ahmad Rufai [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-23571-21|&#126;2026-23571-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-23571-21|talk]]) 23:36, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Sutura == Sutura [[User:Ahamad roufaï|Ahamad roufaï]] ([[User talk:Ahamad roufaï|talk]]) 23:44, 16 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:23, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Misali kasa ko bishyu haka == Wai dan Allah Da gaskene Akwai duniya Asama kamar wannan duniyar tamu [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24499-81|&#126;2026-24499-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24499-81|talk]]) 09:24, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Alhamdu lillah == masha Allah [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-24815-45|&#126;2026-24815-45]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-24815-45|talk]]) 16:13, 22 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == Itaciyyar zamani == shin tayaya Zan Iya gabatar Da darasi Mai Anfani a wannan gida Dan cigaban Al,umma GABA daya . Zan so in Samu damar Hakan in sha Allah. [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-25442-87|&#126;2026-25442-87]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-25442-87|talk]]) 13:35, 26 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) == You may be an eligible candidate for the U4C election == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Greetings, The [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee|Universal Code of Conduct Coordinating Committee (U4C)]] seeks candidates for the 2026 election. The U4C is the global committee responsible for overseeing enforcement of the [[foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal Code of Conduct|Universal Code of Conduct]]. Elections are held annually, if elected a committee member serves for two years. This year the U4C requires candidates to hold administrator rights on at least one wiki, which is why you are being contacted as you appear to hold this right. There are other requirements, such as candidates must be at least 18 years old and may not be employed by the Wikimedia Foundation or other related chapters and affiliates. You can find more information in the [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026#Call_for_Candidates|call for candidates on Meta-wiki]]. Additionally, the committee's working language is English; some ability to communicate in English is required. The election opens on 18 May, if you are eligible and interested you have until 10 May to submit your candidacy. There will week between for candidates to answer questions from the community. Voting takes place privately in [[m:Special:MyLanguage/SecurePoll|SecurePoll]], successful candidates must receive at least 60% support. More information is available on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2026|the 2026 Elections page]], including timelines and other candidacy information. If you read over the material and consider yourself qualified, please consider submitting your name to run for the committee. If you think someone else in your community might be interested and qualified, please encourage them to run. In partnership with the U4C -- [[m:User:Keegan (WMF)|Keegan (WMF)]] ([[m:User_talk:Keegan (WMF)|talk]]) 18:33, 28 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Keegan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Keegan_(WMF)/test&oldid=30471754 --> == Ahamad Abba == Ahamad Abba [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29423-27|&#126;2026-29423-27]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29423-27|talk]]) 10:10, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Nazifi == abdullashi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29619-62|&#126;2026-29619-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29619-62|talk]]) 23:58, 16 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Dan Allah Ina so na koya likitsnci == Abdulrrhaman [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-29631-59|&#126;2026-29631-59]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-29631-59|talk]]) 06:30, 17 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Brk == a [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-30415-61|&#126;2026-30415-61]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-30415-61|talk]]) 23:44, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == 9044000454 == abdusammd Ali OPAY [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32331-29|&#126;2026-32331-29]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32331-29|talk]]) 02:02, 31 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Taya zanbude account dazan temaka == ina neman Karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32735-01|&#126;2026-32735-01]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32735-01|talk]]) 07:13, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne wanda ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifi bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan == Assalamu alaikum Ni ina neman taimako ne ga waɗanda Allah ya horewa su taimaka min Ni ɗaliba ce jami'ar northwest Ina a level 3 yanxu ina neman taimako ne gameda transport fee yanxu haka kusan watanmu biyu da komawa amma ban taba zuwa ba sakamakon yanayi mahaifina bayada ƙarfi ina danyin sanaa to bawani ƙarfi tayi ba koda an saka jarin makaranta ke cinyewa nice babba awajan iyayena inada qanne da dan dama abinda za'aci arana dakyar ake samun ci biyu wanda yake ɗan taimaka min kuma shima yanxu nauyi yamasa yawa gashi ina gab da kammalawa ina matakin aji uku yanxu bana yin social media sosae Whatsapp kadai nake bansan inda xansameku bane sai nan [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32562-31|&#126;2026-32562-31]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32562-31|talk]]) 12:49, 2 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Reuben lover gwamma == [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-32944-08|&#126;2026-32944-08]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-32944-08|talk]]) 05:26, 4 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Bala sani == sani [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:44, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Umar m sharif == yane [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-33592-03|&#126;2026-33592-03]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-33592-03|talk]]) 20:48, 6 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == oumr sama == Gazaou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-34357-62|&#126;2026-34357-62]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-34357-62|talk]]) 20:05, 10 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim Abdullah dangamau == kusada lg katsina state [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:55, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == 8126141543 opay bank Ibrahim Abdullahi == 8126141543 opay Ibrahim Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36380-21|&#126;2026-36380-21]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36380-21|talk]]) 21:58, 22 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ina tambaya ne game da cikakken tarihin masarautar Jama'are == tarihin masarautar Jama'are [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-36511-04|&#126;2026-36511-04]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-36511-04|talk]]) 21:29, 23 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim sani == nace ina da tambaya ne game da littafin tarin hausa barbie in same shi ne akwai yadda zan yi in samu littafan tarin hausa kamar taya na gizo zaku iya gano ta yadda zan samu shi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37548-11|&#126;2026-37548-11]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37548-11|talk]]) 11:58, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Mai bincike == idan nasadu damai hiv da condom bayan hiv wani gwaji yadace nayi idan inajin badaidaiba Ajikina [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37555-93|&#126;2026-37555-93]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37555-93|talk]]) 12:20, 30 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) == Ibrahim haruna == azare [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-37948-19|&#126;2026-37948-19]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-37948-19|talk]]) 17:18, 2 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Maradi == bonne nuit [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:33, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Assalam alaikoum barkamu da warhaka == helle [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38771-90|&#126;2026-38771-90]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38771-90|talk]]) 22:39, 8 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 49565314543 == Saifuallhi usaini [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 00:51, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Nin nombadinayasamumsala == Nin nombadinayasamumsala [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:01, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 == Inaso ajaramin49565314543 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-38738-33|&#126;2026-38738-33]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-38738-33|talk]]) 01:03, 9 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == bak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:17, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:49, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu Fesbak,1,000 == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:24, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) 3233746701,banana, Ahmadu fesbak,1,000 [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 23:58, 14 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) :@ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-39619-81|&#126;2026-39619-81]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-39619-81|talk]]) 00:02, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki == Menene Dalilin Sallar cika ciki [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40126-77|&#126;2026-40126-77]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40126-77|talk]]) 21:27, 15 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) california se hamare saath ho raha hai hum kaise pata karengovernmenttaxforcecalifornia@gmail.com [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-40691-12|&#126;2026-40691-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-40691-12|talk]]) 17:32, 20 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Batu == safiya [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42392-57|&#126;2026-42392-57]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42392-57|talk]]) 18:07, 31 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) == Auwal Abubakar == Auwal Abubakar Abdullahi [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-42968-66|&#126;2026-42968-66]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-42968-66|talk]]) 12:02, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == mouhammadousirajo4@gmail.com == mouhammadou [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-46209-95|&#126;2026-46209-95]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-46209-95|talk]]) 09:05, 24 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) == Husaini Hassana Husaini == @ [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47716-12|&#126;2026-47716-12]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47716-12|talk]]) 08:57, 1 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Yar abbanta == al ummata [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:25, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == مريم بنت سراج == Allah y karawa annabi daraja [[Musamman:Contributions/&#126;2026-47594-41|&#126;2026-47594-41]] ([[Tattaunawar user:&#126;2026-47594-41|talk]]) 16:30, 2 Satumba 2026 (UTC) allah gafarta malam Ina tambayane akan israi da mi iraji shin annabi yaga Allah wani malamin yace duk Wanda yace annabi yaga Allah hadisin shi nada rauni dan Allah muna son karin bayani [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-48750-15|~2026-48750-15]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-48750-15|talk]]) 20:02, 9 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Sheikh == ibn [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51225-37|~2026-51225-37]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51225-37|talk]]) 22:54, 22 Satumba 2026 (UTC) Assalamualaikum warhamdullahi''akarmukalla ina dambaya wanne sahabine yace shine zakin Allah Kuma zakin Manzon Allah s a w<nowiki>''</nowiki>'' [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51091-35|~2026-51091-35]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51091-35|talk]]) 05:26, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Allah kasadamu Manzon Allah == Allah karama annabi daraja [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51091-35|~2026-51091-35]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51091-35|talk]]) 23:34, 23 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Aljanna makoma == Aljanna makoma [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51600-55|~2026-51600-55]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51600-55|talk]]) 05:55, 24 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Parsamet == parsamet [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-51966-06|~2026-51966-06]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-51966-06|talk]]) 15:39, 27 Satumba 2026 (UTC) == Tambaya == wace shiya ce ake kira gidan dikko a cikin sokoto [[Musamman:Contributions/~2026-53210-05|~2026-53210-05]] ([[Tattaunawar user:~2026-53210-05|talk]]) 13:21, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) t245g4xz0blyuoy73pv03av2rtdi8aa Yakubu Muhammad 0 7313 962200 882824 2026-10-03T07:25:13Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1370863763|Yakubu Muhammed]]" 962200 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yakubu Mohammed''' Listen ⓘ ( wanda aka fi sani da: Yakubu Usman Shehu Abubakar El-Nafati ) (an haife shi 25 Maris 1973) [[Sinima a Najeriya|ɗan wasan Najeriya]] ne, furodusa, darakta, mawaƙa kuma marubucin rubutun. Shi jakadan [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] ne, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=The list of Glo ambassadors according to globacom website |url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,75946.0.html}}</ref> jakadan [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban|SDGs]] kuma a wani lokaci, jakadan Nescafe Beverage.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}Ya rera waƙoƙi sama da 1000, waɗanda aka nuna a fina-finan [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] sama da 100 da kuma fina-finan Turanci sama waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suka haɗa da; [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|Lionheart]], [[4th Republic|Jamhuriya ta 4]], ''[[Sons of the Caliphate]]'' da ''[[Shuga (TV series)|MTV Shuga,]]'' wanda hakan ya ba shi [[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|kyaututtukan City People Entertainment Awards]] da kuma [[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|kyaututtukan Nigeria Entertainment Awards]] . A cikin 2021, ya fito a cikin Collision Course, fim din Bolanle Austen-Peters wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar #EndSars. A wannan shekarar, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a karo na biyu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a na Netflix, Castle da Castle. == Sana'a == Yakubu Mohammed ya fara aiki a [[Kannywood]] tun a shekarar 1998 yana rubuta rubuce-rubuce kuma yana aiki a bayan fage. A cikin layin, ya sami horo a kan aikin yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki a cikin sahu da kuma manyan 'yan wasa, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara aiki. Yakubu a matsayinsa na mawakin kiɗa ya yi rikodin waƙoƙi sama da 1000 na waƙoƙin fim da kundin waƙoƙi a cikin [[harshen Hausa]] da Turanci. Bayan ya daɗe yana aiki daga baya, ya sami aikin fim na farko a cikin fim ɗin Gabar Cikin Gida <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Dandalin Fasahar Fina-finai – Salon Rubuta Labari a Fim |url=http://ha.rfi.fr/afrika/20160430-salon-rubuta-labari-fim |access-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |language=ha}}</ref> a shekarar 2013 inda ya fito tare da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa [[Sani Musa Danja]] . Ya fara fitowa a [[Nollywood|fina-finan Nollywood]] a shekarar 2016, inda ya fara fitowa a fim din ''[[Sons of the Caliphate]]'' tare da abokin aikinsa [[Rahama Sadau]] , sannan kuma ya fito a fina -finan MTV na ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]'' da [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|Lionheart]] . === Fina-finan Nollywood === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Note |- |2016 |''[[Sons of the Caliphate|Sons of The Caliphate]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Sons of the Caliphate |url=http://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/drama/sons-of-caliphate/ |website=Ebony life tv}}</ref>'' |Dikko |TV Series 25 episodes |- |2017 |''MTV Shuga Naija'' | | |- | |''Queen Amina'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''[[Makeroom|Make Room]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Makeroom |url=https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194541/https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Mingoroom}}</ref>'' | | |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|LionHeart]]'' |Hamza Maikano | |- | |''Asawana'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[4th Republic]]'' |Danladi | |- |''Tenant of The House<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenants of the house |url=https://nlist.ng/title/tenants-of-the-house-1270/}}</ref>'' |Hon. Samuel | |- |2015 |''Dark Closet<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=Dark Closet Nollywood Movie |url=https://naijagists.com/dark-closet-nollywood-movie-trailer-jibola-dabo-eucharia-anunobo-star-in-new-flick/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2018 |''Fantastic Numbers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Numbers Nollywood Movie |url=https://nlist.ng/title/fantastic-numbers-1414/}}</ref>'' | |Comedy Drama |- |2016 |''Walking Away<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=Walking Away Nollywood REinvented |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2016/11/walking-away.html}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''My Village Bride<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Village Bride – Liz Benson, Patience Ozokwor, Vitalis Ndubuisi, Bobby Obodo, Calista Okoronkwo, Mohammed Yakubu. |url=https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525221551/https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''Chauffeur<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Bobby Obodo loss his right eye while on movie set with Rita Dominic |url=https://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117142014/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>'' | | |- |2015 |''Damaged Petals<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=damaged-petal-nigeria |url=https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161253/https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Jerry | |- | |''Bunmi's Diary{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}'' | | |- |2015 |''Power of Tomorrow'' |Agent Kingsley |Drama |- | |''My Neighbor's Wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=my-neighbours-wives |url=https://nlist.ng/title/my-neighbours-wives-1161/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''My Wife's Lover<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=My wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii- yakubu |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109181035/https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Francis |Drama |- |2013 |''Blue Flames<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url=http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161251/http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''April Hotel<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html/April hotel |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''Women'' |Demola |Drama |- | |''Wings of A Dove<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/09/must-watch-trailer-zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2020 |''[[Badamasi]]'' |Prof. Jibril Aminu |Biography / History / Thriller | |- |2022 |''Rising: City of Dreams'' | |- | |''Invaders'' | |- | |''Wedding in Nigeria'' | |- | |''Aisha'' | |- | |''Ikemba'' | |- |2023 |''Love, Lust & Other Things'' |Bamaiyi Bako | |- | |''Beyond the Veil'' |Sadiq | |- | |''The Plan'' |Nasiru Koda | |- |2024 |''[[Hawan '93|Hijack '93]]'' |Usman |Disaster film |- | |''Kaka'' |- | |''Allura Cikin Ruwa'' |Maina | |- | |''The Kiss of Death'' |Musa | |- | |''The Suyis'' |Danjuma | |} === Fina-finan Kannywood === {| class="wikitable" |ND | ''Cikin Waye'' |- | rowspan="7" | 2013 | ''Gabar Cikin Gida'' |- | ''Da Kai Zan Gana'' |- | ''Mai Farin Jini'' |- | ''Nas'' |- | ''Romeo Da Jamila'' |- | ''Sani Nake So'' |- | ''Shu'uma (Muguwar Mace)'' |- | rowspan="7" | 2014 | ''Soyayya Da Shakuwa'' |- | ''So Aljannar Duniya'' |- | ''Sai A Lahira'' |- | ''Munubiya'' |- | ''Hakkin Miji'' |- | ''Duniyar Nan'' |- | ''Bikin Yar Gata'' |- | 2015 | ''Kayar Ruwa'' |- | rowspan="3" | 2016 | ''Ɗan Khalifanci'' |- | ''Hawaye Na'' |- | ''Yar Mulki'' |} == Duba kuma == [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3895956/?ref_=tt_ov_dr_1 IMDb] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] kff9oxc3ni1fj0wb25je4gok7a22hak 962203 962200 2026-10-03T07:26:20Z Baffa ali 47435 962203 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakubu Mohammed''' Listen ⓘ ( wanda aka fi sani da: Yakubu Usman Shehu Abubakar El-Nafati ) (an haife shi 25 Maris 1973) [[Sinima a Najeriya|ɗan wasan Najeriya]] ne, furodusa, darakta, mawaƙa kuma marubucin rubutun. Shi jakadan [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] ne, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=The list of Glo ambassadors according to globacom website |url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,75946.0.html}}</ref> jakadan [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban|SDGs]] kuma a wani lokaci, jakadan Nescafe Beverage.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}Ya rera waƙoƙi sama da 1000, waɗanda aka nuna a fina-finan [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] sama da 100 da kuma fina-finan Turanci sama waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suka haɗa da; [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|Lionheart]], [[4th Republic|Jamhuriya ta 4]], ''[[Sons of the Caliphate]]'' da ''[[Shuga (TV series)|MTV Shuga,]]'' wanda hakan ya ba shi [[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|kyaututtukan City People Entertainment Awards]] da kuma [[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|kyaututtukan Nigeria Entertainment Awards]] . == Sana'a == Yakubu Mohammed ya fara aiki a [[Kannywood]] tun a shekarar 1998 yana rubuta rubuce-rubuce kuma yana aiki a bayan fage. A cikin layin, ya sami horo a kan aikin yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki a cikin sahu da kuma manyan 'yan wasa, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara aiki. Yakubu a matsayinsa na mawakin kiɗa ya yi rikodin waƙoƙi sama da 1000 na waƙoƙin fim da kundin waƙoƙi a cikin [[harshen Hausa]] da Turanci. Bayan ya daɗe yana aiki daga baya, ya sami aikin fim na farko a cikin fim ɗin Gabar Cikin Gida <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Dandalin Fasahar Fina-finai – Salon Rubuta Labari a Fim |url=http://ha.rfi.fr/afrika/20160430-salon-rubuta-labari-fim |access-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |language=ha}}</ref> a shekarar 2013 inda ya fito tare da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa [[Sani Musa Danja]] . Ya fara fitowa a [[Nollywood|fina-finan Nollywood]] a shekarar 2016, inda ya fara fitowa a fim din ''[[Sons of the Caliphate]]'' tare da abokin aikinsa [[Rahama Sadau]] , sannan kuma ya fito a fina -finan MTV na ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]'' da [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|Lionheart]] . === Fina-finan Nollywood === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Note |- |2016 |''[[Sons of the Caliphate|Sons of The Caliphate]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Sons of the Caliphate |url=http://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/drama/sons-of-caliphate/ |website=Ebony life tv}}</ref>'' |Dikko |TV Series 25 episodes |- |2017 |''MTV Shuga Naija'' | | |- | |''Queen Amina'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''[[Makeroom|Make Room]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Makeroom |url=https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194541/https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Mingoroom}}</ref>'' | | |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|LionHeart]]'' |Hamza Maikano | |- | |''Asawana'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[4th Republic]]'' |Danladi | |- |''Tenant of The House<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenants of the house |url=https://nlist.ng/title/tenants-of-the-house-1270/}}</ref>'' |Hon. Samuel | |- |2015 |''Dark Closet<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=Dark Closet Nollywood Movie |url=https://naijagists.com/dark-closet-nollywood-movie-trailer-jibola-dabo-eucharia-anunobo-star-in-new-flick/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2018 |''Fantastic Numbers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Numbers Nollywood Movie |url=https://nlist.ng/title/fantastic-numbers-1414/}}</ref>'' | |Comedy Drama |- |2016 |''Walking Away<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=Walking Away Nollywood REinvented |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2016/11/walking-away.html}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''My Village Bride<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Village Bride – Liz Benson, Patience Ozokwor, Vitalis Ndubuisi, Bobby Obodo, Calista Okoronkwo, Mohammed Yakubu. |url=https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525221551/https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''Chauffeur<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Bobby Obodo loss his right eye while on movie set with Rita Dominic |url=https://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117142014/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>'' | | |- |2015 |''Damaged Petals<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=damaged-petal-nigeria |url=https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161253/https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Jerry | |- | |''Bunmi's Diary{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}'' | | |- |2015 |''Power of Tomorrow'' |Agent Kingsley |Drama |- | |''My Neighbor's Wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=my-neighbours-wives |url=https://nlist.ng/title/my-neighbours-wives-1161/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''My Wife's Lover<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=My wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii- yakubu |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109181035/https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Francis |Drama |- |2013 |''Blue Flames<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url=http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161251/http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''April Hotel<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html/April hotel |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''Women'' |Demola |Drama |- | |''Wings of A Dove<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/09/must-watch-trailer-zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2020 |''[[Badamasi]]'' |Prof. Jibril Aminu |Biography / History / Thriller | |- |2022 |''Rising: City of Dreams'' | |- | |''Invaders'' | |- | |''Wedding in Nigeria'' | |- | |''Aisha'' | |- | |''Ikemba'' | |- |2023 |''Love, Lust & Other Things'' |Bamaiyi Bako | |- | |''Beyond the Veil'' |Sadiq | |- | |''The Plan'' |Nasiru Koda | |- |2024 |''[[Hawan '93|Hijack '93]]'' |Usman |Disaster film |- | |''Kaka'' |- | |''Allura Cikin Ruwa'' |Maina | |- | |''The Kiss of Death'' |Musa | |- | |''The Suyis'' |Danjuma | |} === Fina-finan Kannywood === {| class="wikitable" |ND | ''Cikin Waye'' |- | rowspan="7" | 2013 | ''Gabar Cikin Gida'' |- | ''Da Kai Zan Gana'' |- | ''Mai Farin Jini'' |- | ''Nas'' |- | ''Romeo Da Jamila'' |- | ''Sani Nake So'' |- | ''Shu'uma (Muguwar Mace)'' |- | rowspan="7" | 2014 | ''Soyayya Da Shakuwa'' |- | ''So Aljannar Duniya'' |- | ''Sai A Lahira'' |- | ''Munubiya'' |- | ''Hakkin Miji'' |- | ''Duniyar Nan'' |- | ''Bikin Yar Gata'' |- | 2015 | ''Kayar Ruwa'' |- | rowspan="3" | 2016 | ''Ɗan Khalifanci'' |- | ''Hawaye Na'' |- | ''Yar Mulki'' |} == Duba kuma == [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3895956/?ref_=tt_ov_dr_1 IMDb] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] 3tbpgknveufrb8j1sx2di6xzzwip0ru 962205 962203 2026-10-03T07:28:12Z Baffa ali 47435 962205 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yakubu Mohammed''' Listen ⓘ ( wanda aka fi sani da: Yakubu Usman Shehu Abubakar El-Nafati ) (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga watan Maris shekara ta 1973) [[Sinima a Najeriya|ɗan wasan Najeriya]] ne, furodusa, darakta, mawaƙa kuma marubucin rubutun. Shi jakadan [[Glo (kamfani)|Globacom]] ne, <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 August 2011 |title=The list of Glo ambassadors according to globacom website |url=https://www.gistmania.com/talk/topic,75946.0.html}}</ref> jakadan [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban|SDGs]] kuma a wani lokaci, jakadan Nescafe Beverage.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2023}}Ya rera waƙoƙi sama da 1000, waɗanda aka nuna a fina-finan [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]] sama da 100 da kuma fina-finan Turanci sama waɗanda wasu daga cikinsu suka haɗa da; [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|Lionheart]], [[4th Republic|Jamhuriya ta 4]], ''[[Sons of the Caliphate]]'' da ''[[Shuga (TV series)|MTV Shuga,]]'' wanda hakan ya ba shi [[Kyautar fim ta Mutanen birni|kyaututtukan City People Entertainment Awards]] da kuma [[Kyautar Nishaɗi ta Najeriya ta 2015|kyaututtukan Nigeria Entertainment Awards]] . == Sana'a == Yakubu Mohammed ya fara aiki a [[Kannywood]] tun a shekarar 1998 yana rubuta rubuce-rubuce kuma yana aiki a bayan fage. A cikin layin, ya sami horo a kan aikin yayin da yake ci gaba da aiki a cikin sahu da kuma manyan 'yan wasa, kuma ba da daɗewa ba ya fara aiki. Yakubu a matsayinsa na mawakin kiɗa ya yi rikodin waƙoƙi sama da 1000 na waƙoƙin fim da kundin waƙoƙi a cikin [[harshen Hausa]] da Turanci. Bayan ya daɗe yana aiki daga baya, ya sami aikin fim na farko a cikin fim ɗin Gabar Cikin Gida <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 April 2016 |title=Dandalin Fasahar Fina-finai – Salon Rubuta Labari a Fim |url=http://ha.rfi.fr/afrika/20160430-salon-rubuta-labari-fim |access-date=24 May 2019 |publisher=Radio France Internationale |language=ha}}</ref> a shekarar 2013 inda ya fito tare da abokinsa kuma abokin aikinsa [[Sani Musa Danja]] . Ya fara fitowa a [[Nollywood|fina-finan Nollywood]] a shekarar 2016, inda ya fara fitowa a fim din ''[[Sons of the Caliphate]]'' tare da abokin aikinsa [[Rahama Sadau]] , sannan kuma ya fito a fina -finan MTV na ''[[Shuga (TV series)|Shuga]]'' da [[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|Lionheart]] . === Fina-finan Nollywood === {| class="wikitable sortable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Note |- |2016 |''[[Sons of the Caliphate|Sons of The Caliphate]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 September 2016 |title=Sons of the Caliphate |url=http://ebonylifetv.com/programming/ebonylife-homegrown/drama/sons-of-caliphate/ |website=Ebony life tv}}</ref>'' |Dikko |TV Series 25 episodes |- |2017 |''MTV Shuga Naija'' | | |- | |''Queen Amina'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2018 |''[[Makeroom|Make Room]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 November 2018 |title=Makeroom |url=https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190524194541/https://mingooland.com/2018/11/robert-peters-new-movie-makeroom-is-about-boko-haram-with-all-the-violence-heres-the-trailer/ |archive-date=24 May 2019 |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=Mingoroom}}</ref>'' | | |- |''[[Lionheart (fim na 2018)|LionHeart]]'' |Hamza Maikano | |- | |''Asawana'' | | |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |''[[4th Republic]]'' |Danladi | |- |''Tenant of The House<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tenants of the house |url=https://nlist.ng/title/tenants-of-the-house-1270/}}</ref>'' |Hon. Samuel | |- |2015 |''Dark Closet<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 February 2015 |title=Dark Closet Nollywood Movie |url=https://naijagists.com/dark-closet-nollywood-movie-trailer-jibola-dabo-eucharia-anunobo-star-in-new-flick/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2018 |''Fantastic Numbers<ref>{{Cite web |title=Fantastic Numbers Nollywood Movie |url=https://nlist.ng/title/fantastic-numbers-1414/}}</ref>'' | |Comedy Drama |- |2016 |''Walking Away<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 November 2016 |title=Walking Away Nollywood REinvented |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2016/11/walking-away.html}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''My Village Bride<ref>{{Cite web |title=My Village Bride – Liz Benson, Patience Ozokwor, Vitalis Ndubuisi, Bobby Obodo, Calista Okoronkwo, Mohammed Yakubu. |url=https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525221551/https://nollywoodmoviereview.com/movie/my-village-bride-liz-benson-patience-ozokworvitalis-ndubuisi-bobby-obodocalista-okoronkwo-mohammed-yakubu/ |archive-date=25 May 2019 |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''Chauffeur<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 January 2017 |title=Bobby Obodo loss his right eye while on movie set with Rita Dominic |url=https://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170117142014/http://nollywoodcommunity.com/bobby-obodo-loss-right-eye-movie-set-rita-dominic/ |archive-date=17 January 2017}}</ref>'' | | |- |2015 |''Damaged Petals<ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=damaged-petal-nigeria |url=https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161253/https://3marilynthemedia.cf/db/watching-full-movies-damaged-petal-nigeria-hdrip-mkv-4k.html |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Jerry | |- | |''Bunmi's Diary{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2019}}'' | | |- |2015 |''Power of Tomorrow'' |Agent Kingsley |Drama |- | |''My Neighbor's Wife<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2017 |title=my-neighbours-wives |url=https://nlist.ng/title/my-neighbours-wives-1161/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''My Wife's Lover<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2017 |title=My wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii- yakubu |url=https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109181035/https://www.thenetnaija.com/videos/nollywood/4445-my-wifes-lover-nonso-diobi-munachi-abii |archive-date=9 November 2021 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' |Francis |Drama |- |2013 |''Blue Flames<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 April 2013 |title=premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url=http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528161251/http://www.nigstars.com/abuja-premiere-of-blue-flames/ |archive-date=28 May 2019 |access-date=28 May 2019}}</ref>'' | | |- | |''April Hotel<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 August 2016 |title=yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html/April hotel |url=https://www.lindaikejisblog.com/2016/08/yakubu-mohammed-wins-city-peoples-best.html}}</ref>'' | | |- |2017 |''Women'' |Demola |Drama |- | |''Wings of A Dove<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2018 |title=zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/09/must-watch-trailer-zack-orji-sani-danja-yakubu-mohammed-star-omoni-obolis-wings-dove/}}</ref>'' | | |- |2020 |''[[Badamasi]]'' |Prof. Jibril Aminu |Biography / History / Thriller | |- |2022 |''Rising: City of Dreams'' | |- | |''Invaders'' | |- | |''Wedding in Nigeria'' | |- | |''Aisha'' | |- | |''Ikemba'' | |- |2023 |''Love, Lust & Other Things'' |Bamaiyi Bako | |- | |''Beyond the Veil'' |Sadiq | |- | |''The Plan'' |Nasiru Koda | |- |2024 |''[[Hawan '93|Hijack '93]]'' |Usman |Disaster film |- | |''Kaka'' |- | |''Allura Cikin Ruwa'' |Maina | |- | |''The Kiss of Death'' |Musa | |- | |''The Suyis'' |Danjuma | |} === Fina-finan Kannywood === {| class="wikitable" |ND | ''Cikin Waye'' |- | rowspan="7" | 2013 | ''Gabar Cikin Gida'' |- | ''Da Kai Zan Gana'' |- | ''Mai Farin Jini'' |- | ''Nas'' |- | ''Romeo Da Jamila'' |- | ''Sani Nake So'' |- | ''Shu'uma (Muguwar Mace)'' |- | rowspan="7" | 2014 | ''Soyayya Da Shakuwa'' |- | ''So Aljannar Duniya'' |- | ''Sai A Lahira'' |- | ''Munubiya'' |- | ''Hakkin Miji'' |- | ''Duniyar Nan'' |- | ''Bikin Yar Gata'' |- | 2015 | ''Kayar Ruwa'' |- | rowspan="3" | 2016 | ''Ɗan Khalifanci'' |- | ''Hawaye Na'' |- | ''Yar Mulki'' |} == Duba kuma == [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3895956/?ref_=tt_ov_dr_1 IMDb] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1973]] olgfjlvkxb9ejeh2sk90zp0bjm5nsrw Akko (Nijeriya) 0 9389 962086 784662 2026-10-02T22:16:48Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 /* Harsuna */ 962086 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Akko''' [[Kananan Hukumomin Nijeriya|karamar hukuma]] ce dake [[Jihar Gombe]] a [[Arewacin Najeriya|arewa]] maso gabashin [[Nijeriya]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Akko-Nigeria|title=Rome2rio: Discover how to get to Akko from anywhere.|website=Rome2rio|language=en|access-date=2020-03-30|archive-date=2019-11-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106051422/https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Akko-Nigeria|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Kumo, Najeriya|Kumo]] itace hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar Akko.<ref>https://dailynigerian.com/gombe-rep-construct-schools/</ref> Sa annan Sakateriyar ƙaramar Hukumar Akko yana cikin garin [[Kumo, Najeriya|Kumo]] Akko LGA, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe State]]. Garuruwa ko anguwannin da ke Akko sune kamar su Gona, [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo,_Gombe,_Nigeria kumo], [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindiga_Town pindiga], Garin Garba, Jalingo, Jauro tukur, Kembu, kumo north, Garko, Kumo east, panda, kumo central, Lergo, Garin liman kumo, Marraraban Tumu da sauran su. Ƙaramar hukumar Akko tana cikin garin [[Kumo]] kuma wannan yanki ya ƙunshi [[Gona]], [[Kumo]], Pindiga, Garin Garba, [[Jalingo]] Jauro Tukur, Kembu, Kumo North, Kumo East, Panda, Kumo Central, Lergo, Garin Liman Kumo, Mararraban-Tum. , Tashan Magarya, da dai kuma sauransu. Ƙaramar hukumar Akko tana karkashin jihar Gombe ne kuma gwamna mai ci Alhaji [[Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya]] ke mulki a karkashin jam’iyyar '''[[All Progressives Congress]]''' (APC).<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Akko-Nigeria |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-08-22 |archive-date=2022-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220822072535/https://www.rome2rio.com/s/Akko-Nigeria |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://tribuneonlineng.com/gombe-governor-dissolves-lgcs-directs-handover-to-senior-officers/</ref><ref>https://dailytrust.com/ipac-kicks-against-plans-to-appoint-lg-caretaker-chairmen-in-gombe/</ref> == Harsuna == Ƙaramar hukumar Akko nada yaruka daban-daban wanda a ƙalla sunkai yaruka talatin (30) ake magana dasu a cikin ta, amma yaren da suka fi yawan amfani dashi a wajen magana shine [[Fulani]] da [[Hausawa|Hausa]].<ref><nowiki>https://www.ethnologue.com/country/NG</nowiki></ref> == Ilimi == Akko nada jami'ar tarayya guda ɗaya wato [https://fuk.admissions.cloud/ Federal University Kashere] wanda take a garin Kashere.<ref><nowiki>https://oer.fukashere.edu.ng/login</nowiki></ref> [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_State_University_of_Science_and_Technology,_Kumo Gombe state University of Science and Technology]<ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/more-news/571033-buhari-mourns-ex-vc-of-three-nigerian-universities.html</ref> == Manazarta == [[Category:Kananan hukumomin jihar Gombe]] j16c53e2u9d9z6xf0bfew2b21qlero4 Arsenal F.C. 0 10164 961945 958968 2026-10-02T17:25:09Z Usmanmaifada 20279 961945 wikitext text/x-wiki Ề{{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar [[ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] matakin farko na kwallon kafa ta Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), rikodin Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga ƙungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala ƙarni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon ƙafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa cikin shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya it birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal acikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shi ne Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup acikin shekara ta 1889-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1890 da London Senior Cup acikin shekara ta 1890-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1891; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin shekara ta 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly I |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi acikin shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> ===A shekara 1912 zuwa 1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === Acikin shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin da akayi acikin shekara ta 1914-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1915. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman acikin shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na cikin shekara ta 1933-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1934,sannan acikin shekara ta 1934-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1935, da kuma acikin shekara ta kofin fA hakan tafaru ne acikin shekara ta 1937-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1938, sannan kuma sun ci gaba lashe Kofin FA na cikin shekara ta 1936. <ref>{{Cite webda |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin da akayi acikin shekara ta 1947-zuwa cikin shakara ta 1948. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko acikin shekara ta 1971), wanda aka zana acikin shekara ta 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun cikin shekara ta 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 1962 dakuma cikin shakara ta 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a shekarar 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko acikin shekara ta 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din acikin shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoban shekara ta 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu ne acikin shekara ta 1997-98 da na uku acikin shekara ta 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-zuwa ciki shekara ta 2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2003 zuwa ranar 24 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama acikin shekara ta 2019-zuwa cikin shakara ta 2020 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga cikin shakara ta 1994-zuwa cikin shakara ta 1995, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar ne acikin shekara ta 2020-har zuwa cikin shakara ta 2021 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Acikin kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta acikin shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (acikin shekara ta 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, acikin shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu acikin kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 47ozb7jjge1ttwuidhwdrh3ww0xy3mf 961946 961945 2026-10-02T17:26:37Z Usmanmaifada 20279 961946 wikitext text/x-wiki Ề{{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar [[ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal''' ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] matakin farko na kwallon kafa ta Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), jimillar Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na Turai, sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga ƙungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala ƙarni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon ƙafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da FA Cup sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa cikin shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya it birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024, <ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal acikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shi ne Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup acikin shekara ta 1889-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1890 da London Senior Cup acikin shekara ta 1890-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1891; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin shekara ta 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly I |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi acikin shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> ===A shekara 1912 zuwa 1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === Acikin shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin da akayi acikin shekara ta 1914-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1915. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman acikin shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na cikin shekara ta 1933-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1934,sannan acikin shekara ta 1934-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1935, da kuma acikin shekara ta kofin fA hakan tafaru ne acikin shekara ta 1937-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1938, sannan kuma sun ci gaba lashe Kofin FA na cikin shekara ta 1936. <ref>{{Cite webda |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin da akayi acikin shekara ta 1947-zuwa cikin shakara ta 1948. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko acikin shekara ta 1971), wanda aka zana acikin shekara ta 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun cikin shekara ta 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 1962 dakuma cikin shakara ta 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a shekarar 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko acikin shekara ta 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din acikin shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoban shekara ta 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu ne acikin shekara ta 1997-98 da na uku acikin shekara ta 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-zuwa ciki shekara ta 2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2003 zuwa ranar 24 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama acikin shekara ta 2019-zuwa cikin shakara ta 2020 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga cikin shakara ta 1994-zuwa cikin shakara ta 1995, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar ne acikin shekara ta 2020-har zuwa cikin shakara ta 2021 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Acikin kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta acikin shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (acikin shekara ta 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, acikin shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu acikin kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> 16fx00ofnellaafz1qsyiv7qiopr0x4 961947 961946 2026-10-02T17:31:06Z Usmanmaifada 20279 961947 wikitext text/x-wiki Ề{{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar [[ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal:''' ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] matakin farko na kwallon kafa ta Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), jimillar Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na [[Turai]], sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga ƙungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala ƙarni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon ƙafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da [[FA Cup]] sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa cikin shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya it birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal acikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shi ne Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup acikin shekara ta 1889-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1890 da London Senior Cup acikin shekara ta 1890-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1891; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin shekara ta 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly I |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi acikin shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> ===A shekara 1912 zuwa 1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === Acikin shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin da akayi acikin shekara ta 1914-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1915. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman acikin shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na cikin shekara ta 1933-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1934,sannan acikin shekara ta 1934-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1935, da kuma acikin shekara ta kofin fA hakan tafaru ne acikin shekara ta 1937-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1938, sannan kuma sun ci gaba lashe Kofin FA na cikin shekara ta 1936. <ref>{{Cite webda |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin da akayi acikin shekara ta 1947-zuwa cikin shakara ta 1948. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko acikin shekara ta 1971), wanda aka zana acikin shekara ta 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun cikin shekara ta 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 1962 dakuma cikin shakara ta 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a shekarar 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko acikin shekara ta 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din acikin shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoban shekara ta 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu ne acikin shekara ta 1997-98 da na uku acikin shekara ta 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-zuwa ciki shekara ta 2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2003 zuwa ranar 24 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama acikin shekara ta 2019-zuwa cikin shakara ta 2020 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga cikin shakara ta 1994-zuwa cikin shakara ta 1995, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar ne acikin shekara ta 2020-har zuwa cikin shakara ta 2021 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Acikin kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta acikin shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (acikin shekara ta 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, acikin shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu acikin kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> mgr0nsr0exat3mul7qovc5q2s89mr2q 961950 961947 2026-10-02T17:38:14Z Usmanmaifada 20279 /* Tarihi */ 961950 wikitext text/x-wiki Ề{{Mukala mai kyau}}{{Databox}} '''Ƙungiyar [[ƙungiyar Kwallon Kafa|kwallon kafa]] ta Arsenal:''' ƙungiya ce ta ƙwararrun [[Tsarin gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Ingila|Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila]] da ke zaune a Islington, Arewacin London, Ingila. Suna fafatawa a [[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] matakin farko na kwallon kafa ta Ingila. A cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na cikin gida, Arsenal ta lashe lambobin league 13 (ciki har da lambar yabo guda ɗaya da ba a ci ba), jimillar Kofin FA 14, Kofin League 2, 17 FA Community Shields da kuma Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa. A cikin Kwallon ƙafa na [[Turai]], sun lashe kofin Turai guda ɗaya da kuma kofin Inter-Cities Fairs guda ɗaya. Dangane da kyaututtuka da aka samu, ita ce kulob na uku mafi nasara a kwallon kafa na Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal FC – history, facts and records |url=https://www.footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230925230002/https://footballhistory.org/club/arsenal.html |archive-date=25 September 2023 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=footballhistory.org}}</ref> Arsenal ita ce kulob din farko daga kudancin Ingila da ta shiga gasar kwallon kafa acikin shekara ta 1893, a hukumance ta shiga ƙungiyar farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Arsenal tana ɗaukar matsayi mafi tsawo a cikin rukunin farko (sama da shekaru 105 da ƙidaya) kuma ta kammala ƙarni na 20 tare da matsayi mafi girma na kowane kulob.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a tarihin kwallon ƙafa na Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1930, Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun League biyar da kofin FA guda biyu, tare da wani kofin FA da wasu kofin biyu da suka zo bayan yakin. A cikin shekara ta 1970-zuwa ciki shekara ta 1971, ta lashe gasar League da [[FA Cup]] sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1989 zuwa cikin shekara ta 2005, kulob din ya lashe gasar zakarun Turai biyar da kofin FA guda biyar, ciki har da karin sau biyu. Tsakanin shekara ta 1998 da 2017, Arsenal ta cancanci [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai ta UEFA]] don rikodin kwallon kafa na Ingila na shekaru goma sha tara a jere.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dawson |first=Alan |title=Here's how much money Arsenal has lost after failing to qualify for the Champions League |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240417140419/https://www.businessinsider.com/arsenal-will-lose-50-million-if-the-club-fail-to-qualify-for-the-champions-league-2017-5 |archive-date=17 April 2024 |access-date=2024-04-17 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1886, ma'aikatan makamai a Royal Arsenal a Woolwich sun kafa kulob din a matsayin Dial Square . A shekara ta 1913, kulob din ya it birnin zuwa [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury, ya zama makwabta na kusa da [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], don haka ya haifar da wasan derby na Arewacin London. Herbert Chapman ya lashe kulob din azurfa na farko, kuma abin da ya bari ya ba da damar yin amfani da ganima a cikin shekarun 1930. Ya taimaka wajen gabatar da tsarin WM, fitilu, da Lambobin rigar; <ref name="Herbert Chapman Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Herbert Chapman |url=http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160418113836/http://www.nationalfootballmuseum.com/halloffame/herbert-chapman |archive-date=18 April 2016 |access-date=20 March 2016 |publisher=National Football Museum}}</ref> ya kuma kara fararen hannayen hannu da ja mai haske ga rigar kulob din. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200711145624/http://historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=11 July 2020 |access-date=11 July 2020 |website= |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> Arsène Wenger shine kocin kulob din da ya fi dadewa kuma ya lashe mafi yawan kyaututtuka. Ya lashe kofin FA guda bakwai, kuma tawagarsa ta uku kuma ta karshe da ta lashe lambar yabo ta kafa rikodin Ingila don mafi tsawo acikin wasanni 49 tsakanin shekara ta 2003 dakuma cikin shekara ta 2004, yana karɓar laƙabi The Invincibles . Acikin shekara ta 2006, kulob din ya koma Filin wasa na Emirates da ke kusa. Tare da kudaden shiga na shekara-shekara na £ 616.6m a cikin kakar wasa ta cikin shekara ta 2023-zuwa cikin shekara ta 2024,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-09-28 |title=Financial Results |url=https://www.arsenal.com/the-club/corporate-info/arsenal-holdings-financial-results |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Financial Results |language=en}}</ref> ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta Arsenal ta kai dala biliyan 3.4, yana mai da ita kulob din kwallon kafa na takwas mafi daraja a duniya,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal on the Forbes Soccer Team Valuations List |url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/arsenal/ |access-date=2025-09-28 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> yayin da kuma kasancewa daya daga cikin ƙungiyoyin wasanni da aka fi bi a duniya a kan [[Dandalin Sada Zumunta|kafofin sada zumunta]]. Taken kulob din shine ''Victoria Concordia Crescit'', Latin don "Victory Through Harmony". == Tarihi == === 1886-1912: Dial Square zuwa Royal Arsenal === [[Fayil:Arsenal_1888_squad_photo.jpg|thumb|Royal Arsenal tawaga ne a cikin shekara ta 1888. Kyaftin din asali David Danskin yana zaune a hannun dama na benci.]] Acikin watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1886, dan kasar Scotland David Danskin da abokan aikin makamai goma sha biyar a Woolwich sun kafa kungiyar kwallon kafa ta Dial Square, mai suna bayan wani bita a tsakiyar Royal Arsenal. Kowane memba ya ba da gudummawa shida, kuma Danskin ya kara shillings uku don taimakawa wajen kafa kulob din.<ref name="dialsquare">{{Cite web |title='Royal Arsenal' formed in Woolwich |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725142641/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/-royal-arsenal-formed-in-woolwich |archive-date=25 July 2022 |access-date=2 November 2018 |website=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [bayanin 1] Dial Square ta buga wasan farko a ranar 11 ga watan Disamban shekara ta 1886 a kan Eastern Wanderers kuma ta ci 6-0. An sake sunan kulob din Royal Arsenal acikin watan Janairun shekara ta 1887,<ref name="Royal Arsenal name">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=13 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Royal Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501065626/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7726 |archive-date=1 May 2015 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> kuma gidansa na farko shi ne Plumstead Common, kodayake sun shafe mafi yawan lokutan su suna wasa a Manor Ground.{{Sfn|Masters|1995}} Kyaututtuka na farko da suka samu sune Kent Senior Cup da London Charity Cup acikin shekara ta 1889-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1890 da London Senior Cup acikin shekara ta 1890-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1891; waɗannan su ne kawai kyaututtuka da Arsenal ta samu a lokacin da suke a Kudu maso Gabashin London.<ref name="FirstCountyCup">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=7 March 2012 |title=121 Years ago today – Royal Arsenal's last trophy " The History of Arsenal |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605041507/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3154 |archive-date=5 June 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk}}</ref> Acikin shekara ta 1891, Royal Arsenal ya zama kulob din farko na London da ya zama kwararre.<ref name="TurnProfessional">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=9 May 2017 |title=Royal Arsenal FC Turn Professional – The Truth |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170923114343/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14579 |archive-date=23 September 2017 |access-date=23 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> An sake sunan Royal Arsenal a karo na biyu bayan ya zama kamfani mai iyaka a cikin shekara ta 1893. Sun yi rajistar sabon sunansu, Woolwich Arsenal, tare da Kungiyar kwallon kafa lokacin da kulob din ya hau daga baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly I |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=20 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Woolwich Arsenal |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205024313/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7728 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |access-date=11 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> : 5-21 Woolwich Arsenal ita ce ta farko a kudancin kungiyar kwallon kafa, ta fara ne a rukuni na biyu kuma ta kai rukuni na farko acikin shekara ta 1904. Rashin halartar taron, saboda matsalolin kudi tsakanin ma'aikatan makamai da isowar kungiyoyin kwallon kafa da suka fi dacewa a wasu wurare a cikin birni, ya jagoranci kulob din kusa da fatarar kuɗi acikin shekara ta 1910. <ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Sally |date=December 2007 |title=Woolwich Arsenal 1910 – the arrival of Hall and Norris |url=http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410074122/http://www.wrightanddavis.co.uk/Norris/SLWA10.html |archive-date=10 April 2016 |access-date=11 July 2016 |website=wrightanddavis.co.uk}}</ref> : 112-149 'Yan kasuwa Henry Norris da William Hall sun shiga cikin kulob din, kuma sun nemi su motsa su zuwa wani wuri.<ref name="arsenal2012" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=12 April 2017 |title=Did Henry Norris Really Buy Arsenal? |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422072349/http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=14520 |archive-date=22 April 2017 |access-date=24 September 2017 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> ===A shekara 1912 zuwa 1925: Bankin Ingila kulob din === Acikin shekara ta 1913, ba da daɗewa ba bayan sake komawa zuwa Sashe na Biyu, kulob din ya koma haye kogi zuwa sabon [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] a Highbury.<ref name="Kay">{{Cite journal |last=Kay |first=Joyce |year=2008 |title=It Wasn't Just Emily Davison! Sport, Suffrage and Society in Edwardian Britain |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/09523360802212271 |url-status=live |journal=The International Journal of the History of Sport |volume=25 |issue=10 |pages=1343–1346 |doi=10.1080/09523360802212271 |issn=0952-3367 |s2cid=154063364 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230917130504/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09523360802212271 |archive-date=17 September 2023 |access-date=27 September 2021 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Club moves from Woolwich to Highbury |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927195634/https://www.arsenal.com/history/laying-the-foundations/club-moves-from-woolwich-to-highbury |archive-date=27 September 2021 |access-date=27 September 2021 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 1919, Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa ta kada kuri'a don inganta Arsenal, maimakon masu adawa da gida [[Tottenham Hotspur FC|Tottenham Hotspur]], a cikin sabon rukunin farko, duk da kammala na biyar a cikin rukunin na biyu na karshe kafin yakin da akayi acikin shekara ta 1914-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1915. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Arsenal ta fara sauke "The" a cikin takardun hukuma, a hankali ta sauya sunanta a karo na karshe zuwa Arsenal, kamar yadda aka fi sani a yau.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |last2=Andrews |first2=Mark |date=30 January 2014 |title=How Arsenal's Name Changed – Arsenal F.C. |url=http://www.thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150806204052/http://thearsenalhistory.com/?p=7732 |archive-date=6 August 2015 |access-date=12 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> [[Fayil:Herbert_Chapman_bust_20050922.jpg|right|thumb|Wani tagulla na Herbert Chapman yana tsaye a cikin Filin wasa na Emirates.]] === 1925-1934: Gunners na Herbert Chapman === Yanayin Arsenal da kuma kyautar albashin da aka bayar ya ja hankalin tauraruwar Huddersfield Town Herbert Chapman acikin shekarar 1925. A cikin shekaru biyar masu zuwa, Chapman ya gina sabon Arsenal na juyin juya hali. Da farko, ya nada sabon mai horar da shi, Tom Whittaker wanda wata rana zai tashi ya zama sanannen manajan Arsenal da kansa.{{Sfn|Whittaker|Peskett|1957}} Tare da taimakon mai kunnawa Charlie Buchan, ya aiwatar da tsarin WM wanda zai zama tushen tushe ga kayan aikinsa.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Charlie Buchan}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last3=Jonathan Wilson (writer)}}</ref> Ya kuma kama matasa masu basira kamar Cliff Bastin da Eddie Hapgood, yayin da yake ba da babbar kudin shiga ta Highbury a kan taurari kamar David Jack da Alex James. === 1934-1947: Shaw, Allison da Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu === Mutuwar Chapman tana nufin aikin ya bar wa abokan aikinsa Joe Shaw da George Allison, tare da dukansu sun tabbatar da kasancewa masu basira da cikakkun masu kula da ƙungiyar Chapman ta Arsenal, suna ganin hat-trick na nasarar league tare da lakabi na cikin shekara ta 1933-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1934,sannan acikin shekara ta 1934-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1935, da kuma acikin shekara ta kofin fA hakan tafaru ne acikin shekara ta 1937-zuwa cikin shekara ta 1938, sannan kuma sun ci gaba lashe Kofin FA na cikin shekara ta 1936.<ref>{{Cite webda |title=Joe Shaw |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170722210145/http://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEshawJ.htm |archive-date=22 July 2017 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=George Allison |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128085228/https://www.spartacus-educational.com/ARSENALallison.htm |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref> === 1947-1962: Gunners na Tom Whittaker === Duk da wannan lokacin tashin hankali da rikici, Arsenal ta dawo don lashe gasar a karo na biyu bayan yakin da akayi acikin shekara ta 1947-zuwa cikin shakara ta 1948. Wannan shine kakar wasa ta farko ta Tom Whittaker a matsayin kocin, kuma yana nufin kulob din ya daidaita da rikodin zakaran Ingila.<ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref> Whittaker, duk da halin da yake da shi na tawali'u da tawali'unsa, ana kiransa "ƙwaƙwalwa" a bayan sanannen kungiyar Arsenal ta Chapman.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tom Whittaker |url=https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230422190134/https://spartacus-educational.com/ARSEwhittaker.htm |archive-date=22 April 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Spartacus Educational}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=4 June 2015 |title=How did Tom Whittaker get Chapman to believe in him, and other anniversaries – The History of Arsenal |url=https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240923022652/https://blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/12161 |archive-date=23 September 2024 |access-date=25 November 2023 |language=en-GB}}</ref> Ya tara ƙungiyar Arsenal mai cin nasara kuma mai ƙwarewa sosai duk da ƙarancin albarkatu, tare da salon wuta da faɗaɗa wanda ya haifar da babbar murya a lokacin.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> === 1962-1984: Billy Wright, Bertie Mee da Terry Neill === [[Fayil:Alan_Ball_and_Bertie_Mee.png|thumb|Alan Ball (hagu) da Bertie Mee (wanda ya jagoranci Arsenal zuwa sau biyu na farko acikin shekara ta 1971), wanda aka zana acikin shekara ta 1972]] Arsenal ba za ta lashe League ko FA Cup ba har tsawon shekaru 18. Kungiyar '53 Champions ta tsufa, kuma kulob din ya kasa jawo hankalin masu karfi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Post-War Arsenal&nbsp;– Overview |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090302080424/http://www.arsenal.com/history/post-war-arsenal/post-war-arsenal-overview |archive-date=2 March 2009 |access-date=27 November 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Kodayake Arsenal sun kasance masu gasa a cikin waɗannan shekarun, dukiyarsu ta ragu; kulob din ya shafe mafi yawan shekarun cikin shekara ta 1950 da 1960 a tsakiyar tebur.{{Sfn|Sowman|Wilson|2016}} Ko da tsohon kyaftin din Ingila Billy Wright bai iya kawo kulob din wani nasara ba a matsayin kocin, a cikin wani lokaci tsakanin shekara ta 1962 dakuma cikin shakara ta 1966. === 1984-1996: Arsenal na George Graham === [[Fayil:Tony_Adams_Statue.jpg|left|thumb|Hoton [[Tony Adams]] a waje da Filin wasa na Emirates]] Ɗaya daga cikin masu cin nasara sau biyu na Mee, George Graham, ya dawo a matsayin kocin a shekarar 1986, tare da Arsenal ta lashe kofin League na farko acikin shekara ta 1987, kakar farko ta Graham a matsayin mai kula. Sabbin sa hannu Nigel Winterburn, Lee Dixon da Steve Bould sun shiga kulob din acikin shekarar 1988 don kammala "mashahurin Back Four", karkashin jagorancin dan wasan gida [[Tony Adams]]. [bayanin 3] Ka'idar Graham na ba da fifiko ga ƙwarewar tsaro da alama ta yi karo da al'adun gargajiya na kulob din a kusa da kwallon kafa, kuma mutane da yawa suna da shakku ko zai yi aiki tare da matasa a kulob din din a wannan lokacin; duk da haka, hanyoyinsa da sauri sun sami addini bayan nasarorin farko.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 May 2017 |title=Graham's Glory Years |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611174653/https://www.arsenal.com/history/grahams-glory-years/graham-s-glory-years-overview |archive-date=11 June 2023 |access-date=1 October 2023 |website=Graham's Glory Years}}</ref> === 1996-2018: Shekaru na Arsene Wenger === [[Fayil:GoldInvinciblesTrophy.jpg|alt=|thumb|Bayan kammala kakar Premier League guda daya da ba a ci nasara ba, an ba da kyautar zinare ta musamman ga Arsenal.]] Kungiyar ta canza a lokacin mulkin kocin Faransa Arsène Wenger, wanda aka nada a watan Oktoban shekara ta 1996. Harin kwallon kafa, sake fasalin abinci da ayyukan motsa jiki, da kuma ƙwararrun 'yan kallo [bayanin 5] sun bayyana mulkinsa. Tattara manyan 'yan wasa daga [[Faransa|ƙasarsu]] Wenger, kamar [[Patrick Vieira]] da [[Thierry Henry]], Arsenal ta lashe gasar League da Kofin sau biyu ne acikin shekara ta 1997-98 da na uku acikin shekara ta 2001-02. Bugu da kari, kulob din ya kai wasan karshe na gasar cin kofin UEFA ta 1999-zuwa ciki shekara ta 2000, sun ci nasara a wasan karshe na Kofin FA na 2003 da 2005, kuma sun lashe gasar Firimiya a 2003-04 ba tare da rasa wasa daya ba, nasarar da ta ba kungiyar sunan laƙabi "The Invincibles". Wannan nasarar ta zo ne a cikin wasanni 49 da ba a ci nasara ba daga 7 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2003 zuwa ranar 24 ga watan Oktoban shekara ta 2004, rikodin ƙasa. === 2018-yanzu: Juyin halitta na bayan Wenger === Bayan gudanar da gyare-gyare a cikin tsarin aiki na kulob din don ya dace da tashiwar Wenger, an kira Mutanen Espanya [[Unai Emery]] a matsayin sabon kocin kulob din a ranar 23 ga watan Mayun shekara ta 2018. Ya zama 'kocin kocin' na farko da kuma kocin na biyu daga wajen Ingila.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unai Emery announced as new Arsenal head coach |url=http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180526041448/http://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/11382525/arsenal-confirm-appointment-of-unai-emery-as-new-head-coach |archive-date=26 May 2018 |access-date=25 May 2018 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2023 |title=Welcome Unai |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523102932/https://www.arsenal.com/news/welcome-unai |archive-date=23 May 2018 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> A kakar wasa ta farko ta Emery, Arsenal ta kammala ta biyar a gasar Firimiya kuma a matsayin ta biyu a gasar Europa League.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Premier League Tables 2018/19 |url=https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200217125722/https://www.premierleague.com/tables?co=1&se=210&ha=-1 |archive-date=17 February 2020 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=Premier League}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 May 2019 |title=Chelsea win the 2019 UEFA Europa League |url=https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/0251-0e9ce2d466b4-6403225af104-1000--chelsea-win-the-2019-uefa-europa-league/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191215024306/https://www.uefa.com/uefaeuropaleague/news/newsid=2604835.html |archive-date=15 December 2019 |access-date=14 September 2019 |website=[[UEFA]]}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Nuwamban shekara ta 2019, an sallami Emery a matsayin kocin kuma tsohon dan wasa da mataimakin kocin tawagar farko [[Freddie Ljungberg]] an nada shi a matsayin koci na wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 November 2019 |title=Arsenal sack Emery after worst run in 27 years |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191129155717/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/3999924/arsenal-sack-emery-after-worst-run-for-27-years-ljungberg-named-caretaker-manager |archive-date=29 November 2019 |access-date=29 November 2019 |website=ESPN}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, Arsenal ta nada tsohon kyaftin din kulob din [[Mikel Arteta]] a matsayin sabon kocin. Arsenal ta gama acikin shekara ta 2019-zuwa cikin shakara ta 2020 a matsayi na takwas, mafi ƙasƙanci tun daga cikin shakara ta 1994-zuwa cikin shakara ta 1995, amma ya doke Chelsea 2-1-1 don samun nasarar cin Kofin FA na 14 . Bayan kakar, an canza taken Arteta daga kocin zuwa manajan.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 September 2020 |title=Arsenal change Arteta role as part of restructure |url=https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210114085210/https://www.espn.com/soccer/arsenal/story/4178032/arsenal-change-arteta-to-manager-from-coach-as-part-of-restructuring-at-club |archive-date=14 January 2021 |access-date=3 January 2021 |website=ESPN.com}}</ref> A ranar 18 ga watan Afrilun shekara ta 2021, an sanar da Arsenal a matsayin kulob din da ya kafa gasar Turai mai suna The Super League; sun janye daga gasar kwana biyu bayan haka a cikin kuskuren duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Super League |url=https://thesuperleague.com/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210418235123/https://www.thesuperleague.com/ |archive-date=18 April 2021 |access-date=20 April 2021 |website=thesuperleague.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta gama kakar ne acikin shekara ta 2020-har zuwa cikin shakara ta 2021 a matsayi na takwas kuma, ba ta cancanci gasar Turai ba a karo na farko cikin shekaru 26.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 May 2021 |title=Arsenal fails to qualify for Europe for 1st time in 25 years |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209191234/https://indianexpress.com/article/sports/football/english-premier-league/arsenal-fails-to-qualify-for-europe-for-1st-time-in-25-years-7327569/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=9 December 2021 |website=The Indian Express}}</ref> Acikin kakar bayan (2021-22), Arteta ta tara ƙaramin rukuni a gasar Firimiya tare da matsakaicin shekaru 24 da kwanaki 308 - fiye da shekara guda ƙarami fiye da tawagar ta gaba.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2024-09-15 |title=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |url=https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221026143444/https://www.arsenal.com/premier-league-stats-review-emirates-stadium-attendance-goals-appearances |archive-date=26 October 2022 |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Our 2021/22 season in numbers |language=en}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Adam |date=24 May 2022 |title=Premier League: Top trends revealed for the 2021/22 season |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221128184759/https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11661/12611391/premier-league-top-trends-revealed-for-the-2021-22-season |archive-date=28 November 2022 |access-date=9 September 2024 |website=Sky Sports}}</ref> Sun gama a matsayi na biyar a gasar Firimiya a wannan shekarar, kuma sun cancanci gasar UEFA === Masu samar da kayan aiki da masu tallafawa rigar === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Kayan Arsenal <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190527155718/http://www.historicalkits.co.uk/Arsenal/Arsenal.htm |archive-date=27 May 2019 |access-date=27 January 2022 |publisher=Historical Football Kits}}</ref> !Lokacin !Mai ƙera kayan aiki !Mai tallafawa Shirt (kashin kai) !Mai tallafawa Shirt (wandan hannu) |- |1886–1930 |Ba a san shi ba | rowspan="3" |Babu | rowspan="10" |Babu |- |1930–1970 |Bukta |- |1971–1981 | rowspan="2" |Umbro |- |1981–1986 | rowspan="3" |JVC |- |1986–1994 |[[Adidas]] |- |1994–1999 | rowspan="4" |Nike |- |1999–2002 |Dreamcast Sega<br /> |- |2002–2006 |O2 |- |2006–2014 | rowspan="5" |[[Emirates]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Emirates and Arsenal Renew Sponsorship Deal |url=https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210714222642/https://www.emirates.com/media-centre/emirates-and-arsenal-renew-sponsorship-deal |archive-date=14 July 2021 |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=www.emirates.com}}</ref> |- |2014–2018 | rowspan="2" |Puma |- |2018–2019 | rowspan="2 " |Ziyarar Rwanda<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal partner with 'Visit Rwanda' |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210802014646/https://www.arsenal.com/news/club-welcomes-visit-rwanda-new-partner |archive-date=2 August 2021 |access-date=23 May 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2019–2026 | rowspan="3" |[[Adidas]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Adidas and Arsenal launch new home kit |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701174645/https://www.arsenal.com/news/adidas-and-arsenal-launch-new-home-kit |archive-date=1 July 2019 |access-date=1 July 2019 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> |- |2026– |Deel, Inc. |- |} == Filin wasa == [[Fayil:Manor_Ground,_Woolwich_Arsenal_vs._Everton.jpg|right|thumb|Manor Ground, Woolwich Arsenal vs. [[Everton FC|Everton]]]] Kafin ya shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa, Arsenal ta taka leda a takaice a Plumstead Common, sannan a Manor Ground a Plumste, sannan ya shafe shekaru uku tsakanin 1890 da 1893 a kusa da Invicta Ground. Bayan shiga Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa a shekara ta 1893, kulob din ya koma Manor Ground kuma ya shigar da dakuna da terrace, yana inganta shi daga filin wasa kawai. Arsenal ta ci gaba da buga wasanninsu na gida a can na shekaru ashirin masu zuwa (tare da banbanci biyu a kakar 1894-95), har zuwa lokacin da suka koma arewacin London a 1913. <ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Inglis}}</ref> An fi sani da Highbury, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]] shine gidan kulob din daga Satumba 1913 har zuwa Mayu 2006. Mashahurin masanin ƙwallon ƙafa Archibald Leitch ne ya tsara filin wasan na asali, kuma yana da ƙirar da ta saba da yawancin filin ƙwallon ƙwallon kafa a Burtaniya a lokacin, tare da ɗaki ɗaya da aka rufe da bankunan iska guda uku.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}</ref> An ba da cikakken filin wasan babban gyare-gyare a cikin shekarun 1930: an gina sabon Art Deco West da East, an buɗe shi a cikin 1932 da 1936 bi da bi, kuma an kara rufin zuwa filin Arewacin Bank, wanda aka jefa bam a lokacin yakin duniya na biyu kuma ba a dawo da shi ba har zuwa 1954. <ref name="conservation_plan" /> Highbury na iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 60,000 a mafi girma, kuma yana da damar 57,000 har zuwa farkon shekarun 1990. Rahoton Taylor da ka'idojin Premier League sun tilasta wa Arsenal ta canza Highbury zuwa filin wasa mai cike da kujeru a lokacin kakar 1993-94, don haka rage damar zuwa masu kallo 38,419 da ke zaune.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Highbury |url=http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080111223345/http://www.arsenal.com/article.asp?thisNav=The+Club&article=344883&Title=Highbury |archive-date=11 January 2008 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Dole ne a kara rage wannan damar a lokacin wasannin [[UEFA Champions League|Gasar Zakarun Turai]] don karɓar ƙarin allon talla, don haka don lokutan biyu, daga 1998 zuwa 2000, Arsenal ta buga wasannin gida na gasar zakaruna a Wembley, wanda zai iya ɗaukar masu kallo sama da 70,000. [[Fayil:Arsenal_Stadium_interior_North_Bank.jpg|alt=A grandstand at a sports stadium. The seats are predominantly red.|right|thumb|Gidan Arewacin Bank, [[Filin wasan Arsenal|Filin wasa na Arsenal]], Highbury]] An ƙuntata fadada Highbury saboda an sanya Gabashin Gabas a matsayin ginin da aka jera na Grade II kuma sauran uku suna kusa da kadarorin zama.<ref name="conservation_plan">{{Cite web |date=14 February 2005 |title=A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London |url=http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf |archive-date=4 February 2012 |access-date=4 February 2012 |publisher=Islington Council}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120204050811/http://www.islington.gov.uk/DownloadableDocuments/Environment/Pdf/highburyconservationplan_2005.pdf "A Conservation Plan for Highbury Stadium, London"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. </cite></ref> Wadannan iyakoki sun hana kulob din kara yawan kudaden shiga a cikin shekarun 1990 da shekaru goma na farko na karni na 21, suna sanya su cikin haɗarin barin su a baya a cikin bunkasar kwallon kafa na wannan lokacin. Bayan la'akari da zaɓuɓɓuka daban-daban, a cikin 2000 Arsenal ta ba da shawarar gina sabon filin wasa mai iyawa 60,361 a Ashburton Grove, tun lokacin da ake Filin wasa na Emirates, kimanin mita 500 kudu maso yammacin Highbury. Da farko an jinkirta aikin ne saboda jan tef da hauhawar farashi, kuma an kammala ginin a watan Yulin 2006, a lokacin da za a fara kakar 2006-07. An sanya sunan filin wasan ne bayan masu tallafawa, kamfanin jirgin sama na Emirates, wanda kulob din ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar tallafawa mafi girma a tarihin Kwallon ƙafa na Ingila, wanda ya kai kimanin fam miliyan 100. Wasu magoya baya sun kira filin Ashburton Grove, ko Grove, saboda ba su yarda da tallafin kamfanoni na sunayen filin wasa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dawes |first=Brian |year=2006 |title=The 'E' Word |url=http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061008060533/http://www.arsenal-world.co.uk/news/loadnews.asp?cid=TMNW&id=283908 |archive-date=8 October 2006 |access-date=11 August 2008 |website=Arsenal World |publisher=Footymad}}</ref> Za a san filin wasan a hukumance da filin wasa na Emirates har zuwa akalla 2028, kuma kamfanin jirgin sama zai zama mai tallafawa kulob din har zuwa akasin haka 2024. Tun daga farkon kakar 2010-11 zuwa gaba, an san wuraren wasan a matsayin Bankin Arewa, Gabashin Gabas, Yammacin Yamma da ƙarshen Agogo. Matsayin Hadaddiyar Daular Larabawa yanzu yana tsaye a 60,704.<ref name="cap2021">{{Cite web |title=Premier League Handbook 2020/21 |url=https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412002820/https://resources.premierleague.com/premierleague/document/2021/04/07/6ebff069-a7ee-415d-afbd-15878b6d33b2/2020-21-PL-Handbook-240321.pdf |archive-date=12 April 2021 |access-date=12 April 2021 |publisher=Premier League |page=4}}</ref>&nbsp;{{Wide image|Emirates Stadium - East stand Club Level.jpg|1367px|A [[panorama]] of the [[Emirates Stadium]] before a match}} == 'Yan wasa == === Kungiyar farko === {{Updated|24 January 2026}}<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.arsenal.com/men/players |title=Squad: Men |publisher=Arsenal F.C. |access-date=1 September 2025}}{{cbignore}}</ref>  == Kididdiga da rikodin == [[Fayil:Thierry_Henry_applauding_2012.jpg|thumb|[[Thierry Henry]] shine mai zira kwallaye na Arsenal, tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa.]] Arsenal ta ƙwallon ƙafa 13 League Championship ita ce na uku mafi girma a ƙwallon ƙwallon Ingila, bayan Liverpool (20) da Manchester United (20), <ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=28 August 2009 |title=England&nbsp;– List of Champions |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220730154323/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engchamp.html |archive-date=30 July 2022 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> kuma su ne kulob na farko da ya kai na bakwai da na takwas League Championship. Ya zuwa watan Yunin 2020, suna ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi bakwai, sauran su ne Manchester United, Blackburn Rovers, [[Chelsea F.C.|Chelsea]], Manchester City, Leicester City da Liverpool, waɗanda suka lashe gasar Firimiya tun lokacin da aka kafa ta acikin shekarar 1992. <ref name=":8" /> Suna riƙe da mafi yawan kyaututtuka na FA Cup, tare da 14.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James M |date=12 June 2009 |title=England FA Challenge Cup Finals |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engcuphist.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100113115049/http://rsssf.com/tablese/engcuphist.html |archive-date=13 January 2010 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Kungiyar tana ɗaya daga cikin kungiyoyi shida kawai da suka lashe kofin FA Sau biyu a jere, a 2002 da 2003, da 2014 da 2015.<ref name=":7" /> Arsenal ta samu nasarar League da FA Cup "Doubles" sau uku (acikin shekara ta 1971, 1998 da 2002), wani abin da Manchester United ta samu a baya (a 1994, 1996 da 1999). <ref name="FCHD">{{Cite web |title=Arsenal |url=https://www.fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091106003337/http://fchd.info/ARSENAL.HTM |archive-date=6 November 2009 |access-date=23 October 2009 |website=Football Club History Database |publisher=Richard Rundle}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stokkermans |first=Karel |date=24 September 2009 |title=Doing the Double: Countrywise Records |url=https://www.rsssf.org/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151126184235/http://www.rsssf.com/miscellaneous/doublerec.html |archive-date=26 November 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}</ref> Sun kasance rukuni na farko a cikin ƙwallon ƙafa na Ingila don kammala FA Cup da League Cup sau biyu, a 1993. Arsenal kuma ita ce kulob din farko na London da ta kai wasan karshe na gasar zakarun Turai ta UEFA, acikin shekara ta 2006, inda ta sha kashi 2-1 a [[FC Barcelona|Barcelona]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Arsenal Football Club |url=http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913103452/http://www.premierleague.com/page/arsenal |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Premier League}}</ref> Arsenal tana da daya daga cikin mafi kyawun rikodin jirgin sama a tarihi, bayan sun gama ƙasa da goma sha huɗu sau bakwai kawai. Sun lashe wasanni na biyu mafi girma a gasar kwallon kafa ta Ingila, kuma sun tara maki na biyu mafi yawa, <ref name="RSSSF1stLevelAllTime">{{Cite web |last=Pietarinen |first=Heikki |date=24 August 2017 |title=England – First Level All-Time Tables |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engalltime.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170824181412/http://www.rsssf.com/tablese/engalltime.html |archive-date=24 August 2017 |access-date=24 August 2017 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFPietarinen2017">Pietarinen, Heikki (24 August 2017). </cite></ref> ko an lissafa su da maki biyu a kowace nasara <ref name="All Time Table">{{Cite web |title=English Premier League : Full All Time Table |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170320225558/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/all-time-table/full |archive-date=20 March 2017 |access-date=21 January 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> ko kuma da darajar maki na zamani. Sun kasance a cikin saman jirgin sama na mafi yawan lokutan jere (98 kamar yadda 2023-24). <ref name="RSSSF_Div_Movements">{{Cite web |last=Ross |first=James |last2=Heneghan |first2=Michael |last3=Orford |first3=Stuart |last4=Culliton |first4=Eoin |date=25 August 2016 |title=English Clubs Divisional Movements 1888–2016 |url=https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622041929/https://www.rsssf.org/tablese/engall.html |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Rec.Sport.Soccer Statistics Foundation}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFRossHeneghanOrfordCulliton2016">Ross, James; Heneghan, Michael; Orford, Stuart; Culliton, Eoin (25 August 2016). </cite></ref><ref name="All-time Arsenal">{{Cite web |last=James |first=Josh |date=18 June 2013 |title=All-time Arsenal |url=https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622042610/https://www.arsenal.com/news/features/48523/behind-the-numbers- |archive-date=22 June 2023 |access-date=22 June 2023 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Seasons Spent in the Top Flight of English Football by Clubs from 1888–89 to 2023–24 |url=https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211209052735/https://www.myfootballfacts.com/england_footy/football-league/seasons-in-top-flight/ |archive-date=9 December 2021 |access-date=23 September 2023 |website=My Football Facts}}</ref> Har ila yau, Arsenal tana da matsayi mafi girma a cikin karni na 20, tare da matsakaicin matsayi na 8.5. Arsenal tana riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo na wasannin League da ba a ci ba (49 tsakanin Mayu 2003 da Oktoba 2004). Wannan ya hada da dukkan wasannin 38 na nasarar da suka samu a kakar 2003-04, lokacin da Arsenal ta zama kulob na biyu da ta kammala yakin neman zabe ba tare da an ci nasara ba, bayan Preston North End (wanda ya buga wasanni 22 kawai) a 1888-89.<ref name="49 Unbeaten">{{Cite web |date=1 June 2017 |title=49 Unbeaten |url=https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112010642/https://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records/the-unbeaten-record |archive-date=12 November 2020 |access-date=14 April 2018 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> Har ila yau, suna riƙe da rikodin mafi tsawo a saman jirgin sama.<ref name="EPL Records">{{Cite web |title=Records |url=http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111107021729/http://www.statto.com/football/stats/england/premier-league/records |archive-date=7 November 2011 |access-date=22 March 2016 |website=statto.com}}</ref> Arsenal ta kafa rikodin gasar zakarun Turai a lokacin kakar 2005-06 ta hanyar buga wasanni goma ba tare da ba da kwallo ba, ta doke mafi kyawun bakwai da AC Milan ta kafa. Sun tafi jimlar rikodin minti 995 ba tare da barin abokin hamayyar ya ci kwallo ba; tseren ya ƙare a wasan karshe, lokacin da [[Samuel Eto'o]] ya zira kwallaye 76 na Barcelona.&nbsp; David O'Leary yana da rikodin bayyanar Arsenal, bayan ya buga wasanni 722 na farko tsakanin 1975 da 1993. Rabin tsakiya kuma tsohon kyaftin din [[Tony Adams]] ya zo na biyu, bayan ya buga sau 669. David Seaman ne ke riƙe da rikodin [[Mai tsaran raga|Mai tsaron gida]], tare da bayyanar 564. <ref name="clubrecords">{{Cite web |title=Club Records |url=http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150905054109/http://www.arsenal.com/history/club-records |archive-date=5 September 2015 |access-date=23 October 2009 |publisher=Arsenal F.C.}}</ref> [[Thierry Henry]] shine babban mai zira kwallaye a kulob din tare da kwallaye 228 a duk gasa tsakanin 1999 da 2012; ya wuce jimlar Ian Wright na 185 a watan Oktoba 2005. Rubuce-rubucen Wright sun tsaya tun watan Satumbar 1997, lokacin da ya wuce jimlar kwallaye 178 da mai tsaron gida Cliff Bastin ya kafa a shekarar 1939.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ward |first=Rupert |title=Arsenal vs Bolton. 13/0<!-- no format change -->9/97 |url=http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151008220109/http://www.arseweb.com/97-98/reports/130997.html |archive-date=8 October 2015 |access-date=11 August 2008 |publisher=Arseweb}}</ref> Henry kuma yana da rikodin kulob din don burin da aka zira a League, tare da 175, rikodin da Bastin ya rike har zuwa Fabrairu 2006. <ref name="henry" /> Declan Rice yana riƙe da farashin sa hannu na Arsenal bayan an kammala yarjejeniya da [[West Ham United FC|West Ham United]] a watan Yulin 2023, don £ 100 miliyan na farko. Wannan ya wuce tsohon rikodin na fam miliyan 72 ga [[Nicolas Pépé|Nicolas Pepe]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 July 2023 |title=Declan Rice: Arsenal sign England midfielder from West Ham in club-record £105m deal |url=https://www.skysports.com/football/news/11670/12913870/declan-rice-arsenal-sign-england-midfielder-from-west-ham-in-club-record-lb105m-deal |publisher=Sky Sports}}</ref> == Daraja == Arsenal ta lashe kyautar azurfa ta farko a matsayin Royal Arsenal a shekara ta 1890. Kofin Kent Junior, wanda Royal Arsenal ta lashe, shine Kofin FA na kulob din, yayin da kofin farko ya zo makonni uku bayan haka lokacin da suka lashe kofin Kent Senior . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |date=1 March 2012 |title=122 years ago today – Arsenal's first Silverware |url=http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329190212/http://www.blog.woolwicharsenal.co.uk/archives/3103 |archive-date=29 March 2016 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=The History of Arsenal (AISA Arsenal History Society)}}</ref><ref name="aftlu">{{Cite web |last=Kelly |first=Andy |title=Arsenal first team line ups |url=http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160715102949/http://thearsenalhistory.com/stat/aftlu.htm |archive-date=15 July 2016 |access-date=15 June 2016 |website=The Arsenal History}}</ref> Babban girmamawa na farko na kasa ya zo ne a 1930, lokacin da suka lashe Kofin FA.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 August 2007 |title=GGM 36: Arsenal win their first major trophy |url=http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923185120/http://www.arsenal.com/ggm-36-arsenal-win-their-first-major-trophy |archive-date=23 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Kungiyar ta ci gaba da samun nasara a cikin shekarun 1930, inda ta lashe kofin FA da kuma gasar kwallon kafa ta farko guda biyar. <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930200319/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1931-35 "125 years of Arsenal history – 1931–1935"]. </cite></ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=7 December 2011 |title=125 years of Arsenal history – 1936–1940 |url=http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930230223/http://www.arsenal.com/news/news-archive/125-years-of-arsenal-history-1936-40 |archive-date=30 September 2015 |access-date=18 September 2015 |publisher=Arsenal F.C}}</ref> Arsenal ta lashe gasar zakarun farko da kofin sau biyu acikin kakar 1970-71 kuma sau biyu ta sake maimaita wannan, a 1997-98 da 2001-02, tare da lashe kofin sau uku na FA Cup da League Cup a 1992-93. Shekarar 2003-04 ita ce kawai kakar wasanni 38 da ba a ci nasara ba a tarihin kwallon kafa na Ingila. An ba da izinin zinare na musamman na gasar Firimiya kuma an gabatar da shi ga kulob din a kakar wasa mai zuwa. {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="font-size:95%; text-align:center;" |+Kyautar Arsenal FC ! style="width: 1%;" |Irin wannan ! style="width: 5%;" |Gasar ! style="width: 1%;" |Takardun sarauta ! style="width: 21%;" |Lokaci |- | rowspan="5" scope="rowgroup" |'''A cikin gida''' ! scope="row" |Sashe na Farko / Premier League{{Efn|Upon its formation in 1992, the [[Premier League]] became the top tier of [[Football in England|English football]]; the [[English Football League|Football League]] [[Football League First Division|First]] and [[Football League Second Division|Second Divisions]] then became the second and third tiers, respectively. From 2004, the First Division became the [[EFL Championship|Championship]] and the Second Division became [[EFL League One|League One]].}} |13 | align="left" |1930–31, 1932–33, 1933–34, 1934–35, 1937–38, 1947–48, 1952–53, 1970–71, 1988–89, 1990–91, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2003–04 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin FA | style="background-color:gold" |'''14''' | align="left" |1929–30, 1935–36, 1949–50, 1970–71, 1978–79, 1992–93, 1997–98, 2001–02, 2002–03, 2004–05, 2013–14, 2014–15, 2016–17, 2019–20 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin EFL{{Efn|Until 2016, the unsponsored name of the EFL Cup was the Football League Cup.}} |2 | align="left" |1986–87, 1992–93 |- ! scope="row" |Garkuwar Jama'a ta FA{{Efn|Until 2002, the FA Community Shield was known as the FA Charity Shield.}} |17 | align="left" |1930, 1931, 1933, 1934, 1938, 1948, 1953, 1991, 1998, 1999, 2002, 2004, 2014, 2015, 2017, 2020, 2023 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Centenary na Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa | style="background-color:gold" |'''1''' | align="left" |1988 |- | rowspan="2" scope="rowgroup" |'''Yankin nahiyar''' ! scope="row" |Kofin Masu Gasar Cin Kofin UEFA |1 | align="left" |1993–94 |- ! scope="row" |Kofin Kasuwanci na Kasuwanci |1 | align="left" |1969–70 |} == Manazarta == {{reflist|}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> tbyl5f34wvqrnse8pykt2exlhstvl3p Legas 0 10471 962121 47350 2026-10-03T03:42:54Z EmausBot 1782 Fixing double redirect from [[Lagos]] to [[Lagos (birni)]] 962121 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lagos (birni)]] j9j7rsx1gs3g0oumpwr1gk11s9mp40z Aminu Saira 0 10498 962219 913562 2026-10-03T08:12:28Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374838761|Aminu Saira]]" 962219 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Aminu Muhammad Ahmad''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1979), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209213834/http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=HausaFilms.tv}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Aminu Saira bio |url=https://x.com/aminusaira |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Twitter |quote="Born April 20, 1979"}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da '''Aminu Saira''', ƙwararren mai shirya fina-finai ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]], [[darakta]], kuma marubucin fina-finai . Ayyukansa sun haɗa da fina-finai kamar ''Jamila Da Jamilu'' (2009), ''Ga Duhu Ga Haske'' (2010), da ''Ashabul Kahfi'' (2014), waɗanda suka ba shi lambar yabo ta Best Director of the Year a [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Kannywood]] (Jurors' Choice) na 2015. A shekarar 2020, Saira ta ƙaddamar da shirin bidiyo na farko na gida na harshen [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], mai taken ''Labarana'' . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira - Nolly |url=http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030081510/http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3919190/ |website=IMDb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |website=Hausa Films}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya fito a cikin Collision Course, fim din Bolanle Austen-Peters wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar #EndSars. A wannan shekarar, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a karo na biyu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a na Netflix, Castle da Castle. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Saira a Gwammaja, [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref name="auto1" /> Mahaifinsa Muhammad dattijo ne a fannin siyasa. Saira ya girma a birnin [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] tare da 'yan uwansa biyu kuma ya yi karatun kimiyyar Alqur'ani a [[Kwalejin koyar da shari’ar Musulunci ta Aminu Kano|Kwalejin Nazarin Shari'a ta Aminu Kano]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2024}} == Sana'a == Saira ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa kafin ta shiga masana'antar fina-finan [[Kannywood]] a shekarar 2006 da fim ɗinta na farko, ''Musnadi'' . Ya yi umarni, ya rubuta, kuma ya shirya ''Dare Da Yawa'' (2007), ''Jamila Da Jamilu'' (2009), da ''Ga Duhu Ga Haske'' (2010). Ya ci gaba da rubutawa da kuma bada umarni a ƙarƙashin sunan shirinsa na Saira Movies.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2024}} == Rayuwa ta sirri == A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2026, Saira ta auri mata ta biyu a wani biki da aka gudanar a Azare, Jihar Bauchi, wanda abokan aiki, magoya baya, da masu ruwa da tsaki a masana'antar Kannywood daga ko'ina cikin arewacin Najeriya suka halarta. Daga baya hotunan Saira tare da matansa biyu sun yaɗu sosai a shafukan sada zumunta, wanda hakan ya haifar da muhawara tsakanin masoyan Kannywood game da auren mata da yawa da kuma rayuwar iyali. == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Actors !Studio |- |2006 |''Musnadi'' |Director |Safiya Musa, Abba Al-Mustapha, Ibrahim Maishunku |Saira Movies |- |2007 |''Almajira'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Safiya Musa, [[Aminu Shariff]], Abba Al-Mustapha |Saira Movies |- |2007 |''Dare Da Yawa'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, [[Ali Nuhu]], Kubra Dako, |Saira Movies |- |2008 |''Garin Mu Da Zafi'' |Director |[[Ali Nuhu]], [[Adam A Zango|Adam A. Zango]], [[Maryam Booth]], Zainab Abdullahi |UK Entertainment |- |2009 |''Jamila Da Jamilu'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Jamila Nagudu |Saira Movies |- |2009 |''Mai Gadon Zinare'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar Nagudu, Ibrahim Maishunku |Saira Movies |- |2010 |''Ladidin Baba'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Zainab Umar |UK Entertainment |- |2010 |''Jidda'' |Director |Ibrihim Maishunku, Jamila Umar Nagudu, Ishaq Sidi Ishaq |Square Media |- |2010 |''Dan Sarki'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Zainab Umar, Hajara Usman, Musa Abdullahi |Kabugawa Production |- |2010 |''Ga Duhu Ga Haske'' |Director |Adam A Zango, Zainab Abdullahi, Zainab Umar |Saira Movies |- |2010 |''Miyatti Allah'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Fati KK, Binta Yahaya |G-Top Multimedia |- |2010 |''Rai Da Rai'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Rashida Abdullahi, Fati KK |T.M.A Production |- |2010 |''Balaraba'' |Director |Baballe Hayatu, Adam A Zango, Sadiya Gyale |Square Media |- |2010 |''Walijam'' |Director |Adam A Zango, Zainab Abdullahi, Audu Kano |UK Entertainment |- |2010 |''Mata Da Miji'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Binta Yahaya, Fati K. K., Rufaida Muhammad |G-Top Multimedia |- |2010 |''Dadin Baki'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Jamila Umar |Kabugawa Production |- |2011 |''Sarauta'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Rahma Hassan, Hadiza Muhammad, Kabiru Mai Kaba |T.M.A Production |- |2011 |''Malika'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Rabiu Rikadawa, Hadiza Muhammad |Saira Movies |- |2011 |''Laifin Dadi'' |Director |Shu'aibu Lawal, Adam A Zango, Nafisa Abdullahi |G-Top Multimedia |- |2011 |''Ban Saketa Ba'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Fati KK |Kabugawa Production |- |2011 |''Maryam Diyana'' |Director |Rahama Hassan, Hauwa Maina, Ali Nuhu, Sadiq Sani Sadiq |UK Entertainment |- |2011 |''Ajnabiyya'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Zainab Abdullahi, Rahama Hassan |UK Entertainment |- |2012 |''Mutallab'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Adam A Zango, Nafisa Abdullahi, Carmain McCain, Kabiru Nakwango |Square Media |- |2012 |''<nowiki/>'Yar Agadez'' |Director |Zainab Abdullahi, Ibrahim Maishunku, Nafisa Abdullahi, Adam A Zango |UK Entertainment |- |2012 |''Dan Marayan Zaki'' |Director |Nafisa Abdullahi, Sadiq Sani Sadiq, Rahama Hassan, Hadiza Muhammad, Sadiq Ahmad |Saira Movies |- |2012 |''Kara Da Kiyashi'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Muhammad, Bashir Nayaya, Nafisa Abdullahi |UK Entertainment |- |2012 |''Ban Sani Ba'' |Director |Hadiza Aliyu, Shehu Hassan Kano, Shu'aibu Lawan |T.M.A Production |- |2012 |''Toron Giwa'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Shu'aibu Lawal |Asnanic Movies |- |2012 |''Kona Gari'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Maryam Muhammad, Halima Atete, Hauwa Waraka |T.M.A Production |- |2013 |''Fisabilillah'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Hadiza Muhammad, Rabi'u Rikadawa |G-Top Multimedia |- |2013 |''Lamiraj'' |Director |Rahama Hassan, Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi |Saira Movies |- |2013 |''Dakin Amarya'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Halima Atete, A'isha Aliyu |Asnanic Movies |- |2013 |''Fari Da Baki'' |Director |Rahama Hassan, Al-Amin Buhari, Ali Nuhu |G-Top Multimedia |- |2013 |''Farin Dare'' |Director |Ali Rabi'u, Bello Muhammad Bello, Rahama Sadau |UK Entertainment |- |2014 |''Kanin Miji'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar, Nuhu Abdullahi |Saira Movies |- |2014 |''Kisan Gilla'' |Director |Sadiq Sani Sadiq, Hadiza Aliyu, Rahama Sadau, Bello Muhammad Bello |Asmasan Pictures |- |2014 |''Ashabul Kahfi'' |Director |Tahir Fagge, Tijjani Faraga, Al-Amin Buhari |Saira Movies |- |2014 |''Daga Ni Sai Ke'' |Director |Sadiq Ahmad, Zaharadden Sani, Sadiq Sani Sadiq, Hadiza Aliyu, Halima Atete |Saira Movies |- |2014 |''Haske'' |Director |Aina'u Ade, Ali Nuhu, Ali Rabiu, Abbas Sadiq |Saira Movies |- |2014 |''Kalamu Wahid'' |Director |Nafisa Abdullahi, Sadiq Ahmad, Ali Nuhu |Kabugawa Production |- |2014 |''<nowiki/>'Ya Daga Allah'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Fati Abdullahi. Sadiq Sani Saqid, Hadiza Muhammad |Saira Movies |- |2014 |''Ali Yaga Ali'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Aliyu, Sadiq Sani Saqid, Jamila Umar |Kabugawa Production |- |2015 |''Baya Da Kura'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Nuhu Abdullahi, Ishaq Sidi Ishaq, Fati Washa, Hadiza Muhammad |GG Production |- |2015 |''Wani Zama'' |Director |Yakubu Muhammad, Jamila Umar, Shehu Hassan Kano |Asnanic Movies |- |2015 |''Uwa Tafi Uwa'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Aliyu |Mikiya Production |- |2015 |''Gidan Kitso'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar, Fati Abdullahi |Kabugawa Production |- |2016 |''Jarumta'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Aliyu, Jamila Umar, Hauwa Waraka, Nuhu Abdullahi |G-Top Multimedia |- |2016 |''Kallo Ya Koma Sama'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar, Baballe Hayatu |Saira Movies |- |2021 |''Labarina'' |Director |Sarkin waƙa, Rabi'u Rikadawa etc. |Saira Movies |} == Daraja da kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Fim ! Sakamako |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | Kyautar Kasuwanci | Mafi kyawun Darakta | ''Ganewa ta Musamman''| {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | Kyaututtukan Kannywood/AMMA | Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fina-finai <ref name=":0" /> | ''Dakin Amarya''| {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|Kyautar Kannywood ta 1]] | Mafi kyawun Darakta na Shekara (Kyaututtukan Jurors Choice Awards) | ''Wata Hudu''| {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | Kyaututtukan Kannywood/AMMA | Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Kyaututtukan Zaɓaɓɓun Shahararru) | ''Ali Yaga Ali''| {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|Kyautar Kannywood/MTN]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Director - AMINU SAIRA hausa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOTGaK7lyaQ |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikeji |first=Linda |date=4 February 2015 |title=Kannywood Awards: When MTN Celebrates the Northern Stars &#124; Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog |url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2015/02/kannywood-awards-when-mtn-celebrates.html}}</ref> | Mafi kyawun Darakta na Shekara (Kyaututtukan Zaɓen Jurors) | ''Ashabul Kahfi'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASHABUL KAHFI PROMO By Aminu Saira |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52AGTGNJ1pg |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 2nd Annual Kannywood Awards - Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV - Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/2014mtnkannywoodawards |website=hausafilms.tv}}</ref> & ''Sabuwar Sangaya'' | {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Kyaututtukan Kannywood/AMMA | Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Kyaututtukan Zaɓaɓɓun Shahararru) | ''Baya Da Kura''| {{Won}} |} An kuma ba Saira kyautar darakta mafi kyau ta Arewa Music and Movies Awards. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aiki |first=Damilare |date=16 July 2013 |title=2013 City People Entertainment Awards: First Photos & Full List of Winners |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/07/2013-city-people-entertainment-awards-first-photos-full-list-of-winners/}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an ba Saira kyautar Darakta mafi kyau [[Kannywood|a Kannywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=keninfo |date=2020-11-09 |title=Actor Aminu Saira: Biography And Net Worth - Ken Information Blog |url=https://keninfo.com.ng/2020/11/09/aminu-saira-biography-and-net-worth/,%20https://keninfo.com.ng/2020/11/09/aminu-saira-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3919190/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_0_nm_2_in_0_q_Aminu%2520Saira IMDb] * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jaruman Kannywood|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Kannywood]] == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] de2bwcn42vwt8yzyz2465ndlkwl5hko 962220 962219 2026-10-03T08:13:11Z Baffa ali 47435 962220 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Aminu Muhammad Ahmad''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1979), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241209213834/http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |archive-date=December 9, 2024 |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=HausaFilms.tv}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2010 |title=Aminu Saira bio |url=https://x.com/aminusaira |access-date=December 13, 2024 |website=Twitter |quote="Born April 20, 1979"}}</ref> wanda aka fi sani da '''Aminu Saira''', ƙwararren mai shirya fina-finai ne [[Ɗan Nijeriya|a Najeriya]], [[darakta]], kuma marubucin fina-finai . Ayyukansa sun haɗa da fina-finai kamar ''Jamila Da Jamilu'' (2009), ''Ga Duhu Ga Haske'' (2010), da ''Ashabul Kahfi'' (2014), waɗanda suka ba shi lambar yabo ta Best Director of the Year a [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|bikin bayar da kyaututtuka na Kannywood]] (Jurors' Choice) na 2015. A shekarar 2020, Saira ta ƙaddamar da shirin bidiyo na farko na gida na harshen [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa]], mai taken ''Labarana'' . <ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira - Nolly |url=http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030081510/http://nolly.com.ng/aminu-saira |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://www.imdb.com/name/nm3919190/ |website=IMDb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Aminu Saira |url=http://hausafilms.tv/director/aminu_saira |website=Hausa Films}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Saira a Gwammaja, [[Kano (jiha)|Jihar Kano]], [[Najeriya]] . <ref name="auto1" /> Mahaifinsa Muhammad dattijo ne a fannin siyasa. Saira ya girma a birnin [[Kano (birni)|Kano]] tare da 'yan uwansa biyu kuma ya yi karatun kimiyyar Alqur'ani a [[Kwalejin koyar da shari’ar Musulunci ta Aminu Kano|Kwalejin Nazarin Shari'a ta Aminu Kano]] .{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2024}} == Sana'a == Saira ta yi aiki a matsayin ɗan kasuwa kafin ta shiga masana'antar fina-finan [[Kannywood]] a shekarar 2006 da fim ɗinta na farko, ''Musnadi'' . Ya yi umarni, ya rubuta, kuma ya shirya ''Dare Da Yawa'' (2007), ''Jamila Da Jamilu'' (2009), da ''Ga Duhu Ga Haske'' (2010). Ya ci gaba da rubutawa da kuma bada umarni a ƙarƙashin sunan shirinsa na Saira Movies.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=October 2024}} == Rayuwa ta sirri == A ranar 31 ga Yuli, 2026, Saira ta auri mata ta biyu a wani biki da aka gudanar a Azare, Jihar Bauchi, wanda abokan aiki, magoya baya, da masu ruwa da tsaki a masana'antar Kannywood daga ko'ina cikin arewacin Najeriya suka halarta. Daga baya hotunan Saira tare da matansa biyu sun yaɗu sosai a shafukan sada zumunta, wanda hakan ya haifar da muhawara tsakanin masoyan Kannywood game da auren mata da yawa da kuma rayuwar iyali. == Fim ɗin fim == {| class="wikitable" |- style="background:#b0c4de; text-align:center;" !Year !Title !Role !Actors !Studio |- |2006 |''Musnadi'' |Director |Safiya Musa, Abba Al-Mustapha, Ibrahim Maishunku |Saira Movies |- |2007 |''Almajira'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Safiya Musa, [[Aminu Shariff]], Abba Al-Mustapha |Saira Movies |- |2007 |''Dare Da Yawa'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, [[Ali Nuhu]], Kubra Dako, |Saira Movies |- |2008 |''Garin Mu Da Zafi'' |Director |[[Ali Nuhu]], [[Adam A Zango|Adam A. Zango]], [[Maryam Booth]], Zainab Abdullahi |UK Entertainment |- |2009 |''Jamila Da Jamilu'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Jamila Nagudu |Saira Movies |- |2009 |''Mai Gadon Zinare'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar Nagudu, Ibrahim Maishunku |Saira Movies |- |2010 |''Ladidin Baba'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Zainab Umar |UK Entertainment |- |2010 |''Jidda'' |Director |Ibrihim Maishunku, Jamila Umar Nagudu, Ishaq Sidi Ishaq |Square Media |- |2010 |''Dan Sarki'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Zainab Umar, Hajara Usman, Musa Abdullahi |Kabugawa Production |- |2010 |''Ga Duhu Ga Haske'' |Director |Adam A Zango, Zainab Abdullahi, Zainab Umar |Saira Movies |- |2010 |''Miyatti Allah'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Fati KK, Binta Yahaya |G-Top Multimedia |- |2010 |''Rai Da Rai'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Rashida Abdullahi, Fati KK |T.M.A Production |- |2010 |''Balaraba'' |Director |Baballe Hayatu, Adam A Zango, Sadiya Gyale |Square Media |- |2010 |''Walijam'' |Director |Adam A Zango, Zainab Abdullahi, Audu Kano |UK Entertainment |- |2010 |''Mata Da Miji'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Binta Yahaya, Fati K. K., Rufaida Muhammad |G-Top Multimedia |- |2010 |''Dadin Baki'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Jamila Umar |Kabugawa Production |- |2011 |''Sarauta'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Rahma Hassan, Hadiza Muhammad, Kabiru Mai Kaba |T.M.A Production |- |2011 |''Malika'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Rabiu Rikadawa, Hadiza Muhammad |Saira Movies |- |2011 |''Laifin Dadi'' |Director |Shu'aibu Lawal, Adam A Zango, Nafisa Abdullahi |G-Top Multimedia |- |2011 |''Ban Saketa Ba'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Fati KK |Kabugawa Production |- |2011 |''Maryam Diyana'' |Director |Rahama Hassan, Hauwa Maina, Ali Nuhu, Sadiq Sani Sadiq |UK Entertainment |- |2011 |''Ajnabiyya'' |Director |Ibrahim Maishunku, Zainab Abdullahi, Rahama Hassan |UK Entertainment |- |2012 |''Mutallab'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Adam A Zango, Nafisa Abdullahi, Carmain McCain, Kabiru Nakwango |Square Media |- |2012 |''<nowiki/>'Yar Agadez'' |Director |Zainab Abdullahi, Ibrahim Maishunku, Nafisa Abdullahi, Adam A Zango |UK Entertainment |- |2012 |''Dan Marayan Zaki'' |Director |Nafisa Abdullahi, Sadiq Sani Sadiq, Rahama Hassan, Hadiza Muhammad, Sadiq Ahmad |Saira Movies |- |2012 |''Kara Da Kiyashi'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Muhammad, Bashir Nayaya, Nafisa Abdullahi |UK Entertainment |- |2012 |''Ban Sani Ba'' |Director |Hadiza Aliyu, Shehu Hassan Kano, Shu'aibu Lawan |T.M.A Production |- |2012 |''Toron Giwa'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Shu'aibu Lawal |Asnanic Movies |- |2012 |''Kona Gari'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Maryam Muhammad, Halima Atete, Hauwa Waraka |T.M.A Production |- |2013 |''Fisabilillah'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Hadiza Muhammad, Rabi'u Rikadawa |G-Top Multimedia |- |2013 |''Lamiraj'' |Director |Rahama Hassan, Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi |Saira Movies |- |2013 |''Dakin Amarya'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Halima Atete, A'isha Aliyu |Asnanic Movies |- |2013 |''Fari Da Baki'' |Director |Rahama Hassan, Al-Amin Buhari, Ali Nuhu |G-Top Multimedia |- |2013 |''Farin Dare'' |Director |Ali Rabi'u, Bello Muhammad Bello, Rahama Sadau |UK Entertainment |- |2014 |''Kanin Miji'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar, Nuhu Abdullahi |Saira Movies |- |2014 |''Kisan Gilla'' |Director |Sadiq Sani Sadiq, Hadiza Aliyu, Rahama Sadau, Bello Muhammad Bello |Asmasan Pictures |- |2014 |''Ashabul Kahfi'' |Director |Tahir Fagge, Tijjani Faraga, Al-Amin Buhari |Saira Movies |- |2014 |''Daga Ni Sai Ke'' |Director |Sadiq Ahmad, Zaharadden Sani, Sadiq Sani Sadiq, Hadiza Aliyu, Halima Atete |Saira Movies |- |2014 |''Haske'' |Director |Aina'u Ade, Ali Nuhu, Ali Rabiu, Abbas Sadiq |Saira Movies |- |2014 |''Kalamu Wahid'' |Director |Nafisa Abdullahi, Sadiq Ahmad, Ali Nuhu |Kabugawa Production |- |2014 |''<nowiki/>'Ya Daga Allah'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Nafisa Abdullahi, Fati Abdullahi. Sadiq Sani Saqid, Hadiza Muhammad |Saira Movies |- |2014 |''Ali Yaga Ali'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Aliyu, Sadiq Sani Saqid, Jamila Umar |Kabugawa Production |- |2015 |''Baya Da Kura'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Nuhu Abdullahi, Ishaq Sidi Ishaq, Fati Washa, Hadiza Muhammad |GG Production |- |2015 |''Wani Zama'' |Director |Yakubu Muhammad, Jamila Umar, Shehu Hassan Kano |Asnanic Movies |- |2015 |''Uwa Tafi Uwa'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Aliyu |Mikiya Production |- |2015 |''Gidan Kitso'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar, Fati Abdullahi |Kabugawa Production |- |2016 |''Jarumta'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Hadiza Aliyu, Jamila Umar, Hauwa Waraka, Nuhu Abdullahi |G-Top Multimedia |- |2016 |''Kallo Ya Koma Sama'' |Director |Ali Nuhu, Jamila Umar, Baballe Hayatu |Saira Movies |- |2021 |''Labarina'' |Director |Sarkin waƙa, Rabi'u Rikadawa etc. |Saira Movies |} == Daraja da kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara ! Kyauta ! Nau'i ! Fim ! Sakamako |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | Kyautar Kasuwanci | Mafi kyawun Darakta | ''Ganewa ta Musamman''| {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2013 | Kyaututtukan Kannywood/AMMA | Mafi kyawun Daraktan Fina-finai <ref name=":0" /> | ''Dakin Amarya''| {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|Kyautar Kannywood ta 1]] | Mafi kyawun Darakta na Shekara (Kyaututtukan Jurors Choice Awards) | ''Wata Hudu''| {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2014 | Kyaututtukan Kannywood/AMMA | Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Kyaututtukan Zaɓaɓɓun Shahararru) | ''Ali Yaga Ali''| {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | [[Kyaututtukan Kannywood|Kyautar Kannywood/MTN]] <ref>{{Cite web |title=Best Director - AMINU SAIRA hausa |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nOTGaK7lyaQ |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ikeji |first=Linda |date=4 February 2015 |title=Kannywood Awards: When MTN Celebrates the Northern Stars &#124; Welcome to Linda Ikeji's Blog |url=http://lindaikeji.blogspot.com/2015/02/kannywood-awards-when-mtn-celebrates.html}}</ref> | Mafi kyawun Darakta na Shekara (Kyaututtukan Zaɓen Jurors) | ''Ashabul Kahfi'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=ASHABUL KAHFI PROMO By Aminu Saira |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52AGTGNJ1pg |website=[[YouTube]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=2014 2nd Annual Kannywood Awards - Winners and Nominees [HausaFilms.TV - Kannywood, Fina-finai, Hausa Movies, TV and Celebrities] |url=http://hausafilms.tv/awards/2014mtnkannywoodawards |website=hausafilms.tv}}</ref> & ''Sabuwar Sangaya'' | {{Won}} |- ! scope="row" | 2015 | Kyaututtukan Kannywood/AMMA | Mafi Kyawun Darakta (Kyaututtukan Zaɓaɓɓun Shahararru) | ''Baya Da Kura''| {{Won}} |} An kuma ba Saira kyautar darakta mafi kyau ta Arewa Music and Movies Awards. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Aiki |first=Damilare |date=16 July 2013 |title=2013 City People Entertainment Awards: First Photos & Full List of Winners |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2013/07/2013-city-people-entertainment-awards-first-photos-full-list-of-winners/}}</ref> A shekarar 2015, an ba Saira kyautar Darakta mafi kyau [[Kannywood|a Kannywood]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=keninfo |date=2020-11-09 |title=Actor Aminu Saira: Biography And Net Worth - Ken Information Blog |url=https://keninfo.com.ng/2020/11/09/aminu-saira-biography-and-net-worth/,%20https://keninfo.com.ng/2020/11/09/aminu-saira-biography-and-net-worth/ |access-date=2024-02-14 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [https://m.imdb.com/name/nm3919190/?ref_=nv_sr_srsg_0_tt_0_nm_2_in_0_q_Aminu%2520Saira IMDb] * [[Jerin Jaruman Finafinan Najeriya|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Najeriya]] * [[Jerin daraktocin fina-finai na Najeriya|Jerin Daraktocin Fina-finai na Najeriya]] * [[Jaruman Kannywood|Jerin 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Kannywood]] == Manazarta == {{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Hausawa]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kano]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1979]] 3t87ifm5u7zf1ojgt0ho03n3souykiq Hasumiyar Gobarau 0 11463 962104 715028 2026-10-03T00:57:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962104 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Minaret Gobarau''' (var. '''Gobirau''', '''Goborau''' ) mai {{Convert|50|ft|m}} [[Hasumiya|minaret]] dake tsakiyar birnin [[Katsina (birni)|Katsina]], arewacin Nigeria. A matsayin farkon misali na gine-ginen musulmi a garin da aka sani da cibiyar tauhidi, hasumiya ta zama alamar birnin. == Tarihi == Gobarau minaret (a Hausa, Hasumiyya) gini ne mai kafa 50 a tsakiyar [[Katsina (birni)|birnin Katsina]], babban birnin [[Katsina (jiha)|jihar Katsina]] . Minnatar wani masallaci ne da aka gina a karni na 15 a zamanin Sarkin (Sarki) Katsina, [[Muhammadu Korau]] (1445-1495) wanda shi ne sarkin musulmi na farko a tsohuwar [[Tarihin Katsina|masarautar Katsina]] . Asalin masallacin yana da nasaba da kokarin fitaccen malamin addinin musulunci Sheikh Muhammad Abdulkarim Almaghili . Almaghili, an haife shi a [[Tlemcen|garin Tlemcen]] da ke kasar Aljeriya a yau, ya yi koyarwa na dan wani lokaci a Katsina a lokacin da ya ziyarci garin a karshen karni na 15 a zamanin mulkin Muhammadu Korau. An gina masallacin Gobarau ne domin ya zama cibiyar ayyukan ruhi da tunani. Masallatai da aka samu a [[Timbuktu|birnin Timbuktu]] sun yi wahayi zuwa gare shi a lokacin. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shema |first=Abdulsalam |title=ARCHITECTURAL HERITAGE AND CONSERVATION SITE, KATSINA GOBARAU MINARET |url=https://www.academia.edu/10624814/ARCHITECTURAL_HERITAGE_AND_CONSERVATION_SITE_KATSINA_GOBARAU_MINARET}}</ref> Daga baya kuma an yi amfani da masallacin a matsayin makaranta. A farkon karni na 16, Katsina ta zama cibiyar kasuwanci da ilimi mai matukar muhimmanci a kasar Hausa, kuma masallacin Gobarau ya zama shahararriyar cibiyar ilimin addinin musulunci. Gobarau ya ci gaba da zama Babban Masallacin Katsina har zuwa farkon karni na 19 a lokacin da Sarkin Katsina [[Ummarun Dallaje]] (1805-1835) ya gina sabon masallaci, amma daga baya [[Muhammadu Dikko]] (1906-1944), wanda ya gina sanannen Masallacin Dutsi (Masallacin Babban Masallacin Katsina/Masallacin Juma'a na Kofar Soro), wanda har yau yake amfani da shi. Sarkin Katsina [[Muhammadu Kabir Usman]] (1981–2008) ne ya gyara masallacin da hasumiyarsa. == Tatsuniyoyi == Shahararriyar tatsuniya game da asalin Gobarau ta nuna cewa lokacin da Muhammadu Korau ya kashe Jibda-Yaki Sanau, sarkin katsina na karshe, ya so ya gina masallaci. Bayan an zabo wurin ne sai aka samu matsalar alkiblar da masallacin zai fuskanta. Muhammadu Korau ya shawarci malaman addinin Musulunci na wancan lokacin, kuma duk suka amince da wata alkibla, sai wani Malam Jodoma, wanda bako ne. Sai gardama ta kaure, sai sauran malamai suka zagi Jodoma da cewa shi baqo ne mai son kawo rashin zaman lafiya. A fusace Malam Jodoma ya nufi wata hanya, sai ga Ka'abah ta bayyana a fili. An kuma yi amfani da hasumiya wajen hango sojojin da suka mamaye. [[Muhammadu Korau]] ya yi mamaki, ya mai da Mallam Jodoma babban limaminsa, abin da ya ba wa sauran malamai mamaki, wanda har kishi ya sa Muhammadu Korau ya yi imani da cewa Jodoma da ya yi suna yana son sarautarsa. An koro Jodoma daga Katsina, kuma ya sauka a kauyen Guga a karamar hukumar [[Bakori]] a jihar Katsina a yau, inda ya rasu. == Yawon shakatawa == A yau Gobarau wurin shakatawa ne, tare da [[Kusugu|rijiyar Kusugu]] a [[Daura]] . == Manazarta{{Reflist}} == * [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/236521/Gobarau-Minaret "Gobarau Minaret." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008] . Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 24 ga Satumba, 2008. * [http://www.businessdayonline.com/Businesslife/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135:gobarau-minaret-the-living-past-of-katsina&catid=5:where2spendit&Itemid=7 Gobarau Minaret, tsohon gidan katsina] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215222000/http://www.businessdayonline.com/Businesslife/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=135:gobarau-minaret-the-living-past-of-katsina&catid=5:where2spendit&Itemid=7 |date=2012-02-15 }} Archived , OSA AMADI, Ranar Kasuwancin Najeriya, 12 Satumba 2008. * [http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/travels/2008/aug/07/Travel-08-07-08-001.htm Tafiya zuwa Kauyen Yar'adua]  Daily Sun, Nigeria, Agusta 7, 2008. * An dawo da https://web.archive.org/web/20111114170909/http://www.katsinaemirate.org/earlykt.htm 8 Afrilu 2011. * https://web.archive.org/web/20111114170909/http://www.katsinaemirate.org/earlykt.htm An dawo dashi 8 ga Afrilu 2011. jfkphuelhjistbp8fnq13q6l833razq Aishatou Ousmane Ishaka 0 13478 961987 535853 2026-10-02T18:39:19Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Manazarta */ 961987 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Mejo Aishatou Ousmane Issaka''', mataimakiyar darekta ta hulda da jama'a a asibitin sojojo dake [[Niamey]] babban birnin [[Nijar|Jamhuriyar Nijar]], tana ɗaya daga cikin mata sojoji a ƙasar. A shekarar 2016 ta karbi kyautar karramawa da ake ba mata sojoji daga majalisar dinkin duniya saboda aikin da tayi na wanzar da zaman lafiya da tayi a garin [[Gao]] na kasar [[Mali]] tsakanin shekarar 2014 zuwa 2015. Tarike kaftin a bangaren shiga tsakanin Jami'an tsaro da fararen hula.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/en/peacekeeping/issues/military/advocateaward.shtml|title=UN Military Gender Advocate of the Year Award|last=|first=|date=2016|website=United Nations Peacekeeping|access-date=April 24, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.un.org/apps/newsFr/storyF.asp?NewsID=38006#.WO7VsnrGpj9|title=Une capitaine nigérienne ayant servi au sein de la MINUSMA récompensée par l'ONU|last=|first=|date=September 7, 2016|website=Centre d'actualités de l'ONU|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.nigerinter.com/2016/09/minusma-capitaine-aichatou-ousmane-issaka-une-nigerienne-recompensee/|title=MINUSMA : Capitaine Aichatou Ousmane Issaka, une nigérienne récompensée !|last=|first=|date=September 8, 2016|website=Niger Inter|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref> [[File:Aichatou Ousmane Issaka IWOC 3.jpg|thumb|Aishatou Ousmane Ishaka]] A ranar 29 ga watan maris, shekarar 2017, Issaka ta karɓi kyauta akan karfafa guiwar mata da kuma take musamman ma saboda aikin wanzar da zaman lafiya a kasashen Nijar da Mali daga ofishin uwargidan shugaban [[Amurika]] Malenia Trumph karkashin jagorancin sakataren hukumar kula da harkokin siyasa ta kasar Amurika Thomas A. Shannon.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/iwoc/2017/bio/index.htm|title=Biographies of the Finalists for the 2017 International Women of Courage Awards|date=2017|website=U.S. Department of State|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170329032421/https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/iwoc/2017/bio/index.htm|archive-date=2017-03-29|url-status=dead|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/iwoc/2017/index.htm|title=2017 International Women of Courage Award|date=2017|website=U.S. Department of State|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170327231038/https://www.state.gov/s/gwi/iwoc/2017/index.htm|archive-date=2017-03-27|url-status=dead|access-date=April 12, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lesahel.org/index.php/component/k2/item/13865-le-commandant-aichatou-issaka-ousmane-laur%C3%A9ate-du-prix-du-courage-f%C3%A9minin-au-titre-de-lann%C3%A9e-2017--le-porte-flambeau-de-la-participation-de-la-femme-nig%C3%A9rienne-%C3%A0-la-restauration-de-la-paix|title=Le Commandant Aichatou Issaka Ousmane, lauréate du Prix du Courage Féminin au titre de l'année 2017 : Le porte-flambeau de la participation de la femme nigérienne à la restauration de la paix|date=2017|website=Le Sahel, Office National d'Edition et de Presse|access-date=April 12, 2017|archive-date=April 6, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170406201705/http://www.lesahel.org/index.php/component/k2/item/13865-le-commandant-aichatou-issaka-ousmane-laur%C3%A9ate-du-prix-du-courage-f%C3%A9minin-au-titre-de-lann%C3%A9e-2017--le-porte-flambeau-de-la-participation-de-la-femme-nig%C3%A9rienne-%C3%A0-la-restauration-de-la-paix|url-status=dead}}</ref>. ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Issaka, Aichatou Ousmane}} [[Category:Matan Nijar]] [[Category:Sojojin Nijar]] [[Category:Mutanen Nijar]]. [[Category:Mata]] 082lobenp7i445wk01aykdrmpkf503x Hauwa Waraka 0 15402 962106 934247 2026-10-03T01:08:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962106 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hauwa Waraka'''Yar wasan fina finan Hausa ce a masana'antar fim ta Kannywood.shahararra kuma sanan na a wasan kwaikwayo. ==Rayuwa da Aiki== Waraka dai tana yawan fitowa a fina finai manya kuma tana daya daga cikin fitattun jarumai mata da har yanzun ake damawa dasu a masana'antar <ref>http://hausafilms.tv/actress/hauwa_waraka_abubakar</ref> An haifi hauwa a garin Jos jahar plateau, bafullata nace ta ruga , iyayenta fulanin Adamawa ne Wanda zama yakai su garin jos, Jarumar tayi aure tanada shekara goma Sha hudu abisa Al'adan Fulani na kauye sannan auren nata be Dade ba suka rabu da mijin. == Shahararta == Hauwa waraka ta shiga harkan fina finai na kannywood inda tasami daukaka da shahara a fim din da ya fito da shahararta shine fim din(WARAKA) ta Sami lambar yabo a fim din Wanda ada bako wa ya Santa ba Amma fim din shi ya Kara haskakata a duniya daga Nan tafara fito a wasu kana nan wasan kwaikwayo comedi, sannan ta fito afim din gidan badamasi Wanda Shima ya Kara haskakata shiri mai dogon zango na tashar arewa 24 https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f455dc36acc888ef0bade850 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710102716/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f455dc36acc888ef0bade850 |date=2023-07-10 }} .https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f455dc36acc888ef0bade850 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710102716/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f455dc36acc888ef0bade850 |date=2023-07-10}} ==Fina-finan jarumar == Hauwa waraka tayi fina finai da dama a masana'antar kannywood tayi fim akalla yakai 100 a kanniwud , <ref>https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f455dc36acc888ef0bade850 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710102716/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f455dc36acc888ef0bade850 |date=2023-07-10 }} https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f45.5dc36acc888ef0bade850 {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710102716/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f455dc36acc888ef0bade850 |date=2023-07-10 </ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f455dc36acc888ef0bade850 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-07-10 |archive-date=2023-07-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710102716/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f455dc36acc888ef0bade850 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>>Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230710102716/https://ng.opera.news/ng/en/entertainment/bfbd0aa3f455dc36acc888ef0bade850 |date=2023-07-10 </ref> *Katanga *Ƙona gari *Gidan badamasi *Waraka ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 7vl3r4546doh4m2xcwc32uvvi8irerj Andy Amadi Okoroafor 0 16386 962187 933192 2026-10-03T07:12:01Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1270145039|Andy Amadi Okoroafor]]" 962187 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Andy Amadi Okoroafor''' listenⓘ ɗan fim ne na Najeriya kuma mai magana da yawun TED . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor: Director, screenwriter |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128034515/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |archive-date=November 28, 2021 |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2010 Relentless . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/andy_amadi_okoroafor |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> Baya ga shugabanci, shi ma marubuci ne, furodusa da kuma darektan fasaha. Shi ne wanda ya kafa ɗakin karatu mai suna 'Clam'. A cikin 2021, ya fito a cikin Collision Course, fim din Bolanle Austen-Peters wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar #EndSars. A wannan shekarar, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a karo na biyu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a na Netflix, Castle da Castle. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1966 a [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]], Arewacin Najeriya . Yana da shekara guda lokacin da yaƙin ya fara a Biafra. Daga baya ya koma Paris, Faransa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha a tallace-tallace, kayan ado da bidiyon kiɗa. Shi ma TED-Fellow ne.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A Faransa, Okoroafor ya shafe shekaru biyar yana jagorantar bidiyon kiɗa da hotunansu, daga murfin kundin zuwa bidiyon kiɗan. Ya kafa ɗakin karatu mai suna 'Clam' da kuma 'Clam magazine' a cikin 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PASS in Paris: Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Pan African Space Station}}</ref> Ana buga mujallar sau biyu a shekara a Japan, Amurka, Turai, da Brazil.<ref name="ted" /> A baje kolin 2017, ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayon Never Surrender, a M. Bassy a Hamburg, Jamus. Nunin ya haɗa da daukar hoto da shigarwar bidiyo a cikin jerin, More Aphrike . Tare da jerin, ya yi aiki tare da ɗan'uwansa mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai yin fim, Andrew Dosunmu . <ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor">{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Filmny}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Okoroafor ya yi fim din Relentless, fim dinsa na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor. Relentless. 2010. 95 min. With Gideon Okeke, Nneka Egbuna, and Jimmy Jean-Louis. France and Nigeria. English. Clam Films. No price reported. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/andy-amadi-okoroafor-relentless-2010-95-min-with-gideon-okeke-nneka-egbuna-and-jimmy-jeanlouis-france-and-nigeria-english-clam-films-no-price-reported/AF4AE386A7D6EEE44E781FFB6953395A |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Studies Review}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, an zaɓi fim din don bikin fim na London, kuma an nuna shi a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a Port Harcourt a karon farko a Afirka.<ref name="ted" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2010 |''[[Relentless (fim na 2010)|Rashin Rashin Ruwa]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |Fim din |<ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor" /> |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|4162175}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] ayvlqvkw5u5g3b1s3cjhmpierghe0t2 962189 962187 2026-10-03T07:12:42Z Baffa ali 47435 962189 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Andy Amadi Okoroafor''' listenⓘ ɗan fim ne na Najeriya kuma mai magana da yawun TED . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor: Director, screenwriter |url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211128034515/https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4f4b952e049c8 |archive-date=November 28, 2021 |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=British Film Institute}}</ref> Ya fi shahara a matsayin darektan fim din 2010 Relentless . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://www.rottentomatoes.com/celebrity/andy_amadi_okoroafor |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Rotten Tomatoes}}</ref> Baya ga shugabanci, shi ma marubuci ne, furodusa da kuma darektan fasaha. Shi ne wanda ya kafa ɗakin karatu mai suna 'Clam'. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 1966 a [[Bauchi (birni)|Bauchi]], Arewacin Najeriya . Yana da shekara guda lokacin da yaƙin ya fara a Biafra. Daga baya ya koma Paris, Faransa kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan fasaha a tallace-tallace, kayan ado da bidiyon kiɗa. Shi ma TED-Fellow ne.<ref name="ted">{{Cite web |title=Fellows Friday with Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://blog.ted.com/fellows-friday-with-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=TED}}</ref> == Ayyuka == A Faransa, Okoroafor ya shafe shekaru biyar yana jagorantar bidiyon kiɗa da hotunansu, daga murfin kundin zuwa bidiyon kiɗan. Ya kafa ɗakin karatu mai suna 'Clam' da kuma 'Clam magazine' a cikin 1999. <ref>{{Cite web |title=PASS in Paris: Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://panafricanspacestation.org.za/pass-in-paris-profile-andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=Pan African Space Station}}</ref> Ana buga mujallar sau biyu a shekara a Japan, Amurka, Turai, da Brazil.<ref name="ted" /> A baje kolin 2017, ya jagoranci wasan kwaikwayon Never Surrender, a M. Bassy a Hamburg, Jamus. Nunin ya haɗa da daukar hoto da shigarwar bidiyo a cikin jerin, More Aphrike . Tare da jerin, ya yi aiki tare da ɗan'uwansa mai ɗaukar hoto kuma mai yin fim, Andrew Dosunmu . <ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor">{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor |url=https://africanfilmny.org/directors/andy-amadi-okoroafor/ |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Filmny}}</ref> A shekara ta 2010, Okoroafor ya yi fim din Relentless, fim dinsa na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Andy Amadi Okoroafor. Relentless. 2010. 95 min. With Gideon Okeke, Nneka Egbuna, and Jimmy Jean-Louis. France and Nigeria. English. Clam Films. No price reported. |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/african-studies-review/article/andy-amadi-okoroafor-relentless-2010-95-min-with-gideon-okeke-nneka-egbuna-and-jimmy-jeanlouis-france-and-nigeria-english-clam-films-no-price-reported/AF4AE386A7D6EEE44E781FFB6953395A |access-date=13 October 2020 |publisher=African Studies Review}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2010, an zaɓi fim din don bikin fim na London, kuma an nuna shi a ranar 6 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2010 a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a Port Harcourt a karon farko a Afirka.<ref name="ted" /> == Hotunan fina-finai == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Fim din !Matsayi !Irin wannan !Tabbacin. |- |2010 |''[[Relentless (fim na 2010)|Rashin Rashin Ruwa]]'' |Darakta, marubuci, furodusa |Fim din |<ref name="Andy Amadi Okoroafor" /> |} == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|4162175}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1966]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] asua6hch0594xpr55ob1cuzqjqt0vh8 Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar 0 17566 962237 903767 2026-10-03T08:41:11Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 /* Manazarta */ 962237 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Abubakar Shehu Abubakar.jpg|thumb|Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar]] '''Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar''' (An haife shi a ranar 17 ga watan [[Disamba]]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://www.rfi.fr/ha/shirye-shirye/tattaunawa-da-ra-ayin-masu-saurare/20240206-an-shiga-rudani-a-senegal-sakamakon-dage-zaben-kasar-zuwa-disamba&ved=2ahUKEwjajPvZ8PaGAxW1QEEAHThTAlgQxfQBKAB6BAgLEAI&usg=AOvVaw2DIY0phyUqo9pX8oDPUgaf</nowiki></ref>, na shekarar alif dubu daya da dari tara da saba'in da bakwai 1977, [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]]<ref name=":1" />, [[Najeriya|Nigeria]]<ref name=":0"><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://guardian.ng/roofing-sheet-maker-aarti-steel-quits-nigeria/&ved=2ahUKEwihgfv48PaGAxUUUkEAHWNkDiMQxfQBKAB6BAgIEAI&usg=AOvVaw3rDYX-bYHnhFfsECC9S3wi</nowiki></ref>) shi ne shugaban gargajiyar Nijeriya<ref name=":0" /> wanda aka nada shi a matsayin Sarkin [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe]] na goma sha ɗaya (11) a watan Yulin shekara ta 2014.<ref>https://archive.is/20140624023912/http://www.ngrguardiannews.com/news/national-news/164757-govt-appoints-new-emir-of-gombe</ref> <ref>https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/162207-gombe-gets-new-emir.html</ref> Kuma shine shugaban sarakunan masarautun jihar [[Gombe (jiha)|Gombe.]]<ref name=":1"><nowiki>https://www.sunnewsonline.com/gombe-community-weeps-as-emir-dies-16-months-after-coronation/</nowiki></ref> Ya zama Sarki ne bayan rasuwar mahaifinsa, [[Shehu Abubakar]], sarki na goma (10), wanda ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00030638.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-31 |archive-date=2022-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221231135126/https://allafrica.com/view/group/main/main/id/00030638.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>http://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2014/05/27/emir-of-gombe-dies-at-76/</ref> Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar shine da na biyu na [[Shehu Abubakar]]. == Tarihi == An haifi Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar a garin Gombe, Najeriya. Ya halarci makarantar firamaren yara ta Gombe daga shekara ta 1982 zuwa 1988 da kuma makarantar sakandaren kimiyya ta gwamnati, Gombe, daga shekara ta 1989 zuwa 1995. Shehu-Abubakar ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyyar siyasa daga [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maiduguri jami’ar Maiduguri]<ref><nowiki>https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&source=web&rct=j&opi=89978449&url=https://aminiya.ng/kotu-ta-%25C9%2597aure-farfesan-jamiar-maiduguri-shekaru-biyu/&ved=2ahUKEwjGwYWi8faGAxVnXEEAHYc9DJIQxfQBKAB6BAgPEAI&usg=AOvVaw0Mhw5TCUxyAy7oRLPAeLVh</nowiki></ref>[https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/University_of_Maiduguri ,] inda ya kasance dalibi daga shekara ta 2001 har zuwa kammala karatunsa a shekara ta 2005 Abubakar ya yi aiki a matsayin kansila mai kulawa a Majalisar Karamar Hukumar Gombe daga shekara ta 2006 zuwa 2007. <ref>ab cd ef g hi jkl "Govt appoints new Emir of Gombe". The Guardian (Nigeria) . 2014-06-06. Archived from the original on 2014-06-24. Retrieved 2014-06-23.</ref>Daga shekara ta 2007 har zuwa shekara ta 2009, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai taimaka wa Daraktan Gudanarwa a [[Ma'aikatar Tsaron Najeriya|Ma’aikatar Tsaro]] ta Tarayyar da ke [[Abuja]]. Daga baya ya zama shugaban kamfanin Kliptown Lagoon Nigeria Ltd. da babban darakta na Horizon Interlinks Global Resources. [[Fayil:Emir of Gombe Gribbin 2007.jpg|thumb|Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar a cikin mutane ]] Mahaifin Abubakar Shehu-Abubakar, Sarkin Gombe na goma (10) wato Shehu Abubakar, ya mutu sakamakon cutar kansa a kasar [[London|Landan]] a ranar 27 ga Mayu, 2014. An naɗa shi a matsayin magajin Shehu Abubakar, a farkon watan Yunin 2014. Sakataren Gwamnatin Gombe (SSG), Abubakar Bage, ya gabatarwa da Shehu-Abubakar wasiƙar nadin nasa a Babban Masallacin Gombe a ranar 6 ga Yuli, 2014. ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[category:Haifaffun 1977]] [[category:Rayayyun Mutane]] 8zwrqczlirimlqfi5jl9aha0f9k42ay Hukumar Kula da Gyara ta Najeriya 0 20471 962128 939699 2026-10-03T04:21:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962128 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Acre prison 001.jpg|thumb]] '''Hukumar Kula da Gyara ta [[Najeriya]] (NCoS), wacce a da''' aka fi sani da '''Nigerian Prison Service (NPS)''', hukuma ce ta gwamnatin [[Najeriya|Najeriya da]] ke gudanar da gidajen yari. Hukumar tana da hedikwata a [[Abuja]], <ref>"[http://www.corrections.gov.ng/resources/downloads/INVITATION%20TO%20TENDER%20%28GAS%29.pdf Invitation to Tender for the Supply of Cooking Gas to Nigerian Prisons, for the Period 1st January to 31st December, 2015] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203000626/http://www.corrections.gov.ng/resources/downloads/INVITATION%2520TO%2520TENDER%2520(GAS).pdf |date=2019-12-03 }}." Nigerian Prisons Service. Retrieved on 22 March 2016. "National Headquarters, Bill Clinton Drive, Airport Road, Abuja."</ref> kuma tana karkashin kulawar Ma’aikatar Cikin Gida da Hukumar Kula da Shige da Fice. <ref name="About">"[http://www.corrections.gov.ng/about/ About The Service] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191203000540/http://www.corrections.gov.ng/about/ |date=2019-12-03 }}." Nigerian Prisons Service. Retrieved on 22 March 2016.</ref><ref>"Nigerian Prisons Service Prisons and Capacities Archived 3 April 2016 at the Wayback Machine." Nigerian Prisons Service. Retrieved on 22 March 2016.</ref><ref>Chiama, Paul. "Nigeria’s Famous Prisons" (Archive). Leadership. 7 August 2015. Retrieved on 22 March 2016.</ref> == Game da == Ofishin Gyara Najeriya wani ɓangare ne na Tsarin Adalci na Laifi wanda yake a Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida. Ofishin Gyara Najeriyar al'amari ne na tarayya. watau babu ayyukan Gyara Jiha a Najeriya. Sannan Kowace Cibiyar Kula da Gida ita ce Cibiyar Tarayya. Aikin Sabis yana kula da Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida da Hukumar Tsaro, Wuta, Hukumar Shige da Fice da Gyara. == Asali == Asalin aikin Gyara na zamani a Nigeria shine 1861. Wancan shine shekarar da aka kafa kurkuku irin na Yammaci a Najeriya. Bayyanar da Legas a matsayin mulkin mallaka a shekara ta 1861 ya nuna farkon kafa kayan masarufi na gudanar da mulki.<ref>Aliyu, Habib. "About Nigerian Corrections Service". corrections.gov.ng. Archived from the original on 27 December 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2022.</ref> A wannan matakin damuwar gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ita ce ta kare halal na kasuwanci, da ba da tabbacin ribar 'yan kasuwar Biritaniya tare da ba da tabbacin ayyukan mishan. Don wannan, a cikin shekara ta 1861, muƙaddashin gwamnan mulkin mallaka na Legas kuma wanda ya kasance sanannen ɗan kasuwar [[Birtaniya|Ingila]] a Legas, ya kafa Policean sanda na kusan constan sanda 25. An bi wannan a cikin shekara ta 1863 ta hanyar kafa a Legas na kotuna guda huɗu: Kotun 'yan sanda don warware ƙananan rikice-rikice, kotun masu aikata laifuka don yin hukunci mafi tsanani, kotun bawa don yin shari'ar da ta samo asali daga ƙoƙarin soke cinikin bayi da kotun kasuwanci don sasanta rikice-rikice tsakanin yan kasuwa da yan kasuwa. Aikin waɗannan kotunan da 'yan sanda a cikin wannan yanayin mulkin mallaka tabbas yana nufin cewa ana buƙatar kurkuku don kammala tsarin. Kuma ba a daɗe da zuwa ba a cikin shekara 1872, an kafa gidan yarin Broad Street tare da damar fursunoni na farko na 300.<ref>Oluokun, Ayorinde (18 February 2021). "Just In: Buhari appoints Ahmed Audi, Haliru Nababa as new bosses for Civil Defence, NCoS". P.M. News. Lagos, Nigeria. Retrieved 27 August 2024.</ref> A yankin Neja Delta, kafin wannan lokacin kotuna na musamman na 'yan kasuwar da ke samun goyon bayan Sojojin Ruwan Burtaniya suka daidaita dangantakar da ke tsakanin mutanen yankin da' yan kasuwar ta Burtaniya musamman tare da nada John Beecroft a matsayin ƙaramin jakada a shekarar 1849. An tabbatar da buƙatar kotun 'yan kasuwa ta gaskiyar cewa yawancin rikice-rikice tsakanin' yan kasuwa da jama'ar gari suna cikin babban kasuwancin. Kodayake akwai shaidar kurkuku a Bonny a wannan lokacin, ba a san abubuwa da yawa game da girma da abun ciki ba. Amma waɗanda daga baya za su yi adawa da mulkin Burtaniya yawanci ana tura su kamar yadda ya faru a batun Jaja na Opobo da Sarki Dappa na Bonny. Koyaya, ci gaba da kutsawar da Birtaniyya tayi zuwa ƙasan bayanta da kuma kafa masarautar Burtaniya zuwa ƙarshen karni na 19 ya tilasta kafa gidajen yarin a matsayin mahaɗi na ƙarshe a cikin Tsarin Adalcin Laifuka. Don haka kafin shekara ta 1910, tuni akwai gidajen yari a Degema, Calabar, Onitsha, Benin, Ibadan, Sapele, Jebba da Lokoja. Sanarwar kare muhalli a kan Gabas, Yamma da Arewa a shekarar 1906 ya sanya duk yankin Najeriya ƙarƙashin mulkin mallakar Burtaniya. Koyaya, wannan ba shine alamar farkon dunkulewar gidajen yarin Najeriya ba. Duk da haka, gidan kurkukun mulkin mallaka a wannan matakin ba'a tsara shi don gyara kowa ba. Babu wata tsararriyar manufa wacce za a nemi alkibla daga zartar da hukunci. Maimakon haka fursunoni suna cikin babban abin da aka yi amfani da shi don ayyukan jama'a da sauran ayyuka ga mulkin mallaka. A dalilin haka ba a bukatar daukar sabbin hafsoshin fursunoni. Saboda haka gidajen yari na mulkin mallaka ba su da kwararru kuma masu ci gaba na kansu kuma a maimakon haka 'yan sanda ma suna gudanar da aikin gidan yari. Yayin da lokaci ya wuce sai aka dauke tsoffin ma’aikatan da za su yi aikin. Har ila yau, ba a gudanar da su da kyau kuma yanayin gidan yarin ya bambanta daga wannan wuri zuwa wancan a cikin rashin tsari, rashin son magana da amfani da su. Amma muddin suka yi aiki da bukatun mulkin mallaka na tabbatar da doka da oda, karɓar haraji, da samar da aiki don ayyukan jama'a, gaba daya an bar su su kadai. Sakamakon haka shi ne cewa gidajen yarin sun yi aiki da manufar ladabtar da wadanda suke da kwarin guiwar adawa da mulkin mallaka a cikin wani nau'i ko kuma wancan yayin kuma a lokaci guda suna jin tsoron wadanda suke son tayar da rikici ga mulkin mallaka da aka kafa. An buga ka’idojin gidan yari a shekara ta 1917 don bayar da umarnin shigar da su, tsare su, kula da su da kuma tsarin rabe-rabensu da kuma daukar ma’aikata, tsarin cin abinci da kuma tsarin sutura a gidajen yarin. Wadannan hanyoyin an iyakance su ne ta hanya guda daya. Ba su da hankali ga kowane irin nau'in kulawa da fursunoni. Madadin haka suna wakiltar manufofin shawo kan waɗanda suka riga sun kasance a kurkuku. Bayan haka, an iyakance su cikin aikace-aikacen ga wadanda aka yanke musu hukunci ko kuma aka tsare su a kurkuku ta kotunan masu aikata laifuka na nau'ikan iko na lardi ko na larduna. Waɗanda kotun ativeasar ta sake turawa ko ta yanke musu hukunci an tura su gidajen yarin Hukumar 'yan Asalin. Har ila yau, dokar gidan yarin ta banbanta tsakanin Jiragen Jiran da fursunonin da aka yanke musu hukunci, har ma ta tanadi hukuncin mai laifin - a cikin kowane gidan yari. Amma takaitaccen aiki da wannan ka’idar zuwa ga Kurkukun kasa yayin da Asalin Hukumomin Kurkukun suka bi yadda suka ga dama wanda hakan ya haifar da bayyanar wata manufa ta Gidan Yarin Kasa dangane da kula da fursunoni. Har sai a shekara ta 1934 aka yi wani yunƙuri mai ma'ana don shigo da zamanantar da dangi a cikin Hukuncin Gidan Yari. A wannan lokacin ne Kanar VL Mabb ya zama Daraktan gidajen yari na Gwamna na lokacin Sir Donald Cameron. Kodayake jami'in soja ne, Mabb ya fahimci abin da ya kamata gidajen yari su kasance. Kuma ya ci gaba da yin iya kokarinsa. Abin da ya zama kamar ya mayar da hankalinsa a kansa shi ne samar da hadadden tsarin Gidan Yari ga kasar baki daya amma ya kasa. Amma duk da haka ya yi nasarar fadada babban Daraktan kula da gidajen yari da ikon dubawa a kan gidajen Yari na Hukumar Native har zuwa wannan lokacin da ya fi karfi a Arewa. Har ila yau, a lokacinsa ne aka kafa Hukumar Jin Dadin Kare Kurkukun. Magajinsa RH Dolan ne zai ci gaba da ƙoƙarinsa a shekara ta (1946 - 55). Mista Dolan ma'aikacin gidan yari ne da aka horar kuma a lokacin da ya fara aiki a Najeriya ya riga ya samu gogewa sosai a harkokin kula da gidan yari a Burtaniya da kuma masarautu. Duk da cewa an bullo da wani shiri na bullo da koyar da sana’o’i a gidajen yarin kasar a shekara ta 1917 amma abin ya faskara sai a kurkukun Kaduna da Lokoja inda yake aiki a shekara ta 1926, Mista Dolan ya sake gabatar da shi a shekarar 1949 a matsayin wani bangare na maganin azabtarwa a Najeriya. Ya kuma sanya fursunoni ya zama tilas a duk gidajen yari sannan ya ci gaba da gabatar da ziyarar dangantakar da ke tsakanin fursunonin. Ya kuma gabatar da tsarin neman ci gaba don masu laifi na farko na dogon lokaci. Ya kuma sauya Hedikwatar Gidajen Yari da ke Enugu zuwa Legas domin saukaka hadin kai da sauran Ma’aikatar Gwamnati. Ya kuma gabatar da azuzuwan koyar da tarbiyya da na manya wadanda Ministocin da suka dace da malamai za su kula da ilimin addinin Kirista da na Musulunci. An gabatar da shirye-shiryen nishadi da shakatawa na fursunoni a lokacinsa tare da kafa kungiyar kula da kula da kula da fursunonin da aka sallama. Amma a sama da haka, ya kirkiro da wani shiri na ginawa tare da fadada har ma da manyan gidajen yari don inganta tsarin yadda fursunoni suke da matsuguni. Dangane da ci gaban ma'aikata, ya kasance muhimmiyar rawa ga kafuwar Makarantar Horon Fursuna, Enugu a shekara ta 1947. Ya kuma ga sanya sabbin mata masu ilimi wadanda za su kula da fikafikan mata na gidajen yari kuma gaba daya ya yi kokarin inganta yanayin aikin ma'aikatan gidan yarin. Bugu da kari, ya dauki matakin rabewa a yayin da a ahekara ta 1948 ya bude ofisoshin kawo canji hudu a Legas ya kuma sauya wani bangare na gidajen yarin Port-Harcourt don gidaje da kula da yara. Shekaru biyar bayan haka ya kasance zai gina buɗaɗɗen kurkuku a Kakuri - Kaduna don kula da masu laifi na farko waɗanda suka aikata laifuka kamar su kisan kai da kisan kai, kuma waɗanda suke wa'adin shekara 15 ko fiye. Manufar ita ce a horar da su da karamin kulawa a harkar noma domin idan sun sauke su yi aiki da kansu ta hanyar samun nasara. A zahiri, wa'adin Dolan ya wakilci babban matsayi a cigaban Fursunonin Najeriya. <ref name="About"/> Kurkuku sun hada da: <ref>"[http://www.prisons.gov.ng/resources/downloads/prison%20and%20capacity%20%20latest2.pdf Nigerian Prisons Service Prisons and Capacities] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403005553/http://www.prisons.gov.ng/resources/downloads/prison%20and%20capacity%20%20latest2.pdf |date=2016-04-03 }}." Nigerian Prisons Service. Retrieved on 22 March 2016.</ref> Jihar Adamawa: * Kurkukun Yola [[Ebonyi|Jihar Ebonyi]]: * Kurkukun Abakiliki Babban Birnin Tarayya: * Kurkukun matsakaiciyar Kuje Jihar Legas: * Kurkukun Ikoyi * Kirikiri Mafi Tsaron Kurkuku * Kurkukun Tsaro na Kirikiri * Kurkukun matan Kirikiri - kurkukun mata daya tilo a Najeriya <ref name="Chiama">Chiama, Paul. "[http://leadership.ng/news/452373/nigerias-famous-prisons Nigeria’s Famous Prisons]" ([https://www.webcitation.org/6gDMcYHae?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20150820082253/http://leadership.ng/news/452373/nigerias-famous-prisons Archive]). ''[[Leadership (newspaper)|Leadership]]''. 7 August 2015. Retrieved on 22 March 2016.</ref> Jihar Edo: * Kurkukun Tsaro na Tsaro, Oko [[Yobe|Jihar Yobe]]: * Kurkukun Gashuwa Mafi Girma == Duba kuma == * [[Fasa Gidan Yarin Bauchi|Hutun gidan yari na Bauchi]] * Najeriya gidan yari * Hutun gidan yari na Lagos == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20220922022142/https://corrections.gov.ng/ Ayyukan Gidajen Yari na Najeriya] [[Category:Gidan Yari a Najeriya]] [[Category:Gidan yari]] [[Category:Gine-gine]] [[Category:Gini]] [[Category:Gwamnatin Najeriya]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] kygq804luupmgtlc4hd3obaucgl0vtx Wikipedia:Sabbin editoci 4 21908 962080 961590 2026-10-02T21:28:59Z AmmarBot 13973 Sabunta shafin sabbin editoci 962080 wikitext text/x-wiki Wannan shafin ya na ƙunshe da sabbin editocin da sukayi rajista a Hausa Wikipedia. Robot yana sabunta wannan shafin duk bayan wasu sa'o'i. Kada ku gyara wannan shafin, duk chanjin da akayi, robot zaya yi overwriting din shi a lokacin sabunta shafin. {| class="wikitable sortable" !Numba !Edita !Gudummuwa !Lokacin rajista |- |1 |[[User:Alansohn|Alansohn]] |[[Special:Contributions/Alansohn|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 28 ga Satumba 2026 |- |2 |[[User:Legamerprech|Legamerprech]] |[[Special:Contributions/Legamerprech|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 28 ga Satumba 2026 |- |3 |[[User:Gaddafi Ali|Gaddafi Ali]] |[[Special:Contributions/Gaddafi Ali|Gudummuwa]] |Litinin, 28 ga Satumba 2026 |- |4 |[[User:Electropositive|Electropositive]] |[[Special:Contributions/Electropositive|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 29 ga Satumba 2026 |- |5 |[[User:Dagio lol|Dagio lol]] |[[Special:Contributions/Dagio lol|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 29 ga Satumba 2026 |- |6 |[[User:Hausa hype man|Hausa hype man]] |[[Special:Contributions/Hausa hype man|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 29 ga Satumba 2026 |- |7 |[[User:Mason.Jones|Mason.Jones]] |[[Special:Contributions/Mason.Jones|Gudummuwa]] |Talata, 29 ga 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00.jpg|caption1=Kalahari in Namibia|image2=KalahariBirdView.jpg|caption2=Bird's eye view of the Kalahari in Namibia: the darker dots are [[Vachellia erioloba|camel thorns]]|image3=Kalahari Lehmpfanne.jpg|caption3=Kalahari Clay Pan near [[Onderombapa]]}}'' '''Hamadar Kalahari''' babbar ''Hamada'' ce mai bushiyoyi masu tsayi a [[Kudancin Afirka]] wadda ta kai tsawon kilomita murabba'i 900,000 (sq mi 350,000), wadda kuma ya mamaye yawancin kasashen ''Botswana'', da wasu sassan [[Namibiya|Namibia]] da [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Bai kamata a rude shi da hamadar bakin teku ta Angola, Namibia, da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ba, wanda sunansa asalin Khoekhoegowab kuma yana nufin "babban wuri". == Bayanin Lantarki == '''Kalahari''' ya samo asali ne daga kalmar Tswana ta ''Kgala'', ma'ana "babban ƙishirwa", ko ''Kgalagadi'', ma'anar "wuri mara ruwa";<ref name="SAltena">{{cite web|url=http://www.southerncape.co.za/geography/regions/kalahari.php|title=The Kalahari-Basin|date=15 July 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150725154710/http://www.southerncape.co.za/geography/regions/kalahari.php|archive-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> Kalahari yana da faffadan yankuna da jan yashi ya rufe ba tare da wani ruwa na dindin ba. == Tarihi == Ba koda yaushe hamadar Kalahari ke kasancewa busasshiyar hamada ba. Burbushin fure da [[Dabba|dabbobi]] daga [[Gcwihaba]] Cave, Botswana, ya nuna yankin ya kasance yana da ruwa da sanyi aƙalla daga 30 zuwa 11,000 BP, musamman bayan 17,500 BP.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Robbins|first1=L. H.|last2=Murphy|first2=M. L.|display-authors=et al.|year=1996|title=Paleoenvironment and Archaeology of Drotsky’s Cave: Western Kalahari Desert, Botswana|journal=Journal of Archaeological Science|volume=23|issue=1|pages=7–22|doi=10.1006/jasc.1996.0002}}</ref> === Casar magabata === == Labarin ƙasa == Ruwa na kwararowar hamada ta hanyar kwarin busassun kwari ne, kwanon ruwansha na lokaci-lokaci da kuma manyan kwanukan gishiri na [[Makgadikgadi Pan]] a Ƙasar Botswana da Etosha Pan a Namibia. Kogin da yake din-din ne, mai suna Okavango, ya kwarara zuwa wani yanki da ke yankin arewa maso yamma, inda ya samar da fadama wadanda ke da albarkatun namun daji. Tsohon busassun kogunan ruwa-wanda ake kira omuramba-ya ratsa tsakiyar arewacin arewacin Kalahari tare da samar da wuraren tsafta na ruwa lokacin damina. Yankin hamada, tare da kuma manyan filaye na kyakkyawan kiwo bayan ruwan sama mai kyau, Kalahari yana tallafawa dabbobi da tsire-tsire fiye da hamada ta gaske, irin su Namib ''Desert'' da yamma. Akwai ruwan sama kadan kuma yanayin zafi yana da yawa sosai. Yankunan da suka bushe galibi suna karɓar milimita 110-200 (4.3-7.9 a) na ruwan sama a kowace shekara,<ref name="SAltena"/> kuma mafi ƙanƙan ruwa sama da milimita 500 (20 a). Tafkin Kalahari da ke kewaye ya mamaye sama da murabba'in kilomita 2,500,000 (970,000 sq mi) wanda kuma ya zarce zuwa Botswana, Namibia da Afirka ta Kudu, kuma ya kutsa cikin sassan [[Angola]], [[Zambiya]] da [[Zimbabwe]]. Akwai kwanon rufi da yawa a cikin Kalahari, gami da Groot-vloer Pan da Verneukpan inda shaidar akwai wani yanayi mai ƙamshi wanda ya kasance a cikin tsohuwar tsarin ɗaukar ruwa. Wannan da sauran kwanon rufi, har da gindin kogi, an rubuta su sosai a Sciforums ta hanyar labarin da Walter Wagner ya yi game da manyan wuraren da ke da ruwa na Kalahari. Kalahari yana da faɗi kuma ya faɗaɗa arewa sosai inda kuma akwai wadatattun tituna masu yawa.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciforums.com/threads/ancient-namibian-freeway-overlays-ancient-agriculture-system.158967/|title=Ancient Namibian Freeway overlays Ancient Agriculture System|website=www.sciforums.com|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=2021-09-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210926215349/http://www.sciforums.com/threads/ancient-namibian-freeway-overlays-ancient-agriculture-system.158967/|url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yanayi == Arewa da gabas, kusan inda busassun gandun daji, savannahs da tabkuna masu gishiri suka fi rinjaye, canjin yanayin yana da danshi-danshi maimakon na dausayi. Kudu da yamma, inda yawanci ciyayi ke da tsibirin ''savanna'' ko ma na yankin hamada ne, canjin yanayin shine "'''Kalaharian'''" mai bushe bushe. Yanayin Kalaharian yana da karko (matsakaita na shekara-shekara wanda ya fi girma ko daidai da 18 ° C, a kololuwa ya kai 40 ° C zuwa sama, tare da ma'anar zafin wata-wata na watan mafi tsananin sanyi a ƙasa da 18 ° C), kuma yana da bushe-bushe tare da bushewa lokaci a lokacin "sanyi", mafi tsananin sanyi watanni shida na shekara. Yankin kudu ne mai kwatankwacin yanayin Sahelian tare da lokacin damuna a lokacin bazara. An sanya tsawan matsayin bayanin dalilin da yasa yanayin Kalaharian baya zama na wurare masu zafi; tsayinta ya fara daga mita 600 zuwa 1600 (kuma gaba daya daga mita 800 zuwa 1200), wanda hakan kuma ke haifar da yanayi mai sanya hankali fiye da na [[Sahel]] ko Sahara. Misali, sanyin hunturu ya zama ruwan dare daga watan Yuni zuwa Agusta, wani abu da ba kasafai ake gani a yankunan Sahelian da ke da dumi ba.<ref>{{in lang|fr}} ''Les milieux désertiques'', Jean Demangeot, Edmond Bernus, 2001. Editor: Armand Colin. {{ISBN|9782200251970}}, page 20 in particular.</ref> A saboda wannan dalili, yanayin zafi na bazara na iya zama mai zafi sosai, amma ba a kwatanta shi da yankuna masu ƙarancin tsawo a cikin Sahel ko Sahara ba, inda wasu tashoshi ke yin rikodin matsakaicin yanayin watan da ya fi zafi a kusan 38 ° C, yayin da matsakaicin zafin wanda ya fi zafi wata a cikin kowane yanki a cikin Kalahari bai taɓa wuce 29 ° C ba, kodayake yanayin zafi na wani lokaci yakan kai kusan 45 ° C (113 ° F) (44.8 ° C a Twee Rivieren Rest Camp a 2012).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mherrera.org/records.htm|title=World Record Temperatures -Highest Lowest Hottest Coldest temperatures-|website=www.mherrera.org}}</ref> [[File:Gewitter_in_der_Kalahari.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Gewitter_in_der_Kalahari.jpg|thumb|Babban tsawa kusa da Stampriet]] Lokacin rani yana ɗaukar watanni takwas ko sama da haka, kuma lokacin damina yawanci daga ƙasa da wata ɗaya zuwa watanni huɗu, ya dogara da wuri. Yankin kudu maso yammacin Kalahari yanki ne da ya fi bushe, musamman wani karamin yanki da ke yamma da kudu maso yamma na Tsaraxaibis (Kudu maso Gabashin Namibia). Matsakaicin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara wanda ya fara daga kusan 110 mm (kusa da danshi) zuwa fiye da 500 mm a wasu yankuna na arewa da gabas. A lokacin bazara a duk yankuna ruwan sama na iya zuwa da tsawa mai karfi. A cikin busassun busassun wurare na Kalahari, sama da awanni 4,000 na hasken rana ana yin rikodin kowace shekara a kan matsakaita. A cikin Kalahari, akwai manyan abubuwa guda biyu na yanayin sararin samaniya, wanda Kalahari High anticyclone ya mamaye:<ref>{{in lang|fr}} Tropicalité Jean Demangeot Géographie physique intertropicale, pages 44–45, Figure 19, source: Leroux 1989.</ref> * Arewa da Arewa maso yamma na Kalahari na fuskantar canzawa "Yankin Haɓakawa Tsakanin Yankuna (ITCZ) /" Yankin Kasuwancin Nahiyar. "ITCZ yanki ne na haɗuwa da iskar kasuwanci tare da takwarorinsu na ƙira waɗanda masu binciken yanayi ke kira" Mitar yanayin yanayi " da kuma masu jirgin ruwa "Doldrum" ko "Pot-au-noir": ITCZ ​​na samar da ruwan sama a lokacin damina, yayin da iskar kasuwanci ta nahiyar ke haifar da rani; * Sauran Kalahari suna karkashin iskar kasuwanci ta teku, wanda yawanci ya zubar da danshinsu yayin da suke tsallakawa da kuma haye Babban Kasan Kudancin Afirka kafin su iso kan Kalahari. Akwai manyan wuraren ajiyar ruwa a ƙarƙashin ƙasan Kalahari; Kogon Numfashin Maciji, alal misali, shine mafi girma daftarin rubuce-rubuce marasa tafkin ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Irin waɗannan wuraren ajiyar na iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na ragowar tsoffin tafkuna; Hamadar Kalahari ta kasance wani wuri mai dausayi sosai. Tsohuwar [[Tafkin Makgadikgadi]] ta mamaye yankin, ta rufe Bankin Makgadikgadi da kewayensa, amma ya kafe ko ya bushe kimanin shekaru 10,000 da suka gabata. Wataƙila ya taɓa rufewa kusan tsawon kilomita murabba'i 120,000 (46,000 sq mi).<ref>{{cite book|last1=Goudie|first1=Andrew|title=Great Warm Deserts of the World: Landscapes and Evolution|url=https://archive.org/details/greatwarmdeserts0000goud|date=2002|publisher=Oxford University Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/greatwarmdeserts0000goud/page/204 204]}}</ref> A zamanin da, akwai wadatar danshi don noma, tare da dikes da madatsun ruwa ke tara ruwan. Wadannan yanzu suna cike da laka, ɓata, ko ba a amfani da su, kodayake ana iya ganin su ta hanyar Google Earth.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.sciforums.com/threads/ancient-dikes-dams-and-reservoirs-of-the-kalahari-region.159050/|title=Ancient Dikes, Dams and Reservoirs of the Kalahari Region|website=www.sciforums.com|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=2021-07-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183715/http://www.sciforums.com/threads/ancient-dikes-dams-and-reservoirs-of-the-kalahari-region.159050/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Kalahari yana da tarihin canjin yanayi mai rikitarwa a cikin shekaru miliyan da suka gabata ko makamancin haka, daidai da manyan canje-canje na duniya. Canje-canje a cikin shekaru 250,000 na ƙarshe an sake sake su daga maɓuɓɓuka na bayanai daban-daban, kuma suna ba da shaidar duka manyan tafkuna masu yawa da lokutan bushewa fiye da yanzu. Yayin karshen yankin na Kalahari ya fadada ya hada da wasu sassan yammacin Zimbabwe, Zambiya da Angola.<ref>Thomas, D.S.G. and Shaw, P.A. 1991 'The Kalahari Environment'. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge</ref> == Kayan lambu da furanni == [[File:Devil's_thorn_flower_(Tribulus_zeyheri),_Kalahari.jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Devil's_thorn_flower_(Tribulus_zeyheri),_Kalahari.jpg|thumb|Furen ƙaya na Iblis (Tribulus zeyheri) yana girma a cikin Hamadar Kalahari]] [[File:Sand_dune_in_the_Kalahari_Desert_(Namibia).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Sand_dune_in_the_Kalahari_Desert_(Namibia).jpg|thumb|Thoraya ta raƙumi ta warwatse a kan dunes a cikin Hamadar Kalahari]] Saboda karancin danshi, Kalahari yana tallafawa nau'ikan fure iri-iri. Rasar ''flora'' ta ƙasar ta haɗa da bishiyoyin acacia da sauran ganye da ciyawa da yawa.<ref>[http://kalahari.kastlwerk.de/ Martin Leipold, ''Plants of the Kalahari'']</ref> 'Ya'yan itacen kiwano, wanda aka fi sani da ƙahon ƙaho, melano, kokwamba mai ƙahon Afirka, ''jelly melon'', ko gourd mai shinge, yana da matukar damuwa ga wani yanki a cikin Hamadar Kalahari (takamaiman yankin da ba a san shi ba).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wikihow.com/Eat-a-Kiwano-(Horned-Melon)|title=How to Eat a Kiwano (Horned Melon)|website=wikiHow}}</ref> Ko da inda "hamadar" Kalahari ya bushe ya isa ya zama hamada a ma'anar saukar ruwa, bawai yana maganar hamada sosai saboda tana da murfin ƙasa sosai. Babban yankin da bashi da murfin ƙasa shine a kudu maso yamma Kalahari (kudu maso gabashin Namibia, arewa maso yamma na Afirka ta kudu da kudu maso yamma na Botswana) a kudu da Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park. Misali a cikin gundumar gundumar ZF Mgcawu ta Afirka ta Kudu, yawan adadin ciyayi na iya zama ƙasa da 30.72% a kan mara kariya (daga kiwo) gonakin gona a kudu da Twee Rivieren Rest Camp da 37.74% a cikin kariya (daga kiwon shanu) Kudu Yankin Afirka na Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park:<ref>{{cite journal|first=Bernd|last=Wasiolka|first2=Niels|last2=Blaum|title=Comparing biodiversity between protected savanna and adjacent non-protected farmland in the southern Kalahari|pages=836–841 [Table 2 on p. 838]|journal=[[Journal of Arid Environments]]|volume=75|issue=9|year=2011|doi=10.1016/j.jaridenv.2011.04.011}}</ref> wadannan yankuna da ke kudu maso kudancin Kalahari xeric savanna sune hamadar hamada. Koyaya, a cikin sauran Kalahari da suka rage, banda kwanon gishiri a lokacin rani, murfin ciyayi na iya zama mai yawa a fili, har zuwa kusan 100% a wasu yankuna masu iyaka. A yankin kusan 600,000 km2 a kudu da yamma da Kalahari, ciyawar itace mafi yawan savanna. Wannan yankin shine ecoregion da Asusun Duniya na Yanayi ya bayyana a matsayin Kalahari xeric savanna AT1309. Hankula irin ciyawar savanna sun hada da ''Schmidtia'', ''Stipagrostis'', ''Aristida'', da ''Eragrostis''; wadannan suna cakude da bishiyoyi kamar su rakumi (''Acacia erioloba''), grey camelthorn (''Acacia haematoxylon''), bishiyar makiyaya (''Boscia albitrunca''), blackthorn (''Acacia mellifera''), da kuma ganye mai tarin azurfa (''Terminalia sericea''). A wasu yankuna inda yanayi ke bushewa, ya zama hamada ta hamada ta gaskiya tare da kasa wacce ba ciyawa ta rufe ta gaba daya: "bude" sabanin "rufaffiyar" ciyayi. Misalan sun hada da arewacin Hukumar Gundumar ZF Mgcawu,, kanta a arewacin Afirka ta Kudu, da Keetmanshoop Karkara a kudu maso gabashin Namibia. A arewa da gabas, akwai busassun dazuzzuka da suka mamaye yanki sama da 300,000 km2 wanda tekun Rhodesian da nau'ikan itaciya da yawa sun yi fice. Ana kiran waɗannan yankuna Kalahari Acacia-Baikiaea woodlands AT0709.<ref name="WWFAT">{{cite web|url=http://worldwildlife.org/biomes/deserts-and-xeric-shrublands|title=Deserts and xeric shrublands - Biomes - WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund|access-date=2021-07-07|archive-date=2018-03-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180315012232/https://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/deserts-and-xeric-shrublands|url-status=dead}}</ref> A waje da "hamada" ta Kalahari, amma a cikin tafkin Kalahari, wani ciyayi mai cutar halophytic a arewa ya dace da kwanon rufi, tabkuna wadanda suka bushe gaba daya a lokacin rani, kuma wataƙila na tsawon shekaru a lokacin fari, kamar a Etosha (Etosha Pan halophytics AT0902 ) da Makgadikgadi (Zambezian halophytics AT0908).<ref name="WWFAT" /> Daban-daban ciyayi sun dace da ruwan sha mai kyau na Okavango Delta, wani yanayi da ake kira Zambezian da ambaliyar ruwa ta mamaye AT0907.<ref name="WWFAT" /> == Fauna == Kalahari yana da gida ga tsuntsaye da dabbobi masu ƙaura da yawa. A da wuraren hutu ne na namun daji tun daga giwaye zuwa rakumin dawa, da kuma masu farauta irin su zakuna da ''cheetah'', a yanzu bakin kogin galibi wuraren kiwo ne, duk da cewa ana iya samun damisa cheetahs. Yankin yanzu yana da ciyayi sosai kuma shingen shanu sun hana cunkoson namun daji. Daga cikin hamada na Kudancin duniya, Kalahari ya fi kama da wasu hamadar Ostiraliya a cikin yanayin ''latitude'' da yanayin yadda yake. Ko da yake akwai speciesan ƙananan cututtukan gargajiya, ana samun nau'ikan nau'ikan iri daban-daban a yankin, gami da manyan masu lalata irin su zaki (''Panthera leo''), cheetah (''Acinonyx jubatus''), damisa (''Panthera pardus''), hyena mai hangowa (''Crocuta crocuta''), launin ruwan kasa hyena (''Hyaena brunnea''), da karen daji na Cape (''Lycaon pictus pictus''). Tsuntsayen ganima sun hada da tsuntsayen sakatare (''Sagittarius serpentariu''s), dorinar mikiya (''Polemaetus bellicosus'') da sauran mikiya, katuwar mujiya (''Bubo lacteus'') da sauran mujiya, falcons, goshawks, kestrels, and kites. Sauran dabbobin sun hada da wildebeest, springbok da sauran dabbobin ruwa, na kwalliya (''Hystrix africaeaustralis'') da jimina (''Struthio camelus'').<ref>{{cite web|url=http://worldwildlife.org/ecoregions/at1309|title=Kalahari xeric savanna - Ecoregions - WWF|website=World Wildlife Fund}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin yankuna a cikin Kalahari yankuna ne masu dausayi, kamar su [[Makgadikgadi Pan|Makgadikgadi Pans]] na Botswana. Wannan yanki, alal misali, yana tallafawa nau'ikan nau'ikan ''halophilic'', kuma a lokacin damina, dubun dubatan flamingos sukan ziyarci wadannan kwanukan.<ref>Hogan, C. Michael (2008). [http://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 ''Makgadikgadi'', Megalithic Portal, ed. A. Burnham] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 |date=2023-10-30 }}.</ref> Babbar barazanar da ke tattare da rayuwar namun daji ita ce shingen da aka gina don kula da garken shanun kiwo, aikin da ke kuma cire murfin tsiren na savanna kanta. Hakanan masu kiwon shanu za su ba da guba ko farautar masu farauta daga yankin kewayen, musamman masu kai hari ga diloli da karnukan daji.<gallery> File:Kalahari gemsbok Oryx gazella.jpg|''Oryx gazella'' File:Suricata.jpg|Meerkat a cikin Kalahari File:Wd4 ian 710 01.JPG|Karen daji na Afirka da ke cikin hatsari a cikin Tsibirin Tsari na Kalahari </gallery> == Yankunan da aka kare == An kafa waɗannan yankuna masu kariya a cikin Kalahari irin su: * Central Kalahari Game Reserve * Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park * Khutse Game Reserve * Tswalu Kalahari == Yawan jama'a == [[File:San-Mann_beim_Sammeln_der_Teufelskralle_(Namibia).jpg|link=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:San-Mann_beim_Sammeln_der_Teufelskralle_(Namibia).jpg|thumb|Mutumen San yana tattara tafin shedan (2017)]] Mutanen San sun rayu cikin Kalahari tsawon shekaru 20,000 a matsayin masu tara farauta.<ref>{{Citation|last=Marshall|first=Leon|date=16 April 2003|title=Bushmen Driven From Ancestral Lands in Botswana|periodical=National Geographic News|place=Johannesburg|url=http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san2_2.html|access-date=2009-04-22|archive-date=2005-10-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051024221016/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2003/04/0416_030416_san2_2.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> Suna farautar daji tare da baka da kibau masu guba kuma suna tattara tsire-tsire masu cin abinci, kamar su 'ya'yan itace, kankana da goro, da ƙwari. 'Yan San suna samun yawancin bukatunsu na ruwa daga tushen tsire-tsire da guna na hamada da aka samo a kan ko ƙarƙashin ƙasan hamada. sau da yawa yana adana ruwa a cikin ɓawon ƙwaryar ƙwai na jimina. 'Yan San suna zaune a bukkoki da aka gina daga kayan gida - an yi firam ɗin da rassa, kuma an yi rufin da ciyawa da dogon ciyawa. Yawancin dabarun farautarsu da dabarun tattara su sun yi kama da kabilunmu da suka gabata. Tarihinsu ya hada da almara na allahn Chikara, yana kare su daga yunwa da mutuwa ta hanyar sadaukar da ransa ta hanyar farautar su a cikin silar barewa da sauran naman daji da suke farautar abinci. Bux makiyin Chikara ne kuma yana cikin macizai waɗanda ake samunsu da adadi mai yawa a yankin hamadar Kalahari. Tswana, Kgalagadi, da Herero da ke magana da Bantu da wasu tsirarun Turawa ma da ke zaune a cikin hamada Kalahari. Birnin Windhoek yana cikin Kogin Kalahari. == Kalahari, San da lu'ulu'u == A cikin 1996, De Beers ya kimanta yiwuwar hakar lu'u-lu'u a Gope. A shekarar 1997, fara fatattakar 'yan kabilar San da Bakgalagadi da ke cikin babban Game na Kalahari daga yankinsu.<ref name="heartofdryness2009">{{cite book|title=Heart of Dryness|url=https://archive.org/details/heartofdrynessho0000work|first=James|last=Workman|pages=323|publisher=Walker Publishing|year=2009}}</ref> A cikin 2006, wata Babbar Kotun Botswana ta yanke hukunci a kan kabilun San da Bakgalagadi da ke wurin, ganin cewa korar da aka yi musu ya saba wa doka. Gwamnatin Botswana ta ba da izini ga ''De Beers 'Gem Diamonds/Gope Exploration Company (Pty) Ltd''. don gudanar da ayyukan [[hakar ma'adinai]] a cikin ajiyar.<ref name="survival">{{cite web|url=http://www.survivalinternational.org/news/5600|title=UN report condemns Botswana's treatment of Bushmen|date=3 March 2010|access-date=31 March 2013|publisher=Survival for Tribal Peoples}}</ref> == Mazauna tsakanin Kalahari == '''Botswana:''' * [[Gaborone]] * Ghanzi * Orapa * Tshabong * Tshane '''Namibia:''' * Gobabis * Mariental '''Afirka ta Kudu:''' * Noenieput * Rietfontein == Duba Kuma == * Karoo * Kgalagadi (''disambiguation'') == Manazarta == <references /> == Hanyoyin haɗin waje == * Media related to Kalahari at Wikimedia Commons * "Cry of the Kalahari" * Kalahari desert's forgotten influence on carbon levels e4zxuabjo50jp4xbq25lp4pbjrf1r36 Anyanui 0 23335 961964 800154 2026-10-02T18:24:33Z Pharouqenr 25549 961964 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anyanui''' ƙauye ne a gundumar Keta, [[Ghana]]. Anyanui yana haɗe da Ada Foah ta jirgin ruwa wanda ke gudana kowace Laraba, yana kira zuwa wasu ƙauyuka da ke kan hanya.<ref name="Ezime">{{cite web|title=Ferry Ada Foah Anyanui|url=http://www.touristmap.ezime-guesthouse.com/index.php?ghbas=links_einzelnd&link_order_nr=125&activ_ge=Ada%20Foah&activ_cat=&limit=6|publisher=Ezime Guesthouse|accessdate=2 May 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502070809/http://www.touristmap.ezime-guesthouse.com/index.php?ghbas=links_einzelnd&link_order_nr=125&activ_ge=Ada%20Foah&activ_cat=&limit=6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anyanui yana fuskantar lalacewar teku kuma an fara aikin $ 60 miliyan don rufe kilomita 2.7 tsakanin Anyanui da Akplortorkor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government advised to extend sea defence wall to Anyanui and Aflao|url=http://vibeghana.com/2012/07/24/government-advised-to-extend-sea-defence-wall-to-anyanui-and-aflao/|publisher=Vibe Ghana|accessdate=2 May 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502072958/http://vibeghana.com/2012/07/24/government-advised-to-extend-sea-defence-wall-to-anyanui-and-aflao/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == avj2scsdrd02op6kkn9yy63bkxp6qqc 961965 961964 2026-10-02T18:24:57Z Pharouqenr 25549 961965 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Anyanui''' ƙauye ne a gundumar Keta, [[Ghana]]. Anyanui yana haɗe da Ada Foah ta jirgin ruwa wanda ke gudana kowace Laraba, yana kira zuwa wasu ƙauyuka da ke kan hanya.<ref name="Ezime">{{cite web|title=Ferry Ada Foah Anyanui|url=http://www.touristmap.ezime-guesthouse.com/index.php?ghbas=links_einzelnd&link_order_nr=125&activ_ge=Ada%20Foah&activ_cat=&limit=6|publisher=Ezime Guesthouse|accessdate=2 May 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502070809/http://www.touristmap.ezime-guesthouse.com/index.php?ghbas=links_einzelnd&link_order_nr=125&activ_ge=Ada%20Foah&activ_cat=&limit=6|url-status=dead}}</ref> Anyanui yana fuskantar lalacewar teku kuma an fara aikin $ 60 miliyan don rufe kilomita 2.7 tsakanin Anyanui da Akplortorkor.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government advised to extend sea defence wall to Anyanui and Aflao|url=http://vibeghana.com/2012/07/24/government-advised-to-extend-sea-defence-wall-to-anyanui-and-aflao/|publisher=Vibe Ghana|accessdate=2 May 2014|archive-date=2 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502072958/http://vibeghana.com/2012/07/24/government-advised-to-extend-sea-defence-wall-to-anyanui-and-aflao/|url-status=dead}}</ref> {{Stub}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} nhrdg2mu2704f33m27ffr5xx0cyr4n3 Akrobeto 0 23531 961994 478456 2026-10-02T18:54:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 961994 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akwasi Boadi''' (an haife shi 18 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1962), wanda aka fi sani da '''Akrobeto''', ɗan wasan [[Ghana]] ne, ɗan wasan barkwanci kuma mai gabatar da shirye -shiryen TV. An fito da shi a fina -finan Kumawood sama da 100 kuma girman hanci ya san shi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2019|title=My nose has played a role in my success – Akrobeto|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/my-nose-has-played-a-role-in-my-success-akrobeto/akrobeto/|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2020|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> An san Akwesi Boadi a masana'antar showbiz da Akrobeto (''who 'nose' tomorrow''). == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Akrobeto a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba a shekara ta 1962 a Ayirebi a mazabar Ofoase Ayirebi a yankin Gabashin Ghana. Ya fara karatunsa na firamari a Akyem Ayerebi L/A primary and middle school kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1979. Duk da cewa ba zai iya cin jarabawar karatun sakandari ba, kaunar wasan barkwanci da wasan kwaikwayo ya sa ya shahara da son mutane da yawa a cikin al'ummarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumawood's Akrobeto turns 53 today|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Kumawood-s-Akrobeto-turns-53-today-394823|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara 11 da mahaifansu suka haifa wanda 10 daga cikinsu suka rasu.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Akrobeto Is The Only Surviving Child Of His Parents; All Of His Other 10 Siblings Are Dead' – Prophet Opambour Reveals|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-is-the-only-surviving-child-of-his-parents-all-of-his-other-10-siblings-are-dead-prophet-opambour-reveals/|date=3 October 2019|website=GhGossip|language=en-AU|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626002424/https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-is-the-only-surviving-child-of-his-parents-all-of-his-other-10-siblings-are-dead-prophet-opambour-reveals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kasa ci gaba da karatunsa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIDEO: I wouldn't have been this successful if I were educated – Akrobeto|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/i-wouldnt-have-been-this-successful-if-i-were-educated-akrobeto/47nx55n|date=30 April 2019|website=Entertainment|language=en-US|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> == Aiki == Yana dan shekara 18, ya bar garinsu zuwa Accra tare da Apostle Kwadwo Sarfo na Kristo Asafo Band, lokacin da kungiyar ta ziyarci Akyem Ayerebi don yin bukin kade -kade da suka saba yi a garin. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ƙungiyar Kristo Asafo kuma ya yi wasu abubuwa da yawa a cikin shekarun 2000 a shahararren mawakin keysoap "wanda shi ne" gasa a wancan lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2008, ya fara fitowa a fina -finan Kumawood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Humility is secret to my longevity – Akrobeto|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/showbiz/news/humility-is-secret-to-my-longevity-akrobeto.html|website=Graphic Showbiz Online|language=en-gb|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne mai watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin 'The Real News' akan UTV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I stopped bedwetting when I turned 18-years-old – Akrobeto|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-stopped-bedwetting-when-I-turned-18-years-old-Akrobeto-955576|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Ya zama sananne ga YouTube, kuma a cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2020 shirye -shiryen bidiyo na karanta sakamakon wasanni daga ƙwallon ƙafa na Turai a cikin wuce gona da iri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marland|first=Daniel|date=19 November 2020|title=Football Fans Are Loving This Ghanaian 'Pundit' Bringing Joy With His Score Announcements|work=[[SPORTbible]]|url=https://www.sportbible.com/football/football-news-funny-reactions-take-a-bow-fans-are-loving-akwasi-boadis-score-announcements-20201119|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423101905/https://www.sportbible.com/football/football-news-funny-reactions-take-a-bow-fans-are-loving-akwasi-boadis-score-announcements-20201119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mensah|first=Kelvin|date=16 November 2020|title=Akrobeto Makes Headlines In Spain With His REAL NEWS|work=GH Gossip|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-makes-headlines-in-spain-with-his-real-news-video/|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122064500/https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-makes-headlines-in-spain-with-his-real-news-video/}}</ref> Furucin da bai yi ba na sunan kyaftin din Chelsea César Azpilicueta ya sa dan wasan na Spain ya raba bidiyon a shafin Twitter kuma ya ba da amsa tare da shirin da ya yi bayanin yadda ake furta shi, tare da ba da karin haske ga Akrobeto.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mensah|first=Kelvin|date=17 November 2020|title=Chelsea Star, Cesar Azpilicueta Reacts To Video Of Akrobeto for Pronouncing His Name As 'Kasar Azikipi'|work=GH Gossip|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/chelsea-star-cesar-azpilicueta-reacts-to-video-of-akrobeto-for-pronouncing-his-name-as-kasar-azikipi/|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626002435/https://www.ghgossip.com/chelsea-star-cesar-azpilicueta-reacts-to-video-of-akrobeto-for-pronouncing-his-name-as-kasar-azikipi/}}</ref> Shirye -shiryen satirical daban -daban sun yi nasu shirye -shiryen bidiyo wanda ke daidaita jawabin Akrobeto, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na Girkanci Radio Arvyla da sauransu, wanda ya nuna bidiyonsa akai -akai kuma fuskarsa ta bayyana a cikin alamar "Top Epikairotitas", wani ɓangare na wasan. Bugu da ƙari, shirin ranar Alhamis na Rediyo Arvyla ya ƙare tare da faifan bidiyo inda ake gabatar da labarai daban -daban na cikin gida tare da hanyar Akrobeto, tare da adana hotunan shirin Akrobeto. An yi iƙirarin samun kulawa daga Bayer Leverkusen da sauran dandamali na talabijin a Spain. Patrice Evra ya kira shi kawun N'golo Kante.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Boakye|first=Edna Agnes|date=2021-03-27|title=#EAAwards: Akrobeto is Entertainment Personality of the Year|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/eaawards-akrobeto-wins-overall-entertainment-personality-of-the-year-award/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne mai masaukin baki na hudu na 3Music Awards wanda aka gudanar a Accra International Conference Centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photos from the 3Music Awards 2021 - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/photos-from-the-3music-awards-2021/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Akrobeto ya auri Georgina Johnson kuma yana da yara 3.<ref name=":0" /> == Filmography == * [[Away Bus]] * Things we do for love * Chain Of Death * Akrobeto The Grand Master Of Evil * Akrobeto The Evil Bird * HWE WANO ASEM YIE * AKROBETO Back to school * AWO YAA KYIEWAA * Asan bi ye Nhrabea * SUMENA SO ADIE * Akrobeto No Abɔnefoɔ ɔberɛmba 3 * Akrobeto Taxi Driver * AHENKAE * Ma Yenfa To Woso * Pastors Club * Sorantie Pastor == Kyauta == A cikin Maris shekara ta 2021, ya fito a matsayin Babban Mutumin Nishaɗi na Shekara a Gasar Nishaɗin Nishaɗi.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == rpmn8ijs772zctcw5gzqjbtrwqhuiye 961995 961994 2026-10-02T18:55:13Z Pharouqenr 25549 961995 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akwasi Boadi''' (an haife shi 18 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1962), wanda aka fi sani da '''Akrobeto''', ɗan wasan [[Ghana]] ne, ɗan wasan barkwanci kuma mai gabatar da shirye -shiryen TV. An fito da shi a fina -finan Kumawood sama da 100 kuma girman hanci ya san shi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2019|title=My nose has played a role in my success – Akrobeto|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/my-nose-has-played-a-role-in-my-success-akrobeto/akrobeto/|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2020|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> An san Akwesi Boadi a masana'antar showbiz da Akrobeto (''who 'nose' tomorrow''). == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Akrobeto a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba a shekara ta 1962 a Ayirebi a mazabar Ofoase Ayirebi a yankin Gabashin Ghana. Ya fara karatunsa na firamari a Akyem Ayerebi L/A primary and middle school kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1979. Duk da cewa ba zai iya cin jarabawar karatun sakandari ba, kaunar wasan barkwanci da wasan kwaikwayo ya sa ya shahara da son mutane da yawa a cikin al'ummarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumawood's Akrobeto turns 53 today|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Kumawood-s-Akrobeto-turns-53-today-394823|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara 11 da mahaifansu suka haifa wanda 10 daga cikinsu suka rasu.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Akrobeto Is The Only Surviving Child Of His Parents; All Of His Other 10 Siblings Are Dead' – Prophet Opambour Reveals|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-is-the-only-surviving-child-of-his-parents-all-of-his-other-10-siblings-are-dead-prophet-opambour-reveals/|date=3 October 2019|website=GhGossip|language=en-AU|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626002424/https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-is-the-only-surviving-child-of-his-parents-all-of-his-other-10-siblings-are-dead-prophet-opambour-reveals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kasa ci gaba da karatunsa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIDEO: I wouldn't have been this successful if I were educated – Akrobeto|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/i-wouldnt-have-been-this-successful-if-i-were-educated-akrobeto/47nx55n|date=30 April 2019|website=Entertainment|language=en-US|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> == Aiki == Yana dan shekara 18, ya bar garinsu zuwa Accra tare da Apostle Kwadwo Sarfo na Kristo Asafo Band, lokacin da kungiyar ta ziyarci Akyem Ayerebi don yin bukin kade -kade da suka saba yi a garin. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ƙungiyar Kristo Asafo kuma ya yi wasu abubuwa da yawa a cikin shekarun 2000 a shahararren mawakin keysoap "wanda shi ne" gasa a wancan lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2008, ya fara fitowa a fina -finan Kumawood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Humility is secret to my longevity – Akrobeto|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/showbiz/news/humility-is-secret-to-my-longevity-akrobeto.html|website=Graphic Showbiz Online|language=en-gb|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne mai watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin 'The Real News' akan UTV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I stopped bedwetting when I turned 18-years-old – Akrobeto|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-stopped-bedwetting-when-I-turned-18-years-old-Akrobeto-955576|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Ya zama sananne ga YouTube, kuma a cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2020 shirye -shiryen bidiyo na karanta sakamakon wasanni daga ƙwallon ƙafa na Turai a cikin wuce gona da iri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marland|first=Daniel|date=19 November 2020|title=Football Fans Are Loving This Ghanaian 'Pundit' Bringing Joy With His Score Announcements|work=[[SPORTbible]]|url=https://www.sportbible.com/football/football-news-funny-reactions-take-a-bow-fans-are-loving-akwasi-boadis-score-announcements-20201119|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423101905/https://www.sportbible.com/football/football-news-funny-reactions-take-a-bow-fans-are-loving-akwasi-boadis-score-announcements-20201119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mensah|first=Kelvin|date=16 November 2020|title=Akrobeto Makes Headlines In Spain With His REAL NEWS|work=GH Gossip|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-makes-headlines-in-spain-with-his-real-news-video/|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122064500/https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-makes-headlines-in-spain-with-his-real-news-video/}}</ref> Furucin da bai yi ba na sunan kyaftin din Chelsea César Azpilicueta ya sa dan wasan na Spain ya raba bidiyon a shafin Twitter kuma ya ba da amsa tare da shirin da ya yi bayanin yadda ake furta shi, tare da ba da karin haske ga Akrobeto.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mensah|first=Kelvin|date=17 November 2020|title=Chelsea Star, Cesar Azpilicueta Reacts To Video Of Akrobeto for Pronouncing His Name As 'Kasar Azikipi'|work=GH Gossip|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/chelsea-star-cesar-azpilicueta-reacts-to-video-of-akrobeto-for-pronouncing-his-name-as-kasar-azikipi/|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626002435/https://www.ghgossip.com/chelsea-star-cesar-azpilicueta-reacts-to-video-of-akrobeto-for-pronouncing-his-name-as-kasar-azikipi/}}</ref> Shirye -shiryen satirical daban -daban sun yi nasu shirye -shiryen bidiyo wanda ke daidaita jawabin Akrobeto, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na Girkanci Radio Arvyla da sauransu, wanda ya nuna bidiyonsa akai -akai kuma fuskarsa ta bayyana a cikin alamar "Top Epikairotitas", wani ɓangare na wasan. Bugu da ƙari, shirin ranar Alhamis na Rediyo Arvyla ya ƙare tare da faifan bidiyo inda ake gabatar da labarai daban -daban na cikin gida tare da hanyar Akrobeto, tare da adana hotunan shirin Akrobeto. An yi iƙirarin samun kulawa daga Bayer Leverkusen da sauran dandamali na talabijin a Spain. Patrice Evra ya kira shi kawun N'golo Kante.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Boakye|first=Edna Agnes|date=2021-03-27|title=#EAAwards: Akrobeto is Entertainment Personality of the Year|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/eaawards-akrobeto-wins-overall-entertainment-personality-of-the-year-award/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne mai masaukin baki na hudu na 3Music Awards wanda aka gudanar a Accra International Conference Centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photos from the 3Music Awards 2021 - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/photos-from-the-3music-awards-2021/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Akrobeto ya auri Georgina Johnson kuma yana da yara 3.<ref name=":0" /> == Filmography == * [[Away Bus]] * Things we do for love * Chain Of Death * Akrobeto The Grand Master Of Evil * Akrobeto The Evil Bird * HWE WANO ASEM YIE * AKROBETO Back to school * AWO YAA KYIEWAA * Asan bi ye Nhrabea * SUMENA SO ADIE * Akrobeto No Abɔnefoɔ ɔberɛmba 3 * Akrobeto Taxi Driver * AHENKAE * Ma Yenfa To Woso * Pastors Club * Sorantie Pastor == Kyauta == A cikin Maris shekara ta 2021, ya fito a matsayin Babban Mutumin Nishaɗi na Shekara a Gasar Nishaɗin Nishaɗi.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} aew8ds6y403spiehdbu442k2n56gm5k 961996 961995 2026-10-02T18:55:30Z Pharouqenr 25549 961996 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Akwasi Boadi''' (an haife shi 18 ga watan Nuwamba a shekara ta 1962), wanda aka fi sani da '''Akrobeto''', ɗan wasan [[Ghana]] ne, ɗan wasan barkwanci kuma mai gabatar da shirye -shiryen TV. An fito da shi a fina -finan Kumawood sama da 100 kuma girman hanci ya san shi.<ref>{{Cite web|date=30 April 2019|title=My nose has played a role in my success – Akrobeto|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/my-nose-has-played-a-role-in-my-success-akrobeto/akrobeto/|url-status=live|access-date=19 May 2020|website=MyJoyOnline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> An san Akwesi Boadi a masana'antar showbiz da Akrobeto (''who 'nose' tomorrow''). == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Akrobeto a ranar 18 ga Nuwamba a shekara ta 1962 a Ayirebi a mazabar Ofoase Ayirebi a yankin Gabashin Ghana. Ya fara karatunsa na firamari a Akyem Ayerebi L/A primary and middle school kuma ya kammala a shekarar 1979. Duk da cewa ba zai iya cin jarabawar karatun sakandari ba, kaunar wasan barkwanci da wasan kwaikwayo ya sa ya shahara da son mutane da yawa a cikin al'ummarsa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kumawood's Akrobeto turns 53 today|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/Kumawood-s-Akrobeto-turns-53-today-394823|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Shi ne ƙarami a cikin yara 11 da mahaifansu suka haifa wanda 10 daga cikinsu suka rasu.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Akrobeto Is The Only Surviving Child Of His Parents; All Of His Other 10 Siblings Are Dead' – Prophet Opambour Reveals|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-is-the-only-surviving-child-of-his-parents-all-of-his-other-10-siblings-are-dead-prophet-opambour-reveals/|date=3 October 2019|website=GhGossip|language=en-AU|access-date=19 May 2020|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626002424/https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-is-the-only-surviving-child-of-his-parents-all-of-his-other-10-siblings-are-dead-prophet-opambour-reveals/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya kasa ci gaba da karatunsa.<ref>{{Cite web|title=VIDEO: I wouldn't have been this successful if I were educated – Akrobeto|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/entertainment/celebrities/i-wouldnt-have-been-this-successful-if-i-were-educated-akrobeto/47nx55n|date=30 April 2019|website=Entertainment|language=en-US|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> == Aiki == Yana dan shekara 18, ya bar garinsu zuwa Accra tare da Apostle Kwadwo Sarfo na Kristo Asafo Band, lokacin da kungiyar ta ziyarci Akyem Ayerebi don yin bukin kade -kade da suka saba yi a garin. Ya ci gaba da kasancewa tare da ƙungiyar Kristo Asafo kuma ya yi wasu abubuwa da yawa a cikin shekarun 2000 a shahararren mawakin keysoap "wanda shi ne" gasa a wancan lokacin. A cikin shekara ta 2008, ya fara fitowa a fina -finan Kumawood.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Humility is secret to my longevity – Akrobeto|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/showbiz/news/humility-is-secret-to-my-longevity-akrobeto.html|website=Graphic Showbiz Online|language=en-gb|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne mai watsa shirye -shiryen talabijin 'The Real News' akan UTV.<ref>{{Cite web|title=I stopped bedwetting when I turned 18-years-old – Akrobeto|url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/entertainment/I-stopped-bedwetting-when-I-turned-18-years-old-Akrobeto-955576|website=www.ghanaweb.com|language=en|access-date=19 May 2020}}</ref> Ya zama sananne ga YouTube, kuma a cikin watan Nuwamba shekara ta 2020 shirye -shiryen bidiyo na karanta sakamakon wasanni daga ƙwallon ƙafa na Turai a cikin wuce gona da iri.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marland|first=Daniel|date=19 November 2020|title=Football Fans Are Loving This Ghanaian 'Pundit' Bringing Joy With His Score Announcements|work=[[SPORTbible]]|url=https://www.sportbible.com/football/football-news-funny-reactions-take-a-bow-fans-are-loving-akwasi-boadis-score-announcements-20201119|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=23 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423101905/https://www.sportbible.com/football/football-news-funny-reactions-take-a-bow-fans-are-loving-akwasi-boadis-score-announcements-20201119}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Mensah|first=Kelvin|date=16 November 2020|title=Akrobeto Makes Headlines In Spain With His REAL NEWS|work=GH Gossip|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-makes-headlines-in-spain-with-his-real-news-video/|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=22 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201122064500/https://www.ghgossip.com/akrobeto-makes-headlines-in-spain-with-his-real-news-video/}}</ref> Furucin da bai yi ba na sunan kyaftin din Chelsea César Azpilicueta ya sa dan wasan na Spain ya raba bidiyon a shafin Twitter kuma ya ba da amsa tare da shirin da ya yi bayanin yadda ake furta shi, tare da ba da karin haske ga Akrobeto.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mensah|first=Kelvin|date=17 November 2020|title=Chelsea Star, Cesar Azpilicueta Reacts To Video Of Akrobeto for Pronouncing His Name As 'Kasar Azikipi'|work=GH Gossip|url=https://www.ghgossip.com/chelsea-star-cesar-azpilicueta-reacts-to-video-of-akrobeto-for-pronouncing-his-name-as-kasar-azikipi/|url-status=dead|access-date=1 December 2020|archive-date=26 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210626002435/https://www.ghgossip.com/chelsea-star-cesar-azpilicueta-reacts-to-video-of-akrobeto-for-pronouncing-his-name-as-kasar-azikipi/}}</ref> Shirye -shiryen satirical daban -daban sun yi nasu shirye -shiryen bidiyo wanda ke daidaita jawabin Akrobeto, gami da wasan kwaikwayo na Girkanci Radio Arvyla da sauransu, wanda ya nuna bidiyonsa akai -akai kuma fuskarsa ta bayyana a cikin alamar "Top Epikairotitas", wani ɓangare na wasan. Bugu da ƙari, shirin ranar Alhamis na Rediyo Arvyla ya ƙare tare da faifan bidiyo inda ake gabatar da labarai daban -daban na cikin gida tare da hanyar Akrobeto, tare da adana hotunan shirin Akrobeto. An yi iƙirarin samun kulawa daga Bayer Leverkusen da sauran dandamali na talabijin a Spain. Patrice Evra ya kira shi kawun N'golo Kante.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|last=Boakye|first=Edna Agnes|date=2021-03-27|title=#EAAwards: Akrobeto is Entertainment Personality of the Year|url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/03/eaawards-akrobeto-wins-overall-entertainment-personality-of-the-year-award/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=Citinewsroom - Comprehensive News in Ghana|language=en-US}}</ref> Shi ne mai masaukin baki na hudu na 3Music Awards wanda aka gudanar a Accra International Conference Centre.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Photos from the 3Music Awards 2021 - MyJoyOnline.com|url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/photos-from-the-3music-awards-2021/|access-date=2021-03-29|website=www.myjoyonline.com|language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar mutum == Akrobeto ya auri Georgina Johnson kuma yana da yara 3.<ref name=":0" /> == Filmography == * [[Away Bus]] * Things we do for love * Chain Of Death * Akrobeto The Grand Master Of Evil * Akrobeto The Evil Bird * HWE WANO ASEM YIE * AKROBETO Back to school * AWO YAA KYIEWAA * Asan bi ye Nhrabea * SUMENA SO ADIE * Akrobeto No Abɔnefoɔ ɔberɛmba 3 * Akrobeto Taxi Driver * AHENKAE * Ma Yenfa To Woso * Pastors Club * Sorantie Pastor == Kyauta == A cikin Maris shekara ta 2021, ya fito a matsayin Babban Mutumin Nishaɗi na Shekara a Gasar Nishaɗi.<ref name=":1" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9jmzs0h68rrenho6sra15edhd6qh8pb Kurket 0 24879 962018 887725 2026-10-02T20:01:57Z Amherst99 12684 /* */ 962018 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Ntini_bowls.JPG|right|thumb|250x250px| Tsarin asali: bowler (Afirka ta Kudu) vs batsman (Australia)]] [[File:Lords_test_match.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px| Lura mai kula da wicket a hagu. Ingila vs New Zealand a Lords, gidan wasan kurket]] [[File:StateLibQld_1_233104_Autographed_photograph_of_the_English_batsmen,_Jack_Hobbs_and_Herbert_Sutcliffe,_1928.jpg|right|thumb|255x255px| Hobbs da Sutcliffe suna tafiya don doke Australia, [[Brisbane]] 1928]] [[File:Ranjitsinh.jpeg|right|thumb|258x258px| Ranji (Ranjitsinhji Vibhaji, Maharaja Jam Sahib na Nawanagar) shine babban dan wasan Indiya na farko. Ya buga wa Ingila wasa a shekarar 1896 - 1902, kuma ya kasance jami'i a Sojan Burtaniya a [[Yakin Duniya na I|Yakin Duniya na daya]]]] [[File:Donald_Bradman_australian_cricket_player_pic.JPG|right|thumb|247x247px| Babban Don Bradman (Ostiraliya) a aikace, 1930s/1940s. Matsakaicin batirin sa shine mafi kyawun koyaushe]] [[Fayil:Southern Stars vs West Indies women's cricket (15705262885).jpg|thumb|wasan]] '''Kurket (cricket)''' wasa ne wanda ake buga shi tsakanin kungiyoyi biyu na Yan wasa goma sha daya kowanne. Wata kungiya, wacce ke bugun, tana kokarin zira kwallon, yayin da dayan kungiyar ke yin kokarin, hana hakan. Ana zura kwallon ta hanyar buga kwallon, wanda dan wasa daga kungiyar masu jefa kuri'a ya jefa shi ga dan wasa daga kungiyar batting, ta kan iyaka , Wickets sune kananan kungiyoyi uku, katako wadanda ke kowane karshen dan gajeren ciyawa da ake kira 'farar', wanda tsawonsa yadi 22 ne. Filin yana cikin babban ciyawar ciyawa da ake kira 'yankin wasa'. Yankin wasan shine da'irar yadi 30 a cikin filin wasan kurket ko filin wasa. <ref>[http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/ MCC – the official Laws of Cricket] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130311210212/http://www.lords.org/laws-and-spirit/laws-of-cricket/laws/ |date=2013-03-11 }} Retrieved 25 July 2009</ref> Lokacin da dan wasa ya fita, abokin wasa zai maye gurbinsu a filin. Lokacin da wata tawagar ba yana da isasshen " ba-fita " 'yan wasa bar su ci, to, da sauran tawagar samun damar kokarin score. A cikin gajerun wasannin wasan kurket, wata kungiya ma na iya dakatar da yin wanka lokacin da aka jefa kwallon ga 'yan wasan su sau da yawa. Bayan kungiyoyin biyu sun sami isasshen damar zira kwallon, kungiyar da ta fi gudu tana samun nasara. Wasan ya fara ne a Ingila a Karni na 16. Tabbataccen tabbaci na farko game da wasan yana cikin shari'ar kotu ta 1598. <ref name="FLTL">[https://web.archive.org/web/20110629140053/http://www.jl.sl.btinternet.co.uk/stampsite/cricket/ladstolords/1300.html#1597John Leach, ''From lads to Lord's'']</ref> Kotu a Guildford ta ji wani mai binciken coroner, John Derrick, cewa lokacin da yake masani a "Makarantar Kyauta a Guildford", shekaru hamsin da suka gabata, "shi da ire -iren abokan sa sun gudu da wasa [a kan ƙasa ta kowa] a wasan kurket da sauran ƴan wasa ". <ref>Underdown, David 2000. ''Start of play''. Allen Lane, p.3</ref> <ref name="HSA">Altham H.S. 1962. ''A history of cricket'', vol 1, George Allen & Unwin, p.21</ref> Daga baya, wasan ya bazu zuwa Kasashen daular Burtaniya a Karni na 19 da 20. A yau, sanannen wasa ne a Ingila, [[Asturaliya|Australia]], [[Indiya]], [[Pakistan]], [[Sri Lanka]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]], [[Sabuwar Zelandiya|New Zealand]], [[Karibiyan|West Indies]] da wasu kasashe da yawa kamar [[Afghanistan]], [[Ayilan (kasa)|Ireland]], [[Kenya]], Scotland, [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Zimbabwe]] . == Dokokin wasan kurket == Akwai kungiyoyi biyu: Ko wacce kungiya tana da 'yan wasa 11 a filin wasa. Kungiyar da ke buga wasan tana da 'yan wasa biyu, daya a kowane karshen filin (wanda kuma wani lokacin ake kira wicket). * Sauran tawagar masu bugun daga jiki ba sa cikin fili. * Ana samun gudu bayan an dora kwallon, galibi ta hanyar buga kwal da gudu, ko ta bugun kwal zuwa ko kan iyaka. Kyaftin din kungiya yake zabeni dan wasa daga tawagarsa; sauran 'yan wasan ana kiransu da' 'yan wasa' '. * Mai wasan yana kokarin nufin kwallon a wicket, wanda ya kunshi sanduna uku (da ake kira kututture) makale a cikin kasa, tare da kananan sanduna biyu (da ake kira beli. daidaita su. * Ofaya daga cikin 'yan wasan, wanda ake kira' mai kula da wicket ', yana tsaye a bayan wicket don kama kwallon idan dan kwal ya rasa wicket. * Sauran 'yan wasan za su iya bi kwallon bayan mai jemagu ya buge ta. Mai wasan kwallon yana gudu zuwa wicket dinsa, kuma kwano zuwa ga mai jemage a dayan wicket. * Ba yan jefa Kwallon. Ya dora kwallon tare da "madaidaicin hannu" (an Kara bayyana shi cikin ka'idodi da jagora ga alkalai). Idan ya lankwasa hannunsa, sauran kungiyoyin za a ba su gudu guda kuma dole ne ya sake kwallon. * An 'over' shine kwallaye shida, ma'ana yana yin kwano shida. Sannan wani dan wasa ya zama dan wasan kwallon gaba, da kwano daga dayan karshen, da sauransu. Haka kwanon ba zai iya kwano biyu sama da daya bayan daya ba. Mai jemage yana kokarin kare wicket din daga bugun kwallon. Yana yin wannan da jemage. Lokacin da ya bugi kwallon da jemage, yana iya gudu zuwa dayan wicket din. * Don ci nasara: ** Dole masu jemagu biyu su gudu daga wicket din su zuwa wancan wicket din kafin su Kare. Anyi bayani a kasa. Masu jemagu na iya yin gudu tsakanin wicket sau da yawa yadda suke so, tare da bugun gudu daya a duk lokacin da suka yi hakan. ** Idan kwallon ta fita daga filin bayan an buga shi ba tare da ta yi tsalle ba, ana zira kwallaye shida. *** Idan kwallon ta mirgina ko ta buge, ko batter din ya buge shi, yana kidaya a matsayin gudu hudu. Akwai hanyoyi daban -daban da mai jemagu zai iya fita. Hanyoyin da aka fi sani sune: * Mai jemagu ya rasa kwallon kuma kwallon ya bugi wicket: wanda ake kira kwankwasawa, ko kuma “an dage shi”. ** Kwallan ya buge jikin mai jemagu lokacin da zai buga wickeƙ in ba haka ba. Ana kiranta LBW (kafa kafin wicket). Yadda ake amfani da wannan doka yana da rikitarwa; wannan shine kawai ra'ayin gaba daya. * Wani mai kula da filayen yana kama kwal bayan mai jemagu ya buge shi, kuma kafin ta yi tsalle ko ta fita daga filin: da ake kira kama. * Yayin da masu jemagu ke gudana, mai kula da filayen zai iya jefa kwallon a wicket. Idan masu jemagu ba za su iya gama tseren cikin lokaci ba, kuma kwallon ta bugi wicket ɗin, mai jemagu yana kusa da wicket din da aka buga ya fita: ana kiran wannan da gudu. Lokacin da mai jemagu ya fita, wani yana zuwa filin don maye gurbinsa. Inning sun Kare lokacin da aka dauki wickets goma (watau goma daga cikin jemagu goma sha daya sun fita). Bayan wannan, kungiyar da ta kasance 'filin wasan' ta zama kungiyar 'batting'. Yanzu dole ne su zira kwallaye fiye da sauran kungiyar da ta ci. Idan sun ci Karin gudu kafin a ci wickets goma, za su ci nasara. Idan ba su yi ba, dayan kungiyar ta yi nasara. A cikin wasan kwana daya, kowane gefe yana da innings guda daya, kuma innings an iyakance shi zuwa wani adadi mai yawa. A cikin tsarukan tsayi kowane gefe yana da innings guda biyu, kuma babu takamaiman iyaka ga adadin wuce gona da iri a cikin innings. == Inda ake buga wasan kurket == Kurket ya shahara a kasashe da yawa, galibi a cikin Kasashen Commonwealth. Kasashen da aka fi shahara da wasan kurket suna fafatawa a wasannin duniya (wasanni tsakanin kasashe) wadanda ke daukar kwanaki 5, wadanda ake kira wasannin gwaji . Waɗannan kasashe sune Ingila, Australia, West Indies, Afirka ta Kudu, New Zealand, India, Bangladesh, Zimbabwe, Ireland, Afghanistan da Sri Lanka. West Indies rukuni ne na [[Karibiyan|Kasashen Caribbean da]] ke wasa tare a matsayin kungiya. Wasu kasashe da yawa suna da karamin matsayi. Kungiyoyin Ingila da Ostiraliya ne suka kirkira ra'ayin wasan gwajin a Karni na 19. Ireland da Afghanistan sune sabbin kungiyoyin da zasu iya yin wasan cricket na gwaji. Ana kuma buga wasan kurket a [[Kenya]], [[Kanada]], [[Bermuda]], Scotland, Holland da Namibia; kungiyoyin kasa na wadancan kasashen na iya yin wasannin kasa da kasa na kwana daya, amma kada ku buga wasannin gwaji. [[File:Cricket_field_parts.svg|right|thumb|220x220px| Daidaitaccen filin wasan kurket, wanda ke nuna alamar wasan cricket (launin ruwan kasa), kusa-infield (koren haske) tsakanin 15&nbsp;yadi (13.7&nbsp;m) na daukan hankali batsman, a cikin fili (matsakaici kore) a ciki da fari 30&nbsp;yadi (27.4&nbsp;m.]] [[File:Cricket_pitch.svg|right|thumb|200x200px| Girman filin wasan Kurtet]] == Filin == Filin wasan kurket shine inda ake buga wasan kurket. Yana da madauwari mai siffar ciyawa. Babu tsayayyen girma ga filin. Its diamita yawanci bambanta tsakanin 450&nbsp; kafa (137&nbsp;m) zuwa 500&nbsp; kafa (100&nbsp;m). == Daban-daban na wasan kurket == === Gwajin gwaji === Wasannin gwaji sune manyan wasannin duniya da aka buga tsakanin kasashe. Babban mahimmancin gwajin wasan kurket shine gwada matasa Yan wasa. Kasashen da aka ba su izinin buga wasannin gwaji ICC ta amince da su: Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya. An jera kasashe goma a kasa, tare da 'West Indies', 'Ingila' don kidaya wannan manufar a matsayin kasa. Gwaje -gwajen suna daukar tsawon kwanaki biyar (Wannan shine dalilin da ya sa mutane da yawa ma ke kiransa "wasan kurket na kwana 5.") Kuma har yanzu yana iya Kare a wasan da aka zana. : shine mafi tsayin tsarin wasan kurket. Gwajin Al'umma na Gwaji ''don kwanakin farko'' : <ref>Barclays 1986. Swanton E.W. (ed) ''Barclays World of Cricket''. London: Willow Books. ISBN 0-00-218193-2. </ref> * Ingila * Ostiraliya * Afirka ta Kudu * West Indies * New Zealand * Indiya * Pakistan * Sri Lanka * Zimbabwe * Bangladesh * Afghanistan * Ireland === Tsarin lig na kasa === An kira larduna a Ingila, da jihohi a Ostiraliya da tsibirai a cikin West Indies. Wadannan wasannin kwana uku ne ko hudu. === Wasan kurket mai iyaka === [[File:Cricket_-_Wickets.svg|right|thumb|236x236px| A hangen zaman na wasan kurket farar daga bowler ta karshen. Mai wasan kwallon yana gudana a gefe daya na wicket a karshen dan wasan, ko dai 'akan' wicket ko 'zagaye' wicket.]] A cikin wadannan wasannin, an kaddara tsawon ta yawan adadin, kuma kowane gefe yana da innings daya kawai. Ana amfani da wata dabara ta musamman, da aka sani da 'Duckworth – Lewis method' idan ruwan sama ya rage lokacin wasa. Yana lissafin makasudin kima ga kungiyar da ke buga na biyu a cikin takaitaccen wasan da aka katse ta yanayi ko wani yanayi. ==== Wata rana Kasashen duniya (ODI50) ==== ODIs galibi ana iyakance su zuwa 50 batting ga kowane gefe kuma kowane dan kwano na iya kwano har zuwa matsakaicin 10. Mafi girman kwallon kungiyar shine Ingila 481-6 akan Australia a watan Yuni 19, 2018. Mafi girman maki mutum shine 264 a kashe kwallaye 173 da Root Sharma ya yiwa Indiya akan Sri Lanka. ==== Wasan kurket na ashirin (Cricket T20) ==== Wasan [https://skyblogs.in/ cricket na ashirin yana da sama da 20 a kowane gefe kuma kowane dan wasan kwallon kafa na] iya yin har zuwa matsakaicin 4 ba kamar 10 ba a wasan ODI. Babban kimar kungiyar shine 263/5 ta Royal Challengers Bangalore (RCB) akan Pune Warriors India (PWI) a cikin kakar IPL ta 2013. Mafi girman kimar mutum shine 175* kashe kwallaye 69 ta Chris Gayle don RCB a daidai wannan wasa. == Matsakaici == A cikin wasan kirket akwai matsakaici iri biyu na musamman, ana amfani da su don auna yadda dan wasa yake da kyau: * A batsman '''matsakaicin battin''' shi ne yawan runs ya ya zira a wani lokaci (kamar a shekara ko dukan aiki), raba da adadin da sau ya aka samu daga a daidai wannan lokacin. Kyakkyawan jemage yana da matsakaicin batting. Matsakaicin matsakaicin T20 ga mai jemagu wanda ya taka aqalla innings 20 shine 70.66 ta Chris Harris. * A bowler '''matsakaicim bowling''' shi ne yawan runs cewa an zira yayin da ya bowling, a wani lokaci, raba da adadin na batsmen ya samu fitar a daidai wannan lokacin. Kyakkyawan ɗan kwano yana da matsakaicin kwallon kafa. Matsakaicin kwallon T20 mafi kankanta don dan kwallon da ya kalla kwallon kalla 500 shine Mushtaq Ahmed tare da 13.80. Akwai saiti daban na matsakaita ga kowane nau'in wasan kurket da aka lissafa a sama. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} == Sauran gidajen yanar gizo == * [https://skyblogs.in/ Sabunta Cricket Live] * https://cricwick.net/ * https://sportstrends.tv/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920101730/http://sportstrends.tv/ |date=2021-09-20 }} * https://cricketcompanion.in/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220611052921/https://cricketcompanion.in/ |date=2022-06-11 }} * [http://www.cricinfo.com/link_to_database/ABOUT_CRICKET/EXPLANATION/CRICKET_EXPLAINED_AMERICAN.html An bayyana Cricket (ra'ayi na Amurka)] * [http://www.cricinfo.com Cricinfo] * [http://www.icc-cricket.com/ Majalisar Cricket ta Duniya] * Archived [https://sportsadvice.decathlon.in/advice-alias/cricket-rules-and-scoring-tp_16629 Dokokin Cricket] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190704095736/https://sportsadvice.decathlon.in/advice-alias/cricket-rules-and-scoring-tp_16629 |date=2019-07-04 }} * [https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket Dokokin Cricket da ƙa'idodi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210920134819/https://www.lords.org/mcc/the-laws-of-cricket |date=2021-09-20 }} [[Category:Wasa]] [[Category:Kurket]] [[Category:Wasanni]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] rtp0qxaz39p4cuokwz4sx9ts6ss6gnn Tattaunawar user:El-hussain14 3 28200 961939 915963 2026-10-02T17:11:13Z MediaWiki message delivery 3927 /* Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2026 Newsletter */ sabon sashe 961939 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Hussaini Mohammed Inusa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Hussaini Mohammed Inusa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 00:01, 24 Disamba 2021 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2022 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentysecond newsletter, covering December 2022. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * January 15: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|Online user group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 15) * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2022/11/28/museology-myosotis-and-metadata-oh-my-sharing-sustainably-in-wikipedia/ Museology, Myosotis, and metadata oh my! Sharing sustainably in Wikipedia] (SDG 15) '''Resources''' * New Book: [https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-031-05182-1 Open Mapping Towards Sustainable Development Goals] (SDG all) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t66i3ztg-1E&t=1717s Margaret Donald - Wikidata, OpenRefine & Biota] (SDG 15) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_alismatid_families|List of alismatid families]] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11231|has biological vector]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11272|Bureau of Meteorology location ID]] (SDG 13) * [[d:Property:P11277|CIViC gene ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11281|Biographical Dictionary of the Australian Senate ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11282|Tanzania Parliament member ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11311|Lygaeoidea Species File ID]] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:37, 1 ga Janairu, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24307628 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentythird newsletter, covering January 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 11, 13, 14 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|19 February - User group meeting]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230115|15 January - User group meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Plants|Wiki Loves Plants]] (SDG 14) * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/Dunedin_5|The 2023 Bug of the Year Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://dicare.toolforge.org/lexemes/challenge.php?id=74 Lexeme challenge Urology] (SDG 3) * Past: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Veckans_tävling/Grodor_versus_ödlor|Swedish Wikipedia weekly challenge - Frogs versus lizards]] (SDG 14) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/December_2022/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Three_hundred_episodes_of_Critter_of_the_Week|Three hundred episodes of Critter of the Week]] (SDG 14) * Past: [https://zenodo.org/record/7521891#.Y9p6MdLMKw4 Wikidata Queries around the SARS-CoV-2 virus and pandemic] (SDG 3) * Past: [[m:Women_in_Climate_Change_2022|Women in Climate Change 2022]] (SDG 5 & 13) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/05/the-stories-behind-the-wiki-loves-earth-2022-photos-from-turkiye/ The stories behind the Wiki Loves Earth 2022 photos from Türkiye] (SDG 14) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/05/announcing-our-funding-support-from-the-patient-centered-outcomes-research-institute-pcori/ Announcing our funding support from the Patient-Centered Outcomes Research Institute (PCORI)] (SDG 3) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/01/04/jumping-for-science-how-wikipedia-assignments-inspire-stem-students/ Jumping for science: how Wikipedia assignments inspire STEM students] (SDG 14) * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Birds_of_NYC_Photo_Contest/Winners|Birds of NYC Photo Contest Winners announced!]] (SDG 14) * [https://anchor.fm/civichackerpodcast/episodes/Using-Wikidata-to-Connect-Constituents-With-Their-Government-e1or922 Using Wikidata to Connect Constituents With Their Government] (SDG 16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/23/wiki-loves-earth-2022-presents-the-winners-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment/ Wiki Loves Earth 2022 presents the winners of the special nomination “Human rights and environment”!] (SDG 10 & 14) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/01/19/equity-diversity-inclusion-in-affiliate-governance/ Equity, diversity & inclusion in affiliate governance] (SDG 5 & 10) '''Resources''' * [https://www.databricks.com/blog/2023/01/26/building-life-sciences-knowledge-graph-data-lake.htmlBuilding a Life Sciences Knowledge Graph with a Data Lake] (SDG 3) '''Videos''' * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_HW6YxXRL18 Editor uses Wikidata to find new uses for existing drugs and speed up approval process for new treatments] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:WikiForHumanRights_Information_Session_2023.webm|WikiForHumanRights Information Session]] (SDG 10) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_birds_of_Tuvalu|List of birds of Tuvalu]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos|List of World Heritage Sites in Laos]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Bangladesh|List of World Heritage Sites in Bangladesh]] (SDG 11) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11429|NIP]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11402|NSR doctor ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:/Property:P11430|UniProt disease ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11446|Strazha ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11500|United States House of Representatives ID]] (SDG 16) </div> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 16:25, 1 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24426147 --> == Request for filling up Google Form for Feminism and Folklore 2023 == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg | logo.svg|right|frameless|300px]] Greetings Organisers, We appreciate your enthusiasm for '''Feminism and Folklore''' and your initiative in setting up the competition on your local wikipedia. We would want to learn more about the needs of your community and for that please fill out the google form ([https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScusayFXTzNWV-QgIiT3bRHQbAs_pVczvput2jehOcahnCdMg/viewform here]) as soon as possible so that we can plan and adapt the demands according to your specifications. By February 8, 2023, all entries for this form will be closed. Do share about the contest on your local Wikipedia. Ask your local administrator to add Feminism and Folklore to [[Mediawiki:Sitenotice]]. Create your own or see an example [[:m:User:Tiven2240/sn-fnf|on meta]] Also a reminder regarding the prior Google form sent for Internet and Childcare Support Financial Aid ([https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSea81OO0lVgUBd551iIiENXht7BRCISYZlKyBQlemZu_j2OHQ/viewform this]). Anyone who hasn't already filled it out has until February 5, 2023 to do so. Feel free to contact us via talkpage if you have any questions or concerns. Thanks and Regards, Feminism and Folklore 2023 International Team --[[User:Tiven2240|Tiven2240]] ([[User talk:Tiven2240|talk]]) 17:22, 5 ga Faburairu, 2023 (UTC) == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfourth newsletter, covering February 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16<!-- insert related SDGs here -->.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|2023-03-05 User group meeting]] (SDG all) * [[m:2023-03-19 User group meeting|Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[wikimania:2023:Program/Submissions|Suggest "Environmental sustainability and climate crisis" topics for Wikimania]] (SDG all) * Ongoing: [[m:Africa_Environment|Africa Environment WikiFocus]] (SDG 13) * Past: [https://www.eventbrite.com/x/edit-for-climate-change-wikipedia-editathon-registration-526291811977 Edit for Climate Change: Wikipedia Editathon] (SDG 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|Capacity Building Sessions on "Tools for Finding the Right Articles" and "Building Article List with Petscan"]] (SDG 10 & 13) * Past: WikiForHumanRights 2023 Campaign: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Resources|Regional Office Hours for Africa and Maghreb Regions]] (SDG 10 & 13) '''News''' * [https://observablehq.com/@thadk/garden NCBI breakdown of common garden foods with photographs by Phytotheca] (SDG 2) '''Resources''' * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Sweden_report|3000 Arctic images]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/January_2023/Contents/Content_Partnerships_Hub_report|SMART-Servier Medical Art upload]] (SDG 3) '''Research''' * [https://fosdem.org/2023/schedule/event/sustainability/ Open Source in Environmental Sustainability] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11576|Norwegian war prisoner detention camp ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11587|Iowa legislator ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11610|National Grid Balancing Mechanism unit ID]] (SDG 7) '''Wikidata query examples''' * [https://w.wiki/5Vu8 Map of disasters by type] (SDG 11) '''Featured articles''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:South_Asian_river_dolphin|South Asian river dolphin]] (SDG 14) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Sri_Lanka|List of World Heritage Sites in Sri Lanka]] (SDG 11) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_lamiid_families|List of lamiid families]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> File:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96.jpg|Three horses (SDG 15) File:Hunter_baby_chameleon.jpg|Hunter baby chameleon (SDG 15) File:Rice_paper_butterfly_%2816709%29.jpg|Rice paper butterfly (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28top_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (top view) (SDG 15) File:Lasiocampa_quercus_4th_instar_caterpillar_Keila_%28side_view%29.jpg|Lasiocampa quercus 4th instar caterpillar Keila (side view).jpg (SDG 15) File:Mockingbird_on_the_North_Lake_Trail_%2836851%29.jpg|Mockingbird on the North Lake Trail (SDG 15) File:Striated_Pardalote_0012.jpg|Striated Pardalote (SDG 15) File:Kleines_Wiesenv%C3%B6gelchen_am_Morgen.jpg|Wiesenvögelchen (SDG 15) File:Immature_herring_gull_%2816259%29.jpg|Herring gull (SDG 15) File:Northern_shoveler_male_in_Marine_Park_%2833296%29.jpg|Northern shoveler (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 ga Maris, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24647320 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twentyfifth newsletter, covering March 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 5, 10, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Next_meeting|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/Meeting_minutes_20230305|User group meeting 2023-03-05]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/30/join-the-wikiforhumanrights-campaign-and-contribute-knowledge-that-connects-human-rights-with-solutions-for-a-sustainable-future/ WikiForHumanRights] (SDG 10 & 13) * Upcoming: April 19 - [[m:Translat-a-thon/NYC/2023|LaGuardia Community College Earth Day Translatathon with Casa de las Américas NYC]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 22 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_2023_Bushwick|Earth Day 2023 Edit-a-thon Environment of Brooklyn Focus with Sure We Can]] (SDG 13) * Upcoming: April 23 - [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/NYC/Earth_Day_Wiknic|Earth Day Wiknic NYC]] (SDG 13) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/WMF_GLAM_report|Gender and culture related event to test image suggestions on Wikipedia]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Feminism_and_Folklore_2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[m:Edit_a_thon/artfeminism-edit-a-thon-for-nigerian-female-artists-2023|Art+Feminism edit-a-thon for Nigerian female artists]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/08/putting-our-energy-into-wikipedia-as-climate-action/ Putting our energy into Wikipedia as climate action] (SDG 13) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/07/how-artfeminism-is-using-wikipedia-to-promote-equity-in-the-art-world/ How Art+Feminism is using Wikipedia to promote equity in the art world] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/New_Zealand_report|Biodiversity Heritage Library and Wikidata]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/February_2023/Contents/USA_report|Black history month and more]] (SDG 10) * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2023/03/14/women-do-news-tackling-the-gender-divide-in-journalism-through-wikipedia/ Women Do News: Tackling the Gender Divide in Journalism Through Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/17/wiki-loves-earth-2023-is-starting/ Wiki Loves Earth 2023 is starting!] (SDG 15) * [https://medium.com/@openheritagefoundation/the-quest-to-close-the-gender-gap-on-wikipedia-continues-five-year-anniversary-with-feminism-ebd7a3b3185e The Quest to Close the Gender Gap on Wikipedia Continues; Five-Year Anniversary with Feminism & Folklore] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/03/28/wikigap-malaysia-2023-empowering-women-in-indigenous-languages/ WikiGap Malaysia 2023: Empowering women in indigenous languages] (SDG 5) * [https://www.canarymedia.com/articles/climate-crisis/wikipedia-has-a-climatetech-problem Wikipedia has a climatetech problem] (SDG 13) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11623|NCI Drug Dictionary ID]] (SDG 3) * [[d:Property:P11649|Malaysia Federal Legislation act ID]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11650|Moscow University Herbarium ID]] (SDG 15) * [[d:Property:P11666|Norwegian Petroleum Directorate field ID]] (SDG 13) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_Saxifragales_families|List of Saxifragales families]] (SDG 15) * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:Red-throated_wryneck|Red-throated wryneck]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Ourapteryx_yerburii_ssp._specimens_and_male_genitalia.jpg|Ourapteryx yerburii ssp. specimens and male genitalia (SDG 15) Pterophorus_pentadactyla_-_Keila.jpg|Pterophorus pentadactyla (SDG 15) Wood_duck_drake_%2886815%29.jpg|Wood duck drake (SDG 15) Cardinal_%2886755%29.jpg|Cardinal (SDG 15) Bunten_Kronwicke_%28Securigera_varia%29_Bl%C3%BCte-20200626-RM-173640.jpg|Bunten Kronwicke (Securigera varia) (SDG 15) Neubrunn_Steinbruch_Blutrote_Heidelibelle_%28Sympetrum_sanguineum%29_8262082.jpg|Sympetrum sanguineum (SDG 15) Boerenkrokus_%28Crocus_tommasinianus%29_28-02-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Crocus tommasinianus (SDG 15) Papaya_-_longitudinal_section_close-up_view.jpg|Papaya - longitudinal section close-up view (SDG 15) Aphantopus_hyperantus_-_Keila.jpg|Aphantopus hyperantus (SDG 15) Australian_Zebra_Finch_0A2A3013.jpg|Australian Zebra Finch (SDG 15) Melospiza_melodia_JRVdH_03.jpg|Melospiza melodia (SDG 15) Roadside_hawk_%28Rupornis_magnirostris_griseocauda%29_eating_speckled_racer_%28Drymobius_margaritiferus%29_Orange_Walk.jpg|Roadside hawk (Rupornis magnirostris griseocauda) eating speckled racer (Drymobius margaritiferus) (SDG 15) Black_iguana_%28Ctenosaura_similis%29_Cayo.jpg|Black iguana (Ctenosaura similis) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28side_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (side view) (SDG 15) Cerastis_rubricosa_caterpillar_%28dorsal_view%29_-_Keila.jpg|Cerastis rubricosa caterpillar (dorsal view) (SDG 15) Fr%C3%BChlings-Knotenblume_%28Leucojum_vernum%29-20230220-RM-161056.jpg|Frühlings-Knotenblume (Leucojum vernum) (SDG 15) Ocellated_turkey_%28Meleagris_ocellata%29_male_Peten.jpg|Ocellated turkey (Meleagris ocellata) male (SDG 15) Geoffroy%27s_spider_monkey_%28Ateles_geoffroyi_yucatanensis%29_Peten_2.jpg|Geoffroy's spider monkey (Ateles geoffroyi yucatanensis) (SDG 15) Bessen_van_een_Ophiopogon_planiscapus_%27Niger%27._28-02-2023._%28d.j.b%29.jpg|Ophiopogon planiscapus (SDG 15) Protaetic_cuprea_ignicollis_2023-03-22_IZE-066.jpg|Protaetic cuprea ignicollis (SDG 15) Monarch_butterflies_%28Danaus_plexippus_plexippus%29_Piedra_Herrada_2.jpg|Monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus plexippus) (SDG 15) Cepaea_nemoralis_Paarung-20230314-RM-110511.jpg|Cepaea nemoralis (SDG 15) Wiesen_Pippau_%28Crepis_biennis%29-20220624-RM-123950.jpg|Crepis biennis (SDG 15) Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) Cayo.jpg|Keel-billed toucan (Ramphastos sulfuratus sulfuratus) on foxtail palm (Wodyetia bifurcata) (SDG 15) Trifolium_spadiceum_-_Niitv%C3%A4lja.jpg|Trifolium spadiceum (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 07:42, 1 ga Afirilu, 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24816279 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-sixth newsletter, covering April 2023. This issue has news related to SDGs 2, 4, 5, 6, 11, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> '''Meetings''' * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting 2023-05-07]] (SDG all) * Past: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20230402|User group meeting 2023-04-02]] (SDG all) '''Activities''' * Ongoing: [[m:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development/365_climate_edits|365 climate edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_the_Challenge|WikiForHumanRights 2023 International Writing Contest]] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Join_Community_Events|WikiForHumanRights 2023 local community events]] (SDG 13, 15, 14, 6) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki_Climate_Campus_Tour_Nigeria|WikiCampusTourNigeria Project]] (SDG 6, 13, 14, 15) * Upcoming (and past): [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Kvinnor,_arkitektur_och_design|Women, architecture and design]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Albania_report|WikiGap Tirana 2023, Albania]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|BBC 100 women editathon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Kosovo_report|WikiGAP in Prishtina]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Switzerland_report|15 Days of French women writers]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:Meetup/DC/TSU_USF_Women%27s_History_Month_Wikipedia_Edit-a-thon|TSU USF Women's History Month Wikipedia Edit-a-thon]] (SDG 5) * Past: [[w:en:Wikipedia:WikiProject_Smithsonian_AWHI/Meetup/Crafting_a_Better_Wikipedia:_Women_of_Color_in_the_Renwick_Gallery|Crafting a Better Wikipedia: Women of Color in the Renwick Gallery]] (SDG 5) '''News''' * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/07/tuswug-s2e2-women-in-wiki/ TUSWUG S2E2: Women in Wiki] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/13/inaugural-edition-of-the-organizer-lab-awards-6-community-grants/ Inaugural edition of the organizer lab awards – 6 community grants] (SDG 5 & SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2023/03/29/bolstering-womens-voices-and-histories-on-wikipedia/ Bolstering women’s voices and histories on Wikipedia] (SDG 5) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March_2023/Contents/Brazil_report|A huge upload for biologists]] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ycPPBhuQPhs&ab_channel=WikimediaFoundation WikiForHumanRights 2023 Launch Webinar] (SDG 13, 14, 6) * [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|WikiForHumanRights 2023 and WMF Human Rights Team Online Safety Capacity Building for Organizers]] (SDG 13) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xLBSSlrI2vo WikiForHummanRights 2023 and Let's Connect Capacity building on good practices for retention] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/living-through-a-triple-planetary-emergency-capturing-the-most-impactful-knowledge-to-weather-the-storm/ Living through a Triple Planetary Emergency: Capturing the Most Impactful Knowledge to Weather the Storm] (SDG 10 & SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2023/04/20/wikimedia-foundation-environmental-sustainability-report-for-2022/ Wikimedia Foundation Environmental Sustainability Report for 2022] (SDG 13) * [[:File:Wikimedia_h%C3%A5llbarhetsrapport_2022.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige sustainability report 2022]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) '''Research''' * [https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/brv.12964 Hypotheses in urban ecology: building a common knowledge base] (SDG 15) '''New Wikidata properties''' * [[d:Property:P11698|student retention rate]] (SDG 4) * [[d:Property:P11704|INEP ID]] (SDG 4) [51] * [[d:Property:P11729|Kulturenvanteri.com ID]] (SDG 11) * [[d:Property:P11747|holds diplomatic passport of]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Property:P11741|SINTA affiliation ID]] (SDG 4) '''Featured content''' * English Wikipedia: [[w:en:List_of_afrosoricids|List of afrosoricids]] (SDG 15) </div> <gallery mode=packed caption="Featured images"> Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Leptura_quadrifasciata_female_-_Keila.jpg|Leptura quadrifasciata (SDG 15) Bursa_lamarckii_01.jpg|Bursa lamarckii (SDG 15) Scarlet_macaw_%28Ara_macao_cyanopterus%29_head_Copan.jpg|Ara macao cyanopterus (SDG 15) Western_Bowerbird_0A2A0436.jpg|Chlamydera guttata (SDG 15) White-breasted_nuthatch_%2826471%29.jpg|Sitta carolinensis (SDG 15) Patzmannsdorf_-_K%C3%BCrbisfeld_mit_Pfarrkirche_und_Raiffeisen-Silo_in_Stronsdorf.jpg|Pumpkin field (SDG 2) Cinnamon-bellied_flowerpiercer_%28Diglossa_baritula%29_male_on_Indian_shot_%28Canna_indica%29_Finca_El_Pilar.jpg|Diglossa baritula & Canna indica (SDG 15) Knoppen_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer_platanoides%29._03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer platanoides (SDG 15) Cinnamon_hummingbird_%28Amazilia_rutila%29_in_flight_Los_Tarrales.jpg|Amazilia rutila (SDG 15) Passion_fruits_-_whole_and_halved.jpg|Passiflora edulis (SDG 15) Golden-fronted_%28Velasquez%27s%29_woodpecker_%28Melanerpes_aurifrons%29_male_Copan.jpg|Melanerpes aurifrons (SDG 15) Argiope_spider_female_adult_on_her_web_dorsal_view_black_background_Don_Det_Laos.jpg|Argiope versicolor (SDG 15) Daslook._Allium_ursinum%2C_zwellende_bloemknop._18-04-2022_%28actm.%29_04.jpg|Allium ursinum (SDG 15) Fallen_leaf_of_Platanus_x_hispanica_%281%29.jpg|Platanus x hispanica (SDG 15) Thymelicus_lineola_underside_-_Keila.jpg|Thymelicus lineola (SDG 15) Japanse_esdoorn_%28Acer_palmatum%29_03-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29.jpg|Acer palmatum (SDG 15) [38] Common_kestrel_%28Falco_tinnunculus%29_female_%28IMGP1648r2-DNA%29.jpg|Falco tinnunculus (SDG 15) [39] California_sea_lion_nap_time_in_La_Jolla_%2870474%29.jpg|Zalophus californianus (SDG 15) [40] Bladknop_van_een_esdoorn_%28Acer%29._13-04-2023_%28d.j.b.%29_01.jpg|Acer pseudoplatanus (SDG 15) Tamarind_fruits_%28Tamarindus_indica_%27Si_Thong%27%29.jpg|Tamarindus indica (SDG 15) White_leucistic_squirrel_with_a_peanut_%2885668%29.jpg|Sciurus carolinensis (SDG 15) [43] Fork-tailed_flycatcher_%28Tyrannus_savana_monachus%29_in_flight_Cayo.jpg|Tyrannus savana monachus (SDG 15) Rapa_incurva_01.jpg|Rapa incurva (SDG 15) Arboreal_stingless_bee_nest_%28Trigona_sp.%29_Flores.jpg|Trigona sp. (SDG 15) </gallery> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:31, 2 Mayu 2023 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=24969562 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 - Local prize winners == [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|centre|550px|frameless]] ::<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> ''{{int:please-translate}}'' Congratulations on your remarkable achievement of winning a local prize in the '''Feminism and Folklore 2023''' writing competition! We greatly appreciate your valuable contribution and the effort you put into documenting your local Folk culture and Women on Wikipedia. To ensure you receive your prize, please take a moment to complete the preferences form before the 1st of July 2023. You can access the form [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdWlxDwI6UgtPXPfjQTbVjgnAYUMSYqShA5kEe4P4N5zwxaEw/viewform?usp=sf_link by clicking here]. We kindly request you to submit the form before the deadline to avoid any potential disappointments. If you have any questions or require further assistance, please do not hesitate to contact us via talkpage or Email. We are more than happy to help. Best wishes, [[:m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|FNF 2023 International Team]] ::::Stay connected [[File:B&W Facebook icon.png|link=https://www.facebook.com/feminismandfolklore/|30x30px]]&nbsp; [[File:B&W Twitter icon.png|link=https://twitter.com/wikifolklore|30x30px]] [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 10:47, 10 ga Yuni, 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2023&oldid=25134473 --> == Feminism and Folklore 2023 - A Heartfelt Appreciation for Your Impactful Contribution! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> [[File:Feminism and Folklore 2023 logo.svg|center|500px]] {{int:please-translate}} Dear Wikimedian, We extend our sincerest gratitude to you for making an extraordinary impact in the '''[[m:Feminism and Folklore 2023|Feminism and Folklore 2023]]''' writing competition. Your remarkable dedication and efforts have been instrumental in bridging cultural and gender gaps on Wikipedia. We are truly grateful for the time and energy you've invested in this endeavor. As a token of our deep appreciation, we'd love to send you a special postcard. It serves as a small gesture to convey our immense thanks for your involvement in the competition. To ensure you receive this token of appreciation, kindly fill out [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeXZaej264LOTM0WQBq9QiGGAC1SWg_pbPByD7gp3sC4j7VKQ/viewform this form] by August 15th, 2023. Looking ahead, we are thrilled to announce that we'll be hosting Feminism and Folklore in 2024. We eagerly await your presence in the upcoming year as we continue our journey to empower and foster inclusivity. Once again, thank you for being an essential part of our mission to promote feminism and preserve folklore on Wikipedia. With warm regards, '''Feminism and Folklore International Team'''. --[[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 18:37, 25 ga Yuli, 2023 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Tiven2240@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Tiven2240/fnf2023p&oldid=25345565 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2023 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-seventh newsletter, a sort of year-in-review for 2023.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> Dear Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, As we bid farewell to 2023, we reflect on a year that has been an uneven year for our user group. While the journey has been marked by some truly inspiring events, most of our efforts have been largely uncoordinated and the user group hasn't been the support it could have been. Yet, there's a glimmer of hope and a world of potential for 2024. '''Highlights of 2023:''' ;Newsletters Galore: We kicked off the year with zeal, sharing updates and inspiration through four newsletters. The number of things happening in the movement is astounding, but we need to rethink the format of the newsletter going into the next year. ;Growing Strong: The Wikimedians for Sustainable Development family welcomed 33 new members in 2023. Your passion and dedication continue to inspire us, and we look forward to nurturing this community spirit in the year ahead. ;Wikimania Talks: Our voices echoed far and wide at Wikimania, where several members of our community took the virtual stage to share insights and ideas about everything from Wikipedians-in-Residence's to open data. Your contributions showcased our commitment to sustainable development on a global scale. ;Content Creation Magic: Throughout the year, our extended community demonstrated incredible dedication to expanding the knowledge base on Wikipedia. Countless hours were spent creating and curating content that aligns with our mission, contributing to a more sustainable digital ecosystem. ;Campaigning hard: We saw a large variety of campaigns, from writing challenges to editathons. The willingness to experiment with new formats and partners, as well as learning from past efforts, shows great promise for the future. '''Acknowledging Challenges:''' While we celebrate these achievements, we acknowledge that 2023 presented its fair share of challenges. A lack of global coordination reminded us that the road to sustainable development is not always linear. However, it is precisely these challenges that fuel our determination to work together more cohesively in the coming year and proof that the user group is needed. '''Hopeful Anticipation for 2024:''' As we turn the page to 2024, let's carry forward the lessons learned and the successes celebrated. We are optimistic that, with renewed energy and a collective commitment, we will overcome obstacles and create an even more impactful and connected Wikimedians for Sustainable Development community. Here's to a year of collaboration, growth, and making a lasting impact on the world through our shared passion for sustainability. Together, we can turn challenges into opportunities and pave the way for a brighter future. Wishing you all a joyous holiday season and a Happy New Year! Warm regards, [[m:User:Ainali|User:Ainali]], [[m:User:Daniel Mietchen|User:Daniel Mietchen]] PS. We have started writing [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|our yearly report]], please add your activities to it. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 17:23, 1 ga Janairu, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=25817439 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-eighth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * We have submitted our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2023|2023 annual report]]. * Upcoming meeting: on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|9 February]], we'll have a call about roles and responsibilities in the user group. This is an attempt to make more opportunities to engage more of the user groups members in its activities. If you want to help out in some way, but don't know how, this is a meeting for you to get help creating that opportunity. If you know how you would like to help, but don't know how to get started, this is also the meeting for you. ; Other news * New Wikiproject for Climate Change on Basque Wikipedia: [[:eu:Wikiproiektu:Klima aldaketa|Wikiproiektu Klima Aldaketa]] * Climate Justice, Digital Rights and Indigenous Voices international Wikimedia event in Huaraz, Peru 2024: [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSeDIuZQ61v35y3Q293ZV9YjNWOHsgwvq3t2XjP2cQ0OHG-EPA/viewform Engagement Survey] (closes 2 Feb) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:22, 2 ga Faburairu, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26169519 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our twenty-ninth newsletter.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * On 9 February, we had a user group meeting on roles and responsibilities ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240209|minutes]]) * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 17 March]] ; Other news * Wiki Loves Earth: Reminder that if you want to [[c:Commons:Wiki_Loves_Earth_2024/Organise|organize a local competition]], it is time to get started. (SDG 15 and 14) * Wiki for Human Rights: Reminder that if you would like to [[m:WikiForHumanRights/Organize|organize a local event]], there is support available. (SDG 10) * Study: [https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/650852934/Meier_Wiki_Climate.pdf Using Wikipedia Pageview Data to Investigate Public Interest in Climate Change at a Global Scale] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by [[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 10:40, 9 ga Maris, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26331508 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtieth newsletter covering March and April 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * * Upcoming [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|user group meeting 19 May]] ; Other news * [[w:en:Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2024-03-29/Recent_research#Other_recent_publications|Wikipedia Signpost highlighted five papers about climate change editing]]. (SDG 13) * On Wikidata, [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|a model for documenting green house gas emissions]] has been created. (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/EPA_Victoria_WiR_April_2024_Update An update] from the Wikipedian in Residence at the Environment Protection Authority in Victoria, Australia. * WikiAcción Perú organized a training session: "[[m:Volunteer Supporters Network/VSN Training: Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement|Climate Change Actions and Wikimedia Movement]]" (SDG 13) * WikiForHumanRights organized a session: "[[m:Event:Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage|Adding Sustainability Perspectives to Wikivoyage]]" ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, starts in May. (SDG 14 & 15) * [[m:Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region|Wiki For Climate Change 2024 - Maghreb region]] starts in May. (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:17, 1 Mayu 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26428292 --> == Tunatarwa don jefa kuri'a yanzu don zaɓar membobin U4C na farko == <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder|Kuna iya samun wannan sakon da aka fassara zuwa ƙarin harsuna akan Meta-wiki.]] [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024/Announcement – vote reminder}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]'' Ya ku 'yan Wikimedia, Kuna karɓar wannan saƙo saboda a baya kun shiga cikin tsarin UCoC. Wannan tunatarwa ce cewa lokacin jefa ƙuri'a na Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) yana ƙare ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2024. Karanta bayanin akan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Election/2024|Shafin jefa ƙuri'a akan Meta-wiki]] don ƙarin koyo game da zaɓe da cancantar masu jefa ƙuri'a. Kwamitin Daidaitawa da Gamayyar Tsarin Gudanarwa (U4C) ƙungiya ce ta duniya da aka keɓe don samar da daidaito da daidaiton aiwatar da UCoC. An gayyaci membobin al'umma don gabatar da aikace-aikacen su na U4C. Don ƙarin bayani da alhakin U4C, da fatan [[m:Universal Code of Conduct/Coordinating Committee/Charter|sake duba Tsarin Dokan ta U4C]]. Da fatan za a raba wannan sakon tare da membobin al'ummar ku don su ma su shiga ciki. A madadin Kungiyar Ayyukan UCoC,<section end="announcement-content" /> [[m:User:RamzyM (WMF)|RamzyM (WMF)]] 23:11, 2 Mayu 2024 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:RamzyM (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Universal_Code_of_Conduct/Coordinating_Committee/Election/2024/Previous_voters_list_2&oldid=26721207 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtyfirst newsletter, covering May 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 13, 14 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * Upcoming: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]], 16 June * [[m:Talk:Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development#Mini_report_from_the_Wikimedia_Summit_2024|Mini report from the Wikimedia Summit 2024]] * [https://wikipediapodden.se/jan-ainali-wikimedians-for-sustainable-development-wikimedia-summit-2024-265/ User group representative interviewed by Wikipediapodden] at Wikimedia Summit ([[:File:WP265 - Jan Ainali, Wikimedians for Sustainable Development, Wikimedia Summit 2024.mp3|commons]]) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240519|Minutes from user group meeting in May]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/05/02/reflecting-_women-for-sustainability-africa-arts-feminism-her-voice-campaign-2023/ Reflecting _Women For Sustainability Africa Arts + Feminism #Her Voice Campaign 2023] * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Macedonia report: Climate change and GLAM]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/April 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library April monthly highlights]] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d44148-024-00166-y WikiProject Biodiversity featured in Nature Africa] (SDG 14 & 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fFWS7hfetZk Wikimedia UK releases a video about their climate focus] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2024|Wiki Loves Earth]], the international photo contest of protected nature, continues in some countries. (SDG 14 & 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 13:18, 1 ga Yuni, 2024 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=26852366 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirtysecond newsletter, covering June 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 3, 13, 14, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Movement Charter Vote|User group vote on the adoption of the Movement Charter]] (closes 7 July 23.59 UTC) * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming user group meeting]] 21 July * User group meeting held in June - [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240616|minutes]] * The group was featured in the latest WikiAfrica Hour: [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4B6VI20qopk #36: Does the Wikimedia movement contribute to the SDGs?] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/stories-from-the-anti-disinformation-repository-how-wikiproject-covid-19-and-other-wikimedia-initiatives-counter-health-disinformation/ Stories from the anti-disinformation repository: How WikiProject COVID-19 and other Wikimedia initiatives counter health disinformation] (SDG 3) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/Environment_Centre_NT_Wikipedian_in_Residence Environment Centre Northern Territory Wikipedian in Residence] (SDG 15) * [https://www.gp.se/debatt/med-ai-kan-vi-oka-transparensen-om-foretagens-klimatavtryck.2dd4e006-57e3-4534-a0be-70ca56a289e4 With AI can we increase transparency of companies' carbon footprints] (in Swedish). Op-ed that mentions that the greenhouse gas emissions of the top 150 companies on the Stockholm stock exchange has been uploaded to Wikidata. The model is documented on [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_Climate_Change/Models#Emissions|WikiProject Climate Change on Wikidata]]. (SDG 13) * [[wmfblog:2024/06/25/another-year-in-review-where-is-wikimedia-in-the-climate-crisis-seeing-the-impact-of-wikimedia-projects/|Another Year in Review: Where is Wikimedia in the Climate Crisis? Seeing the impact of Wikimedia Projects]] (SDG 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/06/24/46-scholars-self-advocates-bring-knowledge-to-wikipedias-disability-healthcare-content/ 46 scholars, self-advocates bring knowledge to Wikipedia’s disability healthcare content] (SDG 3) * [[c:File:Wikimedia klimatpåverkansrapport 2023.pdf|Wikimedia Sverige publishes their 2023 climate impact report]] (in Swedish) (SDG 13) * WikiProject Govdirectory has started [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Govdirectory/Weekly collaboration|weekly collaboration on countries]] (SDG 16) ; Events * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/06/18/wikimedia-chapters-and-groups-organise-the-first-sharks-and-rays-wikimarathon/ Wikimedia chapters and groups organise the first Sharks and Rays Wikimarathon] (29 June, but edits in the weeks after are welcome) (SDG 14) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 09:27, 1 ga Yuli, 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27039469 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty third newsletter, covering July 2024. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 10, 13, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting held in July, [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240721|minutes]] * Next user group meeting will be 18 August ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/June 2024/Contents/Macedonia report|Climate change editahon and workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/wikiforhumanrights-in-nigeria-2024-campaign-virtual-launch/ WikiForHumanRights in Nigeria 2024 Campaign Virtual Launch] (SDG 10&16) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/16/what-we-learned-from-wiki-women-in-red-8-campaign-2023-women-for-sustainability-africa/ What we Learned from Wiki Women In Red @8 Campaign 2023 Women for Sustainability Africa] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/17/ghanaian-wikipedians-set-to-educate-students-on-open-climate/ Ghanaian Wikipedians set to educate students on Open Climate] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/07/23/using-wikipedia-as-a-tool-for-climate-action/ Using Wikipedia as a Tool for Climate Action] (SDG 13) ; Events * 5th August, [[m:Event:Wiki-Green_Conference_2024 Wiki-Green Conference]] (SDG 13) * 7-10 August, Wikimania - [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|All SDG related sessions]] * 7-9 November, [https://wikimedia.org.ar/2024/07/03/justicia-climatica-voces-indigenas-y-plataformas-wikimedia/ Justicia climática, voces indígenas y plataformas Wikimedia] (SDG 13) ; Participate * Share an example of a successful [[m:Campaigns/WikiProjects|WikiProject or topical collaboration]] in this on-wiki survey This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 18:57, 1 ga Augusta, 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27042528 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDGs 5, 11, 15, and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20240915|Next user group meeting]], 15 September, will be focused on starting to develop a strategy for the group. If you cannot attend, you can leave your input on [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030/Ideas|the ideas page]]. * User group meeting held in August ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240818|minutes]]) ; Other news * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/New Zealand report|Report from WikiProject International Botanical Congress 2024]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Switzerland report|Meeting for Writing on Femenist Strikes and Wiki for Peace Camp St. Imier]] (SDG 5 & 16) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/July 2024/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Biodiversity Heritage Library report]] (SDG 15) * Wikimania had a lot of [[wikimania:2024:Program/SDG_related_sessions|SDG related sessions]] and you can watch them back now ; Events * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2024|Wiki Loves Monuments]] starts in September (SDG 11) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 06:24, 2 Satumba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27262444 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20240915|User group meeting held in September on strategy for the group]] ; Other news * [[m:Wikimedia CEE Meeting 2024/Submissions/Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region|Building a sustainable Wikimedia movement: A contribution from the CEE region]], presentation at CEE meeting. ([https://www.youtube.com/live/iB3KNFtA4xI?t=6739 YouTube]) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/09/30/all-about-wiki-green-conference-2024/ All About Wiki-Green Conference 2024] (SDG 13) ; Events * Course: [https://wikiedu.org/courses/global-approaches-to-climate-finance-4/ Global Approaches to Climate Finance] by WikiEdu (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:26, 1 Oktoba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27437535 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Upcoming meeting]], 24 November, 17.00 UTC ; Other news * Talk at WikiIndaba: [[m:WikiIndaba 2024/Proposal/Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region|Wikimedian collaboration in human knowledge: Wiki For Climate Change in the Maghreb region]] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/17/championing-inclusion-in-the-wikimedia-movement-africa-wiki-women-presentation-at-the-wiki-niger-conference/ Championing Inclusion in the Wikimedia Movement: Africa Wiki Women Presentation at the Wiki Niger Conference] (SDG 5) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/10/25/mountains-birds-and-lakes-wiki-loves-earth-2024-central-asia-edition/ Mountains, Birds and Lakes: Wiki Loves Earth 2024 – Central Asia Edition] (SDG 15) ; Events * November 6, 12 and 21: [https://universityofexeter.zoom.us/meeting/register/tJAkdeqrrzMoGdEeMYlR6q0A7QMHwwwM2VIZ#/registration Climate Change & Health in the UK - Wikipedia workshop] (SDG 3 and 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 20:01, 1 Nuwamba, 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27587619 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 8, 12, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting, 24 November ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241124|minutes]]) * We are working on our [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]], please add activities that you would like to work on. ; Other news * [[m:Event:CEE Catch up Nr. 8 (November 2024)|CEE Catch up Nr. 8 with a sustainability theme]] * [[w:pt:Wikipédia:Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia|Wikiconcurso Justiça Climática e Amazônia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/New_Zealand_report#nz-edit|Report from New Zealand Species Edit-a-thons]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/October_2024/Contents/Macedonia_report#vvc|Report from climate change editing workshop in Macedonia]] (SDG 13) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2024/Contents/Croatia_report|DeGrowth in November with students, artists and academics in Croatia]] (SDG 8&12) * The new [[mw:Extension:Chart/Project/Updates#November_2024:_Production_deployment_and_security_review_complete|Charts extension has been enabled on Wikimedia Commons]]. It's time to start bringing all your local sustainability related charts over there! (SDG 17) ; Events * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers|Bridging Climate Literacy Gaps through Wikimedia projects in Ogoni Land Rivers]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Event:Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia|Financiamiento climático en Wikipedia]] (SDG 13) * Just started: [[m:Event:African Legislators in Red|African Legislators in Red]] (SDG 16) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 19:29, 1 Disamba 2024 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27830533 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2024 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20241229|minutes]]) * We have adopted an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|annual plan for 2025]]! ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4_hWBwaQxaw Lightning talk by Adam Harangzo - National Institute for Health and Care Research on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/11/top-photos-of-the-special-nomination-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2024%f0%9f%a4%9d/ Top photos of the special nomination “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2024!] (SDG 10&15) * [https://www.wikimedia.nz/nz-species-editathon-recap/ Two days, 15 editors, 750 edits] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2024/12/28/a-peekaboo-into-our-butterflying-trip-from-the-amazon-of-the-east/ A Peekaboo Into Our Butterflying Trip from the Amazon of the East] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2024/12/27/brooklyn-college-students-bring-ecology-course-content-to-wikipedia/ Brooklyn College students bring ecology course content to Wikipedia] (SDG 13&15 * [https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/09636625241268890 Declaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on WikipediaDeclaring crisis? Temporal constructions of climate change on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 08:04, 2 ga Janairu, 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=27983472 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our thirty-ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 11, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250223|User group meeting 23 February]] * User group meeting in January ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250119|minutes]]). * The user group submitted an annual report in the new [[m:Wikimedia Foundation Affiliates Strategy/Implementation/Affiliate health criteria/Reports/2024/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|affiliate health criteria format]], and as an [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2024|activity report]]. * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Strategy 2030|2030 strategy]] for the user group was adopted. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/06/swiss-server-helped-optimise-wikidata-in-the-field-of-medicine/ Swiss server helped optimise Wikidata in the field of medicine] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/01/08/photographers-from-turkiye-tell-the-story-of-award-wining-photos-in-wiki-loves-earth-2024/ Photographers from Türkiye tell the story of award wining photos in Wiki Loves Earth 2024] (SDG 15) * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HZnAp7oovlg OpenStreetMap and Wikidata in Disaster Times - CEE Meeting 2024 Istanbul] (SDG 11) ; Events * 1-28 February: [[listarchive:list/wikimedia-l@lists.wikimedia.org/message/5DC7IKHKGBEE5KOD4PY2XNKT55EA6LW4/|Wiki Loves Africa: Climate & Weather ISA campaign]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]]) 14:05, 4 ga Faburairu, 2025 (UTC)</bdi> • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28153013 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fortieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 8, 11, 13, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting in February ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250223|minutes]]). ; Other news * [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Earth 2025/Organise|Time to get ready to organize Wiki Loves Earth]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/02/05/women-of-the-future-international-womens-day-2025/ ‘Women of the Future’ – International Women’s Day 2025] (SDG 5) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/02/17/the-experts-behind-the-edits-expanding-public-understanding-of-healthcare/ The Experts Behind the Edits: Expanding public understanding of healthcare] (SDG 3) * [https://enterprise.wikimedia.com/blog/ecosia-and-wikimedia-enterprise-partner/ Wikimedia Enterprise and Ecosia Partner to Drive Sustainable Search Innovation] (SDG 13) * A [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject Climate Change/Policies|subproject to WikiProject Climate Change about Climate Change Policies]] has just started on Wikidata (SDG 13) ; Events * 1 March: [[m:Event:Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire|Open Data Day 2025 in Côte d'Ivoire]] (SDG 8) * 7 March [[m:Event:Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025|Govdirectory Collab Hour - Open Data Day 2025]] (SDG 16) * 8 March–1 April: [[m:Event:Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025|Shine Her Light Writing Contest 2025]] (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:51, 1 ga Maris, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13, 15 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/03/27/organise-your-local-wiki-loves-earth-in-2025/ Organise your local Wiki Loves Earth in 2025!] (SDG 15) * [[d:Wikidata:Property proposal/Climate Policy Radar ID|Wikidata property proposal for the Climate Policy Radar]] (SDG 13) * [https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/85640/NKB_Debatt_Wikipedia.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y Biologists encourage other biologists to edit Wikipedia] (in Swedish) (SDG 15) * A [[c:File:Langzeitkooperationen zwischen Museen und dem Wikipedia-Universum.pdf|presentation on long-term collaborations between museums and the Wikimedia universe]] was given on March 10 at a [https://www.kiekeberg-museum.de/fileadmin/user_upload/3_4_1_Tagungen/geplante_tagungen/Programm_Tagung_Mittwochs_ist_Museumstag_-_Langzeitkooperationen_im_Museum_10-11.3.2025_FLMK3.pdf symposium on long-term collaborations with museums in Germany](SDG 17) * A [[c:File:Gemeinsam mehr erreichen Freies Wissen als Grundlage der Zusammenarbeit zwischen Wikimedia und anderen Ehrenamtsinitiativen.pdf|presentation on existing and potential collaborations between the Wikimedia community and other volunteer communities]] was given on March 29 at a [https://tdsummit.d-s-e-e.de/ national volunteering convention] in Germany (SDG 17) ; Events * [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250420|Next user group meeting: 20 April]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> [[User:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[User talk:MediaWiki message delivery|talk]]) 09:28, 1 ga Afirilu, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Reminder: Submit Your Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May == Dear El-hussain14, Thank you for your valuable contributions to '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' in your communities! This is a kind reminder that the '''deadline to submit your local results is 15 May 2025'''. Please make sure to submit the '''complete and detailed results''' of your local contest on the following Meta-Wiki page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' Additionally, feel free to add a brief summary of your local event under the '''Results''' section in your country/region’s row on the participants page: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' If you need any assistance during this process, don’t hesitate to reach out. Thank you for your continued dedication and support! For, Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team 11:51, 2 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250420|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/09/zombie-ants-to-bioremediation-the-world-of-entomopathogenic-fungi/ Zombie ants to bioremediation: The world of entomopathogenic fungi] (SDG 15) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2025/04/21/with-foundation-increases-support-to-expand-disability-healthcare-information-on-wikipedia/ WITH Foundation increases support to expand disability healthcare information on Wikipedia] (SDG 3) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/04/04/women-and-health-project-improving-the-representation-of-womens-health-on-wikipedia/ Women and Health Project: Improving the representation of women’s health on Wikipedia] (SDG 3&5) ; Events * May 19: [[m:Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025|Habilidades Digitales Verdes en Wikimedia 2025]] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 07:22, 11 Mayu 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28259111 --> == Final Reminder – Submit Full Local Results for Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 by 15 May EOD == Dear El-hussain14, This is a final reminder that the deadline to submit your '''full and detailed local results''' for '''Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025''' is '''15 May 2025''' EOD. Please ensure you complete the following as soon as possible: * Submit your full results on Meta-Wiki here: '''[[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Results]]''' * Add a brief summary of your local event under the "Results" column on: '''[[Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025/Participants]]''' Failure to submit by the deadline may result in exclusion from the international jury consideration. If you need help or encounter any issues, feel free to contact the international team. Thank you once again for your dedication and hard work! ''Warm regards,''<br/> '''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team''', 02:39, 15 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Local_organizers&oldid=28651179 --> == Share Your Feedback – Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025 == Dear El-hussain14 Thank you for being a part of '''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2025]]''' — whether as a contributor, jury member, or local organizer. Your efforts helped make this campaign a meaningful celebration of culture, heritage, and community on Wikimedia platforms. To help us improve and grow this initiative in future years, we kindly ask you to complete a short '''feedback form'''. Your responses are valuable in shaping how we support contributors like you. * '''Feedback Form:''' [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSdXEtaqszxcwmTJa8pGT60E7GDtpbssNadR9vZFVFbLicGFBg/viewform Submit your feedback here] * '''Deadline to submit:''' 31 May 2025 It will only take a few minutes to complete, and your input will directly impact how we plan, communicate, and collaborate in the future. Thank you again for your support. We look forward to having you with us in future campaigns! Warm regards,<br/> ''Wiki Loves Ramadan International Team'' 08:51, 19 Mayu 2025 (UTC) <!-- Message sent by User:ZI Jony@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:ZI_Jony/MassMessage/WLR/List/Participants&oldid=28751574 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, 10, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 22 June: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User group meeting]] ; Other news * Several papers presented at WikiWorkshop: ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_24.pdf EcoWikiRS: Using Species Descriptions in Wikipedia and Remote Sensing to Learn about the Ecological Properties of a Place] (SDG 15) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_6.pdf Data Extraction Methods for Analyzing Gender Bias on Wikipedia's Front Page] (SDG 5) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_28.pdf Measuring Cross-Lingual Information Gaps in English Wikipedia: A Case Study of LGBT People Portrayals] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_14.pdf Exploring Wikipedia community practices during the 2024 European Parliament election] (SDG 16) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_55.pdf Wikipedia as a Tool for Tracking Mass Migration Flows: Insights from the Russian Invasion of Ukraine] (SDG 10) ** [https://wikiworkshop.org/2025/paper/wikiworkshop_2025_paper_65.pdf Regulations in Wikidata: The case of PFAS-related regulations] (SDG 3 & 16) * [https://wikipediapodden.se/minimal-viable-species-stub-315/ Podcast about the minimal viable species stub] (SDG 15) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/05/media-literacy-and-responding-to-emergencies-and-disinformation/ Wikimedia UK and the Royal Society host workshop on information literacy and future health emergencies] (SDG 3) ; Events * 16 June: [[w:en:Event:Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon|Wikimedia NYC and United Nations Wikipedia Edit-A-Thon]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:37, 12 ga Yuni, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28771610 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 5, and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 6 July: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20250706|User group meeting]] ; Other news * [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9I8Nr_UamtM Biodiversidade na Wiki] (in Portuguese) (SDG 15) * [https://nph.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/ppp3.70050 The women honoured in flowering plant genera: From myth to reality] (SDG 5&15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/06/20/rethinking-wiki-engagement-in-medical-research-insights-from-a-residency-at-nihr/ Rethinking Wiki engagement in medical research: insights from a residency at NIHR] (SDG 3) ; Events * 24 July: [https://mdi.georgetown.edu/events/guwikieditathonsummer2025/ Editing for Equity: Closing the Wikipedia Gender Gap] (SDG 5) * 2 & 9 August: [https://events.humanitix.com/nz-species-editathon-wellington New Zealand Species Edit-a-thon] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:06, 1 ga Yuli, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 10, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * 6 July: User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250706|minutes]]) * We are trying to establish better governance for the user group and [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Draft by-laws|have some inspiration]] on which your comments are requested. ; Other news * To promote sustainability and increase the visibility of the Sustainable Development Goals, the [[w:tr:Vikiproje:S%C3%BCrd%C3%BCr%C3%BClebilir_Kalk%C4%B1nma|"Sustainable Development Wikiproject" was launched on the Turkish Wikipedia]] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/11/wiki-loves-butterfly-community-led-contributions-in-dzongu-valley-north-sikkim-india/ Wiki Loves Butterfly: Community-Led Contributions in Dzongu Valley, North Sikkim, India] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/12/gender-climate-and-sustainability-my-journey-with-the-awa-fellowship-2025/ Gender, Climate and Sustainability: My Journey with the AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 5 & 13) * [https://blog.tepapa.govt.nz/2025/07/14/the-power-and-potential-of-wikidata-for-botany/ The power and potential of Wikidata for botany] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/amplifying-inclusion-and-climate-justice-through-open-knowledge-my-journey-as-a-fellow-under-awa-fellowship-2025/ Amplifying Inclusion and Climate Justice Through Open Knowledge: My Journey as a Fellow under AWA Fellowship 2025] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/15/justice-through-open-knowledge-training-human-rights-advocate-to-document-human-rights-incident-with-wikipedia-and-wikimedia-commons/ Justice through Open Knowledge: Training Human Rights Advocate to Document Human Rights Incident with Wikipedia and Wikimedia Commons] (SDG 10) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/16/wings-of-bengal-the-winners-of-wiki-loves-bangla-2025/ Wings of Bengal: The Winners of Wiki Loves Bangla 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://infomgnt.org/posts/2025-07-16-Connecting-Knowledge-with-Wikidata-a-practical-Project-with-the-Museum-fuer-Naturkunde-Berlin/ Connecting Knowledge with Wikidata: A Practical Project with the Museum für Naturkunde Berlin] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/19/when-time-slows-down-documenting-butterflies-in-the-north-eastern-himalayas/ When Time Slows Down: Documenting Butterflies in the North Eastern Himalayas] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/23/wiki-loves-earth-celebrates-1000000-images-of-the-natural-heritage-worldwide/ Wiki Loves Earth celebrates 1,000,000 images of the natural heritage worldwide!] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/07/28/closing-content-gaps-highlights-from-my-july-as-an-awa-inclusion-and-climate-justice-fellow/ Closing Content Gaps: Highlights from my July as an AWA Inclusion and Climate Justice Fellow] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/01/thrilling-two-day-butterfly-expedition-in-central-odisha/ Thrilling Two-Day Butterfly Expedition in Central Odisha] (SDG 15) ; Events * 6-9 August: Wikimania is coming up, and you can easily [[wikimania:2025:Registration|join remotely]]. Find [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|all sessions related to the Sustainable Development Goals]]. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 09:27, 2 ga Augusta, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=28881683 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 21 September: [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|User Group Meeting]] ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/07/when-butterflies-took-over-a-classroom/ When Butterflies Took Over a Classroom] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/13/a-walk-with-butterflies-that-healed-the-heart/ A Walk with Butterflies That Healed the Heart] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/21/wikimania-2025-information-integrity-on-climate-change-on-wikimedia-projects/ Wikimania 2025: Information Integrity on Climate Change on Wikimedia projects] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/botanical-perspective-of-wikitutuwuhan-project/ Botanical Perspective of WikiTutuwuhan Project] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/08/30/past-present-and-future-a-wikimedian-in-residence-at-the-biodiversity-heritage-library/ Past, present and future: a Wikimedian-in-Residence at the Biodiversity Heritage Library] (SDG 15) * [[wikimania:2025:Program/SDG related sessions|All SDG related sessions at Wikimania]] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:24, 1 Satumba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 7 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * User group meeting ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20250921|minutes]]) ; Other news * The OpenStreetMap community has an initiative called "[https://mapyourgrid.org/ MapYourGrid]" focused on energy infrastructure on Wikidata and Open Streetmap. (SDG 7) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/18/bridging-climate-science-and-the-public-how-the-austrian-climate-report-found-a-home-on-wikipedia/ Bridging Climate Science and the Public: How the Austrian Climate Report Found a Home on Wikipedia] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/27/microworld-a-wikimedia-fueled-microbial-exhibition-in-northern-argentina/ Microworld: a Wikimedia-fueled microbial exhibition in northern Argentina] (SDG 4) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/09/30/wiki-green-conference-2025/ Wiki-Green Conference 2025] This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 20:46, 1 Oktoba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29165157 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - October 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10 and 13.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/01/ewe-language-activists-trained-to-translate-the-sustainable-development-goals-online/ Ewe Language Activists Trained to Translate the Sustainable Development Goals Online] * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/10/11/how-wikimedia-commons-is-making-microbiology-open-lessons-from-wikimedistas-de-jujuy-argentina/ How Wikimedia Commons is making microbiology open: lessons from Wikimedistas de Jujuy, Argentina] (SDG 4) * The [https://sv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mall:Faktamall_f%C3%B6retag&diff=58499099&oldid=57412306 Swedish Wikipedia company infobox now shows carbon emissions data] retreived from Wikidata for over 200 companies. (SDG 13) ; Events * 6 November–3 December: [[m:Event:Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025|Visible Wiki Women Campaign 2025]] (SDG 5) * 11 November: [[m:Event:First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community|First steps in Wikidata for the Wikimedia LGBT Community]] (SDG 10) * 1–30 November: [[w:id:Wikipedia:Bulan_Asia_Wikipedia_2025|Bulan Asia Wikipedia 2025]] (SDG 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 16:47, 3 Nuwamba, 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29554723 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - November 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our forty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * 11 December: [[m:Event:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development user group meeting 20251211|User group call]] * As are ending the year and will be wrapping up on the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2025|current annual plan]] we are doing a few sprints. If every member of the user group makes just one contribution, we will finish these easily and have a great resource for the entire community. Please check out these and see if you can help out: ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Video translation|Videos with translatable subtitles]] *** Help by identifying which videos need translation ** [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Charts coordination|Charts]] *** Help by identifying charts that should be used in SDG topics <br/> ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/09/wikimedia-project-from-south-america-selected-by-the-unesco-global-initiative-for-information-integrity-on-climate-change-fund/ Wikimedia Project from South America Selected by the UNESCO Global Initiative for Information Integrity on Climate Change Fund] (SDG 13) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/11/10/northern-argentine-wikimedians-recognized-in-regional-openstreetmap-contest/ Northern Argentine Wikimedians recognized in regional OpenStreetMap Contest] (SDG 15) * [https://www.aftonbladet.se/nyheter/a/LMyQBP/ny-ai-modell-svenska-foretags-utslapp-av-koldioxid Garbo gräver fram siffror på utsläpp av koldioxid] news in Swedish about carbon emissions data being added to the company infoboxes (SDG 13) * [https://wikimedia.at/der-klimabericht-und-die-wikipedia-teil-3-wissenschaftskommunikation/ Der Klimabericht und die Wikipedia Teil 3: Wissenschaftskommunikation] (SDG 13) ; Events * [[m:SheSaid|SheSaid campaign on Wikiquote]]. From 1 September until 31 December 2025. (SDG 5) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:39, 1 Disamba 2025 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29620767 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - December 2025 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fiftieth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> <!--Add content here --> ; User group news * User group call, 11 December ([[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Meeting minutes 20251211|minutes]]) ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/08/wikiforhumanrights-2025-documenting-ghanas-just-energy-transition-through-the-lens/ WikiForHumanRights 2025: Documenting Ghana’s Just Energy Transition Through the Lens] (SDG 7) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/November_2025/Contents/New_Zealand_report#Update_on_the_Bioeconomy_Science_Institute_Wikimedian_in_Residence|Update on the Bioeconomy Science Institute Wikimedian in Residence]] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/14/wikiforhumanrights-2025-campaign-in-ghana/ WikiForHumanRights 2025 campaign in Ghana] (SDG 7&13) * [https://wikimedia.org.uk/2025/12/topics-for-impact/ Topics for impact] by Wikimedia UK * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2025/12/22/project-gayatri-a-year-of-building-knowledge-closing-with-heart/ Project Gayatri: A Year of Building Knowledge, Closing with Heart] (SDG 13) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 21:24, 4 ga Janairu, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29844481 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - January 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty first newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * The [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Reports/2025|annual report for 2025]] was published. * [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Next meeting|Next user group meeting]] is 22 February. * The drafting of the [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Annual plan 2026|2026 annual plan]] is under way, please help. ; Other news * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/01/09/winning-images-of-the-special-category-human-rights-and-environment-from-wiki-loves-earth-2025%F0%9F%A4%9D/ Winning images of the special category “Human Rights and Environment” from Wiki Loves Earth 2025🤝] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 14:22, 4 ga Faburairu, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - February 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty second newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 10, 13, 15, 16 and 17.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * A proposal for a climate and sustainability meetup at Wikimania has been submitted. Keep your fingers crossed it gets accepted! ; Other news * [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud Metabase], a project to create a [[m:Movement Strategy/Initiatives/Knowledge Base|movement-wide knowledgebase for activities and initiatives]], now has the property [https://metabase.wikibase.cloud/wiki/Property:P109 relates to sustainable development goal, target or indicator] and all the Sustainable Development Goals, Targets and Indicators. This makes it possible to make sure that your projects and initiative that supports these are marked as doing so and also find previous efforts related to them. * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/11/wiki-for-botanists-why-thematic-engagement-matters/ Wiki for Botanists: Why thematic engagement matters] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/influence-of-seasonal-and-eco-climatic-factors-on-butterfly-diversity-insights-from-wiki-loves-butterfly/ Influence of Seasonal and Eco-climatic Factors on Butterfly Diversity: Insights from Wiki Loves Butterfly] (SDG 15) * [https://diff.wikimedia.org/2026/02/15/african-women-in-climate-action-a-continued-editing-journey-through-the-edither-africa-contest-2026/ African Women in Climate Action: A Continued Editing Journey through the EditHer Africa Contest 2026] (SDG 5 & 13) ; Events * March is Women's History Month and also has the Internaltional Women's day, so there are plenty of related events. Check out [[m:Special:AllEvents|Special:AllEvents]] to find some near you. (SDG 5) * [[m:Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026|Wiki Loves Ramadan 2026]] (SDG 16) * [[d:Wikidata:WikiProject_India/Events/International_Mother_Language_Day_2026_Datathon|International Mother Language Day 2026 Datathon]] (SDG 4, 10 &17) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:13, 2 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=29928029 --> == Join the LDH General Assembly | April 18, 2026 == We are delighted to invite you to the General Assembly of the [[m:Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub|'''Language Diversity Hub''']] (LDH) on Saturday, '''April 18th, 2026''', at '''[https://zonestamp.toolforge.org/1776517200 13:00 UTC]'''. === About the General Assembly === The General Assembly (GA) is a community-wide consultation and engagement space. It is the primary forum through which LDH connects with the broader language and Wikimedia communities. The GA is designed to: * Keep community members informed about LDH activities, decisions, and ongoing work. * Gather feedback and perspectives from across the language and Wikimedia ecosystem. * Create open pathways for participation, collaboration, and community-driven input. === How to participate === Everyone is welcome! If you work on language access, language diversity, or Wikimedia projects in any language community, this is a space for you. * '''[https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform Register here to attend]''' [[File:LDH General Assembly E-flyer.jpg|frameless|center|280px|link=https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLSfFCqPF3H-Yax0t-AbgRasoDdXLom23n2SsZR5fw74bxMuPCQ/viewform]] Looking forward to your participation, Language Diversity Hub Team, 18:21, 20 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) ''<small>You can opt out of our distribution list by removing your username from [[m:MassMessage/Lists/LDH|this list]]</small>'' (This message was sent to [[:User:El-hussain14]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Oscar .@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/LDH&oldid=30182212 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - March 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty third newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; User group news * There is now a [[c:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|user box template on Wikimedia Commons]] that you can use to show that you are participant of the user group. There were already user boxes on [[m:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Meta]], [[d:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Wikidata]], [[w:en:Template:User Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|English]] and [[w:sv:Mall:Användare Wikimedians for Sustainable Development|Swedish]] Wikipedia. If your home wiki uses user boxes but lacks one, feel free to copy any of these to it. ; Other news * [https://wikimediafoundation.org/news/2026/03/02/the-winners-of-wiki-loves-earth-2025/ “Cinematic intensity”: The winners of Wiki Loves Earth 2025] (SDG 15) * [https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-026-00940-y Scientists should join collaborative online editing communities for biodiversity] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 11:26, 1 ga Afirilu, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30155800 --> == Programme submissions open: Language Diversity Conference, Accra 2026 == [[File:Official logo for language diversity conference 03.png|frameless|250px|right]] The '''[[m:Language Diversity Conference|Language Diversity Conference 2026]]''' will take place '''2–4 October 2026 in Accra, Ghana''', under the theme: ''Strengthening Language Communities in the Open Knowledge Movement''. The Programming Team is inviting the following types of session proposals: * '''Lightning talks''' – 10-minute short presentations on any relevant topic * '''Presentations''' – 20–25 minutes (including audience Q&A) * '''Workshops and tutorials''' – 50 or 110-minute interactive sessions (e.g. on Content Translation, Wikidata, or other topics) * '''Panel discussions''' – 50-minute panels; collaborations with others are encouraged Submissions will be evaluated by the Programme Committee based on: * Potential impact and expected outcomes * Relevance to the conference theme or focus areas Sessions may be recorded and made publicly available. If you prefer not to be filmed, you may indicate this during submission. '''→ [https://wikimedia.eventyay.com/wm/langdiv/cfp Submit your proposal on Eventyay]''' For more information, or questions, contact: languagediversitycon{{@}}gmail.com <!-- Message sent by User:~~~~~ on behalf of the Language Diversity Hub --> (This message was sent to [[:User:El-hussain14]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Oscar .@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/LDH&oldid=30405990 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - April 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fourth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 5, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/04/15/from-lens-to-knowledge-citizen-science-through-wiki-loves-butterfly/|From Lens to Knowledge: Citizen Science through Wiki Loves Butterfly]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Biodiversity Heritage Library report|Wikidata type specimen data model]] (SDG 15) * [[outreach:GLAM/Newsletter/March 2026/Contents/Macedonia report|Edit-a-thon "Women Botanists" and “Plants Around Us: Veles” workshop]] (SDG 5 & 15) ; Events * Ongoing: [[w:en:Wikipedia:100 Days 100 Edits|100 Days 100 Edits]] (SDG 13) * Ongoing: [[m:Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026|Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026]] (SDG 2, 6 & 7) * May 9-10: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Projekt naturgeografi/Fotosafari: Fåglar i Skåne 2026|Bird photography trip]] in south Sweden (SDG 15) * May 30: [[w:sv:Wikipedia:Skrivstuga/Biologisk mångfald|Editathon about biodiversity]] in Stockholm (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 12:47, 6 Mayu 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30472224 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - May 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty fifth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 2, 6, 7, 13 and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/05/19/wikimedia-projects-and-the-climate-crisis-how-wiki-for-sustainable-futures-2026-is-being-built/|Wikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being BuiltWikimedia Projects and the Climate Crisis: How Wiki for Sustainable Futures 2026 Is Being Built]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7 & 13) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/05/21/earth-day-every-day-preserving-biodiversity-on-wikipedia/ Earth Day, Every Day: Preserving Biodiversity on Wikipedia] (SDG 15) *[[diffblog:ar/2026/05/29/%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%b7%d9%84%d8%a7%d9%82-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%a8%d9%82%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a6%d8%a9-%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%b9%d8%b1%d8%a8%d9%8a%d8%a9-2026-%d9%85%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a9/|Launch of the Arabic Environmental Contest 2026: an ambitious initiative to enrich environmental content]] (SDG 2 & 6 & 7) * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/From_the_field_to_the_free_web From the field to the free web] (SDG 15) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 17:47, 1 ga Yuni, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30606764 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - June 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty sixth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5 and 10.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; In the news * [[diffblog:2026/06/08/reading-wikipedia-in-the-classroom-in-wa-ghana-empowering-educators-with-media-and-information-literacy-skills/|Reading Wikipedia in the Classroom in Wa, Ghana: Empowering Educators with Media and Information Literacy Skills]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/12/amplifying-womens-stories-and-indigenous-knowledge-feminism-and-folklore-2026-in-the-igbo-community/|Amplifying Women’s Stories and Indigenous Knowledge: Feminism and Folklore 2026 in the Igbo Community]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/13/artfeminism-network-organizers-at-eseap-conference-2026/|Art+Feminism Network Organizers at ESEAP Conference 2026]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/14/a-reflection-on-what-i-learned-at-my-first-international-womens-day-celebration/|A Reflection on What I Learned at My First International Women’s Day Celebration]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/from-mentee-to-builder-my-six-months-in-the-eduwiki-hub-mentorship-program/|From Mentee to Builder: My Six Months in the EduWiki Hub Mentorship Program]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/16/building-skills-and-confidence-during-my-three-month-journey-through-the-on-wiki-skill-program-organized-by-africa-wiki-women/|Building Skills and Confidence During My Three-Month Journey Through the On Wiki Skill Program Organized by Africa Wiki Women]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/why-the-eduwiki-starter-kit-matters-for-the-future-of-education/|Why the EduWiki Starter Kit Matters for the Future of Education]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/06/17/empowering-new-editors-to-bridge-the-gender-gap-my-experience-as-a-mentor-in-the-edither-africa-april-2026-contest/|Empowering New Editors to Bridge the Gender Gap: My Experience as a Mentor in the EditHer Africa April 2026 Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/18/visible-women-edit-a-thon-piloting-a-collaborative-approach-to-free-knowledge-in-hong-kong/|Visible Women Edit-a-thon: Piloting a Collaborative Approach to Free Knowledge in Hong Kong]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/guiding-new-voices-training-women-in-wikidata-during-the-april-edither-africa-contest/|Guiding New Voices: Training Women in Wikidata during the April EditHer Africa Contest]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/06/23/wikimedia-community-usergroup-botswana-in-collaboration-with-art-and-feminism-on-wikidata-mobile-training-2026/|Wikimedia Community Usergroup Botswana in collaboration with Art and Feminism on Wikidata Mobile Training 2026]] (SDG 5) ; Events * 10-18 July: [[m:Event:Wikiwomen Camp 2026|Wikiwomen Camp 2026]] (SDG 5) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 14.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) * 21-25 July: Wikimania is coming up and there are plenty of sessions related to sustainable development. There is now a dedicated page for those sessions at [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions]]. * 23 July: [[m:Event:From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements|From Constitution to Community — Documenting Queer Rights Movements]] (SDG 10) * 14 July [[w:de:Veranstaltung:Queers & Frauen 28.07.2026|Queers & Frauen]] (SDG 5 & 10) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 19:20, 3 ga Yuli, 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30633243 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - July 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty seventh newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 5, 6, 15 and 16.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/07/04/photowalk-at-the-purbachal-reserve-forest/|Photowalk at the Purbachal Reserve Forest]] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/07/13/welcoming-women-into-wikimedia-tech-a-guide-based-on-lived-experiences/|Welcoming Women+ into Wikimedia Tech: A Guide Based on Lived Experiences]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/07/14/empowering-youth-through-knowledge-wikipedia-for-freedom-of-elections-in-armenia/|Empowering Youth Through Knowledge: “Wikipedia for Freedom of Elections” in Armenia]] (SDG 16) * [[diffblog:2026/07/19/water-for-life-knowledge-for-all-how-wikiverse-botswana-is-showcasing-africas-water-story-through-the-africa-wiki-challenge-2026/|Water for Life, Knowledge for All: How WikiVerse Botswana is Showcasing Africa’s Water Story Through the Africa Wiki Challenge 2026]] (SDG 6) * Wikimania: There were so many sessions and posters related to the SDGs, they can't all be listed here. But on [[wikimania:2026:Program/SDG related sessions|this Wikimania page]] you can find them all and the session pages have links to the recordings. This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 08:56, 4 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC)• [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30853204 --> == Language Diversity Hub evaluation survey: your input needed! == The Wikimedia Foundation is evaluating hub pilots to understand their work, outcomes, and future direction. As part of this, we're gathering feedback on how hub services and activities have contributed to concrete, measurable outcomes. You're receiving this because you're part of the Language Diversity Hub audience group, and we'd value your perspective. Your feedback will help inform the evaluation and strengthen our understanding of the Hub's impact. The survey takes about 10–15 minutes, and we kindly ask that you respond by '''10 August 2026.''' '''[https://wikimedia.qualtrics.com/jfe/form/SV_6KXVndZhZvlSoUS Survey Link]''' The Foundation is not collecting personal data through this survey. Responses will be reviewed and consolidated by audience group — analyzed collectively rather than attributed to individuals. Thank you for contributing. Your feedback helps ensure this evaluation reflects the perspectives of communities, affiliates, and others connected to the Hub. Questions? Contact strategy2030@wikimedia.org. Sincerely, Oscar on behalf of the [[Wikimedia Language Diversity Hub]], 21:22, 7 ga Augusta, 2026 (UTC) (This message was sent to [[:User:El-hussain14]] and is being posted here due to a redirect.) <!-- Message sent by User:Oscar .@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=MassMessage/Lists/LDH&oldid=30514061 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - August 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty eighth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 3, 4, 10, 11, 13 and 14.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [[diffblog:2026/08/12/wiki-loves-fish-bringing-coastal-biodiversity-to-the-world-through-open-knowledge/|Wiki Loves Fish: Bringing Coastal Biodiversity to the World Through Open Knowledge]] (SDG 14) * [https://wikiedu.org/blog/2026/08/19/making-rare-disease-knowledge-a-little-more-common-on-wikipedia/ Making rare disease knowledge a little more common on Wikipedia] (SDG 3) * [[diffblog:2026/08/26/the-pre-conference-on-information-integrity-in-climate-change-at-wikimania/|The Pre-Conference on Information Integrity in Climate Change at Wikimania]] (SDG 13) * [[diffblog:2026/08/29/beyond-wikipedia-a-technical-workshop-introducing-moroccan-teachers-to-wikidata-and-the-wikimedia-technical-ecosystem/|Beyond Wikipedia: A Technical Workshop Introducing Moroccan Teachers to Wikidata and the Wikimedia Technical Ecosystem]] (SDG&nbsp;4) * [[diffblog:2026/08/29/wiki-for-human-rights-nigeria-write-for-rights-and-july-virtual-session/|Wiki for Human Rights Nigeria: Write for Rights and July Virtual Session]] (SDG 10) ; Events * Ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2026|Wiki Loves Monuments]] (SDG 11) This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 08:21, 4 Satumba 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=30910094 --> == Wikimedians for Sustainable Development - September 2026 Newsletter == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This is our fifty ninth newsletter. This issue has news related to SDG 4, 5, 11, and 15.<div style="column-count:2; column-width: 400px;"> ; News * [https://wikimedia.org.au/wiki/The_little_coloured_bar_that_tells_you_a_species_is_disappearing_%E2%80%94_and_the_Australian_project_keeping_it_accurate The little coloured bar that tells you a species is disappearing — and the Australian project keeping it accurate] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/09/05/more-than-a-campaign-the-measurable-impact-of-celebrate-women-2026/|More than a campaign: the measurable impact of Celebrate Women 2026]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/09/04/shesaid-2026-the-global-story-continues-one-voice-at-a-time/|SheSaid 2026: The Global Story Continues, One Voice at a Time]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/09/13/from-focus-group-to-skills-focus-a-new-programme-of-wiki-loves-women/|From Focus Group to Skills Focus: A New Programme of Wiki Loves Women]] (SDG 5) * [[diffblog:2026/09/17/2387-photographs-237-participants-documenting-colombias-biodiversity-through-wiki-loves-earth-2026/|2,387 photographs, 237 participants: documenting Colombia’s biodiversity through Wiki Loves Earth 2026]] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/09/20/more-programs-arent-enough-why-eduwiki-needs-stronger-infrastructure/|More Programs Aren’t Enough: Why EduWiki Needs Stronger Infrastructure]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/09/21/wiki-loves-earth-2026-in-bangladesh-3330-photographs-15-winners-and-one-snake-that-changed-the-rules/|Wiki Loves Earth 2026 in Bangladesh: 3,330 photographs, 15 winners, and one snake that changed the rules]] (SDG 15) * [[diffblog:2026/09/23/from-open-knowledge-to-national-development-representing-wikimedia-botswana-at-the-un-consultation/|From Open Knowledge to National Development: Representing Wikimedia Botswana at the UN Consultation]] * [[diffblog:2026/09/25/from-university-research-to-free-knowledge-academics-discover-wikimedia/|From University Research to Free Knowledge: Academics Discover Wikimedia]] (SDG 4) * [[diffblog:2026/09/26/after-the-storm-the-shoots-are-more-photogenic/|After the storm, the shoots are more photogenic]] (SDG 15) ; Events * Still ongoing: [[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Monuments 2026|Wiki Loves Monuments]] (SDG 11) </div> This message was sent with [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Global_message_delivery|Global message delivery]] by <bdi lang="en" dir="ltr">[[m:User:Ainali|Ainali]] ([[m:User talk:Ainali|talk]])</bdi> 17:11, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) • [[m:Wikimedians for Sustainable Development/Newsletter|Contribute]] • [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Wikimedians for Sustainable Development newsletter|Manage subscription]] </div> <!-- Message sent by User:Ainali@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Global_message_delivery/Targets/Wikimedians_for_Sustainable_Development_newsletter&oldid=31035794 --> tfxp9fx7ycarop7gmkrtwzzhyfhwb35 Dodo 0 31340 962028 784627 2026-10-02T20:57:21Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1374274920|Abwoi religion]]" 962028 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Abwoi''' ( [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ("proper", "Mabatado"): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bwoi, A̠boi}} . Bambance-bambancen haruffan rubutu: ''Obwoi'' ; (Gworok): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam:]] {{Lang|jab|Ku, Buboi, Bomboin}} ; [[Yaren Kyoli|Kyoli]] : {{Lang|cry|Amboyinye}} ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan:]] {{Lang|kci|Nezhen}} ; [[Piti|Ibishi:]] {{Lang|pcn|Ugurza}}, [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] {{Lang|ha|Dodo}}, [[Yarbanci|Yoruba:]] {{Lang|yo|Juju}} ) wata cibiyar [[Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka|addinin gargajiya ce ta Afirka]] wadda ta fi aiki kamar ƙungiyar ruhohin kakannin maza da ake kallo a matsayin fatalwowi ko sake haifuwar matattu, waɗanda siffofinsu na zahiri ba a iya gani amma ana iya jin muryoyinsu, waɗanda suka samo asali daga [[Harsunan Filato|yankin tsakiyar Najeriya]] ko mutanen Nenzit kamar [[Adarawa|Adara]], [[Katafawa|Atyap]], [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]], [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]], [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]], [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]], [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] da sauransu. <ref name="Mask">{{Cite journal |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth |date=February 1988 |title=On Masks and Audible Ghosts: Some Secret Male Cults in Central Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580836 |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=42–70 |doi=10.2307/1580836 |jstor=1580836 |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref> An bukaci masu bin addini su shiga cikin al'adu akai-akai a cikin shekara da kuma yin ibada ta gama gari sau ɗaya a shekara, inda malaman addini ke magana kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci game da al'umma. == Asalin == [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_031_The_Jos_Ceremony._Three_impatient_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_wait_until_they_can_perform,_a_drummer_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza uku sanye da kayan Abwoi (dodo) a farkon wani biki, tare da mai buga ganga yayin da suke jiran lokacinsu. Jos, 1970–1973.]] [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_034_The_Jos_Ceremony._Four_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_and_three_musicians_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza huɗu na Abwoi (dodo) masu ƙafafu masu ƙyalli da mawaƙa uku masu baka da ƙarar calabash, kewaye da tarin ƙara. Jos, 1970–1973.]] Da alama babu wata al'adar asali da ta haɗa kan wannan addinin. A wata ma'anar, wannan yana nuna cewa ƙungiyar Abwoi addini ne na da. <ref name="Mask" /> === Nenzit === ==== Atyap ==== Wata al'ada a tsakanin [[Katafawa|Atyap ("Mabatado")]] ta nuna cewa an yi wa dangin Aku kallon mazaunan farko a ƙasar da suka fito daga ƙasa a lokacin da mafarauta Atyap suka iso su ne suka fara zama Abwoi a cikin wannan ƙaramin rukuni na Atyap (Nenzit), tare da wasu daga cikin nau'ikan Abwoi na ƙarshe waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Atsam da [[Kagoro|Agworok]] . <ref name="Mask" /> Atuk (Maris 2008: 30–33) ya lura cewa [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anghan]] ne ya gabatar da ra'ayin addinin Atyap (ƙungiyar Abwoi), bisa ga tarihin baki da wani mai ba da labari, Atyoli Abwui Kato, ya bayar, wanda ya ba da labarin cewa: {{Blockquote|The Anghan people came to Kanai or Sanai or [[Bafoi|Bafoi Kanai]] to mourn the death of their indigene - Kura Yanga, a woman in Atyap land. As is the custom of the Anghan, such burial ceremonies are often accompanied with an Abwoi ceremony. The indigenes of Bafoi asked the Anghan to leave behind the Abwoi with them, which they came with. After they agreed, a small ritual of two goats and some ingredients and wine were performed.}} A cewar Atuk, wannan bayanin yayi daidai yayin da aka gano asalin matar da ake magana a kai, wanda hakan ya kara tabbatar da cewa Tokan Bukhwu shine firist na farko ko {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}}, sai Baghai Tokan. <ref name="At" /> ==== Bajju ==== Ɗaya daga cikin labaran gargajiya a yankin [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] shine cewa ƙungiyar asiri ta fito ne daga ƙauyen Tsoriyang na dangin Bayinhwan mil takwas daga [[Zonkwa]] . Wani kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa wani mutum mai suna Tawai ya kawo shi daga ƙasar [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] . Na uku ya yi iƙirarin cewa asalin [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]] ne. ==== Gwang ==== A tsakanin [[Gwong people|Gwong]], wata al'ada ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar ta fara ne a wani ƙauye mai suna Agabi kuma ta fara ne kawai kwanan nan, wataƙila a ƙarni na 19. === Wani === Gunn (1956:79) ya ba da shawarar asalin [[Gbagyi]] don wanzuwar ƙungiyar asiri a yankin Kudancin Kaduna, bisa ga "shaidar harshe" da ya bayar inda ya gabatar da cewa kalmar Gbagyi ta 'calabash' ko 'gourd' ita ce 'obwe'/'obvwe'. Duk da haka, Isichei (1988:46) ya bambanta a ra'ayinsa, yana mai cewa babu wani ambaton wata ƙungiyar asiri da ake kira 'Abvwoi' (ko 'Abwoi') daga duk wani bayani na baki game da Gbagyi. A madadin haka, Gunn ya ba da shawarar cewa an 'aro' ƙungiyar asiri daga [[Adarawa|Adara]] ta hanyar [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] . == Ayyuka == [[File:A_Ham_long_drum_in_the_stadium_at_SK_Fest_2024_01.jpg|thumb| Dogon ganguna ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|a̠gatak}}, [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap:]] {{Lang|kcg|a̱di̱ri̱m}} ) a addinin Abwoi]] A zamanin da, ana hana mata shiga wurin ibada ko rawa a lokacin bukukuwan da Abwoi ya shirya. Al'amari ne na maza da mata, wato, maza ne kawai aka yarda da su, kuma duk mazan da suka manyanta a kowace ƙauye suna cikin masaukin Abwoi na yankin bayan an fara gina su. <ref name="At" /> A yankin Atyap ("Mabatado"), Abwoi ta yi bukukuwa da dama, amma [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap|bikin Ayet]] ko bikin sabuwar shekara na gargajiya na Atyap shine mafi girma. A lokacin Ayet, ba a tsammanin wani namiji ko mace ya bugi yaro ba. Duk wanda ya aikata laifi ana sa shi ya biya tarar awaki biyu. Mutuwa, aure, da bugun da daddare suma an ɗauke su a matsayin mummunan al'amari a wannan lokacin, kuma an zargi matan da ke bugun da daddare da laifin dukan 'ya'yansu daga Abwoi kuma an ci su tara. A lokacin taron shekara-shekara na al'umma, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon mako guda, al'umma gaba ɗaya tana kawo sadakoki na {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} a cikin Jju (beer), cwan (beniseed), zon ko bvon a cikin Jju (awaki), nywán (fowls), da {{Lang|kcg|a̠ka̠ti}} (abincin da aka yi da ƙwayar masara da aka niƙa da kayan lambu) ga {{Lang|kcg|Tutu A̠bwoi}} (Gworok: {{Lang|kcg|Tu A̠bvwoi}} ; Jju: {{Lang|kaj|A̠buje A̠bvwoi}} ; Turanci: Abwoi shrine). Wurin ibadar ya yi girma sosai wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane 40 a lokaci guda. A al'adance ana yin sa da'ira sabanin gidajen da aka saba, waɗanda suke da siffar oval. Wurin ibadar ya ƙunshi kayan Abwoi. Daga baya Agwam Abwoi (babban firist) ya sha ɗan giyar da aka samo daga {{Lang|kcg|a̠sum}} (ƙaramin tukunya) kuma yana neman kyakkyawan shekarar noma ko kakar noma daga kakanninsa. Mazan da suka fara shiga wurin ibada galibi suna shiga wurin ibada, yayin da ƙananan yara maza da mata ke zama a ƙarƙashin inuwar kamar babban itace, yayin da bikin ke farawa. Kamar lokacin da rawa ta fara, ana jin muryar Abwoi mai ƙarfi daga rufin da aka ɓoye na wurin ibadar, wanda aka ɓoye ta amfani da babban gourd mai gefe biyu, wanda aka rufe da ƙwayar ƙwai ta gizo-gizo. <ref name="At" /> == Farawa == Ba a tabbatar da ainihin shekarun farawar ba amma matsakaicin shekarun shine kimanin shekaru 10. A tsakanin [[Kafancan|Fantswam]], ana kai yara maza wurin ibadar Abwoi tun suna ƙanana tsakanin shekaru huɗu zuwa takwas. <ref name="At" /> An tsare yaran yaran na tsawon kwanaki biyar kuma an yi musu gargaɗi da su yi biyayya ga iyayensu, su bi doka, kuma su ɓoye sirrin ƙungiyar asiri sannan su faɗi sakamakon fallasa waɗannan sirrin. Ba a kuma bar su su fita daga wurin ibadar ba; an samar da bandaki a wurin ibadar tare da abinci da ruwa. An kuma yi musu mummunan duka a cikin wannan lokacin, kuma an gaya musu idan wani ya tona asirin ƙungiyar asiri ga mata, za a kashe su sannan a ja gawar zuwa daji. Bayan haka, sai aka yi wani ɗan gajeren biki, aka kai su rafi ko kogi don yin baftisma, aka shafa kawunansu da {{Lang|kcg|a̠myia̠koo}} (man mahogany ). Daga baya aka miƙa su ga iyayensu mata a wurin ibadar, waɗanda suka yi musu maraba suka kuma tsaftace su, domin an yi iƙirarin cewa Abwoi ya cinye su ya kuma sake amai. Sai duk ƙauyen ya yi musu liyafa. <ref name="At" /> <ref name="Mask" /> === Muhimmancin Farawa === Farawa ta hanyar 'haɗiyewa da amai' yana nuna cewa yaran maza sun zama maza, yana shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar asiri, kuma yana tunatar da su sakamakon bayyana sirrin gama gari. A cikin kalamansa, Atuk ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|"It's clear that the rites symbolize a process of death and rebirth. The five days of silence (the period of their stay in the Abwoi shrine) is a portrayal of the early years of children who have not yet learned to speak."}} <ref name="At" /> === Sakamakon tona asirin Abwoi === Duk wani daga cikin yaran da aka fara kafawa wanda zai bayyana gaskiya game da ƙungiyar Abwoi za a mayar da shi wurin ibadar don a yi masa shari'a. Idan aka same shi da laifi, mahaifinsa zai shafa masa toka (alamar makoki). Tun daga yanzu, za a rataye wannan yaron a kan gungume mai kaifi (wani nau'in kisa da Abwoi ke amfani da shi) kuma duk wanda aka fara shi zai fara waƙa da rawa don ya nutsar da kururuwar wanda aka kashe. Saboda haka za a gaya wa matan cewa Abwoi ya 'haɗiye' yaron. <ref name="At" /> == Sirrin Abwoi == Sirrin da Abwoi ya yi wa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Nenzit (Atyap, Bajju, Agworok) shi ne ɓoye muryar Abwoi ta hanyar amfani da wata dabara da ke sa ta yi kama da muryar ruhin kakanni da ya mutu. An ƙera na'urar da gourd na itacen snuff-box ( ''oncoba spinosa'' ; [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] ''Kukan ciki'' ) ta hanyar cire tsaba daga ciki da ramuka biyu da aka ɗauka a ɓangarorin biyu. Daga nan sai aka haɗa gefe ɗaya da sandar bamboo, ɗayan gefen kuma aka yi masa ƙulli da saƙar gizo-gizo don ba da tasirin sauti na musamman. Muryoyin da aka ɓoye sun fito ne daga babban mai magana da Abwoi da kuma wasu a wurin ibada. == Nau'o'i da ofisoshin Abwoi == === Nau'o'i === Akwai nau'ikan Abwoi da dama, kowannensu yana da nasa ayyukan na musamman. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: # '''Li̠m''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Zabyya̠''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Zabieh'' ): Mafi tsoro da ban tsoro daga cikin dukkan Abwoi. Ita ce ke da alhakin 'haɗiye' da kuma 'amai' yara a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da yara da kuma bayan bikin. Kukan da take yi ya sa kewayen ya yi rawar jiki 'kamar girgizar ƙasa'. Yana da babban kamanni. # '''A̠bansop''' ko '''Bansop''' ; nau'in haruffan da aka rubuta: ''Bansip'' (Jju: '''Aninyet''' ; sunan da aka fassara: ''Daniet'' ): Wannan kuma yana da kamannin ɡigantic kuma yayi kama da daji saboda reɡalia ɗinsa cikakke ne ganyaye daga kai har zuwa ƙafafuwa. Yawanci ana killace shi ne a cikin dazuzzuka. An yi shi da firam ɗin bamboo da aka lulluɓe da ganye kuma yana yawo da daddare. # '''Mapyia̠''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mapio, Mapie, Mupie'' ): Wannan wani lokacin ana sake kiransa da A̠yang A̠bwoi (uwa A̠bwoi). Ya bayyana kuma ya yi kuka a cikin niɡht don friɡhten da tsoratar da mutane masu kuskure musamman, ɓarayi. An samo shi galibi a kusa da rafuka. Ana tsammanin Abwoi na namiji ne wanda ke fitar da sautin mace ta hanyar amfani da ululation . # '''A̠bwoi A̠gwot:''' An ce an shigo da wannan daga [[Kagoro|Gworok]] (H. Kagoro). Aikinta shine ta sa ido kan duk wani yanayi na sata a gonakin masara. Mata ba su shiga cikin wannan al'adar Abwoi ba, sai dai mazan da suka fara shiga al'adar. # '''Dankwari''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Dankpari''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Dangpari'' ): Ana yin wannan Abwoi galibi da daddare kuma ya ƙunshi mutane biyu ko fiye, a warwatse. Idan ɗaya (macen) ta fitar da sauti da wayo akai-akai, ɗayan (namiji) zai amsa da muryar ƙara mai ƙarfi, tana motsawa a lokaci guda. Yawanci ana jin sa ne bayan girbi. <ref name="Isichei p. 47" /> # '''A̠kursak''' (Jju: '''A̠kusak''' ): Kursak manzon Abwoi ne. A da an yi masa ado da ciyawa, sannan an yi masa ganye, kuma kwanan nan an yi masa ado mai launuka iri-iri [[Dabinon Raffia|na raffia]] . Rigar Kursak ta Atyap ta fi kyau fiye da rigar Kusak ta Bajju, amma sauran siffofi iri ɗaya ne. # '''Alewa''' : Wannan sigar Kursak ce da ake samu a tsakanin Agworok, wadda ke magana ba kamar sauran Kursak ba wanda ba shi da magana. Yawanci yana bayyana a bukukuwa, a mutuwar tsofaffi da kuma a lokacin annoba. <ref name="Isichei p. 49" /> # '''Mbwoi''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mboi, Mbue'' ): Wannan wani ruhi ne da aka ɓoye a ɓoye wanda aka gabatar a Gworok (Kagoro) a cikin 1930 ta Ankwai don mayar da martani ga muguntar babban mai mulki a wancan lokacin, Mugunta Atin. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta haramta shi a shekarar 1933 saboda yanayin tashin hankali da yake ciki. === Ofisoshi === A saman akwai ofishin babban firist na ƙungiyar A̠bwoi, wanda aka fi sani da {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|ha|Magajin Dodo}} ) kuma akwai {{Lang|kcg|A̠byii̠k A̠bwoi}} (matar Abwoi) wanda shine {{Lang|kcg|Byia̱k A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Madaucin Dodo}} ) wanda aikinsa shine fassarar saƙonnin A̠bwoi. Akwai kuma {{Lang|kcg|Mman Tutu A̠bwoi}} (ya'yan wurin ibadar A̠bwoi) waɗanda suka kai tsakanin 10 zuwa 25, waɗanda babban aikinsu shine amsa ɗan A̠bwoi. Akwai ofishin {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠nyiuk A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Magajiyan Matan Dodo}} ; E. Abwoi Shugabar Mata). Haka kuma, akwai {{Lang|kcg|Tswá Ywan}}, masu shirya bukukuwan A̠bwoi daban-daban waɗanda suka kula da giyar da aka tilasta wa {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} (giya/giya) ta mata. == Akursak (Ƙaramin Abwoi) == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Zuwan ƙaramin Abwoi mai suna {{Lang|kcg|A̠kursak, Kursak}} a [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ko {{Lang|kaj|A̠kusak, Kusak}} a [[Yaren Jju|Jju]], wani irin 'albishir' ne ga matan da aka ba su izinin shiga wurin ibada tare da maza a karon farko. An ce mutanen [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]] (Koro) ne suka gabatar da Kursak a Atyapland. Yawanci mutum ne mai rufe fuska ( [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|mai yin ado]] ) wanda ke rawa don faranta wa masu kallo rai, sanye da kayansa da aka zaɓa da kyau kuma aka saka su ta yadda babu sararin iska amma ba a iya ganin fata daga waje. Da zuwan Kursak da kuma buƙatunsa, mata suka fara tsara waƙoƙi don su dace da matakan rawa. Kursak ba ya rawa shi kaɗai ba, musamman tare da yarinya (ba mace ba). Kullum yana tare da shi "mai hidimarsa" wanda ke fesa masa barasa, wanda aka ce ya sabunta shi, kasancewar tufafinsa ba su da isasshen sararin samaniya wanda zai ba da damar samun sauƙin numfashi, a cewar Atyoli Nanam Kuje, wani mai hira da Atuk. <ref name="At" /> === Dokoki === An umurci masu ibada (musamman maza) da su nisanta kansu daga mata a lokutan bukukuwa. Wannan doka ta zama dole musamman ga wanda za a yi wa Kursak. An yi imanin cewa idan mutumin bai da tsabta, idan yana sanye da kayan Kursak, tufafin zai ci gaba da shiga jikinsa. Saboda haka, an shawarci masu ibada su yi kama da masu tsabta a jiki da kuma a ruhi. Akwai haramun da yawa a wurin ibadar Abwoi, waɗanda ake sa ran masu ibada su kiyaye tsarkinsu ba tare da keta doka ba . Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan shine: Yayin da yake cikin wurin ibada, ba a yarda wani mai ibada ya ci abinci ko ya sha ruwan inabi ba tare da izinin {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}} ba (Babban firist na Abwoi). Firist ɗin da kansa a zahiri shi ne mai shirya irin waɗannan abubuwa. Duk wani mai ibada da ya yi abin da ya saba wa waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi, za a kore shi, domin za a ɗauke shi a matsayin "mai zunubi". Abwoi sun yi aiki kuma sun sanya [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] ga membobinsu da suka yi kuskure. Hukuncin kisa yawanci yana kan duk wani memba da ya bayyana wa matarsa abin da Abwoi yake da kuma yadda yake. Abin sha'awa ne a lura cewa sadarwa da ta gudana tsakanin miji da matarsa an san ta a wurin ibadar Abwoi. Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan ba siffa ce ta ko'ina ba wadda za a iya dangantawa da Abwoi, amma Abwoi yana da wata hanyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa ta 'yan leƙen asiri da masu ba da labari har ma a tsakanin mata. Sun san mata suna da yawan magana, shi ya sa ba za su iya ɓoye sirri ba, kuma dole ne a ji su. Da zarar wani memba da aka fara aiki ya karya doka, hukuncin kisa ne. <ref name="At" /> == Ayyukan zamantakewa da zamantakewa na Abwoi == A wata hira ta baki da Atuk ya yi da Atyoli K. Nka, an kuma ce mutanen Abwoi suna bauta musu a matsayin alloli saboda kusancinsu da su fiye da ainihin Uban Sama, Agwaza (Jju: Ka̠za ; Hyam: Nom ). An ce Abwoi sun ba wa mutanen abinci kuma suna iya kiran su a lokutan da ba su dace ba, musamman a lokutan rikici, don yi musu gargaɗi game da wasu abubuwa; kuma suna amfani da ikon allahntaka da ake amfani da shi don warkar da marasa lafiya, musamman yara da ake kai musu da kuma sa mata bakarare su yi ciki, don haka, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin " mai iko duka ". Abwoi sun kafa dokoki ta hanyar kafa dokoki da umarni masu ƙarfi, da kuma sa ido kan al'umma don aiwatar da su sosai. <ref name="At">{{Cite magazine|url-status=30–33}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da bikin sabuwar shekarar noma ta A̠bwoi (T. Sonɡ A̠bwoi ; J. Song A̠bvwoi ) a farkon kowace lokacin damina a ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Lokaci ne da aka raka dukkan A̠bwoi zuwa wuraren da ba a sani ba, ayyukan noma suka fara nan take. Bayan fitarsu ta ɗan lokaci, ba a ji ƙarar kukan A̠bwoi ba. Duk da haka, abin mamaki ne lokacin da aka ji kukan A̠bwoi a wannan lokacin kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin kukan mummunan yanayi kamar yawaitar sihiri ko sihiri, barkewar cutar ƙanjamau da sauran annoba, bala'o'i na halitta kamar fari, ambaliya, mamayewar fara, da sauransu. Da aka ji irin wannan kukan A̠bwoi mai ban mamaki, A̠gwam A̠bwoi (H. Maɡajin Dodo) ya jagoranci sauran dattawa zuwa wurin ibada na A̠bwoi inda aka kira A̠bwoi don su gaya wa mutane dalilin kukansu. Bayan haka aka yi wa mutane gargaɗi da su guji munanan halayensu idan hakan ne sanadin hakan. [1] == Duba kuma == * Ekpe * [[Juju]] * Ogboni == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ogpy3n52btxljhd9l41v4fkhspl8e48 962029 962028 2026-10-02T20:57:50Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 962029 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Abwoi''' ( [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ("proper", "Mabatado"): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bwoi, A̠boi}} . Bambance-bambancen haruffan rubutu: ''Obwoi'' ; (Gworok): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam:]] {{Lang|jab|Ku, Buboi, Bomboin}} ; [[Yaren Kyoli|Kyoli]] : {{Lang|cry|Amboyinye}} ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan:]] {{Lang|kci|Nezhen}} ; [[Piti|Ibishi:]] {{Lang|pcn|Ugurza}}, [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] {{Lang|ha|Dodo}}, [[Yarbanci|Yoruba:]] {{Lang|yo|Juju}} ) wata cibiyar [[Addinai na gargajiya na Afirka|addinin gargajiya ce ta Afirka]] wadda ta fi aiki kamar ƙungiyar ruhohin kakannin maza da ake kallo a matsayin fatalwowi ko sake haifuwar matattu, waɗanda siffofinsu na zahiri ba a iya gani amma ana iya jin muryoyinsu, waɗanda suka samo asali daga [[Harsunan Filato|yankin tsakiyar Najeriya]] ko mutanen Nenzit kamar [[Adarawa|Adara]], [[Katafawa|Atyap]], [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]], [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]], [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]], [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]], [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] da sauransu. <ref name="Mask">{{Cite journal |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth |date=February 1988 |title=On Masks and Audible Ghosts: Some Secret Male Cults in Central Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580836 |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=42–70 |doi=10.2307/1580836 |jstor=1580836 |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref> An bukaci masu bin addini su shiga cikin al'adu akai-akai a cikin shekara da kuma yin ibada ta gama gari sau ɗaya a shekara, inda malaman addini ke magana kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci game da al'umma. == Asalin == [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_031_The_Jos_Ceremony._Three_impatient_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_wait_until_they_can_perform,_a_drummer_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza uku sanye da kayan Abwoi (dodo) a farkon wani biki, tare da mai buga ganga yayin da suke jiran lokacinsu. Jos, 1970–1973.]] [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_034_The_Jos_Ceremony._Four_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_and_three_musicians_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza huɗu na Abwoi (dodo) masu ƙafafu masu ƙyalli da mawaƙa uku masu baka da ƙarar calabash, kewaye da tarin ƙara. Jos, 1970–1973.]] Da alama babu wata al'adar asali da ta haɗa kan wannan addinin. A wata ma'anar, wannan yana nuna cewa ƙungiyar Abwoi addini ne na da. <ref name="Mask" /> === Nenzit === ==== Atyap ==== Wata al'ada a tsakanin [[Katafawa|Atyap ("Mabatado")]] ta nuna cewa an yi wa dangin Aku kallon mazaunan farko a ƙasar da suka fito daga ƙasa a lokacin da mafarauta Atyap suka iso su ne suka fara zama Abwoi a cikin wannan ƙaramin rukuni na Atyap (Nenzit), tare da wasu daga cikin nau'ikan Abwoi na ƙarshe waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Atsam da [[Kagoro|Agworok]] . <ref name="Mask" /> Atuk (Maris 2008: 30–33) ya lura cewa [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anghan]] ne ya gabatar da ra'ayin addinin Atyap (ƙungiyar Abwoi), bisa ga tarihin baki da wani mai ba da labari, Atyoli Abwui Kato, ya bayar, wanda ya ba da labarin cewa: {{Blockquote|The Anghan people came to Kanai or Sanai or [[Bafoi|Bafoi Kanai]] to mourn the death of their indigene - Kura Yanga, a woman in Atyap land. As is the custom of the Anghan, such burial ceremonies are often accompanied with an Abwoi ceremony. The indigenes of Bafoi asked the Anghan to leave behind the Abwoi with them, which they came with. After they agreed, a small ritual of two goats and some ingredients and wine were performed.}} A cewar Atuk, wannan bayanin yayi daidai yayin da aka gano asalin matar da ake magana a kai, wanda hakan ya kara tabbatar da cewa Tokan Bukhwu shine firist na farko ko {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}}, sai Baghai Tokan. <ref name="At" /> ==== Bajju ==== Ɗaya daga cikin labaran gargajiya a yankin [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] shine cewa ƙungiyar asiri ta fito ne daga ƙauyen Tsoriyang na dangin Bayinhwan mil takwas daga [[Zonkwa]] . Wani kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa wani mutum mai suna Tawai ya kawo shi daga ƙasar [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] . Na uku ya yi iƙirarin cewa asalin [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]] ne. ==== Gwang ==== A tsakanin [[Gwong people|Gwong]], wata al'ada ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar ta fara ne a wani ƙauye mai suna Agabi kuma ta fara ne kawai kwanan nan, wataƙila a ƙarni na 19. === Wani === Gunn (1956:79) ya ba da shawarar asalin [[Gbagyi]] don wanzuwar ƙungiyar asiri a yankin Kudancin Kaduna, bisa ga "shaidar harshe" da ya bayar inda ya gabatar da cewa kalmar Gbagyi ta 'calabash' ko 'gourd' ita ce 'obwe'/'obvwe'. Duk da haka, Isichei (1988:46) ya bambanta a ra'ayinsa, yana mai cewa babu wani ambaton wata ƙungiyar asiri da ake kira 'Abvwoi' (ko 'Abwoi') daga duk wani bayani na baki game da Gbagyi. A madadin haka, Gunn ya ba da shawarar cewa an 'aro' ƙungiyar asiri daga [[Adarawa|Adara]] ta hanyar [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] . == Ayyuka == [[File:A_Ham_long_drum_in_the_stadium_at_SK_Fest_2024_01.jpg|thumb| Dogon ganguna ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|a̠gatak}}, [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap:]] {{Lang|kcg|a̱di̱ri̱m}} ) a addinin Abwoi]] A zamanin da, ana hana mata shiga wurin ibada ko rawa a lokacin bukukuwan da Abwoi ya shirya. Al'amari ne na maza da mata, wato, maza ne kawai aka yarda da su, kuma duk mazan da suka manyanta a kowace ƙauye suna cikin masaukin Abwoi na yankin bayan an fara gina su. <ref name="At" /> A yankin Atyap ("Mabatado"), Abwoi ta yi bukukuwa da dama, amma [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap|bikin Ayet]] ko bikin sabuwar shekara na gargajiya na Atyap shine mafi girma. A lokacin Ayet, ba a tsammanin wani namiji ko mace ya bugi yaro ba. Duk wanda ya aikata laifi ana sa shi ya biya tarar awaki biyu. Mutuwa, aure, da bugun da daddare suma an ɗauke su a matsayin mummunan al'amari a wannan lokacin, kuma an zargi matan da ke bugun da daddare da laifin dukan 'ya'yansu daga Abwoi kuma an ci su tara. A lokacin taron shekara-shekara na al'umma, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon mako guda, al'umma gaba ɗaya tana kawo sadakoki na {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} a cikin Jju (beer), cwan (beniseed), zon ko bvon a cikin Jju (awaki), nywán (fowls), da {{Lang|kcg|a̠ka̠ti}} (abincin da aka yi da ƙwayar masara da aka niƙa da kayan lambu) ga {{Lang|kcg|Tutu A̠bwoi}} (Gworok: {{Lang|kcg|Tu A̠bvwoi}} ; Jju: {{Lang|kaj|A̠buje A̠bvwoi}} ; Turanci: Abwoi shrine). Wurin ibadar ya yi girma sosai wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane 40 a lokaci guda. A al'adance ana yin sa da'ira sabanin gidajen da aka saba, waɗanda suke da siffar oval. Wurin ibadar ya ƙunshi kayan Abwoi. Daga baya Agwam Abwoi (babban firist) ya sha ɗan giyar da aka samo daga {{Lang|kcg|a̠sum}} (ƙaramin tukunya) kuma yana neman kyakkyawan shekarar noma ko kakar noma daga kakanninsa. Mazan da suka fara shiga wurin ibada galibi suna shiga wurin ibada, yayin da ƙananan yara maza da mata ke zama a ƙarƙashin inuwar kamar babban itace, yayin da bikin ke farawa. Kamar lokacin da rawa ta fara, ana jin muryar Abwoi mai ƙarfi daga rufin da aka ɓoye na wurin ibadar, wanda aka ɓoye ta amfani da babban gourd mai gefe biyu, wanda aka rufe da ƙwayar ƙwai ta gizo-gizo. <ref name="At" /> == Farawa == Ba a tabbatar da ainihin shekarun farawar ba amma matsakaicin shekarun shine kimanin shekaru 10. A tsakanin [[Kafancan|Fantswam]], ana kai yara maza wurin ibadar Abwoi tun suna ƙanana tsakanin shekaru huɗu zuwa takwas. <ref name="At" /> An tsare yaran yaran na tsawon kwanaki biyar kuma an yi musu gargaɗi da su yi biyayya ga iyayensu, su bi doka, kuma su ɓoye sirrin ƙungiyar asiri sannan su faɗi sakamakon fallasa waɗannan sirrin. Ba a kuma bar su su fita daga wurin ibadar ba; an samar da bandaki a wurin ibadar tare da abinci da ruwa. An kuma yi musu mummunan duka a cikin wannan lokacin, kuma an gaya musu idan wani ya tona asirin ƙungiyar asiri ga mata, za a kashe su sannan a ja gawar zuwa daji. Bayan haka, sai aka yi wani ɗan gajeren biki, aka kai su rafi ko kogi don yin baftisma, aka shafa kawunansu da {{Lang|kcg|a̠myia̠koo}} (man mahogany ). Daga baya aka miƙa su ga iyayensu mata a wurin ibadar, waɗanda suka yi musu maraba suka kuma tsaftace su, domin an yi iƙirarin cewa Abwoi ya cinye su ya kuma sake amai. Sai duk ƙauyen ya yi musu liyafa. <ref name="At" /> <ref name="Mask" /> === Muhimmancin Farawa === Farawa ta hanyar 'haɗiyewa da amai' yana nuna cewa yaran maza sun zama maza, yana shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar asiri, kuma yana tunatar da su sakamakon bayyana sirrin gama gari. A cikin kalamansa, Atuk ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|"It's clear that the rites symbolize a process of death and rebirth. The five days of silence (the period of their stay in the Abwoi shrine) is a portrayal of the early years of children who have not yet learned to speak."}} <ref name="At" /> === Sakamakon tona asirin Abwoi === Duk wani daga cikin yaran da aka fara kafawa wanda zai bayyana gaskiya game da ƙungiyar Abwoi za a mayar da shi wurin ibadar don a yi masa shari'a. Idan aka same shi da laifi, mahaifinsa zai shafa masa toka (alamar makoki). Tun daga yanzu, za a rataye wannan yaron a kan gungume mai kaifi (wani nau'in kisa da Abwoi ke amfani da shi) kuma duk wanda aka fara shi zai fara waƙa da rawa don ya nutsar da kururuwar wanda aka kashe. Saboda haka za a gaya wa matan cewa Abwoi ya 'haɗiye' yaron. <ref name="At" /> == Sirrin Abwoi == Sirrin da Abwoi ya yi wa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Nenzit (Atyap, Bajju, Agworok) shi ne ɓoye muryar Abwoi ta hanyar amfani da wata dabara da ke sa ta yi kama da muryar ruhin kakanni da ya mutu. An ƙera na'urar da gourd na itacen snuff-box ( ''oncoba spinosa'' ; [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] ''Kukan ciki'' ) ta hanyar cire tsaba daga ciki da ramuka biyu da aka ɗauka a ɓangarorin biyu. Daga nan sai aka haɗa gefe ɗaya da sandar bamboo, ɗayan gefen kuma aka yi masa ƙulli da saƙar gizo-gizo don ba da tasirin sauti na musamman. Muryoyin da aka ɓoye sun fito ne daga babban mai magana da Abwoi da kuma wasu a wurin ibada. == Nau'o'i da ofisoshin Abwoi == === Nau'o'i === Akwai nau'ikan Abwoi da dama, kowannensu yana da nasa ayyukan na musamman. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: # '''Li̠m''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Zabyya̠''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Zabieh'' ): Mafi tsoro da ban tsoro daga cikin dukkan Abwoi. Ita ce ke da alhakin 'haɗiye' da kuma 'amai' yara a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da yara da kuma bayan bikin. Kukan da take yi ya sa kewayen ya yi rawar jiki 'kamar girgizar ƙasa'. Yana da babban kamanni. # '''A̠bansop''' ko '''Bansop''' ; nau'in haruffan da aka rubuta: ''Bansip'' (Jju: '''Aninyet''' ; sunan da aka fassara: ''Daniet'' ): Wannan kuma yana da kamannin ɡigantic kuma yayi kama da daji saboda reɡalia ɗinsa cikakke ne ganyaye daga kai har zuwa ƙafafuwa. Yawanci ana killace shi ne a cikin dazuzzuka. An yi shi da firam ɗin bamboo da aka lulluɓe da ganye kuma yana yawo da daddare. # '''Mapyia̠''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mapio, Mapie, Mupie'' ): Wannan wani lokacin ana sake kiransa da A̠yang A̠bwoi (uwa A̠bwoi). Ya bayyana kuma ya yi kuka a cikin niɡht don friɡhten da tsoratar da mutane masu kuskure musamman, ɓarayi. An samo shi galibi a kusa da rafuka. Ana tsammanin Abwoi na namiji ne wanda ke fitar da sautin mace ta hanyar amfani da ululation . # '''A̠bwoi A̠gwot:''' An ce an shigo da wannan daga [[Kagoro|Gworok]] (H. Kagoro). Aikinta shine ta sa ido kan duk wani yanayi na sata a gonakin masara. Mata ba su shiga cikin wannan al'adar Abwoi ba, sai dai mazan da suka fara shiga al'adar. # '''Dankwari''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Dankpari''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Dangpari'' ): Ana yin wannan Abwoi galibi da daddare kuma ya ƙunshi mutane biyu ko fiye, a warwatse. Idan ɗaya (macen) ta fitar da sauti da wayo akai-akai, ɗayan (namiji) zai amsa da muryar ƙara mai ƙarfi, tana motsawa a lokaci guda. Yawanci ana jin sa ne bayan girbi. <ref name="Isichei p. 47" /> # '''A̠kursak''' (Jju: '''A̠kusak''' ): Kursak manzon Abwoi ne. A da an yi masa ado da ciyawa, sannan an yi masa ganye, kuma kwanan nan an yi masa ado mai launuka iri-iri [[Dabinon Raffia|na raffia]] . Rigar Kursak ta Atyap ta fi kyau fiye da rigar Kusak ta Bajju, amma sauran siffofi iri ɗaya ne. # '''Alewa''' : Wannan sigar Kursak ce da ake samu a tsakanin Agworok, wadda ke magana ba kamar sauran Kursak ba wanda ba shi da magana. Yawanci yana bayyana a bukukuwa, a mutuwar tsofaffi da kuma a lokacin annoba. <ref name="Isichei p. 49" /> # '''Mbwoi''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mboi, Mbue'' ): Wannan wani ruhi ne da aka ɓoye a ɓoye wanda aka gabatar a Gworok (Kagoro) a cikin 1930 ta Ankwai don mayar da martani ga muguntar babban mai mulki a wancan lokacin, Mugunta Atin. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta haramta shi a shekarar 1933 saboda yanayin tashin hankali da yake ciki. === Ofisoshi === A saman akwai ofishin babban firist na ƙungiyar A̠bwoi, wanda aka fi sani da {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|ha|Magajin Dodo}} ) kuma akwai {{Lang|kcg|A̠byii̠k A̠bwoi}} (matar Abwoi) wanda shine {{Lang|kcg|Byia̱k A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Madaucin Dodo}} ) wanda aikinsa shine fassarar saƙonnin A̠bwoi. Akwai kuma {{Lang|kcg|Mman Tutu A̠bwoi}} (ya'yan wurin ibadar A̠bwoi) waɗanda suka kai tsakanin 10 zuwa 25, waɗanda babban aikinsu shine amsa ɗan A̠bwoi. Akwai ofishin {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠nyiuk A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Magajiyan Matan Dodo}} ; E. Abwoi Shugabar Mata). Haka kuma, akwai {{Lang|kcg|Tswá Ywan}}, masu shirya bukukuwan A̠bwoi daban-daban waɗanda suka kula da giyar da aka tilasta wa {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} (giya/giya) ta mata. == Akursak (Ƙaramin Abwoi) == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Zuwan ƙaramin Abwoi mai suna {{Lang|kcg|A̠kursak, Kursak}} a [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ko {{Lang|kaj|A̠kusak, Kusak}} a [[Yaren Jju|Jju]], wani irin 'albishir' ne ga matan da aka ba su izinin shiga wurin ibada tare da maza a karon farko. An ce mutanen [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]] (Koro) ne suka gabatar da Kursak a Atyapland. Yawanci mutum ne mai rufe fuska ( [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|mai yin ado]] ) wanda ke rawa don faranta wa masu kallo rai, sanye da kayansa da aka zaɓa da kyau kuma aka saka su ta yadda babu sararin iska amma ba a iya ganin fata daga waje. Da zuwan Kursak da kuma buƙatunsa, mata suka fara tsara waƙoƙi don su dace da matakan rawa. Kursak ba ya rawa shi kaɗai ba, musamman tare da yarinya (ba mace ba). Kullum yana tare da shi "mai hidimarsa" wanda ke fesa masa barasa, wanda aka ce ya sabunta shi, kasancewar tufafinsa ba su da isasshen sararin samaniya wanda zai ba da damar samun sauƙin numfashi, a cewar Atyoli Nanam Kuje, wani mai hira da Atuk. <ref name="At" /> === Dokoki === An umurci masu ibada (musamman maza) da su nisanta kansu daga mata a lokutan bukukuwa. Wannan doka ta zama dole musamman ga wanda za a yi wa Kursak. An yi imanin cewa idan mutumin bai da tsabta, idan yana sanye da kayan Kursak, tufafin zai ci gaba da shiga jikinsa. Saboda haka, an shawarci masu ibada su yi kama da masu tsabta a jiki da kuma a ruhi. Akwai haramun da yawa a wurin ibadar Abwoi, waɗanda ake sa ran masu ibada su kiyaye tsarkinsu ba tare da keta doka ba . Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan shine: Yayin da yake cikin wurin ibada, ba a yarda wani mai ibada ya ci abinci ko ya sha ruwan inabi ba tare da izinin {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}} ba (Babban firist na Abwoi). Firist ɗin da kansa a zahiri shi ne mai shirya irin waɗannan abubuwa. Duk wani mai ibada da ya yi abin da ya saba wa waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi, za a kore shi, domin za a ɗauke shi a matsayin "mai zunubi". Abwoi sun yi aiki kuma sun sanya [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] ga membobinsu da suka yi kuskure. Hukuncin kisa yawanci yana kan duk wani memba da ya bayyana wa matarsa abin da Abwoi yake da kuma yadda yake. Abin sha'awa ne a lura cewa sadarwa da ta gudana tsakanin miji da matarsa an san ta a wurin ibadar Abwoi. Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan ba siffa ce ta ko'ina ba wadda za a iya dangantawa da Abwoi, amma Abwoi yana da wata hanyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa ta 'yan leƙen asiri da masu ba da labari har ma a tsakanin mata. Sun san mata suna da yawan magana, shi ya sa ba za su iya ɓoye sirri ba, kuma dole ne a ji su. Da zarar wani memba da aka fara aiki ya karya doka, hukuncin kisa ne. <ref name="At" /> == Ayyukan zamantakewa da zamantakewa na Abwoi == A wata hira ta baki da Atuk ya yi da Atyoli K. Nka, an kuma ce mutanen Abwoi suna bauta musu a matsayin alloli saboda kusancinsu da su fiye da ainihin Uban Sama, Agwaza (Jju: Ka̠za ; Hyam: Nom ). An ce Abwoi sun ba wa mutanen abinci kuma suna iya kiran su a lokutan da ba su dace ba, musamman a lokutan rikici, don yi musu gargaɗi game da wasu abubuwa; kuma suna amfani da ikon allahntaka da ake amfani da shi don warkar da marasa lafiya, musamman yara da ake kai musu da kuma sa mata bakarare su yi ciki, don haka, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin " mai iko duka ". Abwoi sun kafa dokoki ta hanyar kafa dokoki da umarni masu ƙarfi, da kuma sa ido kan al'umma don aiwatar da su sosai. <ref name="At">{{Cite magazine|url-status=30–33}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da bikin sabuwar shekarar noma ta A̠bwoi (T. Sonɡ A̠bwoi ; J. Song A̠bvwoi ) a farkon kowace lokacin damina a ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Lokaci ne da aka raka dukkan A̠bwoi zuwa wuraren da ba a sani ba, ayyukan noma suka fara nan take. Bayan fitarsu ta ɗan lokaci, ba a ji ƙarar kukan A̠bwoi ba. Duk da haka, abin mamaki ne lokacin da aka ji kukan A̠bwoi a wannan lokacin kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin kukan mummunan yanayi kamar yawaitar sihiri ko sihiri, barkewar cutar ƙanjamau da sauran annoba, bala'o'i na halitta kamar fari, ambaliya, mamayewar fara, da sauransu. Da aka ji irin wannan kukan A̠bwoi mai ban mamaki, A̠gwam A̠bwoi (H. Maɡajin Dodo) ya jagoranci sauran dattawa zuwa wurin ibada na A̠bwoi inda aka kira A̠bwoi don su gaya wa mutane dalilin kukansu. Bayan haka aka yi wa mutane gargaɗi da su guji munanan halayensu idan hakan ne sanadin hakan. [1] == Duba kuma == * Ekpe * [[Juju]] * Ogboni == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] p57sx576szqoaifeo0ajtukt12a4ci3 962268 962029 2026-10-03T09:35:06Z Nura Bello 24854 962268 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Abwoi''' ( [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ("proper", "Mabatado"): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bwoi, A̠boi}} . Bambance-bambancen haruffan rubutu: ''Obwoi'' ; (Gworok): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam:]] {{Lang|jab|Ku, Buboi, Bomboin}} ; [[Yaren Kyoli|Kyoli]] : {{Lang|cry|Amboyinye}} ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan:]] {{Lang|kci|Nezhen}} ; [[Piti|Ibishi:]] {{Lang|pcn|Ugurza}}, [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] {{Lang|ha|Dodo}}, [[Yarbanci|Yoruba:]] {{Lang|yo|Juju}} ) wata cibiyar [[Addinai ce ta gargajiya na Afirka|addinin gargajiya ce ta Afirka]] wadda ta fi aiki kamar ƙungiyar ruhohin kakannin maza da ake kallo a matsayin fatalwowi ko sake haifuwar matattu, waɗanda siffofinsu na zahiri ba a iya gani amma ana iya jin muryoyinsu, waɗanda suka samo asali daga [[Harsunan Filato|yankin tsakiyar Najeriya]] ko mutanen Nenzit kamar [[Adarawa|Adara]], [[Katafawa|Atyap]], [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]], [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]], [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]], [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]], [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] da sauransu. <ref name="Mask">{{Cite journal |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth |date=February 1988 |title=On Masks and Audible Ghosts: Some Secret Male Cults in Central Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580836 |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=42–70 |doi=10.2307/1580836 |jstor=1580836 |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref> An bukaci masu bin addini su shiga cikin al'adu akai-akai a cikin shekara da kuma yin ibada ta gama gari sau ɗaya a shekara, inda malaman addini ke magana kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci game da al'umma. == Asalin == [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_031_The_Jos_Ceremony._Three_impatient_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_wait_until_they_can_perform,_a_drummer_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza uku sanye da kayan Abwoi (dodo) a farkon wani biki, tare da mai buga ganga yayin da suke jiran lokacinsu. Jos, 1970–1973.]] [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_034_The_Jos_Ceremony._Four_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_and_three_musicians_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza huɗu na Abwoi (dodo) masu ƙafafu masu ƙyalli da mawaƙa uku masu baka da ƙarar calabash, kewaye da tarin ƙara. Jos, 1970–1973.]] Da alama babu wata al'adar asali da ta haɗa kan wannan addinin. A wata ma'anar, wannan yana nuna cewa ƙungiyar Abwoi addini ne na da. <ref name="Mask" /> === Nenzit === ==== Atyap ==== Wata al'ada a tsakanin [[Katafawa|Atyap ("Mabatado")]] ta nuna cewa an yi wa dangin Aku kallon mazaunan farko a ƙasar da suka fito daga ƙasa a lokacin da mafarauta Atyap suka iso su ne suka fara zama Abwoi a cikin wannan ƙaramin rukuni na Atyap (Nenzit), tare da wasu daga cikin nau'ikan Abwoi na ƙarshe waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Atsam da [[Kagoro|Agworok]] . <ref name="Mask" /> Atuk (Maris 2008: 30–33) ya lura cewa [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anghan]] ne ya gabatar da ra'ayin addinin Atyap (ƙungiyar Abwoi), bisa ga tarihin baki da wani mai ba da labari, Atyoli Abwui Kato, ya bayar, wanda ya ba da labarin cewa: {{Blockquote|The Anghan people came to Kanai or Sanai or [[Bafoi|Bafoi Kanai]] to mourn the death of their indigene - Kura Yanga, a woman in Atyap land. As is the custom of the Anghan, such burial ceremonies are often accompanied with an Abwoi ceremony. The indigenes of Bafoi asked the Anghan to leave behind the Abwoi with them, which they came with. After they agreed, a small ritual of two goats and some ingredients and wine were performed.}} A cewar Atuk, wannan bayanin yayi daidai yayin da aka gano asalin matar da ake magana a kai, wanda hakan ya kara tabbatar da cewa Tokan Bukhwu shine firist na farko ko {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}}, sai Baghai Tokan. <ref name="At" /> ==== Bajju ==== Ɗaya daga cikin labaran gargajiya a yankin [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] shine cewa ƙungiyar asiri ta fito ne daga ƙauyen Tsoriyang na dangin Bayinhwan mil takwas daga [[Zonkwa]] . Wani kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa wani mutum mai suna Tawai ya kawo shi daga ƙasar [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] . Na uku ya yi iƙirarin cewa asalin [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]] ne. ==== Gwang ==== A tsakanin [[Gwong people|Gwong]], wata al'ada ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar ta fara ne a wani ƙauye mai suna Agabi kuma ta fara ne kawai kwanan nan, wataƙila a ƙarni na 19. === Wani === Gunn (1956:79) ya ba da shawarar asalin [[Gbagyi]] don wanzuwar ƙungiyar asiri a yankin Kudancin Kaduna, bisa ga "shaidar harshe" da ya bayar inda ya gabatar da cewa kalmar Gbagyi ta 'calabash' ko 'gourd' ita ce 'obwe'/'obvwe'. Duk da haka, Isichei (1988:46) ya bambanta a ra'ayinsa, yana mai cewa babu wani ambaton wata ƙungiyar asiri da ake kira 'Abvwoi' (ko 'Abwoi') daga duk wani bayani na baki game da Gbagyi. A madadin haka, Gunn ya ba da shawarar cewa an 'aro' ƙungiyar asiri daga [[Adarawa|Adara]] ta hanyar [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] . == Ayyuka == [[File:A_Ham_long_drum_in_the_stadium_at_SK_Fest_2024_01.jpg|thumb| Dogon ganguna ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|a̠gatak}}, [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap:]] {{Lang|kcg|a̱di̱ri̱m}} ) a addinin Abwoi]] A zamanin da, ana hana mata shiga wurin ibada ko rawa a lokacin bukukuwan da Abwoi ya shirya. Al'amari ne na maza da mata, wato, maza ne kawai aka yarda da su, kuma duk mazan da suka manyanta a kowace ƙauye suna cikin masaukin Abwoi na yankin bayan an fara gina su. <ref name="At" /> A yankin Atyap ("Mabatado"), Abwoi ta yi bukukuwa da dama, amma [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap|bikin Ayet]] ko bikin sabuwar shekara na gargajiya na Atyap shine mafi girma. A lokacin Ayet, ba a tsammanin wani namiji ko mace ya bugi yaro ba. Duk wanda ya aikata laifi ana sa shi ya biya tarar awaki biyu. Mutuwa, aure, da bugun da daddare suma an ɗauke su a matsayin mummunan al'amari a wannan lokacin, kuma an zargi matan da ke bugun da daddare da laifin dukan 'ya'yansu daga Abwoi kuma an ci su tara. A lokacin taron shekara-shekara na al'umma, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon mako guda, al'umma gaba ɗaya tana kawo sadakoki na {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} a cikin Jju (beer), cwan (beniseed), zon ko bvon a cikin Jju (awaki), nywán (fowls), da {{Lang|kcg|a̠ka̠ti}} (abincin da aka yi da ƙwayar masara da aka niƙa da kayan lambu) ga {{Lang|kcg|Tutu A̠bwoi}} (Gworok: {{Lang|kcg|Tu A̠bvwoi}} ; Jju: {{Lang|kaj|A̠buje A̠bvwoi}} ; Turanci: Abwoi shrine). Wurin ibadar ya yi girma sosai wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane 40 a lokaci guda. A al'adance ana yin sa da'ira sabanin gidajen da aka saba, waɗanda suke da siffar oval. Wurin ibadar ya ƙunshi kayan Abwoi. Daga baya Agwam Abwoi (babban firist) ya sha ɗan giyar da aka samo daga {{Lang|kcg|a̠sum}} (ƙaramin tukunya) kuma yana neman kyakkyawan shekarar noma ko kakar noma daga kakanninsa. Mazan da suka fara shiga wurin ibada galibi suna shiga wurin ibada, yayin da ƙananan yara maza da mata ke zama a ƙarƙashin inuwar kamar babban itace, yayin da bikin ke farawa. Kamar lokacin da rawa ta fara, ana jin muryar Abwoi mai ƙarfi daga rufin da aka ɓoye na wurin ibadar, wanda aka ɓoye ta amfani da babban gourd mai gefe biyu, wanda aka rufe da ƙwayar ƙwai ta gizo-gizo. <ref name="At" /> == Farawa == Ba a tabbatar da ainihin shekarun farawar ba amma matsakaicin shekarun shine kimanin shekaru 10. A tsakanin [[Kafancan|Fantswam]], ana kai yara maza wurin ibadar Abwoi tun suna ƙanana tsakanin shekaru huɗu zuwa takwas. <ref name="At" /> An tsare yaran yaran na tsawon kwanaki biyar kuma an yi musu gargaɗi da su yi biyayya ga iyayensu, su bi doka, kuma su ɓoye sirrin ƙungiyar asiri sannan su faɗi sakamakon fallasa waɗannan sirrin. Ba a kuma bar su su fita daga wurin ibadar ba; an samar da bandaki a wurin ibadar tare da abinci da ruwa. An kuma yi musu mummunan duka a cikin wannan lokacin, kuma an gaya musu idan wani ya tona asirin ƙungiyar asiri ga mata, za a kashe su sannan a ja gawar zuwa daji. Bayan haka, sai aka yi wani ɗan gajeren biki, aka kai su rafi ko kogi don yin baftisma, aka shafa kawunansu da {{Lang|kcg|a̠myia̠koo}} (man mahogany ). Daga baya aka miƙa su ga iyayensu mata a wurin ibadar, waɗanda suka yi musu maraba suka kuma tsaftace su, domin an yi iƙirarin cewa Abwoi ya cinye su ya kuma sake amai. Sai duk ƙauyen ya yi musu liyafa. <ref name="At" /> <ref name="Mask" /> === Muhimmancin Farawa === Farawa ta hanyar 'haɗiyewa da amai' yana nuna cewa yaran maza sun zama maza, yana shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar asiri, kuma yana tunatar da su sakamakon bayyana sirrin gama gari. A cikin kalamansa, Atuk ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|"It's clear that the rites symbolize a process of death and rebirth. The five days of silence (the period of their stay in the Abwoi shrine) is a portrayal of the early years of children who have not yet learned to speak."}} <ref name="At" /> === Sakamakon tona asirin Abwoi === Duk wani daga cikin yaran da aka fara kafawa wanda zai bayyana gaskiya game da ƙungiyar Abwoi za a mayar da shi wurin ibadar don a yi masa shari'a. Idan aka same shi da laifi, mahaifinsa zai shafa masa toka (alamar makoki). Tun daga yanzu, za a rataye wannan yaron a kan gungume mai kaifi (wani nau'in kisa da Abwoi ke amfani da shi) kuma duk wanda aka fara shi zai fara waƙa da rawa don ya nutsar da kururuwar wanda aka kashe. Saboda haka za a gaya wa matan cewa Abwoi ya 'haɗiye' yaron. <ref name="At" /> == Sirrin Abwoi == Sirrin da Abwoi ya yi wa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Nenzit (Atyap, Bajju, Agworok) shi ne ɓoye muryar Abwoi ta hanyar amfani da wata dabara da ke sa ta yi kama da muryar ruhin kakanni da ya mutu. An ƙera na'urar da gourd na itacen snuff-box ( ''oncoba spinosa'' ; [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] ''Kukan ciki'' ) ta hanyar cire tsaba daga ciki da ramuka biyu da aka ɗauka a ɓangarorin biyu. Daga nan sai aka haɗa gefe ɗaya da sandar bamboo, ɗayan gefen kuma aka yi masa ƙulli da saƙar gizo-gizo don ba da tasirin sauti na musamman. Muryoyin da aka ɓoye sun fito ne daga babban mai magana da Abwoi da kuma wasu a wurin ibada. == Nau'o'i da ofisoshin Abwoi == === Nau'o'i === Akwai nau'ikan Abwoi da dama, kowannensu yana da nasa ayyukan na musamman. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: # '''Li̠m''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Zabyya̠''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Zabieh'' ): Mafi tsoro da ban tsoro daga cikin dukkan Abwoi. Ita ce ke da alhakin 'haɗiye' da kuma 'amai' yara a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da yara da kuma bayan bikin. Kukan da take yi ya sa kewayen ya yi rawar jiki 'kamar girgizar ƙasa'. Yana da babban kamanni. # '''A̠bansop''' ko '''Bansop''' ; nau'in haruffan da aka rubuta: ''Bansip'' (Jju: '''Aninyet''' ; sunan da aka fassara: ''Daniet'' ): Wannan kuma yana da kamannin ɡigantic kuma yayi kama da daji saboda reɡalia ɗinsa cikakke ne ganyaye daga kai har zuwa ƙafafuwa. Yawanci ana killace shi ne a cikin dazuzzuka. An yi shi da firam ɗin bamboo da aka lulluɓe da ganye kuma yana yawo da daddare. # '''Mapyia̠''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mapio, Mapie, Mupie'' ): Wannan wani lokacin ana sake kiransa da A̠yang A̠bwoi (uwa A̠bwoi). Ya bayyana kuma ya yi kuka a cikin niɡht don friɡhten da tsoratar da mutane masu kuskure musamman, ɓarayi. An samo shi galibi a kusa da rafuka. Ana tsammanin Abwoi na namiji ne wanda ke fitar da sautin mace ta hanyar amfani da ululation . # '''A̠bwoi A̠gwot:''' An ce an shigo da wannan daga [[Kagoro|Gworok]] (H. Kagoro). Aikinta shine ta sa ido kan duk wani yanayi na sata a gonakin masara. Mata ba su shiga cikin wannan al'adar Abwoi ba, sai dai mazan da suka fara shiga al'adar. # '''Dankwari''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Dankpari''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Dangpari'' ): Ana yin wannan Abwoi galibi da daddare kuma ya ƙunshi mutane biyu ko fiye, a warwatse. Idan ɗaya (macen) ta fitar da sauti da wayo akai-akai, ɗayan (namiji) zai amsa da muryar ƙara mai ƙarfi, tana motsawa a lokaci guda. Yawanci ana jin sa ne bayan girbi. <ref name="Isichei p. 47" /> # '''A̠kursak''' (Jju: '''A̠kusak''' ): Kursak manzon Abwoi ne. A da an yi masa ado da ciyawa, sannan an yi masa ganye, kuma kwanan nan an yi masa ado mai launuka iri-iri [[Dabinon Raffia|na raffia]] . Rigar Kursak ta Atyap ta fi kyau fiye da rigar Kusak ta Bajju, amma sauran siffofi iri ɗaya ne. # '''Alewa''' : Wannan sigar Kursak ce da ake samu a tsakanin Agworok, wadda ke magana ba kamar sauran Kursak ba wanda ba shi da magana. Yawanci yana bayyana a bukukuwa, a mutuwar tsofaffi da kuma a lokacin annoba. <ref name="Isichei p. 49" /> # '''Mbwoi''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mboi, Mbue'' ): Wannan wani ruhi ne da aka ɓoye a ɓoye wanda aka gabatar a Gworok (Kagoro) a cikin 1930 ta Ankwai don mayar da martani ga muguntar babban mai mulki a wancan lokacin, Mugunta Atin. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta haramta shi a shekarar 1933 saboda yanayin tashin hankali da yake ciki. === Ofisoshi === A saman akwai ofishin babban firist na ƙungiyar A̠bwoi, wanda aka fi sani da {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|ha|Magajin Dodo}} ) kuma akwai {{Lang|kcg|A̠byii̠k A̠bwoi}} (matar Abwoi) wanda shine {{Lang|kcg|Byia̱k A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Madaucin Dodo}} ) wanda aikinsa shine fassarar saƙonnin A̠bwoi. Akwai kuma {{Lang|kcg|Mman Tutu A̠bwoi}} (ya'yan wurin ibadar A̠bwoi) waɗanda suka kai tsakanin 10 zuwa 25, waɗanda babban aikinsu shine amsa ɗan A̠bwoi. Akwai ofishin {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠nyiuk A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Magajiyan Matan Dodo}} ; E. Abwoi Shugabar Mata). Haka kuma, akwai {{Lang|kcg|Tswá Ywan}}, masu shirya bukukuwan A̠bwoi daban-daban waɗanda suka kula da giyar da aka tilasta wa {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} (giya/giya) ta mata. == Akursak (Ƙaramin Abwoi) == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Zuwan ƙaramin Abwoi mai suna {{Lang|kcg|A̠kursak, Kursak}} a [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ko {{Lang|kaj|A̠kusak, Kusak}} a [[Yaren Jju|Jju]], wani irin 'albishir' ne ga matan da aka ba su izinin shiga wurin ibada tare da maza a karon farko. An ce mutanen [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]] (Koro) ne suka gabatar da Kursak a Atyapland. Yawanci mutum ne mai rufe fuska ( [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|mai yin ado]] ) wanda ke rawa don faranta wa masu kallo rai, sanye da kayansa da aka zaɓa da kyau kuma aka saka su ta yadda babu sararin iska amma ba a iya ganin fata daga waje. Da zuwan Kursak da kuma buƙatunsa, mata suka fara tsara waƙoƙi don su dace da matakan rawa. Kursak ba ya rawa shi kaɗai ba, musamman tare da yarinya (ba mace ba). Kullum yana tare da shi "mai hidimarsa" wanda ke fesa masa barasa, wanda aka ce ya sabunta shi, kasancewar tufafinsa ba su da isasshen sararin samaniya wanda zai ba da damar samun sauƙin numfashi, a cewar Atyoli Nanam Kuje, wani mai hira da Atuk. <ref name="At" /> === Dokoki === An umurci masu ibada (musamman maza) da su nisanta kansu daga mata a lokutan bukukuwa. Wannan doka ta zama dole musamman ga wanda za a yi wa Kursak. An yi imanin cewa idan mutumin bai da tsabta, idan yana sanye da kayan Kursak, tufafin zai ci gaba da shiga jikinsa. Saboda haka, an shawarci masu ibada su yi kama da masu tsabta a jiki da kuma a ruhi. Akwai haramun da yawa a wurin ibadar Abwoi, waɗanda ake sa ran masu ibada su kiyaye tsarkinsu ba tare da keta doka ba . Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan shine: Yayin da yake cikin wurin ibada, ba a yarda wani mai ibada ya ci abinci ko ya sha ruwan inabi ba tare da izinin {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}} ba (Babban firist na Abwoi). Firist ɗin da kansa a zahiri shi ne mai shirya irin waɗannan abubuwa. Duk wani mai ibada da ya yi abin da ya saba wa waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi, za a kore shi, domin za a ɗauke shi a matsayin "mai zunubi". Abwoi sun yi aiki kuma sun sanya [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] ga membobinsu da suka yi kuskure. Hukuncin kisa yawanci yana kan duk wani memba da ya bayyana wa matarsa abin da Abwoi yake da kuma yadda yake. Abin sha'awa ne a lura cewa sadarwa da ta gudana tsakanin miji da matarsa an san ta a wurin ibadar Abwoi. Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan ba siffa ce ta ko'ina ba wadda za a iya dangantawa da Abwoi, amma Abwoi yana da wata hanyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa ta 'yan leƙen asiri da masu ba da labari har ma a tsakanin mata. Sun san mata suna da yawan magana, shi ya sa ba za su iya ɓoye sirri ba, kuma dole ne a ji su. Da zarar wani memba da aka fara aiki ya karya doka, hukuncin kisa ne. <ref name="At" /> == Ayyukan zamantakewa da zamantakewa na Abwoi == A wata hira ta baki da Atuk ya yi da Atyoli K. Nka, an kuma ce mutanen Abwoi suna bauta musu a matsayin alloli saboda kusancinsu da su fiye da ainihin Uban Sama, Agwaza (Jju: Ka̠za ; Hyam: Nom ). An ce Abwoi sun ba wa mutanen abinci kuma suna iya kiran su a lokutan da ba su dace ba, musamman a lokutan rikici, don yi musu gargaɗi game da wasu abubuwa; kuma suna amfani da ikon allahntaka da ake amfani da shi don warkar da marasa lafiya, musamman yara da ake kai musu da kuma sa mata bakarare su yi ciki, don haka, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin " mai iko duka ". Abwoi sun kafa dokoki ta hanyar kafa dokoki da umarni masu ƙarfi, da kuma sa ido kan al'umma don aiwatar da su sosai. <ref name="At">{{Cite magazine|url-status=30–33}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da bikin sabuwar shekarar noma ta A̠bwoi (T. Sonɡ A̠bwoi ; J. Song A̠bvwoi ) a farkon kowace lokacin damina a ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Lokaci ne da aka raka dukkan A̠bwoi zuwa wuraren da ba a sani ba, ayyukan noma suka fara nan take. Bayan fitarsu ta ɗan lokaci, ba a ji ƙarar kukan A̠bwoi ba. Duk da haka, abin mamaki ne lokacin da aka ji kukan A̠bwoi a wannan lokacin kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin kukan mummunan yanayi kamar yawaitar sihiri ko sihiri, barkewar cutar ƙanjamau da sauran annoba, bala'o'i na halitta kamar fari, ambaliya, mamayewar fara, da sauransu. Da aka ji irin wannan kukan A̠bwoi mai ban mamaki, A̠gwam A̠bwoi (H. Maɡajin Dodo) ya jagoranci sauran dattawa zuwa wurin ibada na A̠bwoi inda aka kira A̠bwoi don su gaya wa mutane dalilin kukansu. Bayan haka aka yi wa mutane gargaɗi da su guji munanan halayensu idan hakan ne sanadin hakan. [1] == Duba kuma == * Ekpe * [[Juju]] * Ogboni == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] j3a4w7yhga8hvcb9q1aczpj9mbwfnmo 962282 962268 2026-10-03T10:41:36Z Nura Bello 24854 962282 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Abwoi''' ( [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ("proper", "Mabatado"): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bwoi, A̠boi}} . Bambance-bambancen haruffan rubutu: ''Obwoi'' ; (Gworok): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam:]] {{Lang|jab|Ku, Buboi, Bomboin}} ; [[Yaren Kyoli|Kyoli]] : {{Lang|cry|Amboyinye}} ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan:]] {{Lang|kci|Nezhen}} ; [[Piti|Ibishi:]] {{Lang|pcn|Ugurza}}, [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] {{Lang|ha|Dodo}}, [[Yarbanci|Yoruba:]] {{Lang|yo|Juju}} ) wata cibiyar [[Addinai ce ta gargajiya na Afirka|addinin gargajiya ce ta Afirka]] wadda ta fi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar ruhohin kakannin maza da ake kallo a matsayin fatalwowi ko sake haifuwar matattu, waɗanda siffofinsu na zahiri ba a iya gani amma ana iya jin muryoyinsu, waɗanda suka samo asali daga [[Harsunan Filato|yankin tsakiyar Najeriya]] ko mutanen Nenzit kamar [[Adarawa|Adara]], [[Katafawa|Atyap]], [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]], [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]], [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]], [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]], [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] da sauransu. <ref name="Mask">{{Cite journal |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth |date=February 1988 |title=On Masks and Audible Ghosts: Some Secret Male Cults in Central Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580836 |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=42–70 |doi=10.2307/1580836 |jstor=1580836 |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref> An bukaci masu bin addini su shiga cikin al'adu akai-akai a cikin shekara da kuma yin ibada ta gama gari sau ɗaya a shekara, inda malaman addini ke magana kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci game da al'umma. == Asalin == [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_031_The_Jos_Ceremony._Three_impatient_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_wait_until_they_can_perform,_a_drummer_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza uku sanye da kayan Abwoi (dodo) a farkon wani biki, tare da mai buga ganga yayin da suke jiran lokacinsu. Jos, 1970–1973.]] [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_034_The_Jos_Ceremony._Four_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_and_three_musicians_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza huɗu na Abwoi (dodo) masu ƙafafu masu ƙyalli da mawaƙa uku masu baka da ƙarar calabash, kewaye da tarin ƙara. Jos, 1970–1973.]] Da alama babu wata al'adar asali da ta haɗa kan wannan addinin. A wata ma'anar, wannan yana nuna cewa ƙungiyar Abwoi addini ne na da. <ref name="Mask" /> === Nenzit === ==== Atyap ==== Wata al'ada a tsakanin [[Katafawa|Atyap ("Mabatado")]] ta nuna cewa an yi wa dangin Aku kallon mazaunan farko a ƙasar da suka fito daga ƙasa a lokacin da mafarauta Atyap suka iso su ne suka fara zama Abwoi a cikin wannan ƙaramin rukuni na Atyap (Nenzit), tare da wasu daga cikin nau'ikan Abwoi na ƙarshe waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Atsam da [[Kagoro|Agworok]] . <ref name="Mask" /> Atuk (Maris 2008: 30–33) ya lura cewa [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anghan]] ne ya gabatar da ra'ayin addinin Atyap (ƙungiyar Abwoi), bisa ga tarihin baki da wani mai ba da labari, Atyoli Abwui Kato, ya bayar, wanda ya ba da labarin cewa: {{Blockquote|The Anghan people came to Kanai or Sanai or [[Bafoi|Bafoi Kanai]] to mourn the death of their indigene - Kura Yanga, a woman in Atyap land. As is the custom of the Anghan, such burial ceremonies are often accompanied with an Abwoi ceremony. The indigenes of Bafoi asked the Anghan to leave behind the Abwoi with them, which they came with. After they agreed, a small ritual of two goats and some ingredients and wine were performed.}} A cewar Atuk, wannan bayanin yayi daidai yayin da aka gano asalin matar da ake magana a kai, wanda hakan ya kara tabbatar da cewa Tokan Bukhwu shine firist na farko ko {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}}, sai Baghai Tokan. <ref name="At" /> ==== Bajju ==== Ɗaya daga cikin labaran gargajiya a yankin [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] shine cewa ƙungiyar asiri ta fito ne daga ƙauyen Tsoriyang na dangin Bayinhwan mil takwas daga [[Zonkwa]] . Wani kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa wani mutum mai suna Tawai ya kawo shi daga ƙasar [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] . Na uku ya yi iƙirarin cewa asalin [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]] ne. ==== Gwang ==== A tsakanin [[Gwong people|Gwong]], wata al'ada ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar ta fara ne a wani ƙauye mai suna Agabi kuma ta fara ne kawai kwanan nan, wataƙila a ƙarni na 19. === Wani === Gunn (1956:79) ya ba da shawarar asalin [[Gbagyi]] don wanzuwar ƙungiyar asiri a yankin Kudancin Kaduna, bisa ga "shaidar harshe" da ya bayar inda ya gabatar da cewa kalmar Gbagyi ta 'calabash' ko 'gourd' ita ce 'obwe'/'obvwe'. Duk da haka, Isichei (1988:46) ya bambanta a ra'ayinsa, yana mai cewa babu wani ambaton wata ƙungiyar asiri da ake kira 'Abvwoi' (ko 'Abwoi') daga duk wani bayani na baki game da Gbagyi. A madadin haka, Gunn ya ba da shawarar cewa an 'aro' ƙungiyar asiri daga [[Adarawa|Adara]] ta hanyar [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] . == Ayyuka == [[File:A_Ham_long_drum_in_the_stadium_at_SK_Fest_2024_01.jpg|thumb| Dogon ganguna ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|a̠gatak}}, [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap:]] {{Lang|kcg|a̱di̱ri̱m}} ) a addinin Abwoi]] A zamanin da, ana hana mata shiga wurin ibada ko rawa a lokacin bukukuwan da Abwoi ya shirya. Al'amari ne na maza da mata, wato, maza ne kawai aka yarda da su, kuma duk mazan da suka manyanta a kowace ƙauye suna cikin masaukin Abwoi na yankin bayan an fara gina su. <ref name="At" /> A yankin Atyap ("Mabatado"), Abwoi ta yi bukukuwa da dama, amma [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap|bikin Ayet]] ko bikin sabuwar shekara na gargajiya na Atyap shine mafi girma. A lokacin Ayet, ba a tsammanin wani namiji ko mace ya bugi yaro ba. Duk wanda ya aikata laifi ana sa shi ya biya tarar awaki biyu. Mutuwa, aure, da bugun da daddare suma an ɗauke su a matsayin mummunan al'amari a wannan lokacin, kuma an zargi matan da ke bugun da daddare da laifin dukan 'ya'yansu daga Abwoi kuma an ci su tara. A lokacin taron shekara-shekara na al'umma, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon mako guda, al'umma gaba ɗaya tana kawo sadakoki na {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} a cikin Jju (beer), cwan (beniseed), zon ko bvon a cikin Jju (awaki), nywán (fowls), da {{Lang|kcg|a̠ka̠ti}} (abincin da aka yi da ƙwayar masara da aka niƙa da kayan lambu) ga {{Lang|kcg|Tutu A̠bwoi}} (Gworok: {{Lang|kcg|Tu A̠bvwoi}} ; Jju: {{Lang|kaj|A̠buje A̠bvwoi}} ; Turanci: Abwoi shrine). Wurin ibadar ya yi girma sosai wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane 40 a lokaci guda. A al'adance ana yin sa da'ira sabanin gidajen da aka saba, waɗanda suke da siffar oval. Wurin ibadar ya ƙunshi kayan Abwoi. Daga baya Agwam Abwoi (babban firist) ya sha ɗan giyar da aka samo daga {{Lang|kcg|a̠sum}} (ƙaramin tukunya) kuma yana neman kyakkyawan shekarar noma ko kakar noma daga kakanninsa. Mazan da suka fara shiga wurin ibada galibi suna shiga wurin ibada, yayin da ƙananan yara maza da mata ke zama a ƙarƙashin inuwar kamar babban itace, yayin da bikin ke farawa. Kamar lokacin da rawa ta fara, ana jin muryar Abwoi mai ƙarfi daga rufin da aka ɓoye na wurin ibadar, wanda aka ɓoye ta amfani da babban gourd mai gefe biyu, wanda aka rufe da ƙwayar ƙwai ta gizo-gizo. <ref name="At" /> == Farawa == Ba a tabbatar da ainihin shekarun farawar ba amma matsakaicin shekarun shine kimanin shekaru 10. A tsakanin [[Kafancan|Fantswam]], ana kai yara maza wurin ibadar Abwoi tun suna ƙanana tsakanin shekaru huɗu zuwa takwas. <ref name="At" /> An tsare yaran yaran na tsawon kwanaki biyar kuma an yi musu gargaɗi da su yi biyayya ga iyayensu, su bi doka, kuma su ɓoye sirrin ƙungiyar asiri sannan su faɗi sakamakon fallasa waɗannan sirrin. Ba a kuma bar su su fita daga wurin ibadar ba; an samar da bandaki a wurin ibadar tare da abinci da ruwa. An kuma yi musu mummunan duka a cikin wannan lokacin, kuma an gaya musu idan wani ya tona asirin ƙungiyar asiri ga mata, za a kashe su sannan a ja gawar zuwa daji. Bayan haka, sai aka yi wani ɗan gajeren biki, aka kai su rafi ko kogi don yin baftisma, aka shafa kawunansu da {{Lang|kcg|a̠myia̠koo}} (man mahogany ). Daga baya aka miƙa su ga iyayensu mata a wurin ibadar, waɗanda suka yi musu maraba suka kuma tsaftace su, domin an yi iƙirarin cewa Abwoi ya cinye su ya kuma sake amai. Sai duk ƙauyen ya yi musu liyafa. <ref name="At" /> <ref name="Mask" /> === Muhimmancin Farawa === Farawa ta hanyar 'haɗiyewa da amai' yana nuna cewa yaran maza sun zama maza, yana shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar asiri, kuma yana tunatar da su sakamakon bayyana sirrin gama gari. A cikin kalamansa, Atuk ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|"It's clear that the rites symbolize a process of death and rebirth. The five days of silence (the period of their stay in the Abwoi shrine) is a portrayal of the early years of children who have not yet learned to speak."}} <ref name="At" /> === Sakamakon tona asirin Abwoi === Duk wani daga cikin yaran da aka fara kafawa wanda zai bayyana gaskiya game da ƙungiyar Abwoi za a mayar da shi wurin ibadar don a yi masa shari'a. Idan aka same shi da laifi, mahaifinsa zai shafa masa toka (alamar makoki). Tun daga yanzu, za a rataye wannan yaron a kan gungume mai kaifi (wani nau'in kisa da Abwoi ke amfani da shi) kuma duk wanda aka fara shi zai fara waƙa da rawa don ya nutsar da kururuwar wanda aka kashe. Saboda haka za a gaya wa matan cewa Abwoi ya 'haɗiye' yaron. <ref name="At" /> == Sirrin Abwoi == Sirrin da Abwoi ya yi wa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Nenzit (Atyap, Bajju, Agworok) shi ne ɓoye muryar Abwoi ta hanyar amfani da wata dabara da ke sa ta yi kama da muryar ruhin kakanni da ya mutu. An ƙera na'urar da gourd na itacen snuff-box ( ''oncoba spinosa'' ; [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] ''Kukan ciki'' ) ta hanyar cire tsaba daga ciki da ramuka biyu da aka ɗauka a ɓangarorin biyu. Daga nan sai aka haɗa gefe ɗaya da sandar bamboo, ɗayan gefen kuma aka yi masa ƙulli da saƙar gizo-gizo don ba da tasirin sauti na musamman. Muryoyin da aka ɓoye sun fito ne daga babban mai magana da Abwoi da kuma wasu a wurin ibada. == Nau'o'i da ofisoshin Abwoi == === Nau'o'i === Akwai nau'ikan Abwoi da dama, kowannensu yana da nasa ayyukan na musamman. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: # '''Li̠m''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Zabyya̠''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Zabieh'' ): Mafi tsoro da ban tsoro daga cikin dukkan Abwoi. Ita ce ke da alhakin 'haɗiye' da kuma 'amai' yara a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da yara da kuma bayan bikin. Kukan da take yi ya sa kewayen ya yi rawar jiki 'kamar girgizar ƙasa'. Yana da babban kamanni. # '''A̠bansop''' ko '''Bansop''' ; nau'in haruffan da aka rubuta: ''Bansip'' (Jju: '''Aninyet''' ; sunan da aka fassara: ''Daniet'' ): Wannan kuma yana da kamannin ɡigantic kuma yayi kama da daji saboda reɡalia ɗinsa cikakke ne ganyaye daga kai har zuwa ƙafafuwa. Yawanci ana killace shi ne a cikin dazuzzuka. An yi shi da firam ɗin bamboo da aka lulluɓe da ganye kuma yana yawo da daddare. # '''Mapyia̠''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mapio, Mapie, Mupie'' ): Wannan wani lokacin ana sake kiransa da A̠yang A̠bwoi (uwa A̠bwoi). Ya bayyana kuma ya yi kuka a cikin niɡht don friɡhten da tsoratar da mutane masu kuskure musamman, ɓarayi. An samo shi galibi a kusa da rafuka. Ana tsammanin Abwoi na namiji ne wanda ke fitar da sautin mace ta hanyar amfani da ululation . # '''A̠bwoi A̠gwot:''' An ce an shigo da wannan daga [[Kagoro|Gworok]] (H. Kagoro). Aikinta shine ta sa ido kan duk wani yanayi na sata a gonakin masara. Mata ba su shiga cikin wannan al'adar Abwoi ba, sai dai mazan da suka fara shiga al'adar. # '''Dankwari''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Dankpari''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Dangpari'' ): Ana yin wannan Abwoi galibi da daddare kuma ya ƙunshi mutane biyu ko fiye, a warwatse. Idan ɗaya (macen) ta fitar da sauti da wayo akai-akai, ɗayan (namiji) zai amsa da muryar ƙara mai ƙarfi, tana motsawa a lokaci guda. Yawanci ana jin sa ne bayan girbi. <ref name="Isichei p. 47" /> # '''A̠kursak''' (Jju: '''A̠kusak''' ): Kursak manzon Abwoi ne. A da an yi masa ado da ciyawa, sannan an yi masa ganye, kuma kwanan nan an yi masa ado mai launuka iri-iri [[Dabinon Raffia|na raffia]] . Rigar Kursak ta Atyap ta fi kyau fiye da rigar Kusak ta Bajju, amma sauran siffofi iri ɗaya ne. # '''Alewa''' : Wannan sigar Kursak ce da ake samu a tsakanin Agworok, wadda ke magana ba kamar sauran Kursak ba wanda ba shi da magana. Yawanci yana bayyana a bukukuwa, a mutuwar tsofaffi da kuma a lokacin annoba. <ref name="Isichei p. 49" /> # '''Mbwoi''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mboi, Mbue'' ): Wannan wani ruhi ne da aka ɓoye a ɓoye wanda aka gabatar a Gworok (Kagoro) a cikin 1930 ta Ankwai don mayar da martani ga muguntar babban mai mulki a wancan lokacin, Mugunta Atin. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta haramta shi a shekarar 1933 saboda yanayin tashin hankali da yake ciki. === Ofisoshi === A saman akwai ofishin babban firist na ƙungiyar A̠bwoi, wanda aka fi sani da {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|ha|Magajin Dodo}} ) kuma akwai {{Lang|kcg|A̠byii̠k A̠bwoi}} (matar Abwoi) wanda shine {{Lang|kcg|Byia̱k A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Madaucin Dodo}} ) wanda aikinsa shine fassarar saƙonnin A̠bwoi. Akwai kuma {{Lang|kcg|Mman Tutu A̠bwoi}} (ya'yan wurin ibadar A̠bwoi) waɗanda suka kai tsakanin 10 zuwa 25, waɗanda babban aikinsu shine amsa ɗan A̠bwoi. Akwai ofishin {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠nyiuk A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Magajiyan Matan Dodo}} ; E. Abwoi Shugabar Mata). Haka kuma, akwai {{Lang|kcg|Tswá Ywan}}, masu shirya bukukuwan A̠bwoi daban-daban waɗanda suka kula da giyar da aka tilasta wa {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} (giya/giya) ta mata. == Akursak (Ƙaramin Abwoi) == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Zuwan ƙaramin Abwoi mai suna {{Lang|kcg|A̠kursak, Kursak}} a [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ko {{Lang|kaj|A̠kusak, Kusak}} a [[Yaren Jju|Jju]], wani irin 'albishir' ne ga matan da aka ba su izinin shiga wurin ibada tare da maza a karon farko. An ce mutanen [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]] (Koro) ne suka gabatar da Kursak a Atyapland. Yawanci mutum ne mai rufe fuska ( [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|mai yin ado]] ) wanda ke rawa don faranta wa masu kallo rai, sanye da kayansa da aka zaɓa da kyau kuma aka saka su ta yadda babu sararin iska amma ba a iya ganin fata daga waje. Da zuwan Kursak da kuma buƙatunsa, mata suka fara tsara waƙoƙi don su dace da matakan rawa. Kursak ba ya rawa shi kaɗai ba, musamman tare da yarinya (ba mace ba). Kullum yana tare da shi "mai hidimarsa" wanda ke fesa masa barasa, wanda aka ce ya sabunta shi, kasancewar tufafinsa ba su da isasshen sararin samaniya wanda zai ba da damar samun sauƙin numfashi, a cewar Atyoli Nanam Kuje, wani mai hira da Atuk. <ref name="At" /> === Dokoki === An umurci masu ibada (musamman maza) da su nisanta kansu daga mata a lokutan bukukuwa. Wannan doka ta zama dole musamman ga wanda za a yi wa Kursak. An yi imanin cewa idan mutumin bai da tsabta, idan yana sanye da kayan Kursak, tufafin zai ci gaba da shiga jikinsa. Saboda haka, an shawarci masu ibada su yi kama da masu tsabta a jiki da kuma a ruhi. Akwai haramun da yawa a wurin ibadar Abwoi, waɗanda ake sa ran masu ibada su kiyaye tsarkinsu ba tare da keta doka ba . Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan shine: Yayin da yake cikin wurin ibada, ba a yarda wani mai ibada ya ci abinci ko ya sha ruwan inabi ba tare da izinin {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}} ba (Babban firist na Abwoi). Firist ɗin da kansa a zahiri shi ne mai shirya irin waɗannan abubuwa. Duk wani mai ibada da ya yi abin da ya saba wa waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi, za a kore shi, domin za a ɗauke shi a matsayin "mai zunubi". Abwoi sun yi aiki kuma sun sanya [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] ga membobinsu da suka yi kuskure. Hukuncin kisa yawanci yana kan duk wani memba da ya bayyana wa matarsa abin da Abwoi yake da kuma yadda yake. Abin sha'awa ne a lura cewa sadarwa da ta gudana tsakanin miji da matarsa an san ta a wurin ibadar Abwoi. Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan ba siffa ce ta ko'ina ba wadda za a iya dangantawa da Abwoi, amma Abwoi yana da wata hanyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa ta 'yan leƙen asiri da masu ba da labari har ma a tsakanin mata. Sun san mata suna da yawan magana, shi ya sa ba za su iya ɓoye sirri ba, kuma dole ne a ji su. Da zarar wani memba da aka fara aiki ya karya doka, hukuncin kisa ne. <ref name="At" /> == Ayyukan zamantakewa da zamantakewa na Abwoi == A wata hira ta baki da Atuk ya yi da Atyoli K. Nka, an kuma ce mutanen Abwoi suna bauta musu a matsayin alloli saboda kusancinsu da su fiye da ainihin Uban Sama, Agwaza (Jju: Ka̠za ; Hyam: Nom ). An ce Abwoi sun ba wa mutanen abinci kuma suna iya kiran su a lokutan da ba su dace ba, musamman a lokutan rikici, don yi musu gargaɗi game da wasu abubuwa; kuma suna amfani da ikon allahntaka da ake amfani da shi don warkar da marasa lafiya, musamman yara da ake kai musu da kuma sa mata bakarare su yi ciki, don haka, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin " mai iko duka ". Abwoi sun kafa dokoki ta hanyar kafa dokoki da umarni masu ƙarfi, da kuma sa ido kan al'umma don aiwatar da su sosai. <ref name="At">{{Cite magazine|url-status=30–33}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da bikin sabuwar shekarar noma ta A̠bwoi (T. Sonɡ A̠bwoi ; J. Song A̠bvwoi ) a farkon kowace lokacin damina a ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Lokaci ne da aka raka dukkan A̠bwoi zuwa wuraren da ba a sani ba, ayyukan noma suka fara nan take. Bayan fitarsu ta ɗan lokaci, ba a ji ƙarar kukan A̠bwoi ba. Duk da haka, abin mamaki ne lokacin da aka ji kukan A̠bwoi a wannan lokacin kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin kukan mummunan yanayi kamar yawaitar sihiri ko sihiri, barkewar cutar ƙanjamau da sauran annoba, bala'o'i na halitta kamar fari, ambaliya, mamayewar fara, da sauransu. Da aka ji irin wannan kukan A̠bwoi mai ban mamaki, A̠gwam A̠bwoi (H. Maɡajin Dodo) ya jagoranci sauran dattawa zuwa wurin ibada na A̠bwoi inda aka kira A̠bwoi don su gaya wa mutane dalilin kukansu. Bayan haka aka yi wa mutane gargaɗi da su guji munanan halayensu idan hakan ne sanadin hakan. [1] == Duba kuma == * Ekpe * [[Juju]] * Ogboni == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ie8593g05ykn8iyknck59emd0cl174l 962284 962282 2026-10-03T10:44:41Z Nura Bello 24854 962284 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Abwoi''' ( [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ("proper", "Mabatado"): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bwoi, A̠boi}} . Bambance-bambancen haruffan rubutu: ''Obwoi'' ; (Gworok): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam:]] {{Lang|jab|Ku, Buboi, Bomboin}} ; [[Yaren Kyoli|Kyoli]] : {{Lang|cry|Amboyinye}} ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan:]] {{Lang|kci|Nezhen}} ; [[Piti|Ibishi:]] {{Lang|pcn|Ugurza}}, [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] {{Lang|ha|Dodo}}, [[Yarbanci|Yoruba:]] {{Lang|yo|Juju}} ) wata cibiyar [[Addinai ce ta gargajiya na Afirka|addinin gargajiya ce ta Afirka]] wadda ta fi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar ruhohin kakannin maza da ake kallo a matsayin fatalwowi ko sake haifuwar matattu, waɗanda siffofinsu na zahiri ba a iya gani amma ana iya jin muryoyinsu, waɗanda suka samo asali daga [[Harsunan Filato|yankin tsakiyar Najeriya]] ko mutanen Nenzit kamar [[Adarawa|Adara]], [[Katafawa|Atyap]], [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]], [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]], [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]], [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]], [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] da sauransu. <ref name="Mask">{{Cite journal |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth |date=February 1988 |title=On Masks and Audible Ghosts: Some Secret Male Cults in Central Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580836 |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=42–70 |doi=10.2307/1580836 |jstor=1580836 |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref> An bukaci masu bin addini su shiga cikin al'adu akai-akai a cikin shekara da kuma yin ibada ta gama gari sau ɗaya a shekara, inda malaman addini ke magana kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci game da al'umma. == Asalin == [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_031_The_Jos_Ceremony._Three_impatient_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_wait_until_they_can_perform,_a_drummer_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza uku sanye da kayan Abwoi (dodo) a farkon wani biki, tare da mai buga ganga yayin da suke jiran lokacinsu. Jos, 1970–1973.]] [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_034_The_Jos_Ceremony._Four_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_and_three_musicians_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza huɗu na Abwoi (dodo) masu ƙafafu masu ƙyalli da mawaƙa uku masu baka da ƙarar calabash, kewaye da tarin ƙara. Jos, 1970–1973.]] Da alama babu wata al'adar asali da ta haɗa kan wannan addinin. A wata ma'anar, wannan yana nuna cewa ƙungiyar Abwoi addini ne na da. <ref name="Mask" /> === Nenzit === ==== Atyap ==== Wata al'ada a tsakanin [[Katafawa|Atyap ("Mabatado")]] ta nuna cewa an yi wa dangin Aku kallon mazaunan farko a ƙasar da suka fito daga ƙasa a lokacin da mafarauta Atyap suka iso su ne suka fara zama Abwoi a cikin wannan ƙaramin rukuni na Atyap (Nenzit), tare da wasu daga cikin nau'ikan Abwoi na ƙarshe waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Atsam da [[Kagoro|Agworok]] . <ref name="Mask" /> Atuk (Maris 2008: 30–33) ya lura cewa [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anghan]] ne ya gabatar da ra'ayin addinin Atyap (ƙungiyar Abwoi), bisa ga tarihin baki da wani mai ba da labari, Atyoli Abwui Kato, ya bayar, wanda ya ba da labarin cewa: {{Blockquote|The Anghan people came to Kanai or Sanai or [[Bafoi|Bafoi Kanai]] to mourn the death of their indigene - Kura Yanga, a woman in Atyap land. As is the custom of the Anghan, such burial ceremonies are often accompanied with an Abwoi ceremony. The indigenes of Bafoi asked the Anghan to leave behind the Abwoi with them, which they came with. After they agreed, a small ritual of two goats and some ingredients and wine were performed.}} A cewar Atuk, wannan bayanin yayi daidai yayin da aka gano asalin matar da ake magana a kai, wanda hakan ya kara tabbatar da cewa Tokan Bukhwu shine firist na farko ko {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}}, sai Baghai Tokan. <ref name="At" /> ==== Bajju ==== Ɗaya daga cikin labaran gargajiya a yankin [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] shine cewa ƙungiyar asiri ta fito ne daga ƙauyen Tsoriyang na dangin Bayinhwan mil takwas daga [[Zonkwa]] . Wani kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa wani mutum ne mai suna Tawai ya kawo shi daga ƙasar [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] . Na uku ya yi iƙirarin cewa asalin [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]] ne. ==== Gwang ==== A tsakanin [[Gwong people|Gwong]], wata al'ada ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar ta fara ne a wani ƙauye mai suna Agabi kuma ta fara ne kawai kwanan nan, wataƙila a ƙarni na 19. === Wani === Gunn (1956:79) ya ba da shawarar asalin [[Gbagyi]] don wanzuwar ƙungiyar asiri a yankin Kudancin Kaduna, bisa ga "shaidar harshe" da ya bayar inda ya gabatar da cewa kalmar Gbagyi ta 'calabash' ko 'gourd' ita ce 'obwe'/'obvwe'. Duk da haka, Isichei (1988:46) ya bambanta a ra'ayinsa, yana mai cewa babu wani ambaton wata ƙungiyar asiri da ake kira 'Abvwoi' (ko 'Abwoi') daga duk wani bayani na baki game da Gbagyi. A madadin haka, Gunn ya ba da shawarar cewa an 'aro' ƙungiyar asiri daga [[Adarawa|Adara]] ta hanyar [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] . == Ayyuka == [[File:A_Ham_long_drum_in_the_stadium_at_SK_Fest_2024_01.jpg|thumb| Dogon ganguna ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|a̠gatak}}, [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap:]] {{Lang|kcg|a̱di̱ri̱m}} ) a addinin Abwoi]] A zamanin da, ana hana mata shiga wurin ibada ko rawa a lokacin bukukuwan da Abwoi ya shirya. Al'amari ne na maza da mata, wato, maza ne kawai aka yarda da su, kuma duk mazan da suka manyanta a kowace ƙauye suna cikin masaukin Abwoi na yankin bayan an fara gina su. <ref name="At" /> A yankin Atyap ("Mabatado"), Abwoi ta yi bukukuwa da dama, amma [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap|bikin Ayet]] ko bikin sabuwar shekara na gargajiya na Atyap shine mafi girma. A lokacin Ayet, ba a tsammanin wani namiji ko mace ya bugi yaro ba. Duk wanda ya aikata laifi ana sa shi ya biya tarar awaki biyu. Mutuwa, aure, da bugun da daddare suma an ɗauke su a matsayin mummunan al'amari a wannan lokacin, kuma an zargi matan da ke bugun da daddare da laifin dukan 'ya'yansu daga Abwoi kuma an ci su tara. A lokacin taron shekara-shekara na al'umma, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon mako guda, al'umma gaba ɗaya tana kawo sadakoki na {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} a cikin Jju (beer), cwan (beniseed), zon ko bvon a cikin Jju (awaki), nywán (fowls), da {{Lang|kcg|a̠ka̠ti}} (abincin da aka yi da ƙwayar masara da aka niƙa da kayan lambu) ga {{Lang|kcg|Tutu A̠bwoi}} (Gworok: {{Lang|kcg|Tu A̠bvwoi}} ; Jju: {{Lang|kaj|A̠buje A̠bvwoi}} ; Turanci: Abwoi shrine). Wurin ibadar ya yi girma sosai wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane 40 a lokaci guda. A al'adance ana yin sa da'ira sabanin gidajen da aka saba, waɗanda suke da siffar oval. Wurin ibadar ya ƙunshi kayan Abwoi. Daga baya Agwam Abwoi (babban firist) ya sha ɗan giyar da aka samo daga {{Lang|kcg|a̠sum}} (ƙaramin tukunya) kuma yana neman kyakkyawan shekarar noma ko kakar noma daga kakanninsa. Mazan da suka fara shiga wurin ibada galibi suna shiga wurin ibada, yayin da ƙananan yara maza da mata ke zama a ƙarƙashin inuwar kamar babban itace, yayin da bikin ke farawa. Kamar lokacin da rawa ta fara, ana jin muryar Abwoi mai ƙarfi daga rufin da aka ɓoye na wurin ibadar, wanda aka ɓoye ta amfani da babban gourd mai gefe biyu, wanda aka rufe da ƙwayar ƙwai ta gizo-gizo. <ref name="At" /> == Farawa == Ba a tabbatar da ainihin shekarun farawar ba amma matsakaicin shekarun shine kimanin shekaru 10. A tsakanin [[Kafancan|Fantswam]], ana kai yara maza wurin ibadar Abwoi tun suna ƙanana tsakanin shekaru huɗu zuwa takwas. <ref name="At" /> An tsare yaran yaran na tsawon kwanaki biyar kuma an yi musu gargaɗi da su yi biyayya ga iyayensu, su bi doka, kuma su ɓoye sirrin ƙungiyar asiri sannan su faɗi sakamakon fallasa waɗannan sirrin. Ba a kuma bar su su fita daga wurin ibadar ba; an samar da bandaki a wurin ibadar tare da abinci da ruwa. An kuma yi musu mummunan duka a cikin wannan lokacin, kuma an gaya musu idan wani ya tona asirin ƙungiyar asiri ga mata, za a kashe su sannan a ja gawar zuwa daji. Bayan haka, sai aka yi wani ɗan gajeren biki, aka kai su rafi ko kogi don yin baftisma, aka shafa kawunansu da {{Lang|kcg|a̠myia̠koo}} (man mahogany ). Daga baya aka miƙa su ga iyayensu mata a wurin ibadar, waɗanda suka yi musu maraba suka kuma tsaftace su, domin an yi iƙirarin cewa Abwoi ya cinye su ya kuma sake amai. Sai duk ƙauyen ya yi musu liyafa. <ref name="At" /> <ref name="Mask" /> === Muhimmancin Farawa === Farawa ta hanyar 'haɗiyewa da amai' yana nuna cewa yaran maza sun zama maza, yana shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar asiri, kuma yana tunatar da su sakamakon bayyana sirrin gama gari. A cikin kalamansa, Atuk ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|"It's clear that the rites symbolize a process of death and rebirth. The five days of silence (the period of their stay in the Abwoi shrine) is a portrayal of the early years of children who have not yet learned to speak."}} <ref name="At" /> === Sakamakon tona asirin Abwoi === Duk wani daga cikin yaran da aka fara kafawa wanda zai bayyana gaskiya game da ƙungiyar Abwoi za a mayar da shi wurin ibadar don a yi masa shari'a. Idan aka same shi da laifi, mahaifinsa zai shafa masa toka (alamar makoki). Tun daga yanzu, za a rataye wannan yaron a kan gungume mai kaifi (wani nau'in kisa da Abwoi ke amfani da shi) kuma duk wanda aka fara shi zai fara waƙa da rawa don ya nutsar da kururuwar wanda aka kashe. Saboda haka za a gaya wa matan cewa Abwoi ya 'haɗiye' yaron. <ref name="At" /> == Sirrin Abwoi == Sirrin da Abwoi ya yi wa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Nenzit (Atyap, Bajju, Agworok) shi ne ɓoye muryar Abwoi ta hanyar amfani da wata dabara da ke sa ta yi kama da muryar ruhin kakanni da ya mutu. An ƙera na'urar da gourd na itacen snuff-box ( ''oncoba spinosa'' ; [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] ''Kukan ciki'' ) ta hanyar cire tsaba daga ciki da ramuka biyu da aka ɗauka a ɓangarorin biyu. Daga nan sai aka haɗa gefe ɗaya da sandar bamboo, ɗayan gefen kuma aka yi masa ƙulli da saƙar gizo-gizo don ba da tasirin sauti na musamman. Muryoyin da aka ɓoye sun fito ne daga babban mai magana da Abwoi da kuma wasu a wurin ibada. == Nau'o'i da ofisoshin Abwoi == === Nau'o'i === Akwai nau'ikan Abwoi da dama, kowannensu yana da nasa ayyukan na musamman. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: # '''Li̠m''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Zabyya̠''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Zabieh'' ): Mafi tsoro da ban tsoro daga cikin dukkan Abwoi. Ita ce ke da alhakin 'haɗiye' da kuma 'amai' yara a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da yara da kuma bayan bikin. Kukan da take yi ya sa kewayen ya yi rawar jiki 'kamar girgizar ƙasa'. Yana da babban kamanni. # '''A̠bansop''' ko '''Bansop''' ; nau'in haruffan da aka rubuta: ''Bansip'' (Jju: '''Aninyet''' ; sunan da aka fassara: ''Daniet'' ): Wannan kuma yana da kamannin ɡigantic kuma yayi kama da daji saboda reɡalia ɗinsa cikakke ne ganyaye daga kai har zuwa ƙafafuwa. Yawanci ana killace shi ne a cikin dazuzzuka. An yi shi da firam ɗin bamboo da aka lulluɓe da ganye kuma yana yawo da daddare. # '''Mapyia̠''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mapio, Mapie, Mupie'' ): Wannan wani lokacin ana sake kiransa da A̠yang A̠bwoi (uwa A̠bwoi). Ya bayyana kuma ya yi kuka a cikin niɡht don friɡhten da tsoratar da mutane masu kuskure musamman, ɓarayi. An samo shi galibi a kusa da rafuka. Ana tsammanin Abwoi na namiji ne wanda ke fitar da sautin mace ta hanyar amfani da ululation . # '''A̠bwoi A̠gwot:''' An ce an shigo da wannan daga [[Kagoro|Gworok]] (H. Kagoro). Aikinta shine ta sa ido kan duk wani yanayi na sata a gonakin masara. Mata ba su shiga cikin wannan al'adar Abwoi ba, sai dai mazan da suka fara shiga al'adar. # '''Dankwari''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Dankpari''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Dangpari'' ): Ana yin wannan Abwoi galibi da daddare kuma ya ƙunshi mutane biyu ko fiye, a warwatse. Idan ɗaya (macen) ta fitar da sauti da wayo akai-akai, ɗayan (namiji) zai amsa da muryar ƙara mai ƙarfi, tana motsawa a lokaci guda. Yawanci ana jin sa ne bayan girbi. <ref name="Isichei p. 47" /> # '''A̠kursak''' (Jju: '''A̠kusak''' ): Kursak manzon Abwoi ne. A da an yi masa ado da ciyawa, sannan an yi masa ganye, kuma kwanan nan an yi masa ado mai launuka iri-iri [[Dabinon Raffia|na raffia]] . Rigar Kursak ta Atyap ta fi kyau fiye da rigar Kusak ta Bajju, amma sauran siffofi iri ɗaya ne. # '''Alewa''' : Wannan sigar Kursak ce da ake samu a tsakanin Agworok, wadda ke magana ba kamar sauran Kursak ba wanda ba shi da magana. Yawanci yana bayyana a bukukuwa, a mutuwar tsofaffi da kuma a lokacin annoba. <ref name="Isichei p. 49" /> # '''Mbwoi''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mboi, Mbue'' ): Wannan wani ruhi ne da aka ɓoye a ɓoye wanda aka gabatar a Gworok (Kagoro) a cikin 1930 ta Ankwai don mayar da martani ga muguntar babban mai mulki a wancan lokacin, Mugunta Atin. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta haramta shi a shekarar 1933 saboda yanayin tashin hankali da yake ciki. === Ofisoshi === A saman akwai ofishin babban firist na ƙungiyar A̠bwoi, wanda aka fi sani da {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|ha|Magajin Dodo}} ) kuma akwai {{Lang|kcg|A̠byii̠k A̠bwoi}} (matar Abwoi) wanda shine {{Lang|kcg|Byia̱k A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Madaucin Dodo}} ) wanda aikinsa shine fassarar saƙonnin A̠bwoi. Akwai kuma {{Lang|kcg|Mman Tutu A̠bwoi}} (ya'yan wurin ibadar A̠bwoi) waɗanda suka kai tsakanin 10 zuwa 25, waɗanda babban aikinsu shine amsa ɗan A̠bwoi. Akwai ofishin {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠nyiuk A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Magajiyan Matan Dodo}} ; E. Abwoi Shugabar Mata). Haka kuma, akwai {{Lang|kcg|Tswá Ywan}}, masu shirya bukukuwan A̠bwoi daban-daban waɗanda suka kula da giyar da aka tilasta wa {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} (giya/giya) ta mata. == Akursak (Ƙaramin Abwoi) == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Zuwan ƙaramin Abwoi mai suna {{Lang|kcg|A̠kursak, Kursak}} a [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ko {{Lang|kaj|A̠kusak, Kusak}} a [[Yaren Jju|Jju]], wani irin 'albishir' ne ga matan da aka ba su izinin shiga wurin ibada tare da maza a karon farko. An ce mutanen [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]] (Koro) ne suka gabatar da Kursak a Atyapland. Yawanci mutum ne mai rufe fuska ( [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|mai yin ado]] ) wanda ke rawa don faranta wa masu kallo rai, sanye da kayansa da aka zaɓa da kyau kuma aka saka su ta yadda babu sararin iska amma ba a iya ganin fata daga waje. Da zuwan Kursak da kuma buƙatunsa, mata suka fara tsara waƙoƙi don su dace da matakan rawa. Kursak ba ya rawa shi kaɗai ba, musamman tare da yarinya (ba mace ba). Kullum yana tare da shi "mai hidimarsa" wanda ke fesa masa barasa, wanda aka ce ya sabunta shi, kasancewar tufafinsa ba su da isasshen sararin samaniya wanda zai ba da damar samun sauƙin numfashi, a cewar Atyoli Nanam Kuje, wani mai hira da Atuk. <ref name="At" /> === Dokoki === An umurci masu ibada (musamman maza) da su nisanta kansu daga mata a lokutan bukukuwa. Wannan doka ta zama dole musamman ga wanda za a yi wa Kursak. An yi imanin cewa idan mutumin bai da tsabta, idan yana sanye da kayan Kursak, tufafin zai ci gaba da shiga jikinsa. Saboda haka, an shawarci masu ibada su yi kama da masu tsabta a jiki da kuma a ruhi. Akwai haramun da yawa a wurin ibadar Abwoi, waɗanda ake sa ran masu ibada su kiyaye tsarkinsu ba tare da keta doka ba . Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan shine: Yayin da yake cikin wurin ibada, ba a yarda wani mai ibada ya ci abinci ko ya sha ruwan inabi ba tare da izinin {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}} ba (Babban firist na Abwoi). Firist ɗin da kansa a zahiri shi ne mai shirya irin waɗannan abubuwa. Duk wani mai ibada da ya yi abin da ya saba wa waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi, za a kore shi, domin za a ɗauke shi a matsayin "mai zunubi". Abwoi sun yi aiki kuma sun sanya [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] ga membobinsu da suka yi kuskure. Hukuncin kisa yawanci yana kan duk wani memba da ya bayyana wa matarsa abin da Abwoi yake da kuma yadda yake. Abin sha'awa ne a lura cewa sadarwa da ta gudana tsakanin miji da matarsa an san ta a wurin ibadar Abwoi. Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan ba siffa ce ta ko'ina ba wadda za a iya dangantawa da Abwoi, amma Abwoi yana da wata hanyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa ta 'yan leƙen asiri da masu ba da labari har ma a tsakanin mata. Sun san mata suna da yawan magana, shi ya sa ba za su iya ɓoye sirri ba, kuma dole ne a ji su. Da zarar wani memba da aka fara aiki ya karya doka, hukuncin kisa ne. <ref name="At" /> == Ayyukan zamantakewa da zamantakewa na Abwoi == A wata hira ta baki da Atuk ya yi da Atyoli K. Nka, an kuma ce mutanen Abwoi suna bauta musu a matsayin alloli saboda kusancinsu da su fiye da ainihin Uban Sama, Agwaza (Jju: Ka̠za ; Hyam: Nom ). An ce Abwoi sun ba wa mutanen abinci kuma suna iya kiran su a lokutan da ba su dace ba, musamman a lokutan rikici, don yi musu gargaɗi game da wasu abubuwa; kuma suna amfani da ikon allahntaka da ake amfani da shi don warkar da marasa lafiya, musamman yara da ake kai musu da kuma sa mata bakarare su yi ciki, don haka, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin " mai iko duka ". Abwoi sun kafa dokoki ta hanyar kafa dokoki da umarni masu ƙarfi, da kuma sa ido kan al'umma don aiwatar da su sosai. <ref name="At">{{Cite magazine|url-status=30–33}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da bikin sabuwar shekarar noma ta A̠bwoi (T. Sonɡ A̠bwoi ; J. Song A̠bvwoi ) a farkon kowace lokacin damina a ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Lokaci ne da aka raka dukkan A̠bwoi zuwa wuraren da ba a sani ba, ayyukan noma suka fara nan take. Bayan fitarsu ta ɗan lokaci, ba a ji ƙarar kukan A̠bwoi ba. Duk da haka, abin mamaki ne lokacin da aka ji kukan A̠bwoi a wannan lokacin kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin kukan mummunan yanayi kamar yawaitar sihiri ko sihiri, barkewar cutar ƙanjamau da sauran annoba, bala'o'i na halitta kamar fari, ambaliya, mamayewar fara, da sauransu. Da aka ji irin wannan kukan A̠bwoi mai ban mamaki, A̠gwam A̠bwoi (H. Maɡajin Dodo) ya jagoranci sauran dattawa zuwa wurin ibada na A̠bwoi inda aka kira A̠bwoi don su gaya wa mutane dalilin kukansu. Bayan haka aka yi wa mutane gargaɗi da su guji munanan halayensu idan hakan ne sanadin hakan. [1] == Duba kuma == * Ekpe * [[Juju]] * Ogboni == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cdbuwd73z4wy8673f0xzglo837csoeq 962288 962284 2026-10-03T10:46:40Z Nura Bello 24854 962288 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>  '''Abwoi''' ( [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ("proper", "Mabatado"): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bwoi, A̠boi}} . Bambance-bambancen haruffan rubutu: ''Obwoi'' ; (Gworok): {{Lang|kcg|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|A̠bvwoi, A̠bvoi}} ; [[Harshen Hyam|Hyam:]] {{Lang|jab|Ku, Buboi, Bomboin}} ; [[Yaren Kyoli|Kyoli]] : {{Lang|cry|Amboyinye}} ; [[Yaren Kamatan|Nghan:]] {{Lang|kci|Nezhen}} ; [[Piti|Ibishi:]] {{Lang|pcn|Ugurza}}, [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] {{Lang|ha|Dodo}}, [[Yarbanci|Yoruba:]] {{Lang|yo|Juju}} ) wata cibiyar [[Addinai ce ta gargajiya na Afirka|addinin gargajiya ce ta Afirka]] wadda ta fi aiki a matsayin ƙungiyar ruhohin kakannin maza da ake kallo a matsayin fatalwowi ko sake haifuwar matattu, waɗanda siffofinsu na zahiri ba a iya gani amma ana iya jin muryoyinsu, waɗanda suka samo asali daga [[Harsunan Filato|yankin tsakiyar Najeriya]] ko mutanen Nenzit kamar [[Adarawa|Adara]], [[Katafawa|Atyap]], [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]], [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]], [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]], [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]], [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] da sauransu. <ref name="Mask">{{Cite journal |last=Isichei |first=Elizabeth |date=February 1988 |title=On Masks and Audible Ghosts: Some Secret Male Cults in Central Nigeria |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/1580836 |journal=Journal of Religion in Africa |publisher=Brill |volume=18 |issue=1 |pages=42–70 |doi=10.2307/1580836 |jstor=1580836 |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 26, 2020}}</ref> An bukaci masu bin addini su shiga cikin al'adu akai-akai a cikin shekara da kuma yin ibada ta gama gari sau ɗaya a shekara, inda malaman addini ke magana kan batutuwa masu mahimmanci game da al'umma. == Asalin == [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_031_The_Jos_Ceremony._Three_impatient_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_wait_until_they_can_perform,_a_drummer_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza uku sanye da kayan Abwoi (dodo) a farkon wani biki, tare da mai buga ganga yayin da suke jiran lokacinsu. Jos, 1970–1973.]] [[File:ASC_Leiden_-_Rietveld_Collection_-_Nigeria_1970_-_1973_-_01_-_034_The_Jos_Ceremony._Four_dodos_-_men_dressed_as_evil_spirits_-_and_three_musicians_-_Jos.jpg|thumb| Maza huɗu na Abwoi (dodo) masu ƙafafu masu ƙyalli da mawaƙa uku masu baka da ƙarar calabash, kewaye da tarin ƙara. Jos, 1970–1973.]] Da alama babu wata al'adar asali da ta haɗa kan wannan addinin. A wata ma'anar, wannan yana nuna cewa ƙungiyar Abwoi addini ne na da. <ref name="Mask" /> === Nenzit === ==== Atyap ==== Wata al'ada a tsakanin [[Katafawa|Atyap ("Mabatado")]] ta nuna cewa an yi wa dangin Aku kallon mazaunan farko a ƙasar da suka fito daga ƙasa a lokacin da mafarauta Atyap suka iso su ne suka fara zama Abwoi a cikin wannan ƙaramin rukuni na Atyap (Nenzit), tare da wasu daga cikin nau'ikan Abwoi na ƙarshe waɗanda suka fito daga asalin Atsam da [[Kagoro|Agworok]] . <ref name="Mask" /> Atuk (Maris 2008: 30–33) ya lura cewa [[Mutanen Kamantan|Anghan]] ne ya gabatar da ra'ayin addinin Atyap (ƙungiyar Abwoi), bisa ga tarihin baki da wani mai ba da labari, Atyoli Abwui Kato, ya bayar, wanda ya ba da labarin cewa: {{Blockquote|The Anghan people came to Kanai or Sanai or [[Bafoi|Bafoi Kanai]] to mourn the death of their indigene - Kura Yanga, a woman in Atyap land. As is the custom of the Anghan, such burial ceremonies are often accompanied with an Abwoi ceremony. The indigenes of Bafoi asked the Anghan to leave behind the Abwoi with them, which they came with. After they agreed, a small ritual of two goats and some ingredients and wine were performed.}} A cewar Atuk, wannan bayanin yayi daidai yayin da aka gano asalin matar da ake magana a kai, wanda hakan ya kara tabbatar da cewa Tokan Bukhwu shine firist na farko ko {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}}, sai Baghai Tokan. <ref name="At" /> ==== Bajju ==== Ɗaya daga cikin labaran gargajiya a yankin [[Jama'a Jju|Bajju]] shine cewa ƙungiyar asiri ta fito ne daga ƙauyen Tsoriyang na dangin Bayinhwan mil takwas daga [[Zonkwa]] . Wani kuma ya yi ikirarin cewa wani mutum ne mai suna Tawai ya kawo shi daga ƙasar [[Mutanen Irigwe|Irigwe]] . Na uku ya yi iƙirarin cewa asalin [[Mutanen Ham|Ham]] ne. ==== Gwang ==== A tsakanin [[Gwong people|Gwong]], wata al'ada ta yi iƙirarin cewa ƙungiyar ta fara ne a wani ƙauye mai suna Agabi kuma ta fara ne kawai kwanan nan, wataƙila a ƙarni na 19. === Wani === Gunn (1956:79) ya ba da shawarar asalin [[Gbagyi]] don wanzuwar ƙungiyar asiri a yankin Kudancin Kaduna, bisa ga "shaidar harshe" da ya bayar inda ya gabatar da cewa kalmar Gbagyi ta 'calabash' ko 'gourd' ita ce 'obwe'/'obvwe'. Duk da haka, Isichei (1988:46) ya bambanta a ra'ayinsa, yana mai cewa babu wani ambaton wata ƙungiyar asiri da ake kira 'Abvwoi' (ko 'Abwoi') daga duk wani bayani na baki game da Gbagyi. A madadin haka, Gunn ya ba da shawarar cewa an 'aro' ƙungiyar asiri daga [[Adarawa|Adara]] ta hanyar [[Mutanen Bakulu|Bakulu]] . == Ayyuka == [[File:A_Ham_long_drum_in_the_stadium_at_SK_Fest_2024_01.jpg|thumb| Dogon ganguna ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] {{Lang|kaj|a̠gatak}}, [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap:]] {{Lang|kcg|a̱di̱ri̱m}} ) a addinin Abwoi]] A zamanin da, ana hana mata shiga wurin ibada ko rawa a lokacin bukukuwan da Abwoi ya shirya. Al'amari ne na maza da mata, wato, maza ne kawai aka yarda da su, kuma duk mazan da suka manyanta a kowace ƙauye suna cikin masaukin Abwoi na yankin bayan an fara gina su. <ref name="At" /> A yankin Atyap ("Mabatado"), Abwoi ta yi bukukuwa da dama, amma [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap|bikin Ayet]] ko bikin sabuwar shekara na gargajiya na Atyap shine mafi girma. A lokacin Ayet, ba a tsammanin wani namiji ko mace ya bugi yaro ba. Duk wanda ya aikata laifi ana sa shi ya biya tarar awaki biyu. Mutuwa, aure, da bugun da daddare suma an ɗauke su a matsayin mummunan al'amari a wannan lokacin, kuma an zargi matan da ke bugun da daddare da laifin dukan 'ya'yansu daga Abwoi kuma an ci su tara. A lokacin taron shekara-shekara na al'umma, wanda yawanci yakan ɗauki tsawon mako guda, al'umma gaba ɗaya tana kawo sadakoki na {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} a cikin Jju (beer), cwan (beniseed), zon ko bvon a cikin Jju (awaki), nywán (fowls), da {{Lang|kcg|a̠ka̠ti}} (abincin da aka yi da ƙwayar masara ko koma da aka niƙa da kayan lambu) ga {{Lang|kcg|Tutu A̠bwoi}} (Gworok: {{Lang|kcg|Tu A̠bvwoi}} ; Jju: {{Lang|kaj|A̠buje A̠bvwoi}} ; Turanci: Abwoi shrine). Wurin ibadar ya yi girma sosai wanda zai iya ɗaukar mutane 40 a lokaci guda. A al'adance ana yin sa da'ira sabanin gidajen da aka saba, waɗanda suke da siffar oval. Wurin ibadar ya ƙunshi kayan Abwoi. Daga baya Agwam Abwoi (babban firist) ya sha ɗan giyar da aka samo daga {{Lang|kcg|a̠sum}} (ƙaramin tukunya) kuma yana neman kyakkyawan shekarar noma ko kakar noma daga kakanninsa. Mazan da suka fara shiga wurin ibada galibi suna shiga wurin ibada, yayin da ƙananan yara maza da mata ke zama a ƙarƙashin inuwar kamar babban itace, yayin da bikin ke farawa. Kamar lokacin da rawa ta fara, ana jin muryar Abwoi mai ƙarfi daga rufin da aka ɓoye na wurin ibadar, wanda aka ɓoye ta amfani da babban gourd mai gefe biyu, wanda aka rufe da ƙwayar ƙwai ta gizo-gizo. <ref name="At" /> == Farawa == Ba a tabbatar da ainihin shekarun farawar ba amma matsakaicin shekarun shine kimanin shekaru 10. A tsakanin [[Kafancan|Fantswam]], ana kai yara maza wurin ibadar Abwoi tun suna ƙanana tsakanin shekaru huɗu zuwa takwas. <ref name="At" /> An tsare yaran yaran na tsawon kwanaki biyar kuma an yi musu gargaɗi da su yi biyayya ga iyayensu, su bi doka, kuma su ɓoye sirrin ƙungiyar asiri sannan su faɗi sakamakon fallasa waɗannan sirrin. Ba a kuma bar su su fita daga wurin ibadar ba; an samar da bandaki a wurin ibadar tare da abinci da ruwa. An kuma yi musu mummunan duka a cikin wannan lokacin, kuma an gaya musu idan wani ya tona asirin ƙungiyar asiri ga mata, za a kashe su sannan a ja gawar zuwa daji. Bayan haka, sai aka yi wani ɗan gajeren biki, aka kai su rafi ko kogi don yin baftisma, aka shafa kawunansu da {{Lang|kcg|a̠myia̠koo}} (man mahogany ). Daga baya aka miƙa su ga iyayensu mata a wurin ibadar, waɗanda suka yi musu maraba suka kuma tsaftace su, domin an yi iƙirarin cewa Abwoi ya cinye su ya kuma sake amai. Sai duk ƙauyen ya yi musu liyafa. <ref name="At" /> <ref name="Mask" /> === Muhimmancin Farawa === Farawa ta hanyar 'haɗiyewa da amai' yana nuna cewa yaran maza sun zama maza, yana shigar da su cikin ƙungiyar asiri, kuma yana tunatar da su sakamakon bayyana sirrin gama gari. A cikin kalamansa, Atuk ya rubuta: {{Blockquote|"It's clear that the rites symbolize a process of death and rebirth. The five days of silence (the period of their stay in the Abwoi shrine) is a portrayal of the early years of children who have not yet learned to speak."}} <ref name="At" /> === Sakamakon tona asirin Abwoi === Duk wani daga cikin yaran da aka fara kafawa wanda zai bayyana gaskiya game da ƙungiyar Abwoi za a mayar da shi wurin ibadar don a yi masa shari'a. Idan aka same shi da laifi, mahaifinsa zai shafa masa toka (alamar makoki). Tun daga yanzu, za a rataye wannan yaron a kan gungume mai kaifi (wani nau'in kisa da Abwoi ke amfani da shi) kuma duk wanda aka fara shi zai fara waƙa da rawa don ya nutsar da kururuwar wanda aka kashe. Saboda haka za a gaya wa matan cewa Abwoi ya 'haɗiye' yaron. <ref name="At" /> == Sirrin Abwoi == Sirrin da Abwoi ya yi wa ƙananan ƙungiyoyin Nenzit (Atyap, Bajju, Agworok) shi ne ɓoye muryar Abwoi ta hanyar amfani da wata dabara da ke sa ta yi kama da muryar ruhin kakanni da ya mutu. An ƙera na'urar da gourd na itacen snuff-box ( ''oncoba spinosa'' ; [[Harshen Hausa|Hausa:]] ''Kukan ciki'' ) ta hanyar cire tsaba daga ciki da ramuka biyu da aka ɗauka a ɓangarorin biyu. Daga nan sai aka haɗa gefe ɗaya da sandar bamboo, ɗayan gefen kuma aka yi masa ƙulli da saƙar gizo-gizo don ba da tasirin sauti na musamman. Muryoyin da aka ɓoye sun fito ne daga babban mai magana da Abwoi da kuma wasu a wurin ibada. == Nau'o'i da ofisoshin Abwoi == === Nau'o'i === Akwai nau'ikan Abwoi da dama, kowannensu yana da nasa ayyukan na musamman. Waɗannan sun haɗa da: # '''Li̠m''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Zabyya̠''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Zabieh'' ): Mafi tsoro da ban tsoro daga cikin dukkan Abwoi. Ita ce ke da alhakin 'haɗiye' da kuma 'amai' yara a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da yara da kuma bayan bikin. Kukan da take yi ya sa kewayen ya yi rawar jiki 'kamar girgizar ƙasa'. Yana da babban kamanni. # '''A̠bansop''' ko '''Bansop''' ; nau'in haruffan da aka rubuta: ''Bansip'' (Jju: '''Aninyet''' ; sunan da aka fassara: ''Daniet'' ): Wannan kuma yana da kamannin ɡigantic kuma yayi kama da daji saboda reɡalia ɗinsa cikakke ne ganyaye daga kai har zuwa ƙafafuwa. Yawanci ana killace shi ne a cikin dazuzzuka. An yi shi da firam ɗin bamboo da aka lulluɓe da ganye kuma yana yawo da daddare. # '''Mapyia̠''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mapio, Mapie, Mupie'' ): Wannan wani lokacin ana sake kiransa da A̠yang A̠bwoi (uwa A̠bwoi). Ya bayyana kuma ya yi kuka a cikin niɡht don friɡhten da tsoratar da mutane masu kuskure musamman, ɓarayi. An samo shi galibi a kusa da rafuka. Ana tsammanin Abwoi na namiji ne wanda ke fitar da sautin mace ta hanyar amfani da ululation . # '''A̠bwoi A̠gwot:''' An ce an shigo da wannan daga [[Kagoro|Gworok]] (H. Kagoro). Aikinta shine ta sa ido kan duk wani yanayi na sata a gonakin masara. Mata ba su shiga cikin wannan al'adar Abwoi ba, sai dai mazan da suka fara shiga al'adar. # '''Dankwari''' ( [[Yaren Jju|Jju:]] '''Dankpari''' ; bambancin haruffan: ''Dangpari'' ): Ana yin wannan Abwoi galibi da daddare kuma ya ƙunshi mutane biyu ko fiye, a warwatse. Idan ɗaya (macen) ta fitar da sauti da wayo akai-akai, ɗayan (namiji) zai amsa da muryar ƙara mai ƙarfi, tana motsawa a lokaci guda. Yawanci ana jin sa ne bayan girbi. <ref name="Isichei p. 47" /> # '''A̠kursak''' (Jju: '''A̠kusak''' ): Kursak manzon Abwoi ne. A da an yi masa ado da ciyawa, sannan an yi masa ganye, kuma kwanan nan an yi masa ado mai launuka iri-iri [[Dabinon Raffia|na raffia]] . Rigar Kursak ta Atyap ta fi kyau fiye da rigar Kusak ta Bajju, amma sauran siffofi iri ɗaya ne. # '''Alewa''' : Wannan sigar Kursak ce da ake samu a tsakanin Agworok, wadda ke magana ba kamar sauran Kursak ba wanda ba shi da magana. Yawanci yana bayyana a bukukuwa, a mutuwar tsofaffi da kuma a lokacin annoba. <ref name="Isichei p. 49" /> # '''Mbwoi''' (bambancin haruffa: ''Mboi, Mbue'' ): Wannan wani ruhi ne da aka ɓoye a ɓoye wanda aka gabatar a Gworok (Kagoro) a cikin 1930 ta Ankwai don mayar da martani ga muguntar babban mai mulki a wancan lokacin, Mugunta Atin. Gwamnatin mulkin mallaka ta Birtaniya ta haramta shi a shekarar 1933 saboda yanayin tashin hankali da yake ciki. === Ofisoshi === A saman akwai ofishin babban firist na ƙungiyar A̠bwoi, wanda aka fi sani da {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|ha|Magajin Dodo}} ) kuma akwai {{Lang|kcg|A̠byii̠k A̠bwoi}} (matar Abwoi) wanda shine {{Lang|kcg|Byia̱k A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Madaucin Dodo}} ) wanda aikinsa shine fassarar saƙonnin A̠bwoi. Akwai kuma {{Lang|kcg|Mman Tutu A̠bwoi}} (ya'yan wurin ibadar A̠bwoi) waɗanda suka kai tsakanin 10 zuwa 25, waɗanda babban aikinsu shine amsa ɗan A̠bwoi. Akwai ofishin {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠nyiuk A̠bwoi}} (H. {{Lang|kcg|Magajiyan Matan Dodo}} ; E. Abwoi Shugabar Mata). Haka kuma, akwai {{Lang|kcg|Tswá Ywan}}, masu shirya bukukuwan A̠bwoi daban-daban waɗanda suka kula da giyar da aka tilasta wa {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ko dai {{Lang|kaj|dikan}} (giya/giya) ta mata. == Akursak (Ƙaramin Abwoi) == <templatestyles src="Multiple image/styles.css" wrapper=".tmulti"></templatestyles>  Zuwan ƙaramin Abwoi mai suna {{Lang|kcg|A̠kursak, Kursak}} a [[Yaren Tyap|Tyap]] ko {{Lang|kaj|A̠kusak, Kusak}} a [[Yaren Jju|Jju]], wani irin 'albishir' ne ga matan da aka ba su izinin shiga wurin ibada tare da maza a karon farko. An ce mutanen [[Harshen Koro Wachi|Batinor]] (Koro) ne suka gabatar da Kursak a Atyapland. Yawanci mutum ne mai rufe fuska ( [[Abun Rufe Fuska Na Gargajiya|mai yin ado]] ) wanda ke rawa don faranta wa masu kallo rai, sanye da kayansa da aka zaɓa da kyau kuma aka saka su ta yadda babu sararin iska amma ba a iya ganin fata daga waje. Da zuwan Kursak da kuma buƙatunsa, mata suka fara tsara waƙoƙi don su dace da matakan rawa. Kursak ba ya rawa shi kaɗai ba, musamman tare da yarinya (ba mace ba). Kullum yana tare da shi "mai hidimarsa" wanda ke fesa masa barasa, wanda aka ce ya sabunta shi, kasancewar tufafinsa ba su da isasshen sararin samaniya wanda zai ba da damar samun sauƙin numfashi, a cewar Atyoli Nanam Kuje, wani mai hira da Atuk. <ref name="At" /> === Dokoki === An umurci masu ibada (musamman maza) da su nisanta kansu daga mata a lokutan bukukuwa. Wannan doka ta zama dole musamman ga wanda za a yi wa Kursak. An yi imanin cewa idan mutumin bai da tsabta, idan yana sanye da kayan Kursak, tufafin zai ci gaba da shiga jikinsa. Saboda haka, an shawarci masu ibada su yi kama da masu tsabta a jiki da kuma a ruhi. Akwai haramun da yawa a wurin ibadar Abwoi, waɗanda ake sa ran masu ibada su kiyaye tsarkinsu ba tare da keta doka ba . Ɗaya daga cikin irin waɗannan shine: Yayin da yake cikin wurin ibada, ba a yarda wani mai ibada ya ci abinci ko ya sha ruwan inabi ba tare da izinin {{Lang|kcg|a̠gwam a̠bwoi}} ba (Babban firist na Abwoi). Firist ɗin da kansa a zahiri shi ne mai shirya irin waɗannan abubuwa. Duk wani mai ibada da ya yi abin da ya saba wa waɗannan ƙa'idodi masu sauƙi, za a kore shi, domin za a ɗauke shi a matsayin "mai zunubi". Abwoi sun yi aiki kuma sun sanya [[Hukuncin Kisa|hukuncin kisa]] ga membobinsu da suka yi kuskure. Hukuncin kisa yawanci yana kan duk wani memba da ya bayyana wa matarsa abin da Abwoi yake da kuma yadda yake. Abin sha'awa ne a lura cewa sadarwa da ta gudana tsakanin miji da matarsa an san ta a wurin ibadar Abwoi. Bincike ya nuna cewa wannan ba siffa ce ta ko'ina ba wadda za a iya dangantawa da Abwoi, amma Abwoi yana da wata hanyar sadarwa mai rikitarwa ta 'yan leƙen asiri da masu ba da labari har ma a tsakanin mata. Sun san mata suna da yawan magana, shi ya sa ba za su iya ɓoye sirri ba, kuma dole ne a ji su. Da zarar wani memba da aka fara aiki ya karya doka, hukuncin kisa ne. <ref name="At" /> == Ayyukan zamantakewa da zamantakewa na Abwoi == A wata hira ta baki da Atuk ya yi da Atyoli K. Nka, an kuma ce mutanen Abwoi suna bauta musu a matsayin alloli saboda kusancinsu da su fiye da ainihin Uban Sama, Agwaza (Jju: Ka̠za ; Hyam: Nom ). An ce Abwoi sun ba wa mutanen abinci kuma suna iya kiran su a lokutan da ba su dace ba, musamman a lokutan rikici, don yi musu gargaɗi game da wasu abubuwa; kuma suna amfani da ikon allahntaka da ake amfani da shi don warkar da marasa lafiya, musamman yara da ake kai musu da kuma sa mata bakarare su yi ciki, don haka, ana ɗaukar su a matsayin " mai iko duka ". Abwoi sun kafa dokoki ta hanyar kafa dokoki da umarni masu ƙarfi, da kuma sa ido kan al'umma don aiwatar da su sosai. <ref name="At">{{Cite magazine|url-status=30–33}}</ref> Gabaɗaya, ana gudanar da bikin sabuwar shekarar noma ta A̠bwoi (T. Sonɡ A̠bwoi ; J. Song A̠bvwoi ) a farkon kowace lokacin damina a ƙarshen watan Afrilu. Lokaci ne da aka raka dukkan A̠bwoi zuwa wuraren da ba a sani ba, ayyukan noma suka fara nan take. Bayan fitarsu ta ɗan lokaci, ba a ji ƙarar kukan A̠bwoi ba. Duk da haka, abin mamaki ne lokacin da aka ji kukan A̠bwoi a wannan lokacin kuma ana iya ɗaukarsa a matsayin kukan mummunan yanayi kamar yawaitar sihiri ko sihiri, barkewar cutar ƙanjamau da sauran annoba, bala'o'i na halitta kamar fari, ambaliya, mamayewar fara, da sauransu. Da aka ji irin wannan kukan A̠bwoi mai ban mamaki, A̠gwam A̠bwoi (H. Maɡajin Dodo) ya jagoranci sauran dattawa zuwa wurin ibada na A̠bwoi inda aka kira A̠bwoi don su gaya wa mutane dalilin kukansu. Bayan haka aka yi wa mutane gargaɗi da su guji munanan halayensu idan hakan ne sanadin hakan. [1] == Duba kuma == * Ekpe * [[Juju]] * Ogboni == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Commonscat}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mtakbwmra9gyp9rsqvgxaz2o1mhxu59 Hoto na muhalli 0 35883 961984 515035 2026-10-02T18:35:38Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Cikakkun bayanai a cikin kewaye */ 961984 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Covid-19_San_Salvatore_09.jpg|thumb| Hoton muhalli na ma'aikacin kiwon lafiya yayin bala'in COVID-19 a wani asibiti a Italiya]] [[Fayil:Image of the beautiful environment.jpg|thumb|hoton muhali mai kyau]] [[Fayil:Pollution in the Himalayas.jpg|thumb|gurbatar muhali a himalayas]] '''Hoton''' '''muhalli hoto''' ne da aka aiwatar a cikin yanayin da aka saba yi, kamar a gidansu ko wurin aiki, kuma galibi yana haskaka rayuwar abin da kewaye. An fi yawan amfani da kalmar ta nau'in daukar hoto<ref>Jonathan Hilton (July 1999). ''Special Occasions Photography''. RotoVision. ISBN 978-2-88046-374-8</ref> Ta hanyar daukar hoton mutum a muhallinsa, ana tunanin za ku iya haskaka halayenku navainihi da kyau, don haka ku nuna ainihin halayensu, maimakon kawai kamannin siffofinsu na zahiri. Har ila yau kuma, ana tunanin cewa ta hanyar daukar hoto a cikin yanayi, batun zai kasance mafi sauƙi, don haka ya zama mafi dacewa don bayyana ra'ayoyin, sabanin a cikin ɗakin studio, wanda kuma zai iya zama abin ban tsoro da kwarewa.<ref>https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-240-80415-6</ref> == Bayabaya Nan a cikin hotunan muhalli == Kewaye ko bangon muhimmin abu ne a hoton muhalli, sannan kuma ana amfani dashi don isar da ƙarin bayani game da mutumin da ake ɗaukar hoto.<ref>"Environmental Portraits". ''Digital Photography School''.</ref> Inda ya zama ruwan dare a cikin hotunan studio har ma a wurin daukar hoto na gaskiya don yin harbi ta amfani da zurfin filin, don haka kuma jefa bangon baya da hankali, bangon hoton muhalli wani bangare ne na hoton. Lallai, ƙananan buɗe ido da zurfin fili ana amfani da su a cikin irin wannan nau'in daukar hoto. === Cikakkun bayanai a cikin kewaye === Duk da yake sau da yawa gaskiya ne cewa bayanan baya na iya mamaye batun, wannan ba lallai ba ne ya kasance haka. A haƙiƙa, cikakkun bayanai da ke isar da saƙon da ke kewaye na iya zama ƙanƙanta kuma har yanzu suna da mahimmanci. Makullin alama yana cikin alamar da aka bayyana ta abubuwa daban-daban a bango; alal misali, hular ƙwallon kir da ba za'a ɗauka a baya ba na iya ba ku ƙarin bayani game da ko wanene shi da abin da yake yi.<ref>"Examples:". ''Pet Photography UK''. Archived from the original on 2009-09-08</ref> === Hotunan muhalli na dabbobi === Hoton muhalli kuma yanzu ya zama sanannen salo wanda masu aiki a fagen daukar hoto na dabbobi suka ɗauka. Wannan saboda hotunan dabbobi kuma suna amfana daga batun da ake gani a cikin mahallin ko a cikin annashuwa a gida. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} oh2rhttz7yfsvwcyaifqppt3xqzckoa Hukumar Kula da Mata ta Kasa 0 38041 962129 429169 2026-10-03T04:30:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962129 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Krishna Tirath and the Chairperson, National Commission for Women, Dr. (Miss) Girija Vyas at a National Consultation with State Women Commissions, in New Delhi on July 05, 2010.jpg|thumb|Hoton taron hukumar mata ta kasa]] '''Hukumar kula da mata ta kasa''' ko (National Commission for Women '''NCW''') a turance. Ita ce hukuma ta gwamnatin Indiya, gaba ɗaya ta shafi ba da shawara ga gwamnati kan duk wasu al'amurran da suka shafi manufofin mata. An kafa ta a ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekarar 1992 a ƙarƙashin tanade-tanaden Kundin Tsarin Mulki na kasar Indiya, kamar yadda aka ayyana a cikin Dokar Hukumar Mata ta kasa ta 1990.<ref>Act No. 20 of 1990 of Govt. of India</ref> Shugaban hukumar na farko shine [[Jayanti Patnaik]]. Tun daga 30 ga watan Nuwambar shekarar 2018, [[Rekha Sharma]] ita ce shugabar.<ref name="rsharma">{{Cite web |url=http://ncw.nic.in/frmcurrentcommission.aspx |title=NCW::Current Commission |access-date=4 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115165615/http://ncw.nic.in/frmcurrentcommission.aspx |archive-date=15 January 2018 |url-status=dead }}</ref> ==Ayyuka== Manufar NCW ita ce wakiltar 'yancin mata a Indiya da kuma ba da murya ga al'amuransu da damuwarsu. Batutuwan yakin neman zaɓensu sun haɗa da sadaki, siyasa, addini, daidaiton wakilci ga mata a ayyukan yi, da kuma cin zarafin mata don neman aiki. Sun kuma tattauna yadda ‘yan sanda ke cin zarafin mata.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiatogether.org/2006/may/wom-ncw.htm|title = India Together: A gallery of failures - 19 May 2006|date = 19 May 2006}}</ref> Hukumar a kai a kai tana buga wasikar wata-wata, ''Rashtra Mahila'', a cikin harshen Hindi da Ingilishi.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ncw.nic.in/publications.htm |title=National Commission for Women :: Publications |access-date=5 February 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070118155748/http://ncw.nic.in/publications.htm |archive-date=18 January 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rigingimu == === Sashe na 497 na kundin hukunta manyan laifuka na Indiya === A cikin watan Disambar shekarar 2006 da Janairu 26019418562007, NCW ta sami kanta a tsakiyar karamin cece-kuce game da dagewarta cewa ba za a canza Sashe na 497<ref>{{cite news|title=NCW rejects proposal to punish women for adultery|url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ncw-rejects-proposal-to-punish-women-for-adultery/article3038719.ece|access-date=15 August 2015|work=The Hindu|date=26 December 2006|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160119002011/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/ncw-rejects-proposal-to-punish-women-for-adultery/article3038719.ece|archive-date=19 January 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> na Kundin Laifukan Indiya, ba don sanya mata mazinata su gurfanar da su daidai da mazajensu.<blockquote>Amma dalilan da Ms. Vyas ta bijirewa manufar yin wannan laifin laifi - musamman ga mata, kamar yadda aka saba ba da shawarar - ba su da kwarin gwiwa. Tana kin riki mace mazinaciya daidai da laifinta a matsayin mazinaci saboda mata, ta yarda, ba su taɓa yin laifi ba. A koda yaushe su ne wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref name="oneworld">{{Cite web |url=http://southasia.oneworld.net/article/view/144502/1/5339 |title=One World.net |access-date=7 January 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927011455/http://southasia.oneworld.net/article/view/144502/1/5339 |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref></blockquote>Hukumar NCW ta bukaci kada a hukunta mata saboda yin zina, domin mace ita ce “wanda aka yi wa fyade ba mai laifi ba” a irin wadannan lokuta. Sun kuma ba da shawarar a gyara sashe na 198 na CrPC don ba wa mata damar shigar da kara a kan mazajen da ba su yi amana ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kuliya bisa aikata lalata. Hakan dai ya kasance a matsayin mayar da martani ga “hankali” da ke cikin dokar hukunta masu laifi ta Indiya da ta bai wa maza damar shigar da kararrakin zina a kan wasu mazan da suka yi mu’amalar da ba ta dace ba amma ba su ba mata damar shigar da karar mazajensu ba. <ref>Prakash, Satya, "What constitutes adultery?" ''Hindustan Times'', 25 December 2006, [https://web.archive.org/web/20070930044555/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news/181_1880193,0008.htm]</ref> Hukumar ta kuma yi aiki don tabbatar da tsaro ga mata a cikin mu'amalar da ba ta dace ba.<ref name="oneworld"/> === Rigimar harin mashaya Mangalore === NCW ta fuskanci kakkausar suka game da martanin da suka bayar game da harin da wasu maza arba'in na bangaren dama na Hindu Sri Ram Sena suka kai wa mata takwas a wata mashaya a Mangalore a karshen watan Janairun 2009. Bidiyon harin ya nuna yadda aka yi wa matan naushi, ana jan su da gashin kansu, aka jefar da su daga gidan mashaya.<ref name="mangalorean">{{cite news|url=http://www.mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=110268|title=Mangalore: Attack on Pub now a National Concern!|access-date=6 February 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130065059/http://mangalorean.com/news.php?newstype=broadcast&broadcastid=110268|archive-date=30 January 2009}}</ref> An tura mamban kungiyar NCW Nirmala Venkatesh domin ta tantance halin da ake ciki, kuma a wata hira da ta yi da manema labarai ta ce gidan giyan ba shi da isasshen tsaro don haka ya kamata matan su kare kansu. Venkatesh ya ce, "Idan 'yan matan suna jin ba su yin wani abu ba daidai ba, me yasa suke tsoron fitowa su ba da sanarwa?"<ref name="rocheinterview">{{cite web|url=http://www.daijiworld.com/chan/exclusive_arch.asp?ex_id=1023|title=Mangalore Pub Attack - National Commission for Women Recommends Punishment Under Article 307|last=Roche|first=Florine|date=2009-01-30|access-date=2009-02-06}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, NCW ta ce sun yanke shawarar ba za su karɓi rahoton Venkatesh ba amma ba za su tura wata sabuwar ƙungiya zuwa Mangalore ba. A ranar 27 ga Fabrairu, ofishin Firayim Minista ya amince da cire Nirmala Venkatesh bisa dalilan ladabtarwa.<ref name="msnreject">{{cite news|url=http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1815488 |title=NCW rejects report, blames security lapse for pub attacks |date=2009-02-06 |access-date=2009-02-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207080031/http://news.in.msn.com/national/article.aspx?cp-documentid=1815488 |archive-date=7 February 2009 }}</ref> === Rigimar lalata ta Guwahati === Hukumar ta NCW ta sake fuskantar suka bayan cin zarafin wata yarinya ‘yar shekara 17 da wasu gungun maza suka yi a wajen gidan mashaya a Guwahati a ranar 9 ga watan Yulin 2012. An zargi mamban NCW Alka Lamba da fallasa sunan karamar yarinya ga manema labarai, kuma daga baya aka cire ta daga kwamitin binciken, duk da cewa ta kasance mamba a hukumar.<ref name="NDTV">{{cite web |title=Guwahati molestation case: Chief Minister's office accidentally names victim, then retracts |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/guwahati-molestation-case-alka-lamba-national-commission-for-women-member-who-named-victim-is-sacked-244007 |website=www.ndtv.com |access-date=28 September 2014 |archive-date=18 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120818211205/http://www.ndtv.com/article/cheat-sheet/guwahati-molestation-case-alka-lamba-national-commission-for-women-member-who-named-victim-is-sacked-244007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A mako mai zuwa, shugabar NCW Mamta Sharma ta yi tsokaci da ke nuna cewa mata "ku yi hankali da yadda kuke yin sutura", wanda ya gayyato sukar da aka yi mata cewa tana da laifi. Rigimar ta sa masu fafutuka suka yi kira da a sake fasalin hukumar.<ref name="indiatoday">{{cite news|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/guwahati-molestation-ncw-chief-mamta-sharma-advises-women-to-dress-carefully/1/208869.html|title=Guwahati molestation: NCW chief Mamta Sharma advises women to dress 'carefully'|date=18 June 2012|access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref><ref name="ibnlive">{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/guwahati-shame-activists-demand-ncw-rejig/271979-3-251.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120719084329/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/guwahati-shame-activists-demand-ncw-rejig/271979-3-251.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 July 2012|title=Guwahati molestation: Activists demand NCW restructure|access-date=18 June 2012}}</ref> === Rikicin fyade da kisan kai a Badaun === A cikin shekarar 2021, an sake sukar NCW saboda yin laifin aikata laifin fyade da kisan gilla da aka yi wa wata mata a Badaun, Uttar Pradesh. An aika da tawaga mai mutane biyu daga NCW zuwa wurin da lamarin ya faru domin ganawa da iyalan mamacin da kuma shirya rahoton gano gaskiyar lamarin. Mamba na NCW Chandramukhi Devi, wacce ke cikin tawagar, ta bayyana wa manema labarai cewa, wani ɓangare na laifin faruwar lamarin yana kan wanda aka azabtar, saboda ta zaɓi ziyartar haikalin da yamma. Devi ya ce, "Kada mace ta fita cikin sa'o'i masu ban sha'awa a ƙarƙashin rinjayar wani. Ina tsammanin da ba ta fita da yamma ba, ko kuma ba ta tare da yaro tare da ita ba, da an hana ta.”<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-07|title=NCW Member's Shocker: Badaun Gangrape-Murder Victim Shouldn't Have Gone Out in Evening|url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/badaun-gangrape-murder-may-not-have-happened-had-victim-not-gone-out-alone-in-evening-ncw-member-3258116.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-07|title=Incident could have been avoided had woman not gone out in evening: NCW member on UP gangrape|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/incident-could-have-been-avoided-had-woman-not-gone-out-in-evening-ncw-member-on-up-gangrape-936353.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Deccan Herald|language=en}}</ref> Kalaman dai sun janyo suka sosai a shafukan sada zumunta, da ma wasu shahararrun mutane.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-01-07|title=Taapsee Pannu, Urmila Matondkar, Pooja Bhatt slam NCW member's victim-blaming comments about Budaun gang-rape|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/bollywood/taapsee-pannu-urmila-matondkar-pooja-bhatt-slam-ncw-member-s-victim-blaming-comments-about-badaun-gang-rape/story-Mlknbnbr8GV2xmLfpQLNgO.html|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bureau|first=ABP News|date=2021-01-07|title=Budaun Gangrape: NCW Member Blames Victim For Going Out In Evening, Irks Controversy|url=https://news.abplive.com/news/india/budaun-gangrape-ncw-member-blames-victim-for-going-out-in-evening-irks-controversy-1431976|access-date=2021-01-08|website=news.abplive.com|language=en}}</ref> Bayan sukar jama'a, Devi ta janye kalaman nata.<ref>{{Cite web|author=Scroll Staff|title=NCW member shames Budaun gangrape victim for going out alone in evening, withdraws statement later|url=https://scroll.in/latest/983428/budaun-gangrape-murder-ncw-member-blames-woman-for-going-out-alone-in-the-evening|access-date=2021-01-08|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref> == Shugabanni == {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Lamba. ! Suna ! Hoto ! Daga ! Zuwa |- | 1 | Jayanti Patnaik |[[File:J_Patnaik.tif|149x149px]]</img> | 3 February 1992 | 30 January 1995 |- | 2 | V. Mohini Giri |[[File:The_President,_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_presenting_Padma_Bhushan_to_Dr._(Smt.)_V._Mohini_Giri_(Social_Activist),_at_an_Investiture_Ceremony_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi_on_March_23,_2007.jpg|100x100px]]</img> | 21 July 1995 | 20 July 1998 |- | 3 | Vibha Parthasarathy | | 18 January 1999 | 17 January 2002 |- | 4 | Poornima Advani |[[File:The_Chairperson_of_National_Commission_for_Women_Dr._Poornima_Advani_addressing_the_Media_in_Guwahati_on_January_6,_2005_(1).jpg|100x100px]]</img> | 25 January 2002 | 24 January 2005 |- | 5 | Girija Vyas |[[File:Girija_Vyas.jpg|114x114px]]</img> | 16 February 2005 | 15 February 2008 |- | 6 | Girija Vyas | | 9 April 2008 | 8 April 2011 |- | 7 | Mama Sharma<ref name="Hindu 20110803">{{cite news |title=Mamta Sharma is NCW chief |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/mamta-sharma-is-ncw-chief/article2316551.ece |newspaper=The Hindu |date=3 August 2011 |location=New Delhi |issn=0971-751X |access-date=19 September 2014}}</ref> | | 2 August 2011 | 1 August 2014 |- | 8 | Lalitha Kumaramangalam |[[File:The_Chairperson,_National_Commission_of_Women_(NCW),_Smt._Lalitha_Kumaramangalam_delivering_the_valedictory_address_at_the_5th_National_Conference_of_Heads_of_Prisons_of_States_and_UTs_on_Prison_Reforms,_in_New_Delhi.jpg|102x102px]]</img> | 29 September 2014 | 28 September 2017 |- | 9 | Rekha Sharma | | 7 ga Agusta 2018<ref>{{cite news |title=Rekha Sharma Is New National Commission for Women Chairperson |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rekha-sharma-is-new-national-commission-for-women-chairperson-1897965 |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> | 6 ga Agusta, 2021 |- | 10 | Rekha Sharma | | 7 ga Agusta, 2021<ref>{{cite news |title=Rekha Sharma Is New National Commission for Women Chairperson |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/rekha-sharma-is-new-national-commission-for-women-chairperson-1897965 |access-date=11 March 2021 |work=NDTV.com}}</ref> | Zuwa yau |- |} == Hukumar Mata ta Jiha == Ga jerin sunayen kwamitocin mata a matakin jiha {| class="wikitable sortable" ! Mataki ! Jiha ! Hukumar Mata ta Jihohi |- | 1 | [[Andhra Pradesh]] | Hukumar Mata ta Andhra Pradesh |- | 2 | [[Arunachal Pradesh]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Arunachal Pradesh |- | 3 | [[Assam]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Assam |- | 4 | [[Bihar]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Bihar |- | 5 | [[Chhattisgarh]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Chhattisgarh |- | 6 | [[Goa]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Goa |- | 7 | [[Gujarat]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Gujarat |- | 8 | [[Haryana]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Haryana |- | 9 | [[Himachal Pradesh]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Himachal Pradesh |- | 10 | Jammu na Kashmir | Hukumar Mata ta Jammu da Kashmir |- | 11 | [[Jharkhand]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Jharkhand |- | 12 | [[Karnataka]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Karnataka |- | 13 | [[Kerala]] | Hukumar Mata ta Kerala |- | 14 | [[Madhya Pradesh]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Madhya Pradesh |- | 15 | [[Maharashtra]] | Hukumar Mace ta Jihar Maharashtra |- | 16 | [[Manipur]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Manipur |- | 17 | [[Meghalaya]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Meghalaya |- | 18 | [[Mizoram]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Mizoram |- | 19 | [[Nagaland]] | Hukumar Mata Nagaland |- | 20 | [[Odisha]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Odisha |- | 21 | [[Punjab (Indiya)|Punjab]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Punjab |- | 22 | [[Rajasthan]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Rajasthan |- | 22 | [[Sikkim]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Sikkim |- | 23 | [[Tamil Nadu]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Tamil Nadu |- | 24 | [[Telangana]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Telangana |- | 25 | [[Tripura]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Tripura |- | 26 | [[Uttar Pradesh]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Uttar Pradesh |- | 27 | [[Uttarakhand]] | Hukumar Mata ta Jihar Uttarakhand |- | 28 | [[Bengal ta Yamma|West Bengal]] | Hukumar Mata ta Yammacin Bengal |- | 29 | Delhi | Delhi Commission for Women |- | 30 | Pondicherry | Hukumar Matan Puducherry |- |} == Duba kuma == * [[Domestic violence in India]] * [[Dowry system in India]] * [[Female foeticide in India]] * [[Feminism in India]] * [[Gender inequality in India]] * [[Gender pay gap in India]] * [[Men's rights movement in India]] * [[Rape in India]] * [[Welfare schemes for women in India]] * [[Women in India]] * [[Women in Indian Armed Forces]] * [[Women's Reservation Bill]] * [[Women's suffrage in India]] == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} ==Hanyoyin hadin waje== * [http://ncw.nic.in The National Commission for Women, India, official website] ttp4sfu154yve56cx90s7tj133blper Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi 0 40003 962280 554160 2026-10-03T10:38:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962280 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Jalāludīn al-Rūmī, Sayr mulhimah min al-Sharq wa-al-Gharb.png|thumb|hutun Jalal ad-Din Muhammad Balkhi-Rumi]] '''Jalal ad-Din Mohammad Balkhi Rumi''', an haife shi Iran a Wakhsh, wani gari da ke kan kogi da sunan daya a Balkh, Greater Khorasan. Yanzu Wakhsh yana Tajikistan yayin da Balkh yake a kasar Afghanistan. Muhimman tasiri a kansa, ban da mahaifinsa masani Baha od-Din Walad wanda ke da alaƙa da zuriyar Gnostic Najm od-Din Kubra na Iran, su ne mawaƙan Farisa Attar Naishapuri da Sana’i Ghaznavi. Bai cika shekara goma ba lokacin da dangi suka gudu daga Khorasan zuwa Iraki saboda mamayar Mongol. A cikin shekara ta 1229, Sarkin Seljuk Turks ya gayyaci mahaifinsa don koyar da ilimin tauhidi a babban birnin kasar, Konya. Rumi ya zama malami kuma babban malami; bayan an aika shi zuwa Aleppo da Dimashƙu don ya kammala samun horon addini, daga baya Rumi ya karɓi mukamin mahaifinsa.<ref>https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poets/jalal-al-din-rumi</ref> ==Wakoki== Gano waqoqin Rumi gabaɗaya ya samo asali ne daga abokantakarsa ta tsakiyar rayuwa da sufanci Shams al-Din Tabrizi. A shekara ta 1244, Shams ya isa Konya, yana wa'azin yuwuwar da wajibcin tarayya da Allah kai tsaye. Rumi ta zama almajiri kuma aminin Shams; su biyun ba kasafai suke rabuwa ba.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iranpress.com/content/58599/rumi-what-iran-known-for |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2022-12-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221220190951/https://iranpress.com/content/58599/rumi-what-iran-known-for |archive-date=2022-12-20 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An ce ’ya’yan Rumi da mabiyansa sun yi kishin Shams suka kore shi daga garin. Ko mene ne sanadin, bayan bacewar Sham, Rumi ya jajanta wa kansa da rubuta wakoki, rera wakoki, da raye-raye, musamman raye-rayen dawake da aka yi a kade-kade da aka fi sani da whirling dervish. Da sauri Rumi ya samu suna a matsayin mai hangen nesa mai cike da farin ciki, kuma ya sadaukar da sauran rayuwarsa wajen rubutu da ibada. Manyan ayyukan Rumi duk sun kasance tun bayan bacewar Shams: Diwan-e Shams-e Tabiz, “The Collected Poems of Shams,” da aka rubuta a wani bangare cikin muryar Shams; Mathnawi, ko “Ma’auratan Ruhaniya,” wani lokaci ana kiranta da Kur’ani na Farisa, kuma waƙar da aka fi karantawa a duniyar Musulmi; da ayyuka daban-daban da suka haɗa da Fihe ma fih, ko “Magana”; wa'azin da aka tsara don lokuta, Majales-e sab'a; da haruffa da yawa da aka sani da Maktubat. Shaharar Rumi a lokacin rayuwarsa ta shahara, kuma an yi alhinin mutuwarsa. Rumi ta kasance daya daga cikin fitattun mawakan duniya. Malamai irin su A.J. Arberry, Franklin D. Lewis, Jawid Mojaddedi, da Reynold A. Nicholson sun fassara ayyukan Rumi masu tarin yawa cikin Ingilishi. Shahararrun fassarorin ayyukan Rumi kuma Coleman Barks ne suka yi. A cewar Mojaddedi, jin daɗin Rumi tare da masu karatu na zamani za a iya gano su a wani ɓangare na zayyana, sauƙi, yadda ya yi amfani da mutum na biyu da dagewa kan adireshin kai tsaye, da kuma "fatan sa na samun haɗin gwiwa… Rumi yana murna da haɗin gwiwa. ==Manazarta== herx4gnmrsu8brt07e41nogegt6f0wh Hadja Cisse 0 45741 962030 470905 2026-10-02T21:10:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Hadja Cissé 2 20170402.jpg|thumb|Hadja Cisse]] '''Hadja Cissé''' (an haife ta ranar 7 ga watan Maris ɗin 1991) ƙwararriyar ƴar wasan ƙwallon hannu ce [[Senegal|ta Senegal]].<ref>https://ligue-feminine-handball.fr/joueuse/hadja-cisse{{Dead link|date=April 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>https://www.eurohandball.com/ec/cl/women/2015-16/player/538988/HadjaCisse</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == Cissé ta yi gasa mafi yawan ayyukanta a gasar ƙwallon hannu ta mata ta Faransa wacce ke wakiltar ƙungiyoyi daban-daban ciki har da Yutz HBF, Abbeville HBF, AS Cannes, Fleury Loiret HB da OGC Nice Cote d'Azur Handball. Ta kasance wani ɓangare na 2016 Coupe de la Ligue Française ta lashe Fleury Loiret HB. Ta kuma taka leda a kulob ɗin Sola HK na Norway tsakanin shekarar 2017 da 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.dagsavisen.no/rogalandsavis/nyheter/2017/08/16/sola-hentet-fransk-skytter/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330071604/https://www.dagsavisen.no/rogalandsavis/nyheter/2017/08/16/sola-hentet-fransk-skytter/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cisse ta ƙasa da ƙasa ta taka leda a [[Kungiyar Kwallon Hannu ta Mata ta Senegal|ƙungiyar ƙwallon hannu ta ƙasar Senegal ta mata]] inda ta lashe lambar tagulla a gasar wasannin Afrika ta shekarar 2015 da kuma lambar azurfa a gasar ƙwallon hannu ta mata ta Afirka ta shekarar 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://cahbonline.info/competitions/can/can-seniors-dames/can-dames-brazzaville-2018/ |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-date=2021-11-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211123010213/http://cahbonline.info/competitions/can/can-seniors-dames/can-dames-brazzaville-2018/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Hadja Cissé 20170402.jpg|thumb|Hadja Cisse]] Cissé ta taka leda a gefen hagu na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Faransa [[HBCSA Porte du Hainaut]] amma ta bar ƙungiyar a shekarar 2019 bayan wasanni 11.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.hbc-st-amand.com/hadja-cisse-quitte-le-hbcsaph/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-03-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230330071610/https://www.hbc-st-amand.com/hadja-cisse-quitte-le-hbcsaph/ |archive-date=2023-03-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1991]] jwkidwwqe1or28ifssagg2kyz7cbcra Haramta jakar Leda 0 48284 962097 954835 2026-10-02T23:29:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962097 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Are you reusable bag ready - Target plastic bag ban in Portland Oregon (8286710498).jpg|thumb|hatamta jakar leda]] [[Fayil:Map of plastic bag bans in Australia.svg|thumb|Taswirar India aka hana anfani da jikar leda]] Haramta kamar Leda doka ce da ke ƙuntata amfani da jakar ledoji na filastik mai sauƙi a wuraren sayarwa. A farkon ƙarni na ashirin da daya 21, an sami yanayin duniya game da fitowar jaka na filastik masu sauƙi.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2018.10.001 |pmid=30503422 |title=Reducing marine pollution from single-use plastics (SUPs): A review |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=137 |pages=157–171 |year=2018 |last1=Schnurr |first1=Riley E.J. |last2=Alboiu |first2=Vanessa |last3=Chaudhary |first3=Meenakshi |last4=Corbett |first4=Roan A. |last5=Quanz |first5=Meaghan E. |last6=Sankar |first6=Karthikeshwar |last7=Srain |first7=Harveer S. |last8=Thavarajah |first8=Venukasan |last9=Xanthos |first9=Dirk |last10=Walker |first10=Tony R. |bibcode=2018MarPB.137..157S |s2cid=54522420 }}</ref><ref name="Xanthos">{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.02.048 |pmid=28238328 |title=International policies to reduce plastic marine pollution from single-use plastics (plastic bags and microbeads): A review |journal=Marine Pollution Bulletin |volume=118 |issue=1–2 |pages=17–26 |year=2017 |last1=Xanthos |first1=Dirk |last2=Walker |first2=Tony R. |bibcode=2017MarPB.118...17X }}</ref> Takalma na sayen filastik guda ɗaya,<ref name="plastic bags AU">{{cite web|url=http://www.environment.gov.au/settlements/waste/plastic-bags/index.html|title=Plastic bags|date=5 November 2009|publisher=Australian Government|access-date=1 July 2012}}</ref> wanda aka saba yi daga filastik mai ƙarancin polyethylene (LDPE), an ba da su kyauta ga abokan ciniki ta hanyar shagunan yayin sayen kayayyaki: an daɗe ana ɗaukar jaka a matsayin hanyar da ta dace, mai arha, da [[Tsafta|tsabta]] don jigilar abubuwa. Matsalolin da ke tattare da jakunkunan filastik sun haɗa da amfani da albarkatun da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba (kamar mai, gas da kwal), matsaloli yayin zubar, da tasirin muhalli. A lokaci guda tare da raguwa a cikin jaka na filastik mai sauƙi, shagunan sun gabatar da jaka na cin kasuwa masu amfani. Gwamnatoci daban-daban sun haramta sayar da jaka masu sauƙi, cajin kwastomomi don jaka masu sauƙi.<ref name="Xanthos"/> Gwamnatin [[Bangladesh]] ita ce ta farko da ta yi hakan a shekara ta 2002, inda ta sanya haramtacciyar haramiya akan jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi. Tsakanin Shekara 2010 zuwa 2019, yawan manufofin jama'a da aka nufa don fitar da jakunkunan filastik sun ninka sau uku.<ref name="pmid31109543">{{Cite journal|url-status=428–440}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2022, an kuma gabatar da irin wannan haramcin a cikin kasashe 99, tare da matakai daban-daban na tilasta, kuma ƙasashe 32 a maimakon haka suna sanya caji ga jaka. Har ila yau, wasu hukunce-hukunce a matakin kasa sun kafa haramtacciya da cajin.. == Tambayoyi == [[File:Payatas-Dumpsite_Manila_Philippines02.jpg|thumb|[[Gurbacewar Robobi|Sharar filastik]] a kan tuddai na sharar gida a cikin [[Filipin|Philippines]]]] Takalma na filastik suna haifar da ƙananan batutuwan muhalli da muhalli. Matsalar da ta fi dacewa tare da jakunkunan filastik shine adadin sharar da aka samar. Yawancin jakunkunan filastik sun ƙare a kan tituna kuma daga baya sun gurɓata manyan hanyoyin ruwa, koguna, da rafi. [[File:Photodegraded_Plastic_Bag.jpg|left|thumb|Takardar filastik da aka lalata ta kusa da hanyar tafiya. Kimanin 2,000 guda 1 zuwa 25 mm (1/32" zuwa 1"), watanni uku na bayyanar waje.]] Ko da lokacin da aka zubar da su yadda ya kamata, suna ɗaukar shekaru da yawa don lalacewa da rushewa, suna samar da adadi mai yawa na [[Tarkace|shara]] a tsawon lokaci. Takalma da ba a zubar da su yadda ya kamata sun gurɓata [[Hanyar ruwa|hanyoyin ruwa]], an toshe magudanar ruwa kuma an samo su a cikin teku, suna shafar yanayin halittu na halittu na ruwa. Babban adadin sharar filastik ya ƙare a cikin teku a kowace shekara, yana haifar da barazana ga nau'in ruwa da rushewa ga jerin abinci na ruwa. Yawancin nau'o'in microbial suna mamayewa a kan barbashi na filastik wanda ke inganta cutar su, kuma barbashi na roba da iska ke fitarwa suna samar da wuraren shara a sassa daban-daban na teku.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=56928–56947}}</ref> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta kiyasta cewa za a sami filastik fiye da kifi a cikin teku nan da shekara ta 2050 sai dai idan kasashe sun zo da matakan gaggawa don inganta ingantaccen samarwa, amfani da kuma kula da sharar filastik a duk rayuwarsu. An gano jakunkunan filastik don taimakawa ga dumamar duniya. Bayan an zubar da shi, idan an fallasa shi ga hasken rana mai daidaituwa, farfajiyar irin wannan filastik tana samar da iskar gas guda biyu na methane da ethylene.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Ghaffar |first1=Imania |last2=Rashid |first2=Muhammad |last3=Akmal |first3=Muhammad |last4=Hussain |first4=Ali |date=August 2022 |title=Plastics in the environment as potential threat to life: an overview |url=https://link.springer.com/10.1007/s11356-022-21542-x |journal=Environmental Science and Pollution Research |language=en |volume=29 |issue=38 |pages=56928–56947 |doi=10.1007/s11356-022-21542-x |pmid=35713833 |s2cid=249713887 |issn=0944-1344}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, saboda ƙananan ƙwayoyin reshe / manyan rassan rassa, yana rushewa cikin sauƙi a tsawon lokaci idan aka kwatanta da sauran filastik da ke haifar da wuraren da aka fallasa da kuma hanzarta sakin iskar gas. Samar da wadannan iskar gas daga filastik budurwa yana ƙaruwa sosai tare da yanki / lokaci, don haka LDPE yana fitar da iskar gas a cikin mafi ƙarancin ƙima idan aka kwatanta da sauran filastik. A ƙarshen kwana 212, an yi rikodin hayaki a 5.8 nmol g-1 d-1 na methane, 14.5 nmol g 1 d-1 na ethylene, 3.9 nmol g1 d-1 na etane da 9.7 nmol g - d-1 na propylene.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Our planet is drowning in plastic pollution. This World Environment Day, it's time for a change|url=https://www.unenvironment.org/interactive/beat-plastic-pollution/|access-date=2020-08-24|website=www.unenvironment.org}}</ref> Nau'o'i biyu na asali na lalacewar kai tsaye ga namun daji shine rikicewa da cin abinci. Dabbobi na iya zama masu rikitarwa da nutsar da su. Sau da yawa dabbobi ne ke cinye jakunkunan filastik waɗanda ba za su iya rarrabe su daga abinci ba. A sakamakon haka, suna rufe hanji wanda ke haifar da mutuwa ta hanyar yunwa. Takalma na filastik na iya toshe magudanar ruwa, kama tsuntsaye da kashe dabbobi. Asusun Duniya na Yanayi ya kiyasta cewa fiye da 100,000 whales, hatimi, da turtles suna mutuwa a kowace shekara sakamakon cin abinci ko kuma an kama su da jakar filastik. A Indiya, kimanin shanu 20 suna mutuwa a kowace rana sakamakon cinye jaka na filastik da kuma samun tsarin narkewar su da jaka. Har ila yau, ya zama ruwan dare a duk faɗin Afirka don samun magudanar ruwa da tsarin magudanar da aka rufe da jaka wanda ke haifar da mummunar cutar zazzabin cizon sauro saboda karuwar yawan sauro da ke zaune a kan magudanar ruwan da ta ambaliya. An kirkiro kalmar "farar gurɓataccen" a kasar Sin don bayyana tasirin gida da na duniya na jakunkunan filastik da aka watsar a kan muhalli.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Karl|first1=David M.|last2=Wilson|first2=Samuel T.|last3=Ferrón|first3=Sara|last4=Royer|first4=Sarah-Jeanne|date=1 August 2018|title=Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment|journal=PLOS ONE|language=en|volume=13|issue=8|pages=e0200574|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0200574|issn=1932-6203|pmc=6070199|pmid=30067755|bibcode=2018PLoSO..1300574R|doi-access=free}} [[File:CC-BY icon.svg|50x50px]] Material was copied from this source, which is available under a [[creativecommons:by/4.0/|Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License]].</ref> Ana kuma hura jakar filastik masu sauƙi a cikin bishiyoyi da sauran tsire-tsire kuma ana iya kuskuren su don abinci. Takalma na filastik sun lalace ta hanyar lalacewar polymer amma ba ta hanyar lalacewa ba. A sakamakon haka, duk wani sinadarin guba da suka hada da masu hana wuta, antimicrobials, da filastik za a saki cikin muhalli.<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/trash_that_kills.pdf|title=Marine litter – trash that kills|access-date=15 November 2016|archive-date=2 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402044415/http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/marinelitter/publications/docs/trash_that_kills.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> Yawancin waɗannan gubobi kai tsaye suna shafar tsarin endocrine na kwayoyin halitta, wanda ke sarrafa kusan kowane tantanin halitta a cikin jiki.<ref name="Plastic Waste and Wildlife">{{cite web|url=http://plasticwastesolutions.com/plastic-litter/#Plastic%20Waste%20and%20Wildlife|title=Plastic Waste and Wildlife|website=Plastic Waste Solutions|access-date=1 January 2018|archive-date=2 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180102073033/http://plasticwastesolutions.com/plastic-litter/#Plastic%20Waste%20and%20Wildlife|url-status=dead}}</ref> Bincike ya nuna matsakaicin aiki na "rayuwa" na jakar filastik ya zama kusan shekaru 20. Takalma na kayan robori da aka zubar a cikin Tekun Pacific na iya ƙare a cikin Babban Gidan shara na Pacific. 80% na sharar filastik ya fito ne daga ƙasa; sauran sun fito ne daga dandamali na mai da jiragen ruwa. Dabbobi na ruwa na iya cin wannan, kuma su toshe hanyoyin numfashin su da tsarin narkewa. Bakunan filastik ba wai kawai suna ƙarawa ga Babban Gidan shara na Pacific ba, ana iya wanke su a bakin teku a duniya. == Hanyoyi == Hanyoyi biyu da suka fi shahara na fitar da jaka na filastik masu sauƙi sune caji da haramtacciyar doka.<ref name="pmid31109543"/> An ce dabarun cajin [who?] don samun duk sakamako iri ɗaya a rage jakar filastik a matsayin haramta jakar fila filastik, tare da ƙarin fa'idar ƙirƙirar sabon tushen kudaden shiga.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|url-status=16–19}}</ref> Hanyar cajin jakar filastik kuma tana kare zaɓin mabukaci, wanda haramcin bai yi ba.<ref name=":1" /> Sake amfani da jaka na filastik na iya zama wata hanyar fitarwa. Koyaya, kashi 5% ne kawai na jakunkunan filastik ke zuwa wuraren sake amfani.<ref name=":1"/> Ko da lokacin da aka kawo jaka zuwa wuraren sake amfani, sau da yawa suna tashi daga waɗannan ɗakunan ko motocin sake amfani kuma sun ƙare a matsayin datti a kan tituna.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|url-status=5–6}}</ref> Wani batu tare da sake amfani da shi shine cewa ana yin jaka daban-daban daga nau'ikan filastik daban-daban amma suna da kama da juna.<ref name=":1" /> Za'a iya yin jaka daga bioplastics ko filastik mai narkewa, kuma idan ba zato ba tsammani an haɗa su a cikin takin mai, bioplastics na iya gurɓata gurɓataccen biodegradable.<ref name=":1" /> Wadannan jaka na iya toshe kayan aikin sake amfani lokacin da aka gauraya da wasu nau'ikan filastik, wanda zai iya zama mai tsada don gyarawa.<ref name=":2" /> Misali, farashin gyare-gyare ya kai kusan dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara a San Jose, California.<ref name=":2" /> [[File:Grocery_bag_comparisons_of_environmental_impact,_OWID.svg|thumb|350x350px|Kwatanta jakar kayan abinci game da tasirin muhalli]] [[File:Grocery_bag_comparisons_for_greenhouse_gas_emissions,_OWID.svg|thumb|350x350px|Kwatanta jakar kayan abinci don fitar da iskar gas mai guba]] Dangane da binciken 2018, a cikin Jaridar Tattalin Arziki ta Amurka: Manufofin Tattalin arziki, haraji na cents biyar a kan jaka masu zubar da su ya rage amfani da jaka mai zubar da maki 40.<ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=177–210}}</ref> Dangane da bita na 2019, na binciken da ke akwai, haraji da haraji sun haifar da raguwar kashi 66% a cikin amfani a Denmark, fiye da 90% a Ireland, tsakanin 74 da 90% a Afirka ta Kudu, Belgium, Hong Kong, Washington DC, Santa Barbara, Burtaniya da Portugal, da kuma kusan 50% a Botswana da China.<ref name="pmid31109543"/> Wani binciken 2019, a cikin ''Jaridar Tattalin Arziki da Gudanarwa'' na Muhalli ya gano cewa aiwatar da haramtacciyar takunkumin filastik a California ya haifar da raguwar fam miliyan 40 na filastik ta hanyar kawar da jakunkunan filastik amma Californians sun sayi fam miliyan 12 na filastic ta hanyar sayen jakar shara.<ref name="Taylor2019">{{Cite journal|url-status=254–271}}</ref> Binciken ya nuna cewa kafin gabatar da haramcin tsakanin 12% da 22% na jakunkunan filastik an sake amfani da su azaman jakunkunan shara.<ref name="Taylor2019" /> == Rashin amincewa == Hana jakar filastik na iya haifar da manyan kasuwannin baƙar fata a cikin jakar fila filastik.<ref name="pmid31109543"/> Bincike ya nuna cewa haramtacciyar jakar filastik na iya kawar da mutane daga amfani da jakar fila filastik mai laushi, amma kuma yana iya kara amfani da jakunkunan takarda guda ɗaya da ba a tsara su ba ko jakunkunan filastik masu kauri a wuraren da ake samar da waɗannan kyauta.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|url-status=w28499}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, haramcin na iya haifar da karuwa mai mahimmanci a cikin tallace-tallace na jakunkunan shara sabo mutane ba za su iya sake amfani da tsoffin jakunkunan kayan abinci ba don abubuwa kamar yin ƙananan gwangwani. Samar da wasu jaka wadanda ba na filastik ba {misali takarda, auduga, ta amfani da filastik budurwa kamar filastik da ke da kauri na micron 50} na iya samar da karin hayakin gas fiye da jakunkunan filastik, wanda ke nufin cewa hayakin gas na iya ƙaruwa a kan net bayan haramtacciyar jakar filastik. Za a buƙaci sake amfani da wasu hanyoyin da za su iya amfani da su fiye da sau ɗari don sanya su da muhalli fiye da jakunkunan filastik. Ana kuma kallon su a matsayin marasa tsabta fiye da filastik saboda suna iya kawo kwayoyin cuta daga waje da shagon zuwa manyan wuraren tuntuɓar kamar kekuna da bincika wuraren da aka ajiye. == Shari'a a duniya == === Takaitaccen bayani === {| class="wikitable sortable plainrowheaders" width="100%" ! class="sortable" scope="col" | Doka ! class="sortable" scope="col" | Ƙasa ! scope="col" | Ƙungiyoyin yankuna na majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Bayanai ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | Manazarta |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Afghanistan}} | Asiya-Facifik | | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Albania}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2018. | <ref>https://emerging-europe.com/news/albania-bans-lightweight-plastic-bags</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |Ban | {{flag|Andorra}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Since 2017. | <ref>https://www.mediambient.ad/bosses-de-plastic</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta |{{Flag|Anguilla}} |N/A |Tun 2018. |<ref>https://theanguillian.com/2018/11/anguilla-joins-regions-governments-banning-plastic</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Antigua and Barbuda}} | Latin Amerika | | <ref>https://appliedecology.cals.ncsu.edu/absci/2016/07/antigua-and-barbuda-bans-plastic-bags/</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Regional ban | {{flag|Argentina}} | Latin Amerika | An hana a yankunan birane daban-daban | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/adios-bolsas-super-opciones-precios-hora-hacer-compras_0_ryMN8RUBl.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-04-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421043805/http://www.clarin.com/ciudades/adios-bolsas-super-opciones-precios-hora-hacer-compras_0_ryMN8RUBl.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Armenia}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2022. |<ref>https://www.panorama.am/en/news/2019/02/23/Armenia/2076608</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Australia}} | Gabashin Turai da sauran | An dakatar da buhunan filastik masu nauyi a duk jihohi da yankuna. An maye gurbin jakunkunan filastik masu nauyi da jakunkuna masu kauri 15 ¢ da za a sake amfani da su a cikin manyan sarkokin manyan kantuna biyu a duk jihohi da yankuna. [[Norfolk Island]] yana da yarjejeniya ta son rai tare da dillalai. |<ref>http://www.news.com.au/finance/money/costs/new-laws-and-changes-that-will-affect-australia-from-january-1-2018-and-beyond/news-story/85825f4092834190a292a828aacb7c3d</ref><ref>http://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-09-06/plastic-bags-banned-in-queensland-cash-for-cans-and-bottles/8876620</ref><ref>https://www.sbs.com.au/news/victoria-set-to-ban-plastic-bags-next-year</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/ni-regional-council/council-adopts-a-plastic-bag-policy-for-norfolk-island |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2021-06-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210620072219/http://www.norfolkonlinenews.com/ni-regional-council/council-adopts-a-plastic-bag-policy-for-norfolk-island |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.sbs.com.au/news/victoria-moves-to-ban-plastic-bags</ref><ref>https://7news.com.au/news/nsw/nsw-set-to-ban-single-use-plastic-bags-c-735021</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20200613083826/https://7news.com.au/news/nsw/nsw-set-to-ban-single-use-plastic-bags-c-735021</ref><ref>https://www.nsw.gov.au/news/single-use-plastics-banned-under-new-law</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Austria}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2020. |<ref>https://www.seattletimes.com/business/austria-to-ban-most-plastic-bags-starting-in-2020</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Azerbaijan}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2021. |<ref>https://eurasianet.org/azerbaijan-bans-more-plastic</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |Ban | {{flag|Bahamas}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 1 Juli 2020. |<ref>http://www.tribune242.com/news/2020/jan/03/customer-complaints-single-use-plastic-ban-comes-e</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Bahrain}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 21 Juli 2019. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/bahrain-to-ban-plastic-bags-in-july-12 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507193005/https://www.khaleejtimes.com/region/bahrain-to-ban-plastic-bags-in-july-12 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Bangladesh}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2002. |<ref>http://www.globaltvedmonton.com/top+5/6442656206/story.html{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Barbados}} | Latin Amerika | Tun Afrilu 2019. |<ref>http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/news/another-caricom-country-places-ban-on-single-use-plastic-products_155333?profile=1373|title=Jamaica{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Observer Limited|website=Jamaica Observer}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Belarus}} | Gabashin Turai | Ana la'akari da cajin. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tvr.by/eng/news/obshchestvo/belarus_v_trende_borby_s_musorom/</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Belgium}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2016 a Wallonia, 2017 a Brussels, 2019 a Flanders. |<ref>https://www.ff-packaging.com/plastic-bags-law-belgium</ref><ref>https://bakkersvlaanderen.be/nieuws/verbod-plastic-zakjes-definitief-van-kracht</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Belize}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 22 Afrilu 2019. |<ref>https://mic.com/articles/188565/belize-pledges-to-ban-plastic-forks-bags-and-other-single-use-items-by-2019#.dilSphOr1</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Benin}} | Afrika | Tun Nuwamba 2017. |<ref>https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-11-08/stop-banning-plastic-bags-please</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Bhutan}} | Asiya-Facifik | | <ref>http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=22302</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Bolivia}} | Kudancin Amerika | An haramta a [[La Paz]]. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.boliviabella.com/la-paz-bolivia-bans-plastic-bags.html |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201035129/http://www.boliviabella.com/la-paz-bolivia-bans-plastic-bags.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} | Gabashin Turai | |<ref>https://wedocs.unep.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.11822/27113/plastics_limits.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Botswana}} | Afrika | Tun Nuwamba 2018. |<ref>https://www.jenmansafaris.com/travel-info/travel-news-3/namibia-botswana-plastic-bag-pollution</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Brazil}} | Latin Amerika | An haramta a [[Sao Paulo]] da [[Rio de Janeiro]]. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://theglobalgrid.org/city-of-sao-paulo-brazil-launches-ban-on-traditional-plastic-bags |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2022-02-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220215054003/https://theglobalgrid.org/city-of-sao-paulo-brazil-launches-ban-on-traditional-plastic-bags/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.loc.gov/law/foreign-news/article/brazil-state-of-rio-de-janeiro-bans-plastic-bags</ref> |- | |{{Flag|British Indian Ocean Territory}} | |Matsar daga filastik zuwa jakunkuna na takarda da aka tsara, hanyar da ba a sanar da ita ba. |<ref>https://biot.gov.io/news/tackling-plastic-pollution</ref> |- | style="background:#FF6600;" |Cajin son rai | {{flag|Brunei}} | Asiya-Facifik | |<ref>https://thescoop.co/2018/04/16/brunei-aims-phase-out-plastic-bags-2019</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Bulgaria}} | Gabashin Turai | |<ref>http://www.novinite.com/articles/168268/Bulgaria%E2%80%99s+Environment+Ministry+Reports+Substantial+Reduction+in+Plastic+Bag+Use</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Burkina Faso}} | Afrika | Tun 2015. |<ref>http://www.unpei.org/latest-news/burkina-faso-endorses-law-on-sustainable-development-and-bans-non-biodegradable-plastic-bags</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Burundi}} | Afrika | Tun Ogusta 2019. |<ref>https://www.theeastafrican.co.ke/news/ea/Burundi-brings-forward-plastic-bag-ban-by-six-months/4552908-5235636-f508l2/index.html</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Cambodia}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun Oktoba 2017. |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-to-charge-customers-for-plastic-bags-9324502 |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2018-01-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180112042929/https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/cambodia-to-charge-customers-for-plastic-bags-9324502 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Cameroon}} | Afrika | Tun Afrilu 2014. |<ref>http://africanarguments.org/2016/11/30/cameroon-bagging-it-after-the-plastic-ban</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Canada}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun Disamba 20, 2022. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.ctvnews.ca/climate-and-environment/phase-1-of-canada-s-single-use-plastics-ban-comes-into-effect-this-month-these-are-the-products-on-the-list-1.6189050 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-02-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203174357/https://www.ctvnews.ca/climate-and-environment/phase-1-of-canada-s-single-use-plastics-ban-comes-into-effect-this-month-these-are-the-products-on-the-list-1.6189050 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Cape Verde}} | Afrika | Tun 2017. |<ref>http://www.prcmarine.org/en/congratulations{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Central African Republic}} | Afrika | Tun 2021 |<ref>https://www.radiondekeluka.org/actualites/environnement/38030-centrafrique-les-sacs-plastiques-en-circulation-malgre-l-entree-en-vigueur-de-la-loi-interdisant-l-usage.html</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Chad}} | Afrika | An haramta a [[N'Djamena]]. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.export.gov/article?id=Chad-Prohibited-Restricted-Imports |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230507193005/https://www.export.gov/article?id=Chad-Prohibited-Restricted-Imports |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Chile}} | Latin Amerika | Tun Janairu 2019. |<ref>https://www.diarioconcepcion.cl/economia-y-negocios/2019/02/03/comienza-la-aplicacion-de-la-nueva-ley-de-bolsas-plasticas.html</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|People's Republic of China}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun daga 2022. Cajin da aka yi amfani da shi tun Yuni 2008. An maye gurbin ta hanyar ban, ban da kasuwannin kayan amfanin gona har zuwa 2025. [[Hong Kong]] da [[Macau]] suna yin cajin. |<ref>http://www.chinadialogue.net/article/show/single/en/3158</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://english.cntv.cn/program/newshour/20110601/107359.shtml |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2014-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411142854/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newshour/20110601/107359.shtml |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140411142854/http://english.cntv.cn/program/newshour/20110601/107359.shtml</ref><ref>https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2021-03-23/china-single-use-plastic-straw-and-bag-ban-takes-effect</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=https://macauhub.com.mo/2019/08/19/pt-fornecimento-gratuito-de-sacos-de-plastico-passa-a-ser-punido-em-macau |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-05-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230513062334/https://macauhub.com.mo/2019/08/19/pt-fornecimento-gratuito-de-sacos-de-plastico-passa-a-ser-punido-em-macau/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.circularonline.co.uk/news/china-to-cut-single-use-plastic-reliance-by-2025/</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Republic of China (Taiwan)}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2003. An haramta a 2030. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Asia.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-04-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230418205829/https://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Asia.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.straitstimes.com/asia/east-asia/taiwan-to-ban-disposable-plastic-items-by-2030</ref><ref>https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3363954</ref><ref>https://www.globalcitizen.org/en/content/taiwan-ban-on-plastic-bags-straws-utensils-contain/</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Colombia}} | Latin America | Tun Juli 2017. An yi caji akan jakunkuna masu sake amfani da su. |<ref>http://www.eltiempo.com/vida/conozca-los-detalles-sobre-el-impuesto-que-cobrara-las-bolsas-plasticas-en-colombia-104296</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.cep.unep.org/meetings/documents/0b404dc465a9e115e589fe685e67a76e/@@download/en_file/WG.39_INF.8_Report_on_the_Status_of_Plastics_and_Styrofoam_Bans_in_the_WCR-en.pdf |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2019-01-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190130053119/http://www.cep.unep.org/meetings/documents/0b404dc465a9e115e589fe685e67a76e/@@download/en_file/WG.39_INF.8_Report_on_the_Status_of_Plastics_and_Styrofoam_Bans_in_the_WCR-en.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Comoros}} | Afrika | Tun Afrilu 2018. |<ref>https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2667010021000081</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Costa Rica}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 2021. | <ref>https://thecostaricanews.com/2021-costa-rica-will-be-first-country-eliminate-single-use-plastics/</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An ha | {{flag|Democratic Republic of the Congo}} | Afrika | Tun 2018. |<ref>https://medium.com/sci-five-university-of-basel/living-without-plastic-bags-the-democratic-republic-of-congo-is-paving-the-way-e245d8bfb7a8|title=Living without plastic bags — the Democratic Republic of Congo is paving the way|work=Medium|access-date=1 January 2019|</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Republic of the Congo}} | Afrika | Tun 2011. | <ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-congo-environment-plastic-20110602-idAFJOE7510G320110602<ref><ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/ozatp-congo-environment-plastic-20110602-idAFJOE7510G320110602</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Croatia}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2022. | <ref>https://www.total-croatia-news.com/lifestyle/58878-plastic-bag-ban-in-croatia|{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Cyprus}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 18 Febrairu 2023. | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://cyprus-mail.com/2018/01/04/shops-ignoring-plastic-bag-ban |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511113551/https://cyprus-mail.com/2018/01/04/shops-ignoring-plastic-bag-ban |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://cyprus-mail.com/2023/02/11/plastic-bag-ban-to-be-implemented-february-18/ |date=February 11, 2023</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Canji | {{flag|Czech Republic}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2018 | <ref>https://news.expats.cz/weekly-czech-news/czech-republic-bids-farewell-free-plastic-bags-2018/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191102131845/https://news.expats.cz/weekly-czech-news/czech-republic-bids-farewell-free-plastic-bags-2018/ |date=2019-11-02 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Canji | {{flag|Denmark}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Haraji akan buhunan filastik tun 1993. Hakanan akwai haraji a Greenland. | <ref>http://www.surfrider.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/06/report_EUMemberStateslegislations_PlasticBags_web_en.pdf</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kwafin ajiya |url=http://www.ina.gl/demokratihome/publikationer.aspx?docgallery=10554 |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2014-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221512/http://www.ina.gl/demokratihome/publikationer.aspx?docgallery=10554 |url-status=dead }}</ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20140606221512/http://www.ina.gl/demokratihome/publikationer.aspx?docgallery=10554 </ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Djibouti}} | Afrika | | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Dominica}} | Arewacin Amirka | Tun 2019. | <ref>http://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment/2018/08/island-nation-banning-plastic {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509045825/https://www.nationalgeographic.co.uk/environment/2018/08/island-nation-banning-plastic |date=2023-05-09 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|East Timor}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 23 Febrairu 2021. | <ref>https://devpolicy.org/burning-ambition-timor-lestes-waste-management-problem-20210524-2/</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Ecuador}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 9 Mayu 2020. An haramta a Galápagos Islands. | <ref>https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/chile-becomes-first-south-american-country-to-ban-commercial-use-of-plastic-bags-4895191.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/impuesto-bolsas-plasticas-vigencia-ecuador.html |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2020-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630184707/https://www.elcomercio.com/tendencias/impuesto-bolsas-plasticas-vigencia-ecuador.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Egypt}} | Afrika | An haramta a Red Sea Governorate. | <ref>https://ww.egyptindependent.com/red-sea-governorate-bans-plastics</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Equatorial Guinea}} | Afrika | Caji tun 12 Deisamba 2019. | <ref>https://taxnews.ey.com/news/2020-0346-equatorial-guinea-publishes-financial-law-2020</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Eritrea}} | Afrika | Tun 2005. | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Africa.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2008-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227173934/http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Africa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20081227173934/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Africa.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2008-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081227173934/http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/retailbags/pages/list_Africa.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Estonia}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun Yuli 2017. | |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Regional An haramta | {{flag|Ethiopia}} | Afrika | | <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/22/c_136302987.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081156/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/22/c_136302987.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081156/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/22/c_136302987.htm |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2017-12-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201081156/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2017-05/22/c_136302987.htm |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Fiji}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2020. | <ref>https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/406477/fiji-s-plastic-bag-ban-to-come-into-effect-on-new-year-s-day</ref> |- | style="background:#FF6600;" |Caji na son rai | {{flag|Finland}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | | <ref>https://www.zerowasteeurope.eu/2017/07/ditching-plastic-bags-a-lesson-from-africa/</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|France}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun Yuli 2016. Hakanan an dakatar da shi a Overseas France. | <ref>https://www.euractiv.com/section/sustainable-dev/news/france-postpones-plastic-bag-ban-for-six-months/|website=EurActiv.fr|access-date=14{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} November 2016</ref><ref>http://www.thetelegram.com/opinion/letter-to-the-editor/st-pierre-et-miquelon-a-taste-of-french-freedom-for-nlers-209285/</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.wallis-et-futuna.pref.gouv.fr/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2017-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822225310/http://www.wallis-et-futuna.pref.gouv.fr/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>https://www.tahiti-infos.com/Le-gouvernement-annonce-une-interdiction-des-sacs-plastiques-en-2019_a174675.html</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.euractiv.fr/section/developpement-durable/news/la-nouvelle-caledonie-interdit-les-plastiques-jetables/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230508115206/https://www.euractiv.fr/section/developpement-durable/news/la-nouvelle-caledonie-interdit-les-plastiques-jetables/ |archive-date=2023-05-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Gabon}} | Afrika | Tun 2010. | <ref>http://www.panapress.com/Gabon-to-ban-plastic-bags,-introduces-biodegradable-bags--13-534258-18-lang2-index.html</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Gambia}} | Afrika | Tun 2015. | <ref>http://allafrica.com/stories/201505121229.html</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Georgia}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2017. | <ref>http://hetq.am/eng/news/84469/armenia-fails-to-ban-plastic-bags-taxing-them-could-generate-$215-million-for-the-government.html</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Germany}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2022. | <ref>https://www.de24.news/en/2020/11/plastic-bags-will-be-banned-from-supermarkets-from-2022.html</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta |{{Flag|Gibraltar}} | |Tun 2019. |<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.gbc.gi/news/new-legislation-bans-most-single-use-plastic-bags-and-makes-washing-down-dog-urine-legal-obligation-42439 |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2023-05-07 |archive-date=2023-05-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230509050555/https://www.gbc.gi/news/new-legislation-bans-most-single-use-plastic-bags-and-makes-washing-down-dog-urine-legal-obligation-42439 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Greece}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2018. | <ref>http://www.ekathimerini.com/224103/article/ekathimerini/news/free-plastic-shopping-bags-banned-from-start-of-new-year</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Greece}} | Yammacin Turai da Sauran | Tun 2018. | <ref>http://www.ekathimerini.com/224103/article/ekathimerini/news/free-plastic-shopping-bags-banned-from-start-of-new-year</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |Ban | {{flag|Grenada}} | Latin Amerika | Tun Febrairu 2019. | <ref>http://www.travelweekly.co.uk/articles/311492/grenada-bans-single-use-plastics</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Guatemala}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 2021. | <ref>https://apnews.com/336d3631ab9240339aa37c3e912e611d</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Haramcin yanki da cajin son rai |{{Flag|Guernsey|name=(Bailiwick of) Guernsey}} | |An haramta a Alderney. Cajin son rai a Cuernsey. |<ref>https://guernseypress.com//news/2020/03/15/alderney-agrees-ban-on-single-use-plastic-bags/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124034746/https://guernseypress.com/news/2020/03/15/alderney-agrees-ban-on-single-use-plastic-bags/ |date=2023-01-24 }}<ref><ref>https://guernseypress.com//news/2018/12/28/uk-has-left-us-behind-on-plastic-bag-charge {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230123231437/https://guernseypress.com/news/2018/12/28/uk-has-left-us-behind-on-plastic-bag-charge/ |date=2023-01-23 }}<ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Guinea-Bissau}} | Afrika | Tun 2016. | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Guyana}} | Latin Amerika | Tun 2021. | <ref name="epag">{{cite web|url=http://www.epaguyana.org/epa/single-use-plastics/about-the-ban/163-the-impending-ban-on-single-use-plastic-products|title=The Impending Ban on Single-use Plastic Products (SUPP)|website=Environmental Protection Agency Guyana|access-date=4 April 2021|archive-date=19 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220119170054/https://www.epaguyana.org/epa/single-use-plastics/about-the-ban/163-the-impending-ban-on-single-use-plastic-products|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Haiti}} | Latin Amerika | | <ref name="auto51">{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/aug/15/haiti-police-raid-plastics-ban-crackdown|title=Haiti police raid warehouses in plastics ban crackdown|first=Rashmee Roshan|last=Lall|date=15 August 2013 |access-date=27 November 2017 |newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Haramtarwa yanki | {{flag|Honduras}} | Latin Amerika | An haramta a ''Bay Islands Department]''. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://hondurastravel.com/news/lifestyle/roatan-bans-plastic-bags-and-straws/|title=Roatan Bans Plastic Bags and Straws!|work=Honduras Travel|date=24 January 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Hungary}} | Gabashin Turai | Since 2012. | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Iceland}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2021. | <ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://icelandmonitor.mbl.is/news/news/2021/01/05/plastic_shopping_bags_banned_in_iceland/|title=Plastic Shopping Bags Banned in Iceland|magazine=Iceland Monitor|access-date=9 February 2021|date=5 Jan 2021}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|India}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2002. Haka kuma an dakatar da shi a matakan yanki saboda rashin aiwatar da doka. | <ref name="worldbag reduction" /><ref name="auto53">{{cite encyclopedia|title=plastic pollution: cow eating a plastic bag, near the Ganges River, Allahabad, India, 2007|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/media/136513/A-cow-eating-a-plastic-bag-discarded-by-Hindu-devotees|encyclopedia=Britannica|access-date=17 December 2012}}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Hani da cajin yanki | {{flag|Indonesia}} | Asiya-Facifik | Charges in 23 cities. An haramta a [[Bali]] tun 2019 da [[Jakarta]] tun Yuli 2020. | <ref name="auto57">{{cite web|url=http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/indonesia-launches/2534464.html|title=Indonesia launches campaign to reduce use of plastic bags|date=21 February 2016|author=Sujadi Siswo|access-date=26 February 2016|archive-date=22 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222234235/http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/asiapacific/indonesia-launches/2534464.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/189436/indonesia-plastic-bag-ban-in-bali-to-go-into-effect-june-2019|title=Indonesia: Plastic bag ban in Bali to go into effect June 2019|website=GardaWorld|access-date=10 June 2019|archive-date=10 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510153905/https://www.garda.com/crisis24/news-alerts/189436/indonesia-plastic-bag-ban-in-bali-to-go-into-effect-june-2019|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/01/07/jakarta-to-ban-single-use-plastic-bags-by-june.html|title=Jakarta to ban single-use plastic bags by June|website=The Jakarta Post|language=en|access-date=2020-04-14}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/videos/2020/7/1/indonesia-jakarta-bans-single-use-plastic-bags|title=Indonesia: Jakarta bans single-use plastic bags|first=Jessica|last=Washington|website=www.aljazeera.com}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Ireland}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun daga Maris 2002, an ƙara harajin Yuro 0.15 a cikin duk jakunkunan filastik. Tun bayan da aka kara wadannan tuhume-tuhumen, an samu raguwar amfani da buhunan robobi da kashi 90%. | <ref name="auto54">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-17027990|title=What should be done about plastic bags?|newspaper=BBC News|access-date=6 October 2015|date=2012-03-19|last1=Summers|first1=Chris}}</ref><ref name="Ireland">{{cite journal |last1=Convery |first1=Frank |last2=McDonnell |first2=Simon |last3=Ferreira |first3=Susana |title=The most popular tax in Europe? Lessons from the Irish plastic bags levy |journal=Environmental and Resource Economics |date=26 July 2007 |volume=38 |issue=1 |pages=1–11 |doi=10.1007/s10640-006-9059-2 |s2cid=155059787 }}</ref> |- | |{{Flag|Isle of Man}} |N/A | |<ref>{{cite web |date=24 July 2019 |title=Manx government proposes ban on single-use plastics |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-49103294 |work=BBC News}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-isle-of-man-63329873|date=October 20, 2022|title=Plastic bags and straws to be banned on the Isle of Man in 2023|publisher=[[BBC News]]|access-date=28 March 2023}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Israel}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun Janairu 2017. | <ref name="auto58">Udasin, Sharon: [http://www.jpost.com/Enviro-Tech/Knesset-bills-seeks-to-alleviate-scourge-of-plastic-shopping-bags-in-Israel-340958 "Knesset bills seeks to alleviate scourge of plastic shopping bags in Israel "], in ''[[The Jerusalem Post]]'', 10 February 2014</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Italy}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun Janairu 2011. | <ref name="auto55">{{cite web| url=http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/01/06/italy-carries-out-plastic-bag-ban| title=Italy Carries Out Plastic Bag Ban| date=6 January 2011| publisher=Environmental Leader| access-date=3 July 2012| archive-date=10 May 2023| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230510153905/http://www.environmentalleader.com/2011/01/06/italy-carries-out-plastic-bag-ban| url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Ivory Coast}} | Afrika | Tun 2014. | <ref name="auto56">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-30198313|title=Plastic bag protest in Ivory Coast|date=25 November 2014|access-date=23 March 2018 |newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Jamaica}} | Latin Amerika | Tun Janairu 2019. | <ref name="auto61">{{cite web|url=http://www.jamaicaobserver.com/latestnews/Gov%26%238217;t_ban_on_single_use_plastic_bags,_straws,_Styrofoam_starts_January|work=Jamaica Observer|date=17 September 2018|access-date=18 September 2018|title=Gov't ban on single use plastic bags, straws, Styrofoam starts January}}</ref><ref name="Clayton et al 2020" /> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Japan}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun Juli 2020. | <ref name="auto62">{{Cite web|url=http://news_id035126.html/|title=Current Status of Plastic Bag Reduction Efforts in Japan｜JFS Japan for Sustainability|website=JFS Japan for Sustainability}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://japantoday.com/category/national/not-so-fantastic-can-japan-end-its-love-affair-with-plastic|title=Can Japan end its love affair with plastic?|work=Japan Today|date=25 March 2019|access-date=26 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2019-11-japan-retailers-plastic-bags.html|work=Phys|title=Japan retailers to charge for plastic bags from 2020|date=1 November 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta |{{Flag|Jersey}} | |An haramta tun Yuli 2022. Jakunkuna da za a sake amfani da su dangane da cajin 70p. |<ref>{{cite web |title=Single use plastic and paper bag guidance |url=https://www.gov.je/Industry/RetailHospitality/Shops/Pages/singleuseplastics.aspx |accessdate=27 December 2022 |work=Jersey Government}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-07-21 |title=Single-use plastic carrier bag ban in Jersey begins |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-jersey-62238573 |access-date=2023-01-23}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Kazakhstan}} | Asiya-Facifik | Ana la'akari da Ban. | <ref name="auto63">{{cite web|url=https://news.tj/en/news/centralasia/20171226/kazakhstan-authorities-decide-to-abolish-plastic-shopping-bags|title=Kazakhstan authorities decide to abolish plastic shopping bags|publisher=Tajikistan News Asia-Plus|access-date=23 March 2018|archive-date=1 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180101131748/http://www.news.tj/en/news/centralasia/20171226/kazakhstan-authorities-decide-to-abolish-plastic-shopping-bags|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Kenya}} | Afrika | Tun 28 ga Ogusta 2017. | <ref name="auto59">{{cite news |last1=Freytas-Tamura |first1=Kimiko de |title=In Kenya, Selling or Importing Plastic Bags Will Cost You $19,000 — or Jail (Published 2017) |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/08/28/world/africa/kenya-plastic-bags-ban.html |work=The New York Times |date=28 August 2017 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Kiribati}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun Oktoba 2020. | <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://g20mpl.org/partners/kiribati|title=Policy framework: Kiribati Integrated Environment Policy|work=Osaka Blue Ocean Vision|date=27 August 2021|access-date=10 November 2021}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Kyrgyzstan}} | Asiya-Facifik | Ana la'akari da Ban. | <ref name="auto64">{{cite web|url=https://24.kg/english/75474__Kyrgyzstan_intends_to_prohibit_use_of_plastic_bags/|title=Kyrgyzstan intends to prohibit use of plastic bags|first=Anastasia|last=BENGARD|date=8 February 2018|access-date=23 March 2018}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Latvia}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun daga Janairu 2019. Ban da za a aiwatar da shi nan da 2025. | <ref name="auto60">{{cite web|url=http://bnn-news.com/stores-in-latvia-will-no-longer-provide-plastic-bags-free-of-charge-178081|title=Stores in Latvia will no longer provide plastic bags free of charge|date=11 January 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://eng.lsm.lv/article/society/environment/how-latvian-stores-prepare-for-future-ban-on-free-plastic-bags.a471497/|date=August 30, 2022|title=How Latvian stores prepare for future ban on free plastic bags|publisher=[[Public Broadcasting of Latvia|LSM]]|access-date=8 March 2023}}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Haramtar yanki | {{flag|Lebanon}} | Asiya-Facifik | An haramta a Byblos. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.middleeasteye.net/in-depth/features/lebanese-mayor-bans-plastic-bags-we-need-to-start-somewhere-254361913|title=Lebanese mayor bans plastic bags: 'We need to start somewhere'|website=Middle East Eye|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Lesotho}} | Afrika | An shirya caji. | <ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.newsdayonline.co.ls/government-imposes-plastic-bag-levy/ |title=Government imposes plastic bag levy |website=News Day |date=13 December 2022 |accessdate=12 January 2023 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112223945/https://www.newsdayonline.co.ls/government-imposes-plastic-bag-levy/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Lithuania}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 31 Disamba 2018. | |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Luxembourg}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | | |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Madagascar}} | Afrika | Tun 2015. | <ref name="auto65">{{cite web|url=https://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-Prohibition-of-the-use-of-plastic-bags-as-from-May-1-2015_a4602.html|title=Madagascar: Prohibition of the use of plastic bags as from May 1 2015|first=Antso|last=Rajaona|access-date=2023-05-07|archive-date=2020-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200806053447/https://en.indian-ocean-times.com/Madagascar-Prohibition-of-the-use-of-plastic-bags-as-from-May-1-2015_a4602.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Malawi}} | Afrika | An soke haramcin sau da yawa. | |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Cajin yanki | {{flag|Malaysia}} | Asia-Pacific | An caja a jahohi biyu | <ref name="auto67">{{cite web| url=http://www.penang.gov.my/index.php/ms/pusat-media/koleksi-ucapan-yab-km/638-launching-of-no-free-plastic-bags-day-at-tesco-sg-dua| title=Launching of No Free Plastic Bags Day at Tesco Sg Dua| date=24 January 2011| publisher=Penang Government| access-date=2 July 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="auto68">{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/1/3/nation/20100103204118&sec=nation|title=Selangor implements 'No Plastic Day' every Saturday|date=3 January 2010|author=Shaun Ho|work=The Star|access-date=2 July 2012}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Maldives}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun Yuni 2021. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://raajje.mv/92939|title=Maldives banning plastic bags, straws and other single-use items from June 2021|date=31 December 2020|website=raajje.mv|access-date=9 February 2021}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Mali}} | Afrika | | <ref name="auto69">{{cite news|url=http://www.france24.com/en/20130103-2013-plastic-bag-ban-mauritania-mali|title=Could 2013 spell the end for plastic bags? |work=France 24|date=3 January 2013 |access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Malta}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2022. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://lovinmalta.com/news/single-use-plastics-will-be-banned-in-malta-by-2022/|title=Single-Use Plastics Will Be Banned In Malta By 2022|work=Lovin Malta|date=14 October 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Marshall Islands}} | Asiya-Facifik | | <ref name="RadioNZ">{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/336271/more-pacific-islands-step-up-battle-against-plastic|title=More Pacific islands step up battle against plastic|date=1 August 2017|website=Radio New Zealand|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Mauritania}} | Afrika | Tun 2013. | <ref name="auto70">{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-20891539|title=Mauritania bans plastic bag use|date=3 January 2013 |access-date=3 July 2012|newspaper=[[BBC News]]}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Mauritius}} | Afrika | Tun 2016. | <ref>{{cite web |title=Mauritius bans the use of plastic bags |url=http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Mauritius-bans-the-use-of-plastic-bags.aspx |website=Government of Mauritius |access-date=2019-01-05 |date=4 January 2016 |archive-date=2023-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511083659/http://www.govmu.org/English/News/Pages/Mauritius-bans-the-use-of-plastic-bags.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Mexico}} | Latin Amerika | An haramta a jihohi 18 da Mexico City. | <ref name="Mexico">{{Cite web|url=https://www.excelsior.com.mx/nacional/estos-son-los-estados-del-pais-que-prohiben-el-uso-de-plasticos/1356289|title=Estos son los estados del país que prohíben el uso de plásticos|date=4 January 2020|website=Excélsior}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-07-28 |title=State of Chihuahua to ban plastic bags next month |url=https://www.ktsm.com/news/juarez/state-of-chihuahua-to-ban-plastic-bags-next-month/ |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=KTSM 9 News |language=en-US |archive-date=2021-08-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210824200910/https://www.ktsm.com/news/juarez/state-of-chihuahua-to-ban-plastic-bags-next-month/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Jalisco plastic bag ban fines put on ice for next 12 months |url=https://theguadalajarareporter.net/index.php/news/news/regional/54588-jalisco-plastic-bag-ban-fines-put-on-ice-for-next-12-months |access-date=2022-05-12 |website=theguadalajarareporter.net}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Micronesia}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 31 Disamba 2020. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sprep.org/news/pacific-islands-moving-towards-banning-single-use-plastic|title=Pacific Islands Moving Towards Banning Single Use Plastic|work=SPREP|date=29 June 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://kirmakosrae.wordpress.com/education-unit/|title=Plastic Bag Ban coming April 2019 for Kosrae State|date=4 December 2018|work=Kirma Kosrae}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://static1.squarespace.com/static/523ce201e4b0cd883dbb8bbf/t/5b5e38e02b6a28400343a7e8/1532901604439/ChuukSB14-34.pdf|work=Chuuk State Senate|title=Chuuk State Clean Environment Act of 2018|date=April 2018}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Republic of Moldova}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2021. | <ref name="dulgher">{{cite web|url=https://www.moldova.org/en/plastic-bags-use-and-selling-will-be-penalised-in-moldova/|title=Plastic bags use and selling will be penalised in Moldova|first=Maria|last=Dulgher|website=moldova.org|access-date=4 April 2021|date=13 February 2020}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Monaco}} | Gabashin Turai da sauran | Tun 2016. | <ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.monacolife.net/plastic-bag-restrictions-continue-in-monaco/|title=Plastic bag restrictions continue in Monaco|author=Staff Writer|date=8 January 2017|access-date=1 January 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Mongolia}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun Maris 2019. | <ref name="auto74">{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/20/c_137267997.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180620100433/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-06/20/c_137267997.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 June 2018|title=Mongolia decides to ban single-use plastic bags |work=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> |- | | {{flag|Montenegro}} | Gabashin Turai | | <ref name="auto75">{{cite web|url=https://www.total-montenegro-news.com/lifestyle/2805-plastic-bags-banning-montenegro|title=Plastic Bag Ban to be Introduced in Montenegro|website=Total Montenegro News |access-date=20 December 2018}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |Ban | {{flag|Morocco}} | Afrika | Tun Yuli 2016. | <ref name="auto76">{{cite web|url=http://www.africanews.com/2016/07/01/morocco-enforcing-nationwide-ban-on-plastic-bags/|title=Morocco enforcing nationwide ban on plastic bags|date=1 July 2016 | publisher=Africanews|access-date=4 July 2016}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Mozambique}} | Afrika | Tun daga 5 ga Fabrairu 2016. Ban da za a aiwatar da shi ta 2024. | <ref name="auto77">{{cite web|url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201601290496.html|title=Mozambique: Restrictions On Plastic Bags Take Effect On 5 February|date=29 January 2016|website=AllAfrica}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-plastic-bags-to-be-banned-by-2024/ |date=June 16, 2022 |title=MOZAMBIQUE: Plastic bags to be banned by 2024 |publisher=[[Afrik21]] |access-date=8 March 2023 |archive-date=8 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230308192020/https://www.afrik21.africa/en/mozambique-plastic-bags-to-be-banned-by-2024/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Myanmar}} | Asiya-Facifik | An haramta a Yangon. | <ref name="mmtimes.com">{{cite news |url=https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/2950-plastic-bags-get-the-toss-from-yangon.html |title=Plastic bags get the toss from Yangon |work=The Myanmar Times |date=2 May 2011 |access-date=26 December 2018 |author1=Aye Sapay Phyu |author2=Juliet Shwe Gaung |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226232548/https://www.mmtimes.com/national-news/2950-plastic-bags-get-the-toss-from-yangon.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |An haramta a yanki | {{flag|Namibia}} | Afrika | An haramta shi a wurare masu kariya. Levy ya amince amma ba a aiwatar da shi ba. | <ref name="auto78">{{cite news|url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/23/c_137625081.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123004406/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-11/23/c_137625081.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=23 November 2018|title=Namibia officially bans plastic bags in protected areas |work=Xinhua News Agency|access-date=20 December 2018 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Nauru}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 23 Afrilu 2021. | <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ronlaw.gov.nr/nauru_lpms/index.php/subordinate_legislation/view/784|title=Ronlaw – Nauru's Online Legal Database – Environmental Management and Climate Change (Ban on Single Use Plastic Shopping Bags) Regulations 2021 in force|website=ronlaw.gov.nr}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Nepal}} | Asiya-Facifik | | <ref name="auto79">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/ban-production-use-plastic-bags-comes-effect/|title=Ban on production and use of plastic bags comes into effect|date=17 July 2016|access-date=27 November 2017}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Netherlands}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2016. An dakatar da shi a Aruba, Sint Maarten da Caribbean Netherlands. | <ref name="auto81">{{Cite web|url=https://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/afval/inhoud/verbod-op-gratis-plastic-tassen|title=Verbod op gratis plastic tassen – Afval – Rijksoverheid.nl|last=Milieu|first=Ministerie van Infrastructuur en|website=rijksoverheid.nl|language=nl-NL|access-date=2016-03-30|date=2015-08-26}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2016/08/08/aruba-just-banned-plastic-bags/|title=Why Aruba Just Banned Plastic Bags|date=9 August 2016|website=Caribbean Journal|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.infobonaire.com/single-use-plastics-banned-by-bonaire/|title=Single-Use Plastics Banned by Bonaire|first=Susan Davis for The Bonaire|last=Insider|date=18 July 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/plastic-carrier-bags-prohibited-in-saba-per-january-1/|title=Plastic carrier bags prohibited in Saba per January 1|website=www.curacaochronicle.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sxmstrong.com/sint-maartens-move-to-prohibit-single-use-plastics-focuses-on-natural-processes-emerging-green-technologies-innovative-thinking/|title=Sint Maarten's Move To Prohibit Single-Use Plastics 'Focuses On Natural Processes, Emerging Green Technologies, Innovative Thinking'|date=27 April 2021|access-date=7 May 2023|archive-date=11 May 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230511083654/https://www.sxmstrong.com/sint-maartens-move-to-prohibit-single-use-plastics-focuses-on-natural-processes-emerging-green-technologies-innovative-thinking/|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|New Zealand}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun Yuli 2019. 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An haramta a Cook Islands. | <ref name="auto80">{{cite news|url=https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/12/single-use-plastic-bags-banned-from-july-1-government-confirms.html|title=Single-use plastic bags banned from July 1, Government confirms|date=2018-12-18|work=Newshub|access-date=2018-12-20|archive-date=2023-04-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230421043804/https://www.newshub.co.nz/home/politics/2018/12/single-use-plastic-bags-banned-from-july-1-government-confirms.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/361574/niue-joins-growing-pacific-movement-to-ban-plastics|title=Niue joins growing Pacific movement to ban plastics|date=11 July 2018|website=Radio New Zealand|access-date=27 December 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://embed.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/391746/cook-islands-moves-to-ban-single-use-plastic|title=Cook Islands moves to ban single-use plastic|date=11 June 2019|work=Radio NZ}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Niger}} | Afrika | | <ref name="auto82">{{cite web|url=http://www.panapress.com/Niger--Govt.-bans-production,-import,-trade,-use-of-plastic-bags--12-630408542-40-lang2-index.html|title=Niger: Govt. bans production, import, trade, use of plastic bags|website=panapress.com|access-date=28 November 2017}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Nigeria}} | Afrika | | <ref name="Nigeria">{{cite news |last1=Opara |first1=George |title=Reps pass bill banning plastic bags, prescribe fines against offenders |url=https://dailypost.ng/2019/05/21/reps-pass-bill-banning-plastic-bags-prescribe-fines-offenders/ |access-date=27 May 2019 |agency=Daily Post |date=May 21, 2019}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|North Macedonia}} | Yammacin | Tun 2009. | <ref>{{cite news |last1=Saveski|first1=Zdravko|title=Оние незабележливи пластични ќеси |language=mk| 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style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Papua New Guinea}} | Asiya-Facifik | Tun 2016. | <ref name="auto87">{{Cite web|url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-12-15/png-prepares-for-ban-on-non-biodegradable-plastic/7031006|title=PNG prepares for ban on non-biodegradable plastic bags|date=2015-12-15|website=ABC News|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref><ref name="auto88">{{Cite web|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/295150/ban-on-plastic-bags-begins-in-png|title=Ban on plastic bags begins in PNG|date=2016-01-28|access-date=2016-07-02}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Peru}} | Latin Amerika | Tun Ogusta 2019. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://elcomercio.pe/peru/ley-plasticos-debes-cobro-bolsas-establecimientos-noticia-ecpm-631782|title=Ley de plásticos: todo lo que debes saber sobre el cobro de bolsas en establecimientos|language=es|work=El Comercio|date=7 May 2019}}</ref><ref name="auto89">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-peru-environment-plastic-idUSKBN1O520V|title=Peru to phase out throw-away plastic bags in three years|date=6 December 2018 |access-date=20 December 2018 |work=Reuters}}</ref> |- | style="background:#820782; color: white;" |Haramcin yanki da caji | {{flag|Philippines}} | Asiya-Facifik | An dakatar da shi a cikin zaɓaɓɓun biranen Metro Manila, ban da Taguig, Malabon, Caloocan, Valenzuela, Navotas, San Juan, San Juan, da Parañaque. | <ref name="auto90">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Weekender&title=to-plastic-or-not-to-plastic-that-is-the-question...&id=47636|title=To plastic or not to plastic, that is the question...|last=Valisno|first=Jeffrey O.|date=March 2, 2012|website=Business World Online|access-date=2019-09-06|archive-date=2020-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113005844/http://www.bworldonline.com/content.php?section=Weekender&title=to-plastic-or-not-to-plastic-that-is-the-question...&id=47636|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.rappler.com/environment/quezon-city-plastic-bag-fee|title=Quezon City plastic bag fee to go to 'green' projects|website=Rappler|date=14 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/265156/money/economy/industry-expects-50-downsizing-if-manila-bans-plastic-bags/|title=Industry expects 50% downsizing if Manila bans plastic bags|website=GMA News Online}}</ref><ref name="gmanetwork.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/318144/news/specialreports/as-ban-on-plastic-bags-spreads-valenzuela-stubbornly-says-no/|title=As ban on plastic bags spreads, Valenzuela stubbornly says 'no'|website=GMA News Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/606728/why-malabon-continues-to-delay-plastic-ban|title=Why Malabon continues to delay plastic ban|first=Nathaniel R.|last=Melican|date=30 May 2014|website=INQUIRER.net}}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Poland}} | Gabashin Turai | Tun 2018. | <ref name="auto91">{{cite web |title=Koniec z darmowymi reklamówkami. Jakie są ceny foliówek w supermarketach? |url=https://www.wprost.pl/gospodarka/10095657/koniec-z-darmowymi-reklamowkami-jakie-sa-ceny-foliowek-w-supermarketach.html |publisher=[[Wprost]] |access-date=28 September 2018|date=2018-01-02 }}</ref> |- | style="background:#d4af13;" |Caji | {{flag|Portugal}} | Yammacin Turai da sauran | Tun 2016. | <ref name="auto92">{{cite web|url=http://www.theportugalnews.com/news/plastic-bag-use-plummets-a-year-after-tax-introduction/37473|title=Plastic bag use plummets a year after tax introduction|access-date=27 November 2017|archive-date=26 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230426052944/https://www.theportugalnews.com/news/plastic-bag-use-plummets-a-year-after-tax-introduction/37473|url-status=dead}}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Romania}} | Gabashin Turai | Since 2019. | |- | | {{flag|Russian}} | Gabashin Turai | Ana shirin za'a haramta a 2024. | <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2021/09/02/russia-to-fully-ban-single-use-plastic-products-by-2024-minister-a74960 |title=Russia Moves to Phase Out Plastic Bags in New Draft Law|website=The Moscow Times|date=2 September 2021 | first= Maxim | last=Korotchenko }}</ref> |- | style="background:#48ab06;" |An haramta | {{flag|Rwanda}} | Afrika | Tun 2008. | <ref name="Rwanda">{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/feb/15/rwanda-banned-plastic-bags-so-can-we | title=Think you can't live without plastic bags? Consider this: Rwanda did it | newspaper=[[The Guardian]] | date=15 February 2014 | access-date=14 September 2015 | author=Clavel, Émilie}}</ref> |} === Afirka === [[File:Niger,_Karey_Gorou,_(7)_waste_disposal.jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|Sharar filastik a Karey Gorou, Nijar]] [[Kenya]] ta yi ƙoƙari na farko don hana masana'antu da shigo da jakar filastik a cikin 2007 da 2011 a matsayin hanyar kare muhalli. haramcin 2007 da 2011 da aka yi niyya da filastik a ƙasa da microns 30 ya gaza bayan masana'antun da shagunan sayar da kayayyaki sun yi barazanar ba da kuɗin amfani da wasu kayan ga masu amfani. A cikin 2017 sakataren majalisa na Muhalli da albarkatun kasa, Farfesa Judy Wakhungu ya haramta amfani, ƙerawa da shigo da duk jakar filastik da aka yi amfani da su don kunshin kasuwanci da na gida a ƙarƙashin lambar sanarwar Gazette 2356. A ranar 28 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2017, Kenya ta fara aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk fadin kasar na jakunkunan filastik guda daya. An cire jakunkuna na farko, jakunkuna masu sharar gida, da kayan kwalliya daga haramcin. An yaba da haramcin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi tsauri a duniya, tare da tarar har zuwa $ 40000, ko shekaru huɗu a kurkuku. Shugaba Uhuru Kenyatta a cikin 2019, a lokacin [[Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya]], ya kara karfafa kokarin Kenya na yaki da gurɓata filastik da kuma ci gaba da kula da sharar gida ta hanyar haramta filastik mai amfani guda ɗaya a wuraren da aka kiyaye. Harin, wanda ya fara aiki a ranar 5 ga Yuni 2020, ya haramta amfani da filastik a wuraren shakatawa na kasa, rairayin bakin teku, gandun daji da wuraren kiyayewa. ==== Najeriya ==== A watan Mayu 2019, Majalisar Wakilai ta [[Najeriya]] ta haramta samarwa, shigowa da amfani da jaka na filastik a kasar. ==== Rwanda ==== haramcin jakar filastik na [[Ruwanda|Rwanda]] ya fara aiki a cikin 2008. Gwamnatin Rwanda ta karfafa wasu kasashe a yankinsu da su haramta jakar filastik, tun daga shekarar 2011. ==== Somaliya ==== An dakatar da jakunkunan filastik a Jamhuriyar Somaliland da ta ayyana kanta a ranar 1 ga Maris 2005 bayan lokacin alheri na kwanaki 120 wanda gwamnati ta bai wa jama'a don kawar da kayansu. Ma'aikatar Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta sanar da shawarar majalisar a cikin wata doka mai taken: "Harka shigo da kaya, samarwa da amfani da jaka na filastik a cikin kasar". An yi wa jaka lakabi da "furewar Hargeysa", saboda da yawa daga cikinsu sun ƙare da hurawa kuma sun makale a cikin bishiyoyi da shrubs, suna haifar da haɗari ga dabbobi saboda dabbobin da ke cin ganyayyaki galibi suna cinye jaka ba zato ba tsammani. A cikin 2015 an sake maimaita haramcin ta hanyar Dokar Shugaban kasa No. #JSL / M / XERM/249-3178/042015, sake samar da kwanaki 120 na alheri don kawar da hannun jari. Don tabbatar da aiwatar da haramcin, gwamnati ta kafa ƙungiyoyin tilasta aiki a cikin 2016 don gudanar da tafiye-tafiye na musamman waɗanda ke ƙaddamar da bincike a cikin ɗakunan kasuwanci. Akalla maza da mata 1000 a cikin tufafi da aka tura cikin manyan kasuwanni da manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki. Gwamnati ta sanar da tarar masu keta doka da ke ci gaba da sayar da jakunkunan filastik a kasar. ==== Afirka ta Kudu ==== Takalma na filastik sun kasance babbar damuwa a [[Afirka ta Kudu]] kafin a gabatar da harajin jaka a shekara ta 2004. Ba a taɓa dakatar da jaka ba, amma an gabatar da haraji, wanda mai yin jakar filastik zai biya. Ana karɓar jakunkunan filastik masu kauri kuma kodayake wannan matakin da farko ya haifar da fushi tare da masu amfani da raguwa na farko a cikin ƙididdiga, amfani da masu amfani ya ci gaba da ƙaruwa zuwa jakunkunan sayen filastik biliyan da yawa a kowace shekara. ==== Tanzania ==== Gwamnatin Juyin Juya Halin [[Zanzibar]] ta haramta jakar filastik a shekarar 2005. [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta gabatar da shirye-shiryen aiwatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a duk fadin kasar a cikin shekara ta 2006. Koyaya, an jinkirta tabbatar da shi fiye da shekaru goma. A ƙarshe haramcin ya fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2019. ==== Tunisiya ==== [[Tunisiya|Tunisia]] ta gabatar da haramtacciyar rarraba jakar filastik a cikin manyan kantuna tun daga 1 ga Maris 2017. An sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya tsakanin Ma'aikatar Harkokin Cikin Gida da Muhalli da manyan sarkar manyan kantuna a kasar don aiwatar da matakin farko na tsari da nufin rage amfani da jaka na filastik. 'Yan gwagwarmayar Tunisia suna shirin kamfen na wayar da kan jama'a don kafa manufofi masu kyau a kasar. ==== Uganda ==== [[File:Trash_in_kampala.jpg|thumb|250x250px|Tarin shara ciki har da jakar filastik a Kampala, Uganda]] [[Uganda]] ta gabatar da doka a cikin 2007 don hana sayar da jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi a ƙarƙashin 30 μm kauri da jakunkuna masu kauri a cikin kashi 120%. Kodayake dokokin sun fara aiki a watan Satumba na wannan shekarar, ba a aiwatar da su ba kuma sun kasa rage yawan amfani da jakunkunan filastik. Ba a aiwatar da doka sosai ba. === Asiya === ==== Bangladesh ==== An gabatar da haramtacciyar haramtacciya a Bangladesh a shekara ta 2002 bayan ambaliyar ruwa da aka haifar da jakunkunan filastik da aka zubar da su ta mamaye kashi biyu bisa uku na kasar cikin ruwa tsakanin 1988 da 1998. Takalma na filastik sun kasance babbar matsala ga tsarin sharar gida da hanyoyin ruwa. ==== Cambodia ==== Kambodiya ta zartar da doka don sanya harajin jakar filastik a watan Oktoba 2017. Supermarkets yanzu cajin abokan ciniki 400 Riels (10 US cents) ga kowane jakar filastik idan suna buƙatar ɗaya. ==== China ==== An gabatar da haramtacciyar jakar filastik a kan jakar filalastik mai laushi da kuma kuɗin a kan jakunkunan filastik da aka gabatar a kasar Sin a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2008. Wannan ya fara aiki ne saboda matsalolin da ke tattare da magudanar ruwa da sharar gida. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2009 ya nuna cewa amfani da jakar filastik ya fadi tsakanin 60 zuwa 80% a cikin manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki na kasar Sin, kuma an yi amfani da jakunkuna biliyan 40. Koyaya, asusun farko sun nuna a sarari, haramcin ya ga iyakantaccen nasara, kuma cewa amfani da jaka na filastik ya kasance mai yawa. Masu sayar da tituna da ƙananan shagunan, waɗanda suka zama babban ɓangare na tallace-tallace a China, ba sa bin manufofin a wani ɓangare saboda matsalolin aiwatar da haramcin. Kalmar "farar fata gurɓata" (Sinanci: 白色污染; pinyin: baise wuran, ba sau da yawa " shara" Sinanci:白色垃垃垃圾; ) ya zama na gida ga China kuma daga baya zuwa Kudancin Asiya, yana jin daɗin amfani da karami a waje da yankin. Yana nufin launi na fararen jaka na sayen filastik, kwantena na styrofoam, da sauran kayan haske waɗanda suka fara juyawa a cikin girma a cikin filayen noma, wuri mai faɗi, da hanyoyin ruwa a tsakiyar- zuwa ƙarshen 1990s. Magana ta farko game da kalmar "farar gurɓata" ta bayyana a cikin harshen hukuma aƙalla tun farkon 1999, lokacin da Majalisar Jiha ta sanya haramtacciyar farko. ===== Hong Kong ===== [[Hong Kong]] ta haramta masu siyarwa daga ba da jakunkunan filastik a ƙarƙashin wani kauri kuma kyauta. An aiwatar da harajin jakar filastik na 50 cent a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2015 a fadin Hong Kong. Amfani da jaka na filastik ya ragu da kashi 90% bayan gabatar da harajin. Alamomi sun nuna cewa Hong Kong tana kawar da amfani da jaka na filastik a cikin babban farashi. [[File:Malpublicinfoboard.JPG|thumb|250x250px|Alamar da ke shelar cewa jakar polythene ta fi 30 μm an haramta a Kasaragod, [[Kerala]], Indiya.]] ==== Indiya ==== A shekara ta 2002, Indiya ta haramta samar da jakunkunan filastik a ƙasa da 20 μm a kauri don hana jakunkunan roba daga toshe tsarin magudanar ruwa na birni da kuma hana shanu na [[Indiya]] cin jakunkunan Filastik yayin da suke rikitar da shi don abinci. Koyaya, tilasta aiki ya kasance matsala. Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi ta kuma zartar da ka'idoji don hana duk jakar polythene kasa da microns 50 a ranar 18 ga Maris 2016. Saboda rashin aiwatar da wannan ka'idar, hukumomin yanki (jihohi da kamfanonin birni), dole ne su aiwatar da nasu ka'idojin. A cikin 2016, Sikkim, jihar farko ta Indiya, ta haramta amfani da ba kawai kwalabe na ruwan sha ba a kowane taron gwamnati ko ayyuka har ma da kwantena na abinci da aka yi daga kumfa na polystyrene a duk fadin jihar. Himachal Pradesh ita ce jiha ta farko da ta haramta jakar filastik kasa da 30 μm. Jihar Karnataka ta zama jiha ta farko da ta haramta duk nau'ikan jakar filastik, banners na filastik، buntings na filastic, flex, filastik flags, filastic plates, filastics cups, filakstik spoons, cling films da filastik sheets don yadawa a kan cin abinci teburin ciki har da abubuwan da ke sama da aka yi da thermacol da filastic micro beads wanda ke amfani da filastika. Jihar Goa ta haramta jaka har zuwa 40 μm kauri, yayin da birnin [[Mumbai]] ya haramta jaka a ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin kauri zuwa 50 μm. Gwamnatin jihar [[Maharashtra]] ta haramta filastik daga ranar 23 ga Yuni 2018. Gwamnatin jihar [[Tamil Nadu]] ta kuma haramta filastik daga ranar 1 ga Janairun 2019. ==== Indonesia ==== Daga 2016, Ma'aikatar Muhalli ta tilasta wa 'yan kasuwa a cikin birane 23 a fadin tsibirin (mini-markets, hypermarkets, da supermarkets) su cajin masu amfani tsakanin Rp.200 da Rp.5,000 ga kowane jakar filastik, gami da jakar filalastik mai lalacewa. Ana amfani da kuɗin da harajin ya tara a matsayin kudaden jama'a don kula da sharar gida tare da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Tsibirin Bali ya haramta jakar filastik guda ɗaya, straws, da styrofoam, daga watan Yulin 2019. Sauran manyan birane, ciki har da [[Jakarta]], [[Surabaya]], [[Bandung]], Semarang da Bogor, tun daga lokacin sun haramta jakar filastik guda ɗaya. ==== Isra'ila ==== Tun daga watan Janairun 2017, ana buƙatar manyan 'yan kasuwa su cajin masu amfani don jakunkunan filastik tare da hannayensu, a NIS 0.10 don kowane jaka. Za a yi amfani da kudaden shiga na haraji don tallafawa shirye-shiryen kula da sharar gida na jama'a. Matsakaicin amfani da jaka na filastik a Isra'ila a cikin 2014 ya kasance 275 ga kowane mutum a kowace shekara. Watanni huɗu bayan dokar ta fara aiki, yawan jakunkunan filastik da aka rarraba ta hanyar 'yan kasuwa masu bin doka sun ragu da kashi 80%. ==== Philippines ==== Philippines ita ce ta uku mafi girma a duniya a duniya a gurɓata teku duk da aikin kula da sharar gida wanda ya fara aiki shekaru 18 da suka gabata. Kokarin sarrafa filastik ya sami cikas saboda cin hanci da rashawa, rashin son siyasa, da yaduwa da kuma samun dama ga samfuran filastik masu amfani guda ɗaya. A shekara ta 2010, Muntinlupa ta zama karamar hukuma ta farko a Babban Birnin Kasa don hana jakar filastik da styrofoam a cikin shaguna. Wannan ya biyo bayan matakan a cikin biranen Las Piñas (2 Janairu 2012), Pasig (1 Janairu 2012). Quezon City (1 Satumba 2012, jaka don kuɗi), Pasay (1 Satumba, 2012, jaka don kuɗin), da Makati (30 Yuni, 2013). Biranen Metro Manila waɗanda suka jinkirta ɗora ka'idoji da haramtacciyar doka sun haɗa da Taguig, Caloocan, Malabon, Valenzuela, Navotas, San Juan da Parañaque, waɗanda ke da ɗaruruwan filastik da kamfanonin masana'antun roba. A cikin birni ɗaya, dangin magajin gari suna da fili na hekta 60 na "Plastic City Industrial". A ranar 4 ga watan Yulin 2019, Sanata Francis Pangilinan ya gabatar da lissafin da ke neman fitar da kayayyakin filastik guda daya ta hanyar hana shigo da kayayyaki, masana'antu da amfani a wuraren abinci, shagunan, kasuwanni, da 'yan kasuwa. ==== Singapore ==== Za a buƙaci manyan kantuna a [[Singafora|Singapore]] su caji aƙalla 5 cents a kowace jaka a cikin harajin jakar mai ɗaukar kaya daga tsakiyar 2023. ==== Taiwan ==== A watan Janairun shekara ta 2003, [[Taiwan]] ta haramta rarraba jakunkunan filastik masu sauƙi kyauta. Hanawar ta hana masu mallakar shagunan sashen, manyan kantuna, manyan kantin sayar da kayayyaki, shagunan kayan masarufi, gidajen cin abinci mai sauri da gidajen cin abincin yau da kullun daga samar da jakunkunan filastik kyauta ga abokan cinikin su. Yawancin shagunan sun maye gurbin filastik tare da akwatunan takarda da aka sake amfani da su. A shekara ta 2006, duk da haka, gwamnati ta yanke shawarar fara ba da izinin jakunkunan filastik kyauta ga masu ba da sabis na abinci. A watan Fabrairun 2018, Taiwan ta ba da sanarwar shirye-shiryen hana jakunkunan filastik a digiri daban-daban, an haramta don amfani da su a cikin shagon ta 2019, wasu shagunan da aka haramta daga bayar da jakunkuna ta 2020, farashin ya karu tun daga 2025, sannan kuma 2030 haramtacciyar bargo na jakunkunan roba guda ɗaya, da kayan aiki guda ɗaya da kwantena. == Manazarta == {{reflist|2}} le1wtpy0bd50zsdquc4ntzsgih9rso1 Komo (kauye) 0 51349 961986 456640 2026-10-02T18:37:07Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Manazarta */ 961986 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Stub}} '''Komo''' wani kauye ne dake,karamar hukumar Zango, a Jihar [[Katsina]].<ref>"Polling Unit Locator Tool". Abuja, Nigeria: Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC). December 28, 2019. Retrieved December 28, 2019.</ref> == Manazarta == hpojq4997imkbiljosq2isbhrpnd14r Kogin Maringa 0 58774 962343 321651 2026-10-03T11:35:05Z Usman saadu 46863 962343 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Maringa kogi''' ne a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Ƙasar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] .Marigayi,da [[kogin Lopori]] a arewa,sun haɗu kusa da Basankusu don samar da [[kogin Lulonga]],rafi na [[Kogin Congo|Kogin Kongo]].Basin Maringa/Lopori ya ƙunshi shimfidar shimfidar wuri na Maringa-Lopori-Wamba,yanki mai mahimmancin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=amp}}</ref> Mutanen Ngando suna zaune ne a yankin kogin Maringa da ke arewacin Ikela . == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} 8e7be237ynholt3h0bcmv8j3zh5wpbi 962344 962343 2026-10-03T11:35:42Z Usman saadu 46863 962344 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogin Maringa kogi''' ne a [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Ƙasar Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] .Marigayi,da [[kogin Lopori]] a arewa,sun haɗu kusa da Basankusu don samar da [[kogin Lulonga]],rafi na [[Kogin Congo|Kogin ƙasar Kongo]].Basin Maringa/Lopori ya ƙunshi shimfidar shimfidar wuri na Maringa-Lopori-Wamba,yanki mai mahimmancin muhalli.<ref>{{Cite web|last1=amp}}</ref> Mutanen Ngando suna zaune ne a yankin kogin Maringa da ke arewacin Ikela . == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} gbm14fnhv6vmndlw6l8gmn7twf9dgcz Daniel Etim Effiong 0 62171 961875 961455 2026-10-02T13:55:43Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372327394|Daniel Etim Effiong]]" 961875 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daniel Etim Effiong''', kuma '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma darektan fim na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's "Night With The Stars" delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor & Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya fito a cikin Collision Course, fim din Bolanle Austen-Peters wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar #EndSars. A wannan shekarar, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a karo na biyu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a na Netflix, Castle da Castle.A cikin 2021, ya fito a cikin Collision Course, fim din Bolanle Austen-Peters wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar #EndSars. A wannan shekarar, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a karo na biyu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a na Netflix, Castle da Castle. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya zauna a Benin City, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]; da [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Lieutenant Colonel Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an yi masa zargi da ƙarya a juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi kurkuku lokacin da Etim Effiong ke da shekara guda. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu lokacin da yake dan shekara hudu a kan hanyarsa ta ziyarci mijinta a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a 1993 kuma shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakken gafarar shugaban kasa a 2020 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar St. Mary's Private School a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan ya biyo bayan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], kuma a Jihar Legasa, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin Injiniyan sunadarai a [[Minna]]" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Federal University of Technology, Minna">Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya da ke Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun fim, rubutun allo da kuma ba da umarni a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fim ta AFDA]] a Afirka ta Kudu. == Ayyuka == === Shekaru na 2010 === Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai samar da abun ciki ga [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . <ref name="En">{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}</ref> Farawa a farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin jerin yanar gizo da talabijin waɗanda suka haɗa da Goddammit It's Monday (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakin Madams'', Castle da Castle (2018) da The Men's Club (2018). A cikin 2017, ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo na minti biyar mai taken Prey wanda ke nuna [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi & Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film "Prey" on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ya fara yin fim dinsa na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New Money . Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Kenya, Shirin B, tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma yana wasa da Shugaba na Najeriya na kamfanin Nairobi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's "Plan B" starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar Best Actor a Comedy a 7th [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|AMVCA]] awards 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka.<ref name="En" /> === Shekaru na 2020 === A cikin 2020, ya fara zama darektan tare da Fish Bone, wani ɗan gajeren fim wanda ya magance batun yaudarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's "Fishbone" Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya bayyana a cikin Storm, wani ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ne ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film "Storm" Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2020, an saki fim dinsa na farko, shirin Netflix Skin, wanda ya binciki batun launi a Najeriya. Ya ƙunshi [[Beverly Naya]] wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's "Skin" Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's "Skin" Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya fito a cikin Collision Course, fim din [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar [[End SARS|#EndSars]]. A wannan shekarar, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a karo na biyu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a na Netflix, ''Castle da Castle.'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as "Collision Course" wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Actor saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a 2022 kuma an zabi shi don Mafi kyawun A actor a 2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards . Ya kuma sami gabatarwa ga [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] don Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora don Jolly Roger, wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na Netflix. Ya bayyana a cikin Blood Sisters, mai ban tsoro da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen Najeriya na farko na Netflix wanda ya kai saman 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30. ''Selina,'' wanda aka saki don YouTube, ya kasance sananne ne don kasancewa misali na farko na yiwuwar kudi na dandalin gudana ga masu shirya fina-finai na Nollywood. Fim din ya fito da Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu sauraro sun karɓa sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' sun biyo baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da A Weekend To Forget, wanda ya yi aiki sosai a ofishin jakadancin Najeriya; <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 & 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> fim din [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim din rayuwa da fim din fantasy na iyali; Different Strokes, wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]]; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> da ''Selina''<nowiki/>'s Wedding, kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-fukan Selina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma fito a cikin A Young Time Ago da Lily of the Valley, fitowar YouTube tare da [[Nancy Isime]] .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title="A Young Time Ago" Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlóturé|Olotūré]]'': The Journey, wani jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix da suka biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Mo Abudu wanda ya samar da Òlòtûré (2019). A cikin 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin The Herd, wani labari mai ban tsoro wanda ya biyo bayan sace wani rukuni na mutane da 'yan bindiga da ke nuna kansu a matsayin makiyaya. An sake shi a cikin fina-finai a watan Oktoba, an fara shi a Netflix a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, ya kai lamba daya a kan jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's "The Herd" Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Ref |- |2020 |''Mataimakin Madams'' | |1 fitowar | |- |2019 |''Gidan sarauta da Gidan sarauniya'' |Mike Amenechi | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle & Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2018– |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Kungiyar Maza]]'' |Lanre | |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2013 |''[[Gidi Up]]'' |Folarin | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2012 |''Goddammit Litinin ne'' |Mata |Abubuwa 2 | |- |2021 |''Castle &amp;amp; Castle'' |Mike Amenechi |Abubuwa 15 | |- |2022 |''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|<nowiki/>'Yan uwa mata na jini]]'' |Aikin |Abubuwa 4 | |- |2024 |''Oloture: Tafiyar'' |Tony |Abubuwa 3 | |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; margin:auto; background:#fff;" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''[[The Herd (fim na 2025)|Garken]]'' | |Har ila yau darektan |<ref name=":2" /> |- |''[[Aso Ebi Diaries|Rubuce-rubucen Aso Ebi]]'' | |[[Biodun Stephen]] ne ya shirya | |- | rowspan="7" |2023 |''Barage'' |Matsakaicin |Emmanuel Akaemeh ne ya shirya | |- |''Bikin auren Selina'' |Ruuben |tare da Bimbo Ademoye, Oluwaseun Ayinde | |- |''Lokacin Ƙuruciya da ya gabata'' |Tsohon Tayo |tare da Sophie Alakija, Omobola Akinde | |- |''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A karshen mako da za a manta da shi]]'' |Shima |Damola Ademola ne ya shirya | |- |''Lily na kwarin'' |Bily |tare da Nancy Isime, Olaye Benjamin | |- |''[[Mikolo (fim)|Mikolo]]'' |Maleek (mahaifin) |Niyi Akinmolayan ne ya shirya |<ref name="MilMstImpFilm_Med">{{Cite web |last=Titiloye |first=Ladipo |date=2023-08-24 |title=Why Niyi Akinmolayan's Mikolo is Nigeria's Most Important Film of the Year |url=https://ladipotitiloye.medium.com/why-niyi-akinmolayans-mikolo-is-nigeria-s-most-important-film-of-the-year-61591c4e2c9d |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Strokes daban-daban'' |Khalid |Tare da Lateef Adedimeji, Shaffy Bello | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' |Wale |Kyautar AFRIFF da kuma gabatarwa ta AMVCA |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Selina'' |Ruuben |Tare da Bimbo Ademoye, Ivy Antiev | |- |''Mai farin ciki Roger'' |Ruwa |Nomin da aka samu a gasar cin kofin fim din Afirka | |- |2021 |''[[Still Falling|Har yanzu yana faɗuwa]]'' |Kyaftin Lagi |Tare da [[Sharon Ooja]] | |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Fata'' |Daraktan |Shirin da ke nuna [[Eku Edewor]] da [[Beverly Naya]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=SKIN |url=https://www.urbanworld.org/2019/skin |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Urbanworld |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Guguwa'' |Guguwa |Gajeren fim tare da [[Diane Russet]] | |- |''Kashi na Kifi'' |Sufeto |Takaitaccen fim tare da [[Shafy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah |<ref name="bellanaija.com">{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-05-01 |title=Editi Effiong's "Fishbone" Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''[[Òlóturé|Olotūré]]'' |Tony |Tare da Beverly Osu, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Ada Ameh |<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-10-05 |title=Òlòtūré |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/oloture.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''[[Makate Must Sell|Dole ne a sayar da shi]]'' |Gbenro |Tare da Igwe 2pac, Toyin Ibrahim, Diipo Adeusi | |- |''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Shirin B]]'' |Dele Coker |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-02-15 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2018 |''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|Sabon Kudi]]'' |Ganiyu Osamede |Tare da Dakore Akande | |- |2017 |''Abin da aka fara ganinsa'' |Daraktan |Takaitaccen ɗan gajeren lokaci |<ref name="bellanaija.com" /> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2022 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora |''Mai farin ciki Roger''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Movie Academy Awards: Adjetey Anang wins, check out full list of winners – MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/africa-movie-academy-awards-adjetey-anang-wins-check-out-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2022 |[[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama, Movie ko TV Series | rowspan="2" |''Kofa''|{{Won}} |<ref name=":1" /> |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy Drama, Movie ko TV Series|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA – Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Lawal 2023">{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Khadijat |date=2023-05-21 |title=AMVCA 2023: Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/05/21/amvca-2023-full-list-of-winners/amp/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ainihin Eong ya auri Toyosi Etim-Effiong tun daga 4 ga Nuwamba 2017. Sun fara haduwa a watan Agustan 2016 yayin da suke aiki a kan aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2017 |title=WEDDINGSBN Celebrity Weddings: Toyosi Phillips & Daniel Etim Effiong's #3StrandCord #YorubaEfikMergerBellaNaija Weddings |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/11/toyosi-phillips-and-etim-effiongs-3strandcord-wedding/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun yi maraba da ɗansu na farko, jariri, a watan Janairun 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2019 |title=Toyosi and Daniel Etim Effiong's baby girl is here and she is so cute! |url=https://www.informationnigeria.com/2019/01/toyosi-and-daniel-etim-effiongs-baby-girl-is-here-and-she-is-so-cute.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm5652097/" id="mwBDE" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Daniel Etim Effiong a kan IMDb * {{Twitter|eetimm|Daniel Etim Effiong}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1lwnhcl7vmnlnbkuvubafycn9zxlx3n 961876 961875 2026-10-02T13:56:38Z Baffa ali 47435 961876 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Daniel Etim Effiong''', kuma '''Daniel Etim-Effiong''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 30, 2020 |title=The Photos from Inside Mimi Onalaja's 30th Birthday Party That'll Make You Feel Like You Were There Too |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/09/mimi-onalaja-30th-birthday-party/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne kuma darektan fim na Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Moët's "Night With The Stars" delivers All The Nollywood Inspiration You need with Daniel Etim Effiong, Kate Henshaw, Mawuli Gavor & Omotola Jalade Ekeinde |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/01/moet-interview-part-1/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Etim Effiong a [[Jaji, Najeriya|Jaji]] a [[Kaduna (jiha)|Jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya . A lokacin ƙuruciyarsa ya zauna a Benin City, [[Edo|Jihar Edo]]; [[Lagos (jiha)|Jihar Legas]]; da [[Abuja]] . Mahaifinsa, tsohon Lieutenant Colonel Moses Effiong, an yanke masa hukuncin ɗaurin rai da rai bayan an yi masa zargi da ƙarya a juyin mulkin Mamman Vatsa na 1985 a lokacin mulkin [[Ibrahim Babangida]] . An tura shi kurkuku lokacin da Etim Effiong ke da shekara guda. Mahaifiyarsa ta mutu lokacin da yake dan shekara hudu a kan hanyarsa ta ziyarci mijinta a kurkuku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-06-05 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong Biography - 88Lately |url=https://88lately.com/daniel-etim-effiong-biography/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> An saki mahaifin Etim Effiong a 1993 kuma shugaban kasa [[Muhammadu Buhari]] ya ba shi cikakken gafarar shugaban kasa a 2020 .<ref>{{Cite web |title=Why My Dad Was Sentenced to Life Imprisonment - Daniel Etim-Effiong |url=https://vocal.media/humans/why-my-dad-was-sentenced-to-life-imprisonment-daniel-etim-effiong |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Humans |language=en}}</ref> Ya halarci makarantar St. Mary's Private School a [[Tsibirin Lagos|Tsibirin Legas]], Jihar Legas, sannan ya biyo bayan Kwalejin Gwamnati, [[Ikorodu]], kuma a Jihar Legasa, don karatun sakandare. Ya sami digiri a fannin Injiniyan sunadarai a [[Minna]]" id="mwMw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Federal University of Technology, Minna">Jami'ar Fasaha ta Tarayya da ke Minna, [[Neja|Jihar Nijar]] . Bayan ɗan gajeren lokaci yana aiki a matsayin injiniya a masana'antar mai da iskar gas, ya ci gaba da karatun fim, rubutun allo da kuma ba da umarni a [[AFDA, Makaranta don Ƙarfafa Tattalin Arziki|Makarantar Fim ta AFDA]] a Afirka ta Kudu. == Ayyuka == === Shekaru na 2010 === Bayan ya bar aikinsa na mai da iskar gas, ya zama mai samar da abun ciki ga [[Ndani TV|NdaniTV]] . <ref name="En">{{Cite web |date=February 27, 2020 |title=Bimbo Ademoye, Daniel Etim Effiong, Reminisce and other promising stars to watch out for |url=https://encomium.ng/7th-amvca-bimbo-ademoye-daniel-etim-effiong-reminisce-and-other-promising-stars-to-watch-out-for/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Encomium}}</ref> Farawa a farkon shekarun 2010, Etim Effiong ya ɗauki matsayi a cikin jerin yanar gizo da talabijin waɗanda suka haɗa da Goddammit It's Monday (2012), ''[[Gidi Up]]'' (2013), ''Mataimakin Madams'', Castle da Castle (2018) da The Men's Club (2018). A cikin 2017, ya ba da umarnin wasan kwaikwayo na minti biyar mai taken Prey wanda ke nuna [[Tope Tedela]] da Odenike Odetola . <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2017 |title=He Directed…She Produced! WATCH Toyosi & Daniel Etim-Effiong's Short Film "Prey" on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/12/directed-produced-watch-toyosi-daniel-etim-effiongs-short-film-prey-bn-tv/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A cikin 2018, ya fara yin fim dinsa na farko a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na New Money . Nasarar da ya samu ta zo ne a shekara mai zuwa a fim din wasan kwaikwayo na Kenya, Shirin B, tare da [[Sarah Hassan]] da [[Catherine Kamau|Catherine Kamau Karanja]] kuma yana wasa da Shugaba na Najeriya na kamfanin Nairobi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 30, 2020 |title=Plan B |url=https://paukwa.or.ke/plan-b/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Paukwa}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2019 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Nollywood Reinvented}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2020 |title=7 Nigerian movies you can enjoy with bae in February |url=https://stories.showmax.com/7-nigerian-movies-you-can-enjoy-with-bae-in-february/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Showmax Stories}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=February 14, 2019 |title=#BNMovieFeature – Valentine's Day Special: WATCH Lowla Dee's "Plan B" starring Daniel Etim Effiong, Lenana Kariba, Sarah Hassan |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2019/02/bnmoviefeature-valentines-day-special-watch-lowla-dees-plan-b-starring-daniel-etim-effiong-lenana-kariba-sarah-hassan/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Ya lashe kyautar Best Actor a Comedy a 7th [[Kyautar zaɓuɓɓuka masu kallon afirka|AMVCA]] awards 2020 saboda rawar da ya taka.<ref name="En" /> === Shekaru na 2020 === A cikin 2020, ya fara zama darektan tare da Fish Bone, wani ɗan gajeren fim wanda ya magance batun yaudarar miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma ya fito tare da [[Shafy Bello|Shaffy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Editi Effiong's "Fishbone" Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A wannan shekarar ya bayyana a cikin Storm, wani ɗan gajeren lokaci tare da Ike Onyema da Atteh 'SirDee' Daniel kuma Michael 'AMA Psalmist' Akinrogunde ne ya ba da umarni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 13, 2020 |title=Diane Russet's Short Film "Storm" Proves Love can be Found in the Most Unexpected Circumstances |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/diane-russet-short-film-storm/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Har ila yau, a cikin 2020, an saki fim dinsa na farko, shirin Netflix Skin, wanda ya binciki batun launi a Najeriya. Ya ƙunshi [[Beverly Naya]] wanda kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin furodusa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Okiche |first=Wilfred |date=July 8, 2020 |title=Film Review: The triumphs and layered questions of Daniel Etim Effiong's Skin |url=https://ynaija.com/film-review-the-moral-failures-of-daniel-etim-effiongs-skin/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |website=YNaija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwosu |first=IK |date=July 7, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's "Skin" Has Helped Young Girls Reconsider Bleaching |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/07/beverly-naya-skin-documentary-exclusive-interview/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=June 10, 2020 |title=Beverly Naya's "Skin" Documentary Is Coming To Netflix Soon |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/06/beverly-naya-skin-documentary/ |access-date=October 24, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> A cikin 2021, ya fito a cikin Collision Course, fim din [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar [[End SARS|#EndSars]]. A wannan shekarar, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a karo na biyu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a na Netflix, ''Castle da Castle.'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kan |first=Toni |date=2022-08-28 |title=Echoes of #Endsars as "Collision Course" wows towards Netflix premiere — Chris Iheuwa |url=https://thelagosreview.ng/echoes-of-endsars-as-collision-course-wows-towards-netflix-premiere-chris-iheuwa/ |access-date=2025-11-29 |website=The Lagos Review |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya sami lambar yabo ta Mafi kyawun Actor saboda rawar da ya taka a ''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' a bikin fina-finai na Afirka a 2022 kuma an zabi shi don Mafi kyawun A actor a 2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards . Ya kuma sami gabatarwa ga [[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] don Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora don Jolly Roger, wasan kwaikwayo na aikata laifuka na Netflix. Ya bayyana a cikin Blood Sisters, mai ban tsoro da kuma jerin shirye-shiryen Najeriya na farko na Netflix wanda ya kai saman 10 a cikin ƙasashe 30. ''Selina,'' wanda aka saki don YouTube, ya kasance sananne ne don kasancewa misali na farko na yiwuwar kudi na dandalin gudana ga masu shirya fina-finai na Nollywood. Fim din ya fito da Etim Effiong da Bunmi Akingbola a matsayin masoya biyu daga asali daban-daban. Masu sauraro sun karɓa sosai kuma ''Selena 2'' da ''Selena 3'' sun biyo baya a wannan shekarar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-02-12 |title=The 20 Greatest Romantic Nollywood Films of All Time - What Kept Me Up |url=https://whatkeptmeup.com/nollywood-movies/the-20-greatest-romantic-nollywood-films-of-all-time/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2023, ya fito a fina-finai da yawa, ciki har da A Weekend To Forget, wanda ya yi aiki sosai a ofishin jakadancin Najeriya; <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Top-Grossing Films of 2023 & 2024 – BusinessDay Intelligence |url=https://businessdayintelligence.ng/the-top-grossing-films-of-2023-2024/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> fim din [[Niyi Akinmolayan]] [[Mikolo (fim)|''Mikolo'']], fim din rayuwa da fim din fantasy na iyali; Different Strokes, wasan kwaikwayo na soyayya na [[Biodun Stephen]]; <ref>{{Cite web |title=Different Strokes {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2024/03/different-strokes.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> da ''Selina''<nowiki/>'s Wedding, kashi na huɗu na jerin fina-fukan Selina. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Selina's Wedding {{!}} Nollywood Reinvented |url=https://nollywoodreinvented.com/2023/10/selinas-wedding.html |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya kuma fito a cikin A Young Time Ago da Lily of the Valley, fitowar YouTube tare da [[Nancy Isime]] .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title="A Young Time Ago" Review: Subtle but Visible Misogyny Takes Front Row in the Tolu Lordtanner-Directed Drama - Afrocritik |url=https://afrocritik.com/a-young-time-ago-review-subtle-but-visible-misogyny-takes-front-row-in-the-tolu-lordtanner-directed-drama/ |access-date=2025-11-28 |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2024, ya fito a cikin ''[[Òlóturé|Olotūré]]'': The Journey, wani jerin shirye-shiryen Netflix da suka biyo bayan wasan kwaikwayo na Mo Abudu wanda ya samar da Òlòtûré (2019). A cikin 2025, ya ba da umarni kuma ya fito a cikin The Herd, wani labari mai ban tsoro wanda ya biyo bayan sace wani rukuni na mutane da 'yan bindiga da ke nuna kansu a matsayin makiyaya. An sake shi a cikin fina-finai a watan Oktoba, an fara shi a Netflix a ranar 21 ga watan Nuwamba, ya kai lamba daya a kan jadawalin Najeriya na dandalin. <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Dufe |first=Sahndra Fon |date=2025-11-24 |title=Daniel Etim Effiong's "The Herd" Arrives on No 1 on Netflix Nigeria - And the Conversation Has Already Begun |url=https://www.blackfilmwire.com/post/daniel-etim-effiong-s-the-herd-arrives-on-no-1-on-netflix-nigeria-and-the-conversation-has-alrea |access-date=2025-11-28 |website=Black Film Wire |language=en}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Shirye-shiryen talabijin === {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Ref |- |2020 |''Mataimakin Madams'' | |1 fitowar | |- |2019 |''Gidan sarauta da Gidan sarauniya'' |Mike Amenechi | |<ref>{{Cite web |last=BellaNaija.com |date=2018-08-01 |title=Will Remi be able to handle this Moral Dilemma? Watch episode 5 of Castle & Castle Exclusively on EbonylifeON |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2018/08/episode-5-castle-castle-only-ebonylifeon/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2018– |''[[The Men's Club (Nigerian web series)|Kungiyar Maza]]'' |Lanre | |<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2020-11-12 |title=Full biography of Nollywood actor Daniel Etim Effiong and other facts about him |url=https://dnbstories.com/2020/11/full-biography-of-nollywood-actor-daniel-etim-effiong.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=DNB Stories |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2013 |''[[Gidi Up]]'' |Folarin | |<ref name=":0" /> |- |2012 |''Goddammit Litinin ne'' |Mata |Abubuwa 2 | |- |2021 |''Castle &amp;amp; Castle'' |Mike Amenechi |Abubuwa 15 | |- |2022 |''[[Sisters Blood (2022 TV series)|<nowiki/>'Yan uwa mata na jini]]'' |Aikin |Abubuwa 4 | |- |2024 |''Oloture: Tafiyar'' |Tony |Abubuwa 3 | |} === Fim din === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="width:100%; margin:auto; background:#fff;" !Shekara !Taken !Matsayi !Bayani !Ref |- | rowspan="2" |2025 |''[[The Herd (fim na 2025)|Garken]]'' | |Har ila yau darektan |<ref name=":2" /> |- |''[[Aso Ebi Diaries|Rubuce-rubucen Aso Ebi]]'' | |[[Biodun Stephen]] ne ya shirya | |- | rowspan="7" |2023 |''Barage'' |Matsakaicin |Emmanuel Akaemeh ne ya shirya | |- |''Bikin auren Selina'' |Ruuben |tare da Bimbo Ademoye, Oluwaseun Ayinde | |- |''Lokacin Ƙuruciya da ya gabata'' |Tsohon Tayo |tare da Sophie Alakija, Omobola Akinde | |- |''[[A Weekend To Forget (fim)|A karshen mako da za a manta da shi]]'' |Shima |Damola Ademola ne ya shirya | |- |''Lily na kwarin'' |Bily |tare da Nancy Isime, Olaye Benjamin | |- |''[[Mikolo (fim)|Mikolo]]'' |Maleek (mahaifin) |Niyi Akinmolayan ne ya shirya |<ref name="MilMstImpFilm_Med">{{Cite web |last=Titiloye |first=Ladipo |date=2023-08-24 |title=Why Niyi Akinmolayan's Mikolo is Nigeria's Most Important Film of the Year |url=https://ladipotitiloye.medium.com/why-niyi-akinmolayans-mikolo-is-nigeria-s-most-important-film-of-the-year-61591c4e2c9d |access-date=2024-02-16 |website=Medium |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Strokes daban-daban'' |Khalid |Tare da Lateef Adedimeji, Shaffy Bello | |- | rowspan="3" |2022 |''[[Kofa (fim 2022)|Kofa]]'' |Wale |Kyautar AFRIFF da kuma gabatarwa ta AMVCA |<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=14 November 2022 |title=Jude Idada's 'Kofa' nabs 3 major awards at AFRIFF 2022 {{!}} Pulse Nigeria |url=https://www.pulse.ng/entertainment/movies/jude-idadas-kofa-nabs-3-major-awards-at-afriff-2022/nlhklnp |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=www.pulse.ng |language=en}}</ref> |- |''Selina'' |Ruuben |Tare da Bimbo Ademoye, Ivy Antiev | |- |''Mai farin ciki Roger'' |Ruwa |Nomin da aka samu a gasar cin kofin fim din Afirka | |- |2021 |''[[Still Falling|Har yanzu yana faɗuwa]]'' |Kyaftin Lagi |Tare da [[Sharon Ooja]] | |- | rowspan="3" |2020 |''Fata'' |Daraktan |Shirin da ke nuna [[Eku Edewor]] da [[Beverly Naya]] |<ref>{{Cite web |title=SKIN |url=https://www.urbanworld.org/2019/skin |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Urbanworld |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''Guguwa'' |Guguwa |Gajeren fim tare da [[Diane Russet]] | |- |''Kashi na Kifi'' |Sufeto |Takaitaccen fim tare da [[Shafy Bello]] da Moshood Fattah |<ref name="bellanaija.com">{{Cite web |last=Tv |first=Bn |date=2020-05-01 |title=Editi Effiong's "Fishbone" Is Perfect for Movie Night {{!}} Watch on BN TV |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2020/05/fishbone-movie-editi-effiong/ |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=BellaNaija |language=en-US}}</ref> |- | rowspan="3" |2019 |''[[Òlóturé|Olotūré]]'' |Tony |Tare da Beverly Osu, Blossom Chukwujekwu, Ada Ameh |<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2020-10-05 |title=Òlòtūré |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2020/10/oloture.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |''[[Makate Must Sell|Dole ne a sayar da shi]]'' |Gbenro |Tare da Igwe 2pac, Toyin Ibrahim, Diipo Adeusi | |- |''[[Plan B (2019 fim)|Shirin B]]'' |Dele Coker |Matsayin jagora |<ref>{{Cite web |last=nollywoodreinvented |date=2019-02-15 |title=Plan B |url=https://www.nollywoodreinvented.com/2019/02/plan-b.html |access-date=2021-02-14 |website=Nollywood Reinvented |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2018 |''[[New Money (fim na 2018)|Sabon Kudi]]'' |Ganiyu Osamede |Tare da Dakore Akande | |- |2017 |''Abin da aka fara ganinsa'' |Daraktan |Takaitaccen ɗan gajeren lokaci |<ref name="bellanaija.com" /> |} == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Fim din !Sakamakon !Ref |- |2022 |[[Kyautar Kwalejin Fina-Finan Afirka|Kyautar Kwalejin Fim ta Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a Matsayin Jagora |''Mai farin ciki Roger''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Africa Movie Academy Awards: Adjetey Anang wins, check out full list of winners – MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/africa-movie-academy-awards-adjetey-anang-wins-check-out-full-list-of-winners/ |access-date=2025-02-14 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |- |2022 |[[Africa International Film Festival|Bikin Fim na Duniya na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Drama, Movie ko TV Series | rowspan="2" |''Kofa''|{{Won}} |<ref name=":1" /> |- |2023 |[[2023 Africa Magic Viewers' Choice Awards|Kyautar Zaɓin Masu Bincike na Afirka]] |Mafi kyawun Actor a cikin Comedy Drama, Movie ko TV Series|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |url=https://dstv-fe-africamagic-prod.s3.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/africamagic/en-ng/show/amvca/season/9/news/full-list-here-are-all-our-amvca-9-nominees/news |access-date=2023-04-23 |website=AMVCA – Full List: Here are all our AMVCA 9 Nominees |language=en}}{{Dead link|date=January 2024}}</ref><ref name="Lawal 2023">{{Cite web |last=Lawal |first=Khadijat |date=2023-05-21 |title=AMVCA 2023: Full List Of Winners |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2023/05/21/amvca-2023-full-list-of-winners/amp/ |access-date=2023-06-10 |website=Channels Television}}</ref> |} == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ainihin Eong ya auri Toyosi Etim-Effiong tun daga 4 ga Nuwamba 2017. Sun fara haduwa a watan Agustan 2016 yayin da suke aiki a kan aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 28, 2017 |title=WEDDINGSBN Celebrity Weddings: Toyosi Phillips & Daniel Etim Effiong's #3StrandCord #YorubaEfikMergerBellaNaija Weddings |url=https://www.bellanaija.com/2017/11/toyosi-phillips-and-etim-effiongs-3strandcord-wedding/ |access-date=October 23, 2020 |publisher=Bella Naija}}</ref> Ma'auratan sun yi maraba da ɗansu na farko, jariri, a watan Janairun 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 16, 2019 |title=Toyosi and Daniel Etim Effiong's baby girl is here and she is so cute! |url=https://www.informationnigeria.com/2019/01/toyosi-and-daniel-etim-effiongs-baby-girl-is-here-and-she-is-so-cute.html |access-date=October 22, 2020 |publisher=Information Nigeria}}</ref> == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == * [[IMDb]].com/name/nm5652097/" id="mwBDE" rel="mw:ExtLink nofollow">Daniel Etim Effiong a kan IMDb * {{Twitter|eetimm|Daniel Etim Effiong}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] tlrh5fowdch0tk44to8hd2qj29qupql Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap 0 66191 962301 741622 2026-10-03T10:58:22Z Nura Bello 24854 962301 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Ayet Atyap''' bikin al'adu ne shekara-shekara ne da ake gudanarwa a duk bayan shekara ( Tyap: {{Lang|kcg|Song A̠yet}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Swong A̠yet}} ) wani tsari ne na tsawon shekaru na bukukuwa ko shagali da [[Katafawa|al'ummar Atyap]] na Kudancin Kaduna, [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] ke gudanarwa. Ana yin bikin ne bisa al'ada don shigar da lokacin [[noma]] na shekara tsakanin tsakiyar Maris zuwa tsakiyar Afrilu kuma maza ne, dangin Aku clan, waɗanda suka riga fara shiga cikin ƙungiyar Abwoi suka shirya shi.<ref name=B1>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=Lucas |title=Atyap Culture |journal=Atyap in Diaspora Magazine |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2008}}</ref><ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref name=atyaponline>{{cite web |url=http://atyap.net/CultureandReligion.aspx |title=The Culture and Religion |work=Atyap Community Online |accessdate=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021336/http://atyap.net/CultureandReligion.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A baya-bayan nan, an mayar da bikin zuwa watan Disamba<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Atyap-Cultural-Festival-Kaduna.html |title=Atyap Cultural Festival Kaduna State |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> kuma an yi bikin a dandalin fadar Agwatyap da ke Atak Njei, [[Zangon Kataf|karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf]], kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]]. Yawanci lokacin bikin ana samun halartar manyan baki daga ciki da wajen jihar, ciki har da shugabannin siyasa da na gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201003150894.html |title=Nigeria: Agric School Gets Autonomy in Kaduna |website=All Africa |publisher=Daily Champion (Lagos) |date=March 15, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com/peace-has-returned-to-zangon-kataf-community-leader |last=Musa |first=Ibraheem |title=Peace Has Returned To Zangon Kataf -Community Leader |publisher=Daily Trust |date=March 7, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2020 |archive-date=November 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110111954/https://dailytrust.com/peace-has-returned-to-zangon-kataf-community-leader/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna== <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Atyap_hunters_marching_to_the_Magwatyap.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters marching in the morning to the Agwatyap's palace during the Ayet Atyap Festival 2019 Edition.|Mafarauta Atyap suna tafiya da safe zuwa fadar Agwatyap yayin bikin Ayet Atyap 2019 Edition. File:Atyap_hunters_marching_to_the_Agwatyap's_palace.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters en-route the Agwatyap's palace.|Mafarautan Atyap suna kan hanyar fadar Agwatyap. File:Atyap_hunters_at_the_Agwatyap's_palace,_Atak_Njei.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters in the Agwatyap's palace.|Mafarautan Atyap a fadar Agwatyap. File:Agwak_akat.jpg|alt=Agwak Akat (Chief hunter).|Agwak Akat (Chief Hunter). File:Alan_awum.jpg|alt=Alan Awum, Traditional medicine man.|Alan Awum, likitan gargajiya. File:Drummers_performing_before_the_Agwatyap.jpg|alt=Drummers performing before the Agwatyap and other guests.|Masu ganga suna yin gaban Agwatyap da sauran. File:Atayep.jpg|alt=Cultural artefacts display: Atayep.|Nunin kayan tarihi na al'adu: Atayep. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Bikin Afan]] * [[List of festivals in Nigeria|Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 36aqyi9jb7zhv8kzbxpvwa3x7djn8xl 962303 962301 2026-10-03T10:59:18Z Nura Bello 24854 962303 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Ayet Atyap''' bikin al'adu ne na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa a duk bayan shekara ( Tyap: {{Lang|kcg|Song A̠yet}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Swong A̠yet}} ) wani tsari ne na tsawon shekaru na bukukuwa ko shagali da [[Katafawa|al'ummar Atyap]] na Kudancin Kaduna, [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] ke gudanarwa. Ana yin bikin ne bisa al'ada don shigar da lokacin [[noma]] na shekara tsakanin tsakiyar Maris zuwa tsakiyar Afrilu kuma maza ne, dangin Aku clan, waɗanda suka riga fara shiga cikin ƙungiyar Abwoi suka shirya shi.<ref name=B1>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=Lucas |title=Atyap Culture |journal=Atyap in Diaspora Magazine |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2008}}</ref><ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref name=atyaponline>{{cite web |url=http://atyap.net/CultureandReligion.aspx |title=The Culture and Religion |work=Atyap Community Online |accessdate=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021336/http://atyap.net/CultureandReligion.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A baya-bayan nan, an mayar da bikin zuwa watan Disamba<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Atyap-Cultural-Festival-Kaduna.html |title=Atyap Cultural Festival Kaduna State |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> kuma an yi bikin a dandalin fadar Agwatyap da ke Atak Njei, [[Zangon Kataf|karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf]], kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]]. Yawanci lokacin bikin ana samun halartar manyan baki daga ciki da wajen jihar, ciki har da shugabannin siyasa da na gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201003150894.html |title=Nigeria: Agric School Gets Autonomy in Kaduna |website=All Africa |publisher=Daily Champion (Lagos) |date=March 15, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com/peace-has-returned-to-zangon-kataf-community-leader |last=Musa |first=Ibraheem |title=Peace Has Returned To Zangon Kataf -Community Leader |publisher=Daily Trust |date=March 7, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2020 |archive-date=November 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110111954/https://dailytrust.com/peace-has-returned-to-zangon-kataf-community-leader/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna== <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Atyap_hunters_marching_to_the_Magwatyap.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters marching in the morning to the Agwatyap's palace during the Ayet Atyap Festival 2019 Edition.|Mafarauta Atyap suna tafiya da safe zuwa fadar Agwatyap yayin bikin Ayet Atyap 2019 Edition. File:Atyap_hunters_marching_to_the_Agwatyap's_palace.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters en-route the Agwatyap's palace.|Mafarautan Atyap suna kan hanyar fadar Agwatyap. File:Atyap_hunters_at_the_Agwatyap's_palace,_Atak_Njei.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters in the Agwatyap's palace.|Mafarautan Atyap a fadar Agwatyap. File:Agwak_akat.jpg|alt=Agwak Akat (Chief hunter).|Agwak Akat (Chief Hunter). File:Alan_awum.jpg|alt=Alan Awum, Traditional medicine man.|Alan Awum, likitan gargajiya. File:Drummers_performing_before_the_Agwatyap.jpg|alt=Drummers performing before the Agwatyap and other guests.|Masu ganga suna yin gaban Agwatyap da sauran. File:Atayep.jpg|alt=Cultural artefacts display: Atayep.|Nunin kayan tarihi na al'adu: Atayep. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Bikin Afan]] * [[List of festivals in Nigeria|Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ae3emetrp03u83sp149dd7ou55w6ai1 962306 962303 2026-10-03T11:02:32Z Nura Bello 24854 962306 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Ayet Atyap''' bikin al'adu ne na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa a duk bayan shekara ( Tyap: {{Lang|kcg|Song A̠yet}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Swong A̠yet}} ) wani tsari ne na tsawon shekaru na bukukuwa ko shagali da [[Katafawa|al'ummar Atyap]] na Kudancin Kaduna, [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] ke gudanarwa. Ana yin bikin ne bisa al'ada don shigar da lokacin [[noma]] na shekara tsakanin tsakiyar Maris zuwa tsakiyar Afrilu kuma maza ne, dangin Aku clan, waɗanda suka riga fara shiga cikin ƙungiyar Abwoi suka shirya shi.<ref name=B1>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=Lucas |title=Atyap Culture |journal=Atyap in Diaspora Magazine |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2008}}</ref><ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref name=atyaponline>{{cite web |url=http://atyap.net/CultureandReligion.aspx |title=The Culture and Religion |work=Atyap Community Online |accessdate=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021336/http://atyap.net/CultureandReligion.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A baya-bayan nan, an mayar da bikin zuwa watan Disamba<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Atyap-Cultural-Festival-Kaduna.html |title=Atyap Cultural Festival Kaduna State |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> kuma an yi bikin a dandalin fadar Agwatyap da ke Atak Njei, [[Zangon Kataf|karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf]], kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]]. Yawanci lokacin bikin ana samun halartar da manyan baki daga ciki da wajen jihar, ciki har da shugabannin siyasa da na gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201003150894.html |title=Nigeria: Agric School Gets Autonomy in Kaduna |website=All Africa |publisher=Daily Champion (Lagos) |date=March 15, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com/peace-has-returned-to-zangon-kataf-community-leader |last=Musa |first=Ibraheem |title=Peace Has Returned To Zangon Kataf -Community Leader |publisher=Daily Trust |date=March 7, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2020 |archive-date=November 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110111954/https://dailytrust.com/peace-has-returned-to-zangon-kataf-community-leader/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna== <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Atyap_hunters_marching_to_the_Magwatyap.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters marching in the morning to the Agwatyap's palace during the Ayet Atyap Festival 2019 Edition.|Mafarauta Atyap suna tafiya da safe zuwa fadar Agwatyap yayin bikin Ayet Atyap 2019 Edition. File:Atyap_hunters_marching_to_the_Agwatyap's_palace.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters en-route the Agwatyap's palace.|Mafarautan Atyap suna kan hanyar fadar Agwatyap. File:Atyap_hunters_at_the_Agwatyap's_palace,_Atak_Njei.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters in the Agwatyap's palace.|Mafarautan Atyap a fadar Agwatyap. File:Agwak_akat.jpg|alt=Agwak Akat (Chief hunter).|Agwak Akat (Chief Hunter). File:Alan_awum.jpg|alt=Alan Awum, Traditional medicine man.|Alan Awum, likitan gargajiya. File:Drummers_performing_before_the_Agwatyap.jpg|alt=Drummers performing before the Agwatyap and other guests.|Masu ganga suna yin gaban Agwatyap da sauran. File:Atayep.jpg|alt=Cultural artefacts display: Atayep.|Nunin kayan tarihi na al'adu: Atayep. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Bikin Afan]] * [[List of festivals in Nigeria|Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 4sszlv06byatfx06jb5pd8v6kxbt91e 962308 962306 2026-10-03T11:03:07Z Nura Bello 24854 962308 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Ayet Atyap''' bikin al'adu ne na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa a duk bayan shekara ( Tyap: {{Lang|kcg|Song A̠yet}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Swong A̠yet}} ) wani tsari ne na tsawon shekaru na bukukuwa ko shagali da [[Katafawa|al'ummar Atyap]] na Kudancin Kaduna, [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] ke gudanarwa. Ana yin bikin ne bisa al'ada don shigar da lokacin [[noma]] na shekara tsakanin tsakiyar Maris zuwa tsakiyar Afrilu kuma maza ne, dangin Aku clan, waɗanda suka riga fara shiga cikin ƙungiyar Abwoi suka shirya shi.<ref name=B1>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=Lucas |title=Atyap Culture |journal=Atyap in Diaspora Magazine |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2008}}</ref><ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref name=atyaponline>{{cite web |url=http://atyap.net/CultureandReligion.aspx |title=The Culture and Religion |work=Atyap Community Online |accessdate=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021336/http://atyap.net/CultureandReligion.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A baya-bayan nan, an mayar da bikin zuwa watan Disamba<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Atyap-Cultural-Festival-Kaduna.html |title=Atyap Cultural Festival Kaduna State |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> kuma an yi bikin ne a dandalin fadar Agwatyap da ke Atak Njei, [[Zangon Kataf|karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf]], kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]]. Yawanci lokacin bikin ana samun halartar da manyan baki daga ciki da wajen jihar, ciki har da shugabannin siyasa da na gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201003150894.html |title=Nigeria: Agric School Gets Autonomy in Kaduna |website=All Africa |publisher=Daily Champion (Lagos) |date=March 15, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com/peace-has-returned-to-zangon-kataf-community-leader |last=Musa |first=Ibraheem |title=Peace Has Returned To Zangon Kataf -Community Leader |publisher=Daily Trust |date=March 7, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2020 |archive-date=November 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110111954/https://dailytrust.com/peace-has-returned-to-zangon-kataf-community-leader/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna== <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Atyap_hunters_marching_to_the_Magwatyap.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters marching in the morning to the Agwatyap's palace during the Ayet Atyap Festival 2019 Edition.|Mafarauta Atyap suna tafiya da safe zuwa fadar Agwatyap yayin bikin Ayet Atyap 2019 Edition. File:Atyap_hunters_marching_to_the_Agwatyap's_palace.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters en-route the Agwatyap's palace.|Mafarautan Atyap suna kan hanyar fadar Agwatyap. File:Atyap_hunters_at_the_Agwatyap's_palace,_Atak_Njei.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters in the Agwatyap's palace.|Mafarautan Atyap a fadar Agwatyap. File:Agwak_akat.jpg|alt=Agwak Akat (Chief hunter).|Agwak Akat (Chief Hunter). File:Alan_awum.jpg|alt=Alan Awum, Traditional medicine man.|Alan Awum, likitan gargajiya. File:Drummers_performing_before_the_Agwatyap.jpg|alt=Drummers performing before the Agwatyap and other guests.|Masu ganga suna yin gaban Agwatyap da sauran. File:Atayep.jpg|alt=Cultural artefacts display: Atayep.|Nunin kayan tarihi na al'adu: Atayep. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Bikin Afan]] * [[List of festivals in Nigeria|Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 0ts22rw9t7gd0qnvby0u8hn8bctkp4w 962313 962308 2026-10-03T11:06:22Z Nura Bello 24854 962313 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Ayet Atyap''' bikin al'adu ne na shekara-shekara da ake gudanarwa a duk bayan shekara ( Tyap: {{Lang|kcg|Song A̠yet}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Swong A̠yet}} ) wani tsari ne na tsawon shekaru ana wadan nan bukukuwa ko shagali da [[Katafawa|al'ummar Atyap]] na Kudancin Kaduna, [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] [[Najeriya|Nigeria]] ke gudanarwa. Ana yin bikin ne bisa al'ada don shigar da lokacin [[noma]] na shekara tsakanin tsakiyar Maris zuwa tsakiyar Afrilu kuma maza ne, dangin Aku clan, waɗanda suka riga fara shiga cikin ƙungiyar Abwoi suka shirya shi.<ref name=B1>{{Cite journal |last=Atuk |first=Lucas |title=Atyap Culture |journal=Atyap in Diaspora Magazine |volume=1 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2008}}</ref><ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref name=atyaponline>{{cite web |url=http://atyap.net/CultureandReligion.aspx |title=The Culture and Religion |work=Atyap Community Online |accessdate=6 March 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723021336/http://atyap.net/CultureandReligion.aspx |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=dead }}</ref> A baya-bayan nan, an mayar da bikin zuwa watan Disamba<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Atyap-Cultural-Festival-Kaduna.html |title=Atyap Cultural Festival Kaduna State |website=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref> kuma an yi bikin ne a dandalin fadar Agwatyap da ke Atak Njei, [[Zangon Kataf|karamar hukumar Zangon Kataf]], kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]]. Yawanci lokacin bikin ana samun halartar da manyan baki daga ciki da wajen jihar, ciki har da shugabannin siyasa da na gargajiya.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201003150894.html |title=Nigeria: Agric School Gets Autonomy in Kaduna |website=All Africa |publisher=Daily Champion (Lagos) |date=March 15, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://dailytrust.com/peace-has-returned-to-zangon-kataf-community-leader |last=Musa |first=Ibraheem |title=Peace Has Returned To Zangon Kataf -Community Leader |publisher=Daily Trust |date=March 7, 2010 |access-date=September 22, 2020 |archive-date=November 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231110111954/https://dailytrust.com/peace-has-returned-to-zangon-kataf-community-leader/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Hotuna== <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Atyap_hunters_marching_to_the_Magwatyap.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters marching in the morning to the Agwatyap's palace during the Ayet Atyap Festival 2019 Edition.|Mafarauta Atyap suna tafiya da safe zuwa fadar Agwatyap yayin bikin Ayet Atyap 2019 Edition. File:Atyap_hunters_marching_to_the_Agwatyap's_palace.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters en-route the Agwatyap's palace.|Mafarautan Atyap suna kan hanyar fadar Agwatyap. File:Atyap_hunters_at_the_Agwatyap's_palace,_Atak_Njei.jpg|alt=Atyap hunters in the Agwatyap's palace.|Mafarautan Atyap a fadar Agwatyap. File:Agwak_akat.jpg|alt=Agwak Akat (Chief hunter).|Agwak Akat (Chief Hunter). File:Alan_awum.jpg|alt=Alan Awum, Traditional medicine man.|Alan Awum, likitan gargajiya. File:Drummers_performing_before_the_Agwatyap.jpg|alt=Drummers performing before the Agwatyap and other guests.|Masu ganga suna yin gaban Agwatyap da sauran. File:Atayep.jpg|alt=Cultural artefacts display: Atayep.|Nunin kayan tarihi na al'adu: Atayep. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Bikin Afan]] * [[List of festivals in Nigeria|Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 68xjhr8gzaqe967de3g72eabcqvml9s Bikin Afan 0 66260 962290 883178 2026-10-03T10:48:15Z Nura Bello 24854 962290 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Kasa na Afan''' biki ne na shekara-shekara da al'ummar Oegworok ( [[Kagoro]] ) na kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] (tsakiyar) [[Najeriya]] ana yin wannan bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.<ref name=El>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201001150632.html |last=Buhari |first=Reuben |title=Nigeria: Kagoro Home to Afan Cultural Festival |date=January 14, 2010 |publisher=This Day (Lagos) |website=All Africa |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> An ce an lura sama da shekaru 400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |last=Kezi |first=Julius B. |title=2016 Afan Festival: Kaduna Promises Partnership In Tourism Development |publisher=The Dream Daily |date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610225524/http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a fadar Sarkin Kagoro da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ke karamar hukumar]] [[Kaura]] a jihar Kaduna.<ref name="dailytrust.com">{{cite web|title=Celebrating Kagoro’s festival of hunters|url=https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Daily Trust|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731125205/https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Gworok_Hills.jpg|thumb| Dutsen Gworok (Kagoro).]] Kalmar {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan}} na nufin "dutse" ko "tudu" a yaren Tyap. Manyan tsaunuka masu tsayi na [[Kagoro|Gworok]] ana kiransu da {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan A̠gworok}} (kuma mai salo ''Oefan Oegworok'' ) a cikin ƴan ƙasar. Akwai duwatsu masu ban sha'awa da ke da tsayin mita 1,246. Manyan itatuwa suna girma a kan tuddai tare da gindin dutse. Yanayin yankin yana da tasiri sosai ga tsaunuka kuma yanayin ya yi kama da na [[Jos Plateau]] da [[Tudun Mambilla|Filaton Mambila]], haka-zalika ana ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin bazara. A zamanin farko, mutanen Agworok sun zauna a cikin kogo da kuma saman tsaunukan a tsawon ƙarni kafin a hankali su zauna a gindin dutsen kuma a ƙarshe turawan mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Burtaniya]] sun kore su gaba ɗaya a farkon ƙarni na 20 duk da cewa akwai al'ummomi da suka wanzu a saman tsaunuka. Tuddan da ke akwai, sun ba wa mutane tsaro daga mahara na kasashen waje.<ref name=Af>{{Cite book |last=Afuwai |first=Yanet |title=The Place of Kagoro in the History of Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Kagoro-Hills-Kaduna.html |title=Kagoro Hills of Kaduna State |publisher=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Bk>{{Cite book |title=Kaduna State: Everyone's Handbook |trans-title=Afan Festival: A People's Treasured Past |date=1982 |language=English |location=Kano, Nigeria |publisher=Triumph Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-188-006-6 |pages=109–111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://explorenigeria.com.ng/states/kaduna-state-festivals/ |title=Festivals in Kaduna State |access-date=September 14, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback.jpg|thumb| Mafarauta na Agworok na tafiya tare da mahalarta bikin a fadin garin a gundumar Agban a cikin 2020 Edition.]] === Gabanin zamani === A al'adance, bikin na nuna ƙarshen girbin amfanin gona na wannan shekara da fara balaguron farauta da sauran ayyuka masu yawa.<ref name="dailytrust.com"/><ref name=Bk/> A cewar Achi a cikin Achi et Al (2019), bikin Afan da Agworok ke yi duk ranar Asabar ta biyu na watan Afrilu (yanzu duk ranar 1 ga Janairu) kowace shekara shine bikin farautar gargajiya na [[Katafawa|Atyap]], arewacin Agworok.<ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref>Achi, B. ''Warfare and Military Architecture Among the Atyap.'' p. 47</ref> Duk da haka ba za a iya sanin ainihin ranar da aka fara wannan biki ba, amma an yi imanin an fara gudanar da shi ne lokacin da dangin Ankwai ke ci gaba da zama a [[Jos Plateau|Jos-Bauchi Plateau]] kusan 1500 A.D <ref name=Bk/> [[File:An_Agworok_traditional_medicine_woman.jpg|thumb| Wata mata mai maganin gargajiya ta Agworok a bikin kasa ta Afan 2020.]] === Gab da zamani === ==== Rukunin ayyuka ==== Mutanen Agworok (Kagoro) sun ƙunshi manyan ''kwais'' guda biyu wato Ankwai da Kpashang, kowanne da ƙabilarsa. Ankwai ita ce tsohuwar rukuni yayin da Kpashang shine sabon dangi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙaura.<ref name=Af/> Domin yanke shawara game da batutuwan da suka shafi yaki, muhimman bukukuwan da suka shafi fara noman ƙasa a farkon duk lokacin damina da kuma shan tukunyar barasa na farko don bikin Afan, akwai wasu ƙabilu daga cikin Ankwai da ke da alhakin waɗannan ayyuka.<ref name=Bk/> Ƙabilar Kpashang a ɗayan bangaren, ita ce ke kula da mafi girman sarautar ƙasar. <ref name="Af" /> ==== Walima/Biki==== Ban da kāriya ta zahiri da tuddai suke ba mutanen, suna girmama su da daraja ta ruhaniya daga wurinsu. Don fara bikin Afan, Babban Firist ( {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bvwoi}} ) ya hau tudu domin yin addu'ar neman tsari daga {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwaza}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Uza}}. Daga nan sai ya daga murya ya ce, “Ya Afan, Ya Afan”, tare da taimakon abokan aikinsa, kuma jama’a (waɗanda aka saba yi musu gargaɗi su kaurace wa tsaunuka) suna amsa irin wannan. Sai babban firist ya tsarkake tuddai, washegari kuma da sassafe a fara farauta. A karshen wannan balaguron, mafarauta masu murna da farin ciki suka dawo, kuma duk ƙauyen suna ihu, " ''Ya Afan, Ya Afan'' " yayin da mafarauta suka nufo gidan giya ( {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ) an shirya shi cikin kowane gida ana jiran kowane mafarauci.<ref name=Bk/> === Zamanin yau === Yawancin al'adu da al'adun gargajiya na jama'a sun raunana bayan zuwan [[Kiristanci]] da wayewar Yammacin Yamma wanda ya haifar da zubar da ayyukan da ake kira "abinda ba addini ba, ko Arna a takaice" a cikin bikin Afan musamman ma da zuwan Sarkin Kagoro na farko, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH Agwam. (Dr.) Gwamna Awan, JP]] a shekarar 1946 wanda ya mayar da ranar taron zuwa 1 ga Janairu na kowace shekara, a ranar Sabuwar Shekara.<ref name=Bk/> A taron bikin Afan na shekarar 1982, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH na Gwam Agworok]] tare da rakiyar mutane sama da dubu da dubun dubatan dakaru na rawa, an ruwaito cewa tun da karfe tara na safe ne suka ratsa cikin garin bisa dawakai, mutanensa, kafin daga bisani su isa. fadar da misalin karfe 11:45 na safe, inda ya gabatar da jawabinsa na Afan, inda ya bayyana godiyar al’ummarsa ga Allah sakamakon kyakkyawan girbi da akayi “duk da ba'a samu ruwan sama sosai ba alokacin”. Daga nan su zauna ana tafi da shewa, "Tsawon Rayuwa Afan da Sarki". Daya bayan daya, sojojin raye-raye daban-daban suna baje kolin al'adunsu.<ref name=Bk/> == Bikin Afan na shekara ta 2016 == A kowace shekara, wannan bikin yana jan hankalin mahalarta da baƙi daga unguwanni da sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. A yayin bukin shekarar 2016 da aka yi’, gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta yi alkawarin hada gwiwa da al’ummar [[Kagoro|Gworok]] a fannin yawon bude ido a yankin, a wani yunƙuri na buɗe hanyoyin samar da kuɗaɗen shiga da samar da ayyukan yi. An saba gudanar da taron ne a babban filin da ke daura da fadar sarki da kuma dakin taro na Kagoro, inda akasarin mahalartar manyan baki da dama ne. Haka kuma taron na 2016 ya nuna rawar da Miss Kagoro ta yi, wadda Miss Joyce Samuel Amai, ta lashe; raye-rayen al'adu daga ciki da wajen Kagoro; da kasancewar shugabannin gargajiya, na addini da na siyasa, irin su [[Nuhu Bature|Agwam Nuhu Bature]] (Agwam Bajju), [[Danjuma Laah|Sanata Danjuma Laah]], Hon Gideon Gwani da sauransu.<ref name=El/> == Baitin godiya na gargajiya == {{Quote box|quote= '''[[Tyap language|Gworok (Tyap):]]''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|A̠ ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Á̠ shyio usa̠rag}} {{lang|kcg|Á̠ nat uyit, á̠ bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Za̠m}}! '''Also styled:''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe shyio usarag}} {{lang|kcg|Oe nat uyit, oe bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Zoem}}! '''Fassara''' “Allah Ta’ala Ya azurta mu da amincinsa; Ka cece mu daga musibu; A yalwace mu Kuma azurta mu da yawa a cikin Sabuwar Shekara. Amin!” |}} == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_2.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki. File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_3.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback approaching.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki yana gabatowa. File:A_flute_blower.jpg|alt=A flute blower from Watyap (Kaura).|Mai busa sarewa daga[[Kaura|Wata]](Kaura). File:Hunters_squatting.jpg|alt=Hunters squatting during the hunting charade session.|Mafarauta suna tsugunne yayin zaman farauta. File:Zaar_(Jarawa)_dancers_from_Bauchi_State.jpg|alt=Afizere (Jarawa) dancers from Toro LGA, Bauchi State.|'Yan rawa[[Afusari|Afizere]](Jarawa) daga[[Toro|Karamar Toro]],[[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]]. File:An_Agworok_piper.jpg|alt=An Agworok piper by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|An Agworok piper kusa da titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:An_Agworok_drummer.jpg|alt=An Agworok drummer by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|Mawakin Agworok dake bakin titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_1.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_2.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers and hunters before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta da mafarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Abwoi religion]] * [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap]] * [[Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} m2n0oityplz5ybg1bd7ggg3lboowzkb 962292 962290 2026-10-03T10:49:37Z Nura Bello 24854 962292 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Kasa na Afan''' biki ne na shekara-shekara da al'ummar Oegworok ( [[Kagoro]] ) na kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] (tsakiyar) [[Najeriya]] ana yin wannan bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.<ref name=El>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201001150632.html |last=Buhari |first=Reuben |title=Nigeria: Kagoro Home to Afan Cultural Festival |date=January 14, 2010 |publisher=This Day (Lagos) |website=All Africa |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> An ce an lura sama da shekaru 400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |last=Kezi |first=Julius B. |title=2016 Afan Festival: Kaduna Promises Partnership In Tourism Development |publisher=The Dream Daily |date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610225524/http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a fadar mai martaba Sarkin Kagoro da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ke karamar hukumar]] [[Kaura]] a jihar Kaduna.<ref name="dailytrust.com">{{cite web|title=Celebrating Kagoro’s festival of hunters|url=https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Daily Trust|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731125205/https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Gworok_Hills.jpg|thumb| Dutsen Gworok (Kagoro).]] Kalmar {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan}} na nufin "dutse" ko "tudu" a yaren Tyap. Manyan tsaunuka masu tsayi na [[Kagoro|Gworok]] ana kiransu da {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan A̠gworok}} (kuma mai salo ''Oefan Oegworok'' ) a cikin ƴan ƙasar. Akwai duwatsu masu ban sha'awa da ke da tsayin mita 1,246. Manyan itatuwa suna girma a kan tuddai tare da gindin dutse. Yanayin yankin yana da tasiri sosai ga tsaunuka kuma yanayin ya yi kama da na [[Jos Plateau]] da [[Tudun Mambilla|Filaton Mambila]], haka-zalika ana ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin bazara. A zamanin farko, mutanen Agworok sun zauna a cikin kogo da kuma saman tsaunukan a tsawon ƙarni kafin a hankali su zauna a gindin dutsen kuma a ƙarshe turawan mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Burtaniya]] sun kore su gaba ɗaya a farkon ƙarni na 20 duk da cewa akwai al'ummomi da suka wanzu a saman tsaunuka. Tuddan da ke akwai, sun ba wa mutane tsaro daga mahara na kasashen waje.<ref name=Af>{{Cite book |last=Afuwai |first=Yanet |title=The Place of Kagoro in the History of Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Kagoro-Hills-Kaduna.html |title=Kagoro Hills of Kaduna State |publisher=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Bk>{{Cite book |title=Kaduna State: Everyone's Handbook |trans-title=Afan Festival: A People's Treasured Past |date=1982 |language=English |location=Kano, Nigeria |publisher=Triumph Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-188-006-6 |pages=109–111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://explorenigeria.com.ng/states/kaduna-state-festivals/ |title=Festivals in Kaduna State |access-date=September 14, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback.jpg|thumb| Mafarauta na Agworok na tafiya tare da mahalarta bikin a fadin garin a gundumar Agban a cikin 2020 Edition.]] === Gabanin zamani === A al'adance, bikin na nuna ƙarshen girbin amfanin gona na wannan shekara da fara balaguron farauta da sauran ayyuka masu yawa.<ref name="dailytrust.com"/><ref name=Bk/> A cewar Achi a cikin Achi et Al (2019), bikin Afan da Agworok ke yi duk ranar Asabar ta biyu na watan Afrilu (yanzu duk ranar 1 ga Janairu) kowace shekara shine bikin farautar gargajiya na [[Katafawa|Atyap]], arewacin Agworok.<ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref>Achi, B. ''Warfare and Military Architecture Among the Atyap.'' p. 47</ref> Duk da haka ba za a iya sanin ainihin ranar da aka fara wannan biki ba, amma an yi imanin an fara gudanar da shi ne lokacin da dangin Ankwai ke ci gaba da zama a [[Jos Plateau|Jos-Bauchi Plateau]] kusan 1500 A.D <ref name=Bk/> [[File:An_Agworok_traditional_medicine_woman.jpg|thumb| Wata mata mai maganin gargajiya ta Agworok a bikin kasa ta Afan 2020.]] === Gab da zamani === ==== Rukunin ayyuka ==== Mutanen Agworok (Kagoro) sun ƙunshi manyan ''kwais'' guda biyu wato Ankwai da Kpashang, kowanne da ƙabilarsa. Ankwai ita ce tsohuwar rukuni yayin da Kpashang shine sabon dangi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙaura.<ref name=Af/> Domin yanke shawara game da batutuwan da suka shafi yaki, muhimman bukukuwan da suka shafi fara noman ƙasa a farkon duk lokacin damina da kuma shan tukunyar barasa na farko don bikin Afan, akwai wasu ƙabilu daga cikin Ankwai da ke da alhakin waɗannan ayyuka.<ref name=Bk/> Ƙabilar Kpashang a ɗayan bangaren, ita ce ke kula da mafi girman sarautar ƙasar. <ref name="Af" /> ==== Walima/Biki==== Ban da kāriya ta zahiri da tuddai suke ba mutanen, suna girmama su da daraja ta ruhaniya daga wurinsu. Don fara bikin Afan, Babban Firist ( {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bvwoi}} ) ya hau tudu domin yin addu'ar neman tsari daga {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwaza}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Uza}}. Daga nan sai ya daga murya ya ce, “Ya Afan, Ya Afan”, tare da taimakon abokan aikinsa, kuma jama’a (waɗanda aka saba yi musu gargaɗi su kaurace wa tsaunuka) suna amsa irin wannan. Sai babban firist ya tsarkake tuddai, washegari kuma da sassafe a fara farauta. A karshen wannan balaguron, mafarauta masu murna da farin ciki suka dawo, kuma duk ƙauyen suna ihu, " ''Ya Afan, Ya Afan'' " yayin da mafarauta suka nufo gidan giya ( {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ) an shirya shi cikin kowane gida ana jiran kowane mafarauci.<ref name=Bk/> === Zamanin yau === Yawancin al'adu da al'adun gargajiya na jama'a sun raunana bayan zuwan [[Kiristanci]] da wayewar Yammacin Yamma wanda ya haifar da zubar da ayyukan da ake kira "abinda ba addini ba, ko Arna a takaice" a cikin bikin Afan musamman ma da zuwan Sarkin Kagoro na farko, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH Agwam. (Dr.) Gwamna Awan, JP]] a shekarar 1946 wanda ya mayar da ranar taron zuwa 1 ga Janairu na kowace shekara, a ranar Sabuwar Shekara.<ref name=Bk/> A taron bikin Afan na shekarar 1982, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH na Gwam Agworok]] tare da rakiyar mutane sama da dubu da dubun dubatan dakaru na rawa, an ruwaito cewa tun da karfe tara na safe ne suka ratsa cikin garin bisa dawakai, mutanensa, kafin daga bisani su isa. fadar da misalin karfe 11:45 na safe, inda ya gabatar da jawabinsa na Afan, inda ya bayyana godiyar al’ummarsa ga Allah sakamakon kyakkyawan girbi da akayi “duk da ba'a samu ruwan sama sosai ba alokacin”. Daga nan su zauna ana tafi da shewa, "Tsawon Rayuwa Afan da Sarki". Daya bayan daya, sojojin raye-raye daban-daban suna baje kolin al'adunsu.<ref name=Bk/> == Bikin Afan na shekara ta 2016 == A kowace shekara, wannan bikin yana jan hankalin mahalarta da baƙi daga unguwanni da sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. A yayin bukin shekarar 2016 da aka yi’, gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta yi alkawarin hada gwiwa da al’ummar [[Kagoro|Gworok]] a fannin yawon bude ido a yankin, a wani yunƙuri na buɗe hanyoyin samar da kuɗaɗen shiga da samar da ayyukan yi. An saba gudanar da taron ne a babban filin da ke daura da fadar sarki da kuma dakin taro na Kagoro, inda akasarin mahalartar manyan baki da dama ne. Haka kuma taron na 2016 ya nuna rawar da Miss Kagoro ta yi, wadda Miss Joyce Samuel Amai, ta lashe; raye-rayen al'adu daga ciki da wajen Kagoro; da kasancewar shugabannin gargajiya, na addini da na siyasa, irin su [[Nuhu Bature|Agwam Nuhu Bature]] (Agwam Bajju), [[Danjuma Laah|Sanata Danjuma Laah]], Hon Gideon Gwani da sauransu.<ref name=El/> == Baitin godiya na gargajiya == {{Quote box|quote= '''[[Tyap language|Gworok (Tyap):]]''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|A̠ ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Á̠ shyio usa̠rag}} {{lang|kcg|Á̠ nat uyit, á̠ bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Za̠m}}! '''Also styled:''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe shyio usarag}} {{lang|kcg|Oe nat uyit, oe bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Zoem}}! '''Fassara''' “Allah Ta’ala Ya azurta mu da amincinsa; Ka cece mu daga musibu; A yalwace mu Kuma azurta mu da yawa a cikin Sabuwar Shekara. Amin!” |}} == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_2.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki. File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_3.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback approaching.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki yana gabatowa. File:A_flute_blower.jpg|alt=A flute blower from Watyap (Kaura).|Mai busa sarewa daga[[Kaura|Wata]](Kaura). File:Hunters_squatting.jpg|alt=Hunters squatting during the hunting charade session.|Mafarauta suna tsugunne yayin zaman farauta. File:Zaar_(Jarawa)_dancers_from_Bauchi_State.jpg|alt=Afizere (Jarawa) dancers from Toro LGA, Bauchi State.|'Yan rawa[[Afusari|Afizere]](Jarawa) daga[[Toro|Karamar Toro]],[[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]]. File:An_Agworok_piper.jpg|alt=An Agworok piper by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|An Agworok piper kusa da titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:An_Agworok_drummer.jpg|alt=An Agworok drummer by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|Mawakin Agworok dake bakin titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_1.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_2.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers and hunters before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta da mafarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Abwoi religion]] * [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap]] * [[Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1b78pzfpwlnoemktmgwwscb8vtpnnmt 962294 962292 2026-10-03T10:52:11Z Nura Bello 24854 962294 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Kasa na Afan''' biki ne na shekara-shekara da al'ummar Oegworok ( [[Kagoro]] ) na kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] (tsakiyar) [[Najeriya]] ana yin wannan bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.<ref name=El>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201001150632.html |last=Buhari |first=Reuben |title=Nigeria: Kagoro Home to Afan Cultural Festival |date=January 14, 2010 |publisher=This Day (Lagos) |website=All Africa |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> An ce an lura sama da shekaru 400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |last=Kezi |first=Julius B. |title=2016 Afan Festival: Kaduna Promises Partnership In Tourism Development |publisher=The Dream Daily |date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610225524/http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a fadar mai martaba Sarkin Kagoro da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ke karamar hukumar]] [[Kaura]] a jihar Kaduna.<ref name="dailytrust.com">{{cite web|title=Celebrating Kagoro’s festival of hunters|url=https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Daily Trust|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731125205/https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Gworok_Hills.jpg|thumb| Dutsen Gworok (Kagoro).]] Kalmar {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan}} na nufin "dutse" ko "tudu" a yaren Tyap. Manyan tsaunuka masu tsayi na [[Kagoro|Gworok]] ana kiransu da {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan A̠gworok}} (kuma mai salo ''Oefan Oegworok'' ) a cikin ƴan ƙasar. Akwai duwatsu masu ban sha'awa da ke da tsayin mita 1,246. Manyan itatuwa suna girma a kan tuddai tare da gindin dutse. Yanayin yankin yana da tasiri sosai ga tsaunuka kuma yanayin ya yi kama da na [[Jos Plateau]] da [[Tudun Mambilla|Filaton Mambila]], haka-zalika ana ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin bazara. A zamanin farko, mutanen Agworok sun zauna a cikin kogo da kuma saman tsaunukan a tsawon ƙarni kafin a hankali su zauna a gindin dutsen kuma a ƙarshe turawan mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Burtaniya]] sun kore su gaba ɗaya a farkon ƙarni na shekaru 20 duk da cewa akwai al'ummomi da suka wanzu a saman tsaunuka. Tuddan da ke akwai, sun ba wa mutane tsaro daga mahara na kasashen waje.<ref name=Af>{{Cite book |last=Afuwai |first=Yanet |title=The Place of Kagoro in the History of Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Kagoro-Hills-Kaduna.html |title=Kagoro Hills of Kaduna State |publisher=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Bk>{{Cite book |title=Kaduna State: Everyone's Handbook |trans-title=Afan Festival: A People's Treasured Past |date=1982 |language=English |location=Kano, Nigeria |publisher=Triumph Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-188-006-6 |pages=109–111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://explorenigeria.com.ng/states/kaduna-state-festivals/ |title=Festivals in Kaduna State |access-date=September 14, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback.jpg|thumb| Mafarauta na Agworok na tafiya tare da mahalarta bikin a fadin garin a gundumar Agban a cikin 2020 Edition.]] === Gabanin zamani === A al'adance, bikin na nuna ƙarshen girbin amfanin gona na wannan shekara da fara balaguron farauta da sauran ayyuka masu yawa.<ref name="dailytrust.com"/><ref name=Bk/> A cewar Achi a cikin Achi et Al (2019), bikin Afan da Agworok ke yi duk ranar Asabar ta biyu na watan Afrilu (yanzu duk ranar 1 ga Janairu) kowace shekara shine bikin farautar gargajiya na [[Katafawa|Atyap]], arewacin Agworok.<ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref>Achi, B. ''Warfare and Military Architecture Among the Atyap.'' p. 47</ref> Duk da haka ba za a iya sanin ainihin ranar da aka fara wannan biki ba, amma an yi imanin an fara gudanar da shi ne lokacin da dangin Ankwai ke ci gaba da zama a [[Jos Plateau|Jos-Bauchi Plateau]] kusan 1500 A.D <ref name=Bk/> [[File:An_Agworok_traditional_medicine_woman.jpg|thumb| Wata mata mai maganin gargajiya ta Agworok a bikin kasa ta Afan 2020.]] === Gab da zamani === ==== Rukunin ayyuka ==== Mutanen Agworok (Kagoro) sun ƙunshi manyan ''kwais'' guda biyu wato Ankwai da Kpashang, kowanne da ƙabilarsa. Ankwai ita ce tsohuwar rukuni yayin da Kpashang shine sabon dangi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙaura.<ref name=Af/> Domin yanke shawara game da batutuwan da suka shafi yaki, muhimman bukukuwan da suka shafi fara noman ƙasa a farkon duk lokacin damina da kuma shan tukunyar barasa na farko don bikin Afan, akwai wasu ƙabilu daga cikin Ankwai da ke da alhakin waɗannan ayyuka.<ref name=Bk/> Ƙabilar Kpashang a ɗayan bangaren, ita ce ke kula da mafi girman sarautar ƙasar. <ref name="Af" /> ==== Walima/Biki==== Ban da kāriya ta zahiri da tuddai suke ba mutanen, suna girmama su da daraja ta ruhaniya daga wurinsu. Don fara bikin Afan, Babban Firist ( {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bvwoi}} ) ya hau tudu domin yin addu'ar neman tsari daga {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwaza}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Uza}}. Daga nan sai ya daga murya ya ce, “Ya Afan, Ya Afan”, tare da taimakon abokan aikinsa, kuma jama’a (waɗanda aka saba yi musu gargaɗi su kaurace wa tsaunuka) suna amsa irin wannan. Sai babban firist ya tsarkake tuddai, washegari kuma da sassafe a fara farauta. A karshen wannan balaguron, mafarauta masu murna da farin ciki suka dawo, kuma duk ƙauyen suna ihu, " ''Ya Afan, Ya Afan'' " yayin da mafarauta suka nufo gidan giya ( {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ) an shirya shi cikin kowane gida ana jiran kowane mafarauci.<ref name=Bk/> === Zamanin yau === Yawancin al'adu da al'adun gargajiya na jama'a sun raunana bayan zuwan [[Kiristanci]] da wayewar Yammacin Yamma wanda ya haifar da zubar da ayyukan da ake kira "abinda ba addini ba, ko Arna a takaice" a cikin bikin Afan musamman ma da zuwan Sarkin Kagoro na farko, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH Agwam. (Dr.) Gwamna Awan, JP]] a shekarar 1946 wanda ya mayar da ranar taron zuwa 1 ga Janairu na kowace shekara, a ranar Sabuwar Shekara.<ref name=Bk/> A taron bikin Afan na shekarar 1982, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH na Gwam Agworok]] tare da rakiyar mutane sama da dubu da dubun dubatan dakaru na rawa, an ruwaito cewa tun da karfe tara na safe ne suka ratsa cikin garin bisa dawakai, mutanensa, kafin daga bisani su isa. fadar da misalin karfe 11:45 na safe, inda ya gabatar da jawabinsa na Afan, inda ya bayyana godiyar al’ummarsa ga Allah sakamakon kyakkyawan girbi da akayi “duk da ba'a samu ruwan sama sosai ba alokacin”. Daga nan su zauna ana tafi da shewa, "Tsawon Rayuwa Afan da Sarki". Daya bayan daya, sojojin raye-raye daban-daban suna baje kolin al'adunsu.<ref name=Bk/> == Bikin Afan na shekara ta 2016 == A kowace shekara, wannan bikin yana jan hankalin mahalarta da baƙi daga unguwanni da sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. A yayin bukin shekarar 2016 da aka yi’, gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta yi alkawarin hada gwiwa da al’ummar [[Kagoro|Gworok]] a fannin yawon bude ido a yankin, a wani yunƙuri na buɗe hanyoyin samar da kuɗaɗen shiga da samar da ayyukan yi. An saba gudanar da taron ne a babban filin da ke daura da fadar sarki da kuma dakin taro na Kagoro, inda akasarin mahalartar manyan baki da dama ne. Haka kuma taron na 2016 ya nuna rawar da Miss Kagoro ta yi, wadda Miss Joyce Samuel Amai, ta lashe; raye-rayen al'adu daga ciki da wajen Kagoro; da kasancewar shugabannin gargajiya, na addini da na siyasa, irin su [[Nuhu Bature|Agwam Nuhu Bature]] (Agwam Bajju), [[Danjuma Laah|Sanata Danjuma Laah]], Hon Gideon Gwani da sauransu.<ref name=El/> == Baitin godiya na gargajiya == {{Quote box|quote= '''[[Tyap language|Gworok (Tyap):]]''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|A̠ ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Á̠ shyio usa̠rag}} {{lang|kcg|Á̠ nat uyit, á̠ bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Za̠m}}! '''Also styled:''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe shyio usarag}} {{lang|kcg|Oe nat uyit, oe bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Zoem}}! '''Fassara''' “Allah Ta’ala Ya azurta mu da amincinsa; Ka cece mu daga musibu; A yalwace mu Kuma azurta mu da yawa a cikin Sabuwar Shekara. Amin!” |}} == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_2.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki. File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_3.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback approaching.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki yana gabatowa. File:A_flute_blower.jpg|alt=A flute blower from Watyap (Kaura).|Mai busa sarewa daga[[Kaura|Wata]](Kaura). File:Hunters_squatting.jpg|alt=Hunters squatting during the hunting charade session.|Mafarauta suna tsugunne yayin zaman farauta. File:Zaar_(Jarawa)_dancers_from_Bauchi_State.jpg|alt=Afizere (Jarawa) dancers from Toro LGA, Bauchi State.|'Yan rawa[[Afusari|Afizere]](Jarawa) daga[[Toro|Karamar Toro]],[[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]]. File:An_Agworok_piper.jpg|alt=An Agworok piper by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|An Agworok piper kusa da titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:An_Agworok_drummer.jpg|alt=An Agworok drummer by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|Mawakin Agworok dake bakin titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_1.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_2.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers and hunters before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta da mafarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Abwoi religion]] * [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap]] * [[Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 9eqb5d1vhip8a5kzonq6g5yuc9jwy7r 962295 962294 2026-10-03T10:53:41Z Nura Bello 24854 962295 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Kasa na Afan''' biki ne na shekara-shekara da al'ummar Oegworok ( [[Kagoro]] ) na kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] (tsakiyar) [[Najeriya]] ana yin wannan bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.<ref name=El>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201001150632.html |last=Buhari |first=Reuben |title=Nigeria: Kagoro Home to Afan Cultural Festival |date=January 14, 2010 |publisher=This Day (Lagos) |website=All Africa |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> An ce an lura sama da shekaru 400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |last=Kezi |first=Julius B. |title=2016 Afan Festival: Kaduna Promises Partnership In Tourism Development |publisher=The Dream Daily |date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610225524/http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a fadar mai martaba Sarkin Kagoro da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ke karamar hukumar]] [[Kaura]] a jihar Kaduna.<ref name="dailytrust.com">{{cite web|title=Celebrating Kagoro’s festival of hunters|url=https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Daily Trust|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731125205/https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Gworok_Hills.jpg|thumb| Dutsen Gworok (Kagoro).]] Kalmar {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan}} na nufin "dutse" ko "tudu" a yaren Tyap. Manyan tsaunuka masu tsayi na [[Kagoro|Gworok]] ana kiransu da {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan A̠gworok}} (kuma mai salo ''Oefan Oegworok'' ) a cikin ƴan ƙasar. Akwai duwatsu masu ban sha'awa da ke da tsayin mita 1,246. Manyan itatuwa suna girma a kan tuddai tare da gindin dutse. Yanayin yankin yana da tasiri sosai ga tsaunuka kuma yanayin ya yi kama da na [[Jos Plateau]] da [[Tudun Mambilla|Filaton Mambila]], haka-zalika ana ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin bazara. A zamanin farko, mutanen Agworok sun zauna a cikin kogo da kuma saman tsaunukan a tsawon ƙarni kafin a hankali su zauna a gindin dutsen kuma a ƙarshe turawan mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Burtaniya]] sun kore su gaba ɗaya a farkon ƙarni na shekaru 20 duk da cewa akwai al'ummomi da suka wanzu a saman tsaunuka. Tuddan da ke akwai, sun ba wa mutane tsaro daga mahara na kasashen waje.<ref name=Af>{{Cite book |last=Afuwai |first=Yanet |title=The Place of Kagoro in the History of Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Kagoro-Hills-Kaduna.html |title=Kagoro Hills of Kaduna State |publisher=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Bk>{{Cite book |title=Kaduna State: Everyone's Handbook |trans-title=Afan Festival: A People's Treasured Past |date=1982 |language=English |location=Kano, Nigeria |publisher=Triumph Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-188-006-6 |pages=109–111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://explorenigeria.com.ng/states/kaduna-state-festivals/ |title=Festivals in Kaduna State |access-date=September 14, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback.jpg|thumb| Mafarauta na Agworok na tafiya tare da mahalarta bikin a fadin garin a gundumar Agban a cikin 2020 Edition.]] === Gabanin zamani === A al'adance, bikin ya na nuna cewa an kawo ƙarshen girbin amfanin gona na wannan shekara da fara balaguron farauta da sauran ayyuka masu yawa.<ref name="dailytrust.com"/><ref name=Bk/> A cewar Achi a cikin Achi et Al (2019), bikin Afan da Agworok ke yi duk ranar Asabar ta biyu na watan Afrilu (yanzu duk ranar 1 ga Janairu) kowace shekara shine bikin farautar gargajiya na [[Katafawa|Atyap]], arewacin Agworok.<ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref>Achi, B. ''Warfare and Military Architecture Among the Atyap.'' p. 47</ref> Duk da haka ba za a iya sanin ainihin ranar da aka fara wannan biki ba, amma an yi imanin an fara gudanar da shi ne lokacin da dangin Ankwai ke ci gaba da zama a [[Jos Plateau|Jos-Bauchi Plateau]] kusan 1500 A.D <ref name=Bk/> [[File:An_Agworok_traditional_medicine_woman.jpg|thumb| Wata mata mai maganin gargajiya ta Agworok a bikin kasa ta Afan 2020.]] === Gab da zamani === ==== Rukunin ayyuka ==== Mutanen Agworok (Kagoro) sun ƙunshi manyan ''kwais'' guda biyu wato Ankwai da Kpashang, kowanne da ƙabilarsa. Ankwai ita ce tsohuwar rukuni yayin da Kpashang shine sabon dangi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙaura.<ref name=Af/> Domin yanke shawara game da batutuwan da suka shafi yaki, muhimman bukukuwan da suka shafi fara noman ƙasa a farkon duk lokacin damina da kuma shan tukunyar barasa na farko don bikin Afan, akwai wasu ƙabilu daga cikin Ankwai da ke da alhakin waɗannan ayyuka.<ref name=Bk/> Ƙabilar Kpashang a ɗayan bangaren, ita ce ke kula da mafi girman sarautar ƙasar. <ref name="Af" /> ==== Walima/Biki==== Ban da kāriya ta zahiri da tuddai suke ba mutanen, suna girmama su da daraja ta ruhaniya daga wurinsu. Don fara bikin Afan, Babban Firist ( {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bvwoi}} ) ya hau tudu domin yin addu'ar neman tsari daga {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwaza}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Uza}}. Daga nan sai ya daga murya ya ce, “Ya Afan, Ya Afan”, tare da taimakon abokan aikinsa, kuma jama’a (waɗanda aka saba yi musu gargaɗi su kaurace wa tsaunuka) suna amsa irin wannan. Sai babban firist ya tsarkake tuddai, washegari kuma da sassafe a fara farauta. A karshen wannan balaguron, mafarauta masu murna da farin ciki suka dawo, kuma duk ƙauyen suna ihu, " ''Ya Afan, Ya Afan'' " yayin da mafarauta suka nufo gidan giya ( {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ) an shirya shi cikin kowane gida ana jiran kowane mafarauci.<ref name=Bk/> === Zamanin yau === Yawancin al'adu da al'adun gargajiya na jama'a sun raunana bayan zuwan [[Kiristanci]] da wayewar Yammacin Yamma wanda ya haifar da zubar da ayyukan da ake kira "abinda ba addini ba, ko Arna a takaice" a cikin bikin Afan musamman ma da zuwan Sarkin Kagoro na farko, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH Agwam. (Dr.) Gwamna Awan, JP]] a shekarar 1946 wanda ya mayar da ranar taron zuwa 1 ga Janairu na kowace shekara, a ranar Sabuwar Shekara.<ref name=Bk/> A taron bikin Afan na shekarar 1982, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH na Gwam Agworok]] tare da rakiyar mutane sama da dubu da dubun dubatan dakaru na rawa, an ruwaito cewa tun da karfe tara na safe ne suka ratsa cikin garin bisa dawakai, mutanensa, kafin daga bisani su isa. fadar da misalin karfe 11:45 na safe, inda ya gabatar da jawabinsa na Afan, inda ya bayyana godiyar al’ummarsa ga Allah sakamakon kyakkyawan girbi da akayi “duk da ba'a samu ruwan sama sosai ba alokacin”. Daga nan su zauna ana tafi da shewa, "Tsawon Rayuwa Afan da Sarki". Daya bayan daya, sojojin raye-raye daban-daban suna baje kolin al'adunsu.<ref name=Bk/> == Bikin Afan na shekara ta 2016 == A kowace shekara, wannan bikin yana jan hankalin mahalarta da baƙi daga unguwanni da sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. A yayin bukin shekarar 2016 da aka yi’, gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta yi alkawarin hada gwiwa da al’ummar [[Kagoro|Gworok]] a fannin yawon bude ido a yankin, a wani yunƙuri na buɗe hanyoyin samar da kuɗaɗen shiga da samar da ayyukan yi. An saba gudanar da taron ne a babban filin da ke daura da fadar sarki da kuma dakin taro na Kagoro, inda akasarin mahalartar manyan baki da dama ne. Haka kuma taron na 2016 ya nuna rawar da Miss Kagoro ta yi, wadda Miss Joyce Samuel Amai, ta lashe; raye-rayen al'adu daga ciki da wajen Kagoro; da kasancewar shugabannin gargajiya, na addini da na siyasa, irin su [[Nuhu Bature|Agwam Nuhu Bature]] (Agwam Bajju), [[Danjuma Laah|Sanata Danjuma Laah]], Hon Gideon Gwani da sauransu.<ref name=El/> == Baitin godiya na gargajiya == {{Quote box|quote= '''[[Tyap language|Gworok (Tyap):]]''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|A̠ ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Á̠ shyio usa̠rag}} {{lang|kcg|Á̠ nat uyit, á̠ bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Za̠m}}! '''Also styled:''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe shyio usarag}} {{lang|kcg|Oe nat uyit, oe bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Zoem}}! '''Fassara''' “Allah Ta’ala Ya azurta mu da amincinsa; Ka cece mu daga musibu; A yalwace mu Kuma azurta mu da yawa a cikin Sabuwar Shekara. Amin!” |}} == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_2.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki. File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_3.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback approaching.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki yana gabatowa. File:A_flute_blower.jpg|alt=A flute blower from Watyap (Kaura).|Mai busa sarewa daga[[Kaura|Wata]](Kaura). File:Hunters_squatting.jpg|alt=Hunters squatting during the hunting charade session.|Mafarauta suna tsugunne yayin zaman farauta. File:Zaar_(Jarawa)_dancers_from_Bauchi_State.jpg|alt=Afizere (Jarawa) dancers from Toro LGA, Bauchi State.|'Yan rawa[[Afusari|Afizere]](Jarawa) daga[[Toro|Karamar Toro]],[[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]]. File:An_Agworok_piper.jpg|alt=An Agworok piper by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|An Agworok piper kusa da titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:An_Agworok_drummer.jpg|alt=An Agworok drummer by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|Mawakin Agworok dake bakin titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_1.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_2.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers and hunters before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta da mafarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Abwoi religion]] * [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap]] * [[Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 6p9ap6ulg4vq63h0bni0h9xzvi5p6qf 962297 962295 2026-10-03T10:54:24Z Nura Bello 24854 962297 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bikin Kasa na Afan''' biki ne na shekara-shekara da al'ummar Oegworok ( [[Kagoro]] ) na kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Tsakiyar Najeriya|Middle Belt]] (tsakiyar) [[Najeriya]] ana yin wannan bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu.<ref name=El>{{cite web |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/201001150632.html |last=Buhari |first=Reuben |title=Nigeria: Kagoro Home to Afan Cultural Festival |date=January 14, 2010 |publisher=This Day (Lagos) |website=All Africa |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref> An ce an lura sama da shekaru 400.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |last=Kezi |first=Julius B. |title=2016 Afan Festival: Kaduna Promises Partnership In Tourism Development |publisher=The Dream Daily |date=January 6, 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2020 |archive-date=June 10, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610225524/http://www.thedreamdaily.com/2016-afan-festival-kaduna-promises-partnership-in-tourism-development/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ana gudanar da bikin ne duk ranar 1 ga watan Janairu a fadar mai martaba Sarkin Kagoro da [[Ƙananan hukumomin Najeriya|ke karamar hukumar]] [[Kaura]] a jihar Kaduna.<ref name="dailytrust.com">{{cite web|title=Celebrating Kagoro’s festival of hunters|url=https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|access-date=2021-07-31|website=Daily Trust|language=en|archive-date=2021-07-31|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210731125205/https://dailytrust.com/celebrating-kagoros-festival-of-hunters|url-status=dead}}</ref> [[File:Gworok_Hills.jpg|thumb| Dutsen Gworok (Kagoro).]] Kalmar {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan}} na nufin "dutse" ko "tudu" a yaren Tyap. Manyan tsaunuka masu tsayi na [[Kagoro|Gworok]] ana kiransu da {{Lang|kcg|A̠fan A̠gworok}} (kuma mai salo ''Oefan Oegworok'' ) a cikin ƴan ƙasar. Akwai duwatsu masu ban sha'awa da ke da tsayin mita 1,246. Manyan itatuwa suna girma a kan tuddai tare da gindin dutse. Yanayin yankin yana da tasiri sosai ga tsaunuka kuma yanayin ya yi kama da na [[Jos Plateau]] da [[Tudun Mambilla|Filaton Mambila]], haka-zalika ana ruwan sama mai yawa a lokacin bazara. A zamanin farko, mutanen Agworok sun zauna a cikin kogo da kuma saman tsaunukan a tsawon ƙarni kafin a hankali su zauna a gindin dutsen kuma a ƙarshe turawan mulkin mallaka [[Daular Biritaniya|na Burtaniya]] sun kore su gaba ɗaya a farkon ƙarni na shekaru 20 duk da cewa akwai al'ummomi da suka wanzu a saman tsaunuka. Tuddan da ke akwai, sun ba wa mutane tsaro daga mahara na kasashen waje.<ref name=Af>{{Cite book |last=Afuwai |first=Yanet |title=The Place of Kagoro in the History of Nigeria}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nigeriagalleria.com/Nigeria/States_Nigeria/Kaduna/Kagoro-Hills-Kaduna.html |title=Kagoro Hills of Kaduna State |publisher=Nigeria Galleria |access-date=September 14, 2020}}</ref><ref name=Bk>{{Cite book |title=Kaduna State: Everyone's Handbook |trans-title=Afan Festival: A People's Treasured Past |date=1982 |language=English |location=Kano, Nigeria |publisher=Triumph Publishing Ltd. |isbn=978-188-006-6 |pages=109–111}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://explorenigeria.com.ng/states/kaduna-state-festivals/ |title=Festivals in Kaduna State |access-date=September 14, 2020 }}{{Dead link|date=January 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback.jpg|thumb| Mafarauta na Agworok na tafiya tare da mahalarta bikin a fadin garin a gundumar Agban a cikin 2020 Edition.]] === Gabanin zamani === A al'adance, bikin ya na nuna cewa an kawo ƙarshen girbin amfanin gona na wannan shekarar da fara balaguron farauta da sauran ayyuka masu yawa.<ref name="dailytrust.com"/><ref name=Bk/> A cewar Achi a cikin Achi et Al (2019), bikin Afan da Agworok ke yi duk ranar Asabar ta biyu na watan Afrilu (yanzu duk ranar 1 ga Janairu) kowace shekara shine bikin farautar gargajiya na [[Katafawa|Atyap]], arewacin Agworok.<ref name=Achi >{{cite book |title=A Short History of the Atyap |author1=Achi, B.|author2=Bitiyonɡ, Y. A. |author3=Bunɡwon, A. D. |author4=Baba, M. Y. |author5=Jim, L. K. N. |author6=Kazah-Toure, M. |author7=Philips, J. E. |publisher=Tamaza Publishinɡ Co. Ltd., Zaria |year=2019 |ISBN=978-978-54678-5-7 |pages=80}}</ref><ref>Achi, B. ''Warfare and Military Architecture Among the Atyap.'' p. 47</ref> Duk da haka ba za a iya sanin ainihin ranar da aka fara wannan biki ba, amma an yi imanin an fara gudanar da shi ne lokacin da dangin Ankwai ke ci gaba da zama a [[Jos Plateau|Jos-Bauchi Plateau]] kusan 1500 A.D <ref name=Bk/> [[File:An_Agworok_traditional_medicine_woman.jpg|thumb| Wata mata mai maganin gargajiya ta Agworok a bikin kasa ta Afan 2020.]] === Gab da zamani === ==== Rukunin ayyuka ==== Mutanen Agworok (Kagoro) sun ƙunshi manyan ''kwais'' guda biyu wato Ankwai da Kpashang, kowanne da ƙabilarsa. Ankwai ita ce tsohuwar rukuni yayin da Kpashang shine sabon dangi wanda ya ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin ƙaura.<ref name=Af/> Domin yanke shawara game da batutuwan da suka shafi yaki, muhimman bukukuwan da suka shafi fara noman ƙasa a farkon duk lokacin damina da kuma shan tukunyar barasa na farko don bikin Afan, akwai wasu ƙabilu daga cikin Ankwai da ke da alhakin waɗannan ayyuka.<ref name=Bk/> Ƙabilar Kpashang a ɗayan bangaren, ita ce ke kula da mafi girman sarautar ƙasar. <ref name="Af" /> ==== Walima/Biki==== Ban da kāriya ta zahiri da tuddai suke ba mutanen, suna girmama su da daraja ta ruhaniya daga wurinsu. Don fara bikin Afan, Babban Firist ( {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwam A̠bvwoi}} ) ya hau tudu domin yin addu'ar neman tsari daga {{Lang|kcg|A̠gwaza}} ko {{Lang|kcg|Uza}}. Daga nan sai ya daga murya ya ce, “Ya Afan, Ya Afan”, tare da taimakon abokan aikinsa, kuma jama’a (waɗanda aka saba yi musu gargaɗi su kaurace wa tsaunuka) suna amsa irin wannan. Sai babban firist ya tsarkake tuddai, washegari kuma da sassafe a fara farauta. A karshen wannan balaguron, mafarauta masu murna da farin ciki suka dawo, kuma duk ƙauyen suna ihu, " ''Ya Afan, Ya Afan'' " yayin da mafarauta suka nufo gidan giya ( {{Lang|kcg|a̠kan}} ) an shirya shi cikin kowane gida ana jiran kowane mafarauci.<ref name=Bk/> === Zamanin yau === Yawancin al'adu da al'adun gargajiya na jama'a sun raunana bayan zuwan [[Kiristanci]] da wayewar Yammacin Yamma wanda ya haifar da zubar da ayyukan da ake kira "abinda ba addini ba, ko Arna a takaice" a cikin bikin Afan musamman ma da zuwan Sarkin Kagoro na farko, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH Agwam. (Dr.) Gwamna Awan, JP]] a shekarar 1946 wanda ya mayar da ranar taron zuwa 1 ga Janairu na kowace shekara, a ranar Sabuwar Shekara.<ref name=Bk/> A taron bikin Afan na shekarar 1982, [[Gwamna Awan|HRH na Gwam Agworok]] tare da rakiyar mutane sama da dubu da dubun dubatan dakaru na rawa, an ruwaito cewa tun da karfe tara na safe ne suka ratsa cikin garin bisa dawakai, mutanensa, kafin daga bisani su isa. fadar da misalin karfe 11:45 na safe, inda ya gabatar da jawabinsa na Afan, inda ya bayyana godiyar al’ummarsa ga Allah sakamakon kyakkyawan girbi da akayi “duk da ba'a samu ruwan sama sosai ba alokacin”. Daga nan su zauna ana tafi da shewa, "Tsawon Rayuwa Afan da Sarki". Daya bayan daya, sojojin raye-raye daban-daban suna baje kolin al'adunsu.<ref name=Bk/> == Bikin Afan na shekara ta 2016 == A kowace shekara, wannan bikin yana jan hankalin mahalarta da baƙi daga unguwanni da sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. A yayin bukin shekarar 2016 da aka yi’, gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta yi alkawarin hada gwiwa da al’ummar [[Kagoro|Gworok]] a fannin yawon bude ido a yankin, a wani yunƙuri na buɗe hanyoyin samar da kuɗaɗen shiga da samar da ayyukan yi. An saba gudanar da taron ne a babban filin da ke daura da fadar sarki da kuma dakin taro na Kagoro, inda akasarin mahalartar manyan baki da dama ne. Haka kuma taron na 2016 ya nuna rawar da Miss Kagoro ta yi, wadda Miss Joyce Samuel Amai, ta lashe; raye-rayen al'adu daga ciki da wajen Kagoro; da kasancewar shugabannin gargajiya, na addini da na siyasa, irin su [[Nuhu Bature|Agwam Nuhu Bature]] (Agwam Bajju), [[Danjuma Laah|Sanata Danjuma Laah]], Hon Gideon Gwani da sauransu.<ref name=El/> == Baitin godiya na gargajiya == {{Quote box|quote= '''[[Tyap language|Gworok (Tyap):]]''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|A̠ ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Á̠ shyio usa̠rag}} {{lang|kcg|Á̠ nat uyit, á̠ bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Za̠m}}! '''Also styled:''' {{lang|kcg|Uza u nwuak kai nda}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe ti̠n ufa ci̠p}}; {{lang|kcg|Oe shyio usarag}} {{lang|kcg|Oe nat uyit, oe bai bi̠ nyam}}. {{lang|kcg|Zoem}}! '''Fassara''' “Allah Ta’ala Ya azurta mu da amincinsa; Ka cece mu daga musibu; A yalwace mu Kuma azurta mu da yawa a cikin Sabuwar Shekara. Amin!” |}} == Hotuna == <gallery widths="200px" heights="150px"> File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_2.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki. File:Agworok_youth_leader_on_horseback_3.jpg|alt=Agworok youth leader on horseback approaching.|Shugaban matasan Agworok akan doki yana gabatowa. File:A_flute_blower.jpg|alt=A flute blower from Watyap (Kaura).|Mai busa sarewa daga[[Kaura|Wata]](Kaura). File:Hunters_squatting.jpg|alt=Hunters squatting during the hunting charade session.|Mafarauta suna tsugunne yayin zaman farauta. File:Zaar_(Jarawa)_dancers_from_Bauchi_State.jpg|alt=Afizere (Jarawa) dancers from Toro LGA, Bauchi State.|'Yan rawa[[Afusari|Afizere]](Jarawa) daga[[Toro|Karamar Toro]],[[Bauchi (jiha)|Jihar Bauchi]]. File:An_Agworok_piper.jpg|alt=An Agworok piper by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|An Agworok piper kusa da titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:An_Agworok_drummer.jpg|alt=An Agworok drummer by the roadside at Agban, Gworok (Kagoro).|Mawakin Agworok dake bakin titi a Agban,[[Kagoro|Gworok (Kagoro)]]. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_1.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. File:Royal_horn_blowers_before_the_palace_of_the_Chief_of_Kagoro_2.jpg|alt=Royal horn blowers and hunters before the palace of the Chief of Kagoro.|Masu busa kaho na sarauta da mafarauta a gaban fadar Sarkin Kagoro. </gallery> == Duba kuma == * [[Abwoi religion]] * [[Bikin al'adu na shekara-shekara, Ayet Atyap]] * [[Bukukuwa a Najeriya]] ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1u5gcoho0v2g23zfkyh1xlont2ovkzb Dominic Yahaya 0 66321 962321 931440 2026-10-03T11:11:48Z Nura Bello 24854 962321 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kpop Paul Zakka Wyom.jpg|thumb|Dominic Yahaya]] '''Dominic Gambo Yahaya''' (an haife shi ne ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1950) shi ne sarkin yanzu na [[Atyap Chiefdom]], [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|jihar gargajiya ta Najeriya]] a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. Ana kuma san shi da laƙabin ''Agwatyap III''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |title=Ministry of Local Government Affairs |publisher=Kaduna State Government |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/gen-lekwot-monarch-others-mourn-jackson-zamani/ |title=Kaduna: Lekwot, monarch, others mourn Jackson Zamani |date=July 9, 2019 |website=Blueprint |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY1>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/yahaya-dominic-gambo/ |title=WHO'S WHO IN NIGERIA: YAHAYA, Dominic Gambo |website=Blerf |date=29 March 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY3>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/sunday-trust/20161113/281603830044297 |last=Agbese |first=Andrew |title=El-Rufai presents staff of office to traditional ruler |website=Press Reader |publisher=Daily Trust |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY2 /> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Yahaya a [[Magamiya|garin Taligan]], a Atyapland, ''a cikin rusasshiyar'' [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa]], [[Mallakar Najeriya|Nijeriya ta Biritaniya]] (yanzu kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ) a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 1950.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Ya fara neman ilimi a shekara ta 1958, ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta St. Pius' (yanzu LEA), Taligan (Magamia) tsakanin 1958 zuwa 1964; St. Mary's (yanzu Government Secondary School), Fadan Kaje tsakanin 1965 zuwa 1969; Kwalejin Barewa, [[Zariya]] tsakanin 1970 zuwa 1971; Sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na gaba a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Zariya|ke Zariya]] tsakanin 1972 zuwa 1975, inda ya kammala karatunsa na digiri farko digiri (B.Sc) . (Hon.), da matakin, Class Upper Division a fannin Geography da tsakanin 1977 da 1979, ya sami digiri na biyu M.Sc. a fannin, Tsarin Birni da Yanki, daga wannan Jami'a.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da tarurruka na karawa juna sani a gida Najeriya da ƙasashen ƙetare.<ref name=DY2 /> [[Fayil:Agwatyap III and wife.jpg|thumb|Dominic Yahaya a cikin mutane ]] Yahaya ya auri Miss Justina a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba, 1979.<ref name=DY1 /> [[File:Agwatyap_III_and_wife.jpg|thumb| Agwatyap (dama) da matarsa (hagu) yayin Buffet da aka shirya a fadarsa ta Atak Njei domin karrama babban hafsan tsaron Najeriya, [[Christopher Musa|Christopher Gwabin Musa]], a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2023.]] == Sana'a == Yahaya ya fara aiki da gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] bayan ya kwashe shekara ɗaya yana hidimar ƙasa na tilas a [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|kungiyar masu yi wa kasa hidima]] a shekarar 1976 ya zama: * Jami’in Tsare-tsare na gari II, a cikin 1977; * Babban Jami’in Tsare-tsaren Gari, 1987; * Daraktan Tsare-tsare na Gari da Ƙasa na Jihar Kaduna a shekarar 1989; * Babban Manaja na Hukumar Tsare-Tsare da Raya Birane ta Jihar Kaduna (KASUPDA) tsakanin 1990 zuwa 1993. Ya kuma zama: * Shugaban riƙo na ƙaramar hukumar [[Kaduna ta Arewa]] tsakanin Afrilu, 1994 - Maris, 1996. Saboda haka, ya koma aiki tare da: * Ofishin mai kula da filaye da safiyo da tsare-tsare na [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a matsayin darakta, tsare-tsare na gari da ƙasa tsakanin 1996 zuwa 1998. Sai ya zama: * Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, tsakanin Janairu, 1999 - Janairu, 2000; * Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Sufuri, Fabrairu, 2000 - Nuwamba, 2001; * Ofishin Ma'aikata na Jama'a, ofishin shugaban ma'aikata na jihar Kaduna tsakanin Disamba, 2001 - Satumba, 2003; * Ofishin ma’aikata, ofishin shugaban ma’aikata na gidan gwamnati, Kawo, tsakanin Oktoba, 2003 zuwa 10 ga Janairu, 2010, inda ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Daga nan aka naɗa Yahaya a matsayin shugaban kwamitin riƙona ƙaramar hukumar [[Zangon Kataf]] tsakanin 20 ga Yuni, 2011 - Nuwamba, 2012; kuma * Ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a Hukumar Mulki ta [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|Hukumar Kula da Matasa ta Kasa]] bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati.<ref name=DY2 /> == Membobi da kyaututtuka == === Membobi === Yahaya ya kasance memba na hakika a: * Majalisar Rijistar Gari (Najeriya), tun 1989; kuma * Fellow Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (FNITP)<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> * Shi ma mai tsara gari ne mai rijista.<ref name=DY2 /> === Kyauta === An ba shi lambar yabo ta: * Lambar Yabo ta ƙasa ta: ProductƘarfafa Ƙirar Ƙasa a 1991;<ref name=DY1 /> kuma * Knight na Saint of Mulumba (KSM).<ref name=DY2 /> * Papal Knight na St.Gregory na Paparoma Francis a cikin 2023 ==Gwamnati ta tsare su == Bayan [[Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992|tashin hankalin Zangon Kataf a watan Mayun 1992]] inda aka kama aƙalla [[Katafawa|’yan asalin ƙabilar Atyap]] 21 aka bar su a tsare ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba, a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba 2 ta 1984 da gwamnatin mulkin sojan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ta kafa, Dominic G. Yahaya (a lokacin ma’aikacin gwamnati) yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake tsare da su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma aka kebe daban-daban a cikin rukuni na shida kafin daga bisani a raba su, sauran tsararren sun haɗa da [[Bala Ade Dauke]] (Hakimin [[Zangon Kataf|Zangon Katab]] a lokacin da kuma ''Agwatyap I'' na gaba), [[Zamani Lekwot|Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot (rtd.)]], ACP Juri Babang Ayok ( rtd.), Manjo John Atomic Kude (rtd.), da Peter Lekwot (kanin Manjo Janar Z. Lekwot - wanda tare da Elias Manza da sauransu aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa), a matsayin fursunonin "Aji na Musamman".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Zangon Kataf: A Journey of a People |author=Dauke, B. A.|authorlink=Bala Ade Dauke |date=2004 |publisher=Mangut Publishers |location=[[Zaria]] |pages=154–174 |isbn=978-125-812-9}}</ref><ref name=Watch>{{Cite journal |date=June 1993 |title=NIGERIA: THREATS TO A NEW DEMOCRACY |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/NIGERIA936.PDF |journal=Africa Watch |volume=5 |issue=9 |access-date=August 10, 2020 | pages=13–21}}</ref> == Sarauta == Yahaya, a mutuwar [[Harrison Bungwon]], ''Agwatyap II'', an zaɓi ya zama ''Agwatyap'' na gaba na [[Atyap Chiefdom]], ya jagoranci [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]]. A ranar Asabar, 12 ga watan Nuwamba, 2016 ne gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta miƙa masa ma’aikata a fadar Atak Njei.<ref name=DY2>{{Cite web |url=https://forefrontng.com/atyap-chiefdom-passing-on-the-baton-2/ |last=Simon |first=Reef |title=Atyap Chiefdom: Passing On the Baton |website=Forefront |date=February 3, 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |title=El-Rufai urges new Agwatyap, others to promote peace |publisher=Kaduna State Government |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=DY3 /> == Gidauniyar Jumma Yahaya Gambo == A farkon watan Nuwamban shekarar 2023, Yahaya ya ƙaddamar da gidauniyar Jumma Yahaya Gambo Foundation, domin samar da ilimi ga waɗanda harin ta’addancin bata garin Fulani ya rutsa da su a masarautarsa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/monarch-awards-scholarship-to-118-kaduna-attack-victims-2/|title=Monarch awards scholarship to 118 Kaduna attack victims|last=Bulus|first=Israel|date=November 3, 2023|website=Punch Nigeria|access-date=November 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/17062-traditional-ruler-floats-foundation-to-support-victims-of-attacks-in-kaduna-lga|title=Traditional ruler floats foundation to support victims of attacks in Kaduna LGA|last=Ezeadigwo|first=Florence|date=November 4, 2023|website=Timeline Nigeria|access-date=November 12, 2023|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112223803/https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/17062-traditional-ruler-floats-foundation-to-support-victims-of-attacks-in-kaduna-lga|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== {{Commons|Category:Dominic Yahaya|Dominic Yahaya}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|Aminyam royal house|10 January|1950}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harrison Bungwon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Agwatyap|years=2016–present}} {{s-aft|after=Yet to be named}} {{s-end}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[category:Mutane daga Jihar Kaduna]] qw6lgkd12dns467f4zu6uq2kzd59zgn 962323 962321 2026-10-03T11:12:29Z Nura Bello 24854 962323 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kpop Paul Zakka Wyom.jpg|thumb|Dominic Yahaya]] '''Dominic Gambo Yahaya''' (an haife shi ne ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, 1950) shi ne sarkin yanzu na [[Atyap Chiefdom]], [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|jihar gargajiya ta Najeriya]] a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. Ana kuma san shi da laƙabin ''Agwatyap III''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |title=Ministry of Local Government Affairs |publisher=Kaduna State Government |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/gen-lekwot-monarch-others-mourn-jackson-zamani/ |title=Kaduna: Lekwot, monarch, others mourn Jackson Zamani |date=July 9, 2019 |website=Blueprint |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY1>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/yahaya-dominic-gambo/ |title=WHO'S WHO IN NIGERIA: YAHAYA, Dominic Gambo |website=Blerf |date=29 March 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY3>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/sunday-trust/20161113/281603830044297 |last=Agbese |first=Andrew |title=El-Rufai presents staff of office to traditional ruler |website=Press Reader |publisher=Daily Trust |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY2 /> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Yahaya a [[Magamiya|garin Taligan]], a Atyapland, ''a cikin rusasshiyar'' [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa]], [[Mallakar Najeriya|Nijeriya ta Biritaniya]] (yanzu kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ) a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 1950.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Ya fara neman ilimi a shekara ta 1958, ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta St. Pius' (yanzu LEA), Taligan (Magamia) tsakanin 1958 zuwa 1964; St. Mary's (yanzu Government Secondary School), Fadan Kaje tsakanin 1965 zuwa 1969; Kwalejin Barewa, [[Zariya]] tsakanin 1970 zuwa 1971; Sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na gaba a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Zariya|ke Zariya]] tsakanin 1972 zuwa 1975, inda ya kammala karatunsa na digiri farko digiri (B.Sc) . (Hon.), da matakin, Class Upper Division a fannin Geography da tsakanin 1977 da 1979, ya sami digiri na biyu M.Sc. a fannin, Tsarin Birni da Yanki, daga wannan Jami'a.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da tarurruka na karawa juna sani a gida Najeriya da ƙasashen ƙetare.<ref name=DY2 /> [[Fayil:Agwatyap III and wife.jpg|thumb|Dominic Yahaya a cikin mutane ]] Yahaya ya auri Miss Justina a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba, 1979.<ref name=DY1 /> [[File:Agwatyap_III_and_wife.jpg|thumb| Agwatyap (dama) da matarsa (hagu) yayin Buffet da aka shirya a fadarsa ta Atak Njei domin karrama babban hafsan tsaron Najeriya, [[Christopher Musa|Christopher Gwabin Musa]], a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2023.]] == Sana'a == Yahaya ya fara aiki da gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] bayan ya kwashe shekara ɗaya yana hidimar ƙasa na tilas a [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|kungiyar masu yi wa kasa hidima]] a shekarar 1976 ya zama: * Jami’in Tsare-tsare na gari II, a cikin 1977; * Babban Jami’in Tsare-tsaren Gari, 1987; * Daraktan Tsare-tsare na Gari da Ƙasa na Jihar Kaduna a shekarar 1989; * Babban Manaja na Hukumar Tsare-Tsare da Raya Birane ta Jihar Kaduna (KASUPDA) tsakanin 1990 zuwa 1993. Ya kuma zama: * Shugaban riƙo na ƙaramar hukumar [[Kaduna ta Arewa]] tsakanin Afrilu, 1994 - Maris, 1996. Saboda haka, ya koma aiki tare da: * Ofishin mai kula da filaye da safiyo da tsare-tsare na [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a matsayin darakta, tsare-tsare na gari da ƙasa tsakanin 1996 zuwa 1998. Sai ya zama: * Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, tsakanin Janairu, 1999 - Janairu, 2000; * Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Sufuri, Fabrairu, 2000 - Nuwamba, 2001; * Ofishin Ma'aikata na Jama'a, ofishin shugaban ma'aikata na jihar Kaduna tsakanin Disamba, 2001 - Satumba, 2003; * Ofishin ma’aikata, ofishin shugaban ma’aikata na gidan gwamnati, Kawo, tsakanin Oktoba, 2003 zuwa 10 ga Janairu, 2010, inda ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Daga nan aka naɗa Yahaya a matsayin shugaban kwamitin riƙona ƙaramar hukumar [[Zangon Kataf]] tsakanin 20 ga Yuni, 2011 - Nuwamba, 2012; kuma * Ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a Hukumar Mulki ta [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|Hukumar Kula da Matasa ta Kasa]] bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati.<ref name=DY2 /> == Membobi da kyaututtuka == === Membobi === Yahaya ya kasance memba na hakika a: * Majalisar Rijistar Gari (Najeriya), tun 1989; kuma * Fellow Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (FNITP)<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> * Shi ma mai tsara gari ne mai rijista.<ref name=DY2 /> === Kyauta === An ba shi lambar yabo ta: * Lambar Yabo ta ƙasa ta: ProductƘarfafa Ƙirar Ƙasa a 1991;<ref name=DY1 /> kuma * Knight na Saint of Mulumba (KSM).<ref name=DY2 /> * Papal Knight na St.Gregory na Paparoma Francis a cikin 2023 ==Gwamnati ta tsare su == Bayan [[Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992|tashin hankalin Zangon Kataf a watan Mayun 1992]] inda aka kama aƙalla [[Katafawa|’yan asalin ƙabilar Atyap]] 21 aka bar su a tsare ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba, a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba 2 ta 1984 da gwamnatin mulkin sojan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ta kafa, Dominic G. Yahaya (a lokacin ma’aikacin gwamnati) yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake tsare da su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma aka kebe daban-daban a cikin rukuni na shida kafin daga bisani a raba su, sauran tsararren sun haɗa da [[Bala Ade Dauke]] (Hakimin [[Zangon Kataf|Zangon Katab]] a lokacin da kuma ''Agwatyap I'' na gaba), [[Zamani Lekwot|Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot (rtd.)]], ACP Juri Babang Ayok ( rtd.), Manjo John Atomic Kude (rtd.), da Peter Lekwot (kanin Manjo Janar Z. Lekwot - wanda tare da Elias Manza da sauransu aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa), a matsayin fursunonin "Aji na Musamman".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Zangon Kataf: A Journey of a People |author=Dauke, B. A.|authorlink=Bala Ade Dauke |date=2004 |publisher=Mangut Publishers |location=[[Zaria]] |pages=154–174 |isbn=978-125-812-9}}</ref><ref name=Watch>{{Cite journal |date=June 1993 |title=NIGERIA: THREATS TO A NEW DEMOCRACY |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/NIGERIA936.PDF |journal=Africa Watch |volume=5 |issue=9 |access-date=August 10, 2020 | pages=13–21}}</ref> == Sarauta == Yahaya, a mutuwar [[Harrison Bungwon]], ''Agwatyap II'', an zaɓi ya zama ''Agwatyap'' na gaba na [[Atyap Chiefdom]], ya jagoranci [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]]. A ranar Asabar, 12 ga watan Nuwamba, 2016 ne gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta miƙa masa ma’aikata a fadar Atak Njei.<ref name=DY2>{{Cite web |url=https://forefrontng.com/atyap-chiefdom-passing-on-the-baton-2/ |last=Simon |first=Reef |title=Atyap Chiefdom: Passing On the Baton |website=Forefront |date=February 3, 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |title=El-Rufai urges new Agwatyap, others to promote peace |publisher=Kaduna State Government |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=DY3 /> == Gidauniyar Jumma Yahaya Gambo == A farkon watan Nuwamban shekarar 2023, Yahaya ya ƙaddamar da gidauniyar Jumma Yahaya Gambo Foundation, domin samar da ilimi ga waɗanda harin ta’addancin bata garin Fulani ya rutsa da su a masarautarsa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/monarch-awards-scholarship-to-118-kaduna-attack-victims-2/|title=Monarch awards scholarship to 118 Kaduna attack victims|last=Bulus|first=Israel|date=November 3, 2023|website=Punch Nigeria|access-date=November 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/17062-traditional-ruler-floats-foundation-to-support-victims-of-attacks-in-kaduna-lga|title=Traditional ruler floats foundation to support victims of attacks in Kaduna LGA|last=Ezeadigwo|first=Florence|date=November 4, 2023|website=Timeline Nigeria|access-date=November 12, 2023|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112223803/https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/17062-traditional-ruler-floats-foundation-to-support-victims-of-attacks-in-kaduna-lga|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== {{Commons|Category:Dominic Yahaya|Dominic Yahaya}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|Aminyam royal house|10 January|1950}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harrison Bungwon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Agwatyap|years=2016–present}} {{s-aft|after=Yet to be named}} {{s-end}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[category:Mutane daga Jihar Kaduna]] 5zdvdyb91nledntzfv34770l09mjwp3 962324 962323 2026-10-03T11:13:44Z Nura Bello 24854 962324 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kpop Paul Zakka Wyom.jpg|thumb|Dominic Yahaya]] '''Dominic Gambo Yahaya''' (an haife shi ne ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1950) shi ne sarkin yanzu na [[Atyap Chiefdom]], [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|jihar gargajiya ta Najeriya]] a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. Ana kuma san shi da laƙabin ''Agwatyap III''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |title=Ministry of Local Government Affairs |publisher=Kaduna State Government |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/gen-lekwot-monarch-others-mourn-jackson-zamani/ |title=Kaduna: Lekwot, monarch, others mourn Jackson Zamani |date=July 9, 2019 |website=Blueprint |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY1>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/yahaya-dominic-gambo/ |title=WHO'S WHO IN NIGERIA: YAHAYA, Dominic Gambo |website=Blerf |date=29 March 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY3>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/sunday-trust/20161113/281603830044297 |last=Agbese |first=Andrew |title=El-Rufai presents staff of office to traditional ruler |website=Press Reader |publisher=Daily Trust |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY2 /> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Yahaya a [[Magamiya|garin Taligan]], a Atyapland, ''a cikin rusasshiyar'' [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa]], [[Mallakar Najeriya|Nijeriya ta Biritaniya]] (yanzu kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ) a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 1950.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Ya fara neman ilimi a shekara ta 1958, ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta St. Pius' (yanzu LEA), Taligan (Magamia) tsakanin 1958 zuwa 1964; St. Mary's (yanzu Government Secondary School), Fadan Kaje tsakanin 1965 zuwa 1969; Kwalejin Barewa, [[Zariya]] tsakanin 1970 zuwa 1971; Sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na gaba a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Zariya|ke Zariya]] tsakanin 1972 zuwa 1975, inda ya kammala karatunsa na digiri farko digiri (B.Sc) . (Hon.), da matakin, Class Upper Division a fannin Geography da tsakanin 1977 da 1979, ya sami digiri na biyu M.Sc. a fannin, Tsarin Birni da Yanki, daga wannan Jami'a.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da tarurruka na karawa juna sani a gida Najeriya da ƙasashen ƙetare.<ref name=DY2 /> [[Fayil:Agwatyap III and wife.jpg|thumb|Dominic Yahaya a cikin mutane ]] Yahaya ya auri Miss Justina a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba, 1979.<ref name=DY1 /> [[File:Agwatyap_III_and_wife.jpg|thumb| Agwatyap (dama) da matarsa (hagu) yayin Buffet da aka shirya a fadarsa ta Atak Njei domin karrama babban hafsan tsaron Najeriya, [[Christopher Musa|Christopher Gwabin Musa]], a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2023.]] == Sana'a == Yahaya ya fara aiki da gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] bayan ya kwashe shekara ɗaya yana hidimar ƙasa na tilas a [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|kungiyar masu yi wa kasa hidima]] a shekarar 1976 ya zama: * Jami’in Tsare-tsare na gari II, a cikin 1977; * Babban Jami’in Tsare-tsaren Gari, 1987; * Daraktan Tsare-tsare na Gari da Ƙasa na Jihar Kaduna a shekarar 1989; * Babban Manaja na Hukumar Tsare-Tsare da Raya Birane ta Jihar Kaduna (KASUPDA) tsakanin 1990 zuwa 1993. Ya kuma zama: * Shugaban riƙo na ƙaramar hukumar [[Kaduna ta Arewa]] tsakanin Afrilu, 1994 - Maris, 1996. Saboda haka, ya koma aiki tare da: * Ofishin mai kula da filaye da safiyo da tsare-tsare na [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a matsayin darakta, tsare-tsare na gari da ƙasa tsakanin 1996 zuwa 1998. Sai ya zama: * Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, tsakanin Janairu, 1999 - Janairu, 2000; * Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Sufuri, Fabrairu, 2000 - Nuwamba, 2001; * Ofishin Ma'aikata na Jama'a, ofishin shugaban ma'aikata na jihar Kaduna tsakanin Disamba, 2001 - Satumba, 2003; * Ofishin ma’aikata, ofishin shugaban ma’aikata na gidan gwamnati, Kawo, tsakanin Oktoba, 2003 zuwa 10 ga Janairu, 2010, inda ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Daga nan aka naɗa Yahaya a matsayin shugaban kwamitin riƙona ƙaramar hukumar [[Zangon Kataf]] tsakanin 20 ga Yuni, 2011 - Nuwamba, 2012; kuma * Ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a Hukumar Mulki ta [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|Hukumar Kula da Matasa ta Kasa]] bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati.<ref name=DY2 /> == Membobi da kyaututtuka == === Membobi === Yahaya ya kasance memba na hakika a: * Majalisar Rijistar Gari (Najeriya), tun 1989; kuma * Fellow Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (FNITP)<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> * Shi ma mai tsara gari ne mai rijista.<ref name=DY2 /> === Kyauta === An ba shi lambar yabo ta: * Lambar Yabo ta ƙasa ta: ProductƘarfafa Ƙirar Ƙasa a 1991;<ref name=DY1 /> kuma * Knight na Saint of Mulumba (KSM).<ref name=DY2 /> * Papal Knight na St.Gregory na Paparoma Francis a cikin 2023 ==Gwamnati ta tsare su == Bayan [[Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992|tashin hankalin Zangon Kataf a watan Mayun 1992]] inda aka kama aƙalla [[Katafawa|’yan asalin ƙabilar Atyap]] 21 aka bar su a tsare ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba, a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba 2 ta 1984 da gwamnatin mulkin sojan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ta kafa, Dominic G. Yahaya (a lokacin ma’aikacin gwamnati) yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake tsare da su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma aka kebe daban-daban a cikin rukuni na shida kafin daga bisani a raba su, sauran tsararren sun haɗa da [[Bala Ade Dauke]] (Hakimin [[Zangon Kataf|Zangon Katab]] a lokacin da kuma ''Agwatyap I'' na gaba), [[Zamani Lekwot|Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot (rtd.)]], ACP Juri Babang Ayok ( rtd.), Manjo John Atomic Kude (rtd.), da Peter Lekwot (kanin Manjo Janar Z. Lekwot - wanda tare da Elias Manza da sauransu aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa), a matsayin fursunonin "Aji na Musamman".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Zangon Kataf: A Journey of a People |author=Dauke, B. A.|authorlink=Bala Ade Dauke |date=2004 |publisher=Mangut Publishers |location=[[Zaria]] |pages=154–174 |isbn=978-125-812-9}}</ref><ref name=Watch>{{Cite journal |date=June 1993 |title=NIGERIA: THREATS TO A NEW DEMOCRACY |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/NIGERIA936.PDF |journal=Africa Watch |volume=5 |issue=9 |access-date=August 10, 2020 | pages=13–21}}</ref> == Sarauta == Yahaya, a mutuwar [[Harrison Bungwon]], ''Agwatyap II'', an zaɓi ya zama ''Agwatyap'' na gaba na [[Atyap Chiefdom]], ya jagoranci [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]]. A ranar Asabar, 12 ga watan Nuwamba, 2016 ne gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta miƙa masa ma’aikata a fadar Atak Njei.<ref name=DY2>{{Cite web |url=https://forefrontng.com/atyap-chiefdom-passing-on-the-baton-2/ |last=Simon |first=Reef |title=Atyap Chiefdom: Passing On the Baton |website=Forefront |date=February 3, 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |title=El-Rufai urges new Agwatyap, others to promote peace |publisher=Kaduna State Government |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=DY3 /> == Gidauniyar Jumma Yahaya Gambo == A farkon watan Nuwamban shekarar 2023, Yahaya ya ƙaddamar da gidauniyar Jumma Yahaya Gambo Foundation, domin samar da ilimi ga waɗanda harin ta’addancin bata garin Fulani ya rutsa da su a masarautarsa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/monarch-awards-scholarship-to-118-kaduna-attack-victims-2/|title=Monarch awards scholarship to 118 Kaduna attack victims|last=Bulus|first=Israel|date=November 3, 2023|website=Punch Nigeria|access-date=November 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/17062-traditional-ruler-floats-foundation-to-support-victims-of-attacks-in-kaduna-lga|title=Traditional ruler floats foundation to support victims of attacks in Kaduna LGA|last=Ezeadigwo|first=Florence|date=November 4, 2023|website=Timeline Nigeria|access-date=November 12, 2023|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112223803/https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/17062-traditional-ruler-floats-foundation-to-support-victims-of-attacks-in-kaduna-lga|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== {{Commons|Category:Dominic Yahaya|Dominic Yahaya}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|Aminyam royal house|10 January|1950}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harrison Bungwon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Agwatyap|years=2016–present}} {{s-aft|after=Yet to be named}} {{s-end}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[category:Mutane daga Jihar Kaduna]] 1xwgqst482h8ua08xc0kfhbsoknh3pq 962326 962324 2026-10-03T11:16:11Z Nura Bello 24854 962326 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kpop Paul Zakka Wyom.jpg|thumb|Dominic Yahaya]] '''Dominic Gambo Yahaya''' (an haife shi ne ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1950) shi ne sarkin yanzu na [[Atyap Chiefdom]], [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|jihar gargajiya ta Najeriya]] a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. Ana kuma san shi da laƙabin ''Agwatyap III''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |title=Ministry of Local Government Affairs |publisher=Kaduna State Government |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/gen-lekwot-monarch-others-mourn-jackson-zamani/ |title=Kaduna: Lekwot, monarch, others mourn Jackson Zamani |date=July 9, 2019 |website=Blueprint |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY1>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/yahaya-dominic-gambo/ |title=WHO'S WHO IN NIGERIA: YAHAYA, Dominic Gambo |website=Blerf |date=29 March 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY3>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/sunday-trust/20161113/281603830044297 |last=Agbese |first=Andrew |title=El-Rufai presents staff of office to traditional ruler |website=Press Reader |publisher=Daily Trust |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY2 /> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Yahaya a [[Magamiya|garin Taligan]], a Atyapland, ''a cikin rusasshiyar'' [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa]], [[Mallakar Najeriya|Nijeriya ta Biritaniya]] (yanzu kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ) a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekarun 1950.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Ya fara neman ilimi a shekara ta 1958, ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta St. Pius' (yanzu LEA), Taligan (Magamia) tsakanin 1958 zuwa 1964; St. Mary's (yanzu Government Secondary School), Fadan Kaje tsakanin 1965 zuwa 1969; Kwalejin Barewa, [[Zariya]] tsakanin 1970 zuwa 1971; Sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na gaba a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Zariya|ke Zariya]] tsakanin 1972 zuwa 1975, inda ya kammala karatunsa na digiri farko digiri (B.Sc) . (Hon.), da matakin, Class Upper Division a fannin Geography da tsakanin 1977 da 1979, ya sami digiri na biyu M.Sc. a fannin, Tsarin Birni da Yanki, daga wannan Jami'a.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da tarurruka na karawa juna sani a gida Najeriya da ƙasashen ƙetare.<ref name=DY2 /> [[Fayil:Agwatyap III and wife.jpg|thumb|Dominic Yahaya a cikin mutane ]] Yahaya ya auri Miss Justina a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba, 1979.<ref name=DY1 /> [[File:Agwatyap_III_and_wife.jpg|thumb| Agwatyap (dama) da matarsa (hagu) yayin Buffet da aka shirya a fadarsa ta Atak Njei domin karrama babban hafsan tsaron Najeriya, [[Christopher Musa|Christopher Gwabin Musa]], a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2023.]] == Sana'a == Yahaya ya fara aiki da gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] bayan ya kwashe shekara ɗaya yana hidimar ƙasa na tilas a [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|kungiyar masu yi wa kasa hidima]] a shekarar 1976 ya zama: * Jami’in Tsare-tsare na gari II, a cikin 1977; * Babban Jami’in Tsare-tsaren Gari, 1987; * Daraktan Tsare-tsare na Gari da Ƙasa na Jihar Kaduna a shekarar 1989; * Babban Manaja na Hukumar Tsare-Tsare da Raya Birane ta Jihar Kaduna (KASUPDA) tsakanin 1990 zuwa 1993. Ya kuma zama: * Shugaban riƙo na ƙaramar hukumar [[Kaduna ta Arewa]] tsakanin Afrilu, 1994 - Maris, 1996. Saboda haka, ya koma aiki tare da: * Ofishin mai kula da filaye da safiyo da tsare-tsare na [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a matsayin darakta, tsare-tsare na gari da ƙasa tsakanin 1996 zuwa 1998. Sai ya zama: * Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, tsakanin Janairu, 1999 - Janairu, 2000; * Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Sufuri, Fabrairu, 2000 - Nuwamba, 2001; * Ofishin Ma'aikata na Jama'a, ofishin shugaban ma'aikata na jihar Kaduna tsakanin Disamba, 2001 - Satumba, 2003; * Ofishin ma’aikata, ofishin shugaban ma’aikata na gidan gwamnati, Kawo, tsakanin Oktoba, 2003 zuwa 10 ga Janairu, 2010, inda ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Daga nan aka naɗa Yahaya a matsayin shugaban kwamitin riƙona ƙaramar hukumar [[Zangon Kataf]] tsakanin 20 ga Yuni, 2011 - Nuwamba, 2012; kuma * Ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a Hukumar Mulki ta [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|Hukumar Kula da Matasa ta Kasa]] bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati.<ref name=DY2 /> == Membobi da kyaututtuka == === Membobi === Yahaya ya kasance memba na hakika a: * Majalisar Rijistar Gari (Najeriya), tun 1989; kuma * Fellow Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (FNITP)<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> * Shi ma mai tsara gari ne mai rijista.<ref name=DY2 /> === Kyauta === An ba shi lambar yabo ta: * Lambar Yabo ta ƙasa ta: ProductƘarfafa Ƙirar Ƙasa a 1991;<ref name=DY1 /> kuma * Knight na Saint of Mulumba (KSM).<ref name=DY2 /> * Papal Knight na St.Gregory na Paparoma Francis a cikin 2023 ==Gwamnati ta tsare su == Bayan [[Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992|tashin hankalin Zangon Kataf a watan Mayun 1992]] inda aka kama aƙalla [[Katafawa|’yan asalin ƙabilar Atyap]] 21 aka bar su a tsare ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba, a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba 2 ta 1984 da gwamnatin mulkin sojan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ta kafa, Dominic G. Yahaya (a lokacin ma’aikacin gwamnati) yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake tsare da su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma aka kebe daban-daban a cikin rukuni na shida kafin daga bisani a raba su, sauran tsararren sun haɗa da [[Bala Ade Dauke]] (Hakimin [[Zangon Kataf|Zangon Katab]] a lokacin da kuma ''Agwatyap I'' na gaba), [[Zamani Lekwot|Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot (rtd.)]], ACP Juri Babang Ayok ( rtd.), Manjo John Atomic Kude (rtd.), da Peter Lekwot (kanin Manjo Janar Z. Lekwot - wanda tare da Elias Manza da sauransu aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa), a matsayin fursunonin "Aji na Musamman".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Zangon Kataf: A Journey of a People |author=Dauke, B. A.|authorlink=Bala Ade Dauke |date=2004 |publisher=Mangut Publishers |location=[[Zaria]] |pages=154–174 |isbn=978-125-812-9}}</ref><ref name=Watch>{{Cite journal |date=June 1993 |title=NIGERIA: THREATS TO A NEW DEMOCRACY |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/NIGERIA936.PDF |journal=Africa Watch |volume=5 |issue=9 |access-date=August 10, 2020 | pages=13–21}}</ref> == Sarauta == Yahaya, a mutuwar [[Harrison Bungwon]], ''Agwatyap II'', an zaɓi ya zama ''Agwatyap'' na gaba na [[Atyap Chiefdom]], ya jagoranci [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]]. A ranar Asabar, 12 ga watan Nuwamba, 2016 ne gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta miƙa masa ma’aikata a fadar Atak Njei.<ref name=DY2>{{Cite web |url=https://forefrontng.com/atyap-chiefdom-passing-on-the-baton-2/ |last=Simon |first=Reef |title=Atyap Chiefdom: Passing On the Baton |website=Forefront |date=February 3, 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |title=El-Rufai urges new Agwatyap, others to promote peace |publisher=Kaduna State Government |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=DY3 /> == Gidauniyar Jumma Yahaya Gambo == A farkon watan Nuwamban shekarar 2023, Yahaya ya ƙaddamar da gidauniyar Jumma Yahaya Gambo Foundation, domin samar da ilimi ga waɗanda harin ta’addancin bata garin Fulani ya rutsa da su a masarautarsa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/monarch-awards-scholarship-to-118-kaduna-attack-victims-2/|title=Monarch awards scholarship to 118 Kaduna attack victims|last=Bulus|first=Israel|date=November 3, 2023|website=Punch Nigeria|access-date=November 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/17062-traditional-ruler-floats-foundation-to-support-victims-of-attacks-in-kaduna-lga|title=Traditional ruler floats foundation to support victims of attacks in Kaduna LGA|last=Ezeadigwo|first=Florence|date=November 4, 2023|website=Timeline Nigeria|access-date=November 12, 2023|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112223803/https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/17062-traditional-ruler-floats-foundation-to-support-victims-of-attacks-in-kaduna-lga|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== {{Commons|Category:Dominic Yahaya|Dominic Yahaya}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|Aminyam royal house|10 January|1950}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harrison Bungwon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Agwatyap|years=2016–present}} {{s-aft|after=Yet to be named}} {{s-end}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[category:Mutane daga Jihar Kaduna]] 1imuo689dr9rn2x3c444gsg6do892em 962328 962326 2026-10-03T11:18:04Z Nura Bello 24854 962328 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Kpop Paul Zakka Wyom.jpg|thumb|Dominic Yahaya]] '''Dominic Gambo Yahaya''' (an haife shi ne ranar 10 ga watan Janairu, shekarar 1950) shi ne sarkin yanzu na [[Atyap Chiefdom]], [[Jerin jihohin gargajiya na Najeriya|jihar gargajiya ta Najeriya]] a kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], Najeriya. Ana kuma san shi da laƙabin ''Agwatyap III''.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |title=Ministry of Local Government Affairs |publisher=Kaduna State Government |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.blueprint.ng/gen-lekwot-monarch-others-mourn-jackson-zamani/ |title=Kaduna: Lekwot, monarch, others mourn Jackson Zamani |date=July 9, 2019 |website=Blueprint |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY1>{{Cite web |url=https://blerf.org/index.php/biography/yahaya-dominic-gambo/ |title=WHO'S WHO IN NIGERIA: YAHAYA, Dominic Gambo |website=Blerf |date=29 March 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY3>{{Cite web |url=https://www.pressreader.com/nigeria/sunday-trust/20161113/281603830044297 |last=Agbese |first=Andrew |title=El-Rufai presents staff of office to traditional ruler |website=Press Reader |publisher=Daily Trust |date=16 November 2016 |access-date=31 July 2020}}</ref><ref name=DY2 /> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Yahaya a [[Magamiya|garin Taligan]], a Atyapland, ''a cikin rusasshiyar'' [[Yankin Arewacin Najeriya|yankin Arewa]], [[Mallakar Najeriya|Nijeriya ta Biritaniya]] (yanzu kudancin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]], [[Najeriya|Nijeriya]] ) a ranar 10 ga watan Janairun shekarun 1950.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Ya fara neman ilimi a shekara ta 1958, ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta St. Pius' (yanzu LEA), Taligan (Magamia) tsakanin shekarun 1958 zuwa 1964; St. Mary's (yanzu Government Secondary School), Fadan Kaje tsakanin 1965 zuwa 1969; Kwalejin Barewa, [[Zariya]] tsakanin 1970 zuwa 1971; Sannan ya ci gaba da karatunsa na gaba a [[Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello]] da [[Zariya|ke Zariya]] tsakanin 1972 zuwa 1975, inda ya kammala karatunsa na digiri farko digiri (B.Sc) . (Hon.), da matakin, Class Upper Division a fannin Geography da tsakanin 1977 da 1979, ya sami digiri na biyu M.Sc. a fannin, Tsarin Birni da Yanki, daga wannan Jami'a.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Ya kuma halarci kwasa-kwasai da tarurruka na karawa juna sani a gida Najeriya da ƙasashen ƙetare.<ref name=DY2 /> [[Fayil:Agwatyap III and wife.jpg|thumb|Dominic Yahaya a cikin mutane ]] Yahaya ya auri Miss Justina a ranar 30 ga watan Nuwamba, 1979.<ref name=DY1 /> [[File:Agwatyap_III_and_wife.jpg|thumb| Agwatyap (dama) da matarsa (hagu) yayin Buffet da aka shirya a fadarsa ta Atak Njei domin karrama babban hafsan tsaron Najeriya, [[Christopher Musa|Christopher Gwabin Musa]], a ranar 31 ga Disamba 2023.]] == Sana'a == Yahaya ya fara aiki da gwamnatin [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] bayan ya kwashe shekara ɗaya yana hidimar ƙasa na tilas a [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|kungiyar masu yi wa kasa hidima]] a shekarar 1976 ya zama: * Jami’in Tsare-tsare na gari II, a cikin 1977; * Babban Jami’in Tsare-tsaren Gari, 1987; * Daraktan Tsare-tsare na Gari da Ƙasa na Jihar Kaduna a shekarar 1989; * Babban Manaja na Hukumar Tsare-Tsare da Raya Birane ta Jihar Kaduna (KASUPDA) tsakanin 1990 zuwa 1993. Ya kuma zama: * Shugaban riƙo na ƙaramar hukumar [[Kaduna ta Arewa]] tsakanin Afrilu, 1994 - Maris, 1996. Saboda haka, ya koma aiki tare da: * Ofishin mai kula da filaye da safiyo da tsare-tsare na [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] a matsayin darakta, tsare-tsare na gari da ƙasa tsakanin 1996 zuwa 1998. Sai ya zama: * Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Albarkatun Ruwa, tsakanin Janairu, 1999 - Janairu, 2000; * Babban Sakatare, Ma'aikatar Ayyuka da Sufuri, Fabrairu, 2000 - Nuwamba, 2001; * Ofishin Ma'aikata na Jama'a, ofishin shugaban ma'aikata na jihar Kaduna tsakanin Disamba, 2001 - Satumba, 2003; * Ofishin ma’aikata, ofishin shugaban ma’aikata na gidan gwamnati, Kawo, tsakanin Oktoba, 2003 zuwa 10 ga Janairu, 2010, inda ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati.<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> Daga nan aka naɗa Yahaya a matsayin shugaban kwamitin riƙona ƙaramar hukumar [[Zangon Kataf]] tsakanin 20 ga Yuni, 2011 - Nuwamba, 2012; kuma * Ya yi aiki a matsayin mamba a Hukumar Mulki ta [[Hukumar Yiwa Kasa Hidima (NYSC)|Hukumar Kula da Matasa ta Kasa]] bayan ya yi ritaya daga aikin gwamnati.<ref name=DY2 /> == Membobi da kyaututtuka == === Membobi === Yahaya ya kasance memba na hakika a: * Majalisar Rijistar Gari (Najeriya), tun 1989; kuma * Fellow Nigerian Institute of Town Planners (FNITP)<ref name=DY1 /><ref name=DY2 /> * Shi ma mai tsara gari ne mai rijista.<ref name=DY2 /> === Kyauta === An ba shi lambar yabo ta: * Lambar Yabo ta ƙasa ta: ProductƘarfafa Ƙirar Ƙasa a 1991;<ref name=DY1 /> kuma * Knight na Saint of Mulumba (KSM).<ref name=DY2 /> * Papal Knight na St.Gregory na Paparoma Francis a cikin 2023 ==Gwamnati ta tsare su == Bayan [[Rikicin Zangon Kataf, 1992|tashin hankalin Zangon Kataf a watan Mayun 1992]] inda aka kama aƙalla [[Katafawa|’yan asalin ƙabilar Atyap]] 21 aka bar su a tsare ba tare da gurfanar da su a gaban kotu ba, a ƙarƙashin doka mai lamba 2 ta 1984 da gwamnatin mulkin sojan [[Ɗan Nijeriya|Najeriya]] ta kafa, Dominic G. Yahaya (a lokacin ma’aikacin gwamnati) yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda ake tsare da su ba bisa ka'ida ba kuma aka kebe daban-daban a cikin rukuni na shida kafin daga bisani a raba su, sauran tsararren sun haɗa da [[Bala Ade Dauke]] (Hakimin [[Zangon Kataf|Zangon Katab]] a lokacin da kuma ''Agwatyap I'' na gaba), [[Zamani Lekwot|Maj. Gen. Zamani Lekwot (rtd.)]], ACP Juri Babang Ayok ( rtd.), Manjo John Atomic Kude (rtd.), da Peter Lekwot (kanin Manjo Janar Z. Lekwot - wanda tare da Elias Manza da sauransu aka yanke musu hukuncin kisa), a matsayin fursunonin "Aji na Musamman".<ref>{{Cite book |title=Zangon Kataf: A Journey of a People |author=Dauke, B. A.|authorlink=Bala Ade Dauke |date=2004 |publisher=Mangut Publishers |location=[[Zaria]] |pages=154–174 |isbn=978-125-812-9}}</ref><ref name=Watch>{{Cite journal |date=June 1993 |title=NIGERIA: THREATS TO A NEW DEMOCRACY |url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/NIGERIA936.PDF |journal=Africa Watch |volume=5 |issue=9 |access-date=August 10, 2020 | pages=13–21}}</ref> == Sarauta == Yahaya, a mutuwar [[Harrison Bungwon]], ''Agwatyap II'', an zaɓi ya zama ''Agwatyap'' na gaba na [[Atyap Chiefdom]], ya jagoranci [[Katafawa|mutanen Atyap]]. A ranar Asabar, 12 ga watan Nuwamba, 2016 ne gwamnan [[Kaduna (jiha)|jihar Kaduna]] ta miƙa masa ma’aikata a fadar Atak Njei.<ref name=DY2>{{Cite web |url=https://forefrontng.com/atyap-chiefdom-passing-on-the-baton-2/ |last=Simon |first=Reef |title=Atyap Chiefdom: Passing On the Baton |website=Forefront |date=February 3, 2017 |access-date=August 1, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |title=El-Rufai urges new Agwatyap, others to promote peace |publisher=Kaduna State Government |access-date=August 1, 2020 |archive-date=January 15, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210115175652/https://localgov.kdsg.gov.ng/?page_id=31 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name=DY3 /> == Gidauniyar Jumma Yahaya Gambo == A farkon watan Nuwamban shekarar 2023, Yahaya ya ƙaddamar da gidauniyar Jumma Yahaya Gambo Foundation, domin samar da ilimi ga waɗanda harin ta’addancin bata garin Fulani ya rutsa da su a masarautarsa.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://punchng.com/monarch-awards-scholarship-to-118-kaduna-attack-victims-2/|title=Monarch awards scholarship to 118 Kaduna attack victims|last=Bulus|first=Israel|date=November 3, 2023|website=Punch Nigeria|access-date=November 12, 2023}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/17062-traditional-ruler-floats-foundation-to-support-victims-of-attacks-in-kaduna-lga|title=Traditional ruler floats foundation to support victims of attacks in Kaduna LGA|last=Ezeadigwo|first=Florence|date=November 4, 2023|website=Timeline Nigeria|access-date=November 12, 2023|archive-date=November 12, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231112223803/https://timeline.ng/index.php/news/national/17062-traditional-ruler-floats-foundation-to-support-victims-of-attacks-in-kaduna-lga|url-status=dead}}</ref> ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin haɗi na waje== {{Commons|Category:Dominic Yahaya|Dominic Yahaya}} {{s-start}} {{s-hou|Aminyam royal house|10 January|1950}} {{s-reg}} {{s-bef|before=[[Harrison Bungwon]]}} {{s-ttl|title=Agwatyap|years=2016–present}} {{s-aft|after=Yet to be named}} {{s-end}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haifaffun 1950]] [[category:Mutane daga Jihar Kaduna]] cnh0s97nvidxf43yxvikrrnvvtycu6w Il était une fois l'indépendance (fim) 0 69109 961969 372504 2026-10-02T18:26:27Z Pharouqenr 25549 961969 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Il était une fois l'indépendance''''' fim ne na shekarar2009 [[Mali|na ƙasar Mali]]. == Takaitaccen bayani == Nama da Siré sun yi aure suna da shekaru 16. Nama mutum ne mai tsananin tsoron abin bautarsu, wanda ya yanke shawarar janyewa daga duniya da matarsa don ya sadaukar da kansa ga abin bautarsu, kuma ya rayu a matsayin majibinci. Domin ya ba shi lada, Abin bautar su ya aiko masa da mala’ika. Nama dole yayi buri uku. Wannan fim an gina shi ne bisa tatsuniyar gargajiya ta [[Mali]]. == Kyauta == * Festival Internacional de Cine de Ouidah (Benín) 2009 * Festival de cortos francófonos de Vaulx-en-Velin (Francia) 2010 ==Manazarta== [[Category:Fim]] i73q4154po6sewyjzz3v098isrhpdvw 961970 961969 2026-10-02T18:27:01Z Pharouqenr 25549 961970 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Il était une fois l'indépendance''''' fim ne na shekarar2009 [[Mali|na ƙasar Mali]]. == Takaitaccen bayani == Nama da Siré sun yi aure suna da shekaru 16. Nama mutum ne mai tsananin tsoron abin bautarsu, wanda ya yanke shawarar janyewa daga duniya da matarsa don ya sadaukar da kansa ga abin bautarsu, kuma ya rayu a matsayin majibinci. Domin ya ba shi lada, Abin bautar su ya aiko masa da mala’ika. Nama dole yayi buri uku. Wannan fim an gina shi ne bisa tatsuniyar gargajiya ta [[Mali]]. == Kyauta == * Festival Internacional de Cine de Ouidah (Benín) 2009 * Festival de cortos francófonos de Vaulx-en-Velin (Francia) 2010 ==Haɗin waje== [[Category:Fim]] dpfdc02ijoe5evbfrk7szegyw3mo9ai 961971 961970 2026-10-02T18:27:09Z Pharouqenr 25549 961971 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Il était une fois l'indépendance''''' fim ne na shekarar2009 [[Mali|na ƙasar Mali]]. == Takaitaccen bayani == Nama da Siré sun yi aure suna da shekaru 16. Nama mutum ne mai tsananin tsoron abin bautarsu, wanda ya yanke shawarar janyewa daga duniya da matarsa don ya sadaukar da kansa ga abin bautarsu, kuma ya rayu a matsayin majibinci. Domin ya ba shi lada, Abin bautar su ya aiko masa da mala’ika. Nama dole yayi buri uku. Wannan fim an gina shi ne bisa tatsuniyar gargajiya ta [[Mali]]. == Kyauta == * Festival Internacional de Cine de Ouidah (Benín) 2009 * Festival de cortos francófonos de Vaulx-en-Velin (Francia) 2010 ==Haɗin waje== African Film Festival of Cordoba-FCAT (license CC BY-SA-3.0)[dead link] [[Category:Fim]] 0588bo16u7d358zjmu7qqzu1ctkyy0y 961972 961971 2026-10-02T18:27:43Z Pharouqenr 25549 961972 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Il était une fois l'indépendance''''' fim ne na shekarar2009 na ƙasar [[Mali]]. == Takaitaccen bayani == Nama da Siré sun yi aure suna da shekaru 16. Nama mutum ne mai tsananin tsoron abin bautarsu, wanda ya yanke shawarar janyewa daga duniya da matarsa don ya sadaukar da kansa ga abin bautarsu, kuma ya rayu a matsayin majibinci. Domin ya ba shi lada, Abin bautar su ya aiko masa da mala’ika. Nama dole yayi buri uku. Wannan fim an gina shi ne bisa tatsuniyar gargajiya ta [[Mali]]. == Kyauta == * Festival Internacional de Cine de Ouidah (Benín) 2009 * Festival de cortos francófonos de Vaulx-en-Velin (Francia) 2010 ==Haɗin waje== African Film Festival of Cordoba-FCAT (license CC BY-SA-3.0)[dead link] [[Category:Fim]] 2iif4v83i6km734ujwk6z1w8zc8qqk7 Harshen Swazi 0 71585 962099 596249 2026-10-03T00:17:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962099 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:South_Africa_Swati_speakers_proportion_map.svg|thumb|Rarraba yanki na Swazi a Afirka ta Kudu: adadin yawan mutanen da ke magana da Swazi a gida. ]] [[File:South_Africa_Swati_speakers_density_map.svg|thumb| Rarraba yanki na Swazi a Afirka ta Kudu: yawan masu magana da harshen gida na Swazi. ]] '''Swazi''' ko '''siSwati''' yare ne na Bantu na ƙungiyar [[Harsunan Nguni|Nguni]] da ake magana a [[ESwatini|Eswatini]] (tsohon Swaziland) da [[Afirka ta Kudu]] da Mutanen Swati. kiyasta yawan masu magana a yankin miliyan 4.7 ciki har da masu magana da harshe na farko da na biyu. Ana koyar da yaren a Eswatini da wasu makarantun Afirka ta Kudu a Mpumalanga, musamman tsoffin yankunan KaNgwane. Siswati yare ne na hukuma na Eswatini (tare da Turanci), kuma yana ɗaya daga cikin harsuna goma sha biyu na Afirka ta Kudu. Kalmar hukuma ita ce "siSwati" tsakanin masu magana da harshen; a Turanci, Zulu, Ndebele ko Xhosa ana iya kiransa da ''Swazi'' . Siswati yana da alaƙa da sauran [[Harsunan Nguni|harsunan Tekela]], kamar [[Harshen Phuthi|Phuthi]] da Northern Transvaal [[Harshen Sumayela Ndebele|(Sumayela) Ndebele]], amma kuma yana kusa da [[Harsunan Nguni|harsunan Zunda]] : Zulu, Southern Ndebele, Northern Ndebele, da Xhosa . == Yaruka == Siswati da ake magana da shi a cikin Eswatini ana iya raba shi zuwa yaruka huɗu masu dacewa da yankuna huɗu na ƙasar: Hhohho, Lubombo, Manzini, da Shiselweni . Siswati yana da aƙalla iri biyu: ma'auni, iri-iri masu daraja da ake magana da su a arewa, tsakiya da kudu maso yammacin ƙasar, da kuma nau'in da ba su da daraja da ake magana a wasu wurare. A kudu mai nisa, musamman a garuruwa irin su Nhlangano da Hlatikhulu, isiZulu ya yi tasiri sosai akan yaren da ake magana da shi. Yawancin Swazis (jam'i ''emaSwati,'' ''liSwati'' guda ɗaya), gami da waɗanda ke kudu waɗanda ke jin wannan nau'in, ba sa ɗaukar shi a matsayin 'daidai' Swazi. Wannan shi ne abin da za a iya kira shi da yare na biyu a kasar. Adadin masu magana da Swazi a Afirka ta Kudu (musamman a lardin Mpumalanga, da kuma a cikin Soweto ) masu magana da harshen Eswatini Swazi suna la'akari da su don yin magana mara daidaitaccen nau'in harshe. Ba kamar bambance-bambancen da ke kudancin Eswatini ba, nau'in Mpumalanga da alama ba su da tasiri daga Zulu, don haka ana ɗaukarsa kusa da daidaitaccen Swazi. Koyaya, ana iya bambanta wannan nau'in Mpumalanga ta hanyar innation daban-daban, kuma watakila nau'ikan sautin sauti daban-daban. Hanyoyin shigar da bayanai (da kuma hasashe na 'danniya') a cikin Mpumalanga Swazi galibi ana ɗaukar saɓani ga kunnen Swazi. Ana ɗaukar wannan nau'in Swazi na Afirka ta Kudu don nuna tasiri daga wasu harsunan Afirka ta Kudu da ake magana da su kusa da Swazi. Wani fasali na daidaitaccen nau'in darajar Swazi (wanda ake magana a arewa da tsakiyar Eswatini) shine salon sarauta na sannu-sannu, faɗakarwa mai ƙarfi, wanda ake da'awar cewa yana jin daɗin jin daɗi ga masu sauraronsa. == Fassarar sauti == === Wasula === {| class="wikitable" |+Wasalan Swazi ! ! Gaba ! Baya |- style="text-align:center;" ! Kusa | i | u |- style="text-align:center;" ! Tsakar | ɛ ~ e | ɔ ~ o |- style="text-align:center;" ! Bude | colspan="2" | a |} === Consonants === Swazi ba ta bambanta tsakanin wuraren magana a cikin dannawa ba. Su ne hakori (kamar {{IPA|[ǀ]}}</link> ) ko kuma yana iya zama alveolar (kamar {{IPA|[ǃ]}}</link> ). Yana, duk da haka, ya bambanta biyar ko shida halaye na magana da phonation, ciki har da tenuis, apirated, murya, numfashi murya, hanci, da numfashi-muryar hanci. {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Harshen Swazi ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Labial ! colspan="2" | Dental /<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Na gefe ! rowspan="2" | Bayan-<nowiki><br id="mwhA"></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki><br></nowiki><nowiki></br></nowiki> alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Velar ! colspan="2" | Glottal |- ! <small>a fili</small> ! <small>hanci</small> ! <small>a fili</small> ! <small>hanci</small> |- ! rowspan="3" | Danna ! <small>a fili</small> | | ᵏǀ | ᵑǀ | | | | | |- ! <small>m</small> | | ᵏǀʰ | ᵑǀʰ | | | | | |- ! <small>numfashi</small> | | ᶢǀʱ | ᵑǀʱ | | | | | |- ! colspan="2" | Nasal | m | colspan="2" | n | | ɲ | ŋ ~ {{IPA|ŋɡ}} | | |- ! rowspan="4" | M ! <small>m</small> | pʼ | colspan="2" | tʼ | | | kʼ~k̬ | | |- !<small>m</small> | pʰ | colspan="2" | tʰ | | | kʰ | | |- !<small>numfashi</small> | bʱ | colspan="2" | dʱ | | | ɡʱ | | |- ! <small>m</small> | ɓ | colspan="2" | | | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" | Haɗin kai ! <small>mara murya</small> | {{IPA|tf}} | colspan="2" | tsʼ ~ tsʰ | | tʃʼ | kxʼ | | |- ! <small>murya</small> | {{IPA|dv}} | colspan="2" | dz | | dʒʱ | | | |- ! rowspan="2" | Ƙarfafawa ! <small>mara murya</small> | f | colspan="2" | s | ɬ | ʃ | | h | h̃ |- ! <small>murya</small> | v | colspan="2" | z | ɮ | ʒ | | ɦ | ɦ̃ |- ! colspan="2" | Kusanci | w | colspan="2" | | l | j | | | |} Baƙaƙe {{IPA|/ts k ŋɡ/}}</link> kowanne yana da sauti biyu. {{IPA|/ts/}}</link> kuma {{IPA|/k/}}</link> na iya faruwa duka a matsayin sautunan fitarwa, {{IPA|[tsʼ]}}</link> kuma {{IPA|[kʼ]}}</link> , amma su gama-gari su ne {{IPA|[tsʰ]}}</link> kuma {{IPA|[k̬]}}</link> . Sautin {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}</link> ya bambanta lokacin da a farkon mai tushe kamar {{IPA|[ŋ]}}</link> , kuma yawanci kamar {{IPA|[ŋɡ]}}</link> cikin kalmomi. === Sautin === Swazi yana nuna sautunan saman sama guda uku: babba, tsakiya da ƙasa. Sautin ba a rubuta shi a daidaitaccen rubutun waƙa ba. A al'adance, manyan sautunan tsakiya da na tsakiya ne kawai ake ɗaukar su ta hanyar sauti, tare da ƙaramar sautin da aka tsara ta hanyar baƙar magana da ta gabata. Bradshaw (2003) duk da haka ya bayar da hujjar cewa duk sautunan guda uku sun kasance a asali. Hanyoyin sauti da ke aiki da sauti sun haɗa da: * Lokacin da tushe mai sautin mara girma ya karɓi prefix tare da babban sautin da ke ƙasa, wannan babban sautin yana motsawa zuwa gaban gaba (ko zuwa penult, lokacin da farkon antepenult ya zama abin damuwa). * Yawa mai girma: duk sillabi tsakanin manyan sautuna biyu suna zama babba, muddin babu mai damuwa ya shiga tsakani. Wannan yana faruwa ba kawai kalma-ciki ba, har ma a kan iyakar kalma tsakanin kalma da abinta. Baƙaƙen baƙin ciki duk abubuwan da aka bayyana su ne ban da {{IPA|/ɓ/}}</link> . Allophone {{IPA|[ŋ]}}</link> na {{IPA|/ŋɡ/}}</link> ya bayyana yana nuna halin damuwa ga wasu dokoki amma ba wasu ba. <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=277–294}}</ref> == Rubutun Rubutu == [[File:Swazi_Wikipedia_screenshot.png|thumb| Hoton hoto na Wikipedia-harshen Swazi]] === Wasula === * a - [a] * e - [e~e] * ina - [i] * o - [ɔ~o] * ku - [ku] === Consonants === * b - [ɓ] * bh - [ba] * c - [ƙa] * ch - [ᵏʰ] * d - [dʱ] * dl - [ƙa] * dv - [dv] * da - [dz] * f - [f] * g - [gʱ] * gc - [ᶢƀʱ] * h - [h] * hh - [ɦ] * hl - [ɬ] * j - [dʒʱ] * ku - [kʼ, k̬] * ku - [k] * kl - [k] * l - [l] * m - [m] * mb - [mb] * n - [n] * nc - [ƙa] * nch - [ᵑƀʰ] * ndl - [ƙa] * ng - [ŋ, ŋga] * ngc - [ᵑƀʱ] * nhl - [�] * p - [ba] * ph - [pʰ] * q - [kʼ, k̬] * s - [s] * sh - [ʃ] * t - [t'] * tf - [tf] * ta - [tʰ] * tj - [tʃʼ] * ts - [tsʼ, tsʰ] * v - [v] * w - [w] * da - [j] * z - [z] * zh - [ʒ] === Baƙaƙen labilised === * dvw - [dvʷ] * khw - [kʰʷ] * lw - [lʷ] * nkhw - [ᵑkʰʷ] * ngw - [ᵑ(g)ʷ] * sw - [sʷ] * vw - [vʷ] == Nahawu == === Sunaye === Sunan Swazi ( ''{{Lang|ss|libito}}''</link> ) ya ƙunshi sassa biyu masu mahimmanci, prefix ( ''{{Lang|ss|sicalo}}''</link> ) da kuma kara ( ''{{Lang|ss|umsuka}}''</link> ). Yin amfani da prefixes, ana iya haɗa sunaye zuwa azuzuwan suna, waɗanda aka ƙidaya su a jere, don sauƙaƙe kwatanta da sauran harsunan Bantu . Tebu mai zuwa yana ba da bayyani na azuzuwan suna Swazi, wanda aka tsara bisa ga nau'i-nau'i-nau'i-nau'i ɗaya. {| class="wikitable" !Class ! Mufuradi ! Jam'i |- | 1/2 | um(u)- {{Efn|'''umu-''' replaces '''um-''' before monosyllabic stems, e. g. '''<u>umu</u>ntfu''' (person).}} | ba-, ba- |- | 1 a/2a | Ø- | bo- |- | 3/4 | um(u)- [lower-alpha 1] | imi- |- | 5/6 | li- | ema- |- | 7/8 | s(i)- {{Efn|'''s-''' and '''t-''' replace '''si-''' and '''ti-''' respectively before stems beginning with a vowel, e.g. '''<u>s</u>andla'''/'''<u>t</u>andla''' (hand/hands).}} | t (i)- [lower-alpha 2] |- | 9/10 | iN- {{Efn|The placeholder '''N''' in the prefixes '''iN-''' and '''tiN-''' stands for '''m''', '''n''' or no letter at all.}} | tiN- [lower-alpha 3] |- | 11/10 | ku, lw- | tiN- [lower-alpha 3] |- | 14 | ba-, b-, tj- | |- | 15 | ku- | |- | 17 | ku- | |} {{Notelist}} === Kalmomi === Verbs suna amfani da rafi masu zuwa don batun da abin: {| class="wikitable" !Mutum/<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> Class ! Prefix ! Infix |- | Waka ta farko. | ngi- | -ngi- |- | Waka ta 2. | ku - | -wu- |- | 1st plur. | si- | -si- |- | Na biyu plur. | ni- | -ni- |- | 1 | ku - | -mu (ku) |- | 2 | ba- | -ba- |- | 3 | ku - | -mu (ku) |- | 4 | i- | - yi- |- | 5 | li- | -li- |- | 6 | a- | -wa- |- | 7 | si- | -si- |- | 8 | ti- | -ti- |- | 9 | i- | - yi- |- | 10 | ti- | -ti- |- | 11 | lu - | -lu- |- | 14 | ba- | - ba- |- | 15 | ku- | -ku- |- | 17 | ku- | -ku- |- | reflexive | | -ti- |} == Watanni == '''ma'anar Watanni a Swazi/Swati:''' {| class="wikitable" !Turanci ! Swazi/Swati |- | Janairu | nguBhimbidvwane |- | Fabrairu | yiNdlovana |- | Maris | yiNdlovulenkhulu |- | Afrilu | nguMabasa |- | Mayu | yiNkhwekhweti |- | Yuni | yiNhlaba |- | Yuli | nguKholwane |- | Agusta | iNgci |- | Satumba | ina |- | Oktoba | iMphala |- | Nuwamba | Lweti |- | Disamba | yiNgongoni |} == Misalin rubutu == Misalin rubutu mai zuwa shine Mataki na 1 na Yarjejeniyar Hakkokin Dan Adam ta Duniya: ''Bonkhe bantfu batalwa bakhululekile balingana ngalokufananako ngsitfunti nangemalungelo.'' ''Baphiwe ingcondvo nekucondza kanye nanembeza ngakoke bafanele batiphatse futsi baphatse nalabanye ngemoya webuzalwane.'' An haifi dukkan ’yan Adam ’yantattu kuma daidai suke da mutunci da hakki. Suna da hankali da lamiri kuma ya kamata su yi wa junanmu cikin ruhin ’yan’uwantaka. " == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://www.bisharat.net/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Swazi PanAfrican L10n shafi akan Swazi] * [http://www.wakahina.co.za/ Tinanatelo ne Tibongo tema Swati] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070114015602/http://translate.org.za/ Aikin fassara Software na Kyauta zuwa Swazi] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070324112647/http://translate.org.za/content/view/17/32/ Buga Swazi na OpenOffice.org] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070114015602/http://translate.org.za/content/view/1610/54/ Mai duba rubutun Swazi don OpenOffice.org da Mozilla (na asali)] [[Category:Harsuna]] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mcagqvm0zbko6y9fjv09tw344s4yra7 Harshen Zulu 0 71667 962100 876627 2026-10-03T00:21:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language|name=Zulu|nativename=''isiZulu''|pronunciation={{IPA-zu|isízṳːlu|}}|states=[[South Africa]], [[Lesotho]]|region={{Plainlist| * [[KwaZulu-Natal]] and southern [[Mpumalanga]]; scattered communities elsewhere }}|ethnicity=[[Zulu people]]|speakers={{sigfig|13|2}} million|date=2022 census|ref=e18|speakers2=[[L2 speakers]]: {{sigfig|15.7|2}} million (2002)<ref>Webb, Vic. 2002. "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development", ''Impact: Studies in language and society'', 14:78</ref>|familycolor=Niger-Congo|fam2=[[Atlantic–Congo languages|Atlantic–Congo]]|fam3=[[Volta-Congo languages|Volta-Congo]]|fam4=[[Benue–Congo languages|Benue–Congo]]|fam5=[[Bantoid languages|Bantoid]]|fam6=[[Southern Bantoid languages|Southern Bantoid]]|fam7=[[Bantu languages|Bantu]]|fam8=[[Southern Bantu]]|fam9=[[Nguni languages|Nguni]]-[[Tswa-Ronga|Tsonga]]|fam10=[[Nguni languages|Nguni]]|fam11=[[Zunda languages|Zunda]]|dia1=KwaZulu Natal Zulu|dia2=Transvaal Zulu|dia3=Qwabe|dia4=Cele|nation={{RSA}}|agency=[[Pan South African Language Board]]|script=[[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Zulu alphabet]])<br>[[Zulu Braille]]<br>[[Ditema tsa Dinoko]]|sign=[[Signed Zulu]]|iso1=zu|iso2=zul|iso3=zul|glotto=zulu1248|glottorefname=Zulu|guthrie=S.42|lingua=[http://linguasphere.info/?page=linguascale&linguacode=99-AUT-fg 99-AUT-fg] incl.<br>varieties 99-AUT-fga to 99-AUT-fge|map=South Africa Zulu speakers proportion map.svg|mapcaption=Proportion of the South African population that speaks Zulu at home {{div col}} {{legend|#EDF8E9|0–20%}} {{legend|#BAE4B3|20–40%}} {{legend|#74C476|40–60%}} {{legend|#31A354|60–80%}} {{legend|#006D2C|80–100%}} {{colend}}|notice=IPA}} {| class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |Zulu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background:#fee8ab" | Mutum | class="infobox-data" | umZulu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background:#fee8ab" | Mutane | class="infobox-data" | amaZulu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background:#fee8ab" | Harshe | class="infobox-data" | isiZulu |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="background:#fee8ab" | Ƙasa | class="infobox-data" | [[kwaZulu]] |} '''Zulu''' (/ˈzuːluː/ ZOO-loo), ko '''''isiZulu''''' a matsayin endonym, yare ne na Kudancin Bantu na reshen Nguni da ake magana a [[Kudancin Afirka]]. [https://www.worlddata.info/languages/zulu.php] Mutanen Zulu ne, tare da kimanin mutane miliyan 13.56 da ke magana da asali, wadanda suka fi zama a lardin KwaZulu-Natal a [[Afirka ta Kudu]]. Zulu ita <ref>Ethnologue 2005</ref> yaren gida da aka fi magana a Afirka ta Kudu (24% na yawan jama'a), kuma sama da kashi 50% na yawan jamaʼarta sun fahimta. zama ɗaya daga cikin harsuna 12 na hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu a cikin shekarar 1994. A cewar Ethnologue, ita ce ta biyu mafi yawan yarukan Bantu, bayan [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]] . {{Efn|Ethnologue estimates (calculated between 2000 and 2015): * [[Swahili language|Swahili]]: 98 million (L1: 16 million, L2: 80 million)<ref>[https://www.ethnologue.com/language/swh Swahili], ''Ethnologue'' (18th ed., 2015): "47,000,000 in Tanzania, all users. L1 users: 15,000,000 (2012), increasing. L2 users: 32,000,000 (2015 D. Nurse). Total users in all countries: 98,310,110 (as L1: 16,010,110; as L2: 82,300,000)."</ref> * Zulu: 27 million (L1: 11 million, L2: 16 million)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/zul|title=Ethnologue: Zulu|publisher=Ethnologue|access-date=2017-03-05}}</ref> * [[Shona language|Shona]] 9 million (L1: 7 million, L2: 2 million)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/sna|title=Ethnologue: Shona|access-date=2017-03-06}}</ref>}} Kamar sauran harsunan Bantu da yawa, an rubuta shi da haruffan Latin . A cikin [[Ingilishi]] na Afirka ta Kudu, ana kiran yaren sau da yawa a cikin asalinsa, ''isiZulu'' . == Rarraba yanki == [[File:South_Africa_Zulu_speakers_density_map.svg|thumb| Rarraba yanki na Zulu a Afirka ta Kudu: yawa, na masu magana da harshen gida na Zulu. <div class="div-col div-col-small" style="column-width: 10em;"></div>]] Al'ummar Zulu 'yan ci-rani sun kai shi zuwa yankuna makwabta, musamman [[Zimbabwe]], inda harshen Northern Ndebele ( isiNdebele ) ke da alaƙa da Zulu. [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]], babban yare a Gabashin Cape, ana ɗaukar sa da fahimtar juna tare da Zulu, kamar yadda Northern Ndebele yake. <ref name="NorthernNdebeleBlog">NorthernNdebele.blogspot.com ''NorthernNdebele.blogspot.com''</ref> Maho (2009) ya lissafa yaruka huɗu: tsakiyar KwaZulu-Natal Zulu, arewacin Transvaal Zulu, gabashin Qwabe na gabar teku, da Cele na bakin teku na yamma. == Tarihi == Zulu, kamar Xhosa da sauran mutanen Nguni, sun rayu a Afirka ta Kudu tsawon daruruwan shekaru. Harshen Zulu yana da sautunan dannawa da yawa irin na harsunan Kudancin Afirka, ba a samun su a sauran Afirka. Mutanen Nguni sun kasance tare da sauran ƙabilun Kudu kamar San da Khoi Zulu, kamar yawancin harsunan Kudancin Afirka, ba rubutaccen harshe ba ne sai zuwan ’yan mishan daga Turai, waɗanda suka rubuta harshen ta amfani da rubutun Latin . An buga littafin nahawu na farko na harshen Zulu a cikin [[Norway]] a cikin shekarar 1850 ta dan mishan na Norwegian Hans Schreuder . <ref>Rakkenes, Øystein (2003) ''Himmelfolket: En Norsk Høvding i Zululand'', Oslo: Cappelen Forlag, pp. 63–65</ref> Daftarin da aka fara rubuta a Zulu ita ce fassarar Littafi Mai Tsarki da ta bayyana a shekara ta 1883. A cikin 1901, John Dube (1871-1946), Zulu daga Natal, ya kirkiro Cibiyar Ohlange, cibiyar ilimi ta farko a Afirka ta Kudu. Shi ne mawallafin ''Insila kaShaka'', littafi na farko da aka rubuta a Zulu (1930). Wani marubucin Zulu na farko shine Reginald Dhlomo, marubucin litattafan tarihi da yawa na shugabannin karni na 19 na Zulu: ''U-Dingane'' (1936), ''U-Shaka'' (1937), ''U-Mpande'' (1938), ''U-Cetshwayo'' (1952) ) da ''U-Dinizulu'' (1968). Sauran mashahuran masu ba da gudummawa ga wallafe-wallafen Zulu sun hada da Benedict Wallet Vilakazi da, kwanan nan, Oswald Mbuyiseni Mtshali . Hukumar Kula da Harshen Zulu ta KwaZulu-Natal ce ke sarrafa Rubutacciyar hanyar Zulu. Hukumar Harshen Afirka ta Kudu ta [[Kwamitin Harshen Afirka ta Kudu Pan|Pan South African Language Board]] ta rushe kuma ta maye gurbin wannan kwamiti wanda ke habaka amfani da duk harsunan hukuma goma sha daya na Afirka ta Kudu. == Amfani na zamani == Turanci, Dutch da kuma daga baya [[Afrikaans]] sun kasance kawai harsunan hukuma da duk gwamnatocin Afirka ta Kudu ke amfani da su kafin 1994. Duk da haka, a cikin Kwazulu bantustan, yaren Zulu yana da amfani sosai. Duk ilimin da ake yi a kasar a matakin sakandare na Ingilishi ne ko Afrikaans. Tun bayan guguwar mulkin wariyar launin fata a shekarar 1994, Zulu ta kasance tana jin dadin farfadowa. Hukumar SABC ce ta bullo da gidan talabijin na harshen Zulu a farkon shekarun 1980 kuma tana watsa labarai da shirye-shirye da yawa a Zulu. Rediyon Zulu ya shahara sosai kuma ana samun jaridu irin su ''isoLezwe'', <ref>[http://www.isolezwe.co.za/ isolezwe.co.za]</ref> ''Ilanga'' <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.ilanganews.co.za/ |title=ilanganews.co.za |access-date=2024-02-25 |archive-date=2017-01-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170107131936/http://www.ilanganews.co.za/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> da ''UmAfrika'' a cikin yaren Zulu a lardin Kwazulu-Natal da [[Johannesburg]] . A cikin Janairu 2005 fim na farko mai cikakken tsayi a Zulu, ''Jiya'', an zabi shi don Oscar . Fahimtar fahimtar juna na yawancin [[harsunan Nguni]] ya Kara yuwuwar Zulu ya zama harshen yare na gabashin rabin kasar. A cikin fim din 1994 The Lion King, a cikin wakar " Circle of Life ", kalmomin Ingonyama nengw' enamabala (Turanci: Zaki da leopard spots ), Nans' ingonyama bakithi Baba (Turanci: Ga zaki, Uba ) da kuma An yi amfani da Siyonqoba (Turanci: Za mu ci nasara ). A wasu wakokin fim, kamar "Kasar nan", muryar ta ce Busa leli zwe bo ( Rule this land ) da Busa ngothando bo ( Rule with love ) an kuma yi amfani da su. Wakar ''Siyahamba'' waƙa ce ta Afirka ta Kudu wadda aka rubuta ta asali da yaren Zulu wanda ya shahara a majami'un Arewacin Amirka a cikin 1990s. Remix na 2019 a duk duniya hit ''Jerusalema'' ya kunshi wakoki a cikin harshen Zulu. === Standard vs Urban Zulu === [[Daidaitaccen harshe|Standard]] Zulu kamar yadda ake koyarwa a makarantu, wanda kuma ake kira "zulu mai zurfi" ( ''isiZulu esijulile'' ), ya bambanta ta fuskoki daban-daban daga yaren da mutanen da ke zaune a birane (Urban Zulu, ''isiZulu sasedolobheni'' ). Standard Zulu yana son ya zama [[Purism na harshe|mai tsarki]], yana amfani da abubuwan da aka samo daga kalmomin Zulu don sabbin dabaru, yayin da masu magana da harshen Zulu na Urban suna amfani da [[Kalmomin aro|kalmomin lamuni]] sosai, galibi daga Ingilishi. Misali: {| class="wikitable" !Standard Zulu ! Urban Zulu ! Turanci |- | ''umakhalekhukhwini'' | ''icelula'' | wayar hannu (cell). |- | ''Ngiyezwa'' | ''Ngiya-andastenda'' | Na gane |} Wannan lamarin ya haifar da matsaloli a fannin ilimi domin sau da yawa matasa ba sa fahimtar ma'aunin Zulu. === Wasula === [[File:Zulu_vowel_chart.svg|right|thumb|Tassin wasali na Zulu, daga Wade (1996)]] Tsarin wasali na Zulu ya kunshi wasula biyar. {| class="wikitable" ! ! Gaba ! Tsakiya ! Baya |- style="text-align:center;" ! Kusa | i | | u |- style="text-align:center;" ! Tsakar | ɛ | | ɔ |- style="text-align:center;" ! Bude | | a | |} {{IPA|/ɛ/}} and {{IPA|/ɔ/}} are pronounced [e] and [o], respectively, if the following syllable contains the [+[[Tushen harshe mai girma da ja da baya|ATR]]] vowels {{IPA|/i/}} or {{IPA|/u/}}. They are {{IPA|[ɛ]}} and {{IPA|[ɔ]}} otherwise: * ''umgibeli'' "fasinja", da sauti {{IPA|[úm̩̀ɡìɓé(ː)lì]}} * ''ukupheka'' "don dafa", da sauti {{IPA|[ùɠúpʰɛ̀(ː)ɠà]}} Akwai iyakacin tsayin wasali a cikin Zulu, sakamakon raguwar wasu lafuzza. Misali, kalmar ''ithambo'' {{IPA|/íːtʰámbó/}}</link> "kashi", nakuda ne na farkon ''ilithambo'' {{IPA|/ílítʰámbó/}}</link> , wanda har yanzu wasu masu magana za su iya amfani da su. Hakanan, ''uphahla'' {{IPA|/úːpʰaɬa/}}</link> "rufin" kankara ce ta farkon ''uluphahla'' {{IPA|/ulúpʰaɬa/}}</link> . Bugu da Karin, wasalin madaukakin madaukaki shine tsayin jimla gabadaya- ko jimla-karshe. === Consonants === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Zulu phonemes{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=December 2023}}</link> ! colspan="2" rowspan="2" | ! rowspan="2" | Labial ! colspan="2" | Dental / Alveolar ! rowspan="2" | Postalveolar ! rowspan="2" | Velar ! rowspan="2" | Glottal |- ! {{Small|[[Central consonant|central]]}} ! {{Small|[[Lateral consonant|lateral]]}} |- ! rowspan="5" | Danna ! {{Small|plain}} | | ᵏǀʼ | ᵏǁʼ | ᵏǃʼ | | |- ! {{Small|aspirated}} | | ᵏǀʰ | ᵏǁʰ | ᵏǃʰ | | |- ! {{Small|nasalised}} | | ᵑǀ | ᵑǁ | ᵑǃ | | |- ! {{Small|slack-voiced oral}} | | ᶢǀʱ | ᶢǁʱ | ᶢǃʱ | | |- ! {{Small|slack-voiced nasal}} | | ᵑǀʱ | ᵑǁʱ | ᵑǃʱ | | |- ! rowspan="2" | Nasal ! {{Small|modally voiced}} | m | n | | ɲ | | |- ! {{Small|slack-voiced}} | m̤ | n̤ | | | ( ŋ̈ ) | |- ! rowspan="4" | M ! {{Small|plain}} | pʼ | tʼ | | | kʼ | |- ! {{Small|aspirated}} | pʰ | tʰ | | | kʰ | |- ! {{Small|slack-voiced}} | bʱ | dʱ | | | ɡʱ | |- ! {{Small|implosive & modal voice}} | ɓ | | | | ɡ | |- ! rowspan="2" | Haɗin kai ! {{Small|plain}} | | tsʼ | | tʃʼ | k𝼄ʼ | |- ! {{Small|slack-voiced}} | | | | | | |- ! rowspan="2" | Ƙarfafawa ! {{Small|voiceless}} | f | s | ɬ | ʃ | x | h |- ! {{Small|slack-voiced}} | v̤ | z̤ | ɮ̈ | | | ɦ̥ |- ! colspan="2" | Ruwa | | ( r ) | l l̤ | | | |- ! rowspan="2" | Semi wasali ! {{Small|modally voiced}} | | | | j | w | |- ! {{Small|slack-voiced}} | | | | | | |} # Kwakwalwar murya marasa murya, masu hadaka da dannawa ana gane su ta hanyar waya azaman maballin [ pʼ ], [ tʼ ], [ kʼ ], [ tsʼ ], [ tʃʼ ] [ kxʼ ] . # Lokacin da hanci bai riga ya gabace shi ba, {{IPA|/ɠ/}}</link> kusan yana cikin rabawa tare da {{IPA|/k/}}</link> da {{IPA|/kʰ/}}</link> . Wayoyin wayoyi biyu na Karshe suna faruwa kusan tushen-da farko, yayin da {{IPA|/ɠ/}}</link> yana bayyana na musamman a tsaka-tsaki. Kalmomin lamuni na baya-bayan nan sun ƙunshi {{IPA|/k/}}</link> da {{IPA|/kʰ/}}</link> a wasu mukamai, misali ''isekhondi'' {{IPA|/iːsekʰoːndi/}}</link> "na biyu", ''ibhayisikili'' {{IPA|/iːbajisikiːli/}}</link> "keke". # Bakake masu radadi su ne bakin ciki . Wadannan suna da tasiri na ragewa a kan sautin muryar su. # Bakin {{IPA|/ŋ/}}</link> yana faruwa a wasu yarukan azaman raguwar tari {{IPA|/nɡ/}}</link> lokacin da ba a cikin matsayi na farko ba, don haka koyaushe yana jinkirin murya. # Trill {{IPA|/r/}}</link> Ba dan asalin Zulu ba ne kuma yana faruwa ne kawai a cikin kalmomi masu bayyanawa da kuma a cikin aro kwanan nan daga harsunan Turai. * Denti-alveolar {{IPA|/ǀ/}}</link> , kwatankwacin tsotsar hakora, kamar yadda sautin da mutum ke yi don "tsk tsk". * Postalveolar {{IPA|/!/}} {{IPA|/!/}}</link> , kwatankwacin kwalabe "pop". * Na baya {{IPA|/ǁ/}}</link> , kwatankwacin dannawa wanda mutum zai iya yi don dokin tafiya. Kowace magana ta kunshi bakaken dannawa biyar, tare da bambance-bambancen kamar yadda ake yin surutai, mai buri ko nasalised, don jimlar 15. === Wasan kwaikwayo === Harsunan Zulu na canonical (N)C(w)V , kuma dole ne kalmomi su Kare a cikin wasali. Tarin bak'i ya kunshi kowane bak'i, wanda ba nasa ba ne wanda ake kira "prenasalisation" (wanda ake kira "prenasalisation", wanda aka bayyana dalla-dalla a kasa) kuma ba tare da zabin bakon {{IPA|/w/}} ya biyo baya ba.</link> . Bugu da kari, syllabic {{IPA|/m̩/}}</link> yana faruwa azaman raguwar tsohon {{IPA|/mu/}}</link> , kuma yana aiki kamar sila na gaskiya: yana iya zama syllabic ko da ba farkon kalma ba, kuma yana iya ɗaukar sauti na musamman kamar cikakken harafi. Ba lallai ba ne ya zama homorganic tare da bakon mai zuwa, kodayake bambanci tsakanin homorganic nonsyllabic {{IPA|/mC/}}</link> da syllabic {{IPA|/m̩C/}}</link> yana da bambanci, misali ''upetshisi'' {{IPA|/um̩pétʃiːsi/}}</link> "Bishiyar peach" ( 5 syllables ) da ''impoko'' {{IPA|/ímpoːɠo/}}</link> "furan ciyawa" (3 syllables). Haka kuma, jerin syllabic ''m'' da homorganic ''m'' na iya faruwa, misali ''ummbila'' {{IPA|/úm̩mbíːla/}}</link> "Maize" (4 ma'ana). Kalmomin lamuni na baya-bayan nan daga yaruka kamar Ingilishi na iya keta wadannan kakkarfan, ta hada da Karin gungu masu bakar fata wadanda ba na Zulu ba, kamar su ''igremu'' {{IPA|/iːgreːmu/}}</link> " gram ". Za a iya samun dan bambanta tsakanin masu magana dangane da ko gungu sun karye ta hanyar wasali na epenthetic ko a'a, misali ''ihompiyutha'' {{IPA|/iːkʰompijuːtʰa/}}</link> ko ''ihompyutha'' {{IPA|/iːkʰompjuːtʰa/}}</link> "kwamfuta". === Prosody === ==== Damuwa ==== Damuwa a cikin kalmomin Zulu galibi ana iya tsinkayar su kuma yawanci suna faɗowa kan madaidaicin sakon kalma. Yana tare da wani allophonic tsawo na wasali. Lokacin da wasalin karshe na kalma ya dade saboda kankancewa, sai ta sami damuwa maimakon madaukakin madaukakiyar da ta gabata. Tsawaita baya faruwa akan duk kalmomin da ke cikin jumla, duk da haka, amma kawai waɗanda suke jimla- ko jimla-karshe. Don haka, ga kowace kalma da ke da akalla haruffa biyu, akwai nau'i biyu daban-daban, ɗaya mai tsayi mai tsayi kuma ɗaya ba tare da ita ba, yana faruwa a cikin rabawa. A wasu lokuta, akwai sauye-sauyen yanayin da ke faruwa a sakamakon matsayin kalma kuma. Maganganun nuni na nesa na iya bayyana tare da kari -ana lokacin jimla-karshe, amma kawai kamar yadda -ā akasin haka. Hakazalika, jimlar fi'ili na baya-bayan nan yana karewa a -ile jimla-karshe, amma an rage shi zuwa -ē tsaka-tsaki. Bugu da kari, sautin faduwa zai iya faruwa akan dogon wasali kawai, don haka gajarta yana da tasiri akan sautin kuma. Wasu kalmomi, irin su akida ko shiga tsakani, na iya samun damuwa wanda ya kauce daga tsarin yau da kullun. ==== Sautin ==== Kamar kusan duk sauran Bantu da sauran harsunan Afirka, Zulu tonal ce . Akwai manyan ''tonemes'' guda uku: kananan, babba da faduwa. Ana rubuta Zulu bisa al'ada ba tare da wata alamar sauti ba, amma sautin na iya bambanta a cikin Zulu. Misali, kalmomin “firist” da “malami” duk an rubuta su ''umfundisi'', amma ana furta su da sautuka daban-daban: {{IPA|/úm̩fúndisi/}}</link> don ma'anar "firist", da {{IPA|/úm̩fundísi/}}</link> ga ma'anar "malami". A ka'ida, kowane ma'auni za a iya furta shi da ko dai babba ko karami. Duk da haka, kananan sautin ba ya yin daidai da sauran biyun, saboda manyan sautunan suna iya "yada" zuwa kananan sautin sauti yayin da baya faruwa. Kananan sautin don haka an fi kwatanta shi azaman ''rashin'' kowane sautin sauti; wani nau'in sautin tsoho ne wanda sautuna masu tsayi ko faduwa suka mamaye su. Sautin faduwa jeri ne na kasa-kasa kuma yana faruwa ne kawai akan dogayen wasulan. Har ila yau, madaukakin madaukaki na iya daukar sautin faduwa idan ya dade saboda matsayin kalmar a cikin jimlar. Koyaya, idan ya gajarta, sautin faduwar ya zama an hana shi a wannan matsayi. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B; ''<nowiki><span title="What happens to it? (December 2016)">bayani da ake bukata</span></nowiki>'' &#x5D;</sup> A ka'ida, kowane nau'in morpheme yana da tsarin sauti na asali wanda baya canzawa ko da kuwa inda ya bayyana a cikin kalma. Duk da haka, kamar sauran yarukan Bantu, Zulu yana da sautin kalma, ma'ana cewa tsarin sautunan suna aiki kamar samfuri don sanya sautunan ga kowane bakake, maimakon wakilcin sautunan da aka furta da kansu. Saboda haka, alakar da ke tsakanin kirar sautin da ke kasa da sautunan da ake furtawa na iya zama mai sarkakkiya. Karkashin manyan sautunan da ke kasa suna fitowa zuwa dama daga sakon inda suke a zahiri, musamman a cikin dogon kalmomi. ==== Consonants na damuwa ==== Wayoyin wayoyi masu numfashi a cikin Zulu su ne bakin ciki ko damuwa a takaice. Consonants na bakin ciki suna da tasiri mai raguwa a cikin sauti, suna Kara karamar sautin mara sauti zuwa daidaitaccen sautin sakon. Don haka, a cikin kalmomin da ke da bakar magana, ana gane manyan sautuna kamar tashi, kuma sautunan faduwa kamar tashi-sai faduwa. A cikin nau'i biyu, farar ba ya kai kamar yadda yake a cikin kalmomin da ba su da karfi. Sautunan da za a iya yi akan harafi tare da bakar murya kamar ''hla'' sune {{IPA|[ɬá ɬâ ɬà]}}</link> , da yuwuwar sautunan harafin baƙar magana mai numfashi, kamar ''dla'', sune {{IPA|[ɮǎ̤ ɮa̤᷈ ɮà̤]}}</link> . Mai radadi baya rinjayar syllable wanda ya riga ya yi kasa kadan, amma yana toshe habakarwa zuwa babban sautin da ya gabata ta yadda sautin muryar bakin ciki da duk wasu kananan sautin da ke biyo baya su tsaya kasa. === Hanyoyin sauti === ==== Prenasalisation ==== Prenasalisation yana faruwa a duk lokacin da bakon ya rigaya da hanci mai dabi'a, ko dai a cikin lexical ko kuma sakamakon prefixation. Mafi shaharar lamarin na karshen shine prefix class 9 ''in-'', wanda ke karewa a cikin hanci mai kama. Prenasalisation yana haifar da canje-canje da yawa a cikin bakon mai zuwa, wasu daga cikinsu sauti ne wasu kuma allophonic. Ana iya takaita canje-canje kamar haka: <ref>Rycroft & Ngcobo (1979) ''Say it in Zulu'', p. 6</ref> <ref>''Zulu-English dictionary'', C.M. Doke & B.W. Vilakazi</ref> {| class="wikitable" !Na al'ada ! Prenasalised ! Mulki |- | {{IPA|/pʰ/}}, {{IPA|/tʰ/}}, {{IPA|/kʰ/}} | {{IPA|/mp/}}, {{IPA|/nt/}}, {{IPA|/ŋk/}} | Buri ya ɓace akan abubuwan da ke hana su. |- | {{IPA|/ǀʰ/}}, {{IPA|/ǁʰ/}}, {{IPA|/ǃʰ/}} | {{IPA|/ᵑǀ/}}, {{IPA|/ᵑǁ/}}, {{IPA|/ᵑǃ/}} | Ana maye gurbin buri da nasalisation na dannawa. |- | {{IPA|/ǀ/}}, {{IPA|/ǁ/}}, {{IPA|/ǃ/}} | {{IPA|/ᵑǀʱ/}}, {{IPA|/ᵑǁʱ/}}, {{IPA|/ᵑǃʱ/}} | Dannawa a fili ya zama numfashi mai numfashi. |- | {{IPA|/ɓ/}} | {{IPA|/mb/}} | Implosive ya zama numfashi. |- | {{IPA|/f/}}, {{IPA|/s/}}, {{IPA|/ʃ/}}, {{IPA|/ɬ/}}<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{IPA|/v/}}, {{IPA|/z/}}, {{IPA|/ɮ/}} | {{IPA|[ɱp̪fʼ]}}, {{IPA|[ntsʼ]}}, {{IPA|/ntʃ/}}, {{IPA|[ntɬʼ]}}<br /><br /><br /><br /> {{IPA|[ɱb̪vʱ]}}, {{IPA|[ndzʱ]}}, {{IPA|[ndɮʱ]}} | Fricatives sun zama abokantaka. Sautin sauti kawai, kuma don haka ana nunawa ta orthographically, don {{IPA|/ntʃ/}}</link> . |- | {{IPA|/h/}}, {{IPA|/ɦ/}}, {{IPA|/w/}}, {{IPA|/wʱ/}} | {{IPA|[ŋx]}}, {{IPA|[ŋɡʱ]}}, {{IPA|[ŋɡw]}}, {{IPA|[ŋɡwʱ]}} | Kimanin an karfafa . Wannan canji shine allophonic, kuma ba a nuna shi a cikin rubutun ba. |- | {{IPA|/j/}} | {{IPA|/ɲ/}} | Palatal kusan zama palatal hanci. |- | {{IPA|/l/}} | {{IPA|/l/}} ko da wuya {{IPA|/nd/}} | Sakamakon {{IPA|/nd/}}</link> sakamakon burbushin halittu daga lokacin da {{IPA|/d/}}</link> kuma {{IPA|/l/}}</link> Har yanzu suna waya daya. Duba harshen Proto-Bantu . |- | {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}} | {{IPA|/m/}}, {{IPA|/n/}}, {{IPA|/ɲ/}} | Babu wani canji lokacin da baƙar fata mai zuwa ita kanta hanci. |} ==== Sautin assimilation ==== Zulu yana da assimilation na tonic: manyan sautunan suna yaduwa gabadaya zuwa bin kananan sautin sauti, suna habaka sautin su zuwa matakin da ke kasa da na madaukakin sautin da ke kusa. Harafin mara sauti tsakanin babban sautin sauti da wani sautin tonic yana kama da wannan babban sautin. Wato idan harafin da ya gabata ya kare da babban sautin sautin da ke biye kuma ya fara da sauti mai girma (domin yana da girma ko fadowa), matsakaicin sautin mara sauti shima yana daga sautinsa. Lokacin da kalmar da ta gabata ta yi girma amma mai biyo baya ba ta da sauti, saitin sautin tsaka-tsaki yana daukar babban sautin farawa daga farkon sakon da ya gabata, yana haifar da faduwar juzu'i. Misali, an aro kalmar turanci ''cokali'' a cikin Zulu a matsayin ''isipunu'', ta hanyar waya {{IPA|/ísipúnu/}}</link> . Harafi na biyu ''si'' yana kamanceceniya da manyan sautunan da ke kewaye, yana ɗaga sautinsa, har ana furta shi {{IPA|[ísípʼúːnù]}}</link> hukunci-karshe. Idan an nuna sautin sauti tare da lambobi, tare da 1 mafi girma da 9 mafi kaskanci, sa'an nan kuma za a iya nuna filaye na kowane sautin a matsayin 2-4-3-9. <ref>''Zulu-English Dictionary'', Doke, 1958</ref> Har ila yau harafin na biyu yana da kasa a cikin sauti fiye da duka kalmomin da ke kusa. ==== Sautin murya ==== Consonants na damuwa suna da tasirin da ake kira ''sauya sautin'' . Sautin sautin yana faruwa a duk lokacin da abin bakin ciki ya faru tare da babban sautin, kuma yana haifar da sautin da ke kan sill din don matsawa dama zuwa ga sako na gaba. Idan harafin na gaba yana da tsayi, yana samun sautin faduwa, in ba haka ba babban sauti na yau da kullun. Idan harafin ya zama babba (ba faduwa ba), kalmar karshe ta rabu kuma ta zama kasa idan ba ta riga ta kasance ba. An toshe sauya sautin a karkashin yanayi masu zuwa: * Lokacin da harafin yana da dogon wasali. * Lokacin da mabuɗin mai zuwa yana da baƙin bakin ciki. * Lokacin da kalmar da ke gaba ita ce ta karshe kuma gajere. A duk lokacin da aka toshe sauya sautin, wannan yana haifar da syllable syllable tare da babban sautin, wanda zai sami ƙananan sautin farawa kamar yadda aka bayyana a sama. Lokacin da harafin da ke gaba ya riga ya sami sauti mai girma ko faɗuwa, sautin yana bacewa daga sautin kamar an cire shi, amma sautin maɗaukakin mai zuwa ba a gyara shi ba. Wasu misalai: * ''izipunu'' "cokali", jam'in ''isipunu'' daga sashin da ya gabata, ta hanyar waya ne {{IPA|/ízipúnu/}}</link> . Domin {{IPA|/z/}}</link> bakar fata ce, an hana hadakar sautin. Saboda haka, ana furta kalmar a matsayin {{IPA|[ízìpʼúːnù]}}</link> jimla-ƙarshe, tare da karamar sautin murya a cikin sila ta biyu. * ''izintombi'' "'yan mata" ta hanyar waya ne {{IPA|/izíntombí/}}</link> . {{IPA|/z/}}</link> mai damuwa ne, kuma ba a toshe shi ba, don haka sautin ya koma sila ta uku. Wannan ma'anar na iya zama ko dai tsayi ko gajere ya danganta da matsayin jumla. Lokacin da tsawo, lafazin shine {{IPA|[ìzìntômbí]}}</link> , tare da faduwar sautin. Koyaya, idan harafi na uku ya kasance gajere, sautin yana da tsayi, kuma rarrabuwa na harafin karshe yana faruwa, yana haifar da {{IPA|[ìzìntómbì]}}</link> . * ''nendoda'' "tare da mutum" ana yin sauti ta hanyar sauti {{IPA|/nʱéndoda/}}</link> . {{IPA|/nʱ/}}</link> yana rage damuwa, amma haka {{IPA|/d/}}</link> , don haka an toshe motsin sautin. Saboda haka, lafazin lafazin shine {{IPA|[nʱěndɔ̀ːdà]}}</link> , tare da tashin farar a farkon syllable saboda karancin farawa. ==== Palatalization ==== Palatalization wani canji ne da ke shafar baƙon labial da alveolar a duk lokacin da {{IPA|/j/}} ya bi su nan da nan.</link> . Yayin da palatalization ya faru a tarihi, har yanzu yana da fa'ida kuma yana faruwa a sakamakon ƙarin kari da aka fara da {{IPA|/j/}}</link> . Misali akai-akai shine ƙaramar ƙarami ''-yana'' . Bugu da ƙari, Zulu ba ya jure wa jeri na baƙar magana da {{IPA|/w/}} gabaɗaya.</link> . Duk lokacin da {{IPA|/w/}}</link> yana bin harafin labial, yana canzawa zuwa {{IPA|/j/}}</link> , wanda sannan yana haifar da ɓacin rai na baƙar fata. Ana iya ganin wannan tasirin a cikin nau'ikan sunaye masu ƙarewa a ''-o'' ko ''-u'', waɗanda ke canzawa zuwa ''-weni'' da ''-wini'' bi da bi a cikin wurin. Idan harafin labial ya rigaya nan da nan, ɓacin rai yana jawo. Canjin kuma yana faruwa a cikin sunaye waɗanda suka fara a ''ubu-'' tare da kara mai farawa da wasali. Canje-canje masu zuwa suna faruwa a sakamakon ɓacin rai: {| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;" !Na asali<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> baki ! Palatalized<br /><br /><br /><br /><nowiki></br></nowiki> baki ! Misalai |- | {{IPA|pʰ}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ʃ}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''impuphu'' → ''impushana'' (rauni) * ''izipho'' → ''ezisheni'' (locative) |- | {{IPA|tʰ}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''umuthi'' → ''umshana'' (diminutive; also ''umthana'' ) |- | {{IPA|p}} | rowspan="3" | {{IPA|tʃʼ}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''umtapo'' → ''emtatsheni'' (locative) |- | {{IPA|t}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''ikati'' → ''ikatshana'' (diminutive) |- | {{IPA|bʱ}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''intaba'' → ''intatshana'' (diminutive) * ''ingubo'' → ''engutsheni'' (locative) * ''ubu-'' + ''-ani'' → ''utshani'' (ubu- + wasali) |- | {{IPA|b}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|dʒ}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''isigubhu'' → ''isigujana'' (diminutive) |- | {{IPA|d}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''incwadi'' → ''incwajana'' (diminutive; kuma ''incwadana'' ) |- | {{IPA|m}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ɲ}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''inkomo'' → ''inkonyana'' (diminutive) * ''umlomo'' → ''emlonyeni'' (locative) |- | {{IPA|n}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''inyoni'' → ''inyonyana'' (diminutive) |- | {{IPA|mp}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ntʃʼ}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''inswempe'' → ''inswentshana'' (rauni) |- | {{IPA|nt}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''umkhonto'' → ''umkhontshwana'' (mai rahusa) |- | {{IPA|mb}} | rowspan="2" | {{IPA|ndʒ}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''ithambo'' → ''ethanjeni'' (locative) |- | {{IPA|nd}} | style="text-align: left;" | * ''isondo'' → ''isonjwana'' (diminutive; also ''isondwana'' ) |} == Rubutun Rubutu == Zulu yana amfani da haruffa 26 na ainihin haruffan Latin na ISO . Koyaya, wasu haruffan suna da furci daban-daban fiye da na Ingilishi. Ana rubuta ƙarin wayoyi ta amfani da jerin haruffa masu yawa. Sautin, damuwa da tsayin wasali ba a nuna su ba. {| class="wikitable" !Letter(s) !Phoneme(s) !Example |- !a |{{IPA|/a/}} |''[[wiktionary:amanzi#Zulu|amanzi]]'' {{IPA|/ámáːnzi/}} "water" |- !b |{{IPAslink|ɓ}} |''[[wiktionary:ubaba#Zulu|ubaba]]'' {{IPA|/úɓaːɓá/}} "my/our father" |- !bh |{{IPAslink|b}} |''[[wiktionary:ukubhala#Zulu|ukubhala]]'' {{IPA|/úɠubâːla/}} "to write" |- !c |{{IPAslink|ǀ}} |''[[wiktionary:icici#Zulu|icici]]'' {{IPA|/îːǀíːǀi/}} "earring" |- !ch |{{IPA|/ǀʰ/}} |''[[wiktionary:ukuchaza#Zulu|ukuchaza]]'' {{IPA|/uɠúǀʰaːza/}} "to fascinate/explain" |- !d |{{IPAslink|d}} |''[[wiktionary:idada#Zulu|idada]]'' {{IPA|/íːdaːda/}} "duck" |- !dl |{{IPAslink|ɮ}} |''[[wiktionary:ukudla#Zulu|ukudla]]'' {{IPA|/úɠuːɮá/}} "to eat" |- !e |{{IPA|/e/}} |''[[wiktionary:ibele#Zulu|ibele]]'' {{IPA|/îːɓéːle/}} "breast" |- !f |{{IPAslink|f}} |''[[wiktionary:ifu#Zulu|ifu]]'' {{IPA|/íːfu/}} "cloud" |- !g |{{IPAslink|ɡ}} |''[[wiktionary:ugogo#Zulu|ugogo]]'' {{IPA|/úɡóːɡo/}} "grandmother" |- !gc |{{IPA|/ᶢǀʱ/}} |''[[wiktionary:isigcino#Zulu|isigcino]]'' {{IPA|/isíᶢǀʱiːno/}} "end" |- !gq |{{IPA|/ᶢǃʱ/}} |''[[wiktionary:uMgqibelo#Zulu|uMgqibelo]]'' {{IPA|/umúᶢǃʱiɓéːlo/}} "Saturday" |- !gx |{{IPA|/ᶢǁʱ/}} |''[[wiktionary:ukugxoba#Zulu|ukugxoba]]'' {{IPA|/uɠúᶢǁʱoːɓa/}} "to stamp" |- !h |{{IPAslink|h}} |''[[wiktionary:ukuhamba#Zulu|ukuhamba]]'' {{IPA|/úɠuháːmba/}} "to go" |- !hh |{{IPAslink|ɦ}} |''[[wiktionary:ihhashi#Zulu|ihhashi]]'' {{IPA|/îːɦáːʃi/}} "horse" |- !hl |{{IPAslink|ɬ}} |''[[wiktionary:ukuhlala#Zulu|ukuhlala]]'' {{IPA|/uɠúɬaːla/}} "to sit" |- !i |{{IPA|/i/}} |''[[wiktionary:imini#Zulu|imini]]'' {{IPA|/ímíːni/}} "daytime" |- !j |{{IPAslink|dʒ}} |''[[wiktionary:uju#Zulu|uju]]'' {{IPA|/úːdʒu/}} "honey" |- ! rowspan="2" |k |{{IPAslink|k}} |''[[wiktionary:ikati#Zulu|ikati]]'' {{IPA|/îːkáːti/}} "cat" |- |{{IPA|/ɠ/}} |''[[wiktionary:ukuza#Zulu|ukuza]]'' {{IPA|/uɠúːza/}} "to come" |- !kh |{{IPA|/kʰ/}} |''[[wiktionary:ikhanda#Zulu|ikhanda]]'' {{IPA|/îːkʰâːnda/}} "head" |- !kl |{{IPAslink|kx}} |''[[wiktionary:umklomelo#Zulu|umklomelo]]'' {{IPA|/umukxómeːlo/}} "prize" |- !l |{{IPAslink|l}} |''[[wiktionary:ukulala#Zulu|ukulala]]'' {{IPA|/úɠuláːla/}} "sleep" |- ! rowspan="2" |m |{{IPAslink|m}} |''[[wiktionary:imali#Zulu|imali]]'' {{IPA|/ímaːlí/}} "money" |- |{{IPA|/mʱ/}} |''[[wiktionary:umama#Zulu|umama]]'' {{IPA|/úmʱáːma/}} "my/our mother" |- !mb |{{IPA|/mb/}} |''[[wiktionary:imbube#Zulu|imbube]]'' {{IPA|/ímbuːɓé/}} "lion" |- ! rowspan="2" |n |{{IPAslink|n}} |''[[wiktionary:unina#Zulu|unina]]'' {{IPA|/úniːna/}} "his/her/their mother" |- |{{IPA|/nʱ/}} |''[[wiktionary:nendoda#Zulu|nendoda]]'' {{IPA|/nʱéndoːda/}} "with a man" |- !nc |{{IPA|/ᵑǀ/}} |''[[wiktionary:incwancwa#Zulu|incwancwa]]'' {{IPA|/íᵑǀwáːᵑǀwa/}} "sour corn meal" |- !ng |{{IPA|/ŋ(ɡ)/}} |''[[wiktionary:ingane#Zulu|ingane]]'' {{IPA|/ínɡáːne/}} "child" |- !ngc |{{IPA|/ᵑǀʱ/}} |''[[wiktionary:ingcosi#Zulu|ingcosi]]'' {{IPA|/íᵑǀʱoːsí/}} "a bit" |- !ngq |{{IPA|/ᵑǃʱ/}} |''[[wiktionary:ingqondo#Zulu|ingqondo]]'' {{IPA|/íᵑǃʱoːndo/}} "brain" |- !ngx |{{IPA|/ᵑǁʱ/}} |''[[wiktionary:ingxenye#Zulu|ingxenye]]'' {{IPA|/íᵑǁʱéːɲe/}} "part" |- !nj |{{IPA|/ɲdʒ/}} |''[[wiktionary:inja#Zulu|inja]]'' {{IPA|/îːɲdʒá/}} "dog" |- !nk |{{IPA|/ŋk/}} |''[[wiktionary:inkomo#Zulu|inkomo]]'' {{IPA|/íŋkoːmó/}} "cow" |- !nq |{{IPA|/ᵑǃ/}} |''[[wiktionary:inqola#Zulu|inqola]]'' {{IPA|/íᵑǃóːla/}} "cart" |- !ntsh |{{IPA|/ɲtʃ/}} |''[[wiktionary:intshe#Zulu|intshe]]'' {{IPA|/îːɲtʃé/}} "ostrich" |- !nx |{{IPA|/ᵑǁ/}} |''[[wiktionary:inxeba#Zulu|inxeba]]'' {{IPA|/íːᵑǁeːɓa/}} "wound" |- !ny |{{IPAslink|ɲ}} |''[[wiktionary:inyoni#Zulu|inyoni]]'' {{IPA|/íɲoːni/}} "bird" |- !o |{{IPA|/o/}} |''[[wiktionary:uphondo#Zulu|uphondo]]'' {{IPA|/úːpʰoːndo/}} "horn" |- !p |{{IPAslink|p}} |''[[wiktionary:ipipi#Zulu|ipipi]]'' {{IPA|/îːpíːpi/}} "pipe for smoking" |- !ph |{{IPA|/pʰ/}} |''[[wiktionary:ukupheka#Zulu|ukupheka]]'' {{IPA|/uɠúpʰeːɠa/}} "to cook" |- !q |{{IPAslink|ǃ}} |''[[wiktionary:iqaqa#Zulu|iqaqa]]'' {{IPA|/íːǃaːǃá/}} "polecat" |- !qh |{{IPA|/ǃʰ/}} |''[[wiktionary:iqhude#Zulu|iqhude]]'' {{IPA|/îːǃʰúːde/}} "rooster" |- !r |{{IPAslink|r}} |''[[wiktionary:iresiphi#Zulu|iresiphi]]'' {{IPA|/iːrésiːpʰi/}} "recipe" |- !s |{{IPAslink|s}} |''[[wiktionary:isisu#Zulu|isisu]]'' {{IPA|/isíːsu/}} "stomach" |- !sh |{{IPAslink|ʃ}} |''[[wiktionary:ishumi#Zulu|ishumi]]'' {{IPA|/îːʃûːmi/}} "ten" |- !t |{{IPAslink|t}} |''[[wiktionary:itiye#Zulu|itiye]]'' {{IPA|/îːtíːje/}} "tea" |- !th |{{IPA|/tʰ/}} |''[[wiktionary:ukuthatha#Zulu|ukuthatha]]'' {{IPA|/úɠutʰáːtʰa/}} "to take" |- !ts |{{IPAslink|ts}} |''[[wiktionary:itswayi#Zulu|itswayi]]'' {{IPA|/íːtswaːjí/}} "salt" |- !tsh |{{IPAslink|tʃ}} |''[[wiktionary:utshani#Zulu|utshani]]'' {{IPA|/útʃaːní/}} "grass" |- !u |{{IPA|/u/}} |''[[wiktionary:ubusuku#Zulu|ubusuku]]'' {{IPA|/úɓusûːɠu/}} "night" |- !v |{{IPAslink|v}} |''[[wiktionary:ukuvala#Zulu|ukuvala]]'' {{IPA|/uɠúvaːla/}} "to close" |- ! rowspan="2" |w |{{IPAslink|w}} |''[[wiktionary:ukuwela#Zulu|ukuwela]]'' {{IPA|/uɠúweːla/}} "to cross" |- |{{IPA|/wʱ/}} |''[[wiktionary:wuthando#Zulu|wuthando]]'' {{IPA|/wʱúːtʰâːndo/}} "It's love." |- !x |{{IPAslink|ǁ}} |''[[wiktionary:ixoxo#Zulu|ixoxo]]'' {{IPA|/íːǁoːǁo/}} "frog" |- !xh |{{IPA|/ǁʰ/}} |''[[wiktionary:ukuxhasa#Zulu|ukuxhasa]]'' {{IPA|/úɠuǁʰáːsa/}} "to support" |- ! rowspan="2" |y |{{IPAslink|j}} |''[[wiktionary:uyise#Zulu|uyise]]'' {{IPA|/újiːsé/}} "his/her/their father" |- |{{IPA|/jʱ/}} |''[[wiktionary:yintombazane#Zulu|yintombazane]]'' {{IPA|/jʱintómbazâːne/}} "It's a girl" |- !z |{{IPAslink|z}} |''[[wiktionary:umzuzu#Zulu|umzuzu]]'' {{IPA|/umúzuːzú/}} "moment" |} Ayyukan tunani da tsofaffin rubutu na iya amfani da ƙarin haruffa. Wata tsohuwar al'ada ta gama gari ita ce nuna rashin ƙarfi {{IPA|/ɓ/}}</link> ta amfani da harafi na musamman ''ɓ'', yayin da digraph ''bh'' za a rubuta shi azaman ''b'' . Wasu nassoshi na iya rubuta ''h'' bayan haruffa don nuna cewa suna cikin nau'ikan damuwa, misali ''mh'', ''nh'', ''yh'', al'adar da ta dace a cikin rubutun [[Harshen Xhosa|Xhosa]] . Rubuce-rubucen farko, tun daga farkon karni na 20 ko kuma kafin haka, sun kasance suna ƙetare bambance-bambance tsakanin baƙaƙe na fili da waɗanda ba su da murya, suna rubuta na ƙarshe ba tare da ''h'' . Ana rubuta sunayen suna tare da prefixes a matsayin kalma ɗaya na orthographical. Idan prefix ɗin ya ƙare da wasali (kamar yadda akasarin su ke yi) kuma tushen suna kuma yana farawa da wasali, ana shigar da ƙara a tsakanin, misali ''i-Afrika'' . Wannan yana faruwa ne kawai tare da kalmomin lamuni. == Ilimin Halitta == Ga wasu daga cikin manyan abubuwan Zulu: * Tsarin kalma jigo ne – fi’ili – abu . * Ta fannin ilimin dabi'a, harshe ne na agglutinative . * Kamar yadda yake a cikin sauran harsunan Bantu, ana rarraba sunayen Zulu zuwa azuzuwan ilimin halittar jiki ko ''jinsi'' (16 a cikin Zulu), tare da mabambantan mabambantan mabambantan ra'ayi na guda ɗaya da jam'i. Daban-daban na magana da suka cancanci suna dole ne su yarda da suna gwargwadon jinsinsa. Irin waɗannan yarjejeniyoyin yawanci suna nuna ɓangaren ainihin ajin da suke yarda da su. Misali shine amfani da ajin "aba-": :: '''B''' onke '''aba''' ntu '''aba''' qatha '''ba''' sepulazini '''ba''' yagawula. :: ''Duk masu karfi da ke gonar suna sare (bishiyoyi).'' : Ana iya ganin yarjejeniyoyin da suka cancanci kalmar "abantu" (mutane) a cikin tasiri. * Tsarinsa na magana yana nuna haɗe-haɗe na ɗan lokaci da na gani a cikin ƙayyadaddun yanayin su. Yawanci kalmomi suna da tushe guda biyu, ɗaya don yanzu-wanda ba shi da iyaka kuma wani don cikakke. Ana iya maƙala maɓalli daban-daban zuwa ga waɗannan tushe na magana don ƙayyadaddun yarjejeniyar jigo da digiri daban-daban na abin da ya gabata ko na gaba. Alal misali, a cikin kalmar ''uyathanda'' ("yana son"), tushen fi'ili na yanzu shine ''-thanda'', prefix ''u -'' yana bayyana jigo na mutum na uku kuma ''-ya -'' filler ne da ake amfani da shi a cikin gajeren jimloli. : Ana kuma sanya suffixes a cikin amfani gama gari don nuna nau'i na haddasawa ko maimaita ma'anar kalmar fi'ili. * Yawancin kalmomin dukiya (kalmomin da aka sanya su azaman sifa a cikin Ingilishi) dangi ne ke wakilta. A cikin jimlar ''umuntu ubomvu'' ("mutum ja ne"), kalmar ''ubomvu'' (tushen ''-bomvu'' ) tana aiki kamar fi'ili kuma tana amfani da prefix na yarjejeniya ''u-'' . duk da haka, akwai bambance-bambance masu hankali; misali, baya amfani da prefix ''ya-'' . === Ilimin ilimin halin dan Adam na tushen ''Zulu'' === Ana iya haɗa tushen tare da prefixes da yawa don haka ƙirƙirar wasu kalmomi. Misali, ga tebur mai wasu kalmomi da aka gina daga tushen tushen – ''Zulu'' da ''-ntu'' (tushen ''mutum/mutane'' ): {| class="wikitable" !Prefix ! - zulu ! -tu |- | '''uwa(u)''' | Um ''Zulu'' (mutum Zulu) | ''mutum'' (mutum) |- | '''ina, aba''' | ama ''Zulu'' (Zulu) | aba ''ntu'' (mutane) |- | '''isi''' | isi ''Zulu'' (harshen Zulu) | isi ''ntu'' (al'adu, al'adun gargajiya, ɗan adam) |- | '''ubu''' | ubuZulu (zabi na mutum-mutumi/kamar Zulu) | ubu ''ntu'' (mutum, tausayi) |- | '''kwa''' | kwa ''Zulu'' (wurin mutanen Zulu) | - |- | '''i (li)''' | i ''zulu'' ( weather/sky/ sama) | - |- | '''pha''' | phe ''zulu'' (a saman) | - |- | '''e''' | e ''zul'' wini (in, a, zuwa, daga sama) | - |- |} == Misalin jumla da rubutu == Mai zuwa shine jerin jimlolin da za a iya amfani da su lokacin da mutum ya ziyarci yankin wanda babban yaren su shine Zulu: {| class="wikitable" |+ ! Zulu ! Turanci |- | Sawubona | ''Sannu'', ga mutum daya |- | Sanibonani | ''Sannu'', zuwa ga rukunin mutane |- | Unjani? / Ninjani? | ''Yaya kake (waƙa)?'' ''/ Yaya kake (pl.)?'' |- | Ngiyaphila / Siyaphila | ''Ina lafiya / Muna lafiya'' |- | Ngiyabonga (kakhulu) | ''Na gode (mai yawa)'' |- | Ngubani igama lakho? | ''Menene sunanka?'' |- | Igama lami ngu... | ''Sunana shi ne...'' |- | Menene menene? | ''Menene lokaci?'' |- | Menene? | ''Zan iya taimaka muku?'' |- | Uhla kuphi? | ''Ina kuke zama?'' |- | Uhumaphi? | ''Daga ina kake?'' |- | Hamba kahle / Sala kahle | ''Tafi da kyau / zauna lafiya'', amfani dashi azaman bankwana. Mutumin da ke zaune ya ce " ''Hamba kahle'' ", wanda ya fita ya ce " ''Sala kahle'' ". Sauran fassarorin sun haɗa da ''Tafi a hankali'' da ''Yi tafiya cikin aminci'' . <ref>[https://archive.org/stream/zuluenglishdict01colegoog/zuluenglishdict01colegoog_djvu.txt Zulu English Dictionary]</ref> |- | Hambani kahle / Salani kahle | ''Tafi da kyau / Kasance lafiya'', zuwa ƙungiyar mutane |- | Eish! | ''Kai!'' (Babu ainihin Turai daidai, ana amfani da shi a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu ) (zaku iya gwada ɗan ƙaramin ƙarfi, kamar ''oh my gosh'' ko ''menene heck'' . Yana bayyana ra'ayi na gigita da mamaki) |- | Hhaybo | ''A'a!'' ''/ Dakata!'' ''/ Babu hanya!'' (an yi amfani da shi a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu kuma) |- | Yebo | ''Ee'' |- | Cha | ''A'a'' |- | Angazi | ''Ban sani ba'' |- | Uyasikhuluma isiNgisi na? | ''Ana jin Turanci?'' |- | Ngisaqala ukufunda isiZulu | ''Na fara koyon Zulu'' |- | Me kuke tunani? | ''Me kuke nufi?'' |- | Ngiyakuthanda. | "Ina son ku." |} Mai zuwa yana daga gabatarwar kundin tsarin mulkin Afirka ta Kudu : {| | ''Thina, bantu baseNingizimu Afrika, Siyakukhumbula ukucekelwa phansi kwamalungelo okwenzeka eminyakeni eyadlula; Sibungaza labo abahluphekela ubulungiswa nenkululeko kulo mhlaba withu; Sihlonipha labo abasebenzela ukwakha nokuthuthukisa izwe lethu; futhi Sikhholelwa ekutheni iNingizimu Afrika ingeyabo bonke abahlala kuyo, sibumbene nakuba singafani.'' |} '''Fassara:''' {| | Mu al’ummar Afirka ta Kudu, mun san irin zaluncin da aka yi mana a baya; Ka girmama waɗanda suka sha wahala don neman adalci da ’yanci a ƙasarmu; Mu girmama wadanda suka yi aikin gina kasarmu da bunkasa; kuma ku yi imani cewa Afirka ta Kudu na duk waɗanda ke zaune a cikinta, sun haɗa kai a cikin bambancin mu. |} == Ƙidaya a cikin isiZulu == === Ana ƙidaya daga 1 zuwa 10 === Da'a na ƙidayar lambobi na dijital akan yatsu yana farawa da ɗan yatsan hannun hagu zuwa babban yatsan hannu na hagu sannan a ci gaba da babban yatsan hannun dama zuwa ƙaramin yatsa na dama. An fara da rufaffiyar hannun hagu, kowane yatsa yana ƙarawa da kowace lamba ta gaba daga ɗaya zuwa biyar. Da zarar hannun hagu ya buɗe, sannan a ci gaba da kirgawa a hannun dama tare da buɗe kowane yatsa bi da bi. Yana da kyau a lura cewa a cikin isiZulu, sunayen lambobi shida zuwa tara suna nuna ko dai sunan ɗan adam na lambobi (shida, ''isithupha'', na nufin "yatsa"), aiki (bakwai, ''isikhombisa'', yana nufin "wanda ya nuna"). ko matsayi / wuri (takwas ko ''isishiyagalombili'', yana nufin "raura biyu", da tara ko ''isishiyagalolunye'', yana nuna "saura ɗaya"). <ref>{{Cite journal|url-status=179–188}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" !IsiZulu ! Turanci |- | Kunye | Daya |- | Kubili | Biyu |- | Kuthathu | Uku |- | Kune | Hudu |- | Isihlanu | Biyar |- | Isithupha | Shida |- | Isikhombisa | Bakwai |- | Isishiyagalombili | Takwas |- | Isishiyagalolunye | Tara |- | Ishumi | Goma |} == Watanni == '''Watanni a Zulu''' {| class="wikitable" !Turanci ! Zulu |- | Janairu | uMasingana |- | Fabrairu | uhlolanja |- | Maris | uNdasa |- | Afrilu | u Mbaso |- | Mayu | uNhlaba |- | Yuni | uhlangulana |- | Yuli | uNtulikazi |- | Agusta | uNcwaba |- | Satumba | ku Mandulo |- | Oktoba | uMfumfu |- | Nuwamba | uLwazi |- | Disamba | uZibandlela |} == Kalmomin Zulu a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu == Turancin Afirka ta Kudu ya ɗauki kalmomi da yawa daga harshen Zulu. Wasu, kamar sunayen dabbobin gida ( ''impala'' da ''mamba'' duka sunayen Zulu ne) sun yi hanyar zuwa Turanci daidai. Misalai kaɗan na kalmomin Zulu da aka yi amfani da su a cikin Ingilishi na Afirka ta Kudu: * '''muti''' (daga ''umuthi'' ) - magani * '''donga''' (daga ''udonga'' ) - rami (udonga yana nufin "bango" a cikin Zulu kuma shine sunan ramukan da zaizayar ƙasa ke haifarwa) * '''[[indaba]]''' - taro (yana nufin "wani abu na labarai" a cikin Zulu) * '''induna''' - shugaba ko shugaba * '''songololo''' (daga ''isongolo'' ) - millipede * '''ubuntu''' - tausayi / ɗan adam. == Duba kuma ==   * Impi * Shaka kaSenzangakhona * [[Tsotsitaal da Camtho|Tsotsitaal]] – yaren Creole na tushen Zulu ana magana a cikin Soweto * [[Harshen Xhosa]] * Harshen Northern Ndebele == Bayanan kula == {{Notelist}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Sources == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20060720065425/http://www.pavelicpapers.com/documents/odpor/index.html Aikin Kayayyakin Harshe na UCLA] – [http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=23&menu=004 Zulu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703223945/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=23&menu=004 |date=2014-07-03 }} == Littafi Mai Tsarki ==   == Kara karantawa ==   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje ==   *   * The Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Zulu * [http://salanguages.com/isizulu/ South African Languages: IsiZulu] * [http://zipangz.homestead.com/untitled4.html A short English–isiZulu–Japanese phraselist] incl. sound file * [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Zulu_Swadesh_list Zulu Swadesh list of basic vocabulary wordРЬs] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix]) * [http://www.languagesandnumbers.com/how-to-count-in-zulu/en/zul/ Counting in Zulu] === Darussa === * [https://www.linguashop.com/learn-zulu/ TeachMe!] [https://www.linguashop.com/learn-zulu/ Zulu – PDF Littafin aikin Zulu] * [http://www.memrise.com/course/82/zulu-with-dingani/ Zulu Tare da Dingani - Kos ɗin farkon kan layi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160728025632/http://www.memrise.com/course/82/zulu-with-dingani/ |date=2016-07-28 }} * [http://www.unisa.ac.za/Free_online_course/Zulu/Zulu.html Jami'ar Afirka ta Kudu, kwas ɗin kan layi kyauta] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20050306060945/http://www.newt.clara.co.uk/isizulu/ Sifunda IsiZulu!] === Nahawu === * [http://learn101.org/zulu.php Zulu Grammar tare da Audio!] * [https://isizulu.net/ isiZulu.net Zulu – Turanci Kan layi Dictionary] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20040413044749/http://www.websters-online-dictionary.org/definition/Zulu-english/ Kamus na Zulu-Turanci] === Jaridu === * [https://www.isolezwe.co.za/ Isolezwe] * [https://ilanganews.co.za/ Ilanga] * UmAfrika * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120206125747/http://isizulu.news24.com/ Labaran Izindaba24] === Software === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070114015602/http://translate.org.za/content/view/1610/54/ Mai duba haruffa don OpenOffice.org da Mozilla], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070324112647/http://translate.org.za/content/view/17/32/ OpenOffice.org], [https://web.archive.org/web/20070210160756/http://translate.org.za/content/view/1611/54/ Mozilla Firefox web-browser], da [https://web.archive.org/web/20070324203655/http://translate.org.za/content/view/1612/54/ Mozilla Thunderbird email shirin] a cikin Zulu * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070114015602/http://translate.org.za/content/view/1610/54/ Translate.org.za] Project don fassara Software na Kyauta da Buɗewa zuwa duk harsunan hukuma na Afirka ta Kudu ciki har da Zulu * [http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Zulu PanAfrican L10n shafin wiki akan Zulu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241214010255/http://www.panafril10n.org/wikidoc/pmwiki.php/PanAfrLoc/Zulu |date=2024-12-14 }} === Adabi da al'adu === * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051027002008/http://literature.kzn.org.za/lit/index.html Taswirar Adabin KwaZulu-Natal] [[Category:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1pc6euw8kw7rflsrotqw9dxfb0953ol Jala Fahmy 0 72096 962278 393111 2026-10-03T10:36:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962278 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jala Fahmi''' (Arabic; 1962 - 2022) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Masar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Famous Egyptian actress Jala Fahmy dies at age of 59 - Screens - Arts & Culture |url=https://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/5/32/461822/Arts--Culture/Screens/Famous-Egyptian-actress-Jala-Fahmy-dies-at-age-of-.aspx |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Ahram Online}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Egyptian Actress Gala Fahmi Passes Away-Aged 59 |url=https://www.albawaba.com/entertainment/egyptian-actress-gala-fahmi-passes-away-aged-59-1467864 |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=Al Bawaba |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Jala Fahmi a ranar 6 ga Nuwamba 1962, a [[Kairo|Alkahira, Misira]] . A shekara ta 1986, ta kammala karatu daga Faculty Of Arts University of Cairo . Ta fara aikinta ne ta hanyar bayyanarta a shirin talabijin, The Solution is the Rope . Bayan haka, ta fito a wasu fina-finai a cikin ƙananan matsayi kamar A Bad Day da Good Day . Tana da muhimmiyar rawa a fina-finai kamar ''Pizza Pizza'' (1989)'','' ''Kashe Alƙali'' (1990)'', Keid El-Awalem'' (1991), El Helaly's Fist (1991), Suspicious Connections (1996), Jala Jala (2001), The First Time You Fall in Love (2003)''.'' yi aiki a rediyo da talabijin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=admin |date=26 February 2023 |title=أبرز إطلالات وتسريحات الفراشة جالا فهمي في ذكرى رحيلها.. صور |url=https://mes7at.com/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%87/ |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=مساحات |language=ar |archive-date=1 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401173536/https://mes7at.com/%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2-%D8%A5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%87/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=6 November 2022 |title=أول ذكرى ميلاد لـ جالا فهمى بعد رحيلها.. اعتزلت الفن 19 عامًا |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2022/11/6/أول-ذكرى-ميلاد-لـ-جالا-فهمى-بعد-رحيلها-اعتزلت-الفن/5966072 |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=اليوم السابع |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=أمين |first=هبة |date=6 November 2022 |title=15 معلومة عن جالا فهمي في ذكرى ميلادها.. 21 عملا خلال 15 سنة فن |url=https://www.elwatannews.com/news/details/6348823 |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=الوطن |language=ar}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=1 April 2023 |title="طأطأ وريكا وكاظم بيه وجالا جالا" .. محطات فنية فى حياة جالا فهمى |url=https://www.gomhuriaonline.com/Gomhuria/1158989.html |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=الجمهورية اون لاين |language=ar |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230401173850/https://www.gomhuriaonline.com/Gomhuria/1158989.html |archive-date=1 April 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ta mutu a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 February 2022 |title=فنانة تثير الجدل بشأن وفاة جالا فهمي.. والعائلة ترد |url=https://www.alarabiya.net/culture-and-art/2022/02/28/%D9%81%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%AF%D9%84-%D8%A8%D8%B4%D8%A3%D9%86-%D9%88%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A9-%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7-%D9%81%D9%87%D9%85%D9%8A-%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%AF |access-date=1 April 2023 |website=العربية |language=ar}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == === Fina-finai === * 2003: Lokaci na farko da kuka fada cikin soyayya * 2001: Jala Jala * 1998: Pizza Pizza * 1996: Haɗin da ake zargi * 1995: Ta'Ta' wa Reeka wa Kazem Bey * 1994: Jeans * 1992: 'Yan mata da ke cikin matsala * 1992: Al Hob Fi Taba * 1991: Hannun El Helaly * 1991: Keid El-Awalem * 1990: Kashe Alkalin * 1988: Youm Mor We Youm Helw === Jerin === * 1995: Layaly El Helmeya * 1990: El Weseyya == Manazarta == <references /> == Haɗin waje == * {{IMDb name|1514100}} [[Category:Mutuwan 2022]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1962]] 6u95zoel46m46lxd5oypoqamw3fvekt Hanna-Elisabeth Müller 0 72490 962092 834421 2026-10-02T22:40:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962092 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Hanna-Elisabeth_M%C3%BCller.jpg |thumb| Hanna-Elisabeth Müller]] '''Hanna-Elisabeth Müller''' (an Haife shi 3 ga Mayu 1985 a Mannheim ) Soprano ce ta Jamus a cikin wasan opera, kide kide da recitals. == Rayuwa == === Ilimin kiɗa === [[File:Hanna-Elisabeth_M%C3%BCller03.JPG |left|thumb| Hanna-Elisabeth Müller]] Tun yana yaro, Müller ya ɗauki darasin violin tare da Dinu Hartwich kuma daga baya ya shiga ƙungiyar mawaƙa. Tun tana shekara 11, ta ɗauki darussan murya tare da Judith Janzen don rera sassan solo. A cikin 1998, ta yi wasan soprano na yaro a cikin ''MASS'' na Leonard Bernstein a lokacin ''Kultursommer Ludwigshafen'' . <ref>[http://www.merkur-online.de/aktuelles/kultur/hanna-elisabeth-mueller-staatsoper-opernfestspielen-3698201.html?cmp=defrss Interview with Hanna-Elisabeth Müller], 15 July 2014, ''Münchner Merkur''</ref> Ta ci gaba da rera waƙa a matsayin abin sha'awa a lokacin karatunta na sakandare kuma ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa a gasar ƙaramin mawaƙa Jugend musiziert . === Farkon aiki === Bayan kammala karatunta na sakandare, ta karanci fasahar murya a cikin ajin soloist na tsohon mawakin opera Rudolf Piernay a Hochschule für Musik und Darstellende Kunst Mannheim . Don kammala karatun ta, ta halarci manyan azuzuwan Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Qc_BeIdDjcQ Video document of participation in the master class of Dietrich Fischer-Dieskau, May 2009]</ref> Júlia Várady, Edith Wiens, Elly Ameling, Thomas Hampson da Wolfram Rieger . A cikin gasa duo na waƙar 2009 a Enschede, Netherlands, ta sami, tare da rakiyarta Mihaela Tomi, lambar yabo mafi girma, lambar yabo ta masu sauraro da lambar yabo don mafi kyawun fassarar opus na zamani. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.muho-mannheim.de/personal/Bios/tomi_mihaela.htm |title=Webseite der Musikhochschule Mannheim: Biografie von Mihaela Tomi |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2024-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240228093410/http://www.muho-mannheim.de/personal/Bios/tomi_mihaela.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref> A 2010 ta sami lambar yabo ta 1 a gasar ''Ton und Erklärung - Werkvermittlung a Musik und Wort'' na Kulturkreis der Deutschen Wirtschaft. <ref>[http://www.kulturkreis.eu/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=268&Itemid=395 Preisträgerportrait im Portal des Kulturkreises der deutschen Wirtschaft]</ref> Wani alkali na kwararru tara ne suka bayar da wannan lambar yabo wanda Francisco Araiza <ref>[http://www.nmz.de/kiz/nachrichten/hannah-elisabeth-mueller-erhaelt-musikpreis-des-kulturkreises-der-deutschen-wirtscha Hanna-Elisabeth Müller erhält Musikpreis des Kulturkreises der deutschen Wirtschaft], ''[[Neue Musikzeitung]]'', 20 September 2010]</ref> ya jagoranta kuma ta tabbatar da cewa ba wai kawai ta iya yin kida a matakin koli ba har ma da bayyana shi cikin gamsarwa. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AajrH-857ZY Video report of the competition "Ton und Erklärung" 2010 in Kaiserslautern]</ref> A cikin 2011, ta sami lambobin yabo a gasar fasaha ta kasa da kasa ta Ada Sari a Nowy Sącz . <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.muho-mannheim.de/wirueberuns/Wettbewerbe/docs/Preise%20FS%2011.pdf |title=University of Music Mannheim, Preise und Auszeichnungen Frühjahrsemster 2011 |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2022-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220313091031/http://www.muho-mannheim.de/wirueberuns/Wettbewerbe/docs/Preise%20FS%2011.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fayil:Eröffnungsfestival der Elbphilharmonie.jpg|thumb|Hanna-Elisabeth Müller]] Farkon matakin farko na halarta a cikin muhimman ayyuka sune Euridice a cikin ''Orfeo ed Euridice'' (Afrilu 2010) a Kammeroper Rheinsberg <ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/rheinsberger-musikakademie-die-liebe-ein-witz/1784824.html Premierenkritik ''Orpheus und Eurydike'' in Rheinsberg], ''Tagesspiegel'', 8 April 2010</ref> da Pamina a cikin ''Die Zauberflöte'' (Nuwamba 2011) a gidan wasan kwaikwayo & Philharmonie Thüringen, Gera. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Premierenankündigung ''Zauberflöte'' in Gera, November 2011 |url=https://www.gera.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=121421&_nav_id1=10267&_nav_id2=21132&_lang=de |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2016-03-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307205338/https://www.gera.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=121421&_nav_id1=10267&_nav_id2=21132&_lang=de |url-status=dead }}</ref> Ta kuma wakilci wannan rawar a Teatro dell'Opera di Roma a cikin Maris 2012. <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KM_Bm-PTXMU Audio and photo document of debut of Hanna-Elisabeth Müller at Teatro dell'Opera di Roma]</ref> A kan 22 Disamba 2013 Rolando Villazón ya nuna ta a cikin jerin ''Stars de Demain'' ta Arte . <ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52acyuAzLZU Video excerpt of ''Stars de Demain'' with Rolando Villazon, 22 December 2013]</ref> === Opera State Bavaria === [[Fayil:Hanna-Elisabeth Müller02.JPG|thumb|Hanna-Elisabeth Müller]] A Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich, Müller ya kasance memba na opera studio a kakar 2010/11 da kuma memba na kamfanin daga kakar 2012/2013 zuwa 2015/2016. <ref>[https://www.staatsoper.de/biographien/detail-seite/mueller-hanna-elisabeth.html Biography of Hanna-Elisabeth Müller] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210623003324/https://www.staatsoper.de/biographien/detail-seite/mueller-hanna-elisabeth.html |date=2021-06-23 }}, Bavarian State Opera]</ref> Wannan ya haifar da yawan fitowar rawar da suka samu nasara, misali kamar Gretel a ''Hänsel und Gretel'' (Maris 2013), Zerlina a ''Don Giovanni'' (Mayu 2013), Susanna a cikin ''Le nozze di Figaro'' (Satumba 2013), Sophie a ''Werther'' <ref>[http://der-neue-merker.eu/muenchen-werther-angela-browers-super-charlotten-debut Review ''Werther''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718023842/http://der-neue-merker.eu/muenchen-werther-angela-browers-super-charlotten-debut|date=2017-07-18}}, ''[[Der Neue Merker]]''</ref> (Oktoba). 2015) da Marzelline a cikin ''Fidelio'' <ref>[http://www.beckmesser.com/un-bieito-pretencioso-y-aburrido-en-fidelio/ Review of ''Fidelio'' performance on 10 February 10 2016 in Munich (in Spanish)]</ref> (Fabrairu 2016). Bugu da ƙari, ta gabatar da rawar da ta riga ta yi a wasu gidajen opera, watau Zdenka a cikin Andreas Dresen 's sabon samar da ''Arabella'' a lokacin Munich Opera Festival a Yuli 2015 <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/13/arts/music/review-arabella-brings-intrigue-to-the-munich-opera-festival.html?emc=edit_tnt_20150713&nlid=54612813&tntemail0=y Review of ''Arabella'' at Bavarian State Opera, Munich], 17 Juli 2015, ''The New York Times''</ref> da Sophie a ''Der Rosenkavalier'' a Yuli 2016. A cikin 2013 ta sami lambar yabo ta "Festspielpreis der Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Münchner Opernfestspiele". <ref>[http://www.freundederkuenste.de/aktuelles/medien-ausschreibungen/ankuendigung/hanna-elisabeth-mueller-erhielt-den-festspielpreis-zur-foerderung-der-muenchner-opernfestspiele.html Gesellschaft Freunde der Künste] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170915070950/http://www.freundederkuenste.de/aktuelles/medien-ausschreibungen/ankuendigung/hanna-elisabeth-mueller-erhielt-den-festspielpreis-zur-foerderung-der-muenchner-opernfestspiele.html |date=2017-09-15 }}, 1 August 2013]</ref> === Sauran gidajen opera === A ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2014 ta yi muhawara a matsayin Zdenka a ''Arabella'' ta Richard Strauss yayin bikin Ista na Salzburg . Ta kasance a kan mataki tare da Renée Fleming da Thomas Hampson kuma ta shawo kan masu sauraro da kuma masu sukar. <ref>[http://salzburg.orf.at/news/stories/2641667/ Bericht im Salzburger ORF-Portal vom 13. April 2014]</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.salzburg.com/nachrichten/spezial/festspiele/osterfestspiele/sn/artikel/bei-strauss-fuehle-ich-mich-wohl-103081/ |title=Portrait von Hanna-Elisabeth Müller in den Salzburger Nachrichten vom 17. April 2014 |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2015-07-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707121937/http://www.salzburg.com/nachrichten/spezial/festspiele/osterfestspiele/sn/artikel/bei-strauss-fuehle-ich-mich-wohl-103081/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wannan nasarar ta kasance mai mahimmanci ga zaben kamar yadda ''Nachwuchskünstlerin des Jahres'' (mai zane mai zuwa na shekara) ta masu sukar mujallar ''Opernwelt'' . <ref>[http://www.kultiversum.de/Opernwelt/Kritikerumfrage-2014.html Kritikerumfrage 2014 der Zeitschrift ''Opernwelt'']</ref> Kamar yadda Zdenka ta kuma yi muhawara a Semperoper Dresden a cikin Nuwamba 2014. <ref>[http://www.der-neue-merker.eu/dresden-semperoper-arabella Kritik über die Dresdner ''Arabella''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171009195750/http://der-neue-merker.eu/dresden-semperoper-arabella|date=2017-10-09}}, November 2014 in ''[[Der Neue Merker]]'', Vienna</ref> A ranar 5 ga Satumba 2015 ta fara halarta a matsayin Sophie a ''Der Rosenkavalier'' a De Nederlandse Opera Amsterdam . <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.operaballet.nl/en/opera/2015-2016/show/der-rosenkavalier-0 |title=Announcement of ''Rosenkavalier'' for September 2015 by De Nederlandse Opera Amsterdam |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240822190719/https://www.operaballet.nl/en/opera/dutch-national-opera |archive-date=2024-08-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2017 Müller ya wuce muhimman matakai na ayyukanta na duniya, wato halartata na farko a Metropolitan Opera, New York, a matsayin Marzelline a cikin samar da Jürgen Flimm na ''Fidelio'' (Maris 2017), <ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2017/03/17/arts/music/review-spruce-and-taut-the-met-operas-fidelio-looks-good-at-17.html "Review: Spruce and Taut, the Met Opera's ''Fidelio'' Looks Good at 17"] by [[Anthony Tommasini]], ''[[The New York Times]]'', 17 March 2017</ref> da kuma a La Scala, Milan, inda ta samu. rawar ta na farko a matsayin Donna Anna a Don Giovanni . Ayyukanta na farko a Zürich Opera House ya kasance a cikin Fabrairu 2018 a cikin sabon aikin Ilia a Idomeneo, === Oratorios da recitals === Bayan ayyukanta a gidajen wasan opera, Müller yana yawan rera waƙa a cikin karance-karance da oratorios. Tallafawa ta Südwestrundfunk a cikin ''SWR2 Sabon Talent Program'' daga 2013 zuwa 2015 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vorstellung von Hanna-Elisabeth Müller im Portal des SWR |url=http://www.swr.de/swr2/musik/hanna-elisabeth-mueller-sopran/-/id=661124/did=13636104/nid=661124/1081v9s/index.html |access-date=2024-02-28 |archive-date=2018-07-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180711123652/https://www.swr.de/swr2/musik/hanna-elisabeth-mueller-sopran/-/id=661124/did=13636104/nid=661124/1081v9s/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ya ba ta damar isa ga ɗimbin masu sauraro tare da watsa sauti na recitals waƙa guda biyu. Daya daga cikinsu ita ce ta halarta a karon a Schwetzinger Festspiele, tare da pianist Juliane Ruf, a kan 26 May 2013. A cikin Oktoba 2014 ta rera soprano solo a cikin ''Ein deutsches Requiem'' na Johannes Brahms a cikin wani wasan kwaikwayo da 3sat ya watsa tare da WDR Symphony Orchestra da Jukka-Pekka Saraste . A kasar Sin Staatskapelle Dresden ne ya nuna mata a lokacin rangadin da suka yi a watan Nuwamban shekarar 2015, inda ta rera wasan soprano na Symphony No. 4 na Gustav Mahler . <ref>[http://german.cri.cn/3105/2015/11/10/1s242992.htm Review of concert by Staatskapelle Dresden at Shanghai, 9 November 2015; CRI online in German language]</ref> A cikin Maris 2016 ta yi muhawara tare da ''waƙoƙin Ƙarshe huɗu'' na Richard Strauss a cikin kide-kide na Orquesta Sinfónica del Principado de Asturias a [[Bilbao]] (Spain) <ref>[http://www.lne.es/sociedad/2016/03/06/gran-exito-trompista-monte-fez/1893043.html Gran éxito del trompista Monte de Fez y la OSPA en el festival Musika-Música (Announcement of concert) (in Spanish)]</ref> da kuma WDR Symphony Orchestra a Viersen <ref>[http://www.rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/viersen/muellers-makelloser-schoengesang-aid-1.5836569 Müllers makelloser Schöngesang (Review of the concert by WDR Symphony Orchestra at Duisburg on March 11, 2016), in RP online]</ref> da [[Duisburg]] . <ref>[http://www.rp-online.de/nrw/staedte/duisburg/sternstunde-im-musikleben-der-stadt-aid-1.5832283 Review of the concert by WDR Symphony Orchestra at Duisburg on March 12, 2016, in RP online]</ref> A cikin bude kide kide na Salzburg Festival 2016 ta rera bangaren soprano ''(Jibrilu da Eva)'' a cikin ''Halitta'' ta Joseph Haydn, kuma a cikin kakar bude kide kide a Philharmonie de Paris a watan Satumba 2016 ta yi debuted a matsayin ''Gretchen'' a ''Szenen aus Goethes Faust'' da Robert Schumann . A ranar 11 ga Janairu 2017 ta maye gurbin a ɗan gajeren sanarwa Camilla Tilling da ba ta da tushe a wurin buɗaɗɗen kide kide na Elbphilharmonie Hamburg don a cikin motsi na huɗu na Symphony na Beethoven No. 9 . === Label ɗin rikodin === A cikin 2019 Hanna-Elisabeth Müller, ta sanya hannu kan keɓancewar, yarjejeniya mai tarin yawa tare da Pentatone . == Repertoire == Müller ya yi ayyuka kamar haka a cikin fitattun gidajen opera: * Berta ( ''Il Barbiere di Siviglia'' ), Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich * Donna Anna ( ''Don Giovanni'' ), Teatro alla Scala, Milano * Donna Clara ( ''Der Zwerg'' ), Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich * Eurydice ( ''Orfeo ed Euridice'' ), Kammeroper Schloss Rheinsberg, Jamus * Gretel ( ''Hänsel und Gretel'' ), Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich * Ilia ( Idomeneo ), Zürich Opera House * Marzelline ( ''Fidelio'' ), Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich; Metropolitan Opera, New York * Pamina ( ''Die Zauberflöte'' ), Teatro dell'opera di Roma; Opera Jihar Bavaria, Munich; Royal Festival Hall, London (shirgin wasan kwaikwayo) <ref>[http://www.musicomh.com/classical/reviews-classical/magic-flute-royal-festival-hall-london Review: The Magic Flute @ Royal Festival Hall, London; musicOMH, May 10, 2016]</ref> * Prinzessin ( ''L'enfant et les sortilèges'' ), Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich * Servilia ( ''La clemenza di Tito'' ), Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich * Sophie ( ''Der Rosenkavalier'' ), De Nederlandse Opera, Amsterdam; Bavarian Opera, Munich * Sophie ( ''Werther'' ), Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich * Susanna ( ''Le nozze di Figaro'' ), Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich * Woglinde ( ''Das Rheingold'', ''Götterdämmerung'' ), Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich * Zdenka ( ''Arabella'' ), Großes Festspielhaus, Salzburg; Semperoper, Dresden; Bavarian Opera, Munich * Zerlina ( ''Don Giovanni'' ), Bavarian Jihar Opera, Munich Repertoire na kide-kide ta hada da sassan soprano na oratorios da talakawa da yawa da kuma wakokin kade-kade da kide kide daga Baroque zuwa Late Romanticism, misali ''The Creation'' and the ''Missa in angustiis'' ( ''Nelsonmesse'' ) na Joseph Haydn, <ref>[http://www.augsburger-allgemeine.de/neu-ulm/Mit-Pauken-und-Trompeten-id33554322.html ''Augsburger Allgemeine'', Review as of March 30, 2015]</ref> ''Missa Solemnis'' na [[Ludwig van Beethoven]], <ref>[http://www.tagesspiegel.de/kultur/im-glauben-fest-der-rias-kammerchor-und-beethovens-missa-solemnis/6012902.html Review of a performance of Beethoven's Missa Solemnis with the RIAS-Kammerchor, ''Der Tagesspiegel'', 3 January 2012]</ref> motsi na biyar "Ihr habt nun Traurigkeit" na ''A Jamus Requiem'' by Johannes Brahms, motsi na hudu na Symphony na 4 na Gustav Mahler, waƙoƙin Franz Schubert kamar yadda Felix Mottl ya tsara, <nowiki><i id="mwARc">Bakwai Farko Waƙoƙi</i></nowiki> na Alban Berg da ''waƙoƙin Ƙarshe huɗu'' na Richard Strauss . A cikin karatun, wanda Südwestrundfunk ya watsa, ta yi waƙoƙin Benjamin Britten, Francis Poulenc, Robert Schumann, Richard Strauss, William Walton da Hugo Wolf . == Hotuna == === Audio === * Mass No. 3 in f minor by Anton Bruckner, Hanna-Elisabeth Müller, Anke Vondung, Dominik Wortig, Franz-Josef Selig, Chor des Bayerischen Rundfunks, Bamberger Symphoniker, Robin Ticciati . Tudor, Afrilu 2014. * "Traumgekrönt"; waƙoƙin Richard Strauss, Arnold Schönberg da Alban Berg. Hanna-Elisabeth Müller, soprano; Juliane Ruf, piano. Belvedere, Yuni 2017. * Gustav Mahler, Symphony No. 4 a G major. Hanna-Elisabeth Müller, Soprano; Duisburger Symphoniker, Ádám Fischer . GASKIYA, Agusta 2017. * Richard Strauss, Der Rosenkavalier . Hanna-Elisabeth Müller a matsayin Sophie, Camilla Nylund a matsayin Marschallin, Paula Murrihy a matsayin Oktavian, Peter Rose a matsayin Baron Ochs von Lerchenau. Mawakan Philharmonic na Netherlands, Marc Albrecht . Rikodi kai tsaye na Satumba 2015, Kalubale Classics, Satumba 2017. * "Reine de coeur", Hanna-Elisabeth Müller soprano, Juliane Ruf piano (Francis Poulenc, Robert Schumann, Alexander von Zemlinsky), Fabrairu 2020, Pentatone * " [https://www.pentatonemusic.com/product/sinnbild-strauss-songs/ Sinnbild Strauss Songs] ", Hanna-Elisabeth Müller soprano, WDR Symphony Orchestra karkashin sandar Christoph Eschenbach, Yuni 2022, Pentatone === DVD === * Richard Strauss: Arabella. Rikodi kai tsaye na bikin Ista na Salzburg 2014 tare da Hanna-Elisabeth Müller a matsayin Zdenka, Renée Fleming a matsayin Arabella, Thomas Hampson a matsayin Mandryka, Daniel Behle a matsayin Matteo. Daraktan mataki: Florentine Klepper. Sächsischer Staatsopernchor da Staatskapelle Dresden karkashin jagorancin Christian Thielemann . Unitel Classica, Satumba 2014. * Johannes Brahms: Ein Deutsches Requiem. Rikodin Live na wasan kwaikwayo a Stift St. Florian, Agusta 2016, tare da Hanna-Elisabeth Müller, soprano, Simon Keenlyside, baritone, Cleveland Orchestra da Wiener Singverein wanda Franz Welser-Möst ke gudanarwa. Concorde, Janairu 2017. * Kundin bukin kaddamar da Elbphilharmonie, Hamburg. Hanna-Elisabeth Müller a matsayin soprano soloist a cikin motsi na hudu na Symphony na Beethoven No. 9 . NDR Elbphilharmonie Orchester karkashin sandar Thomas Hengelbrock . CMajor, Yuni 2017. == Nassoshi == {{reflist|2}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == {{Authority control}} * [http://www.hannaelisabethmueller.de/index.php/en/ Yanar Gizo na Hanna-Elisabeth Müller] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305035412/http://hannaelisabethmueller.de/index.php/en/ |date=2017-03-05 }} * [http://www.ks-gasteig.de/en/kuenstleragentur/artists/soprano/hanna-elisabeth-mueller/biography/index.html Tarihin rayuwar Hanna-Elisabeth Müller akan gidan yanar gizon hukumarta (KünstlerSekretariat am Gasteig, Munich)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304190507/http://www.ks-gasteig.de/en/kuenstleragentur/artists/soprano/hanna-elisabeth-mueller/biography/index.html |date=2016-03-04 }} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1985]] 2hnbne22gipalmm9xvl2vcnzmg7ns60 Gisela Casimiro 0 75402 961949 886069 2026-10-02T17:37:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961949 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gisela Casimiro''' (Guinea Bissau, 1984) marubuciya ce ta Portugal, mai fafutuka kuma mai fasaha. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Gisela Casimiro a Guinea-Bissau a shekara ta 1984. <ref name="Buala">{{Cite web |title=Gisela Casimiro |url=https://www.buala.org/pt/autor/gisela-casimiro |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Buala |language=pt}}</ref> <ref name="Afrolink">{{Cite web |last=Cardoso |first=Paola |title=A sua vida ainda não deu em livro? Se passar por Gisela Casimiro, talvez dê |url=https://afrolink.pt/a-sua-vida-ainda-nao-deu-em-livro-se-passar-por-gisela-casimiro-talvez-de/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Afrolink |language=pt }}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Bayan shekaru uku, ta ƙaura zuwa Portugal, inda ta girma. <ref name="Anabela">{{Cite web |title=Gisela Casimiro – Os Filhos da Madrugada |url=https://anabelamotaribeiro.pt/gisela-casimiro-os-filhos-da-283440 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Anabela Mota Ribeiro |language=pt}}</ref> Ta karanci harshe, adabi da al'adu a Faculty of Social and Human Sciences na Jami'ar NOVA Lisbon. <ref name="Anabela" /> <ref name="Teatro">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2021 |title=Clube dos Poetas Vivos |url=https://www.tndm.pt/pt/calendario/clube-dos-poetas-vivos-gisela-casimiro/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Teatro Nacional D. Maria II |language=pt}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pimenta |first=Samuel F. |date=15 February 2021 |title=Breve Poética: Gisela Casimiro |url=https://revistacaliban.net/breve-po%C3%A9tica-gisela-casimiro-626276165d45?gi=8002ad7510c5 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Revista Caliban |language=pt }}{{Dead link|date=July 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar adawa da wariyar launin fata da mata, INMUNE-Instituto da Mulher Negra em Portugal, wanda Joacine Katar Moreira ya kirkira, kuma memba ne na UNA-União Negra das Artes. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Equipa |url=https://uniaonegradasartes.pt/equipa-2/#/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=União Negra das Artes |language=pt |archive-date=7 September 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907052127/https://uniaonegradasartes.pt/equipa-2/#/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2021 |title=Nasceu a União Negra das Artes, para defender os interesses "da negritude no sector cultural" |url=https://www.publico.pt/2021/08/03/culturaipsilon/noticia/nasceu-uniao-negra-artes-defender-interesses-negritude-sector-cultural-1972921 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Publico |language=pt}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da karramawa == A cikin shekarar 2022, Majalisar birnin Lisbon ta gayyaci marubuta 48 don su rubuta jumla mai nuni ga yanci, kuma Gisela Casimiro na ɗaya daga cikinsu. Sannan an zana hukunce-hukunce guda 48 a ƙasa a cikin birnin a wani ɓangare na bukukuwan cika shekaru 48 da juyin juya halin Musulunci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=28 March 2022 |title=Abril em Lisboa. 48 mulheres, escritoras, poetas e cantautoras, pintam o chão de Lisboa |url=https://comunidadeculturaearte.com/abril-em-lisboa-48-mulheres-escritoras-poetas-e-cantautoras-pintam-o-chao-de-lisboa |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Comunidade Cultura e Arte |language=pt}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2023, an sanya ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin baƙar fata 100 masu tasiri a cikin Lusophony, a matsayin wani ɓangare na Jerin power na 100, wani yunƙuri na mujallar dijital ta ''Bantumen''. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Gisela Casimiro |url=https://powerlist100.bantumen.com/2023/3551/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Bantumen |language=pt}}</ref> == Aikin da aka zaɓa == ; Fassara * ''Irmã Marginal'' (2023, Orfeu Negro) <ref>{{Cite web |date=9 November 2023 |title=Lançamento IRMÃ MARGINAL — SISTER OUTSIDER, de Audre Lorde |url=https://bantumen.com/agenda/lancamento-irma-marginal-sister-outsider-de-audre-lorde/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Bantumen |language=pt |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203140610/https://bantumen.com/agenda/lancamento-irma-marginal-sister-outsider-de-audre-lorde/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Waka * Erosão (2018, Urutau;  ) <ref name="Buala"/> * Estendais (2023, Editorial Caminho) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gisela Casimiro |url=https://www.wook.pt/autor/gisela-casimiro/6215410 |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Wook |language=pt}}</ref> * Giz (2023, Urutau) ; wasan kwaikwayo * Casa com Árvores Dentro (2022, dir. Cláudia Semedo) <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2022 |title=Cláudia Semedo e Gisela Casimiro levam "Casa com Árvores Dentro" ao palco |url=https://bantumen.com/claudia-semedo-e-gisela-casimiro-levam-casa-com-arvores-dentro-ao-teatro/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Bantumen |language=pt |archive-date=13 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213093450/https://bantumen.com/claudia-semedo-e-gisela-casimiro-levam-casa-com-arvores-dentro-ao-teatro/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> ; Tari * Rio de Pérolas (2020, ed. António Martins, Ipsis Verbis) <ref name="Buala"/> <ref name="Teatro"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 June 2020 |title=Livro "Rio das Pérolas" será apresentado amanhã em Macau |url=https://www.plataformamedia.com/2020/06/23/livro-de-poesia-rio-das-perolas-sera-apresentado-amanha-em-macau/ |access-date=15 February 2024 |website=Plataforma |language=pt}}</ref> * Reconstituição Portuguesa (2022, ed. Viton Araújo and Diego Tórgo, Companhia das Letras;) == Manazarta == [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1984]] 6oyz5mj8kicr7sjtod8ya6onmj75nmf Ireti Kingibe 0 75580 962231 651734 2026-10-03T08:36:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962231 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ireti Heebah Kingibe''' (an haife ta 2 Yuni 1954) ta kasance injiniyan gine-gine kuma yar siyasa a [[Najeriya]]. An zaɓe ta a majalisar dattawa mai wakiltar Babban Birnin Tarayyar Najeriya (FCT) a zaben Najeriya na 2023 a karkashin Jam’iyyar Labour (LP). Kanwa ce ga Ajoke Mohammed, matar tsohon shugaban mulkin sojan Najeriya [[Murtala Mohammed]]. [[File:Ireti Kingibe 2023.jpg|thumb|Ireti Kingibe]] == Rayuwarta da Ilimi == Kingibe ta fara karatu a [[Benin City (Birnin Benin)|makarantar Emotan preparatory]], bayan ta halarci makarantar Queen's College [[Lagos (birni)|Lagos]] da Washington Irving High School don karatun sakandare. Ta yi digiri a Civil engineering a University of Minnesota. == Ayyuka == Kingibe ta fara aikinta a matsayin Injiniya mai kula da inganci tare da kamfanin Bradley Precast Concrete Inc. daga shekara ta 1978 zuwa 1979. Daga nan sai ta ci gaba da aiki tare da sashin Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Minnesota, inda ta kuma yi aiki a matsayin injiniya daga shekara ta 1979 da 1991. Ta koma Najeriya don shekara guda ta aiki tsakanin 1981 da 1982. An tura ta aiki a matsayin mai kula da aikin tare da sansanin Sojojin Sama na Najeriya a [[Ikeja]], [[Lagos (birni)|Legas]] . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-02-22 |title=Ireti Kingibe: Biography, Education, Professional and Political Career, Marriage, Net Worth, and Controversy |url=https://newswirengr.com/2023/02/22/ireti-kingibe-biography-education-professional-and-political-career-marriage-net-worth-and-controversy/ |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228171028/https://newswirengr.com/2023/02/22/ireti-kingibe-biography-education-professional-and-political-career-marriage-net-worth-and-controversy/ |archive-date=2023-02-28 |url-status=dead}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://newswirengr.com/2023/02/22/ireti-kingibe-biography-education-professional-and-political-career-marriage-net-worth-and-controversy/ "Ireti Kingibe: Biography, Education, Professional and Political Career, Marriage, Net Worth, and Controversy"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228171028/https://newswirengr.com/2023/02/22/ireti-kingibe-biography-education-professional-and-political-career-marriage-net-worth-and-controversy/ |date=2023-02-28 }}. ''NewsWireNGR''. 22 February 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 February</span> 2023</span>.</cite></ref> ==Manazarta== {{reflist}} [[Category:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Category:Haihuwan 1954]] gggr7r8ckl4geu1luhu371y9xi9ymzl International School Ibadan 0 79657 962227 696714 2026-10-03T08:27:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962227 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Makarantar Ibadan ta Duniya (ISI) tana kan Cibiyar [[Jami'ar Ibadan]], tsohuwar jami'ar Najeriya. == Tarihi == [[Fayil:University of Ibadan Business School.jpg|thumb|International School Ibadan]] Malamin Jamusanci-Birtaniya Kurt Hahn ne ya kafa makarantar a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1963 tare da kudade da aka karɓa daga USAID, Gidauniyar Ford da kuma bayar da gudummawar ƙasa daga gwamnatin Yammacin Najeriya ta wancan lokacin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dr. Michael Knoll |year=2001 |title=School Reform Through "Experiental Therapy": Kurt Hahn – An Efficacious Educator |url=http://www.mi-knoll.de/117401.html |access-date=13 July 2014 |archive-date=11 December 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141211145023/http://mi-knoll.de/117401.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yawancin ma'aikatan koyarwa na majagaba sune malamai na kasashen waje na Burtaniya daga Gordonstoun a Scotland. Makarantar makarantar kwana ce ta haɗin gwiwa da ke shigar da ɗalibai masu shekaru 10 zuwa 16. An kafa shi da farko don saduwa da ka'idodin ilimi na duniya ga 'ya'yan baƙi, suna zaune da aiki a Najeriya.<ref name="feathers">{{Cite web |title=Dr. Patricia Oyelola: A Grand Teacher |url=https://feathersproject.wordpress.com/tag/international-school-ibadanisi/ |access-date=7 September 2014 |website=Feathers Project}}</ref> Ya buɗe ƙofofinsa ga ɗaliban baƙi na ƙasashe daban-daban da kuma 'yan Najeriya da ke da matsayi mai girma. Shugaban farko shi ne David S. Snell (1963-1965) na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai albarka; John Gillespie (1965-1968) ya biyo baya.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2003 |title=9 West Road: A Literary Odyssey — From Cambridge to Kabul (and beyond) |url=http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/alumni/newsletter/9westroad3.pdf |publisher=Faculty of English, University of Cambridge |volume=3 |page=3 |access-date=27 November 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924000812/http://www.english.cam.ac.uk/alumni/newsletter/9westroad3.pdf |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Babban shugaban da ya fi dadewa shi ne malamin Anglican, Archdeacon J.A. Iluyomade (1969-1985) na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya.Shi ne kuma shugaban asalin ƙasar na farko na makarantar. Bayan shi ya kasance Rev. (Dr.) Dapo Ajayi (1986-1988) kuma na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya mai albarka, sannan Dapo Fajembola (1990 -1991) kuma na ƙwa ƙwaƙwalyar ajiya mai tsarki. Bayan haka ta zo mace ta farko, Esther Adetola Smith (1991-2004). Bayan ta kasance R.O. Akintilebo (2006-2007) kuma na ƙwaƙwalwar ajiya, Dokta MB Malik (2007- 2017), Phebean O. Olowe (2017 - 2022), Akintunde Yinka (2022 - yanzu) ISI sananne ne ga ayyukan zamantakewa da na waje kamar soiree na kasa da kasa (wani taron da ke fitowa sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyu). Ranar Duniya maraice ne inda dukkan kasashe da aka wakilta tsakanin ma'aikata da dalibai ke nuna abinci, tufafi da sauran al'amuran al'adu don sayarwa tare da manufar tara kuɗi ga marasa galihu. Gudun sadaka wani taron ne wanda dalibai ke amfani da shi don tara kuɗi ga marasa galihu. Sabis ga bil'adama an saka shi a cikin al'adun ISI.<ref name="feathers"/> A fannin ilimi, da farko ya bi tsarin Burtaniya na shekaru biyar don shirye-shiryen matakin yau da kullun (Janar Certificate of Education) da jarrabawar Takardar shaidar Makarantar Afirka ta Yamma; tare da wasu shekaru biyu a cikin tsari na shida don shirya don matakin Ci gaba (Janar Takardar shaiddiga ta Ilimi) da jarrabawa na Makarantar Sakandare. A sakamakon gabatar da tsarin ilimin Najeriya na 6-3-3-4 da aka gabatar a ƙarshen shekarun tamanin, yana gudanar da shekaru shida na karatun sakandare, ban da shirya dalibai don jarrabawar kasa da kasa kamar jarrabawar IGCSE 'O' na shekara-shekara da jarrabawar Cambridge 'A'. Shekaru da yawa, ta ba da shiri don Baccalaureate na Duniya.Kodayake yanzu yana bin tsarin 6-3-3-4 na ilimin Najeriya, yawancin ɗalibai suna ci gaba da shirya don jarrabawar ƙasa da ƙasa. Shugaban lokacin, Dokta MB Malik, ya yi aiki tuƙuru don sake farfado da shirin Cambridge 'A' Level a watan Satumbar 2011 kuma shirin yana da ƙarfi da ƙarfi har zuwa yau. [[Fayil:Lead City international school.jpg|thumb|International School Ibadan]] Makarantar ta yi bikin cika shekaru na zinariya a watan Oktoba 2013. == Dalibai == ISI ta samar da sanannun tsofaffi ciki har da * Bamidele Abiodun, (Uwargidan Shugaban Jihar Ogun) * Oluwatoyin Asojo (masanin kimiyya na Amurka) * [[Bolanle Austen-Peters]] (mace 'yar kasuwa ta Najeriya) * Wendy Beetlestone (Alkalin Gundumar Amurka) * Femi Emiola (yar wasan kwaikwayo ta Amurka) * [[Akin Fayomi]], (Diplomasiyyar Najeriya) * Toby Foyeh (mai kiɗa na Burtaniya) * [[Efa Iwara]], (Nijeriya mai wasan kwaikwayo) * [[Funmi Iyanda]] (mutumin talabijin na Najeriya) * [[Omobola Johnson]] (tsohon Ministan Sadarwa na Najeriya) * Karen King-Aribisala, (Marubuci kuma Mataimakin Farfesa na Turanci a Jami'ar Legas) * Tolu Ogunlesi, (Jaridar Najeriya) * Alex Oke, (Nijeriya mai dafa abinci) * [[Ngozi Okonjo-Iweala]] (Darakta Janar na Kungiyar Ciniki ta Duniya kuma tsohon Ministan Kudi na Najeriya) * Ifedayo Olarinde (Freeze na Cool FM, OAP mai lambar yabo da yawa) * [[Yewande Olubummo]], (Farfesa na lissafi na Amurka) * [[Olayinka Olusola Omigbodun|Olayinka Omigbodun]] (Nijeriya likitan da kuma masanin kimiyya) * [[Dolapo Osinbajo]] (Mace ta Biyu ta Najeriya) * [[Adepoju Oyemade]] (Babban Fasto, Al'ummar Alkawari) * [[Sasha P]]; (Nijeriya rapper kuma mai ɗaukar fitilar Olympics) * [[Helen Prest-Ajayi]] (Miss Najeriya 1979) * Joshua Uzoigwe (masanin kiɗa na Najeriya) == Bayanan da aka ambata == == Haɗin waje == * [http://www.isi.ui.edu.ng/ Shafin yanar gizon hukuma] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614163303/https://isi.ui.edu.ng/ |date=2024-06-14 }} j4nehhceqy1ej5ew8nxd8eg04saihmz Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha), Gombe 0 79990 962090 743738 2026-10-02T22:30:35Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 /* Laburaren kwaleji */ 962090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha), Gombe''' wanda akafi sani da '''Kwalejin Malamai ta Fasaha ta Kasa'''. Cibiyar ilimi ce ta [[Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya|Gwamnatin tarayya]] da ke [[Gombe (birni)|Gombe]], [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Dokar kwalejin tun lokacin da aka kafa ta tana samar da malamai na fasaha, sana'a da kimiyya don makarantun firamare da sakandare a kasar. Tana mai alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] da Jami'an Maiduguri <ref>{{Cite web |last=Yaya |first=Haruna Gimba |date=2021-12-02 |title=FCE Gombe graduates 20,000 NCE holders in 30 years – Provost |url=https://dailytrust.com/fce-gombe-graduates-20000-nce-holders-in-30-years-provost/ |access-date=2022-12-23 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref> don shirye-shiryen digiri. Mai kula da shi shine Dr. Ali Adamu (Boderi). <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-05-28 |title=We're giving serious attention to security ― Provost, Federal College of Education |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/were-giving-serious-attention-to-security-―-provost-federal-college-of-education/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Babagana |first=Abdu |date=2018-02-03 |title=Federal govt approves appointment of new acting Provost of FCE Gombe |url=https://www.today.ng/news/nigeria/federal-govt-approves-appointment-acting-provost-fce-gombe-71306 |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=TODAY |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Webmaster |date=2018-06-15 |title=FCE Gombe gets new Provost |url=https://dailytrust.com/fce-gombe-gets-new-provost/ |access-date=2023-05-25 |website=Daily Trust |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=Schools in Nigeria {{!}} Study in Nigeria {{!}} School guide Nigeria |url=https://www.studyinnigeria.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231202062348/https://studyinnigeria.com/ |archive-date=2023-12-02 |access-date=2023-05-31 |website=www.studyinnigeria.com}}</ref> == Laburaren kwaleji == [[Fayil:College_library_of_Federal_College_of_Education_Technical_Gombe.jpg|alt=College library|thumb|Babban ɗakin karatu]] An kafa ɗakin karatu na kwaleji a cikin 1977 tare da tarin littattafai 500. Ya fara ne a wani shafin na wucin gadi a tsohuwar Gombe Crafts School, a karkashin jagorancin Babban Jami'in, kuma ya fara motsawa zuwa shafinsa na dindindin a 1989 kuma a ƙarshe ya koma shafin dindindin. <ref name=":3"/><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Mission & Vision – Official website of Federal College of Education (Technical), Gombe |url=http://fcetgombe.edu.ng/home/mission-vision/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210811202731/http://fcetgombe.edu.ng/home/mission-vision/ |archive-date=2021-08-11 |access-date=2021-08-11 |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu, ɗakin karatu na Kwalejin ya ƙunshi babban ɗakin karatu da ɗakin karatu mai kama da juna. Babban burin ɗakin karatu shine inganta koyarwa da ilmantarwa ta hanyar haɓaka da shirya albarkatun bayanai da ke akwai a can.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=library {{!}} Search Results {{!}} Federal College of Education (Technical)Federal College of Education (Technical) |url=http://www.jbtkcs.com/FCETG/?s=library&submit= |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221212095403/http://www.jbtkcs.com/FCETG/?s=library&submit= |archive-date=2022-12-12 |access-date=2022-12-12 |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu ɗakin karatu yana da littattafai sama da dubu 40 da ƙarfin ma'aikata 45 waɗanda ke kula da ɗakin karatu. Mai kula da ɗakin karatu na kwaleji na yanzu shine Yusuf Shehu Aliyu . <ref name=":2" /> == Tsarin ɗakin karatu == Laburaren kwalejin yana da sassan huɗu don ingantaccen sabis na bayanai ga ɗaliban kwalejin, masu bincike, da malamai waɗanda sune: * Sashe na Gudanarwa: wannan shine sashen ɗakin karatu na kwaleji wanda ke jagorantar dukkan ɗakunan karatu ta hanyar kula da al'amuran su da bayar da rahoto ga provost. Ofishin yana da alhakin tsarawa, sarrafawa, jagorantar, saka idanu da kuma kula da duk ayyukan tsarin ɗakin karatu. * Sashe na Ayyukan Fasaha: wannan shine ci gaban tattarawa da sarrafa albarkatun bayanai kamar saye, tsarawa, rarrabawa da ayyukan Reprographic / Bindery don shirya ga masu amfani a cikin ɗakin karatu. * Sashe na Sabis na Mai karatu: a cikin wannan sashe masu amfani kamar ɗalibai da ma'aikata suna amfani da albarkatun bayanai kamar tuntuɓar littattafai, aro da dawo da littattafai, takardun ayyukan ɗalibai da ayyukan ajiya ana kuma bayar da su ta wannan sashe. * Sashe na ɗakin karatu na kama-da-wane: wannan ɓangaren yana ƙunshe da albarkatun bayanai na kan layi da na waje. Ana samun bayanan kan layi da na kan layi a cikin sashin, tunda duk ayyukan bayanai suna sarrafa kansu don adana lokacin masu amfani tare da sauƙin samun dama. Ana amfani da kayan aikin kwamfuta don jarrabawar lantarki, bita, ana buɗe ɗakin karatu na kwaleji kowace Litinin zuwa Jumma'a daga 8:00am zuwa 6:00pm, Asabar 8:00am da 12:00 Noon yayin hutu kowace Litinin har zuwa Jummaʼa daga 8:000am zuwa 4:00pm. == Tarihi == An kafa kwalejin a shekarar 1977. Da farko an san shi da Kwalejin Malamai ta Fasaha ta Kasa amma daga baya aka kira shi Kwalejin Ilimi ta Tarayya (Fasaha), Gombe . <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-08-04 |title=TETFUND spent N3.3bn on 762 beneficiaries in Gombe -Official |url=https://punchng.com/tetfund-spent-n3-3bn-on-762-beneficiaries-in-gombe-official/ |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 June 2018 |title=FCE Gombe gets new Provost |url=https://dailytrust.com/fce-gombe-gets-new-provost |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=Daily Trust |language=en |archive-date=2023-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230525150238/https://dailytrust.com/fce-gombe-gets-new-provost/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Makarantu == * Makarantar Ilimi * Makarantar Ilimi ta Kasuwanci * Makarantar Ilimi ta Kwarewa * Makarantar Ilimi ta Kimiyya * Makarantar Ilimi ta Fasaha * Makarantar Firamare da Ilimin Kula da Yara * Makarantar Fasaha da Kimiyya ta Jama'a Ilimi na Sakandare * Makarantar Harsuna Ilimi ta Sakandare * Makarantar Nazarin Gabaɗaya Ilimi na Sakandare == Darussa == Cibiyar tana ba da darussan da suka biyo baya; <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Federal College of Education,Gombe fcegombe{{!}} School Fees, Courses & Admission info |url=https://universitycompass.com/africa/Nigeria/colleges/Federal-College-of-Education-Gombe.php |access-date=2021-08-11 |website=universitycompass.com}}</ref> * Tattalin Arziki na Gida * Nazarin Ilimi na Firamare * [[Lissafi]] * Kimiyyar Haɗin Kai * Ilimi na Fasaha * Ilimin aikin katako * Ilimin Fasahar Motoci * Ilimi Kimiyya ta Aikin Gona * [[Biology|Ilimin halittu]] * Ilimin Kwamfuta * [[Kimiyya|Sanyen sunadarai]] * [[Biology|Ilimin halittu]] * [[Kimiyya|Sanyen sunadarai]] * Ilimi na Kasuwanci == Kasancewa == Cibiyar tana da alaƙa da [[Jami'ar Abubakar Tafawa Balewa]] don bayar da shirye-shiryen da ke kaiwa ga Bachelor of Education, (B.Ed.) a; <ref name=":0"/> * Ilimi da Fisika * Ayyukan katako / Ilimi * Ilimi da ilmin sunadarai * Ilimi na Kasuwanci * Ilimi da Ilimin Halitta * Ilimi da Lissafi * Kimiyya da Ilimi * Ilimi da Kimiyya * Tattalin Arziki da Ilimi == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} 6verkl27bbe9bk2yeghbjg0z869xndw Haƙƙin yara a Iran 0 81086 962108 922461 2026-10-03T01:24:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962108 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[File:Children of Iran Of qom کودکان ایرانی، کودکان قمی 24.jpg|thumb|250|Children_of_Iran_Of_qom_کودکان_ایرانی،_کودکان_قمی_24]] [[Iran|Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran]] ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar [[Majalisar Dinkin Duniya Kan Haƙƙoƙin ɗan Adam A Shekara ta (2018)|Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya kan]] '[[Yancin yara|Yancin Yara]] (CRC) a shekarar 1991 kuma ta tabbatar da ita a shekara ta 1994. Bayan tabbatarwa, Iran ta yi ajiya mai zuwa: "Idan rubutun Yarjejeniyar ya kasance ko ya zama ba dai-dai ba da dokokin cikin gida da ƙa'idojin Islama a kowa ne lokaci ko a kowa ne hali, Gwamnatin Jamhuriyar Islama ba za ta bi shi ba. "<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 April 2011 |title=Children's Rights: Iran |url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/child-rights/iran.php |access-date=28 May 2012 |publisher=Library of Congress}}</ref> Koda yake Yarjejeniyar ta ɗaure Iran a ƙarƙashin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa, ƙungiyoyin kare [[Haƙƙin ɗan Adam a Zambiya|haƙƙin ɗan adam]] na duniya <ref>https://www.rfi.fr/ha/duniya/20241210-yau-duniya-ke-bikin-ranar-kare-ha%C6%99%C6%99in-%C9%97 ɗan-adam</ref>da gwamnatocin ƙasashen waje sun soki ta akai-akai saboda rashin tabbatar da wajibai a ƙarƙashin yarjejeniyar.<ref name="outrightinternational.org">{{Cite web |last=kmills |date=2015-03-06 |title=Rights of the Child in Iran |url=https://outrightinternational.org/content/rights-child-iran |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=OutRight Action International |language=en |archive-date=2020-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200920111319/https://outrightinternational.org/content/rights-child-iran |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Labarin da tarihi== Babban Taron ƙungiyar Al'ummomi, wanda Iran ta kasance mamba mai kafa, ta amince da [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara]] a ranar 26 ga watan Nuwamba shekarar 1924. Zuwa shekara ta 1959 Babban Taron Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya ya amince da sanarwar 'Yancin Yara ba tare da ƙuri'a ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNBISnet |url=http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting&index=.VM&term=ares1386(xiv) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170505025008/http://unbisnet.un.org:8080/ipac20/ipac.jsp?profile=voting |archive-date=2017-05-05 |access-date=2017-02-18}}</ref> Iran ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara a ranar 5 ga watan Satumba Shekara ta 1991. Majalisar dokokin Iran ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar a ranar 13 ga Yulin shekara ta 1994. <ref>{{Cite web |title=- OHCHR Dashboard |url=http://indicators.ohchr.org/ |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=indicators.ohchr.org |language=en}}</ref> Bugu da kari, Iran ta sanya hannu kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka kan Sayar da Yara, Karuwanci na Yara da Batsa na Yara kuma ta sanya hannu (ammah ba ta tabbatar da) Yarjejeniyar Shaɓuɓɓugar kan Shigawar Yara a Rikicin Makamai ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratification status of the Optional Protocol {{!}} United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict |url=https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/mandate/country-status-2/ |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict |language=en-US |archive-date=2020-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021075205/https://childrenandarmedconflict.un.org/zh/about-us/engagement-of-neral-assembly/%E9%9B%B6%E4%B8%AA%E6%9C%AA%E6%BB%A1%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E5%B2%81/country-status-2/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Har yanzu Iran ba ta sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara a kan Hanyar Sadarwa ba. A cikin Shekarar 2016, Iran ta gabatar da rahotonta na ukku da na huɗu game da aiwatar da tanadin CRC.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Committee on the Rights of the Child examines the report of Iran |url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=16940&LangID=E |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=www.ohchr.org |language=en-US}}</ref> === Aiwatarwa === A ranar 3 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, Iran ta kafa Hukumar ƙasa don Yarjejeniyar Kare Haƙƙin Yara (NBCRC) a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Shari'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNICEF Iran (Islamic Republic of) - Media center - Children's Rights is Everyone's Responsibility, says UNICEF Iran Representative on CRC Anniversary |url=https://www.unicef.org/iran/media_6303.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218021236/https://www.unicef.org/iran/media_6303.html |archive-date=2019-02-18 |access-date=2017-03-17 |website=www.unicef.org}}</ref> NBCRC tana da alhakin sa ido, shirya, da daidaita duk batutuwan da suka shafi yara a Iran, a matakin ƙasa ta hanyar ma'aikatu da ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu, kuma a matakin gida ta hanyar kafa ofisoshin gida da gwamnonin larduna ke gudanarwa. NBCRC ta kafa ƙungiyoyi hudu na musamman don cika ayyukanta: ƙungiyar Kulawa da Kulawa, Kungiyar Ma'aikata ta Shari'a da Shari'a, ƙungiyar Koyarwa da Bayanai, da Kungiyar Kariya da Gudanarwa.<ref name="Refugees">{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} The Third Periodic Report on the Convention on the Rights of the Child: The Islamic Republic of Iran |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/51efa15a4.html |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> Duk da yake an kafa shi a matsayin mataki mai kyau, tasirin NBCRC ya kasance cikin tambaya daga ƙungiyoyin waje.<ref name="outrightinternational.org"/> Musamman, rashin 'yancin kai da iyakantaccen ikonta na rinjayar manufofin gwamnati a waje da ikon ba da shawara an tashe shi. A halin yanzu babu Cibiyar Kare Haƙƙin ɗan Adam ta Kasa (NHRI) a Iran tare da ikon yin la'akari da korafe-korafe na mutum da gudanar da bincike a madadin yara.<ref name="outrightinternational.org" /> == Matsayi na shari'a na yara a Iran == Kodayake Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ta tabbatar da CRC, <ref>Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 1</ref> doka a Iran tana aiki kuma tana samun halatta ne kawai a cikin tsarin Musulunci, wanda ke nuna cewa duk wata doka dole ne ta dace da wasu "ƙa'idodin Musulunci". <ref>Constitution, Islamic Republic of Iran, Article 4</ref> Kwamitin Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya kan 'yancin yaro ya bukaci Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran sau da yawa don janye ajiyar ta zuwa Yarjejeniyar, a cewar CRC, wanda ya bayyana cewa "Ba za'a ba da izinin ajiyar da ba ta dace da manufar Yarjejeniyar ta yanzu ba. " A sakamakon haka, yara suna ƙarƙashin hanyar da ta dace wanda Hukumomin Jiha ke fassara "ka'idar Islama", wato Majalisar Dattijai (Majlis), Shugaba Mai Girma da Majalisar Mai Tsaro.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Treaty bodies Download |url=https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=CRC/C/15/Add.254&Lang=en |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=tbinternet.ohchr.org}}</ref><ref>Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 51, point 2</ref><ref>Birnbaum Lili, Cetinkaya Hasret, Harper Elizabeth, Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, University of Essex, June 2014, 16-18</ref> Yana yiwuwa ga kowane yaro ya kawo shari'o'in cin zarafin da suka fuskanta a kotu. Koyaya, wannan bai shafi shari'o'in laifi ba. Yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru goma sha biyar galibi suna buƙatar gabatar da shari'arsu a kotu ta hanyar mai kula da su.<ref>Access to Justice for Children: Islamic Republic of Iran, Child Rights International Network (CRIN), Feb 2015, 2</ref> A cewar Dokar Jama'a ta Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran, "Kariya ga mutumin da ke ƙarƙashin kulawa da wakilcin shari'a a duk batutuwan da suka shafi dukiyarsa da haƙƙin kuɗi, an danƙa wa mai kula. " Wannan ya sa samar da adalci ga yara ba zai yiwu ba lokacin da mai aikata tashin hankali shine mai kula, yawanci mahaifiyar.<ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1235</ref> Dokar Iran ba ta ɗaukar yaro a matsayin ƙungiya tare da hakkinsu da amincewar doka ba, sabili da haka ba ta girmama Janar Comment No.12 (2009) a cikin CRC game da haƙƙin yaron na jin sa. <ref>Legal Research Series. Legal Status of the Child: Iran’s International Human Rights Obligations, 20</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Convention on the Rights of the Child |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/crc/docs/AdvanceVersions/CRC-C-GC-12.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2013, an ba da rahoton sace yara sama da 2,400 ga ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Yara a Iran. Ƙungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Yara, wacce ke kula da layin ba da shawara ta tarho, (Sedayeh Yara) ta ce kashi 55 cikin dari na yara an azabtar da su ta hanyar tunani da motsin rai kuma kashi 45 cikin dari suna fuskantar azabtarwa ta jiki. Dangane da ƙididdigar da Shirin Sadr Nuri, memba na Kungiyar Kare Haƙƙin Yara, ya ambaci kamfanin dillancin labarai na ISNA, kashi 93% na waɗanda suka tuntuɓi ƙungiyar a cikin 2013, su ne mahaifiyar yara, kuma kashi uku cikin dari yara da kansu. Kashi biyu cikin dari na kiran sun fito ne daga iyayensu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=آمار یکساله "صدای یارا"/ ثبت تنبیه ۲۶۳۴ کودک درسالی که گذشت - ﺟﺒﻬﻪ ﻣﻠﻰ ﺍﻳﺮﺍﻥ ـ ﺍﺭﻭﭘﺎ - Jebhe Melli Iran – Europe |url=http://www.jebhemelli.info/?p=2146 |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=www.jebhemelli.info |language=Persian}}</ref> == Yara a cikin tsarin adalci == === Shekarar alhakin aikata laifuka === Game da ma'anar "yaro", yanayin da ke cikin dokar ƙasa da ƙasa shi ne na kafa ƙofar tsakanin ƙuruciya da balaga a shekara goma sha takwas. Misali, Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Yara ya yi iƙirarin cewa bai kamata mutane su kasance a kurkuku ba a ƙarƙashin shekaru 18 <ref>Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 37 (a)</ref> kuma bai kamata su shiga cikin rikice-rikice ba a ƙarƙashin shekara 15. <ref>Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), Article 38</ref> Shekarar alhakin aikata laifuka tana da alaƙa kai tsaye da shekarun mafi girma. A ranar 10 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2012, majalisar dokokin Iran ta canza dokar da ake jayayya da ita ta kashe yara. A cikin sabuwar doka, shekaru 18 (shekara ta rana) za a dauke su mafi ƙarancin shekaru don girma kuma masu laifi a ƙarƙashin wannan shekarun za a yanke musu hukunci a ƙarƙashin doka daban.<ref name="iranwpd.com">{{Cite web |date=10 February 2012 |title=Iran changes law for execution of juveniles |url=http://iranwpd.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3066:iran-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles&Itemid=64 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211072623/http://iranwpd.com/index.php?option=com_k2&view=item&id=3066%3Airan-changes-law-for-execution-of-juveniles&Itemid=64 |archive-date=11 February 2012 |website=Iran Independent News Service}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2012 |title=Death penalty for people under 18 is prohibited |url=http://www.ghanoononline.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=19&Id=16270 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213111337/http://www.ghanoononline.ir/NSite/FullStory/News/?Serv=19&Id=16270 |archive-date=13 February 2012 |website=Ghanoon Online (in Persian)}}</ref> === Hukuncin jiki === Ba a ba da izinin azabtar da yara a cibiyoyin kula da yara ba bisa ga Mataki na 8 (23) na Dokokin da aka gyara don Kafawa, Gudanarwa, da kuma Rushe Dukkanin Cibiyoyin Kula da yarana (2008). Dokar iri ɗaya ta shafi cibiyoyin gyara yara. A zahiri, bisa ga Dokokin Zartarwa na Kungiyar Kurkuku, Gyara da Matakan Tsaro (2005), "An haramta halayyar tashin hankali, cin zarafin da ake tuhuma da masu laifi ko gudanar da tsauraran matakai na horo a kowace hanya a cibiyoyi da kurkuku".<ref>Sharon Owen, Corporal punishment of children in Iran: Briefing for the Universal Periodic Review, Global Initiative, 2014, 3</ref> A cewar Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Iran, "duk nau'ikan azabtarwa don manufar cire ikirari ko samun bayanai an haramta su", <ref>Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 38</ref> wanda ya dace da Yarjejeniyar Ƙasa da ƙasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa. <ref>International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966), Article 7</ref> Koyaya, akwai rahotanni na baya-bayan nan game da azabtarwa da cin zarafin yara masu laifi, waɗanda aka tilasta su furta ta hanyar tilasta wa jiki. Alireza Tajiki ne ya ba da rahoton daya daga cikin sabbin shari'o'in, wanda aka kama shi yana da shekaru goma sha biyar kuma aka yanke masa hukunci bayan ya furta a karkashin azabtarwa da fyade da kisan aboki, laifukan da ya janye a kotu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 May 2016 |title=Iran: Teenager tortured into 'confessing' days away from execution |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/05/iran-teenager-tortured-into-confessing-days-away-from-execution/ |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> Har yanzu ana amfani da Flogging a matsayin hukunci na laifi a cikin tsarin Shari'a na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran. Dangane da dokar da ta bayyana shekarun aikata laifuka, ana hukunta 'yan mata sama da tara da maza sama da goma sha biyar kuma ana hukunta su bisa ga Dokar Shari'a ta Iran, wanda kuma ya nuna azabtar da jiki don laifuka game da jima'i, zargi na ƙarya, amfani da barasa, da kuma haifar da rauni.<ref>Corporal Punishment of Children in Iran, Global Initiative to End All Corporal Punishment of Children, last updated 2016, 3-4</ref> Sabili da haka, 'yan mata sama da shekaru tara da maza sama da shekaru goma sha biyar na iya fuskantar bulala.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 26</ref> Koyaya, idan an gane cewa masu laifi "ba su fahimci yanayin laifin da aka aikata ko haramta shi ba, ko kuma idan akwai rashin tabbas game da cikakken ci gaban hankalinsu", ba za a iya amfani da horo na jiki ba kuma za a tsare mai laifi ko kuma a tuhume shi da tarar.<ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 91</ref> Koyaya, don a yi la'akari da Mataki na 91 kuma a yi amfani da shi, ana buƙatar mai laifin matasa da kansu su yi ikirarin haƙƙin sake shari'ar da aka ba da izinin labarin da aka ambata. Masu laifi a ƙasa da goma sha takwas da iyalansu galibi ba su san wannan yiwuwar ba kuma ba za su iya samun lauya wanda zai iya sanar da su game da hakkinsu ba, kaɗan daga cikinsu suna neman sake shari'a.<ref>Growing Up On Death Row: The Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, Amnesty International (2016), 53</ref> ==== Hukuncin jiki a gida ==== A cewar Dokar Jama'a ta Iran, "yaro dole ne ya yi biyayya da iyayensa kuma dole ne ya girmama su ba tare da la'akari da shekarunsu ba" <ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1177</ref> kuma idan akwai rashin biyayya ko don dalilai na ilimi, dokar Iran ta ba da izinin azabtar da jiki a cikin gida muddin mai aikata laifin shi ne mai kula da yaron. A cewar Dokar Jama'a ta Iran, "iyaye suna da damar azabtar da yaransu, ammah dole ne ba su yi amfani da wannan haƙƙin ba ta hanyar azabtar da 'ya'yansu fiye da iyakar gyara".<ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928) amended 2006, Article 1179</ref> Bugu da ƙari, Dokar Shari'ar Musulunci ta bayyana cewa "ayyukan da iyaye da masu kula da yara da mahaukaci suka aikata don azabtarwa ko kare su idan aka yi irin waɗannan ayyukan a cikin iyakokin al'ada, da iyakokin addini don azabtar da kariya".<ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 158 (d)</ref> === Kashe yara masu laifi === Ana amfani da hukuncin kisa a halin yanzu a Iran, kuma yawan kashe-kashen ya karu da kashi 300% daga Shekarar 2008 zuwa Zuwa Shekara ta 2015.<ref>Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 6</ref> Har ila yau, Iran ta ba da cikakken bayani game da rikodin duniya na kasar da ke aiwatar da mafi yawan masu aikata laifuka.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 39; Iran Human Rights, Annual Report on the Death Penalty in Iran (2015), 22</ref> Kashi na kashe kananan yara ya karu sosai kuma daga baya ya sauka a cikin 2015. Koyaya, a farkon shekara ta 2016, masu laifi 160 suna kan layin mutuwa a Iran saboda laifukan da suka aikata kafin su cika shekaru 18.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2016 |title=Iran: Hanging of teenager shows authorities' brazen disregard for international law |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/08/iran-hanging-of-teenager-shows-brazen-disregard-for-international-law/ |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=www.amnesty.org |language=en}}</ref> A cikin Shekara ta 2016, Kwamitin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Yara ya bukaci Iran da ta kawo karshen kashe yara da mutanen da suka aikata laifi ba tare da shekaru 18 ba. A ranar 18 ga Oktoba 2017, masana da dama na kare hakkin dan adam na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun bayyana cewa "Iran na ci gaba da kashe masu aikata laifuka. " <ref>[http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=22258&LangID=E UN rights experts urge Iran to halt the imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar]</ref> Masana Majalisar Dinkinobho sun yi nadama game da ci gaba da kisan yara a Iran. Masana Majalisar Dinkin Duniya sun ce, "Ya kamata Iran nan da nan kuma ba tare da wani sharadi ba ta soke hukuncin kisa ga yara, kuma ta shiga cikin cikakken tsari na sauya dukkan hukuncin kisa da aka bayar akan yara, daidai da ka'idodin adalci na yara. " An ruwaito cewa Iran ta kashe aƙalla yara huɗu masu laifi daga Janairu zuwa Oktoba 2017, kuma aƙalla an san wasu 86 a kan layin mutuwa a lokacin, kodayake ainihin adadi na iya zama mafi girma. <ref>[http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=57913#.WeesXFu0Ndg UN rights experts urge Iran to halt the imminent execution of juvenile Amirhossein Pourjafar]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=UN RIGHTS EXPERTS URGE IRAN TO HALT IMMINENT EXECUTION OF JUVENILE AMIRHOSSEIN POURJAFAR |url=http://www.publicnow.com/view/2D8743BED11AE2CAADE79B90187CD90D1DF459B0?2017-10-18-17:00:10+01:00-xxx6769 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171019062055/http://www.publicnow.com/view/2D8743BED11AE2CAADE79B90187CD90D1DF459B0?2017-10-18-17:00:10+01:00-xxx6769 |archive-date=2017-10-19 |access-date=2017-10-18}}</ref> Dalilan da ya sa masu laifin yara suka kasance ƙarƙashin hukuncin kisa galibi kisan kai ne da fyade ammah "ƙiyayya da Allah" (''Moharebeh''), sata da laifuka da suka shafi kwayoyi sun kasance daga cikin dalilan hukuncin kisa na yara.<ref>Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 30</ref> Wani hali na baya-bayan nan game da hukuncin kisa a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran shine tsare masu laifi har sai sun cika shekaru goma sha takwas kuma kawai su kashe su a wannan lokacin. Koyaya, babu wani wajibi na doka wanda ya kamata a jinkirta kisa har sai mai laifin ya kai shekaru goma sha takwas.<ref>Amnesty International, Growing up on Death Row: the Death Penalty and Juvenile Offenders in Iran, 2016, 31</ref> Sabuntawa na Dokar Shari'ar Musulunci ta 2013 ya haɗa da cewa matasa tsakanin goma sha biyar zuwa goma sha takwas waɗanda suka aikata laifuka da za a hukunta su da ta'zir <ref>The list of crimes that fall into ''ta'zir'' category is included in the Article 18 and 19 of the Iranian Penal Code</ref> za a cire su daga kisa. Za a tsare su na tsawon lokaci daban-daban, ko tarar dabi'u daban-daban.<ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 89</ref> Koyaya, lokacin da aka rarraba laifin da aka aikata a ƙarƙashin hudud da qisas, masu laifi a ƙarƙashin shekaru goma sha takwas ana ɗaukar su a matsayin doka. Ko da a cikin yanayin ''hudud'' da ''qisas'', lokacin da ake zaton masu laifi a ƙarƙashin shekara goma sha takwas ba su san tsananin laifin ba, ana iya amfani da Mataki na 91 na Dokar Shari'ar Iran, kuma mai laifi na iya zama ba tare da hukuncin kisa ba. Ragewa shine mafi yawan nau'in hukuncin kisa a Iran, kuma ana gudanar da shi a kurkuku ko a fili a cikin murabba'i. Ayyukan dutse sun iyakance a cikin sake fasalin Dokar Shari'a ta Iran (2013). Koyaya, sabon sigar Dokar Shari'a ta riƙe amfani da dutse a matsayin azabtarwa ta ''hadd''.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-03 |title=Iran: Proposed Penal Code Retains Stoning |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2013/06/03/iran-proposed-penal-code-retains-stoning |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=Human Rights Watch |language=en}}</ref> Mataki na 225 ya bayyana cewa "hukuncin ''hadd'' ga Zina na namiji da mace waɗanda suka cika yanayin ''ihsan'' zai zama dutse har zuwa mutuwa".<ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013</ref> Duk da gaskiyar cewa Majalisar ɗinkin Duniya ta yi Allah wadai da kisa a matsayin hukunci na laifi a Iran kuma ta jaddada tsananin aiwatar da kisa a bainar jama'a, <ref>{{Cite web |title=OHCHR {{!}} UN rights experts condemn recent upsurge in executions in Iran, many of them unreported |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?LangID=E&NewsID=15937 |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=www.ohchr.org}}</ref> an ba da rahoton aikata wannan aikin a Iran. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-15 |title=Iran's children look on and families cry for pardons at daily hangings |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2012/sep/16/iran-public-executions-hangings-human-rights |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=The Guardian |language=en}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Fabrairun Shekara ta 2019, wata kungiya ta masana kare hakkin dan adam ta [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ta yi kira ga gwamnatin Iran da ta dakatar da kisan gillar da ke gabatowa na Mohammad Kalhory, wanda ke da shekaru 15 lokacin da ya aikata laifin.<ref>[https://www.ohchr.org/EN/NewsEvents/Pages/DisplayNews.aspx?NewsID=24188&LangID=E Iran must halt execution of child offender, say UN human rights experts]</ref> == 'Yancin jama'a da na siyasa == === Nuna bambanci tsakanin jinsi === Mataki na 20 na kundin tsarin mulkin Iran ya ba da tabbacin daidaitattun kariya ga doka ga maza da mata.<ref>Iranian Constitution (1979) amended 1989, Article 20</ref> Duk da haka, dokokin Iran sun ƙunshi ayyuka da yawa waɗanda ke ƙarfafa nuna bambancin jinsi a cikin ƙasar. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, Dokokin Shari'a da na Jama'a na Iran sun bayyana yaro yana da shekaru 9 ga 'yan mata, da shekaru 15 ga yara maza.<ref>Iranian Penal Code (1991) amended 2013, Article 146</ref> Wannan yana ba da ƙarancin shekaru na kariya ga yara mata fiye da yara maza, kuma yana hana su wasu kariya na Yarjejeniyar.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 14</ref> Mataki na 907 na Dokar Jama'a, kan gado, ya kuma nuna bambanci bisa ga jinsi ta hanyar ba da magada maza sau biyu fiye da magada mata a yanayin yara da yawa. Bugu da ƙari, Mataki na 911 na Dokar Jama'a ya bayyana cewa idan marigayi ba shi da yara masu rai, jikoki suna gadon bisa ga yawan abin da iyayensu za su samu. Yaran 'ya'ya maza suna gaji fiye da' ya'yan mata.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, March 2015, p. 15</ref> === 'Yan ƙasa da' yancin zama ɗan ƙasa === Da yake fahimtar wannan, a cikin Rahoton Lokaci na Uku kan CRC gwamnatin Iran ta nuna Dokar Mataki guda ɗaya ta 2006 kan yanke shawara kan Kasar Yara da aka haifa a matsayin Sakamakon Aure na Mata na Iran da Maza na Ƙasashen Waje, wanda ya bayyana cewa yaran da aka haife a Iran "a sakamakon auren matan Iran ga maza na ƙasashen waje, na iya, bayan sun kai shekaru 18, su nemi samun 'yancin ƙasar Iran. " <ref name="Refugees"/> Wannan za a ba su ba da labarin cewa ba su da laifi ko rikodin tsaro, kuma sun soke duk wani ɗan ƙasa wanda ba na Iran ba. Majles na Iran sun kiyasta cewa dokar za ta taimaka wa kimanin yara 120,000 da suka rage a cikin "limbo na 'yan ƙasa".<ref>Nikou, Semira N., "Iran: Discrimination Through Citizenship", p. 2</ref> An soki wannan dokar saboda ba ta isa ta kare haƙƙin yara ba. Yawancin iyayen da ba 'yan Iran ba ne 'yan gudun hijira ko 'yan guduniritura marasa takardar shaidar.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran: Joint Alternative Report by Civil Society Organizations on the Implementation of the Convention of the Rights of the Child by the Islamic Republic of Iran, p. 21</ref> Dokar Iran ta buƙaci mace ta Iran ta sami izinin auren ɗan ƙasar waje, kuma kamar yadda masu neman mafaka galibi ba a yi rajista da doka ba, ba za a iya yin rajistar aurensu ba kuma saboda haka 'ya'yansu ba za su iya samun takardar shaidar haihuwa ba. === Ilimi === Tsarin mulki na Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran ya bayyana cewa gwamnati tana da alhakin samar da dukkan 'yan ƙasa kyauta har zuwa makarantar sakandare <ref>Iranian constitution (1979), article 30.</ref> Gwamnatin tsakiya, ta hanyar Ma'aikatar Ilimi, tana da alƙawarin tallafawa da gudanar da ilimin K-12. Yana kula da jarrabawar kasa, saka idanu kan ka'idoji, shirya tsarin karatu da horar da malamai, samar da kayan ilimi, da kuma tallafawa da haɓaka ababen more rayuwa. Ana kula da ilimi ta hanyar hukumomin lardin da ofisoshin gundumar a matakin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-02-07 |title=Education in Iran - WENR |url=http://wenr.wes.org/2017/02/education-in-iran |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=wenr.wes.org |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113550/http://wenr.wes.org/2017/02/education-in-iran |archive-date=2017-03-16 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kudin da Iran ke kashewa a kan ilimi ya fi matsakaicin duniya. A cewar [[UNESCO]], kashi 17% na kudaden da gwamnati ke kashewa a Iran sun tafi ilimi, adadi mai yawa idan aka kwatanta da matsakaicin duniya na 14.3%.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Expenditure on education as % of total government expenditure (%) {{!}} Data |url=http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SE.XPD.TOTL.GB.ZS |access-date=2017-03-16 |website=data.worldbank.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Aure na farko yana daya daga cikin manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga yawan barin makaranta, kamar yadda ka'idojin Iran ke iyakance damar zuwa makaranta ga yara masu aure, saboda ana ba su damar shiga jarrabawar ƙarshe, kuma ba su cancanci halartar azuzuwan ko makarantun dare ba.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 29.</ref> == Aikin Yara == Dokar Aiki ta Iran ta haramta daukar ma'aikata ga yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 15.<ref>Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 79.</ref> Yara masu shekaru 15-18, waɗanda ake kira "ma'aikata matasa", ana buƙatar su yi gwajin likita na yau da kullun ta Ma'aikatar Ayyuka don su cancanci shiga cikin ma'aikata. Bugu da ƙari, an hana ma'aikata sanya matasa zuwa "aiki na karin lokaci, aiki, ko aiki mai wahala, mai cutarwa ko aiki mai haɗari".<ref>Iranian Labor Law (1991), sec. 80, 81, 82, 83, 84.</ref> Koyaya, Dokar Aiki ta ba da damar kasuwancin da ke da ƙasa da ma'aikata 10 su keɓe daga wasu tanadi na doka, gami da mafi girman buƙatun sa'a na aiki, biyan kuɗi na ƙarin lokaci, da fa'idodin nakasassu.<ref>Iranian Labor Law (1991), amended 2003, sec. 119</ref><ref name="Iran 2015">Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 46.</ref> Iran ta tabbatar da yarjejeniyar Ofishin Ma'aikata na Duniya (ILO) kan Mafi Girma na Ayyukan Yara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ratifications of ILO conventions: Ratifications for Iran (Islamic Republic of) |url=http://www.ilo.org/dyn/normlex/en/f?p=NORMLEXPUB:11200:0::NO::P11200_COUNTRY_ID:102800 |access-date=2021-01-04 |website=www.ilo.org}}</ref> Duk da wasu kariya na shari'a don hana cin zarafin yara, an soki Iran saboda yawan ma'aikatan yara, kuma ƙungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun bayar da rahoton shari'o'i da yawa na cin zarafi.<ref>Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 45-47.</ref> Adadin da suka shafi yawan ma'aikatan yara da matasa sun bambanta. Dangane da ƙididdigar ƙasa ta 2011, fiye da 900,000 ba su cikin makarantu tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14 ba. Wasu daga cikin dalilan da suka fi dacewa da rashin zuwa makaranta an ruwaito su ne saboda auren da aka yi da wuri da kuma aikin yara, wanda ya haifar da barin makaranta. A halin yanzu babu wani bayanan hukuma game da yawan ma'aikatan yara, tare da adadi na hukuma na baya-bayan nan daga ƙididdigar ƙasar Iran ta 2011. Dangane da ƙidayar shekara ta 2011, akwai yara masu aiki 68,558 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14, da 696,700 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 18.<ref name="Iran 2015">Rights of the Child in Iran, Joint alternative report, March 2015, 46.</ref> A cewar Majalisar Tsayayya ta Kasa ta Iran (NCRI), har zuwa yara miliyan 3.1 na Iran ba sa makaranta, wanda rabi na cikin ma'aikata.<ref>National Council of Resistance of Iran. Available at: http://www.ncr-iran.org/en/news/human-rights/12893-a-fifth-of-children-in-iran-living-on-the-streets-or-forced-into-child-labor</ref> A cikin ƙididdigar hukuma ta Iran a cikin 1996, fiye da 4% na yawan ma'aikata na Iran suna tsakanin shekaru 10 - 14. A cikin waɗannan ƙididdigar, yawan ma'aikata na Iran ya kai mutane miliyan 14.5, don haka yawan yara da ke aiki masu shekaru 10-14, wanda ya kasance 4%, kusan dubu 600 ne. A shekara ta 1996, akwai kimanin yara 380,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 14 a Iran waɗanda ke da aiki mai kyau.<ref>{{Cite web |title=کودکان کار |url=http://www.beytoote.com/baby/psychology-baby/child1-labor.html |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=www.beytoote.com}}</ref> Yara da yawa a birane daban-daban suma suna da hannu a cikin masu sayar da titi. Iyayen mafi yawansu suna shan miyagun ƙwayoyi, kuma waɗannan yara suna fuskantar cin zarafin yara da cin zarafin jima'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=آفتاب |title=فروش و استفاده جنسی از كودكان كار دروازه ‌غار! |url=http://aftabnews.ir/vdcdfk0fjyt0sj6.2a2y.html |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=آفتاب |language=Persian |archive-date=11 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311141121/http://aftabnews.ir/vdcdfk0fjyt0sj6.2a2y.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Cinikin yara == Ana amfani da Iran a matsayin tushen wucewa, da kuma ƙasar da za a yi amfani da ita don fataucin yara.<ref>[https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2016/index.htm Trafficking in Persons Report report 2016], The United States State Department.</ref> Matasan 'yan mata na Iran suna da matukar damuwa ga fataucin mutane, wanda aka yi jayayya da wani bangare saboda talauci da dokokin gwamnati waɗanda ke warewa ga mata. Ma'aikata sun fi yawan maza, saboda kashi 15 cikin 100 na dukkan mata suna da aiki.<ref>A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women, and Children, Protection Project, July 2011. Available at: http://www.protectionproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2010/09/Iran.pdf</ref> Ana ganin 'yan mata masu gudu musamman masu saukin kamuwa da fataucin mutane da karuwanci.<ref name="Persons 2011">A Human Rights Report on Trafficking in Persons, July 2011.</ref> A wata hira da BBC ta yi a shekara ta 2005, Dokta Hadi Motamedi, shugaban sashin rigakafin zamantakewar al'umma na Ma'aikatar Lafiya, ya ce yawancin 'yan mata masu gudu suna fuskantar fyade a cikin sa'o'i 24 na farko. A cewar Motamedi, yawancin wadanda aka yi wa fyade an ƙi su lokacin da suka koma iyalansu.<ref>“Most Runaway Girls in Iran Raped Within First 24 Hours” Iran Focus, London, 12 July 2005. available at: http://gvnet.com/humantrafficking/Iran.htm</ref> Gidajen da aka kafa don masu gudu sun zama sanannun tushen neman karuwanci da yara don siyarwa. A cewar shugaban shari'a na lardin [[Tehran]], masu fataucin mutane galibi suna da niyya ga 'yan mata tsakanin 13 zuwa 17, kodayake akwai wasu rahotanni game da' yan mata masu shekaru 8 zuwa 10 da ake fataucin su. Har ila yau, an sami rahotanni game da shari'o'in fataucin jarirai da yawa a Iran.<ref name="Persons 2011" /> == Aure na farko == A halin yanzu, ƙaramin shekarun aure ga 'yan mata a Iran shine shekaru goma sha uku na wata yayin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyar na wata ga yara maza. Koyaya, ga namiji, har yanzu yana yiwuwa a nemi kotu ta auri yaro a ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin shekarun aure kamar yadda yanke shawara ko yaron ya kamata ya yi aure har yanzu yana hannun mai kula da su.<ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1041.</ref> Dangane da Dokar Jama'a ta Iran, bayan ta cika goma sha uku, budurwa budurwa da ke yin aure a karo na farko suna buƙatar izinin uba ko kakan kawai.<ref>Iranian Civil Code (1928), Amended 2006, Article 1043.</ref> A baya, mafi ƙarancin shekaru don aure shine shekaru 15 ga 'yan mata da shekaru 18 ga yara maza, kuma a yanayi na musamman kuma tare da gabatar da takardar shaidar kotu,' yan mata masu shekaru 13 da yara maza masu shekaru 15 zasu iya yin aure; Saboda haka, an haramta auren a ƙarƙashin shekaru 13.<ref name="parstoday.com">{{Cite web |date=25 November 1395 |title=سن قانونی ازدواج و ثبت نکاح در قوانین ایران |url=http://parstoday.com/dari/radio/uncategorised-i30855 |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=parstoday.com |language=Persian}}</ref> Dokar Karewa ta Yara ba tare da Guardian ba, wadda Iran ta karɓa a 1975, ta sami canje-canje a cikin shekarar 2013. A cikin sabon sigar, Mataki na 27 ya bayyana cewa "Idan shugaban iyali yana so ya auri yaron da aka karɓa, ya kamata ya aika mata da cikakkun bayanai ga kotu don amincewa. Idan auren ya riga ya faru, Kungiyar Welfare State dole ne ta kai rahoton ga kotu, inda za a yanke shawarar ci gaba da kulawa da iyali ɗaya ko soke shi". <ref>Elham Namdari, “Legalizing Marriage with Stepchild in Iran and Human Rights”, Journal of Social Welfare and Human Rights (2015), Vol.3, No.1, 45</ref> Dangane da kididdigar da [[UNICEF]] ta bayar, tsakanin 2008 da 2014, kashi 3% na matasa na Iran sun yi aure tun suna da shekaru goma sha biyar, kuma kashi 17% tun suna da shekara goma sha takwas. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=https://www.unicef.org/publications/files/UNICEF_SOWC_2016.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920001238/http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/UNICEF_SOWC_2016.pdf |archive-date=2016-09-20 |access-date=2017-03-15}}</ref> Kididdigar 2010 ta nuna cewa an yi rajistar shari'o'i 43, 457 na yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru 15 don aure. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=افزایش نگران‌کننده ازدواج و طلاق کودکان در ایران - DW - 22.08.2012 |url=http://www.dw.com/fa-ir/%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%B2%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B4-%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87-%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AC-%D9%88-%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82-%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86/a-16184597 |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=DW.COM |language=Persian}}</ref> Kashi 90 cikin dari na kididdigar suna da alaƙa da 'yan mata. Amma bincike ya nuna cewa yawan auren yara ba'a iyakance shi da kididdiga ba, tunda a yankunan karkara yara suna da aure kuma suna rayuwa shekaru da yawa ba tare da aure ba.  {{Ana buƙatar hujja|date=May 2018}}Har ila yau, bisa ga kididdigar a cikin 2012, yara 37,000 masu shekaru 10 zuwa 18 sun sake aure ko gwauruwa. Kowace shekara, 'yan mata 800 daga shekaru 10 zuwa 14 da' yan mata 15,000 masu shekaru 15 zuwa 19 sun sake aure a Iran. Talauci da imani na gargajiya sune dalilin waɗannan auren farko.<ref name="auto" />A mafi yawan lokuta, dangin surukin suna biyan kuɗi ga dangin amarya, waɗanda galibi matalauta ne don auren 'yarsu mara shekaru. Sakamakon auren farko sun hada da karuwar jahilci da rashin kulawa tsakanin mata, auren mata da yawa, zubar da gida, da abubuwan da suka faru na aure.<ref name="parstoday.com"/> == Dubi kuma == * Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Yara * [[Sanarwar 'Yancin Yara]] * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Iran * 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jamhuriyar Musulunci ta Iran == Bayani == : 1.    Shekarar wata, wanda shine ma'auni wanda Kalandar wata ta dogara da shi, bambance-bambance a tsawon daga shekara ta rana ta kwana goma sha ɗaya zuwa goma sha biyu.  Sabili da haka, shekaru tara na wata sun dace da kimanin shekaru takwas na rana da watanni takwas kuma shekaru goma sha biyar na wata kusan shekaru goma sha huɗu ne na rana da wata bakwai. : 2.   <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_b">'''^'''</span> ''Ihsan'' shine matsayin mutumin da ya yi aure wanda zai iya yin jima'i da matarsa "duk lokacin da yake so".<span> </span>''Ihsan'' kuma yana nufin matsayin mace wacce za ta iya yin jima'i da mijinta. (Kundin Shari'a na Iran, Mataki na 226) : 3.   <span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_c">'''^'''</span> Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta bayyana ma'aikacin yaro a matsayin ko dai a) yaro mai shekaru 5-11 wanda ko dai yana shiga cikin aƙalla awa 1 na ayyukan tattalin arziki ko akalla awanni 28 na ayyukan gida a kowane mako ko b) yaro mai shekara 12-14 wanda ke shiga cikin akasin haka awanni 14 na ayyukan tattalin arziƙi ko akalla sa'o'i 28 na ayyukan iyali a kowane mako. <span> </span> (UNICEF, A State of the World Children 2016). Wani ma'anar da ILO ta bayar ta hanyar Bayanai da Kula da Ayyukan Yara (SIMPOC) ya bayyana yaro a matsayin ma'aikacin yara idan yana da hannu a cikin ayyukan tattalin arziƙi, bai kai shekara 12 ba, kuma yana aiki daya ko fiye da sa'o'i a kowane mako, ko yana da shekaru 14 ko ƙasa kuma yana aiki aƙalla sa'o-i 14 a kowane mako a cikin ayyukan haɗari, ko kuma yana aiki 17 ko ƙasa da aiki a cikin "mafi mafi munin aikin yara" (karuwanci, yara, rikice-rikice-rikici, wallafe-karuwanci ko aiki na tilastawa, wallafe, wallafe. == Manazarta == {{Reflist|30em}}{{Asia topic|Children's rights in}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] huvhlnx5woqspfmi317tqe5yech75ue Ruwa mai carbon 0 81603 961868 958053 2026-10-02T12:48:34Z Crookesmoor 40307 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Soda gun.jpg]] → [[File:Wunderbar soda gun.jpg]] 961868 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Drinking_glass_00118.gif|thumb|Ruwa mai haske yana nuna carbonation dinsa, wanda zai iya zama na halitta ko na wucin gadi]] {{External media|width=210px|float=right|headerimage=|audio1=[https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/podcast/fizzy-water "Fizzy Water"], ''Distillations'' Podcast Episode 217, [[Science History Institute]]}} Ruwan Carboned (wanda kuma aka sani da ruwan soda, ruwan bubbly, ruwa mai kyalli, ruwa mai [[Kafin Zaki Dam|kaifi]], soda club, ruwa mai gas, a wurare da yawa kamar ruwan ma'adinai, ko musamman a Amurka a matsayin mai seltzer ko ruwan seltzer) ruwa ne mai narkar da carbon dioxide. iskar gas, ko dai an yi masa allura ta wucin gadi a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba ko kuma yana faruwa saboda tsarin yanayin ƙasa. Carbonation yana haifar da ƙananan kumfa, yana ba ruwan kyakkyawan inganci. Siffofin gama gari sun haɗa da ruwan ma'adinai mai kyalli, soda kulob, da kuma samar da ruwa mai kyalli na kasuwanci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Twilley |first=Nicola |last2=Graber |first2=Cynthia |date=13 December 2016 |title=The Medical Origins of Seltzer |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/12/gettin-fizzy-with-it/510470/ |access-date=24 May 2019 |website=The Atlantic}}</ref> Soda ruwa da ruwan ma'adinai mai kyalli da wasu ruwaye masu kyalli sun ƙunshi ƙara ko narkar da ma'adanai kamar potassium bicarbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium citrate, ko potassium sulfate. Wadannan suna faruwa ta dabi'a a cikin wasu ruwan ma'adinai amma kuma ana kara su ta hanyar wucin gadi zuwa ruwan da aka kera don kwaikwayi bayanin dandano na dabi'a da kuma kawar da acidity na gabatar da iskar carbon dioxide yana ba mutum jin dadi. Ana sayar da ruwan carbonated iri-iri a cikin kwalabe da gwangwani, wasu kuma ana samar da su bisa buƙata ta tsarin tsarin carbonation na kasuwanci a cikin sanduna da gidajen cin abinci, ko kuma ana yin su a gida ta amfani da katun carbon dioxide.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Jessica Krefting, MS, RD, LDN |date=September 1, 2018 |title=Seltzer or Sparkling Water: An Alternative to Flat Water |url=https://www.jrnjournal.org/article/S1051-2276(18)30155-9/pdf |journal=Journal of Renal Nutrition |volume=28 |issue=5 |pages=E33–E35 |doi=10.1053/j.jrn.2018.07.001 |s2cid=81383075}}</ref> Ana tunanin cewa mutum na farko da ya fara watsa ruwa da carbon dioxide shine William Brownrigg a cikin 1740s. Joseph Priestley ya ƙirƙira ruwan carbonated, da kansa kuma ta hanyar haɗari, a cikin 1767 lokacin da ya gano hanyar shayar da ruwa da carbon dioxide bayan ya dakatar da kwanon ruwa sama da bututun giya a wani mashaya a Leeds, Yorkshire. Ya rubuta game da " gamsuwa ta musamman" da ya samu wajen shan ta, kuma a cikin 1772 ya buga wata takarda mai suna Impregnating Water with Fixed Air. Na'urar Priestley, kusan kama da wadda Henry Cavendish yayi amfani da ita shekaru biyar da suka gabata, wanda ke dauke da mafitsara tsakanin injin janareta da tankin sha don daidaita kwararar carbon dioxide, ba da dadewa ba wasu da dama sun hade. Duk da haka, sai a shekara ta 1781 ne aka fara samar da ruwa mai dauke da carbonated a kan wani babban sikeli tare da kafa kamfanoni da suka kware wajen samar da ruwan ma'adinai na wucin gadi. Thomas Henry na Manchester, Ingila ne ya gina masana'anta ta farko. Henry ya maye gurbin mafitsara a cikin tsarin Priestley da manyan bellows. Yayin da binciken Priestley ya haifar da ƙirƙirar masana'antar abin sha mai laushi - wanda ya fara a 1783 lokacin da Johann Jacob Schweppe ya kafa Schweppes don sayar da ruwan soda na kwalba - bai amfana da kudi daga abin da ya kirkiro ba. Priestley ya sami karbuwa a kimiyya lokacin da Majalisar Royal Society ta “zama don ba wa wanda ya gano ta lambar yabo ta Copley Medal” a taron tunawa da Royal Society a ranar 30 ga Nuwamba 1773.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McKie |first=Douglas |date=18 July 2013 |title=Joseph Priestley and The Copley Medal |journal=Ambix |volume=9 |pages=1–22 |doi=10.1179/amb.1961.9.1.1}}</ref> == Rubuce-rubuce == Ruwan carbonated na halitta da ƙera na iya ƙunsar ƙaramin adadin sodium chloride, sodium citrate, sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium sulfate, ko disodium phosphate, dangane da samfurin. Waɗannan suna faruwa ta zahiri a cikin ruwan ma'adinai amma ana ƙara su ta hanyar wucin gadi zuwa ruwan da aka samar da kasuwanci don kwaikwayi bayanin martabar ɗanɗano na halitta da kashe acidity na gabatar da iskar carbon dioxide (wanda ke haifar da ƙarancin 5-6 pH carbonic acid bayani lokacin narkar da cikin ruwa).<ref name="ADA">{{Cite journal |last=Reddy |first=Avanija |last2=Norris |first2=Don F. |last3=Momeni |first3=Stephanie S. |last4=Waldo |first4=Belinda |last5=Ruby |first5=John D. |date=April 2016 |title=The pH of beverages in the United States |url=http://www.ada.org/~/media/ADA/Public%20Programs/Files/JADA_The%20pH%20of%20beverages%20in%20the%20United%20States.pdf |journal=The Journal of the American Dental Association |volume=147 |issue=4 |pages=255–263 |doi=10.1016/j.adaj.2015.10.019 |pmc=4808596 |pmid=26653863}}</ref>   <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="This article does not provide a range of 5-6 for carbonated water; in fact, one mineral water has a pH below 5 (August 2023)">failed verification</span>]]''&#x5D;</sup> Rijiyoyin Artesian a wurare irin su Mihalkovo a cikin tsaunin Rhodope na Bulgaria, da Medžitlija a Arewacin Macedonia, kuma musamman a Selters a cikin tsaunukan Taunus na Jamus, suna samar da ruwan ma'adinai na zahiri.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Summer 2008 |title=Powerful Effervescence |url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/distillations/magazine/powerful-effervescence |access-date=2019-02-13}}</ref> == Tasirin lafiya == Da kanta, ruwan carbonated ya bayyana ba shi da wani tasiri ga lafiya. Ruwan Carboned, kamar soda club ko mai kyalli, an ayyana shi a dokar Amurka a matsayin abinci mai ƙarancin ƙima, ko da an ƙara ma'adanai, bitamin, ko kayan zaki na wucin gadi a ciki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 September 2013 |title=Foods of Minimal Nutritional Value |url=https://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/foods-minimal-nutritional-value |access-date=2017-08-04 |website=fns.usda.gov |series=Appendix B of 7 CFR Part 210 |publisher=[[Food and Nutrition Service]], United States Department of Agriculture |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528145328/http://www.fns.usda.gov/school-meals/foods-minimal-nutritional-value |archive-date=2015-05-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ruwan Carboned ba ya bayyana yana da tasiri akan cututtukan gastroesophageal reflux. Akwai shedar tabbatacciyar shaida cewa ruwan carbonated na iya taimakawa tare da maƙarƙashiya tsakanin mutanen da suka sami bugun jini.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Coggrave |first=M |last2=Norton |first2=C |last3=Cody |first3=JD |date=13 January 2014 |title=Management of faecal incontinence and constipation in adults with central neurological diseases |journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews |issue=1 |pages=CD002115 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD002115.pub5 |pmc=10656572 |pmid=24420006}}</ref> === Rugujewar acid === Duk da yake ruwan carbonated yana ɗan ɗanɗano acidic, wannan acidity na iya zama ɗan ɓarna ta yau. Wani bincike ya gano cewa ruwan ma'adinai mai kyalkyali yana da kyalli ga hakora fiye da ruwan da ba carbonated ba amma yana da kusan kashi 1% kamar yadda abubuwan sha ke lalata. Wani bincike na 2017 da Ƙungiyar Dental Association ta Amurka ta yi ya nuna cewa zai ɗauki fiye da shekaru 100 na shan ruwa a kullum don yin lahani ga haƙoran ɗan adam—da'awar da ba za a iya amfani da ita ba idan an ƙara sukari ko kayan ɗanɗano na wucin gadi, wanda galibi ya haɗa da citric acid da sauran acid 'ya'yan itace, an yi hasashen yin tasiri akan haƙoran ɗan adam.<ref name="pmid11556958">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Parry J, Shaw L, Arnaud MJ, Smith AJ |date=August 2001 |title=Investigation of mineral waters and soft drinks in relation to dental erosion |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-oral-rehabilitation_2001-08_28_8/page/766 |journal=J Oral Rehabil |volume=28 |issue=8 |pages=766–72 |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2842.2001.00795.x |pmid=11556958 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Chemistry da kaddarorin jiki == [[Fayil:Carbonation_vs._Temperature.webm|thumb|Haɗin a cikin carbonic acid yana da sauƙin karyawa a yanayin zafi mai girma wanda ke haifar da ƙarni na ruwa da carbon dioxide. Don haka ruwa mai haske a ƙananan yanayin zafi (dama mai nisa) yana riƙe da carbonation fiye da a sama (hagu mai nisa). ]] Carbon dioxide gas narkar da cikin ruwa yana haifar da ƙaramin adadin carbonic acid (H2CO3) : H2O (l) + CO2 (g) H2CO3 (aq) tare da adadin carbonic acid kusan 0.17% na CO2. Acid ɗin yana ba da ruwan carbonated ɗan ɗanɗano tart. Matsayinsa na pH na tsakanin 5 zuwa 6  yana kusan tsakanin ruwan apple da ruwan lemu a cikin acidity, amma ƙasa da acidic fiye da acid ɗin cikin ciki. A al'ada, lafiyayyen jikin mutum yana kiyaye ma'aunin pH ta hanyar acid-base homeostasis kuma ba zai iya cutar da shi ta hanyar amfani da ruwa na fili na carbonated ba. Ana fitar da Carbon dioxide a cikin jini ta huhu. Gishiri na alkaline, irin su sodium bicarbonate, potassium bicarbonate, ko potassium citrate, za su ƙara pH. Dokar Henry ta bayyana adadin iskar gas da za a iya narkar da shi a cikin ruwa. Ƙididdiga ya dogara da zafin jiki. A cikin tsarin carbonization, ruwa yana sanyi, mafi kyau duka zuwa sama da daskarewa, don ƙara yawan adadin carbon dioxide da za a iya narkar da shi. Matsakaicin iskar gas da ƙananan zafin jiki yana haifar da ƙarin iskar gas don narkewa a cikin ruwa. Lokacin da zafin jiki ya tashi ko an rage matsa lamba (kamar yadda ya faru lokacin da aka bude akwati na ruwa na carbonated), carbon dioxide yana motsawa, don haka yana tserewa daga maganin. Yawan ruwa na carbonated ya ɗan fi girma fiye da na ruwa mai tsabta. Ana iya ƙididdige ƙarar adadin ruwan carbonated ta hanyar ɗaukar girman ruwan da ƙara santimita cubic 0.8 ga kowane gram na CO2 . <ref>See example calculation in {{Cite journal |last=Eric Kvaalen |date=Nov 4, 2009 |title=Con gas, sin gas |url=https://www.newscientist.com/lastword/mg20427331-500-con-gas-sin-gas/ |journal=New Scientist}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Julio E. García |date=Oct 11, 2001 |title=Density of Aqueous Solutions of CO<sub>2</sub> |url=https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6dn022hb |website=eScholarship |publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory}}</ref>  == Tarihi == [[Fayil:PSM_V05_D400_Joseph_Priestley.jpg|thumb|Joseph Priestley ya fara hanyar carbonation a karni na 18.]] Yawancin abubuwan sha na barasa, irin su giya, shampagne, cider, da spritzer, sun kasance a zahiri carbonated ta hanyar fermentation na ƙarni. A cikin 1662 Christopher Merret ya kirkiro 'ruwan inabi mai ban sha'awa'. William Brownrigg shi ne na farko da ya fara samar da ruwa mai carbonated, a farkon shekarun 1740, ta hanyar amfani da carbon dioxide da aka dauka daga ma'adanan. A shekara ta 1750 dan kasar Faransa Gabriel François Venel shi ma ya samar da ruwa na carbonated na wucin gadi, kodayake bai fahimci yanayin iskar gas din da ya haifar da carbonation ba. A cikin 1764, masanin kimiyar Irish Dokta Macbride ya ba da ruwa tare da carbon dioxide a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin gwaje-gwaje akan fermentation da ɓarna. A cikin 1766 Henry Cavendish ya ƙirƙira wani na'ura mai ɗaukar iska wanda zai zaburar da Joseph Priestley don aiwatar da nasa gwaje-gwajen game da ruwan carbonated. Har ila yau Cavendish ya san abubuwan da Brownrigg ya yi a wannan lokacin kuma ya buga takarda a kan gwaje-gwajen da ya yi akan wani wuri na kusa da ruwan ma'adinai a farkon Janairu a cikin shekara mai zuwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1767 |title=XI. Experiments on Rathbone-place water |url=http://rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/57/92.full.pdf+html |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London |publisher=Rstl.royalsocietypublishing.org |volume=57 |pages=92–108 |doi=10.1098/rstl.1767.0012 |s2cid=186214874 |access-date=2018-01-03}}</ref> [[Fayil:Priestley_Joseph_pneumatic_trough.jpg|alt=Engraving of assorted scientific equipment, such as a pneumatic trough. A dead mouse rests under one glass canister.|left|thumb|Kayan aiki da Priestley ya yi amfani da shi a cikin gwaje-gwajensa akan iskar gas da carbonation na ruwa]] A shekara ta 1767 Priestley ya gano hanyar cusa ruwa da carbon dioxide ta hanyar zubar da ruwa baya da baya sama da bututun giya a wani gidan giya a Leeds, Ingila. Iskar da ta lulluɓe giyar da ta yi taki-wanda ake kira 'fixed air'—an san yana kashe berayen da aka dakatar a ciki. Priestley ya sami ruwa don haka ana bi da shi yana da ɗanɗano, kuma ya miƙa wa abokai abin sha mai daɗi, mai daɗi. A shekara ta 1772, Priestley ya wallafa wata takarda mai suna Impregnating Water tare da Kafaffen iska wanda a ciki ya bayyana diga "man vitriol" (sulfuric acid) a kan alli don samar da iskar carbon dioxide, kuma yana ƙarfafa iskar gas ta narke a cikin wani kwano na ruwa. Priestley ya yi nuni da ƙirƙirar da ya yi na wannan ruwan da aka yi da shi a matsayin gano “mafi farin ciki” da ya samu. {{Quote box|width=29%}} Na'urar Priestley, wacce ta yi kama da irin wadda Henry Cavendish ya kirkira shekaru biyar da suka gabata, ya nuna mafitsara tsakanin injin janareta da tankin sha don daidaita kwararar carbon dioxide, kuma ba da dadewa ba wasu da dama sun hade, amma hakan bai samu ba. har zuwa 1781 cewa an fara samar da ruwan carbonated akan babban sikeli tare da kafa kamfanoni na musamman wajen samar da ruwan ma'adinai na wucin gadi. Thomas Henry na Manchester, Ingila ne ya gina masana'anta ta farko. Henry ya maye gurbin mafitsara a cikin tsarin Priestley da manyan bellows. JJ Schweppe ya kirkiro wani tsari don kera ruwan ma'adinan carbonated kwalabe bisa ga gano Priestley, wanda ya kafa Kamfanin Schweppes a Geneva a 1783. Schweppes ya ɗauki Priestley a matsayin "uban masana'antarmu". A shekara ta 1792 ya koma London don bunkasa kasuwanci a can. A cikin 1799 Augustine Thwaites ya kafa Thwaites' Soda Water a Dublin. Wani labarin da aka buga a London Globe ya yi iƙirarin cewa wannan kamfani ne ya fara yin haƙƙin mallaka da sayar da "Soda Water" da sunan. Labarin ya ce a lokacin zafi na 1777 a Landan "ruwa mai iska" (wato, carbonated) suna sayar da kyau amma har yanzu ba a ambaci "ruwa soda", ko da yake an yi amfani da "soda powders" na farko. "mai dauke da bicarbonate na soda da tartaric acid. Sunan ruwan soda ya taso daga gaskiyar cewa soda (sodium carbonate ko bicarbonate) an ƙara sau da yawa don daidaita dandano da pH.  {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=March 2022}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Ana yin ruwan carbonated na zamani ta hanyar shigar da carbon dioxide da aka matsa cikin ruwa. Matsin yana ƙara narkewa kuma yana ba da damar ƙarin carbon dioxide don narkewa fiye da yadda zai yiwu a ƙarƙashin madaidaicin yanayin yanayi. Lokacin da aka buɗe kwalban, an saki matsa lamba, ƙyale gas ya fita daga maganin, samar da kumfa mai mahimmanci. Tushen CO2 na zamani sun fito ne daga hanyoyin masana'antu, kamar kona albarkatun mai kamar kwal da methane a tashoshin wutar lantarki, ko gyaran tururi na methane don samar da hydrogen. === Magana === [[Fayil:Belfast_Evening_Post,_August_7,_1786.jpg|right|thumb|A ranar 7 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1786]] A {asar Amirka, an san ruwan da ba a so, ko dai a matsayin ruwan soda, saboda gishirin sodium da ke cikinsa, ko kuma ruwan seltzer, wanda ya samo asali daga garin Selters na Jamus wanda ya shahara ga maɓuɓɓugar ma'adinai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Definition of seltzer&nbsp;— Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/cgi-bin/dictionary?book=Dictionary&va=seltzer |access-date=2007-11-07}}</ref> An ƙara gishiri na sodium zuwa ruwa mai laushi duka a matsayin ɗanɗano (don yin kwaikwayon sanannun ruwan ma'adinai, irin su Selters na halitta, ruwan Vichy da ruwa na Saratoga) da kuma masu kula da acidity (don kashe acidic 5-6 pH carbonic acid halitta lokacin da aka narkar da carbon dioxide a ciki). ruwa) <ref name="ADA"/> A cikin shekarun 1950s kalmar kulob din soda ta fara shahara. Gabaɗaya, ruwan seltzer ba shi da ƙaramar gishirin sodium, yayin da soda ɗin har yanzu yana riƙe da wasu gishirin sodium. == Kayayyakin ruwa na carbonating == === Gida === ==== Soda siphons ==== [[Fayil:SiphonSeltzerAnchorBWks001.jpg|left|thumb|A soda siphon {{Circa|1922}}]] Soda siphon, ko kwalban seltzer-gilashi ko jirgin ruwa mai matsa lamba tare da bawul ɗin saki da spout don rarraba ruwan soda mai matsa lamba-ya kasance abin gani na kowa a cikin sanduna da farkon-zuwa tsakiyar gidajen ƙarni na 20 inda ya zama alamar tsakiyar. - wadatuwar aji. Matsin iskar gas a cikin siphon yana fitar da ruwan soda sama ta cikin bututu a cikin siphon lokacin da bawul ɗin bawul a saman ya raunana. Siphon soda na kasuwanci sun zo an riga an caje su da ruwa da gas kuma an mayar da su ga dillalin don musayar lokacin da babu komai. Tsarin ajiya ya tabbatar da cewa ba a jefar da su ba. Siphon soda na gida na iya fitar da ruwa mai laushi ta hanyar amfani da ƙaramin kwan fitila mai yuwuwar zubar da ruwa mai ɗauke da carbon dioxide. Ana danna kwan fitila a cikin taron bawul a saman siphon, an yi allurar gas, sannan an cire kwan fitila. ==== Gasogene ==== [[Fayil:Seltzogene.jpg|thumb|Late Victorian seltzogene da British Syphon ya yi]] Gasogene (ko gazogene, ko seltzogene) na'urar Victoria ce ta ƙarshe don samar da ruwan carbonated. Ya ƙunshi duniyoyin gilashi guda biyu masu haɗin gwiwa: ƙananan ruwa mai ƙunshe ko wani abin sha da za a yi shi mai walƙiya, na sama cakuda tartaric acid da sodium bicarbonate wanda ke amsawa don samar da carbon dioxide. Gas ɗin da aka samar yana tura ruwan da ke cikin ƙananan akwati sama da bututu da fita daga na'urar. Dubban suna kewaye da wicker ko ragar kariya ta waya, saboda suna da yanayin fashewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mixing it up: A Look at the Evolution of the Siphon-Bottle |url=http://www.bottlebooks.com/Siphons/mixing_it_up.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822114507/http://www.bottlebooks.com/Siphons/mixing_it_up.htm |archive-date=2018-08-22 |access-date=2014-06-09}}</ref> ==== Gilashin wuyan hannu ==== [[Fayil:Image-Codd_bottle.jpg|left|thumb|An tsara kwalban Codd-neck don ƙunsar marmara wanda ke hatimi a cikin carbonation.]] A cikin 1872, mai yin abin sha mai laushi Hiram Codd na Camberwell, London, ya tsara kuma ya ba da izinin kwalban Codd-neck, wanda aka kera musamman don abubuwan sha. kwalaben Codd-wuyan yana rufe marmara da mai wanki/gasket na roba a wuya. An cika kwalabe na juye-juye, kuma matsa lamba na iskar gas a cikin kwalbar ya tilasta marmara a kan injin wanki, tare da rufewa a cikin carbonation. An dunkule kwalbar ta zama wata siffa ta musamman don samar da dakin da aka tura marmara a ciki don bude kwalbar. Wannan ya hana marmara toshe wuyansa yayin da ake zuba abin sha. Ba da daɗewa ba bayan ƙaddamar da shi, kwalaben ya zama sananne sosai a cikin masana'antar abin sha mai laushi da masana'anta musamman a Burtaniya da sauran ƙasashen Turai, Asiya, da Australasia, kodayake wasu masu shan barasa sun ƙi yin amfani da kwalbar. Kamfanin R. White's, wanda shi ne babban kamfanin shaye-shaye a birnin Landan da kudu maso gabashin Ingila lokacin da aka bullo da wannan kwalbar, yana cikin kamfanonin da suka sayar da abin sha a cikin kwalaben gilashin Codd. Ɗaya daga cikin ilimin ƙa'idar kalmar codswallop ya samo asali ne daga giya da aka sayar a cikin kwalabe na Codd, ko da yake ana watsi da wannan a matsayin ilimin ilimin jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Phrase Finder is copyright Gary Martin, 1996-2016. All rights reserved. |title=A load of codswallop |url=http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/235250.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080913063340/http://www.phrases.org.uk/meanings/235250.html |archive-date=13 September 2008 |access-date=15 March 2016}}</ref> An samar da kwalaben shekaru da yawa, amma a hankali sun ƙi yin amfani da su. Tun da yara suka farfasa kwalabe don dawo da marmara, kwalabe na inabin ba su da yawa kuma sun zama kayan tattarawa, musamman a Burtaniya. Saboda haɗarin fashewa da raunuka daga guntuwar gilasai, an hana yin amfani da irin wannan kwalban a yawancin ƙasashe, tunda sauran hanyoyin rufe kwalabe masu matsa lamba na iya haɗawa da sakin matsi marasa aminci cikin sauƙi. Har yanzu ana amfani da ƙirar Codd-neck don abin sha mai laushi na Japan Ramune, kuma a cikin abin sha na Indiya da ake kira Banta. ==== Masu yin soda ==== [[Fayil:Trinkwasserbesprudler.jpg|left|thumb|256x256px|Kyakkyawan mai yin soda don amfani da gida wanda aka samo a cikin manyan kantuna. Ana haɗa katako na carbon dioxide da kwalban matsin lamba.]] Masu yin soda ko soda carbonators sune kayan aikin da ke fitar da ruwa tare da gwangwani masu amfani da carbon dioxide da yawa. Ana samar da tsarin iri-iri ta masana'antun da masu sha'awar sha'awa. Ana iya siyar da rukunin kasuwanci tare da madaidaicin syrup don yin abubuwan sha masu ɗanɗano. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan masu samar da soda carbonators shine SodaStream. Kayayyakinsu sun shahara a cikin 1970s da 1980s a Burtaniya, kuma suna da alaƙa da son zuciya na wancan lokacin kuma sun sami dawowa a cikin 2000s.<ref name="waitrose">{{Cite web |date=12 September 2006 |title=Sodastream |url=http://www.waitrose.com/food_drink/wfi/drinks/softdrinks/0208093.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912105849/http://www.waitrose.com/food_drink/wfi/drinks/softdrinks/0208093.asp |archive-date=12 September 2006 |access-date=12 September 2006 |website=Waitrose Food Illustrated |publisher=[[Waitrose]]}}</ref> === Kasuwanci === [[Fayil:Wunderbar soda gun.jpg|right|thumb|Wani bindiga na soda na zamaniSoda gun]] Tsarin narkar da carbon dioxide a cikin ruwa ana kiransa carbonation. Ruwan soda na kasuwanci a cikin siphon ana yin shi ta hanyar sanyaya tsaftataccen ruwa zuwa 8 °C (46 °F) ko ƙasa, zaɓin ƙara wani sinadarin sodium ko potassium tushen alkaline kamar sodium bicarbonate don kawar da acid ɗin da aka ƙirƙira lokacin da ake matsa ruwan da carbon dioxide ( wanda ke haifar da babban 8-10 pH carbonic acid-bicarbonate buffer bayani lokacin narkar da cikin ruwa). Gas yana narkewa a cikin ruwa, kuma ana ƙara ƙarar da ke cike da carbon dioxide don matsawa siphon zuwa kusan fam 120 a kowace murabba'in inch (830 kPa), wasu 30 zuwa 40 psi (210-280 kPa) sama da yadda yake a ciki. fermenting champagne kwalabe. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=July 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> A yawancin gidajen cin abinci na zamani da sanduna ana kera ruwan soda akan wurin ta amfani da na'urorin da aka sani da carbonators. Carbonators suna amfani da famfunan injina don tura ruwa zuwa ɗakin da aka matsa inda aka haɗa shi da carbon dioxide daga tankuna masu matsa lamba a kusan 100 psi (690 kPa). Ruwan da aka matse da carbonated sannan yana gudana ko dai kai tsaye zuwa famfo ko haɗa kawunan inda ake ƙara ɗanɗano kafin a ba da shi. == Amfani da shi == === Abin sha mai narkewa === Ruwan Carboned wani mahimmin sinadari ne a cikin abubuwan sha masu laushi, abubuwan sha waɗanda galibi sun ƙunshi ruwan carbonated, abin zaƙi, da ɗanɗano irin su cola, ginger, ko citrus. Ana amfani da ruwa mai ƙyalƙyali ko kuma ruwan ma'adinai mai kyalli a matsayin madadin abubuwan sha. Club soda ruwa ne carbonated wanda aka ƙara mahadi irin su sodium bicarbonate ko potassium sulfate. Yawancin masana'antun suna samar da samfuran ruwa masu kyalkyali da ba su da daɗi waɗanda aka ɗanɗana ta hanyar ƙara kayan ƙanshi kamar mai mai mahimmanci. Ruwan Carboned sau da yawa ana haɗe shi da ruwan 'ya'yan itace don yin naushi mai ban sha'awa na giya da maras giya<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Flavored Sparkling Water with No Calories |url=https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavored-sparkling-water-calories-11000.html |access-date=2024-07-15 |archive-date=2023-03-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230321100209/https://healthyeating.sfgate.com/flavored-sparkling-water-calories-11000.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Abin sha mai barasa === Ruwan Carboned wani sinadari ne da aka haɗe shi da abubuwan sha inda ake amfani da shi don kashe abin sha kuma yana ba da matakin 'fizz'. Ƙara ruwan soda zuwa abubuwan sha na "gajeren" irin su ruhohi yana diluted su kuma ya sa su "dogon" (kar a ruɗe da dogon abin sha kamar waɗanda aka yi da vermouth). Ruwan Carboned kuma yana aiki da kyau a cikin gajerun abubuwan sha da aka yi da whiskey, brandy, da Campari. Za a iya amfani da ruwan Soda don tsarma abubuwan sha bisa ga kayan marmari kamar lemu na lemu. Ruwan soda abu ne mai mahimmanci a yawancin hadaddiyar giyar, irin su whiskey da soda ko Campari da soda. === Yin dafa abinci === Ruwan Carboned yana ƙara shahara a dafa abinci na Yamma a matsayin madadin ruwa mara kyau a cikin batir mai soya mai zurfi don samar da launi mai sauƙi ga kullu mai kama da tempura. Kevin Ryan, masanin kimiyyar abinci a Jami'ar Illinois a Urbana-Champaign, ya ce kumfa masu tasowa lokacin da aka haɗe su da kullu suna samar da yanayi mai haske mai kama da tempura, wanda ke ba da tunanin kasancewa ƙananan kalori fiye da batters frying na yau da kullum. Hasken yana haifar da aljihu na iskar carbon dioxide da aka shigar a cikin batter (wani tsari wanda haɓakar dabi'a ta amfani da yisti shima ke haifarwa) da ƙara faɗaɗa lokacin dahuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rentschler |first=Kay |title=Sparkling water lightens foods |url=http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-01-08/entertainment/0301080031_1_dough-sparkling-carbon-dioxide |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=Chicago Tribune |publisher=Chicago Tribune |archive-date=2014-12-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141227030209/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2003-01-08/entertainment/0301080031_1_dough-sparkling-carbon-dioxide |url-status=dead }}</ref> === Cire sutura === Tun da narkar da iskar gas a cikin ruwa mai carbonated yana aiki a matsayin ɗan ɗan gajeren lokaci, an ba da shawarar a matsayin magani na gida don cire tabo, musamman na jan giya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wishnok |first=Pete |title=How does club soda remove red wine stains? |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/how-does-club-soda-remove/ |access-date=15 April 2016 |website=Scientific American}}</ref> == Dubi kuma ==   * Farko da postmix * Soda jerk * Sodium carbonate * Ruwa mai sautin ruwa * Girgizar Limnic - a cikin tabkuna masu zurfi, babban fashewar kwatsam na carbon dioxide == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references /> [[Rukuni:Abinsha]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] edc369c9o4my4nlwjz7ce115rbxjdsq Haruna Epps 0 83326 962101 553746 2026-10-03T00:31:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962101 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Aaron DeVon Epps''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga watan Afrilu,shekarata alif 1996) ɗan wasan ƙwallon [[Kwallon kwando|Kwando]] ne na Amurka wanda ya buga wa Greensboro Swarm na NBA G League wasa na ƙarshe. Ya buga wasan Kwando na kwaleji ga LSU Tigers, kuma ya buga wa kasashen waje a Faransa, Isra'ila, Italiya, da Taiwan. == Rayuwa ta farko da makarantar sakandare == Epps ya girma a Ball, Louisiana kuma ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Tioga . Yayinda yake ƙarami, ya sami maki 18, 12 rebounds da tubalan shida a kowane wasa kuma an kira shi All-Cenla first team kuma ya kasance mai daraja ga Class 4A all-state team. A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, ya sami maki 22.3, 11.7 rebounds, da 6.7 blocks a kowane wasa kuma an kira shi All-Cenla MVP da kuma tawagar farko ta 4A. Epps ya himmatu ga LSU a kan tayin daga Louisiana Tech, Memphis, Jihar Oklahoma da Jihar Mississippi. A ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2024, makarantar sakandare ta Tioga ta yi ritaya ta Epps" jersey number 21 wanda ya sa ta zama ritaya ta farko a tarihin makaranta.<ref> {{Cite web |last=McCormick |first=Bret |date=November 13, 2013 |title=Tioga's Tiger: Epps signs basketball scholarship with LSU |url=https://www.theadvertiser.com/story/sports/2013/11/13/tiogas-epps-signs-with-lsu-basketball/3515751/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Advertiser (Lafayette, Louisiana)|The Daily Advertiser]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan kwaleji == Epps ya buga wasanni hudu ga LSU Tigers. Lokacin wasansa ya karu a kowace shekara kuma ya zama dan wasan gaba na farko a lokacin ƙaramin lokacinsa kuma ya sami maki 6.2 da 4.4 a kowane wasa yayin da yake fara wasanni 19.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickles |first=Sheldon |date=October 14, 2017 |title=Looking up: LSU senior forward Aaron Epps working hard to build on career year |url=https://www.theadvocate.com/baton_rouge/sports/lsu/article_2743d6fa-b0a7-11e7-a7c1-5facbb35dcee.html |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=[[The Advocate (Louisiana)|The Advocate]]}}</ref> A matsayinsa na babban jami'i, Epps ya sami maki 9.5 da 5.5 a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lopez |first=Andrew |date=March 1, 2018 |title=Meet the 4 LSU basketball players set for home finale sendoff |url=https://www.nola.com/lsu/2018/03/lsu_to_honor_4_on_senior_day_p.html |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=NOLA.com |publisher=[[The Times-Picayune]]}}</ref> == Ayyukan sana'a == === Arewacin Arizona Suns (2018-2019) === An zabi Epps a matsayi na shida gabaɗaya a cikin shirin NBA G League na 2018 ta Arewacin Arizona Suns . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bergner Jr. |first=Brian |date=October 20, 2018 |title=G League Draft: NAZ Suns select LSU's Aaron Epps with No. 6 overall pick |url=https://www.dcourier.com/news/2018/oct/20/g-league-draft-naz-suns-select-lsus-aaron-epps-no-/ |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=[[The Daily Courier (Arizona)|The Daily Courier]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190326144025/https://www.dcourier.com/news/2018/oct/20/g-league-draft-naz-suns-select-lsus-aaron-epps-no-/ |archive-date=March 26, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya samu maki 10.3 da 6.7 a wasanni 48 a kakar wasa ta farko yayin da Arewacin Arizona ya kammala karshe a taron Yamma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Nathan |date=March 25, 2019 |title=Aaron Epps joins Chalon |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/France/news/572966/Aaron-Epps-joins-Chalon |access-date=March 26, 2019 |website=EuroBasket.com}}</ref> === Élan Chalon (2019) === Bayan karshen kakar G League, Epps ya sanya hannu tare da Élan Chalon na LNB Pro A na Faransa a ranar 25 ga Maris, 2019. Elan Chalon ya dakatar da kwangilarsa a ranar 9 ga Mayu, 2019. Ya sami maki 6.0 da 3.1 a wasanni takwas ga Chalon. === Komawa zuwa Arewacin Arizona (2019-2020) === Epps ya koma Arewacin Arizona don fara kakar 2019-20 G League. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cohen |first=Perry |date=October 27, 2019 |title=Northern Arizona Suns to open training camp with 16 players |url=https://arizonasports.com/story/2135951/northern-arizona-suns-to-open-training-camp-with-16-players/ |access-date=November 1, 2019 |website=[[KMVP-FM|ArizonaSports.com]]}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Fabrairu, 2020, Epps ya buga maki 17, 10 rebounds da sata daya a cikin asarar 123-107 G League ga Stockton Kings . A wasanni 37 na Arewacin Arizona Suns, Epps ya sami maki 10.2 da 6.5 a kowane wasa. === Cleveland Charge (2021) === A kakar 2020-21, Epps ya shiga Cleveland Charge na G League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 22, 2021 |title=Charge Announce 2021 Roster |url=https://canton.gleague.nba.com/news/charge-announce-2021-roster/ |access-date=January 25, 2021 |website=NBA.com}}</ref> Ya taka leda a wasanni 12, yana da maki 5.7 da 4.8 a kowane wasa. === Agribertocchi Orzinuovi (2021-2022) === A kakar 2021-22, Epps ya sanya hannu tare da Agribertocchi Orzinuovi na Serie A2 Basket na Italiya. Ya bayyana a wasanni 11 ga tawagar, matsakaicin maki 14.5, 10.8 rebounds, 1 block, da 1 taimako a kowane wasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 4, 2022 |title=New Taipei CTBC DEA tabs Aaron Epps, ex Orzinuovi |url=https://www.eurobasket.com/Italy/news/733906/New-Taipei-CTBC-DEA-tabs-Aaron-Epps,-ex-Orzinuovi |access-date=March 4, 2022 |website=Eurobasket}}</ref> A ranar 5 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2022, an sayar da haƙƙin 'yan wasan NBA G League na Epps daga Charge zuwa Raptors 905.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NBA G League Transactions |url=https://gleague.nba.com/transactions/}}</ref> === Sabuwar Taipei CTBC DEA (2022) === A ranar 12 ga Fabrairu, 2022, Epps ya sanya hannu tare da New Taipei CTBC DEA na T1 League.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 12, 2022 |title=西蒙斯大學隊友！ 中信特攻宣布新洋將「艾斯」加盟 |url=https://sports.ettoday.net/news/2187729 |access-date=February 12, 2022 |website=ETtoday}}</ref> Ya taka leda a wasanni 14, yana da maki 17.9 da 9.1 a kowane wasa yayin da yake harbi 51% daga filin da 39% daga maki 3. === Raptors 905 (2022-2023) === A ranar 12 ga watan Disamba, 2022, Epps ya sanya hannu kan kwangila don shiga Raptors 905.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 12, 2022 |title=2022-23 NBA G League Transactions |url=https://gleague.nba.com/transactions/ |access-date=December 12, 2022 |website=gleague.nba.com}}</ref> === Greensboro Swarm (2023) === A ranar 24 ga Fabrairu, 2023, an sayar da Epps zuwa Greensboro Swarm.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 24, 2023 |title=2022-23 NBA G League Transactions |url=https://gleague.nba.com/22-23-nba-g-league-transactions |access-date=February 24, 2023 |website=gleague.nba.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ayc0z8zx7wc7yrn2bmjx2fptr2ub5t2 Zain al-Din al-'Iraqi 0 85379 961973 563973 2026-10-02T18:28:40Z Pharouqenr 25549 961973 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Al-Hafiz Zain al-Din 'Abd al-Rahim al-'Iraqi''' ({{Lang-ar|أبو الفضل زين الدين عبد الرحيم العراقي}}) ya kasance sanannen masanin [[Kurdawa]] [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]] kuma shine babban masanin hadisi a lokacinsa.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Denis Matringe|editor2=Everett Rowson|editor3=Gudrun Krämer|editor4=John Abdallah Nawas|editor5=Kate Fleet|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Yearbook 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AFAyAEACAAJ|date=2019|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=9789004398771|volume=|page=94}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Ana kiransa: Al-Iraqi, dangi ga [[Iraki|Iraki]], saboda asalinsa [[Kurdawa]] ne, daga wani gari da ake kira Erbil sannan mahaifinsa ya koma Masar lokacin da yake matashi, ya girma a can, kuma ya auri mace mai adalci, mai bauta wanda ya haife shi. An haife shi a shekara ta 1325 a Manshiyet Al-Mahrani a bakin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]] . An san iyayensa masu adalci da ibada kuma mahaifinsa ya mutu lokacin da yake dan shekara uku. Ya haddace Alkur'ani mai daraja lokacin da yake dan shekara takwas, kuma ya haddace wasu littattafai kamar "Al-Tanbih", "Al-Hawi", "Imam", kuma aikinsa na farko ya kasance a kimiyyar karatu, kuma ya duba shari'a da asalinsa, kuma ya ci gaba a cikinsu. Malamin sa [[Jamal al-Din al-Isnawi]] yana yabon fahimtarsa, yana godiya da kalmominsa, da kuma sauraron tattaunawarsa.<ref>Al-Sakhawi, Shams Al-Din (1979). </ref> Sa'an nan kuma ya zo ga ilimin hadisi tare da alamar daga al-Izz ibn Jama'a, don haka ya koyi daga malaman kasarsa, sannan ya yi tafiya don neman hadisi a kasashen Levant da sauran wurare. Ya sadu da Sheikh al-Islam Taqi al-Din al-Subki kuma ya fara karatu a karkashinsa na shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance yana yin Hajji kuma yana zaune a kusa da [[Makkah|Makkah Al-Mukarramah]], kuma ya yi aiki tukuru, ya kwafe, ya karanta kuma ya saurara har sai ya zama babban [[Hafizi|Ḥafiẓ]] na lokacinsa, kamar yadda takwarorinsa suka ce game da shi. Ya kasance masanin ilimin harshe, harshe, baki, karatu, hadisi, shari'a da asalinsa, amma fasahar hadisi ce ta mamaye shi, don haka ya zama sananne saboda shi, kuma ya zama ba a daidaita shi ba a wannan fagen. == Dalibai == Daga cikin dalibansa da yawa, sanannun sun hada da:<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw4qAQAAMAAJ&q=%22was+from+aKurdish+family+and+bom+in+Iraq.+He+later+moved+to+Cairo.%22 |title =Commentary on the Forty Hadith of al-Nawawi|isbn =9781891540042|last1 =Zarabozo|first1 =Jamaal al-Din M.|year =1999}}</ref> * [[Wali al-Din al-'Iraqi]] * Nur al-Din al-Haythami * [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] * Badr al-Din al-Ayni * Al-Damiri * Al-Qalqashandi * Ibn al-'Ajmi == Mutuwa == Al-Iraqi ya mutu a shekara ta 1403 yana da shekaru 78.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=عبدالرحيم العراقي صاحب ألفية الحديث وابنه أبو زرعة |url=https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/117440/}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Al-Iraqi marubuci ne na sanannun ayyuka a kimiyyar Hadith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Works |url=https://www.sifatusafwa.com/en/manufacturer/al-hafidh-al-iraqi-806h |website=sifatusafwa.com}}</ref> * ''At-Taqyid Wal-Idah''', mafi kyawun sharhi game da Muqaddimah Ibn as-Salah * ''Ikhbar al-Ahya" bi Akhbar al-Ihya'', cikakken aiki a kan Ihyaa 'Uloom al-Deen inda ya ba da darajar hadisi.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=عبدالرحيم العراقي صاحب ألفية الحديث وابنه أبو زرعة |url=https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/117440/}}</ref> * ''Tahrib al-Tathreeb fi Sharh al-Taqrib'' * ''Alfiat Al-Hadith'' * ''Alfiat Al-Iraqi Fi Usul Al-Fiqh & Matn Minhaj Al-Wusul Li-L-Baydawi'' * ''Kitab fi Almurasalati'' * ''Al Tahrir fi 'Usul al Fiqh'' * ''Nazm al-Durar al-Saniyya fi Sir al-Zakiyah'' * ''Alfiat fi al Alkur'ani al Gharib'' * ''Sharh al-Tirmidhi'' == Duba kuma == * Jerin Ash'aris == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ngz8c3smp25cw24tg4diemqvlsyqjuy 961974 961973 2026-10-02T18:29:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 961974 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Al-Hafiz Zain al-Din 'Abd al-Rahim al-'Iraqi''' ({{Lang-ar|أبو الفضل زين الدين عبد الرحيم العراقي}}) ya kasance sanannen masanin [[Kurdawa]] [[Shafi`iyya|Shafi'i]] kuma shine babban masanin hadisi a lokacinsa.<ref>{{cite book|editor=Denis Matringe|editor2=Everett Rowson|editor3=Gudrun Krämer|editor4=John Abdallah Nawas|editor5=Kate Fleet|title=Encyclopaedia of Islam Three Yearbook 2018|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_AFAyAEACAAJ|date=2019|publisher=[[Brill Publishers]]|isbn=9789004398771|volume=|page=94}}</ref> == Tarihin rayuwa == Ana kiransa: Al-Iraqi, dangi ga [[Iraki|Iraki]], saboda asalinsa [[Kurdawa]] ne, daga wani gari da ake kira Erbil sannan mahaifinsa ya koma Masar lokacin da yake matashi, ya girma a can, kuma ya auri mace mai adalci, mai bauta wanda ya haife shi. An haife shi a shekara ta 1325 a Manshiyet Al-Mahrani a bakin [[Nil|Kogin Nilu]]. An san iyayensa masu adalci da ibada kuma mahaifinsa ya mutu lokacin da yake dan shekara uku. Ya haddace Alkur'ani mai daraja lokacin da yake dan shekara takwas, kuma ya haddace wasu littattafai kamar "Al-Tanbih", "Al-Hawi", "Imam", kuma aikinsa na farko ya kasance a kimiyyar karatu, kuma ya duba shari'a da asalinsa, kuma ya ci gaba a cikinsu. Malamin sa [[Jamal al-Din al-Isnawi]] yana yabon fahimtarsa, yana godiya da kalmominsa, da kuma sauraron tattaunawarsa.<ref>Al-Sakhawi, Shams Al-Din (1979). </ref> Sa'an nan kuma ya zo ga ilimin hadisi tare da alamar daga al-Izz ibn Jama'a, don haka ya koyi daga malaman kasarsa, sannan ya yi tafiya don neman hadisi a kasashen Levant da sauran wurare. Ya sadu da Sheikh al-Islam Taqi al-Din al-Subki kuma ya fara karatu a karkashinsa na shekaru da yawa. Ya kasance yana yin Hajji kuma yana zaune a kusa da [[Makkah|Makkah Al-Mukarramah]], kuma ya yi aiki tukuru, ya kwafe, ya karanta kuma ya saurara har sai ya zama babban [[Hafizi|Ḥafiẓ]] na lokacinsa, kamar yadda takwarorinsa suka ce game da shi. Ya kasance masanin ilimin harshe, harshe, baki, karatu, hadisi, shari'a da asalinsa, amma fasahar hadisi ce ta mamaye shi, don haka ya zama sananne saboda shi, kuma ya zama ba a daidaita shi ba a wannan fagen. == Dalibai == Daga cikin dalibansa da yawa, sanannun sun hada da:<ref>{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mw4qAQAAMAAJ&q=%22was+from+aKurdish+family+and+bom+in+Iraq.+He+later+moved+to+Cairo.%22 |title =Commentary on the Forty Hadith of al-Nawawi|isbn =9781891540042|last1 =Zarabozo|first1 =Jamaal al-Din M.|year =1999}}</ref> * [[Wali al-Din al-'Iraqi]] * Nur al-Din al-Haythami * [[Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani]] * Badr al-Din al-Ayni * Al-Damiri * Al-Qalqashandi * Ibn al-'Ajmi == Mutuwa == Al-Iraqi ya mutu a shekara ta 1403 yana da shekaru 78.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=عبدالرحيم العراقي صاحب ألفية الحديث وابنه أبو زرعة |url=https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/117440/}}</ref> == Ayyuka == Al-Iraqi marubuci ne na sanannun ayyuka a kimiyyar Hadith.<ref>{{Cite web |title=List of Works |url=https://www.sifatusafwa.com/en/manufacturer/al-hafidh-al-iraqi-806h |website=sifatusafwa.com}}</ref> * ''At-Taqyid Wal-Idah''', mafi kyawun sharhi game da Muqaddimah Ibn as-Salah * ''Ikhbar al-Ahya" bi Akhbar al-Ihya'', cikakken aiki a kan Ihyaa 'Uloom al-Deen inda ya ba da darajar hadisi.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |date=17 June 2017 |title=عبدالرحيم العراقي صاحب ألفية الحديث وابنه أبو زرعة |url=https://www.alukah.net/culture/0/117440/}}</ref> * ''Tahrib al-Tathreeb fi Sharh al-Taqrib'' * ''Alfiat Al-Hadith'' * ''Alfiat Al-Iraqi Fi Usul Al-Fiqh & Matn Minhaj Al-Wusul Li-L-Baydawi'' * ''Kitab fi Almurasalati'' * ''Al Tahrir fi 'Usul al Fiqh'' * ''Nazm al-Durar al-Saniyya fi Sir al-Zakiyah'' * ''Alfiat fi al Alkur'ani al Gharib'' * ''Sharh al-Tirmidhi'' == Duba kuma == * Jerin Ash'aris == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} k3622qbhb0zvk06kqy3dgr3gjoij5ex Lil Wayne 0 88106 961993 545811 2026-10-02T18:54:16Z Life is Sin 49604 /* */ 961993 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Lil Wayne''', wanda ainihin sunansa Dwayne Michael Carter Jr., mawaki ne wanda ya lashe lambar yabo ta Grammy. An san shi don buga kundi nasa, mixtapes, da kuma wakoki, gami da Tha Block Is Hot, "A Milli", da "Lollipop". Kundin farko na Lil Wayne, Tha Block Is Hot, an sake shi a cikin 1999 kuma ya sayar da fiye da kwafi miliyan. Ya kasance fitaccen mai zane a kan Juvenile's 1999 waƙar "Back That Azz Up", wanda ya kai lamba 19 akan Billboard Hot 100. {{stub}} [[Category:Haifaffun 1982]] [[Nick Minaj]] d8mlup76l2kohtjdfasujcx0o2t8vi5 Kulob din Caldas Esporte 0 89554 961966 950508 2026-10-02T18:25:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 961966 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caldas Esporte Clube,''' wadda aka fi sani da suna Caldas, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kasar Brazil a cikin garin Caldas Novas, a cikin jihar Goiás.<ref>CLUBES PROFISSIONAIS GOIANOS" (in Portuguese). Federação Goiana de Futebol. Retrieved March 20, 2021</ref><ref>Caldas Esporte Clube" (in Portuguese). FGF. Retrieved March 20, 2021</ref><ref>Arquivos Caldas Esporte Goiano" (in Portuguese). esportegoiano.com.br. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref><ref>Terceira divisão do Campeonato Goiano de 2015 terá 9 times" (in Portuguese). Confederação Brasileira de Futebol. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1982 a cikin birnin Paraúna a cikin jihar Goiás, kulob ɗin yana da alaƙa da Federação Goiana de Futebol<ref>Caldas Esporte Clube" (in Portuguese). FGF. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> kuma A halin yanzu, ƙungiyar ta yi jayayya da Campeonato Goiano (Rabi na uku). A cikin 1992, FGF ta gudanar da gasar tsaka-tsaki mai suna Campeonato Goiano (Matsakaici Division). Caldas ya ƙare ya zama zakara kuma ya sami 'yancin yin jayayya da kashi na farko na Goiano.<ref>"Arquivos Caldas - Esporte Goiano" (in Portuguese). esportegoiano.com.br. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa]] 21mf7vcg7s0nk537b0v62tmqtx1cqz1 961967 961966 2026-10-02T18:25:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 961967 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caldas Esporte Clube,''' wadda aka fi sani da suna Caldas, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kasar Brazil a cikin garin Caldas Novas, a cikin jihar Goiás.<ref>CLUBES PROFISSIONAIS GOIANOS" (in Portuguese). Federação Goiana de Futebol. Retrieved March 20, 2021</ref><ref>Caldas Esporte Clube" (in Portuguese). FGF. Retrieved March 20, 2021</ref><ref>Arquivos Caldas Esporte Goiano" (in Portuguese). esportegoiano.com.br. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref><ref>Terceira divisão do Campeonato Goiano de 2015 terá 9 times" (in Portuguese). Confederação Brasileira de Futebol. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1982 a cikin birnin Paraúna a cikin jihar Goiás, kulob ɗin yana da alaƙa da Federação Goiana de Futebol<ref>Caldas Esporte Clube" (in Portuguese). FGF. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> kuma A halin yanzu, ƙungiyar ta yi jayayya da Campeonato Goiano (Rabi na uku). A cikin 1992, FGF ta gudanar da gasar tsaka-tsaki mai suna Campeonato Goiano (Matsakaici Division). Caldas ya ƙare ya zama zakara kuma ya sami 'yancin yin jayayya da kashi na farko na Goiano.<ref>"Arquivos Caldas - Esporte Goiano" (in Portuguese). esportegoiano.com.br. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa]] g0mlwwpadd46ponottielmn2gvuot89 961968 961967 2026-10-02T18:25:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 961968 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caldas Esporte Clube,''' wadda aka fi sani da suna Caldas, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kasar [[Brazil]] a cikin garin Caldas Novas, a cikin jihar Goiás.<ref>CLUBES PROFISSIONAIS GOIANOS" (in Portuguese). Federação Goiana de Futebol. Retrieved March 20, 2021</ref><ref>Caldas Esporte Clube" (in Portuguese). FGF. Retrieved March 20, 2021</ref><ref>Arquivos Caldas Esporte Goiano" (in Portuguese). esportegoiano.com.br. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref><ref>Terceira divisão do Campeonato Goiano de 2015 terá 9 times" (in Portuguese). Confederação Brasileira de Futebol. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1982 a cikin birnin Paraúna a cikin jihar Goiás, kulob ɗin yana da alaƙa da Federação Goiana de Futebol<ref>Caldas Esporte Clube" (in Portuguese). FGF. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> kuma A halin yanzu, ƙungiyar ta yi jayayya da Campeonato Goiano (Rabi na uku). A cikin 1992, FGF ta gudanar da gasar tsaka-tsaki mai suna Campeonato Goiano (Matsakaici Division). Caldas ya ƙare ya zama zakara kuma ya sami 'yancin yin jayayya da kashi na farko na Goiano.<ref>"Arquivos Caldas - Esporte Goiano" (in Portuguese). esportegoiano.com.br. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa]] 7becy88jvzpssz2t1bqolg6anq2tdum 962005 961968 2026-10-02T18:58:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 962005 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Caldas Esporte Clube,''' wadda aka fi sani da suna '''Caldas''', ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ce ta kasar [[Brazil]] a cikin garin Caldas Novas, a cikin jihar Goiás.<ref>CLUBES PROFISSIONAIS GOIANOS" (in Portuguese). Federação Goiana de Futebol. Retrieved March 20, 2021</ref><ref>Caldas Esporte Clube" (in Portuguese). FGF. Retrieved March 20, 2021</ref><ref>Arquivos Caldas Esporte Goiano" (in Portuguese). esportegoiano.com.br. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref><ref>Terceira divisão do Campeonato Goiano de 2015 terá 9 times" (in Portuguese). Confederação Brasileira de Futebol. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa shi a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1982 a cikin birnin Paraúna a cikin jihar Goiás, kulob ɗin yana da alaƙa da Federação Goiana de Futebol<ref>Caldas Esporte Clube" (in Portuguese). FGF. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> kuma A halin yanzu, ƙungiyar ta yi jayayya da Campeonato Goiano (Rabi na uku). A cikin 1992, FGF ta gudanar da gasar tsaka-tsaki mai suna Campeonato Goiano (Matsakaici Division). Caldas ya ƙare ya zama zakara kuma ya sami 'yancin yin jayayya da kashi na farko na Goiano.<ref>"Arquivos Caldas - Esporte Goiano" (in Portuguese). esportegoiano.com.br. Retrieved March 20, 2021.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category: Kungiyoyin kwallon kafa]] plwv4ycu7r9emaaddoywhq6ehfitef2 Iyamu Bright 0 90652 962269 692539 2026-10-03T09:41:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962269 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Iyamu Bright Aitenguobo''' ya kasance ɗan siyasan kasar [[Najeriya]] ne.A yanzu haka yana matsayin wakilin Jiha kuma mai wakiltar mazaɓar [[Orhionmwon]] II a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar Edo. <ref>{{Cite web |last=sunnews |date=2024-05-09 |title=EDHA crisis: I 've no intention of impeaching Speaker, says Iyamu |url=https://thesun.ng/edha-crisis-i-ve-no-intention-of-impeaching-speaker-says-iyamu/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2024, wata shida bayan dakatar da shi a watan Mayun shekara ta 2024, majalisar dokokin [[jihar Edo]] ta mayar da Iyamu bakin aiki bayan zarginsa da dasa laya a harabar majalisar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Atungwu |first=Matthew |date=2024-06-24 |title=Edo Assembly recalls suspended lawmaker, Iyamu |url=https://dailypost.ng/2024/06/24/edo-assembly-recalls-suspended-lawmaker-iyamu/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Daily Post Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Akintayo |first=Opeoluwani |date=2024-05-06 |title=Edo Assembly Suspends Three Lawmakers Over Impeachment Plot |url=https://www.channelstv.com/2024/05/06/edo-assembly-crisis-speaker-suspends-three-lawmakers-over-impeachment-plot/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=Channels Television |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-25 |title=Edo State Assembly Recalls Suspended Member {{!}} AIT LIVE |url=https://ait.live/edo-state-assembly-recalls-suspended-member/ |access-date=2025-01-06 |website=ait.live |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250106140959/https://ait.live/edo-state-assembly-recalls-suspended-member/ |archive-date=2025-01-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Ƴan siyasan Najeriya]] in05fhtrcm16n5xl6eob3jrmxkl5eqh Robin Crusoe 0 91534 961975 579648 2026-10-02T18:29:44Z Pharouqenr 25549 961975 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Robin Crusoe''' Lt. Robin Crusoe U.S.N. fim ɗin ban dariya ne na 1966 na Amurka wanda Walt Disney Productions ya fitar, <ref>3]Zibart, Eve: "Today in History Disney", Emmis Books, 2006, ISBN 1-57860-276</ref> kuma yana yin tauraro Dick Van Dyke a matsayin matukin jirgin ruwa na Amurka wanda ya zama ɗan wasa a tsibiri mai zafi. An yi wasu yin fim a San Diego, yayin da yawancin fim ɗin aka yi a Kauai, Hawaii.<ref>[4]Wade Sampson (November 26, 2008). "Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N. Remembered". Mouse Planet. Retrieved February 4, 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] 3uo27eimij26f3qqfavykqofexfh4bk 961976 961975 2026-10-02T18:29:59Z Pharouqenr 25549 961976 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Robin Crusoe''' Lt. Robin Crusoe U.S.N. fim ɗin ban dariya ne na 1966 na [[Amurka]] wanda Walt Disney Productions ya fitar, <ref>3]Zibart, Eve: "Today in History Disney", Emmis Books, 2006, ISBN 1-57860-276</ref> kuma yana yin tauraro Dick Van Dyke a matsayin matukin jirgin ruwa na Amurka wanda ya zama ɗan wasa a tsibiri mai zafi. An yi wasu yin fim a San Diego, yayin da yawancin fim ɗin aka yi a Kauai, Hawaii.<ref>[4]Wade Sampson (November 26, 2008). "Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N. Remembered". Mouse Planet. Retrieved February 4, 2012.</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} [[Category:Fim]] l3l1382bqirqgcubnm59vc1dv2h0snu Barumba Beatrice Rusaniya 0 96806 961997 839213 2026-10-02T18:55:52Z Pharouqenr 25549 961997 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barumba Beatrice Rusaniya''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 1964) 'yar siyasar [[Uganda]] ce. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement kuma 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kiruhura a majalisa ta takwas da ta tara na Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2005, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Kiruhura daga Gundumar Mbarara, Beatrice ta zama majagaba mace 'yar majalisa a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulengera |title=BEATRICE RUSANIYA RIDES ON KAZO TO BOUNCE BACK IN NATIONAL POLITICS – mulengeranews.com |url=https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200630/https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar Siyasa == A zaɓukan shekarun 2016 zuwa 2021, ta faɗi zaɓe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HON. BEATRICE BARUMBA RUSANIYA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, KIRUHURA |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=1353 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta janye karar zaɓen da ta shigar tana ƙalubalantar zaɓen magajin ta, Sheila Mwine Kabaije tare da zargin cewa an tafka maguɗi a zaɓen da aka yi da wasu kura-kurai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusaniya withdraws Kiruhura election petition |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1428985 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Rusaniya na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Uganda a majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta Pan Afrika. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=joomlasupport |title=African parliament happy with UPDF job in Somalia |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200628/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, ta yi rashin lafiya a lokacin tawagar. <ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda na tara * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki ta takwas na Uganda * Sheila Mwine Kabaije * Gundumar Kiruhura * National Resistance Movement * Majalisar Uganda * Dan majalisa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Uganda] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 27m32l20yxax6xsid38o1m7gwvedqs4 961998 961997 2026-10-02T18:56:19Z Pharouqenr 25549 961998 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barumba Beatrice Rusaniya''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 1964) 'yar siyasar [[Uganda]] ce. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement kuma 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kiruhura a majalisa ta takwas da ta tara na Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2005, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Kiruhura daga Gundumar Mbarara, Beatrice ta zama majagaba mace 'yar majalisa a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulengera |title=BEATRICE RUSANIYA RIDES ON KAZO TO BOUNCE BACK IN NATIONAL POLITICS – mulengeranews.com |url=https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200630/https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar Siyasa == A zaɓukan shekarun 2016 zuwa 2021, ta faɗi zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HON. BEATRICE BARUMBA RUSANIYA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, KIRUHURA |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=1353 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta janye karar zaɓen da ta shigar tana ƙalubalantar zaɓen magajin ta, Sheila Mwine Kabaije tare da zargin cewa an tafka maguɗi a zaɓen da aka yi da wasu kura-kurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusaniya withdraws Kiruhura election petition |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1428985 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Rusaniya na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Uganda a majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta Pan Afrika. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=joomlasupport |title=African parliament happy with UPDF job in Somalia |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200628/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, ta yi rashin lafiya a lokacin tawagar. <ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda na tara * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki ta takwas na Uganda * Sheila Mwine Kabaije * Gundumar Kiruhura * National Resistance Movement * Majalisar Uganda * Dan majalisa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Uganda] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bp6jgyteloy9bt1u7rwv970qzn98c9r 961999 961998 2026-10-02T18:56:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 961999 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barumba Beatrice Rusaniya''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 1964) 'yar siyasar [[Uganda]] ce. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement kuma 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kiruhura a majalisa ta takwas da ta tara na Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2005, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Kiruhura daga Gundumar Mbarara, Beatrice ta zama majagaba mace 'yar majalisa a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulengera |title=BEATRICE RUSANIYA RIDES ON KAZO TO BOUNCE BACK IN NATIONAL POLITICS – mulengeranews.com |url=https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200630/https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar Siyasa == A zaɓukan shekarun 2016 zuwa 2021, ta faɗi zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HON. BEATRICE BARUMBA RUSANIYA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, KIRUHURA |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=1353 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta janye karar zaɓen da ta shigar tana ƙalubalantar zaɓen magajin ta, Sheila Mwine Kabaije tare da zargin cewa an tafka maguɗi a zaɓen da aka yi da wasu kura-kurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusaniya withdraws Kiruhura election petition |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1428985 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Rusaniya na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Uganda a majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta Pan Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=joomlasupport |title=African parliament happy with UPDF job in Somalia |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200628/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, ta yi rashin lafiya a lokacin tawagar.<ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin Uganda na tara * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki ta takwas na Uganda * Sheila Mwine Kabaije * Gundumar Kiruhura * National Resistance Movement * Majalisar Uganda * Dan majalisa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Uganda] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] s1o46g3n422w497hndae30kscpwru9m 962000 961999 2026-10-02T18:56:51Z Pharouqenr 25549 962000 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barumba Beatrice Rusaniya''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 1964) 'yar siyasar [[Uganda]] ce. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement kuma 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kiruhura a majalisa ta takwas da ta tara na Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2005, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Kiruhura daga Gundumar Mbarara, Beatrice ta zama majagaba mace 'yar majalisa a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulengera |title=BEATRICE RUSANIYA RIDES ON KAZO TO BOUNCE BACK IN NATIONAL POLITICS – mulengeranews.com |url=https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200630/https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar Siyasa == A zaɓukan shekarun 2016 zuwa 2021, ta faɗi zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HON. BEATRICE BARUMBA RUSANIYA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, KIRUHURA |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=1353 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta janye karar zaɓen da ta shigar tana ƙalubalantar zaɓen magajin ta, Sheila Mwine Kabaije tare da zargin cewa an tafka maguɗi a zaɓen da aka yi da wasu kura-kurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusaniya withdraws Kiruhura election petition |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1428985 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Rusaniya na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Uganda a majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta Pan Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=joomlasupport |title=African parliament happy with UPDF job in Somalia |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200628/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, ta yi rashin lafiya a lokacin tawagar.<ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin [[Uganda]] na tara * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki ta takwas na Uganda * Sheila Mwine Kabaije * Gundumar Kiruhura * National Resistance Movement * Majalisar Uganda * Dan majalisa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Uganda] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] mnuhc71rq9ggnoy4jp9c4ajxf8lu3il 962001 962000 2026-10-02T18:57:06Z Pharouqenr 25549 962001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barumba Beatrice Rusaniya''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 1964) 'yar siyasar [[Uganda]] ce. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement kuma 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kiruhura a majalisa ta takwas da ta tara na Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2005, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Kiruhura daga Gundumar Mbarara, Beatrice ta zama majagaba mace 'yar majalisa a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulengera |title=BEATRICE RUSANIYA RIDES ON KAZO TO BOUNCE BACK IN NATIONAL POLITICS – mulengeranews.com |url=https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200630/https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar Siyasa == A zaɓukan shekarun 2016 zuwa 2021, ta faɗi zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HON. BEATRICE BARUMBA RUSANIYA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, KIRUHURA |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=1353 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta janye karar zaɓen da ta shigar tana ƙalubalantar zaɓen magajin ta, Sheila Mwine Kabaije tare da zargin cewa an tafka maguɗi a zaɓen da aka yi da wasu kura-kurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusaniya withdraws Kiruhura election petition |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1428985 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Rusaniya na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Uganda a majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta Pan Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=joomlasupport |title=African parliament happy with UPDF job in Somalia |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200628/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, ta yi rashin lafiya a lokacin tawagar.<ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin [[Uganda]] na tara * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki ta takwas na [[Uganda]] * Sheila Mwine Kabaije * Gundumar Kiruhura * National Resistance Movement * Majalisar Uganda * Dan majalisa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Uganda] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] risliicedipxs6uc7uq08u9fdeqrmrw 962002 962001 2026-10-02T18:57:23Z Pharouqenr 25549 962002 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barumba Beatrice Rusaniya''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 1964) 'yar siyasar [[Uganda]] ce. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement kuma 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kiruhura a majalisa ta takwas da ta tara na Uganda. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2005, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Kiruhura daga Gundumar Mbarara, Beatrice ta zama majagaba mace 'yar majalisa a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulengera |title=BEATRICE RUSANIYA RIDES ON KAZO TO BOUNCE BACK IN NATIONAL POLITICS – mulengeranews.com |url=https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200630/https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar Siyasa == A zaɓukan shekarun 2016 zuwa 2021, ta faɗi zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HON. BEATRICE BARUMBA RUSANIYA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, KIRUHURA |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=1353 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta janye karar zaɓen da ta shigar tana ƙalubalantar zaɓen magajin ta, Sheila Mwine Kabaije tare da zargin cewa an tafka maguɗi a zaɓen da aka yi da wasu kura-kurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusaniya withdraws Kiruhura election petition |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1428985 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Rusaniya na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Uganda a majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta Pan Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=joomlasupport |title=African parliament happy with UPDF job in Somalia |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200628/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, ta yi rashin lafiya a lokacin tawagar.<ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin [[Uganda]] na tara * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki ta takwas na [[Uganda]] * Sheila Mwine Kabaije * Gundumar Kiruhura * National Resistance Movement * Majalisar [[Uganda]] * Dan majalisa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Uganda] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kg6dmeuecso10uuwbudgdwlaqm24u0g 962003 962002 2026-10-02T18:57:38Z Pharouqenr 25549 962003 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barumba Beatrice Rusaniya''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 1964) 'yar siyasar [[Uganda]] ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement kuma 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kiruhura a majalisa ta takwas da ta tara na Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2005, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Kiruhura daga Gundumar Mbarara, Beatrice ta zama majagaba mace 'yar majalisa a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulengera |title=BEATRICE RUSANIYA RIDES ON KAZO TO BOUNCE BACK IN NATIONAL POLITICS – mulengeranews.com |url=https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200630/https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar Siyasa == A zaɓukan shekarun 2016 zuwa 2021, ta faɗi zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HON. BEATRICE BARUMBA RUSANIYA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, KIRUHURA |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=1353 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta janye karar zaɓen da ta shigar tana ƙalubalantar zaɓen magajin ta, Sheila Mwine Kabaije tare da zargin cewa an tafka maguɗi a zaɓen da aka yi da wasu kura-kurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusaniya withdraws Kiruhura election petition |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1428985 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Rusaniya na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Uganda a majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta Pan Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=joomlasupport |title=African parliament happy with UPDF job in Somalia |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200628/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, ta yi rashin lafiya a lokacin tawagar.<ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin [[Uganda]] na tara * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki ta takwas na [[Uganda]] * Sheila Mwine Kabaije * Gundumar Kiruhura * National Resistance Movement * Majalisar [[Uganda]] * Dan majalisa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Uganda] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gbccuzoph5nptg3h8lyqoq2jfuprbse 962004 962003 2026-10-02T18:57:56Z Pharouqenr 25549 962004 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Barumba Beatrice Rusaniya''' (an haife ta a ranar 2 ga watan Disamba 1964) 'yar siyasar [[Uganda]] ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-11-05 |title=Mbabazi, Suruma face political end |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/mbabazi-suruma-face-political-end/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> Ta kasance 'yar siyasa ta National Resistance Movement kuma 'yar majalisa mai wakiltar Kiruhura a majalisa ta takwas da ta tara na Uganda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-06-07 |title=Members of 9th Parliament |url=https://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180815091530/http://fortuneofafrica.com/ug/members-of-parliament/ |archive-date=2018-08-15 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=Fortune Of Africa - Uganda |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2005, lokacin da aka ƙirƙiri gundumar Kiruhura daga Gundumar Mbarara, Beatrice ta zama majagaba mace 'yar majalisa a shekara ta 2006 kuma ta yi aiki har zuwa shekara ta 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mulengera |title=BEATRICE RUSANIYA RIDES ON KAZO TO BOUNCE BACK IN NATIONAL POLITICS – mulengeranews.com |url=https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |language=en-US |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200630/https://mulengeranews.com/beatrice-rusaniya-rides-on-kazo-to-bounce-back-in-national-politics/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Rayuwar Siyasa == A zaɓukan shekarun 2016 zuwa 2021, ta faɗi zaɓe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HON. BEATRICE BARUMBA RUSANIYA, Aspiring Woman MP 2021-2026, KIRUHURA |url=http://www.ugandadecides.com/aspirant.php?profile=1353 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=www.ugandadecides.com |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ta janye karar zaɓen da ta shigar tana ƙalubalantar zaɓen magajin ta, Sheila Mwine Kabaije tare da zargin cewa an tafka maguɗi a zaɓen da aka yi da wasu kura-kurai.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rusaniya withdraws Kiruhura election petition |url=https://www.newvision.co.ug/articledetails/1428985 |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=New Vision |language=en}}</ref> Rusaniya na ɗaya daga cikin wakilan Uganda a majalisar dokokin ƙasashen Afrika ta Pan Afrika.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=joomlasupport |title=African parliament happy with UPDF job in Somalia |url=https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Observer - Uganda |language=en-gb |archive-date=2023-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230322200628/https://www.observer.ug/component/content/article?id=20919:-african-parliament-happy-with-updf-job-in-somalia |url-status=dead }}</ref> Duk da haka, ta yi rashin lafiya a lokacin tawagar.<ref name=":0" /> == Duba kuma == * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokokin [[Uganda]] na tara * Jerin sunayen 'yan majalisar dokoki ta takwas na [[Uganda]] * Sheila Mwine Kabaije * Gundumar Kiruhura * National Resistance Movement * Majalisar [[Uganda]] * Dan majalisa == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.parliament.go.ug/ Yanar Gizo na Majalisar Uganda] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] epc9fhy35xru07vrv8bvqoxoykke7n6 Hemant Sharma 0 97249 962110 834662 2026-10-03T02:09:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962110 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hemant Sharma''' mawaƙiya ce ta zamani, pop da kuma mawaƙin gargajiya daga [[Nepal]]. <ref>{{Cite web |title=मलाई मन पर्छ - हेमन्त शर्मा, गायक |url=https://ekantipur.com/lifestyle/2018/01/10/20180110080653.html |website=ekantipur}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=हेमन्त शर्मा भन्छन्–'संगीतकर्मीलाई सरकारले आर्थिक कर्जा दिन आवश्यक छ' |url=https://www.onlinekhabar.com/2020/06/874874 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Online Khabar |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref> name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=गीत चल्न दिलको 'ट्रेन्डिङ'मा आउनुपर्छ : हेमन्त शर्मा |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/video/356901-1602159128.html |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=ne}}</ref><ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |title=यसरी गायक बने हेमन्त शर्मा |url=https://archive.ujyaaloonline.com/news/90144/hemanta-sharma/ |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=archive.ujyaaloonline.com |archive-date=2021-06-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609160611/https://archive.ujyaaloonline.com/news/90144/hemanta-sharma/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kundin sa na farko shi ne ''Oh Priya'', wanda aka saki a shekarar dubu biyu 2000. Koyaya, waƙarsa ce "Maya Sarai Mahango" daga kundin 2002 wanda ya kawo shi cikin haske. Sharma ta rubuta fiye da waƙoƙi 100 kuma ta saki fiye da kundi bakwai. Sharma ta kuma kasance shugabar ƙungiyar ƴan wasan kwaikwayo ta Nepal daga 2015 zuwa 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-07-28 |title=हामीले सम्मान गरेनौं भने हाम्रो पनि सम्मान हुँदैनः अध्यक्ष शर्मा |url=https://musickhabar.com/हामीले-सम्मान-गरेनौं-भने/ |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=MusicKhabar.com: Nepal's No. 1 Musical Newspaper |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=पाठ |first=स्मृति ढुंगाना २७ पुस २०७१ १ मिनेट |title=प्रस्तोता समाजमा गायक शर्मा निर्विरोध |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/social-affairs/71901-1420942033.html |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=ne}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Sharma a Nawalparsai . <ref>name=":0">{{Cite web |title=यसरी गायक बने हेमन्त शर्मा |url=https://archive.ujyaaloonline.com/news/90144/hemanta-sharma/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609160611/https://archive.ujyaaloonline.com/news/90144/hemanta-sharma/ |archive-date=2021-06-09 |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=archive.ujyaaloonline.com}}</ref> Mahaifinsa shi ne Danda Pani Sharma kuma mahaifiyarsa Sumitra Sharma.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About Me |url=http://hemantasharma.com/about-me-2/ |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=Hemant Sharma |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya koma [[Kathmandu]] don karatunsa, kuma ya fara waka a kwaleji.<ref name=":0" /> Sharma ta saki fiye da waƙoƙi 100, ciki har da "Maya sarai Mahango", "Aaudai gara malati" da "Mul hau bhane rasaideu". <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=गीत चल्न दिलको 'ट्रेन्डिङ'मा आउनुपर्छ : हेमन्त शर्मा |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/video/356901-1602159128.html |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=ne}} [[Rukuni:CS1 Nepali-language sources (ne)]]</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Kantipur-माया त यस्तो होस् - कान्तिपुर समाचार |url=https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2014-04-24/207251.html |access-date=2021-06-09 |website=ekantipur.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210609163834/https://ekantipur.com/ampnews/2014-04-24/207251.html |archive-date=2021-06-09 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Tabbacin. |- |2018 |Kyautar Kiɗa ta Kalika |Mafi Kyawun Maza Mai Saki|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 October 2018 |title=दिपक शर्मालाइ कालिका म्युजिक अवार्ड |url=http://www.erupse.com/?p=33638 |access-date=22 March 2025 |archive-date=8 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230408211429/http://www.erupse.com/?p=33638 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |- |2018 |Kyautar Hoton |Mafi Kyawun Maza Mai Saki|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-09-18 |title=इमेज अवार्डको मनोनयन सार्वजनिक |url=https://archive.nayapatrikadaily.com/2018/09/18/95792/ |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=Naya Patrika |language=en}}</ref> |- |2018 |Kyautar Kasa da Kasa ta Surya |Mafi Kyawun Maza Mai Saki|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=पाठ |first=नागरिक ११ असार २०७५ ३ मिनेट |title=अनमोलदेखि ज्योतिमगरसम्म एउटै अवार्डको मनोनयनमा |url=https://nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com/arts/152583-1529901180.html |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=nagariknews.nagariknetwork.com |language=ne}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=जापानमा हुने सुर्य ईन्टरनेशनल अवार्डको मनोनयन सार्वजनिक (सूचिसहित) |url=https://www.setopati.com/global/japan/162262/ |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=Setopati }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> |- |2019 |Kyautar Kasa da Kasa ta Surya |Mafi Kyawun Maza Mai Saki|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=Surya International Award Top Three {{!}} Hamro Patro |url=https://www.hamropatro.com/posts/articles-Film-Review/articles-Film-Review-surya-international-award-top-three |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=www.hamropatro.com}}</ref> |- |2019 |Kyautar Kyautar Kyauta |Mafi Kyawun Maza Mai Saki|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-05-10 |title=जिनियस म्युजिक अवार्ड–२०७६ को मनोनयन सार्वजनिक |url=https://www.kalakarmi.com/music/%e0%a4%b8%e0%a4%82%e0%a4%97%e0%a5%80%e0%a4%a4/5834/ |access-date=2021-06-10 |website=Kalakarmi.com |language=en-US}}</ref> |} == Bayanan da aka yi == === Albums === {| class="wikitable sortable" |+Albums na Hemant Sharma !Shekara !Album !Waƙoƙi !Alamar |- | |Ya yi addu'a |Ya yi addu'a | |- | |Bisesh |Maya Sarai Mahango Yei Maya Lai Amrit Hasnai Parchha Bhanne | |- | |Lokapriya |Maya Ta Yesto Hos | |- | |Aatmiya |Mula Hau Bhane Rasaideu Aaudai Gara Malati Thapa Na Thapa (Jale Rumala) | |- | |Itiya | | |- | |Mandir | | |- | |Parampara | | |- | |Parampara 2 | | |} === Ma'aurata === {| class="wikitable" |+Rashin aure na Hemant Sharma !Shekara !Taken Waƙar !Mai zane-zane !Kalmomin !Waƙoƙi |- | |Chhoyo Maya Le | | | |- | |Gudeko Rail Pani | | | |- | |Dam Dam din Bajyo | | | |- | |Barikha | | | |- | |Asafal Mayalu | | | |- | |Ganga JI | | | |- | |Hare Aaja | | | |- | |Dil Maa Hoton Chha | | | |- | |Ban Maryo Banmara Le |Bishnu Majhi | | |- | |Barka da 'Yar'uwa Barka da Mister |Samikshya Adhikari | | |} * Mul hau bhane * Aaudai gara malati * Timi bahek mero koi chhaina * Ban maryo banmarale - tare da Bishnu Majhi * Thapana thapa hataima * Lajai * Maya sarhai mahango * Maya yesto hos * Gaishe da 'yar'uwa gaisuwa * Ke maya garnu hunna ra * Barikha * Ukali jada jadai * Nacha Nacha * Hunna hunna * Timi arkai gharko manxe * Chhoyo mayale == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] qfwdmj9921ecyjbm15q11gwr65hskaw Ginin Naldurg 0 99334 961940 840078 2026-10-02T17:16:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961940 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ginin Naldurg''' wani sansani ne na tarihi a '''Ginin Naldurg''' na Gundumar Dharashiv a jihar [[Maharashtra]] ta [[Indiya]] . <ref name="Osmanabad">{{Cite web |title=Naldurg Fort |url=https://Osmanabad.gov.in/tourist-place/naldurg-fort-naldurg/ |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=official government website of [[Osmanabad district]]}}</ref> An sanya sunan Naldurg Fort ne bayan Nalraja wanda ya gina sansanin a cikin tsarin gine-gine na zamani. Abu na musamman na sansanoni shi ne cewa yana kewaye da dutsen basalt wanda ke fitowa cikin kwarin karamin Kogin Bori da kuma doguwar bango mai garu tare da bastions da yawa.<ref name="IndTr">{{Cite web |title=Naldurg Fort |url=http://www.indiatourmate.com/dharashiv-tourist-places/item/1167-naldurg-fort-dharashiv.html |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=IndiaTour }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name="OsOn">{{Cite web |title=Naldurg Fort |url=http://www.dharashivline.in/city-guide/naldurg-fort |access-date=19 July 2015 |website=Dharashiv Online }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref name=TOI>{{cite news|title=Govt to launch new scheme to promote tourism in every district|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/nagpur/Govt-to-launch-new-scheme-to-promote-tourism-in-every-district/articleshow/17577885.cms|access-date=19 July 2015|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 December 2012}}</ref> Ginin Naldurg yana daya daga cikin muhimman sansanoni a Yankin Marathwada . == Zane da gine-gine == Yana nuna salon gine-gine na zamani, wanda ke kewaye da dutsen basalt wanda ke fitowa cikin kwarin kogin Bori. An gina sansanoni a bangarori uku tare da bastions da aka gina daga basalt mai ƙarfi, wanda zai iya tallafawa manyan bindigogi. Yankin ya kai kimanin mil da rabi, tare da ganuwar da aka rushe da kuma hanya mai faɗi da ke kaiwa tsakiya. Shahararrun sansanoni a ciki sun hada da Upli Buruj, Paranda Buruj, Nagar Buruj, Sangram Buruj, Bands Buruj, da Poone Buruj . Duk da rushewar, ragowar kamar Barood Kotha, Baradari, Ambarkhana, Rangaan Mahal, da Jali suna nuna girman da ya gabata. Ginin yana da tankuna biyu, tare da sanannun bindigogi ciki har da "Hathi Toph" da "Magar Toph". Wani sanannen tsari da ke haɗa sansanin da Ranmandala shine madatsar ruwa a fadin kogin Bori, tare da "Pani Mahal" da aka gina a ciki. An gina wannan a lokacin mulkin Ibrahim Adil Shah II a cikin 1613. == Tarihi == An yi imanin cewa Nalaraja (Sarkin Nala) ne ya gina sansanin kuma daga baya ya sanya masa suna, tare da birnin. An gina shi a lokacin mulkin Yammacin Chalukya, daga baya ya ga sauye-sauyen iko a ƙarƙashin sarakuna daban-daban. Daga 1351 zuwa 1480, ya fada ƙarƙashin Bahmani Sultanate, kuma a cikin 1558, ya zo ƙarƙashin Daular Adil Shahi. Bayan faduwar Adil Shahi Kingdom a 1686 AD, Naldurg ya shiga hannun Mughal Empire. Nizam-ul-Mulk, Asaf Jah I, an nada shi a matsayin Gwamna na Dukan yankin Deccan, gami da Tsakiyar Indiya da Gujarat har zuwa Kanyakumari. Bayan mutuwar Aurangzeb, Nawab Nizam ul Mulk Asif Jah Bahadur ya kafa Nizam Dominion . A lokacinsa, tawaye ya haifar da nadin Nawab Mohammed Dulah Khan Bahadur a matsayin Gwamna. Daga baya, ɗansa, Nawab Amir Nawazul Mulk Bahadur, ya yi mulki cikin nasara, yana nuna karimci ta hanyar ba da zinariya don rama sata daga Haikali na Tulja Bhawani. Abubuwan tarihi masu ban sha'awa sun haɗa da auren Chand Bibi Sultana a Naldurg Fort da wuraren binne Nawab Amir Nawazul Mulk Bahadur da Princess Fakharunnisa Begam, 'yar Nizam ul Mulk II. Bayan mutuwar Nawab, magajinsa sun yi mulki har zuwa 1948, tare da magada na yanzu da ke zaune a [[Hyderabad]], Telangana, suna nuna alaƙa da Naldurg da mutanenta. Da yake a kan hanyar daga Solapur zuwa Bijapur-Bidar, sansanin yana alfahari da gine-gine na zamani da fasahar injiniya, yana nuna salon sa hannu na zamanin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=ImageWrighter |date=2020-06-13 |title=Naldurg Fort, Maharashtra, India |url=https://imagewrighter.com/naldurg-fort-maharashtra-india/ |access-date=2024-04-10 |website=ImageWrighter |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240410050458/https://imagewrighter.com/naldurg-fort-maharashtra-india/ |archive-date=2024-04-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Naldurg Fort – Naldurg {{!}} Dharashiv District {{!}} India |url=https://dharashiv.gov.in/tourist-place/naldurg-fort-naldurg/ |access-date=2022-03-25 |language=en-US }}{{Dead link|date=June 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Wurin da yake == Naldurg wanda a baya hedikwatar gundumar yana da nisan kilomita 50 kudu maso gabashin Dharashiv. Ana iya isa ta hanyar babbar hanyar Pune-Hyderabad (Hanyar Kasa ta 65 (India) ).<ref name="Deccan Herald">{{cite news |last= |first= |date=25 December 2016|title=The impregnable Naldurg Fort in Maharashtra|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/archives/the-impregnable-naldurg-fort-in-maharashtra-566267.html|newspaper=Deccan Herald|access-date=9 May 2024}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} sfnncl96zgxkhwl69uxw8yuf78nerke Habiba Dembélé 0 99705 962027 873792 2026-10-02T20:56:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962027 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''[[Habiba]] Dembélé Sahouet''' yar jaridar kasar [[Ivory Coast]] ce kuma mai gabatar da talabijin . A halin yanzu ita ce mai gabatar da labaran TV ''13 heures'' da ''[[20 heures|heures 20]]'' akan babban tashar La Première (RTI), wanda ke tsakiya a [[Abidjan]] .She is currently presenter of TV news ''13 heures'' and ''20 heures'' on the La Première (RTI) main channel, centered in Abidjan.<ref>Country reports on human rights practices Volume 1 - Page 170 United States. Dept. of State, United States. Congress. House. Committee on Foreign Affairs, United States. Congress. Senate. Committee on Foreign Relations - 2005 "For example, after a February interview with the Ivoirian ambassador to the UN and an NF representative, RTI journalist Habiba Dembele received death threats for providing the NF perspective. "</ref> A ranar 11 ga Fabrairu, 2008, gobara ta tashi a cikin ɗakin studio yayin da take yin fim na ''20 heures'', wanda ya tilasta mata barin gabatarwa ta gudu daga ginin. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2008 |title=Un incendie à la télévision nationale crée la panique à Abidjan |url=http://www.afrik.com/article13605.html |access-date= |publisher=Afrik.com}}</ref> Gobarar ta lalata dakunan karatu da dama amma gaba daya jami'an kashe gobara ne ke sarrafa su. <ref>{{Cite web |last=jean.daniel@abidjanshow.com |date=2025-04-23 |title=Côte d'Ivoire: Habiba Dembélé nommée à la Haca |url=https://www.abidjanshow.com/news/actu-for-men/276049-cote-divoire-habiba-dembele-nommee-a-la-haca |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=www.abidjanshow.com |language=fr-fr |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240726211248/https://www.abidjanshow.com/news/actu-for-men/276049-cote-divoire-habiba-dembele-nommee-a-la-haca |archive-date=2024-07-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tresore |first=Mélèdje |date=2023-01-16 |title=RTI : La suspension d’Habiba Dembélé levée |url=https://www.fratmat.info/article/226516/culture/rti-la-suspension-dhabiba-dembele-levee |access-date=2025-04-23 |website=FratMat |language=fr}}</ref> == Magana. == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] h0ykveqxw7vvl6sn6949gwfrjdxxpco Kisan kiyashi a Kurkukun Abu Salim 0 105303 961977 658475 2026-10-02T18:30:48Z Pharouqenr 25549 961977 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kisan kiyashi na gidan yarin Abu Salim''' ya faru ne a gidan yarin Abou Salim, Libya, a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1996, inda aka kashe kimanin fursunonin Libya 1,270 . An yi la'akari da kisan kiyashi a matsayin daya daga cikin kisan kiyashin da gwamnatin Gaddafi ta yi.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gudanar da zanga-zangar fursunoni a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1996. An yanke abincin abinci sosai a matsayin horo bayan fursunoni da yawa sun tsere daga kurkuku 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata. Fursunoni masu tayar da kayar baya sun kama masu gadi biyu yayin da suke rarraba abinci. Ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi ya mutu, sauran masu gadi sun bude wuta, sun kashe fursunoni shida kuma sun ji rauni game da 20. Masu tattaunawar gwamnati, ciki har da Abdullah Senussi, sai suka sadu da wakilan fursunoni waɗanda suka nemi inganta yanayin, kula da marasa lafiya da gwaji. Senussi bai yarda ya gurfanar da fursunoni a gaban shari'a ba, amma ya amince da sauran sharuɗɗa, da zarar an saki mai tsaron da aka kama. Fursunoni sun yarda. An gaya wa fursunoni 120 da suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya cewa za su sami kulawa ta likita kuma an dauke su cikin bas; duk da haka, ba a sake ganinsu ba. Kashegari da safe, 29 ga Yuni, an tattara fursunoni da yawa a cikin farfajiyar gidan yarin tsakiya, kuma an harbe su kuma an kashe su da bindiga daga rufin. Fiye da fursunoni 1,200 aka kashe a cikin kwanaki biyu.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered "Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered"]. Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin fursunoni 270 daga Block 2 da fursunoni daga Block 1 ba a harbe su ba, amma an tura su cikin sashin soja na kurkuku. Dalilin a bayyane shi ne cewa makullin da aka kama daga masu gadi ba su dace da makullin sel ɗin su ba. Kwamandan ya kare su saboda ya yi imanin cewa sun ki shiga cikin tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2011 |title=Libya survivor describes 1996 prison massacre |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/10/21/libya-survivor-describes-1996-prison-massacre/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Rahotanni na Human Rights Watch da farko sun dogara ne akan shaidar tsohon fursuna guda ɗaya, Hussein Al Shafa'i, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai ga wani fursuna da aka kashe ba: "Ba zan iya ganin fursunonin da aka harbe su ba..." <ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Al Shafa 'i ya kai adadin mutane sama da 1200 da aka kashe yana lissafin adadin abincin da ya shirya yayin da yake aiki a cikin ɗakin abinci na kurkuku. Rahoton Al Shafa'i daga baya ya tabbatar da wasu shaidu, gami da shaidu da 'yar jaridar Burtaniya Lindsey Hilsum ta tattara a cikin littafinta na 2012 Sandstorm . Ta bayyana adadin kisan kiyashi a matsayin ƙididdigar da ba ta da tabbas, saboda shiru na gwamnati game da inda fursunoni suke da kuma yanayinsu. Mansour Dhao da aka kama, wani fitaccen mutum a cikin mulkin Gaddafi, ya sake tabbatar da kisan kiyashi a cikin wata hira ta BBC. A cewar Hisham Matar, an fara binne wadanda aka kashe a cikin kaburbura masu zurfi a cikin farfajiyar shida na kurkukun inda aka kashe su. Bayan 'yan watanni, an tono jikinsu, an rushe ƙasusuwan kuma an zubar da su cikin teku. Wata kungiya ta adawa, National Front for the Salvation of Libya, ta ce an cire gawawwakin ta hanyar motocin firiji kuma daga baya aka tura su zuwa jiragen kasa.<ref name="HRW 2006">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> == Halin gwamnati == Gwamnatin Libya ta ki amincewa da duk wani zargi game da kisan kiyashi a Abu Salim na tsawon shekaru takwas. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2004, Gaddafi ya yarda cewa kisan gillar da aka yi a gidan yarin Abu Salim ya faru.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}</ref>  {{unreliable source?|date=October 2022}}[maɓallin da ba a dogara da shi ba?] Maganarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin daidaita dangantakar da ƙasashen Yamma. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005, shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida, wanda aka gano a matsayin "Khaled", ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa fursunoni sun kama wasu masu gadi kuma sun sace makamai. Ya ce gwamnati za ta bude bincike kan umarnin Ministan Shari'a, wanda bai faru ba.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison "Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison"]. Human Rights Watch. June 27, 2006.</cite></ref> Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ɗan fari na mai mulkin kama karya, ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware batun ta hanyar Gaddafi International Foundation for Charity Associations a kusa da shekara ta 2007. Gwamnatin Libya ta ce a shekara ta 2009 cewa kashe-kashen ya faru ne a cikin rikici tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan tawaye daga Kungiyar Yaki da Musulunci ta Libya, kuma an yi zargin cewa an kashe wasu "masu gadi 200". A watan Janairun 2011, Jamahiriya ta Larabawa ta Libya ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana gudanar da bincike game da lamarin tare da masu binciken kasa da kasa.<ref name="ohchr">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-15.pdf |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=[[Universal Periodic Review]] |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]], [[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci da ba a sani ba, duk da haka, Gaddafi ya amince da biyan diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-26 |title=Mass grave from Abu Salim prison massacre found |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110926-mass-grave-1996-abu-salim-uprising-1200-found-tripoli-prisoners-libya |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> == Haɗin wadanda abin ya shafa bayan kisan kiyashi == A shekara ta 2007, wani rukuni na iyalai 94 sun shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Benghazi ta Arewa don kokarin gano makomar danginsu da suka ɓace. Kotun ta ki amincewa da karar, amma Kotun daukaka kara ta Benghazi ta yanke hukunci a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2008, "ta umarci Jiha da ta bayyana makomar wadanda aka rasa". Wasu iyalai tamanin sun shiga karar.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ "Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names"]. Human Rights Solidarity. 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>  {{unreliable source?|date=October 2022}}Iyalan wadanda suka ɓace kuma aka kashe sun gudanar da zanga-zangar da yawa a Benghazi. Lauyan Fathi Terbil ya taimaka wajen wakiltar su. An kama shi sau da yawa. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, hukumomin Libya sun toshe damar yin amfani da YouTube bayan ya nuna bidiyon zanga-zangar da aka yi a birnin [[Benghazi]] na Libya ta dangin wadanda aka kashe a kurkukun Abu Salim a shekara ta 1996, da kuma bidiyon dangin shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] a jam'iyyun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2010 |title=Libya: Stop Blocking Independent Web Sites |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/02/03/libya-stop-blocking-independent-web-sites#}}</ref> Lauyan [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]] ya kuma wakilci iyalai na mutanen da aka kashe a kisan kiyashi kuma ya tattauna da Gaddafi game da diyya.<ref name="HRW_GhogaAbuSalim">{{Cite web |date=February 2011 |title=Update: Death Toll Up to At Least 233 |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226050059/http://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Lokacin da Arab Spring ya faru a Tunisia da Masar, Fathi Terbil yana daga cikin na farko da aka kama a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a kokarin hana juyin juya hali. Iyalan Abu Salim sun taru don nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurinsa, wanda ya haifar da babban taron jama'a da suka yi zanga-zanga a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, wanda ya jawo juyin juya halin a Libya. Abdullah Senussi, shugaban leken asiri na Gaddafi wanda mutane da yawa ke zargin cewa yana da hannu a kisan kiyashi na 1996, an ruwaito ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi Terbil ya dakatar da zanga-zangar. A lokacin tashin hankali Ghoga ya zama kakakin Majalisar Canjin Kasa, a watan Afrilun 2011 mataimakin shugaban kasa, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa Janairun 2012. == Kabarin da ake zargi da yawa == A ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, jim kadan bayan da aka hambarar da gwamnatin da ta gabata, Majalisar NTC mai mulki ta ce an gano kabari a waje da kurkuku. Khalid al-Sherif, mai magana da yawun soja na NTC, ya ce kabarin ya samo asali ne daga bayanai daga tsoffin jami'an gwamnatin da aka kama. Ya ce: "Mun gano gaskiyar game da abin da mutanen Libya ke jira shekaru da yawa, kuma gawawwakin da ragowar kisan kiyashi na Abu Salim ne. " Ibrahim Abu Shim, memba na kwamitin neman kaburbura, ya ce masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa an binne mutane 1,270 a cikin kabarin amma NTC na bukatar taimako daga al'ummar duniya don ganowa da gano ragowar saboda ba su da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don gwajin DNA. A shekara ta 2011, lokacin da Majalisar Canjin Kasa ta gayyaci 'yan jarida daga CNN da sauran kafofin watsa labarai ta sami kawai abin da ya zama ƙasusuwan dabba a wannan shafin kuma ta sanar da ƙarin bincike. == Bayanan da aka ambata == e7aykbevh0dvw8ssh88ukdlcn8fjopi 961978 961977 2026-10-02T18:31:24Z Pharouqenr 25549 961978 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kisan kiyashi na gidan yarin Abu Salim''' ya faru ne a gidan yarin Abou Salim, Libya, a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1996, inda aka kashe kimanin fursunonin Libya 1,270 . An yi la'akari da kisan kiyashi a matsayin daya daga cikin kisan kiyashin da gwamnatin Gaddafi ta yi.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gudanar da zanga-zangar fursunoni a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1996. An yanke abincin abinci sosai a matsayin horo bayan fursunoni da yawa sun tsere daga kurkuku 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata. Fursunoni masu tayar da kayar baya sun kama masu gadi biyu yayin da suke rarraba abinci. Ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi ya mutu, sauran masu gadi sun bude wuta, sun kashe fursunoni shida kuma sun ji rauni game da 20. Masu tattaunawar gwamnati, ciki har da Abdullah Senussi, sai suka sadu da wakilan fursunoni waɗanda suka nemi inganta yanayin, kula da marasa lafiya da gwaji. Senussi bai yarda ya gurfanar da fursunoni a gaban shari'a ba, amma ya amince da sauran sharuɗɗa, da zarar an saki mai tsaron da aka kama. Fursunoni sun yarda. An gaya wa fursunoni 120 da suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya cewa za su sami kulawa ta likita kuma an dauke su cikin bas; duk da haka, ba a sake ganinsu ba. Kashegari da safe, 29 ga Yuni, an tattara fursunoni da yawa a cikin farfajiyar gidan yarin tsakiya, kuma an harbe su kuma an kashe su da bindiga daga rufin. Fiye da fursunoni 1,200 aka kashe a cikin kwanaki biyu.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered "Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered"]. Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin fursunoni 270 daga Block 2 da fursunoni daga Block 1 ba a harbe su ba, amma an tura su cikin sashin soja na kurkuku. Dalilin a bayyane shi ne cewa makullin da aka kama daga masu gadi ba su dace da makullin sel ɗin su ba. Kwamandan ya kare su saboda ya yi imanin cewa sun ki shiga cikin tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2011 |title=Libya survivor describes 1996 prison massacre |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/10/21/libya-survivor-describes-1996-prison-massacre/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Rahotanni na Human Rights Watch da farko sun dogara ne akan shaidar tsohon fursuna guda ɗaya, Hussein Al Shafa'i, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai ga wani fursuna da aka kashe ba: "Ba zan iya ganin fursunonin da aka harbe su ba..." <ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Al Shafa 'i ya kai adadin mutane sama da 1200 da aka kashe yana lissafin adadin abincin da ya shirya yayin da yake aiki a cikin ɗakin abinci na kurkuku. Rahoton Al Shafa'i daga baya ya tabbatar da wasu shaidu, gami da shaidu da 'yar jaridar Burtaniya Lindsey Hilsum ta tattara a cikin littafinta na 2012 Sandstorm . Ta bayyana adadin kisan kiyashi a matsayin ƙididdigar da ba ta da tabbas, saboda shiru na gwamnati game da inda fursunoni suke da kuma yanayinsu. Mansour Dhao da aka kama, wani fitaccen mutum a cikin mulkin Gaddafi, ya sake tabbatar da kisan kiyashi a cikin wata hira ta BBC. A cewar Hisham Matar, an fara binne wadanda aka kashe a cikin kaburbura masu zurfi a cikin farfajiyar shida na kurkukun inda aka kashe su. Bayan 'yan watanni, an tono jikinsu, an rushe ƙasusuwan kuma an zubar da su cikin teku. Wata kungiya ta adawa, National Front for the Salvation of Libya, ta ce an cire gawawwakin ta hanyar motocin firiji kuma daga baya aka tura su zuwa jiragen kasa.<ref name="HRW 2006">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> == Halin gwamnati == Gwamnatin Libya ta ki amincewa da duk wani zargi game da kisan kiyashi a Abu Salim na tsawon shekaru takwas. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2004, Gaddafi ya yarda cewa kisan gillar da aka yi a gidan yarin Abu Salim ya faru.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}</ref>  [maɓallin da ba a dogara da shi ba?] Maganarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin daidaita dangantakar da ƙasashen Yamma. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005, shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida, wanda aka gano a matsayin "Khaled", ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa fursunoni sun kama wasu masu gadi kuma sun sace makamai. Ya ce gwamnati za ta bude bincike kan umarnin Ministan Shari'a, wanda bai faru ba.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison "Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison"]. Human Rights Watch. June 27, 2006.</cite></ref> Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ɗan fari na mai mulkin kama karya, ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware batun ta hanyar Gaddafi International Foundation for Charity Associations a kusa da shekara ta 2007. Gwamnatin Libya ta ce a shekara ta 2009 cewa kashe-kashen ya faru ne a cikin rikici tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan tawaye daga Kungiyar Yaki da Musulunci ta Libya, kuma an yi zargin cewa an kashe wasu "masu gadi 200". A watan Janairun 2011, Jamahiriya ta Larabawa ta Libya ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana gudanar da bincike game da lamarin tare da masu binciken kasa da kasa.<ref name="ohchr">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-15.pdf |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=[[Universal Periodic Review]] |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]], [[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci da ba a sani ba, duk da haka, Gaddafi ya amince da biyan diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-26 |title=Mass grave from Abu Salim prison massacre found |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110926-mass-grave-1996-abu-salim-uprising-1200-found-tripoli-prisoners-libya |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> == Haɗin wadanda abin ya shafa bayan kisan kiyashi == A shekara ta 2007, wani rukuni na iyalai 94 sun shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Benghazi ta Arewa don kokarin gano makomar danginsu da suka ɓace. Kotun ta ki amincewa da karar, amma Kotun daukaka kara ta Benghazi ta yanke hukunci a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2008, "ta umarci Jiha da ta bayyana makomar wadanda aka rasa". Wasu iyalai tamanin sun shiga karar.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ "Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names"]. Human Rights Solidarity. 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>  {{unreliable source?|date=October 2022}}Iyalan wadanda suka ɓace kuma aka kashe sun gudanar da zanga-zangar da yawa a Benghazi. Lauyan Fathi Terbil ya taimaka wajen wakiltar su. An kama shi sau da yawa. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, hukumomin Libya sun toshe damar yin amfani da YouTube bayan ya nuna bidiyon zanga-zangar da aka yi a birnin [[Benghazi]] na Libya ta dangin wadanda aka kashe a kurkukun Abu Salim a shekara ta 1996, da kuma bidiyon dangin shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] a jam'iyyun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2010 |title=Libya: Stop Blocking Independent Web Sites |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/02/03/libya-stop-blocking-independent-web-sites#}}</ref> Lauyan [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]] ya kuma wakilci iyalai na mutanen da aka kashe a kisan kiyashi kuma ya tattauna da Gaddafi game da diyya.<ref name="HRW_GhogaAbuSalim">{{Cite web |date=February 2011 |title=Update: Death Toll Up to At Least 233 |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226050059/http://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Lokacin da Arab Spring ya faru a Tunisia da Masar, Fathi Terbil yana daga cikin na farko da aka kama a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a kokarin hana juyin juya hali. Iyalan Abu Salim sun taru don nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurinsa, wanda ya haifar da babban taron jama'a da suka yi zanga-zanga a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, wanda ya jawo juyin juya halin a Libya. Abdullah Senussi, shugaban leken asiri na Gaddafi wanda mutane da yawa ke zargin cewa yana da hannu a kisan kiyashi na 1996, an ruwaito ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi Terbil ya dakatar da zanga-zangar. A lokacin tashin hankali Ghoga ya zama kakakin Majalisar Canjin Kasa, a watan Afrilun 2011 mataimakin shugaban kasa, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa Janairun 2012. == Kabarin da ake zargi da yawa == A ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, jim kadan bayan da aka hambarar da gwamnatin da ta gabata, Majalisar NTC mai mulki ta ce an gano kabari a waje da kurkuku. Khalid al-Sherif, mai magana da yawun soja na NTC, ya ce kabarin ya samo asali ne daga bayanai daga tsoffin jami'an gwamnatin da aka kama. Ya ce: "Mun gano gaskiyar game da abin da mutanen Libya ke jira shekaru da yawa, kuma gawawwakin da ragowar kisan kiyashi na Abu Salim ne. " Ibrahim Abu Shim, memba na kwamitin neman kaburbura, ya ce masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa an binne mutane 1,270 a cikin kabarin amma NTC na bukatar taimako daga al'ummar duniya don ganowa da gano ragowar saboda ba su da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don gwajin DNA. A shekara ta 2011, lokacin da Majalisar Canjin Kasa ta gayyaci 'yan jarida daga CNN da sauran kafofin watsa labarai ta sami kawai abin da ya zama ƙasusuwan dabba a wannan shafin kuma ta sanar da ƙarin bincike. == Bayanan da aka ambata == juxoqb4rnqufe5ar6gvreybx5fa1w0r 961979 961978 2026-10-02T18:31:49Z Pharouqenr 25549 961979 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kisan kiyashi na gidan yarin Abu Salim''' ya faru ne a gidan yarin Abou Salim, Libya, a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1996, inda aka kashe kimanin fursunonin Libya 1,270 . An yi la'akari da kisan kiyashi a matsayin daya daga cikin kisan kiyashin da gwamnatin Gaddafi ta yi.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gudanar da zanga-zangar fursunoni a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1996. An yanke abincin abinci sosai a matsayin horo bayan fursunoni da yawa sun tsere daga kurkuku 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata. Fursunoni masu tayar da kayar baya sun kama masu gadi biyu yayin da suke rarraba abinci. Ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi ya mutu, sauran masu gadi sun bude wuta, sun kashe fursunoni shida kuma sun ji rauni game da 20. Masu tattaunawar gwamnati, ciki har da Abdullah Senussi, sai suka sadu da wakilan fursunoni waɗanda suka nemi inganta yanayin, kula da marasa lafiya da gwaji. Senussi bai yarda ya gurfanar da fursunoni a gaban shari'a ba, amma ya amince da sauran sharuɗɗa, da zarar an saki mai tsaron da aka kama. Fursunoni sun yarda. An gaya wa fursunoni 120 da suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya cewa za su sami kulawa ta likita kuma an dauke su cikin bas; duk da haka, ba a sake ganinsu ba. Kashegari da safe, 29 ga Yuni, an tattara fursunoni da yawa a cikin farfajiyar gidan yarin tsakiya, kuma an harbe su kuma an kashe su da bindiga daga rufin. Fiye da fursunoni 1,200 aka kashe a cikin kwanaki biyu.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered "Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered"]. Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin fursunoni 270 daga Block 2 da fursunoni daga Block 1 ba a harbe su ba, amma an tura su cikin sashin soja na kurkuku. Dalilin a bayyane shi ne cewa makullin da aka kama daga masu gadi ba su dace da makullin sel ɗin su ba. Kwamandan ya kare su saboda ya yi imanin cewa sun ki shiga cikin tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2011 |title=Libya survivor describes 1996 prison massacre |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/10/21/libya-survivor-describes-1996-prison-massacre/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Rahotanni na Human Rights Watch da farko sun dogara ne akan shaidar tsohon fursuna guda ɗaya, Hussein Al Shafa'i, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai ga wani fursuna da aka kashe ba: "Ba zan iya ganin fursunonin da aka harbe su ba..." <ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Al Shafa 'i ya kai adadin mutane sama da 1200 da aka kashe yana lissafin adadin abincin da ya shirya yayin da yake aiki a cikin ɗakin abinci na kurkuku. Rahoton Al Shafa'i daga baya ya tabbatar da wasu shaidu, gami da shaidu da 'yar jaridar Burtaniya Lindsey Hilsum ta tattara a cikin littafinta na 2012 Sandstorm . Ta bayyana adadin kisan kiyashi a matsayin ƙididdigar da ba ta da tabbas, saboda shiru na gwamnati game da inda fursunoni suke da kuma yanayinsu. Mansour Dhao da aka kama, wani fitaccen mutum a cikin mulkin Gaddafi, ya sake tabbatar da kisan kiyashi a cikin wata hira ta BBC. A cewar Hisham Matar, an fara binne wadanda aka kashe a cikin kaburbura masu zurfi a cikin farfajiyar shida na kurkukun inda aka kashe su. Bayan 'yan watanni, an tono jikinsu, an rushe ƙasusuwan kuma an zubar da su cikin teku. Wata kungiya ta adawa, National Front for the Salvation of Libya, ta ce an cire gawawwakin ta hanyar motocin firiji kuma daga baya aka tura su zuwa jiragen kasa.<ref name="HRW 2006">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> == Halin gwamnati == Gwamnatin Libya ta ki amincewa da duk wani zargi game da kisan kiyashi a Abu Salim na tsawon shekaru takwas. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2004, Gaddafi ya yarda cewa kisan gillar da aka yi a gidan yarin Abu Salim ya faru.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}</ref>  Maganarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin daidaita dangantakar da ƙasashen Yamma. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005, shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida, wanda aka gano a matsayin "Khaled", ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa fursunoni sun kama wasu masu gadi kuma sun sace makamai. Ya ce gwamnati za ta bude bincike kan umarnin Ministan Shari'a, wanda bai faru ba.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison "Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison"]. Human Rights Watch. June 27, 2006.</cite></ref> Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ɗan fari na mai mulkin kama karya, ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware batun ta hanyar Gaddafi International Foundation for Charity Associations a kusa da shekara ta 2007. Gwamnatin Libya ta ce a shekara ta 2009 cewa kashe-kashen ya faru ne a cikin rikici tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan tawaye daga Kungiyar Yaki da Musulunci ta Libya, kuma an yi zargin cewa an kashe wasu "masu gadi 200". A watan Janairun 2011, Jamahiriya ta Larabawa ta Libya ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana gudanar da bincike game da lamarin tare da masu binciken kasa da kasa.<ref name="ohchr">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-15.pdf |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=[[Universal Periodic Review]] |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]], [[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci da ba a sani ba, duk da haka, Gaddafi ya amince da biyan diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-26 |title=Mass grave from Abu Salim prison massacre found |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110926-mass-grave-1996-abu-salim-uprising-1200-found-tripoli-prisoners-libya |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> == Haɗin wadanda abin ya shafa bayan kisan kiyashi == A shekara ta 2007, wani rukuni na iyalai 94 sun shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Benghazi ta Arewa don kokarin gano makomar danginsu da suka ɓace. Kotun ta ki amincewa da karar, amma Kotun daukaka kara ta Benghazi ta yanke hukunci a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2008, "ta umarci Jiha da ta bayyana makomar wadanda aka rasa". Wasu iyalai tamanin sun shiga karar.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ "Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names"]. Human Rights Solidarity. 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>  {{unreliable source?|date=October 2022}}Iyalan wadanda suka ɓace kuma aka kashe sun gudanar da zanga-zangar da yawa a Benghazi. Lauyan Fathi Terbil ya taimaka wajen wakiltar su. An kama shi sau da yawa. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, hukumomin Libya sun toshe damar yin amfani da YouTube bayan ya nuna bidiyon zanga-zangar da aka yi a birnin [[Benghazi]] na Libya ta dangin wadanda aka kashe a kurkukun Abu Salim a shekara ta 1996, da kuma bidiyon dangin shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] a jam'iyyun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2010 |title=Libya: Stop Blocking Independent Web Sites |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/02/03/libya-stop-blocking-independent-web-sites#}}</ref> Lauyan [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]] ya kuma wakilci iyalai na mutanen da aka kashe a kisan kiyashi kuma ya tattauna da Gaddafi game da diyya.<ref name="HRW_GhogaAbuSalim">{{Cite web |date=February 2011 |title=Update: Death Toll Up to At Least 233 |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226050059/http://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Lokacin da Arab Spring ya faru a Tunisia da Masar, Fathi Terbil yana daga cikin na farko da aka kama a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a kokarin hana juyin juya hali. Iyalan Abu Salim sun taru don nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurinsa, wanda ya haifar da babban taron jama'a da suka yi zanga-zanga a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, wanda ya jawo juyin juya halin a Libya. Abdullah Senussi, shugaban leken asiri na Gaddafi wanda mutane da yawa ke zargin cewa yana da hannu a kisan kiyashi na 1996, an ruwaito ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi Terbil ya dakatar da zanga-zangar. A lokacin tashin hankali Ghoga ya zama kakakin Majalisar Canjin Kasa, a watan Afrilun 2011 mataimakin shugaban kasa, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa Janairun 2012. == Kabarin da ake zargi da yawa == A ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, jim kadan bayan da aka hambarar da gwamnatin da ta gabata, Majalisar NTC mai mulki ta ce an gano kabari a waje da kurkuku. Khalid al-Sherif, mai magana da yawun soja na NTC, ya ce kabarin ya samo asali ne daga bayanai daga tsoffin jami'an gwamnatin da aka kama. Ya ce: "Mun gano gaskiyar game da abin da mutanen Libya ke jira shekaru da yawa, kuma gawawwakin da ragowar kisan kiyashi na Abu Salim ne. " Ibrahim Abu Shim, memba na kwamitin neman kaburbura, ya ce masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa an binne mutane 1,270 a cikin kabarin amma NTC na bukatar taimako daga al'ummar duniya don ganowa da gano ragowar saboda ba su da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don gwajin DNA. A shekara ta 2011, lokacin da Majalisar Canjin Kasa ta gayyaci 'yan jarida daga CNN da sauran kafofin watsa labarai ta sami kawai abin da ya zama ƙasusuwan dabba a wannan shafin kuma ta sanar da ƙarin bincike. == Bayanan da aka ambata == bz0zutpa68gdcv0oswlnw8nx751sv2b 961980 961979 2026-10-02T18:32:11Z Pharouqenr 25549 961980 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kisan kiyashi na gidan yarin Abu Salim''' ya faru ne a gidan yarin Abou Salim, Libya, a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1996, inda aka kashe kimanin fursunonin Libya 1,270 . An yi la'akari da kisan kiyashi a matsayin daya daga cikin kisan kiyashin da gwamnatin Gaddafi ta yi.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gudanar da zanga-zangar fursunoni a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1996. An yanke abincin abinci sosai a matsayin horo bayan fursunoni da yawa sun tsere daga kurkuku 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata. Fursunoni masu tayar da kayar baya sun kama masu gadi biyu yayin da suke rarraba abinci. Ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi ya mutu, sauran masu gadi sun bude wuta, sun kashe fursunoni shida kuma sun ji rauni game da 20. Masu tattaunawar gwamnati, ciki har da Abdullah Senussi, sai suka sadu da wakilan fursunoni waɗanda suka nemi inganta yanayin, kula da marasa lafiya da gwaji. Senussi bai yarda ya gurfanar da fursunoni a gaban shari'a ba, amma ya amince da sauran sharuɗɗa, da zarar an saki mai tsaron da aka kama. Fursunoni sun yarda. An gaya wa fursunoni 120 da suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya cewa za su sami kulawa ta likita kuma an dauke su cikin bas; duk da haka, ba a sake ganinsu ba. Kashegari da safe, 29 ga Yuni, an tattara fursunoni da yawa a cikin farfajiyar gidan yarin tsakiya, kuma an harbe su kuma an kashe su da bindiga daga rufin. Fiye da fursunoni 1,200 aka kashe a cikin kwanaki biyu.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered "Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered"]. Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin fursunoni 270 daga Block 2 da fursunoni daga Block 1 ba a harbe su ba, amma an tura su cikin sashin soja na kurkuku. Dalilin a bayyane shi ne cewa makullin da aka kama daga masu gadi ba su dace da makullin sel ɗin su ba. Kwamandan ya kare su saboda ya yi imanin cewa sun ki shiga cikin tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2011 |title=Libya survivor describes 1996 prison massacre |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/10/21/libya-survivor-describes-1996-prison-massacre/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Rahotanni na Human Rights Watch da farko sun dogara ne akan shaidar tsohon fursuna guda ɗaya, Hussein Al Shafa'i, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai ga wani fursuna da aka kashe ba: "Ba zan iya ganin fursunonin da aka harbe su ba..." <ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Al Shafa 'i ya kai adadin mutane sama da 1200 da aka kashe yana lissafin adadin abincin da ya shirya yayin da yake aiki a cikin ɗakin abinci na kurkuku. Rahoton Al Shafa'i daga baya ya tabbatar da wasu shaidu, gami da shaidu da 'yar jaridar Burtaniya Lindsey Hilsum ta tattara a cikin littafinta na 2012 Sandstorm . Ta bayyana adadin kisan kiyashi a matsayin ƙididdigar da ba ta da tabbas, saboda shiru na gwamnati game da inda fursunoni suke da kuma yanayinsu. Mansour Dhao da aka kama, wani fitaccen mutum a cikin mulkin Gaddafi, ya sake tabbatar da kisan kiyashi a cikin wata hira ta [[BBC]]. A cewar Hisham Matar, an fara binne wadanda aka kashe a cikin kaburbura masu zurfi a cikin farfajiyar shida na kurkukun inda aka kashe su. Bayan 'yan watanni, an tono jikinsu, an rushe ƙasusuwan kuma an zubar da su cikin teku. Wata kungiya ta adawa, National Front for the Salvation of Libya, ta ce an cire gawawwakin ta hanyar motocin firiji kuma daga baya aka tura su zuwa jiragen kasa.<ref name="HRW 2006">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> == Halin gwamnati == Gwamnatin Libya ta ki amincewa da duk wani zargi game da kisan kiyashi a Abu Salim na tsawon shekaru takwas. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2004, Gaddafi ya yarda cewa kisan gillar da aka yi a gidan yarin Abu Salim ya faru.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}</ref>  Maganarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin daidaita dangantakar da ƙasashen Yamma. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005, shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida, wanda aka gano a matsayin "Khaled", ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa fursunoni sun kama wasu masu gadi kuma sun sace makamai. Ya ce gwamnati za ta bude bincike kan umarnin Ministan Shari'a, wanda bai faru ba.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison "Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison"]. Human Rights Watch. June 27, 2006.</cite></ref> Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ɗan fari na mai mulkin kama karya, ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware batun ta hanyar Gaddafi International Foundation for Charity Associations a kusa da shekara ta 2007. Gwamnatin Libya ta ce a shekara ta 2009 cewa kashe-kashen ya faru ne a cikin rikici tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan tawaye daga Kungiyar Yaki da Musulunci ta Libya, kuma an yi zargin cewa an kashe wasu "masu gadi 200". A watan Janairun 2011, Jamahiriya ta Larabawa ta Libya ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana gudanar da bincike game da lamarin tare da masu binciken kasa da kasa.<ref name="ohchr">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-15.pdf |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=[[Universal Periodic Review]] |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]], [[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci da ba a sani ba, duk da haka, Gaddafi ya amince da biyan diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-26 |title=Mass grave from Abu Salim prison massacre found |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110926-mass-grave-1996-abu-salim-uprising-1200-found-tripoli-prisoners-libya |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> == Haɗin wadanda abin ya shafa bayan kisan kiyashi == A shekara ta 2007, wani rukuni na iyalai 94 sun shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Benghazi ta Arewa don kokarin gano makomar danginsu da suka ɓace. Kotun ta ki amincewa da karar, amma Kotun daukaka kara ta Benghazi ta yanke hukunci a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2008, "ta umarci Jiha da ta bayyana makomar wadanda aka rasa". Wasu iyalai tamanin sun shiga karar.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ "Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names"]. Human Rights Solidarity. 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>  {{unreliable source?|date=October 2022}}Iyalan wadanda suka ɓace kuma aka kashe sun gudanar da zanga-zangar da yawa a Benghazi. Lauyan Fathi Terbil ya taimaka wajen wakiltar su. An kama shi sau da yawa. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, hukumomin Libya sun toshe damar yin amfani da YouTube bayan ya nuna bidiyon zanga-zangar da aka yi a birnin [[Benghazi]] na Libya ta dangin wadanda aka kashe a kurkukun Abu Salim a shekara ta 1996, da kuma bidiyon dangin shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] a jam'iyyun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2010 |title=Libya: Stop Blocking Independent Web Sites |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/02/03/libya-stop-blocking-independent-web-sites#}}</ref> Lauyan [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]] ya kuma wakilci iyalai na mutanen da aka kashe a kisan kiyashi kuma ya tattauna da Gaddafi game da diyya.<ref name="HRW_GhogaAbuSalim">{{Cite web |date=February 2011 |title=Update: Death Toll Up to At Least 233 |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226050059/http://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Lokacin da Arab Spring ya faru a Tunisia da Masar, Fathi Terbil yana daga cikin na farko da aka kama a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a kokarin hana juyin juya hali. Iyalan Abu Salim sun taru don nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurinsa, wanda ya haifar da babban taron jama'a da suka yi zanga-zanga a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, wanda ya jawo juyin juya halin a Libya. Abdullah Senussi, shugaban leken asiri na Gaddafi wanda mutane da yawa ke zargin cewa yana da hannu a kisan kiyashi na 1996, an ruwaito ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi Terbil ya dakatar da zanga-zangar. A lokacin tashin hankali Ghoga ya zama kakakin Majalisar Canjin Kasa, a watan Afrilun 2011 mataimakin shugaban kasa, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa Janairun 2012. == Kabarin da ake zargi da yawa == A ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, jim kadan bayan da aka hambarar da gwamnatin da ta gabata, Majalisar NTC mai mulki ta ce an gano kabari a waje da kurkuku. Khalid al-Sherif, mai magana da yawun soja na NTC, ya ce kabarin ya samo asali ne daga bayanai daga tsoffin jami'an gwamnatin da aka kama. Ya ce: "Mun gano gaskiyar game da abin da mutanen Libya ke jira shekaru da yawa, kuma gawawwakin da ragowar kisan kiyashi na Abu Salim ne. " Ibrahim Abu Shim, memba na kwamitin neman kaburbura, ya ce masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa an binne mutane 1,270 a cikin kabarin amma NTC na bukatar taimako daga al'ummar duniya don ganowa da gano ragowar saboda ba su da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don gwajin DNA. A shekara ta 2011, lokacin da Majalisar Canjin Kasa ta gayyaci 'yan jarida daga CNN da sauran kafofin watsa labarai ta sami kawai abin da ya zama ƙasusuwan dabba a wannan shafin kuma ta sanar da ƙarin bincike. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 7uosqegtc6vq229xszpjmxgoqooug6t 961981 961980 2026-10-02T18:32:45Z Pharouqenr 25549 961981 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kisan kiyashi na gidan yarin Abu Salim''' ya faru ne a gidan yarin Abou Salim, Libya, a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1996, inda aka kashe kimanin fursunonin Libya 1,270 . An yi la'akari da kisan kiyashi a matsayin daya daga cikin kisan kiyashin da gwamnatin Gaddafi ta yi.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gudanar da zanga-zangar fursunoni a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1996. An yanke abincin abinci sosai a matsayin horo bayan fursunoni da yawa sun tsere daga kurkuku 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata. Fursunoni masu tayar da kayar baya sun kama masu gadi biyu yayin da suke rarraba abinci. Ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi ya mutu, sauran masu gadi sun bude wuta, sun kashe fursunoni shida kuma sun ji rauni game da 20. Masu tattaunawar gwamnati, ciki har da Abdullah Senussi, sai suka sadu da wakilan fursunoni waɗanda suka nemi inganta yanayin, kula da marasa lafiya da gwaji. Senussi bai yarda ya gurfanar da fursunoni a gaban shari'a ba, amma ya amince da sauran sharuɗɗa, da zarar an saki mai tsaron da aka kama. Fursunoni sun yarda. An gaya wa fursunoni 120 da suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya cewa za su sami kulawa ta likita kuma an dauke su cikin bas; duk da haka, ba a sake ganinsu ba. Kashegari da safe, 29 ga Yuni, an tattara fursunoni da yawa a cikin farfajiyar gidan yarin tsakiya, kuma an harbe su kuma an kashe su da bindiga daga rufin. Fiye da fursunoni 1,200 aka kashe a cikin kwanaki biyu.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered "Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered"]. Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin fursunoni 270 daga Block 2 da fursunoni daga Block 1 ba a harbe su ba, amma an tura su cikin sashin soja na kurkuku. Dalilin a bayyane shi ne cewa makullin da aka kama daga masu gadi ba su dace da makullin sel ɗin su ba. Kwamandan ya kare su saboda ya yi imanin cewa sun ki shiga cikin tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2011 |title=Libya survivor describes 1996 prison massacre |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/10/21/libya-survivor-describes-1996-prison-massacre/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Rahotanni na Human Rights Watch da farko sun dogara ne akan shaidar tsohon fursuna guda ɗaya, Hussein Al Shafa'i, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai ga wani fursuna da aka kashe ba: "Ba zan iya ganin fursunonin da aka harbe su ba..." <ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Al Shafa 'i ya kai adadin mutane sama da 1200 da aka kashe yana lissafin adadin abincin da ya shirya yayin da yake aiki a cikin ɗakin abinci na kurkuku. Rahoton Al Shafa'i daga baya ya tabbatar da wasu shaidu, gami da shaidu da 'yar jaridar Burtaniya Lindsey Hilsum ta tattara a cikin littafinta na 2012 Sandstorm . Ta bayyana adadin kisan kiyashi a matsayin ƙididdigar da ba ta da tabbas, saboda shiru na gwamnati game da inda fursunoni suke da kuma yanayinsu. Mansour Dhao da aka kama, wani fitaccen mutum a cikin mulkin Gaddafi, ya sake tabbatar da kisan kiyashi a cikin wata hira ta [[BBC]]. A cewar Hisham Matar, an fara binne wadanda aka kashe a cikin kaburbura masu zurfi a cikin farfajiyar shida na kurkukun inda aka kashe su. Bayan 'yan watanni, an tono jikinsu, an rushe ƙasusuwan kuma an zubar da su cikin teku. Wata kungiya ta adawa, National Front for the Salvation of Libya, ta ce an cire gawawwakin ta hanyar motocin firiji kuma daga baya aka tura su zuwa jiragen kasa.<ref name="HRW 2006">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> == Halin gwamnati == Gwamnatin Libya ta ki amincewa da duk wani zargi game da kisan kiyashi a Abu Salim na tsawon shekaru takwas. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2004, Gaddafi ya yarda cewa kisan gillar da aka yi a gidan yarin Abu Salim ya faru.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}</ref>  Maganarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin daidaita dangantakar da ƙasashen Yamma. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005, shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida, wanda aka gano a matsayin "Khaled", ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa fursunoni sun kama wasu masu gadi kuma sun sace makamai. Ya ce gwamnati za ta bude bincike kan umarnin Ministan Shari'a, wanda bai faru ba.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison "Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison"]. Human Rights Watch. June 27, 2006.</cite></ref> Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ɗan fari na mai mulkin kama karya, ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware batun ta hanyar Gaddafi International Foundation for Charity Associations a kusa da shekara ta 2007. Gwamnatin Libya ta ce a shekara ta 2009 cewa kashe-kashen ya faru ne a cikin rikici tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan tawaye daga Kungiyar Yaki da Musulunci ta Libya, kuma an yi zargin cewa an kashe wasu "masu gadi 200". A watan Janairun 2011, Jamahiriya ta Larabawa ta Libya ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana gudanar da bincike game da lamarin tare da masu binciken kasa da kasa.<ref name="ohchr">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-15.pdf |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=[[Universal Periodic Review]] |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]], [[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci da ba a sani ba, duk da haka, Gaddafi ya amince da biyan diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-26 |title=Mass grave from Abu Salim prison massacre found |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110926-mass-grave-1996-abu-salim-uprising-1200-found-tripoli-prisoners-libya |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> == Haɗin wadanda abin ya shafa bayan kisan kiyashi == A shekara ta 2007, wani rukuni na iyalai 94 sun shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Benghazi ta Arewa don kokarin gano makomar danginsu da suka ɓace. Kotun ta ki amincewa da karar, amma Kotun daukaka kara ta Benghazi ta yanke hukunci a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2008, "ta umarci Jiha da ta bayyana makomar wadanda aka rasa". Wasu iyalai tamanin sun shiga karar.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ "Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names"]. Human Rights Solidarity. 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>  Iyalan wadanda suka ɓace kuma aka kashe sun gudanar da zanga-zangar da yawa a Benghazi. Lauyan Fathi Terbil ya taimaka wajen wakiltar su. An kama shi sau da yawa. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, hukumomin Libya sun toshe damar yin amfani da YouTube bayan ya nuna bidiyon zanga-zangar da aka yi a birnin [[Benghazi]] na Libya ta dangin wadanda aka kashe a kurkukun Abu Salim a shekara ta 1996, da kuma bidiyon dangin shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] a jam'iyyun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2010 |title=Libya: Stop Blocking Independent Web Sites |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/02/03/libya-stop-blocking-independent-web-sites#}}</ref> Lauyan [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]] ya kuma wakilci iyalai na mutanen da aka kashe a kisan kiyashi kuma ya tattauna da Gaddafi game da diyya.<ref name="HRW_GhogaAbuSalim">{{Cite web |date=February 2011 |title=Update: Death Toll Up to At Least 233 |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226050059/http://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Lokacin da Arab Spring ya faru a Tunisia da Masar, Fathi Terbil yana daga cikin na farko da aka kama a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a kokarin hana juyin juya hali. Iyalan Abu Salim sun taru don nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurinsa, wanda ya haifar da babban taron jama'a da suka yi zanga-zanga a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, wanda ya jawo juyin juya halin a Libya. Abdullah Senussi, shugaban leken asiri na Gaddafi wanda mutane da yawa ke zargin cewa yana da hannu a kisan kiyashi na 1996, an ruwaito ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi Terbil ya dakatar da zanga-zangar. A lokacin tashin hankali Ghoga ya zama kakakin Majalisar Canjin Kasa, a watan Afrilun 2011 mataimakin shugaban kasa, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa Janairun 2012. == Kabarin da ake zargi da yawa == A ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, jim kadan bayan da aka hambarar da gwamnatin da ta gabata, Majalisar NTC mai mulki ta ce an gano kabari a waje da kurkuku. Khalid al-Sherif, mai magana da yawun soja na NTC, ya ce kabarin ya samo asali ne daga bayanai daga tsoffin jami'an gwamnatin da aka kama. Ya ce: "Mun gano gaskiyar game da abin da mutanen Libya ke jira shekaru da yawa, kuma gawawwakin da ragowar kisan kiyashi na Abu Salim ne. " Ibrahim Abu Shim, memba na kwamitin neman kaburbura, ya ce masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa an binne mutane 1,270 a cikin kabarin amma NTC na bukatar taimako daga al'ummar duniya don ganowa da gano ragowar saboda ba su da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don gwajin DNA. A shekara ta 2011, lokacin da Majalisar Canjin Kasa ta gayyaci 'yan jarida daga CNN da sauran kafofin watsa labarai ta sami kawai abin da ya zama ƙasusuwan dabba a wannan shafin kuma ta sanar da ƙarin bincike. == Bayanan da aka ambata == hra9xi6a6qp6d27bymdkfnbb20im2he 961982 961981 2026-10-02T18:33:04Z Pharouqenr 25549 961982 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kisan kiyashi na gidan yarin Abu Salim''' ya faru ne a gidan yarin Abou Salim, Libya, a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1996, inda aka kashe kimanin fursunonin Libya 1,270 . An yi la'akari da kisan kiyashi a matsayin daya daga cikin kisan kiyashin da gwamnatin Gaddafi ta yi.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gudanar da zanga-zangar fursunoni a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1996. An yanke abincin abinci sosai a matsayin horo bayan fursunoni da yawa sun tsere daga kurkuku 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata. Fursunoni masu tayar da kayar baya sun kama masu gadi biyu yayin da suke rarraba abinci. Ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi ya mutu, sauran masu gadi sun bude wuta, sun kashe fursunoni shida kuma sun ji rauni game da 20. Masu tattaunawar gwamnati, ciki har da Abdullah Senussi, sai suka sadu da wakilan fursunoni waɗanda suka nemi inganta yanayin, kula da marasa lafiya da gwaji. Senussi bai yarda ya gurfanar da fursunoni a gaban shari'a ba, amma ya amince da sauran sharuɗɗa, da zarar an saki mai tsaron da aka kama. Fursunoni sun yarda. An gaya wa fursunoni 120 da suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya cewa za su sami kulawa ta likita kuma an dauke su cikin bas; duk da haka, ba a sake ganinsu ba. Kashegari da safe, 29 ga Yuni, an tattara fursunoni da yawa a cikin farfajiyar gidan yarin tsakiya, kuma an harbe su kuma an kashe su da bindiga daga rufin. Fiye da fursunoni 1,200 aka kashe a cikin kwanaki biyu.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered "Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered"]. Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin fursunoni 270 daga Block 2 da fursunoni daga Block 1 ba a harbe su ba, amma an tura su cikin sashin soja na kurkuku. Dalilin a bayyane shi ne cewa makullin da aka kama daga masu gadi ba su dace da makullin sel ɗin su ba. Kwamandan ya kare su saboda ya yi imanin cewa sun ki shiga cikin tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2011 |title=Libya survivor describes 1996 prison massacre |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/10/21/libya-survivor-describes-1996-prison-massacre/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Rahotanni na Human Rights Watch da farko sun dogara ne akan shaidar tsohon fursuna guda ɗaya, Hussein Al Shafa'i, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai ga wani fursuna da aka kashe ba: "Ba zan iya ganin fursunonin da aka harbe su ba..." <ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Al Shafa 'i ya kai adadin mutane sama da 1200 da aka kashe yana lissafin adadin abincin da ya shirya yayin da yake aiki a cikin ɗakin abinci na kurkuku. Rahoton Al Shafa'i daga baya ya tabbatar da wasu shaidu, gami da shaidu da 'yar jaridar Burtaniya Lindsey Hilsum ta tattara a cikin littafinta na 2012 Sandstorm . Ta bayyana adadin kisan kiyashi a matsayin ƙididdigar da ba ta da tabbas, saboda shiru na gwamnati game da inda fursunoni suke da kuma yanayinsu. Mansour Dhao da aka kama, wani fitaccen mutum a cikin mulkin Gaddafi, ya sake tabbatar da kisan kiyashi a cikin wata hira ta [[BBC]]. A cewar Hisham Matar, an fara binne wadanda aka kashe a cikin kaburbura masu zurfi a cikin farfajiyar shida na kurkukun inda aka kashe su. Bayan 'yan watanni, an tono jikinsu, an rushe ƙasusuwan kuma an zubar da su cikin teku. Wata kungiya ta adawa, National Front for the Salvation of Libya, ta ce an cire gawawwakin ta hanyar motocin firiji kuma daga baya aka tura su zuwa jiragen kasa.<ref name="HRW 2006">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> == Halin gwamnati == Gwamnatin Libya ta ki amincewa da duk wani zargi game da kisan kiyashi a Abu Salim na tsawon shekaru takwas. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2004, Gaddafi ya yarda cewa kisan gillar da aka yi a gidan yarin Abu Salim ya faru.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}</ref>  Maganarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin daidaita dangantakar da ƙasashen Yamma. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005, shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida, wanda aka gano a matsayin "Khaled", ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa fursunoni sun kama wasu masu gadi kuma sun sace makamai. Ya ce gwamnati za ta bude bincike kan umarnin Ministan Shari'a, wanda bai faru ba.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison "Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison"]. Human Rights Watch. June 27, 2006.</cite></ref> Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ɗan fari na mai mulkin kama karya, ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware batun ta hanyar Gaddafi International Foundation for Charity Associations a kusa da shekara ta 2007. Gwamnatin Libya ta ce a shekara ta 2009 cewa kashe-kashen ya faru ne a cikin rikici tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan tawaye daga Kungiyar Yaki da Musulunci ta Libya, kuma an yi zargin cewa an kashe wasu "masu gadi 200". A watan Janairun 2011, Jamahiriya ta Larabawa ta Libya ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana gudanar da bincike game da lamarin tare da masu binciken kasa da kasa.<ref name="ohchr">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-15.pdf |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=[[Universal Periodic Review]] |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]], [[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci da ba a sani ba, duk da haka, Gaddafi ya amince da biyan diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-26 |title=Mass grave from Abu Salim prison massacre found |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110926-mass-grave-1996-abu-salim-uprising-1200-found-tripoli-prisoners-libya |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> == Haɗin wadanda abin ya shafa bayan kisan kiyashi == A shekara ta 2007, wani rukuni na iyalai 94 sun shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Benghazi ta Arewa don kokarin gano makomar danginsu da suka ɓace. Kotun ta ki amincewa da karar, amma Kotun daukaka kara ta Benghazi ta yanke hukunci a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2008, "ta umarci Jiha da ta bayyana makomar wadanda aka rasa". Wasu iyalai tamanin sun shiga karar.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ "Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names"]. Human Rights Solidarity. 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>  Iyalan wadanda suka ɓace kuma aka kashe sun gudanar da zanga-zangar da yawa a Benghazi. Lauyan Fathi Terbil ya taimaka wajen wakiltar su. An kama shi sau da yawa. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, hukumomin Libya sun toshe damar yin amfani da YouTube bayan ya nuna bidiyon zanga-zangar da aka yi a birnin [[Benghazi]] na Libya ta dangin wadanda aka kashe a kurkukun Abu Salim a shekara ta 1996, da kuma bidiyon dangin shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] a jam'iyyun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2010 |title=Libya: Stop Blocking Independent Web Sites |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/02/03/libya-stop-blocking-independent-web-sites#}}</ref> Lauyan [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]] ya kuma wakilci iyalai na mutanen da aka kashe a kisan kiyashi kuma ya tattauna da Gaddafi game da diyya.<ref name="HRW_GhogaAbuSalim">{{Cite web |date=February 2011 |title=Update: Death Toll Up to At Least 233 |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226050059/http://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Lokacin da Arab Spring ya faru a Tunisia da Masar, Fathi Terbil yana daga cikin na farko da aka kama a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a kokarin hana juyin juya hali. Iyalan Abu Salim sun taru don nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurinsa, wanda ya haifar da babban taron jama'a da suka yi zanga-zanga a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, wanda ya jawo juyin juya halin a Libya. Abdullah Senussi, shugaban leken asiri na Gaddafi wanda mutane da yawa ke zargin cewa yana da hannu a kisan kiyashi na 1996, an ruwaito ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi Terbil ya dakatar da zanga-zangar. A lokacin tashin hankali Ghoga ya zama kakakin Majalisar Canjin Kasa, a watan Afrilun 2011 mataimakin shugaban kasa, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa Janairun 2012. == Kabarin da ake zargi da yawa == A ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, jim kadan bayan da aka hambarar da gwamnatin da ta gabata, Majalisar NTC mai mulki ta ce an gano kabari a waje da kurkuku. Khalid al-Sherif, mai magana da yawun soja na NTC, ya ce kabarin ya samo asali ne daga bayanai daga tsoffin jami'an gwamnatin da aka kama. Ya ce: "Mun gano gaskiyar game da abin da mutanen Libya ke jira shekaru da yawa, kuma gawawwakin da ragowar kisan kiyashi na Abu Salim ne. " Ibrahim Abu Shim, memba na kwamitin neman kaburbura, ya ce masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa an binne mutane 1,270 a cikin kabarin amma NTC na bukatar taimako daga al'ummar duniya don ganowa da gano ragowar saboda ba su da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don gwajin DNA. A shekara ta 2011, lokacin da Majalisar Canjin Kasa ta gayyaci 'yan jarida daga CNN da sauran kafofin watsa labarai ta sami kawai abin da ya zama ƙasusuwan dabba a wannan shafin kuma ta sanar da ƙarin bincike. == Manazarta == 7zpqup5ezi4stc4ogt814txpgl39yu0 961983 961982 2026-10-02T18:33:20Z Pharouqenr 25549 961983 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kisan kiyashi na gidan yarin Abu Salim''' ya faru ne a gidan yarin Abou Salim, Libya, a ranar 29 ga Yuni 1996, inda aka kashe kimanin fursunonin Libya 1,270 . An yi la'akari da kisan kiyashi a matsayin daya daga cikin kisan kiyashin da gwamnatin Gaddafi ta yi.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> == Tarihi == An gudanar da zanga-zangar fursunoni a ranar 28 ga Yuni, 1996. An yanke abincin abinci sosai a matsayin horo bayan fursunoni da yawa sun tsere daga kurkuku 'yan kwanaki da suka gabata. Fursunoni masu tayar da kayar baya sun kama masu gadi biyu yayin da suke rarraba abinci. Ɗaya daga cikin masu gadi ya mutu, sauran masu gadi sun bude wuta, sun kashe fursunoni shida kuma sun ji rauni game da 20. Masu tattaunawar gwamnati, ciki har da Abdullah Senussi, sai suka sadu da wakilan fursunoni waɗanda suka nemi inganta yanayin, kula da marasa lafiya da gwaji. Senussi bai yarda ya gurfanar da fursunoni a gaban shari'a ba, amma ya amince da sauran sharuɗɗa, da zarar an saki mai tsaron da aka kama. Fursunoni sun yarda. An gaya wa fursunoni 120 da suka ji rauni da marasa lafiya cewa za su sami kulawa ta likita kuma an dauke su cikin bas; duk da haka, ba a sake ganinsu ba. Kashegari da safe, 29 ga Yuni, an tattara fursunoni da yawa a cikin farfajiyar gidan yarin tsakiya, kuma an harbe su kuma an kashe su da bindiga daga rufin. Fiye da fursunoni 1,200 aka kashe a cikin kwanaki biyu.<ref name="HRW 2012">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2012 |title=Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/news/2012/06/27/libya-abu-salim-prison-massacre-remembered "Libya: Abu Salim Prison Massacre Remembered"]. Human Rights Watch. 27 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref> Kimanin fursunoni 270 daga Block 2 da fursunoni daga Block 1 ba a harbe su ba, amma an tura su cikin sashin soja na kurkuku. Dalilin a bayyane shi ne cewa makullin da aka kama daga masu gadi ba su dace da makullin sel ɗin su ba. Kwamandan ya kare su saboda ya yi imanin cewa sun ki shiga cikin tashin hankali.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2011 |title=Libya survivor describes 1996 prison massacre |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/features/2011/10/21/libya-survivor-describes-1996-prison-massacre/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref> Rahotanni na Human Rights Watch da farko sun dogara ne akan shaidar tsohon fursuna guda ɗaya, Hussein Al Shafa'i, wanda ya bayyana cewa bai ga wani fursuna da aka kashe ba: "Ba zan iya ganin fursunonin da aka harbe su ba..." <ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}</ref> Al Shafa 'i ya kai adadin mutane sama da 1200 da aka kashe yana lissafin adadin abincin da ya shirya yayin da yake aiki a cikin ɗakin abinci na kurkuku. Rahoton Al Shafa'i daga baya ya tabbatar da wasu shaidu, gami da shaidu da 'yar jaridar Burtaniya Lindsey Hilsum ta tattara a cikin littafinta na 2012 Sandstorm . Ta bayyana adadin kisan kiyashi a matsayin ƙididdigar da ba ta da tabbas, saboda shiru na gwamnati game da inda fursunoni suke da kuma yanayinsu. Mansour Dhao da aka kama, wani fitaccen mutum a cikin mulkin Gaddafi, ya sake tabbatar da kisan kiyashi a cikin wata hira ta [[BBC]]. A cewar Hisham Matar, an fara binne wadanda aka kashe a cikin kaburbura masu zurfi a cikin farfajiyar shida na kurkukun inda aka kashe su. Bayan 'yan watanni, an tono jikinsu, an rushe ƙasusuwan kuma an zubar da su cikin teku. Wata kungiya ta adawa, National Front for the Salvation of Libya, ta ce an cire gawawwakin ta hanyar motocin firiji kuma daga baya aka tura su zuwa jiragen kasa.<ref name="HRW 2006">{{Cite web |date=27 June 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |access-date=24 August 2022}}</ref> == Halin gwamnati == Gwamnatin Libya ta ki amincewa da duk wani zargi game da kisan kiyashi a Abu Salim na tsawon shekaru takwas. A ranar 18 ga Afrilu 2004, Gaddafi ya yarda cewa kisan gillar da aka yi a gidan yarin Abu Salim ya faru.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}</ref>  Maganarsa ta kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin daidaita dangantakar da ƙasashen Yamma. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2005, shugaban Hukumar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida, wanda aka gano a matsayin "Khaled", ya gaya wa Human Rights Watch cewa fursunoni sun kama wasu masu gadi kuma sun sace makamai. Ya ce gwamnati za ta bude bincike kan umarnin Ministan Shari'a, wanda bai faru ba.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2006 |title=Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison |url=https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison |publisher=Human Rights Watch}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://www.hrw.org/en/news/2006/06/27/libya-june-1996-killings-abu-salim-prison "Libya: June 1996 Killings at Abu Salim Prison"]. Human Rights Watch. June 27, 2006.</cite></ref> Saif al-Islam Gaddafi, ɗan fari na mai mulkin kama karya, ya yi ƙoƙari ya warware batun ta hanyar Gaddafi International Foundation for Charity Associations a kusa da shekara ta 2007. Gwamnatin Libya ta ce a shekara ta 2009 cewa kashe-kashen ya faru ne a cikin rikici tsakanin gwamnati da 'yan tawaye daga Kungiyar Yaki da Musulunci ta Libya, kuma an yi zargin cewa an kashe wasu "masu gadi 200". A watan Janairun 2011, Jamahiriya ta Larabawa ta Libya ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana gudanar da bincike game da lamarin tare da masu binciken kasa da kasa.<ref name="ohchr">{{Cite web |date=4 January 2011 |title=Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review: Libyan Arab Jamahiriya |url=http://www2.ohchr.org/english/bodies/hrcouncil/docs/16session/A-HRC-16-15.pdf |access-date=26 October 2011 |website=[[Universal Periodic Review]] |publisher=[[United Nations Human Rights Council]], [[United Nations General Assembly]]}}</ref> A wani lokaci da ba a sani ba, duk da haka, Gaddafi ya amince da biyan diyya ga iyalan wadanda abin ya shafa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-09-26 |title=Mass grave from Abu Salim prison massacre found |url=https://www.france24.com/en/20110926-mass-grave-1996-abu-salim-uprising-1200-found-tripoli-prisoners-libya |access-date=2022-11-16 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref> == Haɗin wadanda abin ya shafa bayan kisan kiyashi == A shekara ta 2007, wani rukuni na iyalai 94 sun shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Benghazi ta Arewa don kokarin gano makomar danginsu da suka ɓace. Kotun ta ki amincewa da karar, amma Kotun daukaka kara ta Benghazi ta yanke hukunci a ranar 8 ga Yuni 2008, "ta umarci Jiha da ta bayyana makomar wadanda aka rasa". Wasu iyalai tamanin sun shiga karar.<ref name="HRS Abu Salim">{{Cite web |date=29 June 2020 |title=Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names |url=https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ |access-date=24 August 2022 |publisher=Human Rights Solidarity}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="true">[https://hrsly.com/en/abu-salim-prison-massacre-with-list-of-the-victims-names/ "Abu Salim Prison Massacre with List of the victims names"]. Human Rights Solidarity. 29 June 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite></ref>  Iyalan wadanda suka ɓace kuma aka kashe sun gudanar da zanga-zangar da yawa a Benghazi. Lauyan Fathi Terbil ya taimaka wajen wakiltar su. An kama shi sau da yawa. A ranar 24 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2010, hukumomin Libya sun toshe damar yin amfani da YouTube bayan ya nuna bidiyon zanga-zangar da aka yi a birnin [[Benghazi]] na Libya ta dangin wadanda aka kashe a kurkukun Abu Salim a shekara ta 1996, da kuma bidiyon dangin shugaban Libya [[Muammar Gaddafi]] a jam'iyyun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 February 2010 |title=Libya: Stop Blocking Independent Web Sites |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2010/02/03/libya-stop-blocking-independent-web-sites#}}</ref> Lauyan [[Abdul Hafiz Ghoga]] ya kuma wakilci iyalai na mutanen da aka kashe a kisan kiyashi kuma ya tattauna da Gaddafi game da diyya.<ref name="HRW_GhogaAbuSalim">{{Cite web |date=February 2011 |title=Update: Death Toll Up to At Least 233 |url=https://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110226050059/http://www.hrw.org/node/96642 |archive-date=26 February 2011 |access-date=21 March 2011 |publisher=[[Human Rights Watch]]}}</ref> Lokacin da Arab Spring ya faru a Tunisia da Masar, Fathi Terbil yana daga cikin na farko da aka kama a ranar 15 ga Fabrairu a kokarin hana juyin juya hali. Iyalan Abu Salim sun taru don nuna rashin amincewa da ɗaurinsa, wanda ya haifar da babban taron jama'a da suka yi zanga-zanga a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu, wanda ya jawo juyin juya halin a Libya. Abdullah Senussi, shugaban leken asiri na Gaddafi wanda mutane da yawa ke zargin cewa yana da hannu a kisan kiyashi na 1996, an ruwaito ya yi ƙoƙari ya nemi Terbil ya dakatar da zanga-zangar. A lokacin tashin hankali Ghoga ya zama kakakin Majalisar Canjin Kasa, a watan Afrilun 2011 mataimakin shugaban kasa, kuma ya rike wannan mukamin har zuwa Janairun 2012. == Kabarin da ake zargi da yawa == A ranar 25 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2011, jim kadan bayan da aka hambarar da gwamnatin da ta gabata, Majalisar NTC mai mulki ta ce an gano kabari a waje da kurkuku. Khalid al-Sherif, mai magana da yawun soja na NTC, ya ce kabarin ya samo asali ne daga bayanai daga tsoffin jami'an gwamnatin da aka kama. Ya ce: "Mun gano gaskiyar game da abin da mutanen Libya ke jira shekaru da yawa, kuma gawawwakin da ragowar kisan kiyashi na Abu Salim ne. " Ibrahim Abu Shim, memba na kwamitin neman kaburbura, ya ce masu bincike sun yi imanin cewa an binne mutane 1,270 a cikin kabarin amma NTC na bukatar taimako daga al'ummar duniya don ganowa da gano ragowar saboda ba su da kayan aikin da ake buƙata don gwajin DNA. A shekara ta 2011, lokacin da Majalisar Canjin Kasa ta gayyaci 'yan jarida daga CNN da sauran kafofin watsa labarai ta sami kawai abin da ya zama ƙasusuwan dabba a wannan shafin kuma ta sanar da ƙarin bincike. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 81fowh6eewn1bhf713l91y5jvdcr9v4 Hukumar Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kasa 0 105682 962127 731769 2026-10-03T04:17:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962127 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar Kimiyya da Injiniya ta Kasa''' (NASENI) an kafa ta ne a cikin 1992 ta [[Najeriya|Gwamnatin Tarayyar Najeriya]] ta shawarwarin Kwamitin White Paper a kan Rahoton 1991 na Kwamitin Injiniya na Kasa mai mambobi 150 wanda ya hada da masana kimiyya, injiniyoyi, masu gudanarwa, ma'aikatan tarayya da na jihohi, masana'antu, lauyoyi, bankuna da masana'antu.<ref name="NASENIintro">{{Cite web |title=Introduction and Preamble |url=http://www.naseni.org/component/content/article/25-the-intro/1-welcome-to-naseni.html |access-date=2011-01-10 |publisher=NASENI}}</ref> Mista Khalil Halilu shine mataimakin shugaban zartarwa kuma shugaban zartaka na hukumar a Abuja, Najeriya. Bashir Gwandu ne ya rike mukamin a baya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://naseni.gov.ng/news/tinubu-sacks-gwandu-as-ceo-of-naseni-appoints-32-year-old-khalil-halilu-as-replacement |access-date=2023-09-10 |publisher=NASENI }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=News |url=https://www.thecable.ng/just-in-tinubu-sacks-naseni-boss-appoints-32-year-old-khalil-halilu-as-successor |access-date=2023-09-10 |publisher=The Cable}}</ref> == Umurni == NASENI, ta hanyar umarninsa da ikon aiki shine kawai hukumar da aka gina don gudanar da aikin ci gaba a fannonin masana'antu, kuma saboda haka, yana iya daidaita yaduwar fasahar da aka haɓaka ko dai a ciki ko a waje da Cibiyoyinsa gami da takardun shaida da aka samu. Fasahar da aka haɓaka a fannonin kayan aiki, kayan aiki da tsarin injiniya za a canja su ga 'yan kasuwa don samar da kayayyaki da ayyuka. Najeriya na iya samun fa'idar ci gaban fasaha ta hanyar karfafa NASENI.<ref name="NASENIintro"/> == Cibiyoyin Ci Gaban == NASENI tana aiki ne galibi ta hanyar Cibiyoyin Ci Gaban. Kowace cibiyar tana da umarni na musamman na ci gaban Injiniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NASENI Institutes |url=http://www.naseni.org/our-institutes.html |access-date=2011-01-10 |publisher=NASENI}}</ref>A halin yanzu, akwai Cibiyoyin Ci Gaban Goma sha ɗaya (11). Cibiyar Ci gaban Lantarki ta [https://eldi.org.ng/ ELDI], Awka <ref>{{Cite web |title=ELDI |url=https://eldi.org.ng/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |publisher=ELDI}}</ref> [https://emdi.gov.ng/ EMDI] Cibiyar Ci gaban Kayan Injiniya ta EMDI, Akure.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EMDI |url=https://emdi.gov.ng/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |publisher=EMDI}}</ref> Cibiyar Ci gaban Injiniya ta Kasa ta [https://naseni.org/our-institutes/neddi NEDDI], Nnewi <ref>{{Cite web |title=NEDDI |url=https://naseni.org/our-institutes/neddi |access-date=2023-09-22 |publisher=NASENI}}</ref> Cibiyar Ci gaban Fasahar Masana'antu ta [https://web.archive.org/web/20250709181420/https://amtpjalingo.gov.ng/ AMTDI], Jalingo <ref>{{Cite web |title=AMTDI |url=https://amtpjalingo.gov.ng/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |publisher=AMTDI |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322072355/https://amtpjalingo.gov.ng/ |archive-date=2024-03-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [https://www.peemadi.gov.ng/ PEEMADI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250523025615/https://www.peemadi.gov.ng/ |date=2025-05-23 }} Kayan aiki da Cibiyar Ci gaban Injin Lantarki, Okene <ref>{{Cite web |title=PEEMADI |url=https://www.peemadi.gov.ng/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |publisher=PEEMADI |archive-date=2024-09-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240908140155/https://www.peemadi.gov.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Cibiyar Ci gaban Kayan Kimiyya ta [https://www.sedienugu.gov.ng/ SEDI-E], Enugu <ref>{{Cite web |title=SEDIENUGU |url=https://www.sedienugu.gov.ng/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |publisher=SEDIENUGU}}</ref> Cibiyar Ci gaban Kayan Kimiyya ta [https://sediminna.org.ng/ SEDI-M]{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, Minna <ref>{{Cite web |title=SEDIMINNA |url=https://sediminna.org.ng/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |publisher=SEDIMINNA |archive-date=2024-05-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240515025029/https://sediminna.org.ng/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> [https://sommedi.na.gov.ng/ SOMMEDI] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240716035442/https://sommedi.na.gov.ng/ |date=2024-07-16 }} Solid Minerals Injin da Cibiyar Ci gaban Kayan aiki (SOMMEDi), Nasarawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=SOMMEDI |url=https://sommedi.na.gov.ng/ |access-date=2023-09-22 |publisher=SOMMEDI }}{{Dead link|date=July 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Agustan 2010 hukumar ta ce ta kammala shirye-shiryen kafa cibiyoyin ƙwarewa da bincike kan kimiyyar kayan aiki a jami'o'i tara a yankin Neja Delta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Emeka Osondu |date=12 August 2010 |title=NASENI to Open Research Centres in Delta Universities |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201008120463.html |access-date=2011-01-10 |website=ThisDay}}</ref>Hukumar ta samar da kayan kimiyya don makarantun sakandare, wanda za ta rarraba a duk fadin kasar idan akwai kudade.NASENI ta kammala masana'antar masana'antar 7.5 Megawatts Solar Panel a [[Abuja]] da kuma 10KW Hydro Power Plant a Ketti Site a Abuja.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bukola Olatunji |date=21 December 2010 |title=Research Must Connect Industry |url=http://allafrica.com/stories/201012220482.html |access-date=2010-01-10 |website=ThisDay}}</ref> == DGs / EVCs da suka gabata == Farfesa Gordian O. Ezekwe (FAS) Shugaban farko / EC 1992 - 1997 Dokta Timothy I. Obiaga (OFR) DG/CE 1997 - 2003 Farfesa Olusegun O. Adewoye (FAS) 2003 - 2012 Dokta Mohammed Sani Haruna EVC / Shugaba 2012-2023 Dokta Bashir Gwandu EVC / Shugaba Mayu-Agusta (2023) == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6woep73bzj8a4gewzlgklfn4clrul49 Zaben Majalisar Dattijai na Najeriya na 1992 a Jihar Cross River 0 106244 961992 838237 2026-10-02T18:53:36Z Pharouqenr 25549 961992 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An gudanar da zaben [[Majalisar Dattijai ta Najeriya]] na 1992 a [[Cross River|Jihar Cross River]] a ranar 4 ga Yuli, 1992, don zabar mambobin Majalisar Dattijan [[Najeriya]] don wakiltar Jihar Cross. Patrick Offiong Ali wanda ke wakiltar Cross River South, [[Liyel Imoke]] wanda ke wakilcin [[Cross River]] Central da Paul Oluohu Ukpo wanda ke wakilci [[Cross River]] North duk sun ci nasara a dandalin Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elections in Nigeria |url=https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=africanelections.tripod.com |archive-date=2021-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021194836/https://africanelections.tripod.com/ng.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NIGERIA: parliamentary elections Senate, 1992 |url=http://archive.ipu.org/parline-e/reports/arc/2364_92.htm |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=archive.ipu.org}}</ref> == Sakamakon == === Cross River ta Kudu === Patrick Offiong Ali na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Refugees |first=United Nations High Commissioner for |title=Refworld {{!}} Nigeria: List of senators from 1983 to present |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aadd87.html |access-date=2021-08-24 |website=Refworld |language=en}}</ref> === Cross River ta Tsakiya === [[Liyel Imoke]] na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta lashe zaben. === Cross River ta Arewa === Paul Oluohu Ukpo na Yarjejeniyar Jamhuriyar Republican ta Kasa ne ya lashe zaben. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Reflist}} n8nbqq4n8gw5jc8fw476gumo95616wb Harajin muhalli 0 108278 962096 686606 2026-10-02T23:28:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962096 wikitext text/x-wiki ''''''[[haraji]] muhalli'''''', harajin muhallu (gajere don harajin mujallar), ko '''harajin kore''' haraji ne da ake karɓa akan ayyukan da ake la'akari da cutar da muhalli kuma an yi niyyar inganta hanyoyin da ke da kyau ta hanyar motsawar tattalin arziki. Ɗaya daga cikin sanannun misali shine harajin carbon. Irin wannan manufofin na iya haɓaka ko hana buƙatar tsarin tsari (maki da sarrafawa). Sau da yawa, shawarar manufofin haraji na muhalli na iya ƙoƙarin kula da kudaden shiga na haraji gaba ɗaya ta hanyar rage wasu haraji (misali haraji akan albashi da harajin kuɗi ko harajin dukiya); irin waɗannan shawarwari an san su da canjin haraji na kore zuwa '''harajin muhalli'''. Harajin muhalli yana magance gazawar [[Kasuwancin muggan kwayoyi na gabashin Afirka|Kasuwanci]] kyauta don la'akari da [[Abubuwan da suka shafi muhalli|Tasirin muhalli]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Taxation A Guide for Policy Makers |url=http://www.oecd.org/env/tools-evaluation/48164926.pdf |access-date=13 March 2015 |website=Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development}}</ref> Harajin muhalli misalai ne na harajin Pigouvian, wanda haraji ne akan kayayyaki wanda samarwa ko amfani da su ke haifar da farashi na waje ko abubuwan waje. Misali na iya zama masanin falsafa Thomas Pogge ya gabatar da Global Resources Dividend . <ref name="pogge">{{Cite web |last=Pogge |first=Thomas |title=Global Resources Dividend |url=http://thomaspogge.com/publications-on-global-justice/global-resources-dividend/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150329064537/http://thomaspogge.com/publications-on-global-justice/global-resources-dividend/ |archive-date=2015-03-29 |access-date=13 March 2015 |website=thomaspogge.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pogge |first=Thomas W. |date=January 2001 |title=Eradicating Systemic Poverty: Brief for a global resources dividend |url=https://lms.manhattan.edu/pluginfile.php/41279/mod_resource/content/1/Pogge%20Global%20Resource%20Dividend.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=Journal of Human Development |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=59–77 |citeseerx=10.1.1.488.2173 |doi=10.1080/14649880120050246 |s2cid=154946253 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402135251/https://lms.manhattan.edu/pluginfile.php/41279/mod_resource/content/1/Pogge%20Global%20Resource%20Dividend.pdf |archive-date=2 April 2015 |access-date=13 March 2015}}</ref> [yana buƙatar ambaton don tabbatarwa] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''[[wikipedia:Ingancin tushen bayani|<span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (December 2024)">need quotation to verify</span>]]''</sup> == Nau'o'in harajin muhalli == Kalmar, harajin muhalli, ya ƙunshi nau'ikan haraji daban-daban da aka yi amfani da su don shigar da mummunan yanayin muhalli na waje, inganta ci gaba mai ɗorewa, tallafawa kiyaye muhalli. Musamman, ana iya raba harajin muhalli zuwa manyan rukuni huɗu, wanda duk harajin mujallar ya faɗi. Ƙungiyoyin sune makamashi, sufuri, gurɓataccen haraji da albarkatu. === Harajin makamashi === Nau'in farko na ecotax, harajin makamashi, na iya bambanta sosai saboda ana iya ɗaukar su akan samarwa, rarrabawa, ko amfani da hanyoyin makamashi, musamman albarkatun mai kamar kwal, mai, iskar gas, da wani lokacin wutar lantarki.  [abubuwan da ake buƙata] Sau da yawa ana nufin yin tasiri ga tsarin amfani da makamashi da halaye, haɓaka ingantaccen makamashi, da ƙarfafa sauye-sauye zuwa mafi tsabta da tushen makamashi mai dorewa.  Misali, za su iya yin tasiri ga amfani da makamashi ta hanyar fitar da mafi girman ƙimar ecotax akan hanyoyin samar da makamashi da ba za a iya sabuntawa ba, waɗanda ke da mummunan tasiri ga muhalli kuma suna ba da gudummawa ga babban matakan iskar CO2.  Wannan yana rage buƙatun hanyoyin samar da makamashi mara tsabta, kuma yana iya sa hanyoyin samar da makamashi da za a sabunta su zama masu gasa, ƙarfafa saka hannun jari da amfani a cikin fasahohin makamashi mai tsafta kamar hasken rana, iska, wutar lantarki, da wutar lantarki.  A duk duniya, harajin muhalli da aka fi amfani da shi ya faɗi cikin nau'in harajin "makamashi".   Ana iya rage harajin makamashi zuwa gaba zuwa "haraji na makamashi don dalilai na tsaye", kamar haraji akan iskar gas, kwal da man biofuels, "harajin makamashi don jigilar kayayyaki", tare da man fetur da dizal a matsayin misalai biyu mafi dacewa, kuma na ƙarshe "gasses gas".  Baya ga harajin makamashi na yau da kullun, harajin carbon, wani sanannen harajin makamashi shine “harajin kwal” a Amurka.  Ana biyan haraji a kan masu kera, a farkon siyar da gawayi.  A halin yanzu, adadin haraji, bayan an ƙara shi da sama da 50% a cikin 2020,  shine $1.10 akan kowace ton don kwal daga ma'adinan ƙasa da $0.55 akan kowace ton don kwal daga mahakar ƙasa.  [bukatar zance don tabbatarwa] Ana samar da kudaden shiga don ƙarin takamaiman dalili, wanda shine don tallafawa Shirin Baƙin Lung da Asusun Amincewa na Nakasa.  Waɗannan ƙungiyoyi suna biyan fa'ida ga masu hakar ma'adinai waɗanda ke fama da cutar huhu.  Harajin na ci gaba da samar da daruruwan miliyoyin daloli a kowace shekara duk da kwangilar da masana'antar hakar ma'adinan kwal ke yi, saboda kudaden shiga na shekara ya ragu daga dala miliyan 644 a shekarar 2008 zuwa dala miliyan 177 a shekarar 2022.[2]  Yana da mahimmanci a lura cewa gwamnatoci, lokacin da suke sanya harajin ecotaxe don babban manufar samun kudaden shiga, gabaɗaya sun fi son harajin makamashi lokacin da suke ɗaukar harajin muhalli saboda gaskiyar cewa buƙatar makamashi tana da ƙarancin ƙarfi a cikin ɗan gajeren lokaci, ma'ana gwamnati za ta iya amfani da irin waɗannan haraji don samun kuɗi mai yawa.  Ana iya amfani da wannan kudaden shiga don rage gibin kasafin kudi, inda mafi yawansu ke zuwa ga babban asusu.  Duk da haka, ana iya amfani da kudaden shiga da aka samu don tallafawa ayyuka masu kyau na samar da waje, wanda ake kira "rabi biyu" na harajin muhalli.  Bugu da ƙari, waɗannan haraji na iya rage asarar nauyi da ke haifar da mummunan waje.  A bisa irin wadannan dalilai, masana tattalin arziki da yawa suna goyon bayan harajin makamashi tare da masana muhalli, inda masu fafutuka sukan bayyana mahimmancin harajin makamashi wajen rage hayakin iskar gas da rage tasirin sauyin yanayi, yayin da masana tattalin arziki ke bayyana fa'idar harajin ga tattalin arzikin.  Sai dai masu adawa da juna suna ganin irin wannan harajin yana kara tsadar kayayyakin masarufi na yau da kullum, wanda ke cutar da talakawan mabukaci, musamman wadanda ke karkashin talauci[5].  Bugu da ƙari, ƙaƙƙarfan hujja game da harajin makamashi shi ne cewa za su iya yin tasiri, saboda yana iya ƙarfafa masana'antun da ake biyan haraji su koma kasashen da ke da rauni, ko harajin makamashi.  Wannan zai haifar da mummunan tasiri ga tattalin arzikin cikin gida, da kuma yanayin, sakamakon yawan harajin makamashi.  Wannan ana kiransa da zubar da ruwa.]  [mafi kyawun tushe da ake bukata] Na biyu mafi shaharar harajin muhalli a duniya shine harajin sufuri.  Irin waɗannan haraji sun haɗa da aiwatar da su akan tikitin jirgin sama, zuwa siyan mota, ko ma rajistar mota.  Abubuwan da ake amfani da su na sufuri, duk da haka, an haɗa su cikin harajin makamashi. [bayani da ake bukata]Kashin galibi ya ƙunshi haraji kan amfani ko mallakar ababen hawa.  Misalin harajin sufuri na gama gari shine harajin da aka sanya akan rajistar abin hawa.  Ana biyan wannan harajin ne a kan rajista bisa dalilai kamar nauyi, ingancin mai, ko fitar da hayaki, kuma ana amfani da shi don samar da kudaden shiga, da kuma inganta mallaki da amfani da na'urori masu tsabta, da ƙarin motocin da suka dace da mai.  Wani misali kuma shi ne harajin da aka sanya wa motocin da ke shiga wuraren cunkoso, kamar wasu wurare a cikin birnin New York, kuma ana iya haɗa wannan tare da ƙarin ecotax akan amfani da wasu hanyoyi, misali ta hanyar na'urorin tara kuɗin lantarki.  A dunkule, harajin makamashi da sufuri ne ke da mafi yawan harajin ecotaxes da aka sanya a duniya.  A cikin 2021, harajin biyu ya ƙunshi kashi 96% na ecotaxes da aka aiwatar a cikin EU.[3]  Ragowar kashi 3 cikin 100 na gurɓata muhalli da harajin albarkatun ƙasa.albarkatun.   === Haraji na albarkatu da gurɓataccen yanayi === Harajin gurɓatawa sun haɗa da haraji dakuma n ƙididdige hayaki na iska da ruwa, da sarrafa sharar gida da hayaniya.  Banda shi ne harajin CO2.  Nasarar gurbataccen ecotax shine "harajin jakar filastik" a Ireland.  Kasar na daukar harajin Yuro 0.22 kan buhunan robobi a wurin siyar da su, tare da fatan rage amfani da su ta hanyar rage bukatar buhunan saboda karuwar farashin.  Sun yi nasarar canza halayen mabukaci, kamar yadda ake iya gani ta hanyar karuwar amfani da buhunan takarda, wanda zai maye gurbin kore, da kuma faɗuwar gudummawar da jakunkunan filastik suka bayar ga yawan gurɓacewar datti a Ireland daga kashi 5% zuwa 0.13% a cikin shekaru 14.  Haka kuma ta samar da kudaden shiga sama da Yuro miliyan 200, wanda hakan ya zama babbar hanyar samun kudaden shiga ga gwamnati.  Ƙarshe na rarrabuwa na ecotaxes, kuma tabbas mafi ƙarancin nau'in ecotaxes shine harajin albarkatun ƙasa.  A cikin nau'in ecotaxes na albarkatun albarkatu, haraji yana da alaƙa da hakar ko amfani da albarkatun ƙasa kamar ruwa, dazuzzuka, namun daji, da sauran nau'ikan flora da fauna.  Ana sanya wadannan kudaden haraji kan ayyukan da ke haifar da raguwar albarkatun kasa.   Harajin albarkatun ƙasa sune mafi ƙarancin ecotaxes.  Yawancin albarkatu ana ɗaukar su ne ta hanyar kuɗin gwamnati, misali, ƙididdige adadin da kuma nau'in albarkatun da aka fitar, sabanin harajin da aka sanya.   '''Misalan haraji waɗanda za a iya ragewa ko kawar da su ta hanyar sauya haraji sune:''' * Kudin biyan kuɗi, samun kudin shiga, da kuma, zuwa ƙarami, harajin tallace-tallace. * Harajin kamfanoni (haraji kan saka hannun jari da kasuwanci). * Harajin dukiya a kan gine-gine da sauran ababen more rayuwa. '''Misalan harajin muhalli wanda za'a iya aiwatarwa ko karawa sune:''' * Harajin carbon akan amfani da man fetur ta hanyar iskar gas da aka samar. Tsohon harajin hydrocarbon ba ya hukunta samar da iskar gas (GHG). [yanawa da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="links go to same article so how are those taxes different? (December 2024)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> * Ayyuka a kan kayayyakin da aka shigo da su dauke da mahimman abubuwan da ba na muhalli ba (zuwa matakin da ya dace don magance masana'antun gida) * Haraji na tsauraran haraji akan hakar ma'adinai, [[makamashi]], da kayan [[Gandun Daji|gandun daji]]. * Kudin lasisi don sansani, yawo, kamun kifi da [[farauta]] da kayan aiki masu alaƙa. * Takamaiman haraji a kan fasahohi da samfuran da ke da alaƙa da mummunan abubuwan waje. * Harajin zubar da sharar gida da kudaden dawowa. * Gudanar da haraji a kan magudanar ruwa, [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓataccen yanayi]] da sauran sharar gida masu haɗari. * Harajin darajar shafin akan darajar ƙasa da ba a inganta ba. [yanawa da ake buƙata] <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="how is site value tax an ecotax? (December 2024)">clarification needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> == Tsarin tattalin arziki da dabarun amfani da sauya haraji == [[Fayil:Annual_average_change_in_environmental_tax_revenues_and_labour_tax_revenues_between_2002_and_2019-en.svg|thumb|Canji a tsawon lokaci na kudaden shiga na harajin muhalli da na aiki ga kasashe membobin [[Tarayyar Turai|EU-27]]. Tushen: Hukumar Kula da Muhalli ta Turai]] Abinda ke tattare da sauya haraji sau da yawa shine aiwatar da "cikakken lissafi" ko "cikakkiyar lissafi", ta amfani da manufofin kasafin kuɗi don gurɓata abubuwan waje na kasuwa, wanda ke haifar da ƙirƙirar [[Arziƙi|wadata]] mai dorewa. Matakan da ake buƙata don wannan ana kiran su sauye-sauyen tattalin arziki na muhalli, musamman a [[Kanada]], <ref>{{Cite web |last=Beauregard-Tellier |first=Frédéric |date=17 March 2006 |title=Ecological fiscal reform (EFR) |url=http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/prb0595-e.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150103043411/http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/prb0595-e.html |archive-date=2015-01-03 |access-date=13 March 2015 |website=Parliament of Canada |publisher=Library of Parliament Canada}}</ref> inda gwamnati ta yi amfani da wannan kalmar. A wasu ƙasashe sunan shine Tattalin arzikin kasuwar zamantakewa. Canjin haraji yawanci ya haɗa da daidaita matakan haraji don zama tsaka-tsaki ga [[gwamnati]] da kuma kula da ci gaba gaba gaba ɗaya. Har ila yau, yawanci ya haɗa da matakai don kare wadanda suka fi rauni, kamar haɓaka mafi ƙarancin kuɗin shiga don yin rajistar harajin kuɗin shiga gaba ɗaya, ko ƙaruwa ga matakan fansho da taimakon jama'a don daidaita ƙaruwar farashin amfani da man fetur. Ka'idar tattalin arziki ta asali ta fahimci wanzuwar abubuwan waje da kuma tasirin su mara kyau. Har zuwa inda harajin kore ya dace da abubuwan waje kamar gurɓataccen yanayi, sun dace da ka'idar tattalin arziki ta yau da kullun. A aikace, duk da haka, saita matakin haraji daidai ko tsarin karɓar haraji da ake buƙata don yin hakan yana da wahala, kuma yana iya haifar da ƙarin rikice-rikice ko Sakamakon da ba a yi niyya ba. Haraji kan amfani na iya ɗaukar hanyar "mai rauni" wanda Amory Lovins ya ba da shawarar, wanda ƙarin kudade a kan samfuran da ba su da ɗorewa - kamar Motocin motsa jiki - ana haɗa su don tallafawa tallafi a kan hanyoyin da suka fi ɗorewa, kamar motocin lantarki. Koyaya, suna iya aiki ne kawai a matsayin ƙarfafawa don canza halaye da kuma saka hannun jari a cikin sabbin motoci ko kayan aiki masu inganci ko don inganta gine-gine. Ƙananan canje-canje a cikin harajin kamfanoni misali na iya canza dawowa sosai akan saka hannun jari na ayyukan babban birnin, musamman idan an yi la'akari da farashin da aka kauce wa amfani da man fetur na gaba. Irin wannan tunanin ya shafi manyan sayen masu amfani. "Garin jinginar gida" kamar Gidan jinginar gida, alal misali, ya fahimci cewa mutanen da ba sa tuka motoci kuma suna rayuwa gabaɗaya suna biyan kuɗi kaɗan a kowane wata fiye da wasu kuma saboda haka suna da ƙarin kuɗin biyan kuɗin jinginar gida. Wannan ya tabbatar da ba su rancen kuɗi da yawa don inganta gida don amfani da ƙaramin makamashi gaba ɗaya. Sakamakon shi ne banki da ke karɓar ƙarin kowane wata daga kuɗin shiga na mabukaci yayin da kamfanonin kayan aiki da kamfanonin inshora na mota ke karɓar ƙasa, kuma an inganta kayan gida don amfani da mafi ƙarancin makamashi da za a iya amfani da shi tare da fasahar yanzu. Baya ga makamashi, gyare-gyare gabaɗaya za su kasance waɗanda ake buƙata don zama mafi ƙanƙanta ga aikin nesa, lambunan permaculture (misali [[Tsanwan Rufi|rufin kore]]), da salon rayuwa wanda gabaɗaya yake cikin al'umma ba bisa tafiye-tafiye ba. Yana haɓaka ƙimar ƙasa ba kawai ga unguwar ba har ma da dukan yankin da ke kewaye da ita. Abokan ciniki da ke rayuwa mai ɗorewa a cikin gidaje masu inganci gabaɗaya ba za su so su yi tafiya ba tare da niyya ba, alal misali, don adana 'yan daloli a kan sayen su. Maimakon haka, za su kasance kusa da gida kuma su kirkiro ayyuka a cikin isar da kayan masarufi da ƙananan kayan masarufin kwayoyin, suna kashe kuɗi kaɗan a kan man fetur da farashin aiki na mota koda kuwa sun biya ƙarin abinci. == Ci gaba ko koma baya? == An soki wasu shawarwarin sauya haraji na kore kamar yadda suke raguwa a fannin kudi (tallafi tare da matsakaicin haraji wanda ke raguwa yayin da kudin shiga na mai biyan haraji ke ƙaruwa). Haraji mara kyau na waje yawanci yana haifar da ɗaukar nauyi akan amfani, kuma tunda matalauta suna cinyewa da yawa kuma suna adanawa ko saka hannun jari kaɗan a matsayin rabo na kuɗin shiga, don haka duk wani canji zuwa harajin amfani na iya zama mai koma baya. A shekara ta 2004, bincike da Cibiyar Nazarin Manufofin da Gidauniyar Joseph Rowntree suka yi ya nuna cewa haraji mai laushi a kan shara ta cikin gida, makamashi, ruwa da amfani da sufuri zai sami tasiri mafi girma a kan gidaje marasa talauci. == Manufofin haraji na muhalli da aka kafa ==   An kafa harajin muhalli a [[Jamus]] ta hanyar dokoki uku a cikin 1998, 1999 da 2002. Na farko ya gabatar da haraji a kan wutar lantarki da man fetur, a farashin canji bisa la'akari da muhalli; ba a biya haraji ga hanyoyin sabunta wutar lantarki ba. Na biyu ya daidaita harajin don tallafawa ingantaccen tashoshin wutar lantarki na al'ada. Na uku ya kara haraji a kan man fetur. A lokaci guda, an rage harajin samun kudin shiga daidai don jimlar nauyin haraji ya kasance daidai. Gwamnatin yankin Tsibirin Balearic (wanda ke hannun hadin gwiwar ecosocialist) ta kafa harajin muhalli a cikin 1999. Tsibirin Balearic yana fama da matsin lamba daga yawon bude ido, wanda a lokaci guda ke samar da babbar hanyar samun kudin shiga. Harajin (€ 1.00 ga kowane mutum a kowace rana) za a biya shi ta hanyar baƙi da ke zaune a wuraren shakatawa na yawon bude ido. Masu adawa masu ra'ayin mazan jiya sun soki wannan kamar yadda ya saba wa bukatun kasuwanci, kuma sun soke harajin a shekara ta 2003 bayan sun kwace gwamnati. Jihohi daban-daban a Amurka sun kafa haraji iri-iri (wanda ake kira "haraji mai yawa"). [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] da aka gudanar a cikin ''Commonwealth Edison Co. v. Montana'', 453 US 609 (1981), cewa idan babu dokar tarayya akasin haka, jihohi na iya saita harajin muhalli kamar yadda suke so ba tare da keta Ma'anar Kasuwanci ko Ma'anar Mafi Girma na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Amurka ba. <ref name="Elison">Elison, Larry M. and Snyder, Fritz. ''The Montana State Constitution: A Reference Guide.'' Santa Barbara, Calif.: Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. {{ISBN|0-313-27346-4}}</ref> Farawa daga Janairu 1, 2018, an aiwatar da harajin kore na farko na kasar Sin da nufin kare muhalli, Harajin Kare Muhalli, a hukumance, ya maye gurbin tsarin kuɗin fitar da gurɓataccen wanda ya kasance kusan shekaru 40. An ayyana harajin kare muhalli kuma ana biyan shi kowane kwata-kwata, kuma lokacin tattarawa na farko zai kasance daga Afrilu 1 zuwa 15, 2018. Matsayin haraji shine iska, ruwa, mai ƙarfi da gurɓataccen amo kai tsaye a cikin muhalli. A halin yanzu, ban da yankin Tibet mai cin gashin kansa, duk larduna, yankuna masu cin gashin kansu da kuma kananan hukumomi sun ba da takamaiman adadin haraji don gurɓataccen iska da gurɓata ruwa a yankunansu daidai da hanyoyin doka.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2018-01-11 |title=Environmental protection tax is coming, what is the impact? —— Authoritative departments explain in detail the new regulations on the collection and management of my country's first green tax |url=https://www.gov.cn/zhengce/2018-01/11/content_5255653.htm |website=Central People's Government of the People's Republic of China}}</ref> == Aiwatar da duniya == A shekara ta 1993, gwamnatin mai ra'ayin mazan jiya ta gabatar da Fuel Price Escalator, wanda ke nuna karamin karuwar harajin man fetur, kamar yadda Weizsäcker da Jesinghaus suka gabatar a shekarar 1992. An dakatar da FPE a Aiki 2000, biyo bayan zanga-zangar kasa da kasa; yayin da man fetur ya kasance mai arha a cikin 1993, farashin man fetur yana daga cikin mafi girma a Turai. A karkashin gwamnatin Labour ta 1997-2007, duk da alkawarin [[Gordon Brown]] da ya yi akasin haka, harajin kore a matsayin kashi na harajin gaba ɗaya ya faɗi daga 9.4% zuwa 7.7%, bisa ga lissafin da [[Abokan Duniya]] suka yi. A cikin wani tsari na shekara ta 2006, Sakataren Muhalli na Burtaniya na lokacin David Miliband ya yi magana da gwamnati a tattaunawar kan amfani da haraji daban-daban don rage gurɓataccen yanayi. Daga cikin harajin da aka gabatar, wanda aka yi niyyar zama tsaka-tsaki, Miliband ya ce: "Ba su da tushe don tada kudaden shiga". Miliband ya ba da ƙarin tsokaci game da bukatunsu, yana cewa: "Canjin halayyar mutane ana samun sa ne kawai ta hanyar "dakarun kasuwa da siginar farashi", kuma "Yayin da fahimtarmu game da canjin yanayi ke ƙaruwa, a bayyane yake cewa ana buƙatar yin ƙarin. " Farawa a cikin 1999, gwamnatin Ukraine tana tattara harajin muhalli, wanda aka fi sani da Fee na gurɓata muhalli (Ukrainian), wanda aka tattara daga dukkan ƙungiyoyi masu gurɓata, ko lokaci ɗaya ne ko ci gaba da gurɓata kuma ba tare da la'akari da ko aikin gurɓata doka ne ko ba bisa ka'ida ba a lokacin.<ref>[http://www.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=303-99-%EF Resolution by the Cabinet of Minister of Ukraine on March 1, 1999 N 303 "On approval of regulations establishing fees for environmental pollution and recovery of this collection»]{{In lang|uk}}{{Dead link|date=January 2018|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>[http://zakon.rada.gov.ua/cgi-bin/laws/main.cgi?nreg=z0544-99 Joint Order of the Ministry of Environmental Protection and Nuclear Safety of Ukraine and State Tax Administration of Ukraine from 19.07.99 #162/379 "On approval of Instruction on procedure of calculation and payment of the environmental pollution тах"]{{In lang|uk}}</ref> === Indiya ===   Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka, Gwamnatin Indiya, ta nemi Makarantar Tattalin Arziki ta Madras, Chennai, ta gudanar da nazarin haraji kan abubuwan da aka shigar da su a cikin shekara ta 2001. Raja Chelliah, Paul Appasamy, USSankar da Rita Pandey (Academic Foundation, 2007, New Delhi) sun ba da shawarar harajin muhalli a kan kwal, motoci, chlorine, kayan wankewa na phosphate, magungunan kashe kwari, takin sinadarai, batir na acid da filastik. Dubi Ecotaxes kan gurɓataccen shigarwa da fitarwa, Gidauniyar Ilimi, New Delhi,2007. Ministan Kudi ya gabatar da takardar kudi a farashin Rs 50 a kowace tan a cikin shekara ta 2010. === China === Kwamitin Dindindin na Majalisar Jama'a ta Kasa ya kafa ka'idojin muhalli <ref>{{Cite web |title=Environmental Protection Law of the People's Republic of China (For Trial Implementation) |url=http://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/eplotproc564/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320040653/http://www.asianlii.org/cn/legis/cen/laws/eplotproc564/ |archive-date=20 March 2022 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Asian LII}}</ref> da haraji a cikin 1979, wanda aka lakafta shi a matsayin 'Farin Gudanar da gurbatacce' (PDF). Kudin fitar da gurbataccen abu, ya tabbatar da aiki a wasu sassan kasar kamar Arewacin China, duk da haka ya nuna mummunan sakamako a sassan kamar Yankin Karst na Kudu maso Yammacin China, yayin da yankin ya sami ci gaba a masana'antu da birane, wanda ya haifar da karancin ruwa da gurɓataccen yanki. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yang |first=Zhe |last2=Xiong |first2=Zhenwu |last3=Xue |first3=Wenhao |last4=Zhou |first4=Yuhong |date=2022-08-26 |title=The Impact of Pollution Fee Reform on the Emission of Water Pollutants: Evidence from Manufacturing Enterprises in China |journal=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health |volume=19 |issue=17 |pages=10660 |doi=10.3390/ijerph191710660 |issn=1660-4601 |pmc=9518126 |pmid=36078375 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga watan Janairun 2018, kasar Sin ta maye gurbin tsarin "Polluant Discharge Fee" na yanzu, tare da harajin kare muhalli wanda aka saita don sanya tsarin kudi da haraji na "kore", yayin da yake ƙarfafa kula da gurɓataccen yanayi da kuma kula da wuraren da aka gurɓata.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=1 January 2018 |editor-last=Lifang |title=China starts collecting environment tax |url=http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/01/c_136865174.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503151222/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2018-01/01/c_136865174.htm |archive-date=3 May 2023 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=XinhuaNet}}</ref> Sabon harajin ya kuma taimaka wajen yaki da matsalolin da ke tattare da kudaden fitar da gurbataccen, kamar su kananan hukumomi da ke amfani da ramuka a cikin tsarin da kuma kare manyan kamfanoni daga matsalolin shari'a.<ref name=":2" /> Wannan sabuwar doka ta samar da nau'ikan keɓancewa guda biyar, gami da, da sauransu, keɓancewa don gurɓataccen aikin gona, gurɓata daga sufuri, da gurɓatawar daga datti da sharar gida. Masu biyan haraji na iya jin daɗin raguwar kashi 25% don rage gurɓataccen iska da ruwa da kashi 30% ko fiye, ƙasa da matakin da aka haramta.<ref name=":1"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wei |first=Emma |date=8 February 2017 |title=China: New Law Replacing Pollution Discharge Fee With Environmental Protection Tax |url=https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2017-02-08/china-new-law-replacing-pollution-discharge-fee-with-environmental-protection-tax/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523003831/https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2017-02-08/china-new-law-replacing-pollution-discharge-fee-with-environmental-protection-tax/ |archive-date=23 May 2022 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=Library of Congress}}</ref> Dangane da bayanan da Ma'aikatar Kudi ta kasar Sin ta fitar, harajin kare muhalli na kasar Sin zai karɓi yuan biliyan 20.5 (RMB, iri ɗaya a ƙasa) a cikin 2023, da yuan biliyan 5.1 a cikin Janairu da Fabrairu 2024. Kafin a karɓi harajin kare muhalli, kamfanoni da yawa na kasar Sin sun biya kuɗin fitar da gurɓataccen yanayi. Shekaru shida da suka gabata, sashen kudi na tashar wutar lantarki a [[Chongqing]] ya lissafa cewa idan samar da wutar lantarki bai canza ba, harajin kare muhalli da za a biya zai ninka kuɗin fitar da gurɓataccen asali. Canji yana gabatowa. Dalilin da ya sa ake sukar tashoshin wutar lantarki na "babban gurɓataccen" shine cewa mabuɗin shine fasahar baya, kamar ƙone kwal da ba cikakke ba da kuma rashin kayan aikin maganin gas. Tashar wutar lantarki ta aiwatar da canjin fitarwa mai zurfi a kan dukkan raka'a shida masu samarwa kuma ta kara iska da ƙura a cikin filin kwal. Sakamakon nan take ne. A cikin 2018, shekara ta farko ta aiwatar da Dokar Haraji ta Kare Muhalli, daidaitattun gurɓataccen da tashoshin wutar lantarki suka samar ya ragu da kashi 73.1% idan aka kwatanta da 2017, kuma harajin kare muhalli da aka biya ya kai yuan miliyan 2.14, wanda ya kasance kashi 73% ƙasa da kuɗin fitar da gurɓatawar yuan miliyan 7.96 da aka biya a cikin 2017. Idan an gano kamfanin a matsayin masana'antar masana'antu mai ci gaba, har ma yana iya jin daɗin ingantaccen masana'antar kerawa da ƙimar haraji.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-04-18 |editor-last=Chang |editor-first=Liu |title=环保税助力中国企业"绿色转型" |trans-title=Environmental protection tax helps Chinese enterprises “green transformation” |url=https://www.chinatax.gov.cn/chinatax/n810219/n810780/c5223028/content.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429123701/https://www.chinatax.gov.cn/chinatax/n810219/n810780/c5223028/content.html |archive-date=29 April 2024 |access-date=29 April 2024 |website=China State Administration of Taxation}}</ref> === Faransa === Gwamnatin Faransa ta ba da niyyar kafa sabon kuɗin a kan tikitin jirgin sama tare da manufar tallafawa hanyoyin da ke da kyau ga muhalli, kamar kayan aikin sufuri na muhalli. Harajin da aka gabatar zai kasance tsakanin Yuro 1.50 ($ 1.7) da Yuro 18 ($ 20) kuma ya shafi mafi yawan jiragen da ke tashi daga Faransa. Gwamnatin Faransa na sa ran sabon harajin zai tara sama da Yuro miliyan 180 ($ miliyan 200) daga 2020.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adamson |first=Thomas |last2=Jordans |first2=Frank |date=July 9, 2019 |title=France to slap new 'ecotax' on plane tickets from 2020 |url=https://www.chron.com/news/article/France-will-implement-an-ecotax-on-plane-14081444.php |website=Houston Chronicle |agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref> ==== Harajin carbon ==== An aiwatar da harajin carbon a cikin bayan yunkurin da ba a yi nasara ba. Ba takamaiman haraji ba ne amma wani bangare ne na harajin amfani da gida akan man fetur, daidai da abubuwan da ke ciki na carbon. Ya dogara ne akan ka'idar "mai gurbatawa yana biyan kuɗi", '" bisa ga abin da duk mutane dole ne su ba da gudummawa ga gyaran lalacewar da suka haifar wa muhalli. Yana sanya farashi a kan kowane ton na CO da aka fitar don ƙarfafa masu amfani su ƙaura daga wasu samfuran ko halaye tare da hayakin gas mai yawa. A wasu kalmomi, don rage amfani da man fetur. Haraji ne na Pigouvian wanda ke ƙarfafa ƙididdigar farashin mummunan kayan waje da ayyuka. The carbon tax is a "carbon component" integrated into the more global calculation of the domestic consumption tax on energy products, natural gas and coal.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2020 |title=La taxe carbone en quatre questions |url=https://www.lesechos.fr/politique-societe/politique/la-taxe-carbone-en-quatre-questions-1222202}}</ref> It is indexed to the carbon price, which serves as a climate reference for investment choices by public and private economic actors and is expressed in euros per ton of CO2. The carbon tax takes the form of a fee rather than a [[Haraji|tax]] or an environmental tax in the strict sense of the word. It is a non-mandatory levy paid only by the use of a polluting service or good <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 April 2021 |title=Qu'est-ce que la taxe carbone et pourquoi est-elle indispensable ? |url=https://www.hellocarbo.com/blog/compenser/taxe-carbone/}}</ref> ===== Masu biyan haraji ===== Ana biyan harajin ta gidaje (a kan man fetur ko gas misali), kamfanoni da gwamnatoci. Koyaya, akwai banbanci da yawa: manyan masana'antu masu gurɓataccen gurɓata suna ƙarƙashin ƙa'idodin Turai; jigilar iska da teku an cire su ta hanyar yarjejeniyar ƙasa da ƙasa da umarnin Turai; jigihar kogi na ƙasa, taksi, jigilar kaya, jigilar kayayyaki, jigilar jama'a da kuma amfani da aikin gona suma an cire su daga wannan harajin. ===== Sakamakon ===== Kusan tan miliyan 4 na Faransa ta kauce wa su a cikin 2018 godiya ga harajin carbon, bisa ga binciken OECD, wanda ke wakiltar raguwar 5% a cikin hayaki daga masana'antu tsakanin 2014 da 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dussaux |first=Damien |year=2020 |title=The joint effects of energy prices and carbon taxes on environmental and economic performance: Evidence from the French manufacturing sector |url=https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/b84b1b7d-en.pdf?expires=1714416226&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=719034AE72ABC9F4BB8932E605C8230D |doi=10.1787/b8ca827a-fr |access-date=2025-07-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240429183045/https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/b84b1b7d-en.pdf?expires=1714416226&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=719034AE72ABC9F4BB8932E605C8230D |archive-date=2024-04-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ===== Karɓar jama'a ===== Saurin karuwar wannan haraji (daga Yuro 7 a kowace tan a cikin 2014 zuwa 14 a cikin 2015 da Yuro 44.6 a cikin 2018) ya sa farashin man fetur ya fashe, wanda, tare da karuwar farashin kayayyakin man fetur da iskar gas, ya ba da gudummawa ga haihuwar motsi mai launin rawaya. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 32v3ob4v296251ksktcmer56gajxdj8 Hakkin Yara ga Dokar Ilimi ta kyauta da tilas, 2009 0 108398 962084 941024 2026-10-02T21:50:55Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962084 wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="infobox" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ededed" |Hakkin Yara ga Dokar Ilimi ta kyauta da tilas, 2009 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed" |[[Parliament of India|Majalisar dokokin Indiya]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible" style="text-align: left;"><div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; font-weight:normal;background:transparent;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">'''[[Long title|Tsawon taken]]'''</div></div> * <div class="center">Dokar da za ta samar da ilimi kyauta da tilas ga dukkan yara masu shekaru shida zuwa goma sha huɗu. </div> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Bayani | class="infobox-data" |[https://www.education.gov.in/sites/upload_files/mhrd/files/upload_document/rte.pdf Dokar No. 35 na 2009] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An kafa ta hanyar&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |[[Parliament of India|Majalisar dokokin Indiya]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An yarda da shi&nbsp; | class="infobox-data" |26 ga watan Agusta 2009 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |An fara | class="infobox-data" |1 ga Afrilu 2010 |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #ededed" |Dokokin da suka danganci |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[Eighty-sixth Amendment of the Constitution of India|Kwaskwarima ta 86]] (2002) |- | class="infobox-below" colspan="2" style="background-color:<nowiki&gt;#</nowiki&gt;AAF0D1;" |'''Status:''' In force |} {{Reflist}} Dokar 'Yancin yara ga Ilimi na kyauta da na tilas ko Dokar 'Yanfin Ilimi ('''RTE''') Dokar Majalisar dokokin ƙasar Indiya ce, wacce aka kafa a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta 2009, wacce ta aiwatar da haƙƙin ilimi kyauta da tilas ga yara daga shekaru 6 zuwa 14 a ƙasar Indiya a karkashin Mataki na 21A na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ƙasar Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Provisions of the Constitution of India having a bearing on Education |url=http://www.education.nic.in/constitutional.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100201181216/http://www.education.nic.in/constitutional.asp |archive-date=1 February 2010 |access-date=1 April 2010 |publisher=Department of Higher Education}}</ref> Indiya ta zama ɗaya daga cikin ƙasashe 135 da suka sanya ilimi a matsayin hakki na kowane yaro lokacin da dokar ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Afrilu 2010 .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aarti Dhar |date=1 April 2010 |title=Education is a fundamental right now |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article337111.ece |website=The Hindu |access-date=28 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107072045/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article337111.ece |archive-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 April 2010 |title=India joins list of 135 countries in making education a right |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article365232.ece |website=The Hindu News |access-date=28 July 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160107072045/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article365232.ece |archive-date=7 January 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == Mataki na 21A na gyare-gyare na 86 ga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Indiya ya sanya ilimi ya zama muhimmiyar dama a shekara ta shekarar 2002. Koyaya, ba ta bayyana yadda za a aiwatar da wannan haƙƙin ba, ta ƙayyade cewa za a buƙaci doka. An shirya rubutun farko na lissafin a shekara ta 2005, wanda ya haifar da gardama ta hanyar ware kashi 25% na kujerun a makarantun masu zaman kansu ga yara daga asalin marasa galihu, da sauransu. Kwamitin kwamitin ba da shawara na tsakiya na ilimi wanda ya shirya daftarin ya gudanar da wannan tanadin kamar yadda ya cancanta ga al'ummar dimokuradiyya da [[Daidaitawa|daidaito]]. Hukumar Shari'a ta Indiya da farko ta ba da shawarar ajiyar kashi 50% ga ɗalibai marasa galihu a makarantun masu zaman kansu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Microsoft Word – Final Right To Education Bill 2005 modified-14.11.2005.doc |url=http://education.nic.in/elementary/RighttoEducationBill2005.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100705124410/http://www.education.nic.in/elementary/RighttoEducationBill2005.pdf |archive-date=5 July 2010 |access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref> == Abubuwan da suka gabata == Dokar RTE ba ta da wani abu da ba a taɓa gani ba; an yi adawa da ikon mallakar manya na duniya a cikin aikin tun lokacin da yawancin jama'a ba su iya karatu da rubutu ba. An kafa Mataki na 45 a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki na ƙasar Indiya a matsayin aiki: : Jiha za ta yi ƙoƙari ta samar, a cikin shekaru goma daga farkon wannan Kundin Tsarin Mulki, don ilimi kyauta da tilas ga dukan yara har sai sun kammala shekaru goma sha huɗu. Kamar yadda wannan lokacin ya wuce shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, ministan ilimi a lokacin, M C Chagla, ya ce: : Iyayen kundin tsarin mulkinmu ba su da niyyar cewa kawai mu kafa ɗakunan ajiya, mu sanya ɗalibai a can, mu ba su malamai marasa horo, mu ba musu littattafai marasa kyau, babu filin wasa, kuma mu ce, mun bi Mataki na 45 kuma ilimin firamare yana fadadawa. Sun kasance cewa ya kamata a ba da ilimi na ainihi ga yaranmu tsakanin shekaru 6 zuwa 14 - MC Chagla, shekarar 1964 <ref name="ssa">{{Cite web |title=The Situation of Elementary Education in India |url=http://www.indg.in/primary-education/policiesandschemes/rte_ssa_final_report.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727235224/http://www.indg.in/primary-education/policiesandschemes/rte_ssa_final_report.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-27}}</ref> A cikin shekarun 1990s, Bankin Duniya ya ba da kuɗin kafa makarantu a cikin sauƙin isa ga al'ummomin karkara. Wannan ƙoƙari ya karfafa a cikin tsarin Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan a cikin shekarun 1990. RTE ta ci gaba da aiwatar da shi, ta sa yin rajistar yara a makarantu ya zama ikon jihar. Majalisar ministocin ta amince da lissafin a ranar 2 ga Yulin 2009. Rajya Sabha ta zartar da lissafin a ranar 20 ga Yuli 2009 da Lok Sabha a ranar 4 ga Agusta 2009. Ya sami amincewar Shugaban kasa kuma an sanar da shi a matsayin doka a ranar 26 ga watan Agusta 2009 a matsayin Dokar 'Yancin Yara ga Ilimi kyauta da tilastawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Right to Education Bill 2009 |url=http://education.nic.in/Elementary/free%20and%20compulsory.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120212101037/http://education.onojnjniononioniniononinonionioninionnic.in/Elementary/free%20and%20compulsory.pdf |archive-date=12 February 2012 |access-date=1 September 2010}}</ref> Dokar ta fara aiki a duk Indiya sai dai jihar Jammu da Kashmir daga 1 ga Afrilu 2010. Lokacin da ya karɓi Dokar, Firayim Minista na lokacin Manmohan Singh ya ce, "Muna da niyyar tabbatar da cewa duk yara, ba tare da la'akari da jinsi da zamantakewa ba, suna da damar samun ilimi. Ilimi da ke ba su damar samun ƙwarewa, ilimi, dabi'u da halayen da ake buƙata don zama 'yan ƙasa masu alhakin ƙasar Indiya. "<ref>{{Cite web |title=Prime Minister's Address to the Nation on The Fundamental Right of Children to Elementary Education |url=http://www.pib.nic.in/release/release.asp?relid=60001 |access-date=1 September 2010 |publisher=Pib.nic.in}}</ref> == Muhimman Abubuwa == Dokar RTE ta ba da haƙƙin yara ga ilimi kyauta da tilas har sai an kammala karatun firamare a makarantar unguwa. Ya bayyana cewa 'ilimi na tilas' yana nufin wajibi ne ga gwamnati mai dacewa don samar da shigarwa kyauta da tilas, halarta, da kammala karatun firamare ga kowane yaro a cikin shekaru shida zuwa goma sha huɗu. 'Free' yana nufin babu wani yaro da ya kamata ya biya kowane kuɗi, caji ko kuɗi wanda zai iya hana su bi da kammala karatun firamare. Shigarwa da samun damar ilimi Dokar RTE tana buƙatar bincike don saka idanu kan dukkan unguwanni, gano yara da ke buƙatar ilimi, da kuma kafa wurare don samar da shi. Masanin ilimin Bankin Duniya na Ƙasar Indiya, Sam Carlson, ya lura: : Dokar RTE ita ce doka ta farko a duniya da ke sanya alhakin tabbatar da shiga, halarta da kammalawa a kan Gwamnati. Hakki ne na iyaye su tura yara zuwa makarantu a ƙasar Amurka da sauran ƙasashe. Har ila yau, yana buƙatar a ba wa sababbin yara da aka shigar aji mai dacewa da shekaru. '''Tsarin aiwatarwa''' Dokar ta ƙayyade ayyuka da alhakin gwamnatoci, hukumomi da iyaye wajen samar da ilimi kyauta da tilas, da kuma raba kudi da sauran alhakin tsakanin gwamnatocin tsakiya da jihohi. Ya kafa Kwamitin Gudanar da Makarantu (SMCs) a duk makarantu don sauƙaƙe shiga iyaye da al'umma a ilimi. Hakanan ana sa ido da tsarin lissafi. Dokar RTE ta kirkiro kwamitin ba da shawara na kasa mai mambobi 14 (NAC) don aiwatar da aikin. '''Ingancin''' Yana sanya ka'idoji da ka'idojin da suka shafi rabo na ɗalibai da malami (PTRs), gine-gine da ababen more rayuwa, kwanakin aiki na makaranta, da lokutan aiki na malami. Yana buƙatar tura isasshen malamai masu horar da ƙwarewa, tabbatar da cewa ana kiyaye rabo na ɗalibi da malami ga kowane makaranta, maimakon kawai matsakaicin ga jihar, gundumar, ko toshe, hana rashin daidaituwa na birane da ƙauyuka a cikin matsayi na malamai. Har ila yau, ya haramta tura malamai don aikin da ba na ilimi ba, ban da ƙididdigar shekaru goma, zaɓen hukuma, majalisun jihohi da majalisa, da taimakon bala'i. Yana buƙatar ci gaban tsarin karatu daidai da dabi'un da aka tsara a cikin Kundin Tsarin Mulki, don ci gaban yara gaba ɗaya, gina kan iliminsu, iyawa, da baiwa, tabbatar da cewa ba su da tsoro, rauni, da damuwa ta hanyar tsarin ilmantarwa na yara da yara. Shirye-shiryen sada zumunci na yara Ya haramta (a) azabtarwa ta jiki da cin zarafin tunani; (b) hanyoyin tantancewa don shigar da yara; (c) kuɗin biyan kuɗi; (d) karatun sirri ta malamai da (e) gudanar da makarantu ba tare da sanarwa ba. Bayanan Hakkin Ilimi na mutanen da ke da nakasa har zuwa shekaru 18 an kafa su ne a karkashin Dokar Mutanen da ke da Nakasa daga baya. Sauran tanadi da yawa game da inganta kayan aikin makaranta, rabo na malami da ɗalibai da kuma baiwa an yi su a cikin Dokar. == Gyara == Dokar Hakkin Ilimi (RTE) a Indiya ta sami gyare-gyare da yawa a tsawon lokaci. A cikin shekarar 2017, wani gyare-gyare ya tsawaita wa'adin malamai marasa cancanta don samun takaddun shaida da ake buƙata, yana mai da hankali kan horar da malamai ta hanyar ilmantarwa ta nesa. Gyaran shekarar 2019 ya cire "ka'idojin rashin tsare-tsare," wanda ya ba jihohi damar gabatar da jarrabawa a cikin aji na 5 da 8 da kuma tsare daliban da suka kasa yayin da suke ba da umarnin gyarawa da sake jarrabawa. Bincike na gaba na iya fadada Dokar zuwa ilimin yara da na sakandare, daidai da Manufar Ilimi ta Kasa (NEP) shekarar 2020, wanda ke jaddada ilmantarwa ta dijital da ilimin sana'a don magance kalubalen zamani. A ranar 7 ga Mayu 2014, Kotun Koli ta ƙasar Indiya ta yanke hukuncin cewa Dokar Hakkin Ilimi ba ta dace da cibiyoyin Ƙananan Hukumomi ba. Wani ci gaba mai mahimmanci a cikin shekarar 2011 shine yanke shawara da aka yanke a ka'idar don fadada haƙƙin ilimi har zuwa Class X (shekaru 16) <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 June 2010 |title=Shri Kapil Sibal Addresses 58th Meeting of CABE; Proposes Extension of RTE up to Secondary Level Moots Bill to Control Malpractices in School Education |url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/erelease.aspx?relid=72540 |access-date=8 October 2010 |publisher=PIB}}</ref> da kuma cikin shekarun da suka gabata. <ref>{{Cite web |date=3 August 2010 |title=NAC recommends pre-primary sections in govt schools |url=http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-03/news/29846436_1_rte-act-government-schools-upper-primary-levels |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120531080528/http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2011-08-03/news/29846436_1_rte-act-government-schools-upper-primary-levels |archive-date=31 May 2012 |access-date=8 October 2010 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Koyaya, manufofin gwamnati na baya-bayan nan sun mayar da hankali kan gabatar da sabon Manufar Ilimi ta Kasa maimakon tsawaita Dokar. == Matsayi na aiwatarwa da kudade == === Muhimman nasarorin da aka samu === Dokar Hakkin Ilimi (RTE), wacce aka aiwatar a Indiya a cikin shekarar 2010, ta ba da gudummawa sosai ga tsarin ilimi na kasar. Manyan nasarorin sun hada da: Ƙara shiga, rage barin karatu da rufe gibin jinsi: Gabaɗaya shiga makaranta ya kai kashi 97.2% ta shekarar 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Status of Education Report 2018 |url=http://img.asercentre.org/docs/ASER%202018/Release%20Material/aserreport2018.pdf |access-date=2025-01-04 |publisher=ASER Centre}}</ref> Hakazalika, an sami karuwar shiga 'yan mata a makarantar firamare da sakandare. '''Ingantaccen Infrastructure''': Ka'idojin ababen more rayuwa masu tsauri sun haifar da ingantaccen kayan makaranta. Misali, yawan makarantu tare da bayan gidajen wanka na 'yan mata masu amfani ya ninka zuwa 66.4% a shekarar 2018 <ref>{{Cite web |title=U-DISE Flash Statistics 2016-17 |url=http://udise.in/Downloads/Publications/Documents/Flash_Statistics_on_School_Education-2016-17.pdf |access-date=2025-01-04 |publisher=National University of Educational Planning and Administration}}</ref> An kara daukar malamai da horo, inganta isar da ilimi. === Ci gaba da gibin aiwatar da manufofi === Duk da nasarorin, akwai babban rata na aiwatar da manufofi. Dangane da kimantawar jama'a, kashi 25.5% na makarantu sune RTE sun cika duk ka'idojin ababen more rayuwa bisa ga UDISE + 2019-20; Yawan bin doka ya kasance tsakanin 63.6% (Punjab) da kawai 1.3% a Meghalaya. Bayanan bin RTE da aka sabunta akai-akai ba sa samuwa a fili.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023 |title=Centre, states to share RTE expenses in 68:32 ratio |url=https://www.academia.edu/106440961 |access-date=4 January 2025 |website=The Pandemic Years: Status of Implementation of the RTE Act 2009, RTE Forum }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ma'aikatar Ci gaban Al'umma ta fitar da rahoto game da matsayin aiwatar da dokar a ranar tunawa da shekara guda na Dokar, kuma har zuwa shekarar 2015. Rahoton ya yarda da yara miliyan 1.7 daga 6-14 sun kasance ba tare da makaranta ba kuma ƙarancin malamai 508,000 a duk faɗin ƙasar. Wani rahoto na inuwa daga National RTE Forum, wanda ke wakiltar manyan cibiyoyin ilimi, karkashin jagorancin Ambarish Rai (wani fitaccen mai fafutuka), ya kalubalanci binciken, yana nuna mahimman alkawuran shari'a da yawa sun kasance a bayan jadawalin.[20] Kotun Koli ta Indiya ta shiga tsakani don neman aiwatar da Dokar.[21] Har ila yau, ya samar da tushen doka don tabbatar da daidaiton albashi tsakanin malamai a makarantun da gwamnati ke taimakawa [22] === Kalubale ga aiwatarwa === Babban cikas na aiwatarwa shine gazawar jihar ta saka hannun jari da ake buƙata don inganta makarantun ƙasar zuwa ka'idodin aikin.a ƙasar Indiya ta ci gaba da kashe kasa da kashi 4% na GDP a kan ilimi, a ƙasa da mafi ƙarancin da aka amince da shi a duniya don aiwatarwa na SDG 4 ko EFA. Ilimi a karkashin kundin tsarin mulkin Indiya lamari ne na lokaci guda inda duka cibiyar da jihohi zasu iya yin doka. Jihohin sun yi iƙirarin cewa ba su da ikon kuɗi don isar da ilimi na ƙa'idodin da suka dace a duk makarantu.<ref name="et">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2010 |title=Centre, states to share RTE expenses in 68:32 ratio |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/policy/Centre-states-to-share-RTE-expenses-in-6832-ratio/articleshow/6235330.cms |access-date=1 September 2010 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Kwamitin da ke nazarin bukatun kudade ya kiyasta Rs 1710 biliyan ko tiriliyan 1.71 (US $ 38.2 biliyan) za a buƙaci a cikin shekaru biyar. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2010 gwamnatin tsakiya ta amince da raba kudaden da ake bukata a kashi 65:35 tsakanin cibiyar da jihohi, da kuma kashi 90:10 ga jihohin arewa maso gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=13 February 2010 |title=Right To Education Act to be implemented from April |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-13/india/28133665_1_ratio-funds-hrd-ministry |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811071258/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-02-13/india/28133665_1_ratio-funds-hrd-ministry |archive-date=11 August 2011 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Koyaya, a tsakiyar shekara ta 2010, an inganta wannan adadi zuwa Rs. biliyan 2310, kuma gwamnatin tsakiya ta amince da haɓaka rabonta zuwa 68%.<ref name="et"/> Duk da wannan yarjejeniya, kudade don ilimi ya kasance ƙasa, musamman tun lokacin annobar COVID-19.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2024 |title=Revisiting the Priorities: An Analysis of Union Budget 2024-25 |url=https://www.cbgaindia.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/07/Revisting-the-Priorities-An-Analysis-of-Union-Budget-2024-25.pdf |access-date=4 January 2025 |publisher=CBGA}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; Matsayin aiwatarwa ya bambanta a cikin jihohi.  Gwamnatin Haryana ta ba da ayyuka da ayyuka don toshe Jami'an Ilimi na Elementary-cum-Block Resource Coordinators (BEEOs-cum-BRCs) don aiwatarwa mai inganci da ci gaba da sa ido kan aiwatar da Dokar 'Yancin Ilimi a Jiha. == Rashin amincewa == An soki Dokar saboda an tsara ta da sauri, <ref name="panel">{{Cite web |last=<!--Updated 1136 hrs 3 Feb 2010(+5:30 GMT)--> |date=3 February 2010 |title=FTN: Privatisation no cure for India's education ills |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ftn-privatisation-no-cure-for-indias-education-ills/98584-3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807024038/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/ftn-privatisation-no-cure-for-indias-education-ills/98584-3.html |archive-date=7 August 2009 |access-date=1 September 2010 |publisher=IBNLive}}</ref> ba tare da tuntuɓar kungiyoyi da yawa da ke aiki a ilimi ba, ba tare da mai da hankali kan inganta ingancin ilimi ba, keta haƙƙin makarantu masu zaman kansu da na addini ba, da kuma cire yara a ƙarƙashin shekaru shida. Bugu da ƙari, ana ganin yawancin ra'ayoyin ne kawai ci gaba da shirye-shiryen gwamnati na yanzu: Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan na shekarun 2000, da kuma shirin Ilimi na Firamare na Gundumar da Bankin Duniya ya tallafawa na farko DPEP na '90s. Dukansu sun kafa makarantu da yawa a yankunan karkara, amma an soki su saboda rashin tasiri da cin hanci da rashawa. <ref name="southasia">{{Cite web |last=Infochange India |title=India to notify right to education act |url=http://southasia.oneworld.net/todaysheadlines/india-to-notify-right-to-education-act |access-date=1 September 2010 |publisher=Southasia.oneworld.net}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Aarti Dhar |date=28 July 2010 |title=News / National : U.K. doesn't intend to probe Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan for corruption |url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article538703.ece |access-date=1 September 2010 |website=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128015653/http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article538703.ece |archive-date=28 November 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Rashin samar da ka'idojin inganci na duniya === An soki dokar a matsayin nuna bambanci, ta hanyar kasa samar da daidaitattun ka'idojin ilimi a duk makarantun ƙasar Indiya. Sanannen malamin ilimi Anil Sadgopal ya ce game da aikin: : Ha'inci ne akan 'ya'yanmu.  Ba ya ba da ilimi kyauta ko ilimi na dole.  A haƙiƙa, kawai ya halatta tsarin ilimin makarantu masu yawa, marasa inganci, inda za a ci gaba da yin wariya.<ref name="panel"/> Dan kasuwa Gurcharan Das ya lura da kashi 54% na yara na birane suna halartar makarantu masu zaman kansu, kuma wannan adadin yana ƙaruwa da kashi 3% a kowace shekara. "Ko da yara matalauta suna barin makarantun gwamnati. Suna barin saboda malamai ba sa bayyana. " <ref name="panel"/> Sauran masu bincike sun kalubalanci, suna gano cewa shaidar da ke bayyane don samun nasara a makarantun masu zaman kansu sau da yawa suna ɓacewa lokacin da aka lissafa wasu dalilai (kamar kudin shiga na iyali da ilimin iyaye). === Haɗin gwiwar jama'a da masu zaman kansu === Don magance waɗannan batutuwan inganci, Dokar tana da tanadi da ke biyan makarantun masu zaman kansu don shigar da yara a ƙarƙashin kashi 25% na quota. An kwatanta wannan da takardun shaida na makaranta, inda iyaye zasu iya "sanya" 'ya'yansu zuwa kowane makaranta, mai zaman kansa ko jama'a. Wannan ma'auni, tare da karuwar PPP (Public Private Partnership) wasu kungiyoyi kamar All-India Forum for Right to Education (AIF-RTE) sun kalli shi, yayin da jihar ta yi watsi da "aikin kundin tsarin mulki game da samar da ilimin firamare".<ref name="southasia"/> === Tattaunawa daga makarantun masu zaman kansu === Idan aka yi la’akari da rashin isassun kuɗaɗen ilimin jama’a, ilimin da tsarin makarantun gwamnati ke bayarwa yakan zama rashin inganci, yana fama da matsalar malamai da abubuwan more rayuwa..<ref>{{Cite web |last=Surbhi Bhatia |date=26 July 2010 |title=Quality in education: It's my legal right – Education – Home |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/home/education/Quality-in-education-Its-my-legal-right/articleshow/6217082.cms |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811092725/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-07-26/education/28302755_1_compulsory-education-muslim-girls-education-act |archive-date=11 August 2011 |access-date=1 September 2010 |website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Akwai kuma zargin cewa makarantun gwamnati na cike da kura-kurai, rashin gudanar da mulki, da nade-naden mukamai da aka yi a kan dacewar siyasa. {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2025)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Matsakaicin albashin malaman makaranta a makarantun karkara masu zaman kansu a wasu jihohi (kimanin Rs. 4,000 a kowane wata) ya yi ƙasa da na makarantun gwamnati.<ref name="prayatna">{{Cite web |title=Education in India: Teachers' salaries |url=http://prayatna.typepad.com/education/teachers_salaries/ |access-date=1 September 2010 |publisher=Prayatna.typepad.com |archive-date=25 August 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100825152821/http://prayatna.typepad.com/education/teachers_salaries/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Sakamakon haka, masu goyon bayan makarantun masu zaman kansu masu rahusa masu rahusa suna sukar makarantun gwamnati da cewa ba su da darajar kudi.  Wannan zargi, ya yi watsi da ƙananan ƙa'idodi a yawancin ƙananan makarantu, yawancin ba a san su ba saboda rashin bin ƙa'idodi masu kyau.  Kasancewa masu biyan kuɗi, ƙananan makarantu masu zaman kansu ba za su iya yin rajistar yara daga iyalai mafi talauci ba.  Magoya bayan makarantu masu zaman kansu sun bayyana cewa yaran da ke zuwa makarantu masu zaman kansu suna da fa'ida idan aka yi la'akari da yadda ake nuna wariya da sauran nau'ikan wariya a makarantun gwamnati.  Sai dai kuma, ana sukan wanzuwar wadannan makarantu da yadda ake kula da jiga-jigan yankunan karkara wadanda za su iya biyan kudin makaranta a kasar da iyalai da dama ke rayuwa cikin tsananin talauci. The Society for Un-aided Private Schools, Rajasthan (a cikin Written Petition (Civil) No. 95 na 2010) da wasu kungiyoyi 31 na makarantun masu zaman kansu <ref name="Right to Edu Act: Supreme Court judgement">{{Cite web |last=S. H. Kapadia |last2=Swatanter Kumar |last3=K. S. Radhakrishnan |title=Right to Edu Act: Supreme Court judgement |url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/95201031242012p.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530005029/http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/95201031242012p.txt |archive-date=30 May 2012 |access-date=2 August 2012 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> sun shigar da kara ga [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli ta ƙasar Indiya]] suna da'awar cewa dokar ta keta haƙƙin kundin tsarin mulki na masu zaman kansu don gudanar da cibiyoyin su ba tare da tsangwama daga gwamnati ba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2010-03-22 |title=The Hindu : News / National : Private schools challenge Right To Education Act in Supreme Court |url=http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article267634.ece |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325004258/http://beta.thehindu.com/news/national/article267634.ece |archive-date=25 March 2010 |access-date=2010-09-01 |publisher=Beta.thehindu.com}}</ref> Jam'iyyun sun yi iƙirarin samar da kashi 25 cikin dari na ajiya ga yara marasa galihu a cikin gwamnati kuma makarantun masu zaman kansu ba tare da taimako ba "ba bisa ka'ida ba".<ref name="southasia"/> QA ranar 12 ga Afrilu 2012, [[Kotun koli na Indiya|Kotun Koli]] mai alƙalai uku ta yanke hukunci na 2-1 . Babban Alkalin SH Kapadia da Alkalin Swatanter Kumar sun yi la'akari da cewa ajiyar ba ta da bin doka amma sun bayyana cewa Dokar ba za ta shafi makarantun 'yan tsiraru masu zaman kansu da makarantun kwana ba. Koyaya, Mai Shari'a K. S. Panicker Radhakrishnan ya nuna rashin amincewa, yana riƙe da cewa Dokar ba za ta iya amfani da ita ga makarantun masu zaman kansu da ba su da taimako daga gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Society for Un-aided Private Schools of Rajasthan v. Union of India (WP NO. 95 of 2010) |url=http://courtnic.nic.in/supremecourt/temp/95201031242012p.txt |access-date=13 April 2012 |publisher=Supreme Court of India}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2012, Kotun Koli ta ki amincewa da karar sake dubawa kan Dokar. Akwai shari'ar shari'a mai zurfi a kan batun a cikin jihohi. A cikin Tamil Nadu a watan Mayu 2016, makarantar CBSE mai suna Maharishi Vidya Mandir da ke Chetpet ta shiga cikin wani abin kunya game da kewaye da dokar 25% quota. A lokacin shigarwa, makarantar ta gaya wa iyaye masu rauni a tattalin arziki "RTE ba ta wanzu' kuma "ba mu ɗaukar waɗannan aikace-aikacen [gwamnati RTE]. Babban shugaban ya sanar da Daraktan Yankin Tamil Nadu na CBSE cewa ya yi niyyar "karkatar da masu neman ba tare da adireshin imel ba", ban da iyaye marasa ilimi daga neman shiga. Bugu da kari, jami'an makaranta sun karkatar da adadi na nesa na 'yan takara da yawa don hana su daga makircin. A shekarar 2017, an shigar da kara a gaban manyan kotunan Andhra Pradesh da Telangana, inda ake neman yadda ya kamata a aiwatar da kaso 25% na kaso 25% a jihohin biyu a karkashin dokar.  Manyan kotuna sun yi kira ga gwamnatocin jihohin biyu da su dauki matakan da suka dace don aiwatar da dokar yadda ya kamata.<ref>{{Cite web |date=27 June 2017 |title=PIL filed for implementation of RTE in schools in AP, TS |url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/states/telangana/2017/jun/27/pil-filed-for-implementation-of-rte-in-schools-in-ap-ts-1621278.html |access-date=2023-02-28 |website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> === Shingen marayu === Dokar ta samar da shigar da yara ba tare da takardar shaidar ba. Koyaya, jihohi da yawa sun ci gaba da hanyoyin da suka riga sun kasance suna dagewa cewa yara suna samar da takaddun shaida na samun kudin shiga da matsayi, katunan BPL da takaddar shaida na haihuwa. Yara marayu galibi ba sa iya samar da irin waɗannan takardu, koda kuwa suna shirye su yi hakan. {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iygzcnqyqdnuwouwxal86mue3m4vxb3 Gonimbrasia belina 0 109069 961962 681203 2026-10-02T18:14:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961962 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''''Gonimbrasia belina''''' wani nau'in asu ne na sarki wanda ya fito daga wurare masu zafi na [[kudancin Afirka]] . Babban caterpillar da ake ci, wanda aka sani da '''tsutsa mopane''', '''madora''', '''amacimbi''' “asu tantabara”, '''masonja''' ko Seboko sa Mongana, tana ciyarwa da farko amma ba kawai akan ganyen itacen mopane ba. Tsutsotsin Mopane shine muhimmin tushen furotin ga mutane da yawa a yankin. John O. Westwood ne ya fara bayyana jinsin a kimiyance a shekara ta 1849. == Sunaye na asali == Tsutsar mopane ana kiranta da Turanci saboda yawanci ana samunta akan bishiyar mopane, ''Colophospermum mopane'' . Sauran sunaye na yare na caterpillars sun haɗa da: * [[Botswana]] ** [[Harshen Kalanga|Kalanga]] : ''mashonja'' ** Tswana * [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ** Sotho ** Northern Sotho (koloq) ** Venda ** Tsonga ko {{Lang|ts|masonja}} ** Southern Ndebele ** [[Harshen Tswana|Tswana]] : {{Lang|ny|masonja,<ref> name="NAD2009"</ref> Seboko sa Mongana}} * [[Zambiya]] ** ''muyaya'' (an yi imani da cewa tsutsa ce ta mopane) ** ''finkubala'' <ref>{{Cite web |title=Insect and host plant species of Central Africa: scientific names |url=http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/j3463f/j3463f08.htm |access-date=2011-10-18 |publisher=Fao.org}}</ref> ** ''ifishimu'' (sunan da ya dace a cikin yaren Bemba ) <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mopane worm – A popular African delicacy |url=https://medium.com/the-best-of-zambia/the-mopane-worm-a-popular-african-delicacy-2aa2c20ec630 |access-date=2020-11-24 |publisher=Medium}}</ref> * [[Zimbabwe]] ** Northern Ndebele ** Shona , {{Lang|sn|masodya}} ko ''mashonja'' ** [[Harshen Kalanga|Kalanga]] : ''mahonja'' * [[Namibiya]] ** [[Harshen Ovambo|Ovambo]] : ''omagungu'' ** [[Yaren Kwanyama|Oshikwanyama]] : ''oshuungu'' * [[Jamhuriyar Dimokuraɗiyyar Kwango|Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo]] ** Kongo Ana ba da sunan Latin wani lokaci a matsayin ''Imbrasia belina'', maimakon ''Gonimbrasia belina'' . == Ganewa == Asu manya ne masu tsawon fukafukai 120&nbsp;mm. Fuka-fukai masu launin launin kore ne da launin ruwan kasa zuwa ja, tare da baƙaƙe da fari guda biyu waɗanda ke ware wuraren idanu . Gilashin idon orange yana nan akan kowane hindwing . Asu maza suna da eriya masu gashin fuka-fukai, waɗanda ake amfani da su don neman abokin aure. Larvae baƙaƙe ne, masu barkono da ma'auni masu zagaye a cikin madaidaicin madauri masu launin kore da rawaya, kuma dauke da makamai gajeru baƙar fata ko jajayen kashin baya waɗanda aka lulluɓe cikin farar gashi masu kyau. [[Fayil:Mophane_Worm_eggs.jpg|thumb|Mopane tsutsotsin kwai]] == Halittu == Larvae suna cin nau'ikan tsire-tsire masu yawa ciki har da mopane, ''Carissa grandiflora'', ''Diospyros'', ''Ficus'', ''Rhus'', ''Sclerocarya afra'', ''Terminalia'' da ''Trema'' . Mopane tsutsotsi na barkewar ciyayi mai ɓacin rai, yana hana wasan bincike. == Wurin zama == Yadu. Ya zama ruwan dare sosai a cikin jeji, daji da kuma ciyawa. == Zagayowar rayuwa ==   Kamar yawancin caterpillars, yanayin rayuwar tsutsotsin mopane yana farawa ne lokacin da yake ƙyanƙyashe a lokacin rani, bayan haka ta ci gaba da cin ganyen a kusa da shi. Yayin da tsutsar ta girma, takan yi girma sau hudu a cikin matakan tsutsa guda biyar, bayan haka tsutsar mopane ana ganin ita ce mafi sha'awar girbi. Matukar dai ba a girbe tsutsar bayan ta na hudu ba, to sai ta bullowa karkashin kasa don ta yi murmurewa, matakin da ta samu cikakkiyar canji ta zama asu babba. Wannan mataki yana faruwa ne a lokacin hunturu, na tsawon watanni 6 zuwa 7, sannan ya fito a farkon bazara (Nuwamba ko Disamba). Manya-manyan asu suna rayuwa ne kawai na kwanaki uku zuwa hudu, lokacin da suke yin aure suna yin ƙwai. == Mahara == Kamar yawancin dabbobin da ke ƙasa a kan sarkar abinci, tsutsotsin mopane da ƙwayayen su sukan faɗo ga mafarauta daban-daban da kuma cututtuka. Sau da yawa, fiye da kashi 40 cikin 100 na qwai na tsutsotsi na mopane za su fuskanci kamuwa da cututtuka daban-daban, kuma su kansu caterpillars suna kamuwa da kamuwa da kwayar cutar da ke da yawan mace-mace. Manyan maharban tsutsotsin tsuntsaye ne da mutane daban-daban, wadanda suka dogara da kafila don samun abinci. == Abinci == Duk da cewa tsutsar mopane ta fi ciyar da itacen mopane, amma ba ta takaita ga wannan abincin ba, kuma tana iya ciyar da wasu itatuwan da dama wadanda suke yankuna iri daya, da kuma wasu tsiro kamar ganyen bishiyar [[mangwaro]] . Ta haka tsutsar mopane ta warwatse a kan wani yanki mai girman gaske. Da yake matakin tsutsa na mopane tsutsotsi ya yi gajere, sabanin sauran caterpillars na browsing, babbar barnar da ganyen ke yi yakan tsira da sauki daga bishiyar, nan da wani lokaci da za a sake cikawa na gaba na tsutsotsin mopane. Kamar mafi yawan caterpillars, tsutsotsin mopane mai yawan ci ne, kuma za ta ci gaba da cin abinci - kusan ba ta tsaya ba - har sai ta kai mataki na gaba na zagayowar rayuwarta, lokacin da ta fashe a karkashin kasa domin ta fuskanci metamorphosis. == Kamar abinci == Ana ɗaukar tsutsotsin Mopane da hannu a cikin daji, galibi mata da yara. A cikin daji, ba a la'akari da caterpillars na mai gida (idan akwai), amma a kusa da gida, ya kamata a nemi izini daga mazaunin. Chavanduka ya bayyana mata a [[Zimbabwe|kasar Zimbabwe]] suna daure wani bishiyu da wani bishiyu don tabbatar da mallakarsu, ko kuma kwashe 'ya'yan dattin zuwa bishiyoyin kusa da gida. Idan aka tsince magudanar, sai a dunkule shi a karshen wutsiya domin ya fashe cikin ciki. Sai mai zaban ya matse shi kamar bututun man goge baki ko tsayin tsayi kamar wasan kide-kide, sai ya yi bulala don fitar da siriri, koren abinda ke cikin hanji. === Ana adanawa === Hanyar kiyaye tsutsotsin mopane a gargajiyance ita ce a tafasa su ba tare da an kara ruwa ba bayan an wanke da kuma kara gishiri mai yawa. Sai a bushe su a rana ko kuma a sha taba, ta yadda za su sami karin dandano. Hanyar masana'antu ita ce iya caterpillars (yawanci a cikin brine). Ana iya samun tins na tsutsotsin mopane a manyan kantunan karkara da kasuwannin kudancin Afirka. <ref>{{Cite web |last=February 8 |first=John Gavloski More from John Gavloski Published on |last2=February 8 |first2=2019 {{!}} Last Updated |last3=Est |first3=2019 12:26 Pm |date=2019-02-08 |title=Incredible Creatures: Just Eat It – Insects as Food |url=https://www.strathroyagedispatch.com/news/local-news/incredible-creatures-just-eat-it-insects-as-food/wcm/94100f5c-3a1f-4d46-893c-74035a5438a4 |access-date=2020-05-30 |website=Strathroy Age Dispatch |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018044554/https://www.strathroyagedispatch.com/news/local-news/incredible-creatures-just-eat-it-insects-as-food/wcm/94100f5c-3a1f-4d46-893c-74035a5438a4 |archive-date=2021-10-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Cin abinci ===   Za a iya cin busassun tsutsotsin mopane danye azaman abun ciye-ciye; duk da haka, a [[Botswana]] mutane sukan ƙi cin kai. A madadin haka, ana iya jika tsutsotsin mopane don su sake yin ruwa, kafin a soya su har sai sun yi laushi, ko kuma a dafa su da [[albasa]], [[tumatir]] da kayan yaji sannan a yi amfani da pap ko sadza . Naman rawaya ne, kuma hanji yana iya ƙunsar guntuwar busasshen ganye, wanda ba ya cutar da ɗan adam. Dandan busasshen ganye idan ba a cire ba, yana da ɗan tuno da ganyen shayi. Busassun tsutsotsin mopane ana yawan cika gwangwani/cushe a cikin miya na tumatir ko miya don ƙara daɗin dandano. A cikin Nuwamba 2015, ƙungiyar [[Cornell]] na masana kimiyyar abinci sun sanya na uku a [[Brisbane]], Ostiraliya, a 2015 Kasuwancin Kasuwanci na Duniya, ta hanyar gabatar da fa'idodin tattalin arziki da abinci mai gina jiki na canza sunadaran daga tsutsotsi mopane zuwa abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-11-01 |title=An idea with legs: Company that turns bugs into food a top finisher in competition |url=http://ezramagazine.cornell.edu/Update/Dec15/EU.Cfu.Foods.html |access-date=2015-12-23 |publisher=ezramagazine.cornell.edu}}</ref> == Noma da tattalin arziki == Girbi da sayar da tsutsotsin mopane masana'antar [[Rand na Afirka ta Kudu|rand]] ce ta miliyoyin mutane a kudancin Afirka. Manyan masu samarwa sune [[Botswana]], [[Namibiya]], [[Afirka ta Kudu]] ( Lardin Limpopo da Mpumalanga ) da [[Zimbabwe]] . Yawanci, caterpillars ba a haifa ba, amma duk inda suka faru ta halitta. Yana daya daga cikin kwari masu mahimmancin tattalin arziki a yankin. A cikin shekarun 1990, ana fitar da daruruwan ton daga Botswana da Afirka ta Kudu kowace shekara. An kiyasta cewa Afirka ta Kudu ita kadai tana cinikin kilogiram miliyan 1.6 na tsutsotsin mopane a kowace shekara, da kuma shigar Botswana a cikin wannan masana'antar tana samun kusan dala miliyan 8 kowace shekara. Ana ɗaukar tsutsotsin Mopane a matsayin girbi mai fa'ida, saboda kawai kilo uku na abinci (ganye mopane) gabaɗaya zai samar da kilogram ɗaya na tsutsotsin mopane: akasin haka, noman shanu na buƙatar kilo goma na abinci don samar da kilogram ɗaya na naman sa; don haka tsutsotsi suna da ƙarancin farashi, ƙarancin kulawa, tushen abinci mai gina jiki. === Girbi === A al'adance, ana girbe tsutsotsin mopane don rayuwa . Saboda yanayi na yanayi na faruwar waɗannan caterpillars da ake ci, ba tushen abinci ba ne na shekara. Koyaya, girbin tsutsotsin mopane na gargajiya yana haɓaka don samun ƙarin kasuwanci. Tun daga shekarun 1950, ana amfani da hanyoyin noma na kasuwanci akan girbin tsutsotsin mopane, musamman a Afirka ta Kudu. Masu tarawa za su iya shirya ƙungiyoyin ɗaruruwan mutane da za su ɗauko ’ya’yan itacen da ke cikin bishiyar, bayan an yi musu jakunkuna ''da yawa'', a auna su, a tura su a sarrafa su. Masu mallakar ƙasar da aka sami tsutsotsin mopane na iya cajin masu girbin kuɗi masu yawa don shiga. Ganin cewa wannan dangantaka tana cin riba ga mai sana'a da kuma manomi, sau da yawa yana cutar da al'ummar yankin wanda a baya kutuwar ta kasance tushen abinci da kudaden shiga na lokaci. === Dorewa === Kamar yadda tsutsotsin mopane ke wakiltar wani muhimmin sashe a cikin tattalin arzikin karkara, suna jan hankalin ɗimbin jama'a waɗanda ke neman samun riba daga sayar da kwari a matsayin abinci. Wannan yanayin yana haifar da [[Wuce gona da Iri|girbi fiye da kima]], da ƙarancin tsutsotsin mopane a shekara mai zuwa. A wasu yankunan, manoma da al'ummomi sun dauki matakai don cimma daidaito, ta yadda kowace shekara za ta iya samun riba mai yawa ba tare da lalata amfanin gona na shekara mai zuwa ba. ==== Tsoron gasar ==== Tabbataccen alamar kasancewar tsutsotsin mopane ita ce ɓarkewar gandun daji na mopane - wani lokacin kusan kashi casa'in na ganye. Dabbobin binciken da aka shinge shinge na iya dogara da mopane, da kuma wasu bishiyoyin da caterpillars ke so, a matsayin wani muhimmin sashi na abincin su. Don haka wasu manoman suna kallon tsutsar mopane a matsayin gasa ga dabbobinsu, da kuma kokarin kawar da “kwarin” da maganin kwari da makamantansu. Duk da haka, lokacin katapila ba shi da ɗan gajeren lokaci, kuma bishiyoyin suna fitar da sababbin ganye masu laushi waɗanda masu bincike suka fi so, don haka za a iya magance wannan matsala ta wasu hanyoyi, misali, ta hanyar yin aiki tare da masu girbi na gida waɗanda za su sarrafa tsutsotsi ta hanyar girbe su. ==== Sake mulkin mallaka ==== Wasu yankunan da a da ke da tsutsotsin mopane yanzu sun zama bakarara saboda yawan girbi da kuma rashin ingantaccen tsarin noman tsutsotsin mopane na kasuwanci. Wani lamari mai kyau shi ne a gundumar Nkayi, Zimbabwe, inda mafi yawan yankunan daji na mopane suka taba samar da yawan adadin wadannan tsutsotsi; amma girbin ya ragu sosai. Shawarwari na yadda za a sake dawo da tsutsotsi zuwa waɗannan yankuna sun haɗa da sake yin mulkin mallaka. Da yake babban asu yana rayuwa ne kawai kwanaki uku zuwa hudu, lokacin da dole ne ya hadu kuma ya yi ƙwai, akwai ɗan ƙaramin damar da za a sake su. Idan har za a samu nasarar kammala wannan mataki, za a bukaci hadin gwiwa da manoman yankin da al’umma don tabbatar da cewa ba a girbe ciyayi ba har tsawon wasu shekaru. Ta haka ne za a tabbatar da cewa an sake mamaye yankin yadda ya kamata, ta yadda za a samar da girbi mai dorewa a nan gaba. ==== Zaman gida ==== Wadanda ke cikin kasuwancin sun yi la'akari da yin amfani da tsutsotsi na mopane ta hanyar da ta dace da cikin gida na tsutsotsi na silkworm . Don haka masana'antar ba za ta kasance mai saurin kamuwa da ramukan da ke tattare da ita ba, kamar sauyin yanayi, fari da sauran abubuwan da za su iya kawo cikas ga girbi. Don masana'antar gida ta yi nasara a ƙaramin sikeli kuma ta sami damar isa ga matalauta mafi ƙasƙanci, farashin da ake samarwa zai kasance daidai da farashin tsutsotsin daji ko busassun tsutsotsi a kasuwa. ==== Gudanarwa ==== An gina cibiyar sarrafa Mopani a Dzumeri, kimanin kilomita 34 daga Giyani. Majalisar binciken kimiya da masana'antu (CSIR) ce ta dauki nauyin cibiyar. A cikin cikakken aiki, ya kamata Cibiyar ta iya samar da adadi mai yawa na kayan ciye-ciye iri-iri da mopani polony. == Duba kuma == * Kwari a matsayin abinci * Gynanisa maja - wani saturniid asu, caterpillar kuma ci, kuma yana amfani da mopane a matsayin mai masauki. * [[Imbrasia cytherea]] ( [[wikidata:Imbrasia cytherea|wikidata]] ) - wani asu na saturniid na Afirka, macijin kuma ana ci. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 2hpw7vsze4x83v2wuiq173dl126qy9q Gudanar da Kogin Rhine 0 112592 962006 954527 2026-10-02T19:01:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962006 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hukumar Kula da Tsaro ta Duniya''' (ICPR) da kwangilarta suna nuna daidaituwa tare da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan hanyoyin ruwa na kasa da kasa kuma sun tabbatar da tasiri a cikin burinta na Rhine da Rhine Basin. Ya zama dole yarjejeniya ta zo ta cikin ƙasashe a cikin kwarin Rhine yayin da yake samar da ruwa bisa ga bukatun masana'antu da aikin gona kuma yana samar da ruwan sha ga mutane sama da miliyan 20.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Moellenkamp |first=S. |date=2007-06-07 |title=The "WFD-effect" on upstream-downstream relations in international river basins &ndash; insights from the Rhine and the Elbe basins |url=https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci-discuss.net/hessd-2007-0049/ |journal=Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions |language=English |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=1407–1428 |bibcode=2007HESSD...4.1407M |doi=10.5194/hessd-4-1407-2007 |issn=1027-5606 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Gudanar da ruwa na kasa da kasa == Ruwa hanya ce da idan aka raba tsakanin kasashe makwabta ke buƙatar tattaunawa ba don hana rikici ba, amma don taimakawa kiyaye shi don amfani a nan gaba. Bincike ya nuna cewa jayayya game da amfani da ruwa a tarihi ba ya bin tsarin rikici kamar yadda tsarin hadin gwiwa lokacin da tattaunawa ta sauya daga haƙƙin ruwa zuwa bukatun ruwa.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wolf |first=Aaron T. |date=2007 |title=Shared Waters: Conflict and Cooperation |journal=[[Annual Review of Environment and Resources]] |language=en |volume=32 |issue=1 |pages=241–269 |doi=10.1146/annurev.energy.32.041006.101434 |issn=1543-5938 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Babban mataki don bunkasa ka'idojin daidaitawa don sarrafa ruwa shine Yarjejeniyar kan Dokar Amfani da Ruwa na Duniya, wanda ya yi kira ga daidaito, mai ma'ana, da kuma kariya na amfani da ruwa da aka raba a duniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNTC |url=https://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=0800000280025697&clang=_en |access-date=2019-04-16 |website=treaties.un.org}}</ref> Wannan yana buƙatar ƙasashen da suka amince da waɗannan sharuɗɗa don samar da tsari ga waɗannan ka'idojin da za a iya amfani da su ga ruwan da aka raba. Located yammacin tsakiyar Turai, tare da yanki na {{Cvt|163609|km2}} , Basin yana ƙunshe da ƙasashe tara: [[Austriya|Austria]], [[Beljik|Belgium]], [[Faransa]], [[Jamus]], [[Italiya]], [[Liechtenstein]], [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]], [[Holand|Netherlands]], da [[Switzerland]] (hoto 1). <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=TWAP Rivers Portal - Indicators application |url=http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/ |access-date=2019-04-16 |website=twap-rivers.org |archive-date=2019-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190324015543/http://twap-rivers.org/indicators/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waɗannan ƙasashe duk suna da hannu a cikin Yarjejeniyar Kare Rhine (CPR), yarjejeniyar da ke taimakawa wajen magance matsalolin rafin Rhine bayan yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan magudanar ruwa. <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=Transboundary Freshwater Dispute Database |url=http://gis.nacse.org/tfdd/treaties.php?page=full&origin=river&tn=589 |access-date=2019-04-16 |website=gis.nacse.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250126041246/http://gis.nacse.org/tfdd/treaties.php?page=full&origin=river&tn=589 |archive-date=2025-01-26 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Akwai ayyuka na tarihi da suka shafi gurɓatar masana'antu da damuwa da ambaliyar ruwa wanda CPR zai iya ɗauka da samun tushe daga. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=van der Keur |first=Peter |last2=Brugnach |first2=M. |last3=Dewulf |first3=A. |last4=Refsgaard |first4=J. C. |last5=Zorilla |first5=P. |last6=Poolman |first6=M. |last7=Isendahl |first7=N. |last8=Raadgever |first8=G. T. |last9=Henriksen |first9=H. J. |date=2010 |title=Identifying Uncertainty Guidelines for Supporting Policy Making in Water Management Illustrated for Upper Guadiana and Rhine Basins |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6600536/Keur_10.1007_s11269-010-9640-x.pdf |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=24 |issue=14 |pages=3901–3938 |bibcode=2010WatRM..24.3901V |doi=10.1007/s11269-010-9640-x |issn=0920-4741 |s2cid=73528411 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Wieriks |first=Koos |last2=Schulte-Wülwer-Leidig |first2=Anne |date=1997 |title=Integrated water management for the Rhine river basin, from pollution prevention to ecosystem improvement |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_natural-resources-forum_1997-05_21_2/page/147 |journal=Natural Resources Forum |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=147–156 |doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.1997.tb00686.x |issn=1477-8947}}</ref> [[Fayil:Map_Rhine_and_catchment_area_deutsch.jpg|thumb|Hoto na 1: Taswirar tafkin Rhine da manyan ƙasashe da suka raba shi]] Rhine Basin yana da yawan mutane 48,831,090 waɗanda ke buƙatar ruwa don ban ruwa, dabbobi, wutar lantarki, masana'antu, gida, da kuma amfani da Capita.<ref name=":1"/> Adadin ruwa ya fi girma ga Jamus, Netherlands, da Faransa a cikin wannan tsari tare da kashi 100 cikin 100 na yawan jama'ar da ke zaune a cikin birane. An yi manyan gyare-gyare na ruwa a saman tafkin don samar da kula da ambaliyar ruwa, da kuma zirga-zirgar jiragen ruwa na Rhine da kuma ƙasar noma.<ref name=":3"/> Akwai manyan wuraren masana'antu a wurare daban-daban tare da Rhine waɗanda ke haifar da haɗari ga kwarin Rhine da tsarin halittu da yake riƙewa (Hoto na 2). <ref name=":3" /> == Yarjejeniya kan Hukumar Kare Rhine ta Duniya 1963 == Canje-canje ga kwandon da kasancewar wuraren masana'antu da ke fitar da gurbataccen abu sun ƙare a cikin lalacewar darajar muhalli na kwandon kanta, yana mai da kwandon Rhine mafi gurbatawa da ya taɓa kasancewa a tsakiyar karni na 20.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=van der Keur |first=Peter |last2=Brugnach |first2=M. |last3=Dewulf |first3=A. |last4=Refsgaard |first4=J. C. |last5=Zorilla |first5=P. |last6=Poolman |first6=M. |last7=Isendahl |first7=N. |last8=Raadgever |first8=G. T. |last9=Henriksen |first9=H. J. |date=2010 |title=Identifying Uncertainty Guidelines for Supporting Policy Making in Water Management Illustrated for Upper Guadiana and Rhine Basins |url=https://ris.utwente.nl/ws/files/6600536/Keur_10.1007_s11269-010-9640-x.pdf |journal=Water Resources Management |language=en |volume=24 |issue=14 |pages=3901–3938 |bibcode=2010WatRM..24.3901V |doi=10.1007/s11269-010-9640-x |issn=0920-4741 |s2cid=73528411 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2025 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan ya haifar da Yarjejeniyar kan Hukumar Kasa da Kasa don kare Rhine daga gurɓataccen 1963 wanda ya kafa ICPR don magance batun lalacewar tafkin. Haɗin kai a kan babban burin inganta muhalli ya kasance mai girma sosai yayin da ƙasashe, ko kuma masu ruwa da tsaki, suka ga cewa ingancin albarkatun su yana cikin haɗarin rasawa. Matakan gurɓataccen ya ragu sakamakon raguwar fitar da masana'antu, da aiwatar da tsire-tsire na tsabtace ruwa.<ref name=":32">{{Cite journal |last=Wieriks |first=Koos |last2=Schulte-Wülwer-Leidig |first2=Anne |date=1997 |title=Integrated water management for the Rhine river basin, from pollution prevention to ecosystem improvement |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_natural-resources-forum_1997-05_21_2/page/147 |journal=Natural Resources Forum |language=en |volume=21 |issue=2 |pages=147–156 |doi=10.1111/j.1477-8947.1997.tb00686.x |issn=1477-8947}}</ref> == Manazarta == puypi2fvg4i11ihezg8jexu7qkeddkj Gwangmyeong Cave 0 113492 962020 705724 2026-10-02T20:20:36Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962020 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}} '''Kogon Gwangmyeong''' ( Korean ) wani kogo ne <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Ji-hyoung |first=Son |date=2018-08-09 |title=[Eye Plus] Theme park in abandoned gold mine |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180809000566 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=[[The Korea Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> da mutum ya yi a Gwangmyeong, lardin Gyeonggi, [[Koriya ta Kudu]] . Tana kan iyakar kudu maso yammacin [[Seoul]] mai nisa. Tun daga 2011, an buɗe wa jama'a azaman abin jan hankali na yawon buɗe ido, tare da abubuwan more rayuwa kamar wurin shakatawa, akwatin kifaye, da kayan inabi da ake samu a ciki. Yana da 7.8&nbsp;km tsayi. <ref name=":0" /> == Tarihi == [[Fayil:Fish_Sculptures_in_Gwangmyeong_Cave.jpg|left|thumb|211x211px|Sculptures na Kifi a cikin kogon]] An kirkiro kogon ne a lokacin mulkin mallaka na kasar Japan kuma wurin da ake yin aikin tilas ne. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwangmyeong Cave (광명동굴) |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1998188 |access-date=2017-09-05 |website=english.visitkorea.or.kr |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201218133034/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_1_1_1.jsp?cid=1998188 |archive-date=2020-12-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":0"/> Bayan ƙarshen wannan lokacin a cikin 1945, an ci gaba da yin amfani da shi azaman ma'adinai har zuwa 1972. Daga ƙarshe, saboda ambaliyar ruwa da gurɓatattun filayen shinkafa a kusa, an rufe ma'adinan. <ref name=":0" /> An yi amfani da shi azaman wurin ajiya don shrimp mai gishiri ( ''saeu-jeot'' ) daga 1978 zuwa 2010. Sannan, gwamnatin birnin Gwangmyeong ta sayi filin kuma ta zama wurin shakatawa. <ref name=":0"/> Ginin kogon ya sake buɗewa a cikin 2011. Yanzu yana da abubuwan baje kolin tarihi, amma ya fi mayar da hankali kan nishadi, tare da aquariums, sassakaki, nunin haske, nishaɗin yara, da sauran abubuwan jan hankali, gami da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Set Off to Gwangmyeong for a Refreshing Cave Tour! |url=http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=2011088 |access-date=2017-09-05 |website=english.visitkorea.or.kr |language=en |archive-date=2017-09-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170904173720/http://english.visitkorea.or.kr/enu/ATR/SI_EN_3_6.jsp?cid=2011088 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |last=Ji-hyoung |first=Son |date=2018-08-09 |title=[Eye Plus] Theme park in abandoned gold mine |url=https://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20180809000566 |access-date=2024-01-26 |website=[[The Korea Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> Ginin kogon ya shahara, musamman saboda yanayin sanyi na karkashin kasa a lokacin rani. <ref name=":0"/> == Manazarta == pdn9qyjjvps2leazl96p787l0ms0b8e Haneeth 0 114148 962091 700758 2026-10-02T22:35:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962091 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{databox}} Haneeth shine rago gasasshen rago da ake gasawa ahankali daga [[Yemen]]. Shahararren abinci ce a ko'ina cikin yankin Larabawa. Ana dafa shi a cikin ovum na gargajiya kuma yana da nau'i na kayan yaji daban. Ana cin Haneeth ne akan faranti a saman shinkafa.<ref name="Yesweekly">{{Cite web |date=2018-03-21 |title=Food fit for the Queen of Sheba at North Carolina's first Yemeni restaurant |url=https://yesweekly.com/food-fit-for-the-queen-of-sheba-at-north-carolinas-first-yemeni-restaurant/ |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=YES! Weekly |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321183714/https://yesweekly.com/food-fit-for-the-queen-of-sheba-at-north-carolinas-first-yemeni-restaurant/ |archive-date=2019-03-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Youm7">{{Cite web |date=2018-07-13 |title=لو بتحب الأكل الغريب اعرف طريقة عمل الحنيذ |url=https://www.youm7.com/story/2018/7/13/لو-بتحب-الأكل-الغريب-اعرف-طريقة-عمل-الحنيذ/3865888 |access-date=2019-05-09 |website=اليوم السابع [[Youm7]] |language=Arabic}}</ref> == Yanda akeyi == Ana shirya Haneed da ɗan rago wanda aka lulluɓe da ganyen leptadenia. Ramin da za a saka naman sai a kunna wuta. Mafi kyawun irin itace shine busasshen itacen [[Bagaruwa|racosperma]] na gida. Ana dafa naman a cikin rami na tsawon sa'o'i 3.5 akan zafi kadan. Wannan yana tabbatar da cewa naman yana da laushi da taushi. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} r4hrz4fvama07c5lj2cf9hapws44liu Ibrahim Bello Mohammad 0 114919 962147 772775 2026-10-03T06:07:42Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962147 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Ibrahim Bello Mohammed''', wanda aka fi sani da IBM, <ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=27yr-Old Ibrahim Wins Reps Seat In Kebbi – Independent Newspaper Nigeria |url=https://independent.ng/27yr-old-ibrahim-wins-reps-seat-in-kebbi/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |language=en-GB}}</ref> (an haife shi 15 ga Mayu, 1996). <ref name=":3">{{Cite web |title=ShineYourEye |url=https://www.shineyoureye.org/person/ibrahim-mohammed |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=www.shineyoureye.org}}</ref> Shi ɗan siyasar Najeriya ne wanda ke aiki a matsayin memba wanda ke wakiltar mazaɓun [[Birnin Kebbi|Birnin-Kebbi]] / [[Kalgo]] / [[Bunza]] a cikin majalisar tarayya ta 10th . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=YAKUB |first=ABDULRASHEED |date=2023-03-07 |title=INEC releases full list of elected lawmakers for Nigeria's 10th Assembly |url=https://gazettengr.com/inec-releases-full-list-of-elected-lawmakers-for-nigerias-10th-assembly/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Peoples Gazette Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0"/><ref>{{Cite web |last=Shuaibu |first=Muawiya |date=2023-06-27 |title=27-Year-Old Rep: How my brother's death paved way for me - Daily Trust |url=https://dailytrust.com/youngest-rep-ever-how-my-brothers-death-paved-way-for-me/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Dailytrust.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu shi ne mafi ƙanƙanta a cikin wannan majalisar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-01 |title=27-year-old Ibrahim Mohammed breaks record, becomes youngest federal lawmaker after winning Reps seat in Kebbi {{!}} Intel Region |url=https://www.intelregion.com/news/27-year-old-ibrahim-mohammed-breaks-record-becomes-youngest-federal-lawmaker-after-winning-reps-seat-in-kebbi/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2023-03-06 |title=Meet Ibrahim Bello Mohammad, Nigeria's youngest elected lawmaker |url=https://newswirengr.com/2023/03/06/meet-ibrahim-bello-mohammad-nigerias-youngest-elected-lawmaker/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=NewsWireNGR |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250105091651/https://newswirengr.com/2023/03/06/meet-ibrahim-bello-mohammad-nigerias-youngest-elected-lawmaker/ |archive-date=2025-01-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-02-27 |title=True, newly elected lawmaker Ibrahim Bello Muhammad, youngest in Nigeria's history - Dubawa |url=https://dubawa.org/true-newly-elected-lawmaker-ibrahim-bello-muhammad-youngest-in-nigerias-history/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=dubawa.org |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Tarihi da farkon rayuwarsa == An haifi Ibrahim a ranar 15 ga Mayu, shekarar 1996. <ref name=":3"/> Ya fito ne daga [[Kebbi|jihar Kebbi]].<ref name=":0"/> == Rayuwar kanshi == Mohammad ya fito ne cikin dangin da ke da tushe a siyasa, shi dan ne [[Bello Mohammed Haliru]], tsohon shugaban na jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party, (PDP) na ƙasa. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=scraft |date=2023-09-27 |title=Ibrahim Bello Mohammed |url=https://statecraftinc.com/ibrahim-bello-mohammed/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=StateCraft Inc. |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Ilimi == Bello ya halarci makarantar sakandare ta Regent a [[Abuja]] . <ref name=":0"/> == aikin siyasa == Ibrahim ya shiga siyasa, bayan rasuwar babban ɗan'uwansa, Abba Bello Muhammad, a ranar 3 ga Janairu, 2023, wannan ya faru 'yan kwanaki kafin babban zaben shekarar 2023. Shi memba ne wanda ke wakiltar Birnin-Kebbi / Kalgo / Bunza a majalisar Tarayya ta 10, a karkashin inuwar jam'iyyar People's Democratic Party (PDP). <ref name=":1"/> <ref>{{Cite web |last=miftaudeenraji@vanguardngr.com |date=2023-03-01 |title=27-year-old son of ex-PDP chair Haliru wins reps seat in Kebbi |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2023/03/27-year-old-son-of-ex-pdp-chair-haliru-wins-reps-seat-in-kebbi/ |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=David |date=2023-03-01 |title=Kebbi poll: 27-year-old Ibrahim Mohammed wins Birnin-Kebbi, Kalgo, Bunza federal constituency |url=https://thesun.ng/kebbi-poll-27-year-old-ibrahim-mohammed-wins-birnin-kebbi-kalgo-bunza-federal-constituency/?amp |access-date=2025-01-05 |website=The Sun Nigeria |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == ==== {{Reflist}} ==== [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1996]] [[Rukuni:Mutane daga Jihar Kebbi]] j5jkqojxwsvmj5eci5gigq211mez7h4 Duka kadar poland na lura da yara 0 117261 962120 718372 2026-10-03T03:42:44Z EmausBot 1782 Fixing double redirect from [[Gidauniyar Duka kasar poland taa lura da yara]] to [[Dukkanin Poland Yana Karatuwa ga Yara]] 962120 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Dukkanin Poland Yana Karatuwa ga Yara]] mrq9n4flxgfckdfr5078hbti87uma72 Hubtel 0 119426 962125 928549 2026-10-03T03:54:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962125 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}   '''Hubtel''' wani kamfanin fasahar hada-hadar kudi ne na Ghana da kuma kamfanin [[Kasuwanci na kafar sadarwa|e-commerce]] wanda ke da hedikwata a [[Accra]], [[Ghana]] . Kamfanin yana ba da sabis na kuɗi na wayar hannu, gami da biyan kuɗi na dijital, hanyoyin kasuwancin e-kasuwanci, da saƙo mai yawa don kasuwanci da masu amfani. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Hubtel ranked Ghana's fastest growing company for 2022 |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/05/hubtel-ranked-ghanas-fastest-growing-company-for-2022/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hubtel win big at maiden Africa Technovate Awards - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/hubtel-win-big-at-maiden-africa-technovate-awards%EF%BF%BC/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=techfocus24 |date=2021-04-28 |title=Hubtel and Visa partners for eCommerce expansion in Ghana {{!}} News Ghana |url=https://newsghana.com.gh/hubtel-and-visa-partners-for-ecommerce-expansion-in-ghana/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=newsghana.com.gh |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa Hubtel a shekara ta 2005 a matsayin SMSGH, da farko yana ba da sabis na SMS ga kamfanoni a Ghana.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Etefe |first=Juliet |date=2023-05-12 |title=Hubtel at 18: Achieving success on the wheels of failure |url=https://thebftonline.com/2023/05/12/hubtel18-achieving-success-on-the-wheels-of-failure-2/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Business & Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=SMSGH Turns Hubtel |url=https://www.modernghana.com/entertainment/43239/smsgh-turns-hubtel.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Modern Ghana |language=en}}</ref> A tsawon lokaci, kamfanin ya fadada ayyukan kudi na hannu, daga ƙarshe ya sake zama Hubtel a cikin 2017 don nuna yawan biyan kuɗi na dijital da kuma mayar da hankali ga kasuwancin e-commerce A cikin 2022, Hubtel ya sami amincewa daga Bankin Ghana don aiki a matsayin Mai ba da Ayyukan Biya a Ghana. <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 May 2017 |title=SMSGH rebrands as Hubtel |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/business/SMSGH-rebrands-as-Hubtel-537314 |website=GhanaWeb}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hubtel marks 13 years of innovation - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/hubtel-marks-13-years-of-innovation/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bot Verification |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2017/05/smsgh-rebrands-to-hubtel/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=starrfm.com.gh |archive-date=2025-02-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222141332/https://starrfm.com.gh/2017/05/smsgh-rebrands-to-hubtel/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-04-20 |title=Hubtel to operate as Enhanced Payment Services Provider: Receives licence from BoG |url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/business/business-news/hubtel-to-operate-as-enhanced-payment-services-provider-receives-licence-from-bog.html |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Graphic Online |language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=GTonline |date=2022-04-20 |title=Hubtel secures Enhanced Payment Service Provider license |url=https://ghanaiantimes.com.gh/hubtel-secures-enhanced-payment-service-provider-license/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Ghanaian Times |language=en}}</ref> == Ayyuka == === Gudanar da Biya === Hubtel yana ba da mafita na biyan kuɗi na dijital wanda ke ba da damar kamfanoni su karɓi kuɗin hannu, ma'amaloli na katin banki, da biyan kuɗi na QR. Dandalin kamfanin ya haɗu da manyan bankunan Ghana da masu ba da hanyar sadarwar hannu don sauƙaƙe waɗannan ma'amaloli.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hubtel announces new features for retailers and their customers – Citi Business News |url=https://citibusinessnews.com/2019/11/hubtel-announces-new-features-for-retailers-and-their-customers/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=citibusinessnews.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Etefe |first=Juliet |date=2023-07-10 |title=Universal GHQR – most secure, most affordable way to pay |url=https://thebftonline.com/2023/07/10/universal-ghqr-most-secure-most-affordable-way-to-pay/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Business & Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref> === Kasuwancin E-commerce === Hubtel tana aiki da Kasuwar kan layi wanda ke bawa kamfanoni damar lissafawa da siyar da kayayyaki yayin da suke ba da sabis na isar da haɗin gwiwa tare da masu samar da kayan aiki. Dandalin yana aiki ne a matsayin cibiyar sayen kayan masarufi, isar da abinci, da kuma ayyukan siyarwa gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Segbefia |first=Sedem |date=2021-04-30 |title=Visa partners with Hubtel to expand eCommerce |url=https://thebftonline.com/2021/04/30/visa-partners-with-hubtel-to-expand-ecommerce/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Business & Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-05 |title=Hubtel expands e-Commerce in Ghana with opening of Kumasi customer experience centre |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2021/06/hubtel-expands-e-commerce-in-ghana-with-opening-of-kumasi-customer-experience-centre/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> === Saƙonni Masu Mahimmanci === Kamfanin ya ci gaba da bayar da sabis na SMS da saƙonni ga kamfanoni, cibiyoyin gwamnati, da kungiyoyi don dalilai na tallace-tallace da sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Awal |first=Mohammed |date=2022-03-25 |title=Hubtel introduces 'SMS & Money' to change how businesses pay and get paid |url=https://thebftonline.com/2022/03/25/hubtel-introduces-sms-money-to-change-how-businesses-pay-and-get-paid/#google_vignette |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Business & Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-05-12 |title=Hubtel celebrates 15 years of creating meaningful connections |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2020/05/hubtel-celebrates-15-years-of-creating-meaningful-connections/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rikici na Hubtel-ECG == A cikin 2023, Hubtel ya shiga cikin gardama game da haɗin gwiwa tare da [[Ayyukan rarraba wutar lantarki Ghana|Kamfanin Lantarki na Ghana]] (ECG) don inganta tsarin biyan kuɗi na kamfanin. An yi kwangila da Hubtel don haɓaka da sarrafa ECG PowerApp, aikace-aikacen hannu da nufin inganta biyan kuɗi na abokin ciniki da tattara kudaden shiga. Koyaya, haɗin gwiwar ya sadu da rikice-rikice na kudi da kuma Binciken jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 December 2024 |title=Hubtel's GH¢ 259 million claim sparks controversy at ECG |url=https://www.ghanaweb.com/blogs/mercy360/Hubtel-s-GH-259-million-claim-sparks-controversy-at-ECG-4985 |website=GhanaWeb}}</ref> Babban batun jayayya ya tashi lokacin da Hubtel ya gabatar da lissafi ga ECG wanda ya kai GH¢259,819,544.97. Gudanar da ECG ta kalubalanci inganci wannan da'awar, tana jayayya cewa abubuwa da yawa da aka biya sun kasance a waje da yarjejeniyar kwangila.<ref>{{Cite web |title='ECG has not agreed to any percentages with Hubtel' - ECG MD - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ecg-has-not-agreed-to-any-percentages-with-hubtel-ecg-md/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref> Bayan tattaunawar, an rage biyan kuɗi na ƙarshe zuwa GH¢ miliyan 20.<ref>{{Cite web |last=razak.bawa |date=2024-12-13 |title=Hubtel's GH¢ 259 million claim sparks controversy at ECG |url=https://theheraldghana.com/hubtels-gh%C2%A2-259-million-claim-sparks-controversy-at-ecg/#:~:text=The%20Herald,%20has%20obtained%20a,the%20controversial%20Hubtel-ECG%20deal. |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Herald ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> Ƙarin jayayya ya fito game da da'awar cewa Hubtel ya sami dala miliyan 25 don ci gaban PowerApp. Kamfanin ya musanta wannan, yana mai bayyana cewa adadin dala miliyan 25 shine saman farashi da kwamitin ECG ya amince da shi kuma ainihin kashe kudi ya kai dala miliyan 12.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nartey |first=Laud |date=2024-09-30 |title=Hubtel denies false claims about ECG deal |url=https://3news.com/business/hubtel-denies-false-claims-about-ecg-deal/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Etefe |first=Juliet |date=2024-10-01 |title=Hubtel clarifies ECG contract , counters allegations |url=https://thebftonline.com/2024/10/01/hubtel-clarifies-ecg-contract-counters-allegations/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Business & Financial Times |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hubtel |date=2024-09-29 |title=Correction of False Claims About ECG Commercial Agreement |url=https://blog.hubtel.com/correction-of-false-claims-about-ecg-commercial-agreement/#:~:text=ECG%20has%20paid%20$25million,received%20$25million%20from%20ECG. |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=Hubtel Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> Hubtel ya kuma magance damuwa game da yarjejeniyar raba kudaden shiga tare da ECG, yana bayyana cewa yana karɓar kwamiti na 0.95% daga biyan kuɗi da aka tsara ta hanyar dandalinsa, sabanin rahotanni da ke ba da shawarar kuɗin 3%. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-09-30 |title=We've not been paid $25m by ECG – Hubtel |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/09/weve-not-been-paid-25m-by-ecg-hubtel/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |language=en-US}}</ref> Cibiyar Afirka ta Manufofin Makamashi (ACEP) ta nuna damuwa game da bambancin kudi kuma ta yi kira ga binciken kai tsaye na duk biyan kuɗi da aka yi wa Hubtel a ƙarƙashin kwangilar. ACEP ta ambaci rashin daidaituwa tsakanin adadi da Hubtel ya ruwaito da waɗanda aka samu a cikin bayanan kudi na ECG.<ref>{{Cite web |last=razak.bawa |date=2024-09-20 |title=ACEP demands probe into ECG's shady GH¢171.8 million deal with Hubtel |url=https://theheraldghana.com/acep-demands-probe-into-ecgs-shady-gh%C2%A2171-8-million-deal-with-hubtel/ |access-date=2025-02-18 |website=The Herald ghana |language=en-US}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka da Karramawa == A cikin 2019, an ba Hubtel lambar yabo ta Emerging E-commerce Initiative da Fintech Company of the Year a bikin 9th Ghana Information Technology & Telecom Awards (GITTA) da aka gudanar a ranar 28 ga Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ICT, Telecom experts honoured at GITTA 2019 - MyJoyOnline |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/ict-telecom-experts-honoured-at-gitta-2019/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=www.myjoyonline.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bot Verification |url=https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/07/bawumia-ict-telecom-experts-honoured-at-9th-gitta/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=starrfm.com.gh |archive-date=2025-01-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250104054301/https://starrfm.com.gh/2019/07/bawumia-ict-telecom-experts-honoured-at-9th-gitta/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> A shekara mai zuwa, a FIN Cashless Awards a cikin 2020, an kira Hubtel "Kamfanin Digital na Shekara <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hubtel |date=2021-11-30 |title=Hubtel Wins Double At Maiden FIN Cashless Awards |url=https://blog.hubtel.com/hubtel-wins-double-at-maiden-fin-cashless-awards/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |website=Hubtel Blog |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin 2022, Hubtel ya sami karbuwa a Ghana Fintech Awards, ya fito a matsayin kamfani mafi yawan kyaututtuka ta hanyar samun kyaututtaka guda biyar: Kamfanin Fintech na Shekara, Kamfanin IT / Fasaha na Shekara (Fintech Platform of the Year), UI / UX Fintech Company of the Year, da kuma Mai ba da sabis na Fasahar Biya na Yea. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2022 Awards – Ghana Fintech Awards |url=https://ghanafintechawards.org/awards_2022/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250222141150/https://ghanafintechawards.org/awards_2022/ |archive-date=2025-02-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Asante |first=Earl |date=2024-08-05 |title=Fintech in Africa: Revolutionizing Financial Services with a Focus on Ghana |url=https://doi.org/10.22541/au.172288444.44846664/v1 |doi=10.22541/au.172288444.44846664/v1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2025-02-19}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-16 |title=Hubtel ranked Ghana's fastest growing company for 2022 |url=https://citinewsroom.com/2024/05/hubtel-ranked-ghanas-fastest-growing-company-for-2022/ |access-date=2025-02-19 |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] l3e95siyrmloxrxaynon6rsszqjqbkn Zohran Mamdani 0 119822 961916 844027 2026-10-02T16:06:16Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377909643|Zohran Mamdani]]" 961916 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zohran Kwame Mamdani''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki tun daga 2026 a matsayin magajin gari na 112 na Birnin New York .{{Efn|{{Zohran pronunciation note}}|name=Pronounce}} Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat da Jam'iyyar Democratic Socialists of America, ya wakilci gundumar 36 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York daga 2021 zuwa 2025. Mamdani shine [[Musulmi]] na farko na Birnin New York kuma magajin gari na Asiya na farko. Mamdani mai sha'awar hip-hop ne kuma ya kirkiro, ya yi, kuma ya samar da kiɗa na rap.[1] A karkashin sunan Young Cardamom, ya yi aiki tare da abokinsa mafi kyau, rapper na Uganda HAB (Abdul Bar Hussein), wanda asalinsa ya kasance a Sudan ta Kudu, [2] [3] a matsayin Young Cardamamom & HAB . Waƙoƙinsu na farko, "Kanda [Chap Chap]", game da chapati ne, Gurasar Indiya.[4] Sun yi waƙoƙi daga 2016 EP Sidda Mukyaalo ("Ba za su koma ƙauyen") a bikin Nyege Nyege . [5][6] Ma'aurata sun yi rap a cikin harsuna ciki har da Nubi, LUganda, Swahili, da Ingilishi, a wani bangare don ƙirƙirar salon rap na musamman na Uganda maimakon yin koyi da rap na Amurka, kuma a wani bangere don isar da cewa mazaunan Uganda da ke da tushe a wasu ƙasashe duk Uganda ne. An zaɓi chapati a matsayin alama saboda ya samo asali ne daga Yankin Indiya amma ya zama abin da ake amfani da shi a Uganda.[3] A cikin kiɗan su, sun magance batutuwan zamantakewa a Uganda, kamar cin hanci da rashawa da "dangantaka da launin ruwan kasa", da kuma mulkin mallaka.[7] An zabi Young Cardamom & HAB don "Rookie of the Year" a gasar cinA cikin 2021, ya fito a cikin Collision Course, fim din Bolanle Austen-Peters wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar #EndSars. A wannan shekarar, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a karo na biyu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a na Netflix, Castle da Castle.12345Balogun ta yi karatun fim a Cibiyar Nazarin Cinematography . Shekaru bayan kammala karatunsa, ya rubuta takardar digirin digirinsa a kan fina-finai.[1]Bayan ya dawo Najeriya a shekararAn haifi Barack Hussein Obama II a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1961, [1] [2] [3] a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kapiolani don Mata da Yara a Honolulu, Hawaii. [4] [5][6][7] Shi ne kawai shugaban da aka haifa a waje da Amurka.[8] An haife shi ne ga mahaifiyar Amurka mai shekaru 18 da mahaifin Kenya mai shekaru 27. Mahaifiyarsa, Ann Dunham (1942-1995), an haife ta ne a Wichita, Kansas, kuma ta fito ne daga Turanci, Welsh, Jamusanci, Swiss, da Irish. A shekara ta 2007 an gano kakanta Falmouth Kearney ya yi hijira daga ƙauyen Moneygall, Ireland zuwa Amurka a shekara ta 1850.[9] A watan Yulin 2012, Ancestry.com ya sami yiwuwar cewa Dunham ya fito ne daga John Punch, wani dan Afirka da ya zauna a yankin Virginia a cikin karni na sha bakwai.[10][11][12] Obama ya bayyana kakanninsa a matsayin Scotch-Irish mafi yawa.[13] Mahaifin Obama, Barack Hussein Obama (1934-1982), ya yi aure Luo Kenya daga Nyang'oma Kogelo [14][15][16][17][18] Sunan karshe, Obama, ya samo asali ne daga zuriyarsa ta Luo.[19] Iyayen Obama sun hadu a shekarar 1960 a cikin aji na yaren Rasha a Jami'ar Hawai'i a Mānoa, inda mahaifinsa dalibi ne na kasashen waje a kan tallafin karatu.[20][21] Ma'auratan sun yi aure a Wailuku, Hawaii, a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1961, watanni shida kafin a haifi Obama.[22][23] An haife shi a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ga iyaye na asalin Indiya, Mamdani ya koma [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] yana da shekaru bakwai kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Bowdoin a shekarar 2014 tare da digiri na farko a karatun Afirka. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gidaje da rapper, kuma ya shiga siyasar Birnin New York a matsayin manajan kamfen na Khader El-Yateem da Ross Barkan . An fara zabarsa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a shekarar 2020, inda ya kayar da Aravella Simotas mai mulki na tsawon shekaru biyar a zaben fidda gwani na Democrat. Da yake wakiltar [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]] da Long Island City, an sake zabarsa ba tare da adawa ba a 2022 da 2024. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, Mamdani ya sanar da takarar magajin gari na Birnin New York a zaben magajin gari ya shekara ta 2025. Wani dan gurguzu na dimokuradiyya, Mamdani ya yi kamfen a kan wani dandamali mai ci gaba, mai da hankali kan farashi, tallafawa bas din birni kyauta, kula da yara na duniya, shagunan sayar da kayan masarufi na birni, dakatar da haya a kan sassan haya, ƙarin Gidaje masu araha, da kuma mafi ƙarancin albashi na $ 30 nan da 2030. Ya kuma nuna goyon baya ga Hakkin LGBTQ, cikakken gyare-gyare na tsaro na jama'a, da karuwar haraji a kan kamfanoni da waɗanda ke samun sama da dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a watan Yunin 2025, inda ya doke tsohon gwamna Andrew Cuomo a cikin fushi, kuma an zabe shi magajin gari a babban zaben Nuwamba. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Zohran Kwame Mamdani a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991, a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ɗa kaɗai ne na masanin ilimin mulkin mallaka [[Mahmood Mamdani.|Mahmood Mamdani]] da mai shirya fina-finai Mira Nair . <ref name="Kitunzi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Kitunzi |first=Yahudu |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609023734/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya ba shi suna na tsakiya, Kwame, don girmama [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban farko na Ghana.<ref name="Jung-2025">{{Cite web |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Crashes the Party |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520095713/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |archive-date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[New York (magazine)#Intelligencer|Intelligencer]]}}</ref><ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Monah |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Ugandan-Born Zohran Mamdani Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York City |url=https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=Little Africa News}}</ref> Iyayensa biyu sun fito ne daga asalin Indiya. Mahaifinsa Musulmi ne na Gujarati wanda aka haife shi a [[Mumbai]] kuma ya girma a Uganda.<ref name="Chen-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Kuan-Hsing |last2=Gao |first2=Shiming |last3=Tang |first3=Xiaolin |year=2016 |title=The formation of an African intellectual: an interview with Mahmood Mamdani |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=456–480 |doi=10.1080/14649373.2016.1218676}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa Hindu ce ta Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dupont |first=Joan |date=September 21, 2001 |title=Mira Nair Peels Back Layers of Punjabi Society |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011201204013/http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2001 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[International Herald Tribune]] |quote=Nair, who dedicates "Monsoon Wedding," to her Punjabi family in New Delhi, was educated at Harvard, and has made her home in Kampala, Uganda, and New York.}}</ref> An haifi kakanninsa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta yanzu, kuma dangin mahaifinsa sun kasance wani ɓangare na Indiyawan da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Chen-2016" /> Iyalin Mamdani na cikin al'ummar Khoja Twelver ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Iqbal |date=2025-07-14 |title=Zohran Mamdani's last name reflects centuries of intercontinental trade, migration and cultural exchange |url=https://theconversation.com/zohran-mamdanis-last-name-reflects-centuries-of-intercontinental-trade-migration-and-cultural-exchange-259967 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> Mamdani ya zauna a Kampala har zuwa shekara biyar, lokacin da iyalinsa suka koma [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="Kitunzi-2025" /> bayan an nada mahaifinsa shugaban Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]]. Ya halarci makarantar St. George's Grammar School a Mowbray daga 1996 zuwa 1998, a farkon shekarun Bayan wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Davids-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Meet New York City's likely next mayor — with a South African connection |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626155024/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> Daga baya ya ce kwarewar rayuwa a Cape Town "ta koya mini abin da rashin daidaito yake kusa ... [kuma] cewa adalci dole ne ya zama fiye da ra'ayi; dole ne ya kasance abin duniya".[and]{{Spaces}} Iyalin sun koma Amurka kuma sun zauna a Birnin New York lokacin da Mamdani ke da shekaru bakwai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Regan |first=Victoria |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Former SA schoolboy Zohran Mamdani becomes New York City's first millennial mayor in 'historic' elections |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-05-former-sa-schoolboy-zohran-mamdani-becomes-new-york-citys-first-millennial-mayor-in-historic-elections/ |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> kuma an haife shi a unguwar Manhattan ta Morningside Heights. Ya kira renonsa "mai daraja", yana cewa, "Ban taɓa son wani abu ba, kuma duk da haka na san cewa ba gaskiya ba ne ga yawancin New Yorkers. "Yayinda yake yaro, sau da yawa yana nan a cikin fina-finai na mahaifiyarsa, inda 'yan fim suka kira shi "Z", "Zoru", "Fadoose", da kuma "Nonstop Mamdani". === Ilimi === Mamdani ya halarci Makarantar Bank Street don Yara a kan Upper West Side na Manhattan, inda ya samu nasarar gudu a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a zaben makarantu na tsakiya, yana karɓar dandalin "mallakni, manufofin adawa da yaki waɗanda suka ba da shawarar kashe kuɗi a kan ilimi maimakon soja". A shekara ta 2003, ya koma Kampala na shekara guda kuma ya halarci makaranta a lokacin hutun mahaifinsa a can; kakanninsa da kawunsa har yanzu suna zaune a can kuma suna taimakawa wajen kula da shi yayin da mahaifinsa ke aiki a kan littafin Good Muslim, Bad Muslim. <ref name="Chen-2016" /> A shekara ta 2010, Mamdani ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandaren kimiyya ta Bronx a Kingsbridge Heights, Bronx, <ref name="Saltonstall-2025">{{Cite web |last=Saltonstall |first=Gus |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Before Zohran Mamdani Made Waves in NYC's Mayoral Race, He Was A Kid Growing Up On the UWS |url=https://www.westsiderag.com/2025/03/26/before-zohran-mamdani-made-waves-in-nycs-mayoral-race-he-was-a-kid-growing-up-on-the-uws |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326195655/https://www.westsiderag.com/2025/03/26/before-zohran-mamdani-made-waves-in-nycs-mayoral-race-he-was-a-kid-growing-up-on-the-uws |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 29, 2025 |website=West Side Rag}}</ref> inda ya kafa kungiyar [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] ta farko ta makarantar kuma bai yi nasara ba a takarar mataimakin shugaban ɗalibai. Ya kuma buga kwallon kafa tare da West Side Soccer League . <ref name="Saltonstall-2025" /> Mamdani ya halarci Kwalejin Bowdoin a Brunswick, Maine, inda ya kafa reshen makarantar na Dalibai don Adalci a Falasdinu . <ref name="Sorkin-2019">{{Cite web |last=Sorkin |first=Emma |date=November 1, 2019 |title=Taking a stand: alumni run for office, with Bowdoin in mind |url=https://bowdoinorient.com/2019/11/01/taking-a-stand-alumni-run-for-office-with-bowdoin-in-mind/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163043/https://bowdoinorient.com/2019/11/01/taking-a-stand-alumni-run-for-office-with-bowdoin-in-mind/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[The Bowdoin Orient]]}}</ref> Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga jaridar harabar The Bowdoin Orient, yana rufe siyasa, al'adu, da wasanni a cikin ginshiƙansa, "Kwame's Kolumnalu" da "Talk of the Quad".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zohran Mamdani |url=https://bowdoinorient.com/bonus/author/653/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708181455/https://bowdoinorient.com/bonus/author/653/ |archive-date=July 8, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[The Bowdoin Orient]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, ya hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Bangor Daily News yana roƙon Bowdoin ya shiga kauracewa ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Amurka ta Isra'ila kuma yana sukar shugaban kwalejin, Barry Mills . Mamdani ta kammala karatu daga Bowdoin a shekarar 2014 tare da digiri na farko a karatun Afirka. <ref name="Sorkin-2019" /> == Farkon aiki == === 2015-2019: Hip-hop da rap === [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_on_TMTv-SA.jpg|left|thumb|191x191px|Mamdani a farkon shekara ta 2016 na Sarauniya ta Katwe''Sarauniyar Katwe'']] Mamdani mai sha'awar hip-hop ne kuma ya kirkiro, ya yi, kuma ya samar da kiɗa na rap.<ref name="Green-2025">{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Walden |date=June 5, 2025 |title=5 Songs That Define Zohran Mamdani's Campaign for New York Mayor |url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/5-songs-that-define-zohran-mamdani-campaign-for-new-york-mayor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/5-songs-that-define-zohran-mamdani-campaign-for-new-york-mayor/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |ref=site}}</ref> A karkashin sunan Young Cardamom, ya yi aiki tare da abokinsa mafi kyau, rapper na Uganda HAB (Abdul Bar Hussein), wanda asalinsa ya kasance a [[Sudan ta Kudu]], <ref name="rap2015">{{Cite web |last=Mamdani |first=Zohran Kwame |author-link=Zohran Mamdani |date=October 27, 2015 |title=You Want Another Rap |url=https://www.africasacountry.com/2015/10/you-want-another-rap-uganda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717192103/https://www.africasacountry.com/2015/10/you-want-another-rap-uganda |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=Africa Is a Country}}</ref> a matsayin Young Cardamamom & HAB . Waƙoƙinsu na farko, "Kanda [Chap Chap]", game da [[chapati]] ne, Gurasar Indiya.<ref name="Onmanorama2025">{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Meet New York's new mayor who once rapped about chapati |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2025/11/05/zohran-mamdani-young-cardamom-chapati-song.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117024411/https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2025/11/05/zohran-mamdani-young-cardamom-chapati-song.html |archive-date=November 17, 2025 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |publisher=Onmanorama |quote=Performing under the stage name Young Cardamom, Mamdani rapped about food, identity, and belonging, often using Indian staples as cultural shorthand.}}</ref> Sun yi waƙoƙi daga 2016 EP ''Sidda Mukyaalo'' ("Ba za su koma ƙauyen") a bikin Nyege Nyege . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2016 |title=Young Cardamom & HAB, The Outsider Hip-Hop Duo Shedding Light On Uganda's Social Issues |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/young-cardamom-hab-uganda-ep-sidda-mukyaalo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616163307/https://www.okayafrica.com/young-cardamom-hab-uganda-ep-sidda-mukyaalo/ |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=OkayAfrica}}</ref><ref name="Waswa-2025">{{Cite web |last=Waswa |first=Samson |date=June 26, 2025 |title=When New York Mayor-to-be Zohran Mamdani performed at Nyege-Nyege |url=https://www.pulse.ug/articles/entertainment/when-new-york-mayor-to-be-zohran-mamdani-performed-at-nyege-nyege-2025062607375478574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626183213/https://www.pulse.ug/articles/entertainment/when-new-york-mayor-to-be-zohran-mamdani-performed-at-nyege-nyege-2025062607375478574 |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=July 28, 2025 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> Ma'aurata sun yi rap a cikin harsuna ciki har da [[Harshen Nubi|Nubi]], LUganda, [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], da Ingilishi, a wani bangare don ƙirƙirar salon rap na musamman na Uganda maimakon yin koyi da rap na Amurka, kuma a wani bangere don isar da cewa mazaunan Uganda da ke da tushe a wasu ƙasashe duk Uganda ne. An zaɓi chapati a matsayin alama saboda ya samo asali ne daga [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] amma ya zama abin da ake amfani da shi a Uganda.<ref name="rap2015" /> A cikin kiɗan su, sun magance batutuwan zamantakewa a Uganda, kamar cin hanci da rashawa da "dangantaka da launin ruwan kasa", da kuma [[Mulkin mallaka na Afirka|mulkin mallaka]]. An zabi Young Cardamom & HAB don "Rookie of the Year" a gasar cin kofin Hip Hop ta Uganda (UG). <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2016 |title=Uganda Hip Hop Awards '16 Nominees Full List out |url=https://www.nuveylive.org/uganda-hip-hop-awards-2016-nominees-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913134706/https://www.nuveylive.org/uganda-hip-hop-awards-2016-nominees-list/ |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=NUVEYLIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2016 |title=Including The Gospel Fraternity Winners, Full List Of Ug Hip Hop Awards 2016 Winners. |url=https://uggospellife.wordpress.com/2016/12/16/including-the-gospel-fraternity-winners-full-list-of-ug-hip-hop-awards-2016-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110065213/https://uggospellife.wordpress.com/2016/12/16/including-the-gospel-fraternity-winners-full-list-of-ug-hip-hop-awards-2016-winners/ |archive-date=November 10, 2025 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=Ug Gospel Life}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Mamdani ya fitar da waƙar "Salaam" a ƙarƙashin sunan Zohran Kwame . A cikin waƙar, Mamdani ya nuna goyon baya ga Ƙasar Mai Tsarki Biyar, mutane biyar da ke da alaƙa da aikin agaji na Gidauniyar Ƙasar Mai Tsarki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feuer |first=Hannah |date=July 2, 2025 |title=What Zohran Mamdani has actually said about Jews, Israel and antisemitism |url=https://forward.com/news/733657/zohran-mamdani-gaza-israel-jews-antisemitism/ |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=The Forward}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Putterman |first=Samantha |last2=PolitiFact |first2=Maria Ramirez Uribe {{!}} |title=Republicans push to strip Zohran Mamdani of US citizenship. Is it possible? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/9/republicans-push-to-strip-zohran-mamdani-of-us-citizenship-is-it-possible |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, a karkashin sunan Mr. Cardamom, ya saki wakar "Nani", girmamawa ga kakarsa. Actress kuma marubucin abinci Madhur Jaffrey ya nuna kakarsa Mamdani a cikin bidiyon, wanda ke ba da haraji ga Jaffrey da Al'adun Kudancin Asiya na New York. <ref name="rayner2019" /> === 2015-2019: Kasancewa cikin siyasa === Mamdani ya shiga siyasar Birnin New York a matsayin mai sa kai ga yakin neman zabe na Ali Najmi a Zaben na musamman na 2015 na gundumar 23 na Majalisar Birnin. <ref name="Jung-2025" /> Mamdani ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don shiga yakin Najmi bayan ya san cewa Heems ne ya goyi bayansa, wani rapper na New York na zuriyar Indiya kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar hip-hop Das Racist.<ref name="Green-2025" /> Musamman, Mamdani ya danganta sa hannu a cikin siyasar gida ga wani labarin The Village Voice na 2015 game da Najmi da Heems, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin daya daga cikin rappers da ya fi so. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Jackson |date=July 20, 2015 |title=Meet Ali Najmi, the Man Heems Is Trying to Get Elected to City Council |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/meet-ali-najmi-the-man-heems-is-trying-to-get-elected-to-city-council/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605163133/https://www.villagevoice.com/meet-ali-najmi-the-man-heems-is-trying-to-get-elected-to-city-council/ |archive-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[The Village Voice]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Mamdani ya shiga reshen New York City na Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) kuma ya yi aiki don kamfen ɗin dan takarar Majalisar Birnin New York Khader El-Yateem, Minista Lutheran na Palasdinawa kuma mai mulkin demokraɗiyya daga Bay Ridge, Brooklyn . <ref name="Jung-2025" /> Wani bangare na dalilin da ya sa Mamdani ya shiga DSA shine matsayinsa na goyon bayan Palasdinawa, wanda ya dace da aikinsa na baya. Mamdani ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kamfen na Ross Barkan na shekarar 2018 wanda bai yi nasara ba don Majalisar Dattijan Jihar New York kuma ya kasance mai shirya filin ga ɗan'uwan dimokuradiyya mai zaman kansa [[Tiffany Cabán]] amma kuma bai yi nasara a kamfen na 2019 ga Lauyan gundumar Queens County ba.<ref name="Jung-2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barkan |first=Ross |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Life with Zohran |url=https://rosselliotbarkan.com/p/life-with-zohran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620233757/https://rosselliotbarkan.com/p/life-with-zohran |archive-date=June 20, 2025 |website=[[Substack]]}}</ref> == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York (2020-2025) == [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_at_the_Resist_Fascism_Rally_in_Bryant_Park_on_Oct_27th_2024.jpg|thumb|Mamdani a taron Resist Fascism a Bryant Park, 27 ga Oktoba, 2024]] A watan Oktoba na 2019, Mamdani ya sanar da kamfen dinsa na wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta 36, wanda ya hada da Astoria da Long Island City a Queens.<ref name="Kaufman-2020">{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Maya |date=June 9, 2020 |title=NYC Primary Election 2020: Zohran Mamdani Vies For Simotas' Seat |url=https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/nyc-primary-election-2020-zohran-mamdani-vies-simotas-seat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/nyc-primary-election-2020-zohran-mamdani-vies-simotas-seat |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=Astoria-Long Island City, NY Patch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wynn |first=Jasmine |date=February 13, 2024 |title='The People's Republic of Astoria' – A Delve Into America's Premier Socialist Stronghold. |url=https://harvardpolitics.com/the-peoples-republic-of-astoria-a-delve-into-americas-premier-socialist-stronghold/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://harvardpolitics.com/the-peoples-republic-of-astoria-a-delve-into-americas-premier-socialist-stronghold/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=Harvard Political Review}}</ref> DSA ta amince da shi, <ref name="Kaufman-2020" /> yana gudana a kan dandalin sake fasalin gidaje, 'yan sanda da sake fasalin kurkuku, da kuma mallakar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pretsky |first=Holly |last2=Coltin |first2=Jeff |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Another big night for the DSA |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/politics/campaigns-elections/another-big-night-dsa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032829/https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/politics/campaigns-elections/another-big-night-dsa.html |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[City & State]]}}</ref> Nasarar farko ta Mamdani a watan Yunin 2020 a kan dan takarar Democrat mai mulki Aravella Simotas ya dauki kusan wata daya don kiran, kuma ya lashe babban zaben ba tare da wani adawa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jamhuriyar Republican]] ba a watan Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Maya |date=July 22, 2020 |title=Zohran Mamdani Unseats Aravella Simotas In Astoria Assembly Race |url=https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/zohran-mamdani-unseats-aravella-simotas-astoria-assembly-race |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/zohran-mamdani-unseats-aravella-simotas-astoria-assembly-race |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=Astoria-Long Island City, NY Patch}}</ref> An sake zabar Mamdani ba tare da adawa ba a 2022 da 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2022 |title=2022 New York State Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.courierpress.com/elections/results/2022-11-08/state/new-york/lower/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530035422/https://www.courierpress.com/elections/results/2022-11-08/state/new-york/lower/ |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=November 4, 2025 |website=[[Courier & Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaye |first=Jacob |last2=Schwach |first2=Ryan |last3=Powelson |first3=Noah |date=November 5, 2024 |title=Queens Dem incumbents sweep |url=https://queenseagle.com/all/2024/11/5/queens-dem-incumbents-appear-headed-for-victory-though-one-race-remains-tight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://queenseagle.com/all/2024/11/5/queens-dem-incumbents-appear-headed-for-victory-though-one-race-remains-tight |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[Queens Daily Eagle]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025, Mamdani ya kasance memba na kwamitocin Majalisar guda tara: Kwamitin kan Tsuga; Kwamitin kan Birane; Kwamitin Kan Dokar Zabe; Kwamitin akan Makamashi; Kwamitin Harajin Gida; Black, Puerto Rican, Hispanic & Asian Legislative Caucus; Puerto Rican / Hispanic Task Force; Asian Pacific American Task Force; da Task Force on New Americans. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zohran K. Mamdani – Committee Membership |url=https://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/comm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/comm/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=January 18, 2025 |website=assembly.state.ny.us}}</ref> == 2025 Zaben magajin gari na Birnin New York == === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2025 === [[File:20250926New_York,_Estados_Unidos-_Reunión_bilateral_con_el_candidato_a_la_Alcaldía_de_Nueva_York,_Zohran_Mamdani_-_Juan_Cano09326.jpg|thumb|Mamdani tare da Shugaban Colombia Gustavo Petro a Birnin New York, Satumba 26, 2025]] A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, Mamdani ya sanar da takararsa a matsayin magajin gari na Birnin New York. Dandalinsa ya haɗa da tallafi ga bas din birni kyauta da kuma dakatar da haya a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu. Mamdani kuma yana son gwamnatin birni ta gudanar da shagunan kayan masarufi guda biyar - daya a kowane gari - don saukar da farashin kayan masaruxi. Dandalinsa ya haɗa da tallafi ga kula da yara na duniya da kuma gina sabbin gidaje masu araha 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mellins |first=Sam |last2=Rock |first2=Julia |last3=Kinniburgh |first3=Colin |date=June 26, 2025 |title=Can Zohran Mamdani's Agenda Survive Albany? |url=https://nysfocus.com/2025/06/26/zohran-mamdani-albany-taxes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627014522/https://nysfocus.com/2025/06/26/zohran-mamdani-albany-taxes |archive-date=June 27, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=New York Focus}}</ref> Ya kuma goyi bayan sake fasalin tsaro na jama'a da mafi ƙarancin albashi na $ 30 a shekarar 2030. Dandalinsa ya yi kira ga karuwar haraji a kan kamfanoni da kuma wadanda ke samun sama da dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Ga mafi yawan yakin neman zabe, Mamdani ya bi tsohon gwamnan New York Andrew Cuomo a zaben. Shi da Cuomo sun tara irin wannan kudi, amma masu ba da gudummawa sun fi na Cuomo girma. Wani zabe da aka gudanar jim kadan kafin Zaben fidda gwani na 24 ga Yuni, 2025, ya nuna cewa Mamdani ya kama Cuomo. Sakamakon zabi na farko a daren zabe ya nuna Mamdani yana da babban jagoranci a kan Cuomo, wanda ya yarda da tseren a wannan maraice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robbins |first=Willa Pope |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Takes Large Lead Over Andrew Cuomo in Shocking NYC Mayoral Race Upset |url=https://www.mediaite.com/politics/zohran-mamdani-takes-large-lead-over-andrew-cuomo-in-shocking-nyc-mayoral-race-upset/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625023543/https://www.mediaite.com/politics/zohran-mamdani-takes-large-lead-over-andrew-cuomo-in-shocking-nyc-mayoral-race-upset/ |archive-date=June 25, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[Mediaite]]}}</ref> An kara yawan kuri'un da ya samu ta hanyar jefa kuri'a, musamman saboda shi da dan takarar da aka fi so na uku Brad Lander sun amince da juna ta hanyar neman masu jefa kuri'ar su sanya ɗayan dan takarar na biyu. Mamdani da Michael Blake suma sun amince da juna bayan 'yan kwanaki. A ranar 16 ga Yuni, kwamitin edita na New York Times ya shawarci masu jefa kuri'a da kada su sanya Mamdani yayin da suke sukar Cuomo. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, bayan da Hukumar Zabe ta Birnin New York ta fitar da jerin kuri'un da ta zaba, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya sanar da cewa Mamdani ya lashe zaben fidda gwani. An dauke shi babban damuwa. Kamfen din Mamdani ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai saboda amfani da waƙoƙin [[Bollywood]] da nassoshin al'adu, wanda ke da niyyar shiga matasa da masu jefa kuri'a. A lokacin zaben fidda gwani, 'yan New York sun goyi bayan yakin neman zabe na Mamdani don Lower Costs super PAC, wanda ya kashe kusan dala miliyan 1.3 don tallafa masa da adawa da Cuomo kafin zaben fidda gashin gashin gashi kuma ya tara ƙarin dala miliyan 1 bayan haka. Babban PAC ya sami gudummawar $ 100,000 daga Asusun Unity and Justice a watan Mayu da Yuni 2025. Cuomo ya zargi Mamdani da karɓar "dirty money", yana mai cewa Asusun Unity and Justice yana da alaƙa da Majalisar kan Dangantakar Amurka da Islama. Bayan Mamdani ya lashe zaben fidda gwani, zargi da hare-hare a kansa sun yi amfani da wariyar launin fata, xenophobic, da Islamophobic, musamman nassoshi game da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]] da ta'addanci. Wadannan zargi da hare-hare sun fito ne daga ko'ina cikin bangarorin siyasa, kuma sun haifar da damuwa da muhawara game da Islamophobia a cikin manyan siyasar Amurka.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=Eltantawi |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani and Strategic Islamophobia |url=https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/mamdani-strategic-islamophobia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905123215/https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/mamdani-strategic-islamophobia/ |archive-date=September 5, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Contending Modernities |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame]]}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |last=Bazian |first=Hatem |date=July 22, 2025 |title=Islamophobia, and the New-York Mayoral Race |url=https://criticalmuslimstudies.co.uk/islamophobia-and-the-new-york-mayoral-race/ |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Critical Muslim Studies}}</ref><ref name="Fayyad Vox">{{Cite web |last=Fayyad |first=Abdallah |date=July 7, 2025 |title=The astonishing racism in NYC's mayoral race |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/419040/zohran-mamdani-racism-islamophobia-nyc-mayoral-race |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707204146/https://www.vox.com/politics/419040/zohran-mamdani-racism-islamophobia-nyc-mayoral-race |archive-date=July 7, 2025 |access-date=October 23, 2025 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> Nasarar kamfen din Mamdani an danganta shi ne a wani bangare ga yadda yake amfani da kafofin sada zumunta don isa ga masu jefa kuri'a, musamman matasa masu jefa kuriʼa. === Zababben magajin gari da canji === [[File:Trump_and_Mamdani_meeting_3.jpg|thumb|Taron Mamdani da shugaban kasar [[Donald Trump]] a [[White House|Fadar White House]], Nuwamba 21, 2025]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2025, washegari bayan zaben, Mamdani ya sanar da mambobin farko na ƙungiyar sauya magajin gari, tare da Elana Leopold a matsayin babban darakta, da kuma co-shugabanni Maria Torres-Springer, tsohon mataimakin magajin gari na farko; Lina Khan, tsohon shugaban Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya; da kuma shugabannin da ba su da riba Melanie Hartzog da Grace Bonilla. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, ya sanar da zabar tsohon mataimakin magajin gari na farko Dean Fuleihan a matsayin mataimakinsa na farko, da kuma tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan Majalisar da kuma manajan yakin neman zabe Elle Bisgaard-Church a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata. Ya fuskanci zargi don zabar Catherine Almonte Da Costa a matsayin darektan nadin bayan maganganun da suka gabata game da shi sun sake fitowa; Da Costa ta yi murabus kwana daya bayan nadin ta. Mamdani ta sadu da Shugaba Trump a [[White House|Fadar White House]] a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba. Wani mai magana da yawun ya ce tattaunawar za ta mayar da hankali kan tsaron jama'a, tsaron tattalin arziki, da araha. Bayan taron, Trump ya yaba wa Mamdani kuma ya ce sun "sun yarda da yawa fiye da yadda zan yi tunani", bayan watanni na sukar juna. Ana sa ran magajin gari na Mamdani zai zama na 111 na birnin, amma wani bita na Disamba 2025 na tarihin birni ya tabbatar da cewa ƙididdigar magajin gari ya bar magajin gari nke biyu na Matthias Nicoll, kuma Mamdani za ta zama magajin gari ta 112. <ref name="HonanCity">{{Cite web |last=Honan |first=Katie |date=January 1, 2026 |title=Mamdani Takes the Helm as City's New Mayor |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/2026/01/01/mamdani-sworn-in-as-nyc-mayor/ |access-date=January 1, 2026 |website=[[The City (website)|The City]]}}</ref> == Magajin garin New York (2026-yanzu) == === Inauguration === Mamdani ya fara zama magajin gari a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2026. Babban Lauyan New York Letitia James ya gudanar da rantsuwar ofis a Tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta City Hall da aka watsar bayan tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oppenheim |first=Oren |date=January 2, 2026 |title=New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani, at inauguration, vows to be a mayor for all New Yorkers, lead as democratic socialist |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/zohran-mamdanis-historic-inauguration-new-york-city-mayor/story?id=128784385 |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=ABC News}}</ref> Mamdani ya yi rantsuwa a kan [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], ya sanya shi magajin gari na farko da ya yi hakan. Ya yi amfani da kwafin littafin guda biyu, na kakansa da na Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. An gudanar da rantsar da jama'a da rana, inda Bernie Sanders ya rantsar Mamdani. Masu magana da masu wasan kwaikwayo a bikin rantsar da su sun hada da Sanders, [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], Javier Muñoz, Lucy Dacus, da Mandy Patinkin. Ayyukan farko na Mamdani a matsayin magajin gari, nan da nan bayan ya yi rantsuwa da ofishin, shine ya nada mai ba da shawara kan sufuri, malami, kuma tsohon darektan [[Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Birnin New York|Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta NYC]] na tsarawa da gudanar da aikin Mike Flynn a matsayin kwamishinan Ma'aikalin Sufuri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stark-Miller |first=Ethan |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Meet Mike Flynn, Mayor Mamdani's newly minted Transportation Department head |url=https://www.amny.com/news/mike-flynn-mayor-mamdanis-transportation-department-head/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=amNewYork}}</ref> umarnin zartarwa na farko shi ne ya soke duk umarnin zartaka wanda ya riga shi Eric Adams ya yi bayan an tuhume shi da zargin cin hanci a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=Jessica |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Israel Accuses Zohran Mamdani of Antisemitism for Reversing Orders Adams Gave Under Indictment |url=https://theintercept.com/2026/01/02/israel-zohran-mamdani-antisemitic-antisemitism/ |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anuta |first=Joe |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Mamdani defends eliminating executive orders on antisemitism, boycotting Israel |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/01/02/mamdani-defends-eliminating-executive-orders-on-antisemitism-boycotting-israel-00709472 |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=POLITICO}}</ref> === Gudanarwa === [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_Congestion_Relief_One_Year_Anniversary.jpg|thumb|Mamdani yana halartar taron a McBurney YMCA a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2026]] Mako guda bayan rantsar da shi, Mamdani da Gwamna Kathy Hochul sun ba da sanarwar wani shiri na fadada kula da yara kyauta da farashi mai arha a Birnin New York, tare da manufar samar da kula da yara na duniya kyauta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ya yi a matsayin magajin gari shine sarrafa tasirin guguwar hunturu ta Janairu 2026, wanda ya kashe mutane 14 a Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Allan |date=January 31, 2026 |title=Inside Zohran Mamdani's first big test of his mayoral term |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/zohran-mamdanis-first-big-test-mayoral-term-rcna256539 |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=NBC News}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2026, Mamdani ya sanar da kasuwar La Marqueta a unguwar East Harlem ta Manhattan a matsayin shafin farko da aka gano na shagunan sayar da kayan masarufi da aka shirya. Ya shirya kashe kusan dala miliyan 30 don gina shagon a cikin unguwar Latino. An tsara shaguna biyar, ɗaya a kowane gari. Kowane mutum zai ba da kayan masarufi a farashin 30% a ƙasa da farashin kasuwa, a matsayin tallafi daga kasafin kuɗin birni. Ana sa ran shagunan za su ci gaba da buɗewa daga 2027 zuwa 2029.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani Announces La Marqueta as First Site Identified for City's Public Grocery Stores |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/04/mayor-mamdani-announces-la-marqueta-as-first-site-identified-for |access-date=June 26, 2026 |website=NYC.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-27 |title=N.Y.C. Groceries: A Recipe for Affordability |url=https://edc.nyc/sites/default/files/2026-07/NYC-Groceries-Vision-Plan_07-27-2026.pdf |website=New York City Economic Development Corporation}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2026, Mamdani da Gwamna Kathy Hochul sun ba da sanarwar haraji, suna biyan haraji na gidaje na biyu na masu mallakar da ke zaune a waje da Birnin New York don gidaje masu iyali guda ɗaya da suka kai sama da dala miliyan 5 ko gidaje sama da dala dala miliyan 1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani, Governor Hochul Announce State's First Pied-à-Terre Tax, Requiring Ultrawealthy and Global Elites to Pay Their Fair Share |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/04/mayor-mamdani--governor-hochul-announce-state-s-first-pied-a-ter |website=NYC.gov}}</ref> Shirin ya wuce Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, Mamdani ya ba da sanarwar shirinsa na gidaje "Block by Block", don gina sabbin gidaje masu araha 200,000 a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, adana wasu 200,000, da faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen gidaje masu arha na birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani Releases "Block by Block: The Housing Plan for A New Era" |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/05/mayor-mamdani-releases--block-by-block--the-housing-plan-for-a-n |website=NYC.gov}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Birnin New York ta amince da shawarar Mamdani na daskare haya na gidajen haya, wanda ya kai kashi 40% na gidajen Birnin Nework, na tsawon shekaru biyu. Kafin kuri'ar, memba na kwamitin Christina Smyth, wanda ke wakiltar masu gida a matsayin lauya, ya yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar. A watan Yulin 2026, Mamdani ya ce ba zai yarda da karuwar albashi ba idan Majalisar Birnin New York ta yanke shawarar kara albashin dukkan zaɓaɓɓun jami'an birni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuza |first=Bobby |date=July 7, 2026 |title=City Council poised to approve big pay raises |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2026/07/07/city-council-poised-to-approve-big-pay-raises |access-date=July 8, 2026 |website=NY1}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, gwamnatinsa ta gabatar da dokar hana kudaden shara, wanda ya sa Birnin New York ya zama birni na farko a Amurka da ya yi hakan. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2026, don tunawa da shekaru 25 na hare-haren 11 ga Satumba. Mamdani ta kaddamar da tashar jama'a da ke dauke da kusan shafuka 170,000 na bayanai game da hare-harin. Takardun sun nuna cewa shugabannin Birnin New York a lokacin sun san cewa ingancin iska ba shi da aminci a yankin fallout, yayin da suke gaya wa jama'a in ba haka ba. A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2026, a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Benjamin Netanyahu ya ba da jawabi ga Mamdani. A cikin jawabinsa, Netanyahu ya ce: "Ga duk waɗanda ke yada ƙarya game da ƙasarmu, ko suna zaune a cikin wannan zauren ko a ofishin magajin garin New York mai adawa da Yahudawa, ina cewa wannan: kunya a gare ku".Ya kuma ce: "Mista Mamdani, kun yi ƙoƙari ku hana ni zuwa nan. Kun yi ƙoƙari ku yi min shiru. To, ba za ku iya yin min shiru ba. " A cikin wannan jawabin, Netanyahu ya musanta cewa Isra'ila ta aikata kisan kare dangi a Gaza. Mamdani a baya ya ce zai matsawa don kama Firayim Ministan Isra'ila yayin ziyarar da ya kai birnin. Da yake mayar da martani ga maganganun Netanyahu, Mamdani ya kira zarge-zargen da aka yi masa "ƙaryaci mara tushe" wanda aka yi niyya don "tsarkake kisan kare dangi na Palasdinawa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Benjamin Netanyahu attacks Israel’s enemies and allies in UN speech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/9/24/benjamin-netanyahu-attacks-israels-enemies-and-allies-in-un-speech |access-date=2026-09-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Satumba, Mamdani ya fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya tsara dabarun yaki da adawa da Yahudawa a Birnin New York, a wani bangare ta hanyar amfani da miliyoyin daloli da aka riga aka yi alkawarin yaki da laifukan ƙiyayya. Rahoton ya kuma yi alkawarin tallafawa shirye-shiryen da ke murna da al'adun Yahudawa da fadada shirye-shirye na ilimin Holocaust a makarantun birnin. Wasu jami'an da aka zaba a Birnin New York, da kuma wasu kungiyoyin Yahudawa, sun soki rahoton shafi 35 saboda rashin bayyana adawa da Yahudawa ko tattauna duk wata alaƙa tsakanin adawa da Zionism da adawa da antisemitism. Yayinda yake yabon dabarun don kara kudade na tsaro da fadada wasu shirye-shirye, kungiyoyin Yahudawa da yawa, gami da UJA-Federation na New York, a cikin wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa sun ce shirin "ya kasa magance batun da magajin gari da kansa ya ci gaba: maganganun da ke lalata da kuma hana Isra'ila ba za a iya gujewa ba da kai ga yin niyya ga Yahudawa na New York" === Yunkurin fashewar bam na Gracie Mansion === A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, an jefa Na'urar fashewa ta gida a cikin taron zanga-zangar adawa da Islama da aka shirya ta hanyar mai fafutuka mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma Janairu 6 na Amurka Capitol mai kai hari Jake Lang a waje da Gracie Mansion, gidan Mamdani a matsayin Magajin Birnin New York. 'Yan sanda sun binciki harin a matsayin "aikin ta'addanci da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIS]]". An kama mutane biyu, Emir Balat da Ibrahim Kayumi, kuma Lauyan Amurka na Kudancin Gundumar New York ya kawo musu tuhumar tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrell |first=Jason K. |last2=Judd |first2=Alan |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Pair charged with ISIS-inspired attempted bombing outside NYC mayor's home |url=https://san.com/cc/explosive-device-thrown-near-mamdanis-home-was-real-ied-police/ |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=Straight Arrow News}}</ref> Mamdani ya yi Allah wadai da zanga-zangar, yana kiranta "mai ban tsoro" da kuma nuna tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulmi wanda ya samo asali ne daga wariyar launin fata. Ya kara da cewa "dama ga zanga-zangar zaman lafiya mai tsarki ne" kuma "ba wai kawai na waɗanda muka yarda da su ba", yana kiran yunkurin fashewar bam din "mai banƙyama".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pazmino |first=Gloria |last2=Koretski |first2=Katherine |date=March 11, 2026 |title=Mamdani walks fine line between his identity and politics in wake of attempted ISIS-inspired attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/10/politics/mamdani-gracie-mansion-response-balancing-act |access-date=4 July 2026 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Rukuni:Shugabannin New York]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] pnj6a0zrrfe2wl1xscn9kkzwrg4ynkp 961917 961916 2026-10-02T16:07:05Z Baffa ali 47435 961917 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zohran Kwame Mamdani''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki tun daga 2026 a matsayin magajin gari na 112 na Birnin New York .{{Efn|{{Zohran pronunciation note}}|name=Pronounce}} Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat da Jam'iyyar Democratic Socialists of America, ya wakilci gundumar 36 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York daga 2021 zuwa 2025. Mamdani shine [[Musulmi]] na farko na Birnin New York kuma magajin gari na Asiya na farko. An haife shi a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ga iyaye na asalin Indiya, Mamdani ya koma [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] yana da shekaru bakwai kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Bowdoin a shekarar 2014 tare da digiri na farko a karatun Afirka. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gidaje da rapper, kuma ya shiga siyasar Birnin New York a matsayin manajan kamfen na Khader El-Yateem da Ross Barkan . An fara zabarsa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a shekarar 2020, inda ya kayar da Aravella Simotas mai mulki na tsawon shekaru biyar a zaben fidda gwani na Democrat. Da yake wakiltar [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]] da Long Island City, an sake zabarsa ba tare da adawa ba a 2022 da 2024. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, Mamdani ya sanar da takarar magajin gari na Birnin New York a zaben magajin gari ya shekara ta 2025. Wani dan gurguzu na dimokuradiyya, Mamdani ya yi kamfen a kan wani dandamali mai ci gaba, mai da hankali kan farashi, tallafawa bas din birni kyauta, kula da yara na duniya, shagunan sayar da kayan masarufi na birni, dakatar da haya a kan sassan haya, ƙarin Gidaje masu araha, da kuma mafi ƙarancin albashi na $ 30 nan da 2030. Ya kuma nuna goyon baya ga Hakkin LGBTQ, cikakken gyare-gyare na tsaro na jama'a, da karuwar haraji a kan kamfanoni da waɗanda ke samun sama da dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a watan Yunin 2025, inda ya doke tsohon gwamna Andrew Cuomo a cikin fushi, kuma an zabe shi magajin gari a babban zaben Nuwamba. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Zohran Kwame Mamdani a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991, a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ɗa kaɗai ne na masanin ilimin mulkin mallaka [[Mahmood Mamdani.|Mahmood Mamdani]] da mai shirya fina-finai Mira Nair . <ref name="Kitunzi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Kitunzi |first=Yahudu |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609023734/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya ba shi suna na tsakiya, Kwame, don girmama [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban farko na Ghana.<ref name="Jung-2025">{{Cite web |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Crashes the Party |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520095713/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |archive-date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[New York (magazine)#Intelligencer|Intelligencer]]}}</ref><ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Monah |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Ugandan-Born Zohran Mamdani Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York City |url=https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=Little Africa News}}</ref> Iyayensa biyu sun fito ne daga asalin Indiya. Mahaifinsa Musulmi ne na Gujarati wanda aka haife shi a [[Mumbai]] kuma ya girma a Uganda.<ref name="Chen-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Kuan-Hsing |last2=Gao |first2=Shiming |last3=Tang |first3=Xiaolin |year=2016 |title=The formation of an African intellectual: an interview with Mahmood Mamdani |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=456–480 |doi=10.1080/14649373.2016.1218676}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa Hindu ce ta Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dupont |first=Joan |date=September 21, 2001 |title=Mira Nair Peels Back Layers of Punjabi Society |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011201204013/http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2001 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[International Herald Tribune]] |quote=Nair, who dedicates "Monsoon Wedding," to her Punjabi family in New Delhi, was educated at Harvard, and has made her home in Kampala, Uganda, and New York.}}</ref> An haifi kakanninsa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta yanzu, kuma dangin mahaifinsa sun kasance wani ɓangare na Indiyawan da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Chen-2016" /> Iyalin Mamdani na cikin al'ummar Khoja Twelver ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Iqbal |date=2025-07-14 |title=Zohran Mamdani's last name reflects centuries of intercontinental trade, migration and cultural exchange |url=https://theconversation.com/zohran-mamdanis-last-name-reflects-centuries-of-intercontinental-trade-migration-and-cultural-exchange-259967 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> Mamdani ya zauna a Kampala har zuwa shekara biyar, lokacin da iyalinsa suka koma [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="Kitunzi-2025" /> bayan an nada mahaifinsa shugaban Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]]. Ya halarci makarantar St. George's Grammar School a Mowbray daga 1996 zuwa 1998, a farkon shekarun Bayan wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Davids-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Meet New York City's likely next mayor — with a South African connection |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626155024/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> Daga baya ya ce kwarewar rayuwa a Cape Town "ta koya mini abin da rashin daidaito yake kusa ... [kuma] cewa adalci dole ne ya zama fiye da ra'ayi; dole ne ya kasance abin duniya".[and]{{Spaces}} Iyalin sun koma Amurka kuma sun zauna a Birnin New York lokacin da Mamdani ke da shekaru bakwai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Regan |first=Victoria |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Former SA schoolboy Zohran Mamdani becomes New York City's first millennial mayor in 'historic' elections |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-05-former-sa-schoolboy-zohran-mamdani-becomes-new-york-citys-first-millennial-mayor-in-historic-elections/ |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> kuma an haife shi a unguwar Manhattan ta Morningside Heights. Ya kira renonsa "mai daraja", yana cewa, "Ban taɓa son wani abu ba, kuma duk da haka na san cewa ba gaskiya ba ne ga yawancin New Yorkers. "Yayinda yake yaro, sau da yawa yana nan a cikin fina-finai na mahaifiyarsa, inda 'yan fim suka kira shi "Z", "Zoru", "Fadoose", da kuma "Nonstop Mamdani". === Ilimi === Mamdani ya halarci Makarantar Bank Street don Yara a kan Upper West Side na Manhattan, inda ya samu nasarar gudu a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a zaben makarantu na tsakiya, yana karɓar dandalin "mallakni, manufofin adawa da yaki waɗanda suka ba da shawarar kashe kuɗi a kan ilimi maimakon soja". A shekara ta 2003, ya koma Kampala na shekara guda kuma ya halarci makaranta a lokacin hutun mahaifinsa a can; kakanninsa da kawunsa har yanzu suna zaune a can kuma suna taimakawa wajen kula da shi yayin da mahaifinsa ke aiki a kan littafin Good Muslim, Bad Muslim. <ref name="Chen-2016" /> A shekara ta 2010, Mamdani ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandaren kimiyya ta Bronx a Kingsbridge Heights, Bronx, <ref name="Saltonstall-2025">{{Cite web |last=Saltonstall |first=Gus |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Before Zohran Mamdani Made Waves in NYC's Mayoral Race, He Was A Kid Growing Up On the UWS |url=https://www.westsiderag.com/2025/03/26/before-zohran-mamdani-made-waves-in-nycs-mayoral-race-he-was-a-kid-growing-up-on-the-uws |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326195655/https://www.westsiderag.com/2025/03/26/before-zohran-mamdani-made-waves-in-nycs-mayoral-race-he-was-a-kid-growing-up-on-the-uws |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 29, 2025 |website=West Side Rag}}</ref> inda ya kafa kungiyar [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] ta farko ta makarantar kuma bai yi nasara ba a takarar mataimakin shugaban ɗalibai. Ya kuma buga kwallon kafa tare da West Side Soccer League . <ref name="Saltonstall-2025" /> Mamdani ya halarci Kwalejin Bowdoin a Brunswick, Maine, inda ya kafa reshen makarantar na Dalibai don Adalci a Falasdinu . <ref name="Sorkin-2019">{{Cite web |last=Sorkin |first=Emma |date=November 1, 2019 |title=Taking a stand: alumni run for office, with Bowdoin in mind |url=https://bowdoinorient.com/2019/11/01/taking-a-stand-alumni-run-for-office-with-bowdoin-in-mind/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163043/https://bowdoinorient.com/2019/11/01/taking-a-stand-alumni-run-for-office-with-bowdoin-in-mind/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[The Bowdoin Orient]]}}</ref> Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga jaridar harabar The Bowdoin Orient, yana rufe siyasa, al'adu, da wasanni a cikin ginshiƙansa, "Kwame's Kolumnalu" da "Talk of the Quad".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zohran Mamdani |url=https://bowdoinorient.com/bonus/author/653/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708181455/https://bowdoinorient.com/bonus/author/653/ |archive-date=July 8, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[The Bowdoin Orient]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, ya hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Bangor Daily News yana roƙon Bowdoin ya shiga kauracewa ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Amurka ta Isra'ila kuma yana sukar shugaban kwalejin, Barry Mills . Mamdani ta kammala karatu daga Bowdoin a shekarar 2014 tare da digiri na farko a karatun Afirka. <ref name="Sorkin-2019" /> == Farkon aiki == === 2015-2019: Hip-hop da rap === [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_on_TMTv-SA.jpg|left|thumb|191x191px|Mamdani a farkon shekara ta 2016 na Sarauniya ta Katwe''Sarauniyar Katwe'']] Mamdani mai sha'awar hip-hop ne kuma ya kirkiro, ya yi, kuma ya samar da kiɗa na rap.<ref name="Green-2025">{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Walden |date=June 5, 2025 |title=5 Songs That Define Zohran Mamdani's Campaign for New York Mayor |url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/5-songs-that-define-zohran-mamdani-campaign-for-new-york-mayor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/5-songs-that-define-zohran-mamdani-campaign-for-new-york-mayor/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |ref=site}}</ref> A karkashin sunan Young Cardamom, ya yi aiki tare da abokinsa mafi kyau, rapper na Uganda HAB (Abdul Bar Hussein), wanda asalinsa ya kasance a [[Sudan ta Kudu]], <ref name="rap2015">{{Cite web |last=Mamdani |first=Zohran Kwame |author-link=Zohran Mamdani |date=October 27, 2015 |title=You Want Another Rap |url=https://www.africasacountry.com/2015/10/you-want-another-rap-uganda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717192103/https://www.africasacountry.com/2015/10/you-want-another-rap-uganda |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=Africa Is a Country}}</ref> a matsayin Young Cardamamom & HAB . Waƙoƙinsu na farko, "Kanda [Chap Chap]", game da [[chapati]] ne, Gurasar Indiya.<ref name="Onmanorama2025">{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Meet New York's new mayor who once rapped about chapati |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2025/11/05/zohran-mamdani-young-cardamom-chapati-song.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117024411/https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2025/11/05/zohran-mamdani-young-cardamom-chapati-song.html |archive-date=November 17, 2025 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |publisher=Onmanorama |quote=Performing under the stage name Young Cardamom, Mamdani rapped about food, identity, and belonging, often using Indian staples as cultural shorthand.}}</ref> Sun yi waƙoƙi daga 2016 EP ''Sidda Mukyaalo'' ("Ba za su koma ƙauyen") a bikin Nyege Nyege . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2016 |title=Young Cardamom & HAB, The Outsider Hip-Hop Duo Shedding Light On Uganda's Social Issues |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/young-cardamom-hab-uganda-ep-sidda-mukyaalo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616163307/https://www.okayafrica.com/young-cardamom-hab-uganda-ep-sidda-mukyaalo/ |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=OkayAfrica}}</ref><ref name="Waswa-2025">{{Cite web |last=Waswa |first=Samson |date=June 26, 2025 |title=When New York Mayor-to-be Zohran Mamdani performed at Nyege-Nyege |url=https://www.pulse.ug/articles/entertainment/when-new-york-mayor-to-be-zohran-mamdani-performed-at-nyege-nyege-2025062607375478574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626183213/https://www.pulse.ug/articles/entertainment/when-new-york-mayor-to-be-zohran-mamdani-performed-at-nyege-nyege-2025062607375478574 |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=July 28, 2025 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> Ma'aurata sun yi rap a cikin harsuna ciki har da [[Harshen Nubi|Nubi]], LUganda, [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], da Ingilishi, a wani bangare don ƙirƙirar salon rap na musamman na Uganda maimakon yin koyi da rap na Amurka, kuma a wani bangere don isar da cewa mazaunan Uganda da ke da tushe a wasu ƙasashe duk Uganda ne. An zaɓi chapati a matsayin alama saboda ya samo asali ne daga [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] amma ya zama abin da ake amfani da shi a Uganda.<ref name="rap2015" /> A cikin kiɗan su, sun magance batutuwan zamantakewa a Uganda, kamar cin hanci da rashawa da "dangantaka da launin ruwan kasa", da kuma [[Mulkin mallaka na Afirka|mulkin mallaka]]. An zabi Young Cardamom & HAB don "Rookie of the Year" a gasar cin kofin Hip Hop ta Uganda (UG). <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2016 |title=Uganda Hip Hop Awards '16 Nominees Full List out |url=https://www.nuveylive.org/uganda-hip-hop-awards-2016-nominees-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913134706/https://www.nuveylive.org/uganda-hip-hop-awards-2016-nominees-list/ |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=NUVEYLIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2016 |title=Including The Gospel Fraternity Winners, Full List Of Ug Hip Hop Awards 2016 Winners. |url=https://uggospellife.wordpress.com/2016/12/16/including-the-gospel-fraternity-winners-full-list-of-ug-hip-hop-awards-2016-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110065213/https://uggospellife.wordpress.com/2016/12/16/including-the-gospel-fraternity-winners-full-list-of-ug-hip-hop-awards-2016-winners/ |archive-date=November 10, 2025 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=Ug Gospel Life}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Mamdani ya fitar da waƙar "Salaam" a ƙarƙashin sunan Zohran Kwame . A cikin waƙar, Mamdani ya nuna goyon baya ga Ƙasar Mai Tsarki Biyar, mutane biyar da ke da alaƙa da aikin agaji na Gidauniyar Ƙasar Mai Tsarki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feuer |first=Hannah |date=July 2, 2025 |title=What Zohran Mamdani has actually said about Jews, Israel and antisemitism |url=https://forward.com/news/733657/zohran-mamdani-gaza-israel-jews-antisemitism/ |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=The Forward}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Putterman |first=Samantha |last2=PolitiFact |first2=Maria Ramirez Uribe {{!}} |title=Republicans push to strip Zohran Mamdani of US citizenship. Is it possible? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/9/republicans-push-to-strip-zohran-mamdani-of-us-citizenship-is-it-possible |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, a karkashin sunan Mr. Cardamom, ya saki wakar "Nani", girmamawa ga kakarsa. Actress kuma marubucin abinci Madhur Jaffrey ya nuna kakarsa Mamdani a cikin bidiyon, wanda ke ba da haraji ga Jaffrey da Al'adun Kudancin Asiya na New York. <ref name="rayner2019" /> === 2015-2019: Kasancewa cikin siyasa === Mamdani ya shiga siyasar Birnin New York a matsayin mai sa kai ga yakin neman zabe na Ali Najmi a Zaben na musamman na 2015 na gundumar 23 na Majalisar Birnin. <ref name="Jung-2025" /> Mamdani ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don shiga yakin Najmi bayan ya san cewa Heems ne ya goyi bayansa, wani rapper na New York na zuriyar Indiya kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar hip-hop Das Racist.<ref name="Green-2025" /> Musamman, Mamdani ya danganta sa hannu a cikin siyasar gida ga wani labarin The Village Voice na 2015 game da Najmi da Heems, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin daya daga cikin rappers da ya fi so. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Jackson |date=July 20, 2015 |title=Meet Ali Najmi, the Man Heems Is Trying to Get Elected to City Council |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/meet-ali-najmi-the-man-heems-is-trying-to-get-elected-to-city-council/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605163133/https://www.villagevoice.com/meet-ali-najmi-the-man-heems-is-trying-to-get-elected-to-city-council/ |archive-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[The Village Voice]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Mamdani ya shiga reshen New York City na Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) kuma ya yi aiki don kamfen ɗin dan takarar Majalisar Birnin New York Khader El-Yateem, Minista Lutheran na Palasdinawa kuma mai mulkin demokraɗiyya daga Bay Ridge, Brooklyn . <ref name="Jung-2025" /> Wani bangare na dalilin da ya sa Mamdani ya shiga DSA shine matsayinsa na goyon bayan Palasdinawa, wanda ya dace da aikinsa na baya. Mamdani ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kamfen na Ross Barkan na shekarar 2018 wanda bai yi nasara ba don Majalisar Dattijan Jihar New York kuma ya kasance mai shirya filin ga ɗan'uwan dimokuradiyya mai zaman kansa [[Tiffany Cabán]] amma kuma bai yi nasara a kamfen na 2019 ga Lauyan gundumar Queens County ba.<ref name="Jung-2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barkan |first=Ross |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Life with Zohran |url=https://rosselliotbarkan.com/p/life-with-zohran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620233757/https://rosselliotbarkan.com/p/life-with-zohran |archive-date=June 20, 2025 |website=[[Substack]]}}</ref> == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York (2020-2025) == [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_at_the_Resist_Fascism_Rally_in_Bryant_Park_on_Oct_27th_2024.jpg|thumb|Mamdani a taron Resist Fascism a Bryant Park, 27 ga Oktoba, 2024]] A watan Oktoba na 2019, Mamdani ya sanar da kamfen dinsa na wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta 36, wanda ya hada da Astoria da Long Island City a Queens.<ref name="Kaufman-2020">{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Maya |date=June 9, 2020 |title=NYC Primary Election 2020: Zohran Mamdani Vies For Simotas' Seat |url=https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/nyc-primary-election-2020-zohran-mamdani-vies-simotas-seat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/nyc-primary-election-2020-zohran-mamdani-vies-simotas-seat |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=Astoria-Long Island City, NY Patch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wynn |first=Jasmine |date=February 13, 2024 |title='The People's Republic of Astoria' – A Delve Into America's Premier Socialist Stronghold. |url=https://harvardpolitics.com/the-peoples-republic-of-astoria-a-delve-into-americas-premier-socialist-stronghold/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://harvardpolitics.com/the-peoples-republic-of-astoria-a-delve-into-americas-premier-socialist-stronghold/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=Harvard Political Review}}</ref> DSA ta amince da shi, <ref name="Kaufman-2020" /> yana gudana a kan dandalin sake fasalin gidaje, 'yan sanda da sake fasalin kurkuku, da kuma mallakar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pretsky |first=Holly |last2=Coltin |first2=Jeff |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Another big night for the DSA |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/politics/campaigns-elections/another-big-night-dsa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032829/https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/politics/campaigns-elections/another-big-night-dsa.html |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[City & State]]}}</ref> Nasarar farko ta Mamdani a watan Yunin 2020 a kan dan takarar Democrat mai mulki Aravella Simotas ya dauki kusan wata daya don kiran, kuma ya lashe babban zaben ba tare da wani adawa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jamhuriyar Republican]] ba a watan Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Maya |date=July 22, 2020 |title=Zohran Mamdani Unseats Aravella Simotas In Astoria Assembly Race |url=https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/zohran-mamdani-unseats-aravella-simotas-astoria-assembly-race |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/zohran-mamdani-unseats-aravella-simotas-astoria-assembly-race |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=Astoria-Long Island City, NY Patch}}</ref> An sake zabar Mamdani ba tare da adawa ba a 2022 da 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2022 |title=2022 New York State Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.courierpress.com/elections/results/2022-11-08/state/new-york/lower/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530035422/https://www.courierpress.com/elections/results/2022-11-08/state/new-york/lower/ |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=November 4, 2025 |website=[[Courier & Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaye |first=Jacob |last2=Schwach |first2=Ryan |last3=Powelson |first3=Noah |date=November 5, 2024 |title=Queens Dem incumbents sweep |url=https://queenseagle.com/all/2024/11/5/queens-dem-incumbents-appear-headed-for-victory-though-one-race-remains-tight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://queenseagle.com/all/2024/11/5/queens-dem-incumbents-appear-headed-for-victory-though-one-race-remains-tight |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[Queens Daily Eagle]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025, Mamdani ya kasance memba na kwamitocin Majalisar guda tara: Kwamitin kan Tsuga; Kwamitin kan Birane; Kwamitin Kan Dokar Zabe; Kwamitin akan Makamashi; Kwamitin Harajin Gida; Black, Puerto Rican, Hispanic & Asian Legislative Caucus; Puerto Rican / Hispanic Task Force; Asian Pacific American Task Force; da Task Force on New Americans. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zohran K. Mamdani – Committee Membership |url=https://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/comm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/comm/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=January 18, 2025 |website=assembly.state.ny.us}}</ref> == 2025 Zaben magajin gari na Birnin New York == === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2025 === [[File:20250926New_York,_Estados_Unidos-_Reunión_bilateral_con_el_candidato_a_la_Alcaldía_de_Nueva_York,_Zohran_Mamdani_-_Juan_Cano09326.jpg|thumb|Mamdani tare da Shugaban Colombia Gustavo Petro a Birnin New York, Satumba 26, 2025]] A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, Mamdani ya sanar da takararsa a matsayin magajin gari na Birnin New York. Dandalinsa ya haɗa da tallafi ga bas din birni kyauta da kuma dakatar da haya a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu. Mamdani kuma yana son gwamnatin birni ta gudanar da shagunan kayan masarufi guda biyar - daya a kowane gari - don saukar da farashin kayan masaruxi. Dandalinsa ya haɗa da tallafi ga kula da yara na duniya da kuma gina sabbin gidaje masu araha 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mellins |first=Sam |last2=Rock |first2=Julia |last3=Kinniburgh |first3=Colin |date=June 26, 2025 |title=Can Zohran Mamdani's Agenda Survive Albany? |url=https://nysfocus.com/2025/06/26/zohran-mamdani-albany-taxes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627014522/https://nysfocus.com/2025/06/26/zohran-mamdani-albany-taxes |archive-date=June 27, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=New York Focus}}</ref> Ya kuma goyi bayan sake fasalin tsaro na jama'a da mafi ƙarancin albashi na $ 30 a shekarar 2030. Dandalinsa ya yi kira ga karuwar haraji a kan kamfanoni da kuma wadanda ke samun sama da dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Ga mafi yawan yakin neman zabe, Mamdani ya bi tsohon gwamnan New York Andrew Cuomo a zaben. Shi da Cuomo sun tara irin wannan kudi, amma masu ba da gudummawa sun fi na Cuomo girma. Wani zabe da aka gudanar jim kadan kafin Zaben fidda gwani na 24 ga Yuni, 2025, ya nuna cewa Mamdani ya kama Cuomo. Sakamakon zabi na farko a daren zabe ya nuna Mamdani yana da babban jagoranci a kan Cuomo, wanda ya yarda da tseren a wannan maraice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robbins |first=Willa Pope |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Takes Large Lead Over Andrew Cuomo in Shocking NYC Mayoral Race Upset |url=https://www.mediaite.com/politics/zohran-mamdani-takes-large-lead-over-andrew-cuomo-in-shocking-nyc-mayoral-race-upset/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625023543/https://www.mediaite.com/politics/zohran-mamdani-takes-large-lead-over-andrew-cuomo-in-shocking-nyc-mayoral-race-upset/ |archive-date=June 25, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[Mediaite]]}}</ref> An kara yawan kuri'un da ya samu ta hanyar jefa kuri'a, musamman saboda shi da dan takarar da aka fi so na uku Brad Lander sun amince da juna ta hanyar neman masu jefa kuri'ar su sanya ɗayan dan takarar na biyu. Mamdani da Michael Blake suma sun amince da juna bayan 'yan kwanaki. A ranar 16 ga Yuni, kwamitin edita na New York Times ya shawarci masu jefa kuri'a da kada su sanya Mamdani yayin da suke sukar Cuomo. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, bayan da Hukumar Zabe ta Birnin New York ta fitar da jerin kuri'un da ta zaba, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya sanar da cewa Mamdani ya lashe zaben fidda gwani. An dauke shi babban damuwa. Kamfen din Mamdani ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai saboda amfani da waƙoƙin [[Bollywood]] da nassoshin al'adu, wanda ke da niyyar shiga matasa da masu jefa kuri'a. A lokacin zaben fidda gwani, 'yan New York sun goyi bayan yakin neman zabe na Mamdani don Lower Costs super PAC, wanda ya kashe kusan dala miliyan 1.3 don tallafa masa da adawa da Cuomo kafin zaben fidda gashin gashin gashi kuma ya tara ƙarin dala miliyan 1 bayan haka. Babban PAC ya sami gudummawar $ 100,000 daga Asusun Unity and Justice a watan Mayu da Yuni 2025. Cuomo ya zargi Mamdani da karɓar "dirty money", yana mai cewa Asusun Unity and Justice yana da alaƙa da Majalisar kan Dangantakar Amurka da Islama. Bayan Mamdani ya lashe zaben fidda gwani, zargi da hare-hare a kansa sun yi amfani da wariyar launin fata, xenophobic, da Islamophobic, musamman nassoshi game da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]] da ta'addanci. Wadannan zargi da hare-hare sun fito ne daga ko'ina cikin bangarorin siyasa, kuma sun haifar da damuwa da muhawara game da Islamophobia a cikin manyan siyasar Amurka.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=Eltantawi |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani and Strategic Islamophobia |url=https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/mamdani-strategic-islamophobia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905123215/https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/mamdani-strategic-islamophobia/ |archive-date=September 5, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Contending Modernities |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame]]}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |last=Bazian |first=Hatem |date=July 22, 2025 |title=Islamophobia, and the New-York Mayoral Race |url=https://criticalmuslimstudies.co.uk/islamophobia-and-the-new-york-mayoral-race/ |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Critical Muslim Studies}}</ref><ref name="Fayyad Vox">{{Cite web |last=Fayyad |first=Abdallah |date=July 7, 2025 |title=The astonishing racism in NYC's mayoral race |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/419040/zohran-mamdani-racism-islamophobia-nyc-mayoral-race |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707204146/https://www.vox.com/politics/419040/zohran-mamdani-racism-islamophobia-nyc-mayoral-race |archive-date=July 7, 2025 |access-date=October 23, 2025 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> Nasarar kamfen din Mamdani an danganta shi ne a wani bangare ga yadda yake amfani da kafofin sada zumunta don isa ga masu jefa kuri'a, musamman matasa masu jefa kuriʼa. === Zababben magajin gari da canji === [[File:Trump_and_Mamdani_meeting_3.jpg|thumb|Taron Mamdani da shugaban kasar [[Donald Trump]] a [[White House|Fadar White House]], Nuwamba 21, 2025]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2025, washegari bayan zaben, Mamdani ya sanar da mambobin farko na ƙungiyar sauya magajin gari, tare da Elana Leopold a matsayin babban darakta, da kuma co-shugabanni Maria Torres-Springer, tsohon mataimakin magajin gari na farko; Lina Khan, tsohon shugaban Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya; da kuma shugabannin da ba su da riba Melanie Hartzog da Grace Bonilla. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, ya sanar da zabar tsohon mataimakin magajin gari na farko Dean Fuleihan a matsayin mataimakinsa na farko, da kuma tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan Majalisar da kuma manajan yakin neman zabe Elle Bisgaard-Church a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata. Ya fuskanci zargi don zabar Catherine Almonte Da Costa a matsayin darektan nadin bayan maganganun da suka gabata game da shi sun sake fitowa; Da Costa ta yi murabus kwana daya bayan nadin ta. Mamdani ta sadu da Shugaba Trump a [[White House|Fadar White House]] a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba. Wani mai magana da yawun ya ce tattaunawar za ta mayar da hankali kan tsaron jama'a, tsaron tattalin arziki, da araha. Bayan taron, Trump ya yaba wa Mamdani kuma ya ce sun "sun yarda da yawa fiye da yadda zan yi tunani", bayan watanni na sukar juna. Ana sa ran magajin gari na Mamdani zai zama na 111 na birnin, amma wani bita na Disamba 2025 na tarihin birni ya tabbatar da cewa ƙididdigar magajin gari ya bar magajin gari nke biyu na Matthias Nicoll, kuma Mamdani za ta zama magajin gari ta 112. <ref name="HonanCity">{{Cite web |last=Honan |first=Katie |date=January 1, 2026 |title=Mamdani Takes the Helm as City's New Mayor |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/2026/01/01/mamdani-sworn-in-as-nyc-mayor/ |access-date=January 1, 2026 |website=[[The City (website)|The City]]}}</ref> == Magajin garin New York (2026-yanzu) == === Inauguration === Mamdani ya fara zama magajin gari a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2026. Babban Lauyan New York Letitia James ya gudanar da rantsuwar ofis a Tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta City Hall da aka watsar bayan tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oppenheim |first=Oren |date=January 2, 2026 |title=New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani, at inauguration, vows to be a mayor for all New Yorkers, lead as democratic socialist |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/zohran-mamdanis-historic-inauguration-new-york-city-mayor/story?id=128784385 |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=ABC News}}</ref> Mamdani ya yi rantsuwa a kan [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], ya sanya shi magajin gari na farko da ya yi hakan. Ya yi amfani da kwafin littafin guda biyu, na kakansa da na Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. An gudanar da rantsar da jama'a da rana, inda Bernie Sanders ya rantsar Mamdani. Masu magana da masu wasan kwaikwayo a bikin rantsar da su sun hada da Sanders, [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], Javier Muñoz, Lucy Dacus, da Mandy Patinkin. Ayyukan farko na Mamdani a matsayin magajin gari, nan da nan bayan ya yi rantsuwa da ofishin, shine ya nada mai ba da shawara kan sufuri, malami, kuma tsohon darektan [[Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Birnin New York|Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta NYC]] na tsarawa da gudanar da aikin Mike Flynn a matsayin kwamishinan Ma'aikalin Sufuri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stark-Miller |first=Ethan |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Meet Mike Flynn, Mayor Mamdani's newly minted Transportation Department head |url=https://www.amny.com/news/mike-flynn-mayor-mamdanis-transportation-department-head/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=amNewYork}}</ref> umarnin zartarwa na farko shi ne ya soke duk umarnin zartaka wanda ya riga shi Eric Adams ya yi bayan an tuhume shi da zargin cin hanci a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=Jessica |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Israel Accuses Zohran Mamdani of Antisemitism for Reversing Orders Adams Gave Under Indictment |url=https://theintercept.com/2026/01/02/israel-zohran-mamdani-antisemitic-antisemitism/ |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anuta |first=Joe |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Mamdani defends eliminating executive orders on antisemitism, boycotting Israel |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/01/02/mamdani-defends-eliminating-executive-orders-on-antisemitism-boycotting-israel-00709472 |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=POLITICO}}</ref> === Gudanarwa === [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_Congestion_Relief_One_Year_Anniversary.jpg|thumb|Mamdani yana halartar taron a McBurney YMCA a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2026]] Mako guda bayan rantsar da shi, Mamdani da Gwamna Kathy Hochul sun ba da sanarwar wani shiri na fadada kula da yara kyauta da farashi mai arha a Birnin New York, tare da manufar samar da kula da yara na duniya kyauta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ya yi a matsayin magajin gari shine sarrafa tasirin guguwar hunturu ta Janairu 2026, wanda ya kashe mutane 14 a Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Allan |date=January 31, 2026 |title=Inside Zohran Mamdani's first big test of his mayoral term |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/zohran-mamdanis-first-big-test-mayoral-term-rcna256539 |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=NBC News}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2026, Mamdani ya sanar da kasuwar La Marqueta a unguwar East Harlem ta Manhattan a matsayin shafin farko da aka gano na shagunan sayar da kayan masarufi da aka shirya. Ya shirya kashe kusan dala miliyan 30 don gina shagon a cikin unguwar Latino. An tsara shaguna biyar, ɗaya a kowane gari. Kowane mutum zai ba da kayan masarufi a farashin 30% a ƙasa da farashin kasuwa, a matsayin tallafi daga kasafin kuɗin birni. Ana sa ran shagunan za su ci gaba da buɗewa daga 2027 zuwa 2029.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani Announces La Marqueta as First Site Identified for City's Public Grocery Stores |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/04/mayor-mamdani-announces-la-marqueta-as-first-site-identified-for |access-date=June 26, 2026 |website=NYC.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-27 |title=N.Y.C. Groceries: A Recipe for Affordability |url=https://edc.nyc/sites/default/files/2026-07/NYC-Groceries-Vision-Plan_07-27-2026.pdf |website=New York City Economic Development Corporation}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2026, Mamdani da Gwamna Kathy Hochul sun ba da sanarwar haraji, suna biyan haraji na gidaje na biyu na masu mallakar da ke zaune a waje da Birnin New York don gidaje masu iyali guda ɗaya da suka kai sama da dala miliyan 5 ko gidaje sama da dala dala miliyan 1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani, Governor Hochul Announce State's First Pied-à-Terre Tax, Requiring Ultrawealthy and Global Elites to Pay Their Fair Share |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/04/mayor-mamdani--governor-hochul-announce-state-s-first-pied-a-ter |website=NYC.gov}}</ref> Shirin ya wuce Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, Mamdani ya ba da sanarwar shirinsa na gidaje "Block by Block", don gina sabbin gidaje masu araha 200,000 a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, adana wasu 200,000, da faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen gidaje masu arha na birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani Releases "Block by Block: The Housing Plan for A New Era" |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/05/mayor-mamdani-releases--block-by-block--the-housing-plan-for-a-n |website=NYC.gov}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Birnin New York ta amince da shawarar Mamdani na daskare haya na gidajen haya, wanda ya kai kashi 40% na gidajen Birnin Nework, na tsawon shekaru biyu. Kafin kuri'ar, memba na kwamitin Christina Smyth, wanda ke wakiltar masu gida a matsayin lauya, ya yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar. A watan Yulin 2026, Mamdani ya ce ba zai yarda da karuwar albashi ba idan Majalisar Birnin New York ta yanke shawarar kara albashin dukkan zaɓaɓɓun jami'an birni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuza |first=Bobby |date=July 7, 2026 |title=City Council poised to approve big pay raises |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2026/07/07/city-council-poised-to-approve-big-pay-raises |access-date=July 8, 2026 |website=NY1}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, gwamnatinsa ta gabatar da dokar hana kudaden shara, wanda ya sa Birnin New York ya zama birni na farko a Amurka da ya yi hakan. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2026, don tunawa da shekaru 25 na hare-haren 11 ga Satumba. Mamdani ta kaddamar da tashar jama'a da ke dauke da kusan shafuka 170,000 na bayanai game da hare-harin. Takardun sun nuna cewa shugabannin Birnin New York a lokacin sun san cewa ingancin iska ba shi da aminci a yankin fallout, yayin da suke gaya wa jama'a in ba haka ba. A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2026, a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Benjamin Netanyahu ya ba da jawabi ga Mamdani. A cikin jawabinsa, Netanyahu ya ce: "Ga duk waɗanda ke yada ƙarya game da ƙasarmu, ko suna zaune a cikin wannan zauren ko a ofishin magajin garin New York mai adawa da Yahudawa, ina cewa wannan: kunya a gare ku".Ya kuma ce: "Mista Mamdani, kun yi ƙoƙari ku hana ni zuwa nan. Kun yi ƙoƙari ku yi min shiru. To, ba za ku iya yin min shiru ba. " A cikin wannan jawabin, Netanyahu ya musanta cewa Isra'ila ta aikata kisan kare dangi a Gaza. Mamdani a baya ya ce zai matsawa don kama Firayim Ministan Isra'ila yayin ziyarar da ya kai birnin. Da yake mayar da martani ga maganganun Netanyahu, Mamdani ya kira zarge-zargen da aka yi masa "ƙaryaci mara tushe" wanda aka yi niyya don "tsarkake kisan kare dangi na Palasdinawa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Benjamin Netanyahu attacks Israel’s enemies and allies in UN speech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/9/24/benjamin-netanyahu-attacks-israels-enemies-and-allies-in-un-speech |access-date=2026-09-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Satumba, Mamdani ya fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya tsara dabarun yaki da adawa da Yahudawa a Birnin New York, a wani bangare ta hanyar amfani da miliyoyin daloli da aka riga aka yi alkawarin yaki da laifukan ƙiyayya. Rahoton ya kuma yi alkawarin tallafawa shirye-shiryen da ke murna da al'adun Yahudawa da fadada shirye-shirye na ilimin Holocaust a makarantun birnin. Wasu jami'an da aka zaba a Birnin New York, da kuma wasu kungiyoyin Yahudawa, sun soki rahoton shafi 35 saboda rashin bayyana adawa da Yahudawa ko tattauna duk wata alaƙa tsakanin adawa da Zionism da adawa da antisemitism. Yayinda yake yabon dabarun don kara kudade na tsaro da fadada wasu shirye-shirye, kungiyoyin Yahudawa da yawa, gami da UJA-Federation na New York, a cikin wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa sun ce shirin "ya kasa magance batun da magajin gari da kansa ya ci gaba: maganganun da ke lalata da kuma hana Isra'ila ba za a iya gujewa ba da kai ga yin niyya ga Yahudawa na New York" === Yunkurin fashewar bam na Gracie Mansion === A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, an jefa Na'urar fashewa ta gida a cikin taron zanga-zangar adawa da Islama da aka shirya ta hanyar mai fafutuka mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma Janairu 6 na Amurka Capitol mai kai hari Jake Lang a waje da Gracie Mansion, gidan Mamdani a matsayin Magajin Birnin New York. 'Yan sanda sun binciki harin a matsayin "aikin ta'addanci da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIS]]". An kama mutane biyu, Emir Balat da Ibrahim Kayumi, kuma Lauyan Amurka na Kudancin Gundumar New York ya kawo musu tuhumar tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrell |first=Jason K. |last2=Judd |first2=Alan |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Pair charged with ISIS-inspired attempted bombing outside NYC mayor's home |url=https://san.com/cc/explosive-device-thrown-near-mamdanis-home-was-real-ied-police/ |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=Straight Arrow News}}</ref> Mamdani ya yi Allah wadai da zanga-zangar, yana kiranta "mai ban tsoro" da kuma nuna tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulmi wanda ya samo asali ne daga wariyar launin fata. Ya kara da cewa "dama ga zanga-zangar zaman lafiya mai tsarki ne" kuma "ba wai kawai na waɗanda muka yarda da su ba", yana kiran yunkurin fashewar bam din "mai banƙyama".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pazmino |first=Gloria |last2=Koretski |first2=Katherine |date=March 11, 2026 |title=Mamdani walks fine line between his identity and politics in wake of attempted ISIS-inspired attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/10/politics/mamdani-gracie-mansion-response-balancing-act |access-date=4 July 2026 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Rukuni:Shugabannin New York]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] me6mo6p6f2ha8vs603jwfs3nyfnipgw 961918 961917 2026-10-02T16:08:20Z Baffa ali 47435 961918 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zohran Kwame Mamdani''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki tun daga 2026 a matsayin magajin gari na 112 na Birnin New York .{{Efn|{{Zohran pronunciation note}}|name=Pronounce}} Wani memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat da Jam'iyyar Democratic Socialists of America, ya wakilci gundumar 36 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York daga 2021 zuwa 2025. Mamdani shine [[Musulmi]] na farko na Birnin New York kuma magajin gari na Asiya na farko. An haife shi a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ga iyaye na asalin Indiya, Mamdani ya koma [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] yana da shekaru bakwai kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Bowdoin a shekarar 2014 tare da digiri na farko a karatun Afirka. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gidaje da rapper, kuma ya shiga siyasar Birnin New York a matsayin manajan kamfen na Khader El-Yateem da Ross Barkan . An fara zabarsa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a shekarar 2020, inda ya kayar da Aravella Simotas mai mulki na tsawon shekaru biyar a zaben fidda gwani na Democrat. Da yake wakiltar [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]] da Long Island City, an sake zabarsa ba tare da adawa ba a 2022 da 2024. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, Mamdani ya sanar da takarar magajin gari na Birnin New York a zaben magajin gari ya shekara ta 2025. Wani dan gurguzu na dimokuradiyya, Mamdani ya yi kamfen a kan wani dandamali mai ci gaba, mai da hankali kan farashi, tallafawa bas din birni kyauta, kula da yara na duniya, shagunan sayar da kayan masarufi na birni, dakatar da haya a kan sassan haya, ƙarin Gidaje masu araha, da kuma mafi ƙarancin albashi na $ 30 nan da 2030. Ya kuma nuna goyon baya ga Hakkin LGBTQ, cikakken gyare-gyare na tsaro na jama'a, da karuwar haraji a kan kamfanoni da waɗanda ke samun sama da dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a watan Yunin 2025, inda ya doke tsohon gwamna Andrew Cuomo a cikin fushi, kuma an zabe shi magajin gari a babban zaben Nuwamba. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Zohran Kwame Mamdani a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991, a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ɗa kaɗai ne na masanin ilimin mulkin mallaka [[Mahmood Mamdani.|Mahmood Mamdani]] da mai shirya fina-finai Mira Nair . <ref name="Kitunzi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Kitunzi |first=Yahudu |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609023734/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya ba shi suna na tsakiya, Kwame, don girmama [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban farko na Ghana.<ref name="Jung-2025">{{Cite web |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Crashes the Party |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520095713/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |archive-date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[New York (magazine)#Intelligencer|Intelligencer]]}}</ref><ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Monah |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Ugandan-Born Zohran Mamdani Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York City |url=https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=Little Africa News}}</ref> Iyayensa biyu sun fito ne daga asalin Indiya. Mahaifinsa Musulmi ne na Gujarati wanda aka haife shi a [[Mumbai]] kuma ya girma a Uganda.<ref name="Chen-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Kuan-Hsing |last2=Gao |first2=Shiming |last3=Tang |first3=Xiaolin |year=2016 |title=The formation of an African intellectual: an interview with Mahmood Mamdani |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=456–480 |doi=10.1080/14649373.2016.1218676}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa Hindu ce ta Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dupont |first=Joan |date=September 21, 2001 |title=Mira Nair Peels Back Layers of Punjabi Society |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011201204013/http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2001 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[International Herald Tribune]] |quote=Nair, who dedicates "Monsoon Wedding," to her Punjabi family in New Delhi, was educated at Harvard, and has made her home in Kampala, Uganda, and New York.}}</ref> An haifi kakanninsa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta yanzu, kuma dangin mahaifinsa sun kasance wani ɓangare na Indiyawan da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Chen-2016" /> Iyalin Mamdani na cikin al'ummar Khoja Twelver ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Iqbal |date=2025-07-14 |title=Zohran Mamdani's last name reflects centuries of intercontinental trade, migration and cultural exchange |url=https://theconversation.com/zohran-mamdanis-last-name-reflects-centuries-of-intercontinental-trade-migration-and-cultural-exchange-259967 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> Mamdani ya zauna a Kampala har zuwa shekara biyar, lokacin da iyalinsa suka koma [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="Kitunzi-2025" /> bayan an nada mahaifinsa shugaban Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]]. Ya halarci makarantar St. George's Grammar School a Mowbray daga 1996 zuwa 1998, a farkon shekarun Bayan wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Davids-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Meet New York City's likely next mayor — with a South African connection |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626155024/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> Daga baya ya ce kwarewar rayuwa a Cape Town "ta koya mini abin da rashin daidaito yake kusa ... [kuma] cewa adalci dole ne ya zama fiye da ra'ayi; dole ne ya kasance abin duniya".[and]{{Spaces}} Iyalin sun koma Amurka kuma sun zauna a Birnin New York lokacin da Mamdani ke da shekaru bakwai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Regan |first=Victoria |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Former SA schoolboy Zohran Mamdani becomes New York City's first millennial mayor in 'historic' elections |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-05-former-sa-schoolboy-zohran-mamdani-becomes-new-york-citys-first-millennial-mayor-in-historic-elections/ |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> kuma an haife shi a unguwar Manhattan ta Morningside Heights. Ya kira renonsa "mai daraja", yana cewa, "Ban taɓa son wani abu ba, kuma duk da haka na san cewa ba gaskiya ba ne ga yawancin New Yorkers. "Yayinda yake yaro, sau da yawa yana nan a cikin fina-finai na mahaifiyarsa, inda 'yan fim suka kira shi "Z", "Zoru", "Fadoose", da kuma "Nonstop Mamdani". === Ilimi === Mamdani ya halarci Makarantar Bank Street don Yara a kan Upper West Side na Manhattan, inda ya samu nasarar gudu a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a zaben makarantu na tsakiya, yana karɓar dandalin "mallakni, manufofin adawa da yaki waɗanda suka ba da shawarar kashe kuɗi a kan ilimi maimakon soja". A shekara ta 2003, ya koma Kampala na shekara guda kuma ya halarci makaranta a lokacin hutun mahaifinsa a can; kakanninsa da kawunsa har yanzu suna zaune a can kuma suna taimakawa wajen kula da shi yayin da mahaifinsa ke aiki a kan littafin Good Muslim, Bad Muslim. <ref name="Chen-2016" /> A shekara ta 2010, Mamdani ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandaren kimiyya ta Bronx a Kingsbridge Heights, Bronx, <ref name="Saltonstall-2025">{{Cite web |last=Saltonstall |first=Gus |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Before Zohran Mamdani Made Waves in NYC's Mayoral Race, He Was A Kid Growing Up On the UWS |url=https://www.westsiderag.com/2025/03/26/before-zohran-mamdani-made-waves-in-nycs-mayoral-race-he-was-a-kid-growing-up-on-the-uws |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326195655/https://www.westsiderag.com/2025/03/26/before-zohran-mamdani-made-waves-in-nycs-mayoral-race-he-was-a-kid-growing-up-on-the-uws |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 29, 2025 |website=West Side Rag}}</ref> inda ya kafa kungiyar [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] ta farko ta makarantar kuma bai yi nasara ba a takarar mataimakin shugaban ɗalibai. Ya kuma buga kwallon kafa tare da West Side Soccer League . <ref name="Saltonstall-2025" /> Mamdani ya halarci Kwalejin Bowdoin a Brunswick, Maine, inda ya kafa reshen makarantar na Dalibai don Adalci a Falasdinu . <ref name="Sorkin-2019">{{Cite web |last=Sorkin |first=Emma |date=November 1, 2019 |title=Taking a stand: alumni run for office, with Bowdoin in mind |url=https://bowdoinorient.com/2019/11/01/taking-a-stand-alumni-run-for-office-with-bowdoin-in-mind/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163043/https://bowdoinorient.com/2019/11/01/taking-a-stand-alumni-run-for-office-with-bowdoin-in-mind/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[The Bowdoin Orient]]}}</ref> Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga jaridar harabar The Bowdoin Orient, yana rufe siyasa, al'adu, da wasanni a cikin ginshiƙansa, "Kwame's Kolumnalu" da "Talk of the Quad".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zohran Mamdani |url=https://bowdoinorient.com/bonus/author/653/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708181455/https://bowdoinorient.com/bonus/author/653/ |archive-date=July 8, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[The Bowdoin Orient]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, ya hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Bangor Daily News yana roƙon Bowdoin ya shiga kauracewa ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Amurka ta Isra'ila kuma yana sukar shugaban kwalejin, Barry Mills . Mamdani ta kammala karatu daga Bowdoin a shekarar 2014 tare da digiri na farko a karatun Afirka. <ref name="Sorkin-2019" /> == Farkon aiki == === 2015-2019: Hip-hop da rap === [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_on_TMTv-SA.jpg|left|thumb|191x191px|Mamdani a farkon shekara ta 2016 na Sarauniya ta Katwe''Sarauniyar Katwe'']] Mamdani mai sha'awar hip-hop ne kuma ya kirkiro, ya yi, kuma ya samar da kiɗa na rap.<ref name="Green-2025">{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Walden |date=June 5, 2025 |title=5 Songs That Define Zohran Mamdani's Campaign for New York Mayor |url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/5-songs-that-define-zohran-mamdani-campaign-for-new-york-mayor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/5-songs-that-define-zohran-mamdani-campaign-for-new-york-mayor/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |ref=site}}</ref> A karkashin sunan Young Cardamom, ya yi aiki tare da abokinsa mafi kyau, rapper na Uganda HAB (Abdul Bar Hussein), wanda asalinsa ya kasance a [[Sudan ta Kudu]], <ref name="rap2015">{{Cite web |last=Mamdani |first=Zohran Kwame |author-link=Zohran Mamdani |date=October 27, 2015 |title=You Want Another Rap |url=https://www.africasacountry.com/2015/10/you-want-another-rap-uganda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717192103/https://www.africasacountry.com/2015/10/you-want-another-rap-uganda |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=Africa Is a Country}}</ref> a matsayin Young Cardamamom & HAB . Waƙoƙinsu na farko, "Kanda [Chap Chap]", game da [[chapati]] ne, Gurasar Indiya.<ref name="Onmanorama2025">{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Meet New York's new mayor who once rapped about chapati |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2025/11/05/zohran-mamdani-young-cardamom-chapati-song.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117024411/https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2025/11/05/zohran-mamdani-young-cardamom-chapati-song.html |archive-date=November 17, 2025 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |publisher=Onmanorama |quote=Performing under the stage name Young Cardamom, Mamdani rapped about food, identity, and belonging, often using Indian staples as cultural shorthand.}}</ref> Sun yi waƙoƙi daga 2016 EP ''Sidda Mukyaalo'' ("Ba za su koma ƙauyen") a bikin Nyege Nyege . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2016 |title=Young Cardamom & HAB, The Outsider Hip-Hop Duo Shedding Light On Uganda's Social Issues |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/young-cardamom-hab-uganda-ep-sidda-mukyaalo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616163307/https://www.okayafrica.com/young-cardamom-hab-uganda-ep-sidda-mukyaalo/ |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=OkayAfrica}}</ref><ref name="Waswa-2025">{{Cite web |last=Waswa |first=Samson |date=June 26, 2025 |title=When New York Mayor-to-be Zohran Mamdani performed at Nyege-Nyege |url=https://www.pulse.ug/articles/entertainment/when-new-york-mayor-to-be-zohran-mamdani-performed-at-nyege-nyege-2025062607375478574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626183213/https://www.pulse.ug/articles/entertainment/when-new-york-mayor-to-be-zohran-mamdani-performed-at-nyege-nyege-2025062607375478574 |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=July 28, 2025 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> Ma'aurata sun yi rap a cikin harsuna ciki har da [[Harshen Nubi|Nubi]], LUganda, [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], da Ingilishi, a wani bangare don ƙirƙirar salon rap na musamman na Uganda maimakon yin koyi da rap na Amurka, kuma a wani bangere don isar da cewa mazaunan Uganda da ke da tushe a wasu ƙasashe duk Uganda ne. An zaɓi chapati a matsayin alama saboda ya samo asali ne daga [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] amma ya zama abin da ake amfani da shi a Uganda.<ref name="rap2015" /> A cikin kiɗan su, sun magance batutuwan zamantakewa a Uganda, kamar cin hanci da rashawa da "dangantaka da launin ruwan kasa", da kuma [[Mulkin mallaka na Afirka|mulkin mallaka]]. An zabi Young Cardamom & HAB don "Rookie of the Year" a gasar cin kofin Hip Hop ta Uganda (UG). <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2016 |title=Uganda Hip Hop Awards '16 Nominees Full List out |url=https://www.nuveylive.org/uganda-hip-hop-awards-2016-nominees-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913134706/https://www.nuveylive.org/uganda-hip-hop-awards-2016-nominees-list/ |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=NUVEYLIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2016 |title=Including The Gospel Fraternity Winners, Full List Of Ug Hip Hop Awards 2016 Winners. |url=https://uggospellife.wordpress.com/2016/12/16/including-the-gospel-fraternity-winners-full-list-of-ug-hip-hop-awards-2016-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110065213/https://uggospellife.wordpress.com/2016/12/16/including-the-gospel-fraternity-winners-full-list-of-ug-hip-hop-awards-2016-winners/ |archive-date=November 10, 2025 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=Ug Gospel Life}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Mamdani ya fitar da waƙar "Salaam" a ƙarƙashin sunan Zohran Kwame . A cikin waƙar, Mamdani ya nuna goyon baya ga Ƙasar Mai Tsarki Biyar, mutane biyar da ke da alaƙa da aikin agaji na Gidauniyar Ƙasar Mai Tsarki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feuer |first=Hannah |date=July 2, 2025 |title=What Zohran Mamdani has actually said about Jews, Israel and antisemitism |url=https://forward.com/news/733657/zohran-mamdani-gaza-israel-jews-antisemitism/ |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=The Forward}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Putterman |first=Samantha |last2=PolitiFact |first2=Maria Ramirez Uribe {{!}} |title=Republicans push to strip Zohran Mamdani of US citizenship. Is it possible? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/9/republicans-push-to-strip-zohran-mamdani-of-us-citizenship-is-it-possible |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, a karkashin sunan Mr. Cardamom, ya saki wakar "Nani", girmamawa ga kakarsa. Actress kuma marubucin abinci Madhur Jaffrey ya nuna kakarsa Mamdani a cikin bidiyon, wanda ke ba da haraji ga Jaffrey da Al'adun Kudancin Asiya na New York. <ref name="rayner2019" /> === 2015-2019: Kasancewa cikin siyasa === Mamdani ya shiga siyasar Birnin New York a matsayin mai sa kai ga yakin neman zabe na Ali Najmi a Zaben na musamman na 2015 na gundumar 23 na Majalisar Birnin. <ref name="Jung-2025" /> Mamdani ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don shiga yakin Najmi bayan ya san cewa Heems ne ya goyi bayansa, wani rapper na New York na zuriyar Indiya kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar hip-hop Das Racist.<ref name="Green-2025" /> Musamman, Mamdani ya danganta sa hannu a cikin siyasar gida ga wani labarin The Village Voice na 2015 game da Najmi da Heems, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin daya daga cikin rappers da ya fi so. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Jackson |date=July 20, 2015 |title=Meet Ali Najmi, the Man Heems Is Trying to Get Elected to City Council |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/meet-ali-najmi-the-man-heems-is-trying-to-get-elected-to-city-council/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605163133/https://www.villagevoice.com/meet-ali-najmi-the-man-heems-is-trying-to-get-elected-to-city-council/ |archive-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[The Village Voice]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Mamdani ya shiga reshen New York City na Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) kuma ya yi aiki don kamfen ɗin dan takarar Majalisar Birnin New York Khader El-Yateem, Minista Lutheran na Palasdinawa kuma mai mulkin demokraɗiyya daga Bay Ridge, Brooklyn . <ref name="Jung-2025" /> Wani bangare na dalilin da ya sa Mamdani ya shiga DSA shine matsayinsa na goyon bayan Palasdinawa, wanda ya dace da aikinsa na baya. Mamdani ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kamfen na Ross Barkan na shekarar 2018 wanda bai yi nasara ba don Majalisar Dattijan Jihar New York kuma ya kasance mai shirya filin ga ɗan'uwan dimokuradiyya mai zaman kansa [[Tiffany Cabán]] amma kuma bai yi nasara a kamfen na 2019 ga Lauyan gundumar Queens County ba.<ref name="Jung-2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barkan |first=Ross |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Life with Zohran |url=https://rosselliotbarkan.com/p/life-with-zohran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620233757/https://rosselliotbarkan.com/p/life-with-zohran |archive-date=June 20, 2025 |website=[[Substack]]}}</ref> == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York (2020-2025) == [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_at_the_Resist_Fascism_Rally_in_Bryant_Park_on_Oct_27th_2024.jpg|thumb|Mamdani a taron Resist Fascism a Bryant Park, 27 ga Oktoba, 2024]] A watan Oktoba na 2019, Mamdani ya sanar da kamfen dinsa na wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta 36, wanda ya hada da Astoria da Long Island City a Queens.<ref name="Kaufman-2020">{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Maya |date=June 9, 2020 |title=NYC Primary Election 2020: Zohran Mamdani Vies For Simotas' Seat |url=https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/nyc-primary-election-2020-zohran-mamdani-vies-simotas-seat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/nyc-primary-election-2020-zohran-mamdani-vies-simotas-seat |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=Astoria-Long Island City, NY Patch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wynn |first=Jasmine |date=February 13, 2024 |title='The People's Republic of Astoria' – A Delve Into America's Premier Socialist Stronghold. |url=https://harvardpolitics.com/the-peoples-republic-of-astoria-a-delve-into-americas-premier-socialist-stronghold/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://harvardpolitics.com/the-peoples-republic-of-astoria-a-delve-into-americas-premier-socialist-stronghold/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=Harvard Political Review}}</ref> DSA ta amince da shi, <ref name="Kaufman-2020" /> yana gudana a kan dandalin sake fasalin gidaje, 'yan sanda da sake fasalin kurkuku, da kuma mallakar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pretsky |first=Holly |last2=Coltin |first2=Jeff |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Another big night for the DSA |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/politics/campaigns-elections/another-big-night-dsa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032829/https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/politics/campaigns-elections/another-big-night-dsa.html |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[City & State]]}}</ref> Nasarar farko ta Mamdani a watan Yunin 2020 a kan dan takarar Democrat mai mulki Aravella Simotas ya dauki kusan wata daya don kiran, kuma ya lashe babban zaben ba tare da wani adawa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jamhuriyar Republican]] ba a watan Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Maya |date=July 22, 2020 |title=Zohran Mamdani Unseats Aravella Simotas In Astoria Assembly Race |url=https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/zohran-mamdani-unseats-aravella-simotas-astoria-assembly-race |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/zohran-mamdani-unseats-aravella-simotas-astoria-assembly-race |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=Astoria-Long Island City, NY Patch}}</ref> An sake zabar Mamdani ba tare da adawa ba a 2022 da 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2022 |title=2022 New York State Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.courierpress.com/elections/results/2022-11-08/state/new-york/lower/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530035422/https://www.courierpress.com/elections/results/2022-11-08/state/new-york/lower/ |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=November 4, 2025 |website=[[Courier & Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaye |first=Jacob |last2=Schwach |first2=Ryan |last3=Powelson |first3=Noah |date=November 5, 2024 |title=Queens Dem incumbents sweep |url=https://queenseagle.com/all/2024/11/5/queens-dem-incumbents-appear-headed-for-victory-though-one-race-remains-tight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://queenseagle.com/all/2024/11/5/queens-dem-incumbents-appear-headed-for-victory-though-one-race-remains-tight |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[Queens Daily Eagle]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025, Mamdani ya kasance memba na kwamitocin Majalisar guda tara: Kwamitin kan Tsuga; Kwamitin kan Birane; Kwamitin Kan Dokar Zabe; Kwamitin akan Makamashi; Kwamitin Harajin Gida; Black, Puerto Rican, Hispanic & Asian Legislative Caucus; Puerto Rican / Hispanic Task Force; Asian Pacific American Task Force; da Task Force on New Americans. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zohran K. Mamdani – Committee Membership |url=https://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/comm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/comm/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=January 18, 2025 |website=assembly.state.ny.us}}</ref> == 2025 Zaben magajin gari na Birnin New York == === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2025 === [[File:20250926New_York,_Estados_Unidos-_Reunión_bilateral_con_el_candidato_a_la_Alcaldía_de_Nueva_York,_Zohran_Mamdani_-_Juan_Cano09326.jpg|thumb|Mamdani tare da Shugaban Colombia Gustavo Petro a Birnin New York, Satumba 26, 2025]] A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, Mamdani ya sanar da takararsa a matsayin magajin gari na Birnin New York. Dandalinsa ya haɗa da tallafi ga bas din birni kyauta da kuma dakatar da haya a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu. Mamdani kuma yana son gwamnatin birni ta gudanar da shagunan kayan masarufi guda biyar - daya a kowane gari - don saukar da farashin kayan masaruxi. Dandalinsa ya haɗa da tallafi ga kula da yara na duniya da kuma gina sabbin gidaje masu araha 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mellins |first=Sam |last2=Rock |first2=Julia |last3=Kinniburgh |first3=Colin |date=June 26, 2025 |title=Can Zohran Mamdani's Agenda Survive Albany? |url=https://nysfocus.com/2025/06/26/zohran-mamdani-albany-taxes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627014522/https://nysfocus.com/2025/06/26/zohran-mamdani-albany-taxes |archive-date=June 27, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=New York Focus}}</ref> Ya kuma goyi bayan sake fasalin tsaro na jama'a da mafi ƙarancin albashi na $ 30 a shekarar 2030. Dandalinsa ya yi kira ga karuwar haraji a kan kamfanoni da kuma wadanda ke samun sama da dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Ga mafi yawan yakin neman zabe, Mamdani ya bi tsohon gwamnan New York Andrew Cuomo a zaben. Shi da Cuomo sun tara irin wannan kudi, amma masu ba da gudummawa sun fi na Cuomo girma. Wani zabe da aka gudanar jim kadan kafin Zaben fidda gwani na 24 ga Yuni, 2025, ya nuna cewa Mamdani ya kama Cuomo. Sakamakon zabi na farko a daren zabe ya nuna Mamdani yana da babban jagoranci a kan Cuomo, wanda ya yarda da tseren a wannan maraice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robbins |first=Willa Pope |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Takes Large Lead Over Andrew Cuomo in Shocking NYC Mayoral Race Upset |url=https://www.mediaite.com/politics/zohran-mamdani-takes-large-lead-over-andrew-cuomo-in-shocking-nyc-mayoral-race-upset/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625023543/https://www.mediaite.com/politics/zohran-mamdani-takes-large-lead-over-andrew-cuomo-in-shocking-nyc-mayoral-race-upset/ |archive-date=June 25, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[Mediaite]]}}</ref> An kara yawan kuri'un da ya samu ta hanyar jefa kuri'a, musamman saboda shi da dan takarar da aka fi so na uku Brad Lander sun amince da juna ta hanyar neman masu jefa kuri'ar su sanya ɗayan dan takarar na biyu. Mamdani da Michael Blake suma sun amince da juna bayan 'yan kwanaki. A ranar 16 ga Yuni, kwamitin edita na New York Times ya shawarci masu jefa kuri'a da kada su sanya Mamdani yayin da suke sukar Cuomo. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, bayan da Hukumar Zabe ta Birnin New York ta fitar da jerin kuri'un da ta zaba, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya sanar da cewa Mamdani ya lashe zaben fidda gwani. An dauke shi babban damuwa. Kamfen din Mamdani ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai saboda amfani da waƙoƙin [[Bollywood]] da nassoshin al'adu, wanda ke da niyyar shiga matasa da masu jefa kuri'a. A lokacin zaben fidda gwani, 'yan New York sun goyi bayan yakin neman zabe na Mamdani don Lower Costs super PAC, wanda ya kashe kusan dala miliyan 1.3 don tallafa masa da adawa da Cuomo kafin zaben fidda gashin gashin gashi kuma ya tara ƙarin dala miliyan 1 bayan haka. Babban PAC ya sami gudummawar $ 100,000 daga Asusun Unity and Justice a watan Mayu da Yuni 2025. Cuomo ya zargi Mamdani da karɓar "dirty money", yana mai cewa Asusun Unity and Justice yana da alaƙa da Majalisar kan Dangantakar Amurka da Islama. Bayan Mamdani ya lashe zaben fidda gwani, zargi da hare-hare a kansa sun yi amfani da wariyar launin fata, xenophobic, da Islamophobic, musamman nassoshi game da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]] da ta'addanci. Wadannan zargi da hare-hare sun fito ne daga ko'ina cikin bangarorin siyasa, kuma sun haifar da damuwa da muhawara game da Islamophobia a cikin manyan siyasar Amurka.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=Eltantawi |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani and Strategic Islamophobia |url=https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/mamdani-strategic-islamophobia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905123215/https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/mamdani-strategic-islamophobia/ |archive-date=September 5, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Contending Modernities |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame]]}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |last=Bazian |first=Hatem |date=July 22, 2025 |title=Islamophobia, and the New-York Mayoral Race |url=https://criticalmuslimstudies.co.uk/islamophobia-and-the-new-york-mayoral-race/ |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Critical Muslim Studies}}</ref><ref name="Fayyad Vox">{{Cite web |last=Fayyad |first=Abdallah |date=July 7, 2025 |title=The astonishing racism in NYC's mayoral race |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/419040/zohran-mamdani-racism-islamophobia-nyc-mayoral-race |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707204146/https://www.vox.com/politics/419040/zohran-mamdani-racism-islamophobia-nyc-mayoral-race |archive-date=July 7, 2025 |access-date=October 23, 2025 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> Nasarar kamfen din Mamdani an danganta shi ne a wani bangare ga yadda yake amfani da kafofin sada zumunta don isa ga masu jefa kuri'a, musamman matasa masu jefa kuriʼa. === Zababben magajin gari da canji === [[File:Trump_and_Mamdani_meeting_3.jpg|thumb|Taron Mamdani da shugaban kasar [[Donald Trump]] a [[White House|Fadar White House]], Nuwamba 21, 2025]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2025, washegari bayan zaben, Mamdani ya sanar da mambobin farko na ƙungiyar sauya magajin gari, tare da Elana Leopold a matsayin babban darakta, da kuma co-shugabanni Maria Torres-Springer, tsohon mataimakin magajin gari na farko; Lina Khan, tsohon shugaban Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya; da kuma shugabannin da ba su da riba Melanie Hartzog da Grace Bonilla. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, ya sanar da zabar tsohon mataimakin magajin gari na farko Dean Fuleihan a matsayin mataimakinsa na farko, da kuma tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan Majalisar da kuma manajan yakin neman zabe Elle Bisgaard-Church a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata. Ya fuskanci zargi don zabar Catherine Almonte Da Costa a matsayin darektan nadin bayan maganganun da suka gabata game da shi sun sake fitowa; Da Costa ta yi murabus kwana daya bayan nadin ta. Mamdani ta sadu da Shugaba Trump a [[White House|Fadar White House]] a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba. Wani mai magana da yawun ya ce tattaunawar za ta mayar da hankali kan tsaron jama'a, tsaron tattalin arziki, da araha. Bayan taron, Trump ya yaba wa Mamdani kuma ya ce sun "sun yarda da yawa fiye da yadda zan yi tunani", bayan watanni na sukar juna. Ana sa ran magajin gari na Mamdani zai zama na 111 na birnin, amma wani bita na Disamba 2025 na tarihin birni ya tabbatar da cewa ƙididdigar magajin gari ya bar magajin gari nke biyu na Matthias Nicoll, kuma Mamdani za ta zama magajin gari ta 112. <ref name="HonanCity">{{Cite web |last=Honan |first=Katie |date=January 1, 2026 |title=Mamdani Takes the Helm as City's New Mayor |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/2026/01/01/mamdani-sworn-in-as-nyc-mayor/ |access-date=January 1, 2026 |website=[[The City (website)|The City]]}}</ref> == Magajin garin New York (2026-yanzu) == === Inauguration === Mamdani ya fara zama magajin gari a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2026. Babban Lauyan New York Letitia James ya gudanar da rantsuwar ofis a Tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta City Hall da aka watsar bayan tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oppenheim |first=Oren |date=January 2, 2026 |title=New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani, at inauguration, vows to be a mayor for all New Yorkers, lead as democratic socialist |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/zohran-mamdanis-historic-inauguration-new-york-city-mayor/story?id=128784385 |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=ABC News}}</ref> Mamdani ya yi rantsuwa a kan [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], ya sanya shi magajin gari na farko da ya yi hakan. Ya yi amfani da kwafin littafin guda biyu, na kakansa da na Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. An gudanar da rantsar da jama'a da rana, inda Bernie Sanders ya rantsar Mamdani. Masu magana da masu wasan kwaikwayo a bikin rantsar da su sun hada da Sanders, [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], Javier Muñoz, Lucy Dacus, da Mandy Patinkin. Ayyukan farko na Mamdani a matsayin magajin gari, nan da nan bayan ya yi rantsuwa da ofishin, shine ya nada mai ba da shawara kan sufuri, malami, kuma tsohon darektan [[Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Birnin New York|Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta NYC]] na tsarawa da gudanar da aikin Mike Flynn a matsayin kwamishinan Ma'aikalin Sufuri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stark-Miller |first=Ethan |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Meet Mike Flynn, Mayor Mamdani's newly minted Transportation Department head |url=https://www.amny.com/news/mike-flynn-mayor-mamdanis-transportation-department-head/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=amNewYork}}</ref> umarnin zartarwa na farko shi ne ya soke duk umarnin zartaka wanda ya riga shi Eric Adams ya yi bayan an tuhume shi da zargin cin hanci a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=Jessica |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Israel Accuses Zohran Mamdani of Antisemitism for Reversing Orders Adams Gave Under Indictment |url=https://theintercept.com/2026/01/02/israel-zohran-mamdani-antisemitic-antisemitism/ |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anuta |first=Joe |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Mamdani defends eliminating executive orders on antisemitism, boycotting Israel |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/01/02/mamdani-defends-eliminating-executive-orders-on-antisemitism-boycotting-israel-00709472 |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=POLITICO}}</ref> === Gudanarwa === [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_Congestion_Relief_One_Year_Anniversary.jpg|thumb|Mamdani yana halartar taron a McBurney YMCA a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2026]] Mako guda bayan rantsar da shi, Mamdani da Gwamna Kathy Hochul sun ba da sanarwar wani shiri na fadada kula da yara kyauta da farashi mai arha a Birnin New York, tare da manufar samar da kula da yara na duniya kyauta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ya yi a matsayin magajin gari shine sarrafa tasirin guguwar hunturu ta Janairu 2026, wanda ya kashe mutane 14 a Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Allan |date=January 31, 2026 |title=Inside Zohran Mamdani's first big test of his mayoral term |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/zohran-mamdanis-first-big-test-mayoral-term-rcna256539 |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=NBC News}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2026, Mamdani ya sanar da kasuwar La Marqueta a unguwar East Harlem ta Manhattan a matsayin shafin farko da aka gano na shagunan sayar da kayan masarufi da aka shirya. Ya shirya kashe kusan dala miliyan 30 don gina shagon a cikin unguwar Latino. An tsara shaguna biyar, ɗaya a kowane gari. Kowane mutum zai ba da kayan masarufi a farashin 30% a ƙasa da farashin kasuwa, a matsayin tallafi daga kasafin kuɗin birni. Ana sa ran shagunan za su ci gaba da buɗewa daga 2027 zuwa 2029.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani Announces La Marqueta as First Site Identified for City's Public Grocery Stores |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/04/mayor-mamdani-announces-la-marqueta-as-first-site-identified-for |access-date=June 26, 2026 |website=NYC.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-27 |title=N.Y.C. Groceries: A Recipe for Affordability |url=https://edc.nyc/sites/default/files/2026-07/NYC-Groceries-Vision-Plan_07-27-2026.pdf |website=New York City Economic Development Corporation}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2026, Mamdani da Gwamna Kathy Hochul sun ba da sanarwar haraji, suna biyan haraji na gidaje na biyu na masu mallakar da ke zaune a waje da Birnin New York don gidaje masu iyali guda ɗaya da suka kai sama da dala miliyan 5 ko gidaje sama da dala dala miliyan 1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani, Governor Hochul Announce State's First Pied-à-Terre Tax, Requiring Ultrawealthy and Global Elites to Pay Their Fair Share |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/04/mayor-mamdani--governor-hochul-announce-state-s-first-pied-a-ter |website=NYC.gov}}</ref> Shirin ya wuce Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, Mamdani ya ba da sanarwar shirinsa na gidaje "Block by Block", don gina sabbin gidaje masu araha 200,000 a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, adana wasu 200,000, da faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen gidaje masu arha na birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani Releases "Block by Block: The Housing Plan for A New Era" |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/05/mayor-mamdani-releases--block-by-block--the-housing-plan-for-a-n |website=NYC.gov}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Birnin New York ta amince da shawarar Mamdani na daskare haya na gidajen haya, wanda ya kai kashi 40% na gidajen Birnin Nework, na tsawon shekaru biyu. Kafin kuri'ar, memba na kwamitin Christina Smyth, wanda ke wakiltar masu gida a matsayin lauya, ya yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar. A watan Yulin 2026, Mamdani ya ce ba zai yarda da karuwar albashi ba idan Majalisar Birnin New York ta yanke shawarar kara albashin dukkan zaɓaɓɓun jami'an birni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuza |first=Bobby |date=July 7, 2026 |title=City Council poised to approve big pay raises |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2026/07/07/city-council-poised-to-approve-big-pay-raises |access-date=July 8, 2026 |website=NY1}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, gwamnatinsa ta gabatar da dokar hana kudaden shara, wanda ya sa Birnin New York ya zama birni na farko a Amurka da ya yi hakan. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2026, don tunawa da shekaru 25 na hare-haren 11 ga Satumba. Mamdani ta kaddamar da tashar jama'a da ke dauke da kusan shafuka 170,000 na bayanai game da hare-harin. Takardun sun nuna cewa shugabannin Birnin New York a lokacin sun san cewa ingancin iska ba shi da aminci a yankin fallout, yayin da suke gaya wa jama'a in ba haka ba. A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2026, a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Benjamin Netanyahu ya ba da jawabi ga Mamdani. A cikin jawabinsa, Netanyahu ya ce: "Ga duk waɗanda ke yada ƙarya game da ƙasarmu, ko suna zaune a cikin wannan zauren ko a ofishin magajin garin New York mai adawa da Yahudawa, ina cewa wannan: kunya a gare ku".Ya kuma ce: "Mista Mamdani, kun yi ƙoƙari ku hana ni zuwa nan. Kun yi ƙoƙari ku yi min shiru. To, ba za ku iya yin min shiru ba. " A cikin wannan jawabin, Netanyahu ya musanta cewa Isra'ila ta aikata kisan kare dangi a Gaza. Mamdani a baya ya ce zai matsawa don kama Firayim Ministan Isra'ila yayin ziyarar da ya kai birnin. Da yake mayar da martani ga maganganun Netanyahu, Mamdani ya kira zarge-zargen da aka yi masa "ƙaryaci mara tushe" wanda aka yi niyya don "tsarkake kisan kare dangi na Palasdinawa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Benjamin Netanyahu attacks Israel’s enemies and allies in UN speech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/9/24/benjamin-netanyahu-attacks-israels-enemies-and-allies-in-un-speech |access-date=2026-09-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Satumba, Mamdani ya fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya tsara dabarun yaki da adawa da Yahudawa a Birnin New York, a wani bangare ta hanyar amfani da miliyoyin daloli da aka riga aka yi alkawarin yaki da laifukan ƙiyayya. Rahoton ya kuma yi alkawarin tallafawa shirye-shiryen da ke murna da al'adun Yahudawa da fadada shirye-shirye na ilimin Holocaust a makarantun birnin. Wasu jami'an da aka zaba a Birnin New York, da kuma wasu kungiyoyin Yahudawa, sun soki rahoton shafi 35 saboda rashin bayyana adawa da Yahudawa ko tattauna duk wata alaƙa tsakanin adawa da Zionism da adawa da antisemitism. Yayinda yake yabon dabarun don kara kudade na tsaro da fadada wasu shirye-shirye, kungiyoyin Yahudawa da yawa, gami da UJA-Federation na New York, a cikin wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa sun ce shirin "ya kasa magance batun da magajin gari da kansa ya ci gaba: maganganun da ke lalata da kuma hana Isra'ila ba za a iya gujewa ba da kai ga yin niyya ga Yahudawa na New York" === Yunkurin fashewar bam na Gracie Mansion === A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, an jefa Na'urar fashewa ta gida a cikin taron zanga-zangar adawa da Islama da aka shirya ta hanyar mai fafutuka mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma Janairu 6 na Amurka Capitol mai kai hari Jake Lang a waje da Gracie Mansion, gidan Mamdani a matsayin Magajin Birnin New York. 'Yan sanda sun binciki harin a matsayin "aikin ta'addanci da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIS]]". An kama mutane biyu, Emir Balat da Ibrahim Kayumi, kuma Lauyan Amurka na Kudancin Gundumar New York ya kawo musu tuhumar tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrell |first=Jason K. |last2=Judd |first2=Alan |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Pair charged with ISIS-inspired attempted bombing outside NYC mayor's home |url=https://san.com/cc/explosive-device-thrown-near-mamdanis-home-was-real-ied-police/ |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=Straight Arrow News}}</ref> Mamdani ya yi Allah wadai da zanga-zangar, yana kiranta "mai ban tsoro" da kuma nuna tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulmi wanda ya samo asali ne daga wariyar launin fata. Ya kara da cewa "dama ga zanga-zangar zaman lafiya mai tsarki ne" kuma "ba wai kawai na waɗanda muka yarda da su ba", yana kiran yunkurin fashewar bam din "mai banƙyama".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pazmino |first=Gloria |last2=Koretski |first2=Katherine |date=March 11, 2026 |title=Mamdani walks fine line between his identity and politics in wake of attempted ISIS-inspired attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/10/politics/mamdani-gracie-mansion-response-balancing-act |access-date=4 July 2026 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Rukuni:Shugabannin New York]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == sk1d0npoer7qq55mj09g9m6uf66ktnb 961930 961918 2026-10-02T16:51:42Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* */ m 961930 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zohran Kwame Mamdani''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991) ɗan siyasan Amurka ne wanda ya yi aiki tun daga 2026 a matsayin magajin gari na 112 na Birnin New York. Ya kasance memba na Jam'iyyar Democrat da Jam'iyyar Democratic Socialists of America, ya wakilci gundumar 36 a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York daga 2021 zuwa 2025. Mamdani shine [[Musulmi]] na farko na Birnin New York kuma magajin gari na Asiya na farko. An haife shi a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ga iyaye na asalin Indiya, Mamdani ya koma [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] yana da shekaru bakwai kuma ya kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Bowdoin a shekarar 2014 tare da digiri na farko a karatun Afirka. Bayan kammala karatunsa, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan gidaje da rapper, kuma ya shiga siyasar Birnin New York a matsayin manajan kamfen na Khader El-Yateem da Ross Barkan . An fara zabarsa a Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a shekarar 2020, inda ya kayar da Aravella Simotas mai mulki na tsawon shekaru biyar a zaben fidda gwani na Democrat. Da yake wakiltar [[Astoria, Queens|Astoria]] da Long Island City, an sake zabarsa ba tare da adawa ba a 2022 da 2024. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2024, Mamdani ya sanar da takarar magajin gari na Birnin New York a zaben magajin gari ya shekara ta 2025. Wani dan gurguzu na dimokuradiyya, Mamdani ya yi kamfen a kan wani dandamali mai ci gaba, mai da hankali kan farashi, tallafawa bas din birni kyauta, kula da yara na duniya, shagunan sayar da kayan masarufi na birni, dakatar da haya a kan sassan haya, ƙarin Gidaje masu araha, da kuma mafi ƙarancin albashi na $ 30 nan da 2030. Ya kuma nuna goyon baya ga Hakkin LGBTQ, cikakken gyare-gyare na tsaro na jama'a, da karuwar haraji a kan kamfanoni da waɗanda ke samun sama da dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Ya lashe zaben fidda gwani na Democrat a watan Yunin 2025, inda ya doke tsohon gwamna Andrew Cuomo a cikin fushi, kuma an zabe shi magajin gari a babban zaben Nuwamba. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Zohran Kwame Mamdani a ranar 18 ga Oktoba, 1991, a [[Kampala]], Uganda, ɗa kaɗai ne na masanin ilimin mulkin mallaka [[Mahmood Mamdani.|Mahmood Mamdani]] da mai shirya fina-finai Mira Nair . <ref name="Kitunzi-2025">{{Cite web |last=Kitunzi |first=Yahudu |date=June 7, 2025 |title=Mamdani's mayoral goal puts Uganda on the map |url=https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250609023734/https://www.monitor.co.ug/uganda/news/national/mamdani-s-mayoral-goal-puts-uganda-on-the-map-5072356 |archive-date=June 9, 2025 |access-date=June 7, 2025 |website=[[Daily Monitor]]}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya ba shi suna na tsakiya, Kwame, don girmama [[Kwame Nkrumah]], shugaban farko na Ghana.<ref name="Jung-2025">{{Cite web |last=Jung |first=E. Alex |date=May 20, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Crashes the Party |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250520095713/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/article/zohran-mamdani-nyc-mayor-polls-campaign-momentum.html |archive-date=May 20, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[New York (magazine)#Intelligencer|Intelligencer]]}}</ref><ref name="Davids-2024">{{Cite web |last=Davids |first=Monah |date=October 26, 2024 |title=Ugandan-Born Zohran Mamdani Announces Candidacy for Mayor of New York City |url=https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://www.littleafricanews.com/zohran-mamdani-announces-candidacy-for-mayor-of-new-york-city/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 12, 2025 |website=Little Africa News}}</ref> Iyayensa biyu sun fito ne daga asalin Indiya. Mahaifinsa Musulmi ne na Gujarati wanda aka haife shi a [[Mumbai]] kuma ya girma a Uganda.<ref name="Chen-2016">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=Kuan-Hsing |last2=Gao |first2=Shiming |last3=Tang |first3=Xiaolin |year=2016 |title=The formation of an African intellectual: an interview with Mahmood Mamdani |journal=Inter-Asia Cultural Studies |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=456–480 |doi=10.1080/14649373.2016.1218676}}</ref> Mahaifiyarsa Hindu ce ta Punjabi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Dupont |first=Joan |date=September 21, 2001 |title=Mira Nair Peels Back Layers of Punjabi Society |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011201204013/http://www.iht.com/articles/33143.htm |archive-date=December 1, 2001 |access-date=July 15, 2025 |website=[[International Herald Tribune]] |quote=Nair, who dedicates "Monsoon Wedding," to her Punjabi family in New Delhi, was educated at Harvard, and has made her home in Kampala, Uganda, and New York.}}</ref> An haifi kakanninsa a [[Tanzaniya|Tanzania]] ta yanzu, kuma dangin mahaifinsa sun kasance wani ɓangare na Indiyawan da ke zaune a kudu maso gabashin Afirka.<ref name="Chen-2016" /> Iyalin Mamdani na cikin al'ummar Khoja Twelver ne.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Akhtar |first=Iqbal |date=2025-07-14 |title=Zohran Mamdani's last name reflects centuries of intercontinental trade, migration and cultural exchange |url=https://theconversation.com/zohran-mamdanis-last-name-reflects-centuries-of-intercontinental-trade-migration-and-cultural-exchange-259967 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=The Conversation |language=en-US}}</ref> Mamdani ya zauna a Kampala har zuwa shekara biyar, lokacin da iyalinsa suka koma [[Cape Town|Cape Town, Afirka ta Kudu]], <ref name="Kitunzi-2025" /> bayan an nada mahaifinsa shugaban Nazarin Afirka a [[Jami'ar Cape Town]]. Ya halarci makarantar St. George's Grammar School a Mowbray daga 1996 zuwa 1998, a farkon shekarun Bayan wariyar launin fata.<ref name="Davids-2024" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Davis |first=Rebecca |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Meet New York City's likely next mayor — with a South African connection |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626155024/https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-06-25-meet-new-york-citys-likely-next-mayor-a-former-sa-schoolboy/ |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> Daga baya ya ce kwarewar rayuwa a Cape Town "ta koya mini abin da rashin daidaito yake kusa ... [kuma] cewa adalci dole ne ya zama fiye da ra'ayi; dole ne ya kasance abin duniya".[and]{{Spaces}} Iyalin sun koma Amurka kuma sun zauna a Birnin New York lokacin da Mamdani ke da shekaru bakwai, <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Regan |first=Victoria |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Former SA schoolboy Zohran Mamdani becomes New York City's first millennial mayor in 'historic' elections |url=https://www.dailymaverick.co.za/article/2025-11-05-former-sa-schoolboy-zohran-mamdani-becomes-new-york-citys-first-millennial-mayor-in-historic-elections/ |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=Daily Maverick}}</ref> kuma an haife shi a unguwar Manhattan ta Morningside Heights. Ya kira renonsa "mai daraja", yana cewa, "Ban taɓa son wani abu ba, kuma duk da haka na san cewa ba gaskiya ba ne ga yawancin New Yorkers. "Yayinda yake yaro, sau da yawa yana nan a cikin fina-finai na mahaifiyarsa, inda 'yan fim suka kira shi "Z", "Zoru", "Fadoose", da kuma "Nonstop Mamdani". === Ilimi === Mamdani ya halarci Makarantar Bank Street don Yara a kan Upper West Side na Manhattan, inda ya samu nasarar gudu a matsayin dan takara mai zaman kansa a zaben makarantu na tsakiya, yana karɓar dandalin "mallakni, manufofin adawa da yaki waɗanda suka ba da shawarar kashe kuɗi a kan ilimi maimakon soja". A shekara ta 2003, ya koma Kampala na shekara guda kuma ya halarci makaranta a lokacin hutun mahaifinsa a can; kakanninsa da kawunsa har yanzu suna zaune a can kuma suna taimakawa wajen kula da shi yayin da mahaifinsa ke aiki a kan littafin Good Muslim, Bad Muslim. <ref name="Chen-2016" /> A shekara ta 2010, Mamdani ya kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandaren kimiyya ta Bronx a Kingsbridge Heights, Bronx, <ref name="Saltonstall-2025">{{Cite web |last=Saltonstall |first=Gus |date=March 26, 2025 |title=Before Zohran Mamdani Made Waves in NYC's Mayoral Race, He Was A Kid Growing Up On the UWS |url=https://www.westsiderag.com/2025/03/26/before-zohran-mamdani-made-waves-in-nycs-mayoral-race-he-was-a-kid-growing-up-on-the-uws |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250326195655/https://www.westsiderag.com/2025/03/26/before-zohran-mamdani-made-waves-in-nycs-mayoral-race-he-was-a-kid-growing-up-on-the-uws |archive-date=March 26, 2025 |access-date=March 29, 2025 |website=West Side Rag}}</ref> inda ya kafa kungiyar [[Kurket|wasan kurket]] ta farko ta makarantar kuma bai yi nasara ba a takarar mataimakin shugaban ɗalibai. Ya kuma buga kwallon kafa tare da West Side Soccer League . <ref name="Saltonstall-2025" /> Mamdani ya halarci Kwalejin Bowdoin a Brunswick, Maine, inda ya kafa reshen makarantar na Dalibai don Adalci a Falasdinu . <ref name="Sorkin-2019">{{Cite web |last=Sorkin |first=Emma |date=November 1, 2019 |title=Taking a stand: alumni run for office, with Bowdoin in mind |url=https://bowdoinorient.com/2019/11/01/taking-a-stand-alumni-run-for-office-with-bowdoin-in-mind/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163043/https://bowdoinorient.com/2019/11/01/taking-a-stand-alumni-run-for-office-with-bowdoin-in-mind/ |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=March 17, 2025 |website=[[The Bowdoin Orient]]}}</ref> Ya kasance mai ba da gudummawa na yau da kullun ga jaridar harabar The Bowdoin Orient, yana rufe siyasa, al'adu, da wasanni a cikin ginshiƙansa, "Kwame's Kolumnalu" da "Talk of the Quad".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Zohran Mamdani |url=https://bowdoinorient.com/bonus/author/653/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250708181455/https://bowdoinorient.com/bonus/author/653/ |archive-date=July 8, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[The Bowdoin Orient]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun shekara ta 2014, ya hada hannu da rubuce-rubuce a cikin Bangor Daily News yana roƙon Bowdoin ya shiga kauracewa ta Ƙungiyar Nazarin Amurka ta Isra'ila kuma yana sukar shugaban kwalejin, Barry Mills . Mamdani ta kammala karatu daga Bowdoin a shekarar 2014 tare da digiri na farko a karatun Afirka. <ref name="Sorkin-2019" /> == Farkon aiki == === 2015-2019: Hip-hop da rap === [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_on_TMTv-SA.jpg|left|thumb|191x191px|Mamdani a farkon shekara ta 2016 na Sarauniya ta Katwe''Sarauniyar Katwe'']] Mamdani mai sha'awar hip-hop ne kuma ya kirkiro, ya yi, kuma ya samar da kiɗa na rap.<ref name="Green-2025">{{Cite web |last=Green |first=Walden |date=June 5, 2025 |title=5 Songs That Define Zohran Mamdani's Campaign for New York Mayor |url=https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/5-songs-that-define-zohran-mamdani-campaign-for-new-york-mayor/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://pitchfork.com/thepitch/5-songs-that-define-zohran-mamdani-campaign-for-new-york-mayor/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=[[Pitchfork (website)|Pitchfork]] |ref=site}}</ref> A karkashin sunan Young Cardamom, ya yi aiki tare da abokinsa mafi kyau, rapper na Uganda HAB (Abdul Bar Hussein), wanda asalinsa ya kasance a [[Sudan ta Kudu]], <ref name="rap2015">{{Cite web |last=Mamdani |first=Zohran Kwame |author-link=Zohran Mamdani |date=October 27, 2015 |title=You Want Another Rap |url=https://www.africasacountry.com/2015/10/you-want-another-rap-uganda |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250717192103/https://www.africasacountry.com/2015/10/you-want-another-rap-uganda |archive-date=July 17, 2025 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=Africa Is a Country}}</ref> a matsayin Young Cardamamom & HAB . Waƙoƙinsu na farko, "Kanda [Chap Chap]", game da [[chapati]] ne, Gurasar Indiya.<ref name="Onmanorama2025">{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2025 |title=Meet New York's new mayor who once rapped about chapati |url=https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2025/11/05/zohran-mamdani-young-cardamom-chapati-song.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251117024411/https://www.onmanorama.com/food/features/2025/11/05/zohran-mamdani-young-cardamom-chapati-song.html |archive-date=November 17, 2025 |access-date=November 7, 2025 |publisher=Onmanorama |quote=Performing under the stage name Young Cardamom, Mamdani rapped about food, identity, and belonging, often using Indian staples as cultural shorthand.}}</ref> Sun yi waƙoƙi daga 2016 EP ''Sidda Mukyaalo'' ("Ba za su koma ƙauyen") a bikin Nyege Nyege . <ref>{{Cite web |date=May 12, 2016 |title=Young Cardamom & HAB, The Outsider Hip-Hop Duo Shedding Light On Uganda's Social Issues |url=https://www.okayafrica.com/young-cardamom-hab-uganda-ep-sidda-mukyaalo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250616163307/https://www.okayafrica.com/young-cardamom-hab-uganda-ep-sidda-mukyaalo/ |archive-date=June 16, 2025 |access-date=June 16, 2025 |website=OkayAfrica}}</ref><ref name="Waswa-2025">{{Cite web |last=Waswa |first=Samson |date=June 26, 2025 |title=When New York Mayor-to-be Zohran Mamdani performed at Nyege-Nyege |url=https://www.pulse.ug/articles/entertainment/when-new-york-mayor-to-be-zohran-mamdani-performed-at-nyege-nyege-2025062607375478574 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250626183213/https://www.pulse.ug/articles/entertainment/when-new-york-mayor-to-be-zohran-mamdani-performed-at-nyege-nyege-2025062607375478574 |archive-date=June 26, 2025 |access-date=July 28, 2025 |website=Pulse Uganda}}</ref> Ma'aurata sun yi rap a cikin harsuna ciki har da [[Harshen Nubi|Nubi]], LUganda, [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]], da Ingilishi, a wani bangare don ƙirƙirar salon rap na musamman na Uganda maimakon yin koyi da rap na Amurka, kuma a wani bangere don isar da cewa mazaunan Uganda da ke da tushe a wasu ƙasashe duk Uganda ne. An zaɓi chapati a matsayin alama saboda ya samo asali ne daga [[Geology na yankin Indiya|Yankin Indiya]] amma ya zama abin da ake amfani da shi a Uganda.<ref name="rap2015" /> A cikin kiɗan su, sun magance batutuwan zamantakewa a Uganda, kamar cin hanci da rashawa da "dangantaka da launin ruwan kasa", da kuma [[Mulkin mallaka na Afirka|mulkin mallaka]]. An zabi Young Cardamom & HAB don "Rookie of the Year" a gasar cin kofin Hip Hop ta Uganda (UG). <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 21, 2016 |title=Uganda Hip Hop Awards '16 Nominees Full List out |url=https://www.nuveylive.org/uganda-hip-hop-awards-2016-nominees-list/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240913134706/https://www.nuveylive.org/uganda-hip-hop-awards-2016-nominees-list/ |archive-date=September 13, 2024 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=NUVEYLIVE}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=December 16, 2016 |title=Including The Gospel Fraternity Winners, Full List Of Ug Hip Hop Awards 2016 Winners. |url=https://uggospellife.wordpress.com/2016/12/16/including-the-gospel-fraternity-winners-full-list-of-ug-hip-hop-awards-2016-winners/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251110065213/https://uggospellife.wordpress.com/2016/12/16/including-the-gospel-fraternity-winners-full-list-of-ug-hip-hop-awards-2016-winners/ |archive-date=November 10, 2025 |access-date=November 10, 2025 |website=Ug Gospel Life}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Mamdani ya fitar da waƙar "Salaam" a ƙarƙashin sunan Zohran Kwame . A cikin waƙar, Mamdani ya nuna goyon baya ga Ƙasar Mai Tsarki Biyar, mutane biyar da ke da alaƙa da aikin agaji na Gidauniyar Ƙasar Mai Tsarki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feuer |first=Hannah |date=July 2, 2025 |title=What Zohran Mamdani has actually said about Jews, Israel and antisemitism |url=https://forward.com/news/733657/zohran-mamdani-gaza-israel-jews-antisemitism/ |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=The Forward}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Putterman |first=Samantha |last2=PolitiFact |first2=Maria Ramirez Uribe {{!}} |title=Republicans push to strip Zohran Mamdani of US citizenship. Is it possible? |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2025/11/9/republicans-push-to-strip-zohran-mamdani-of-us-citizenship-is-it-possible |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=Al Jazeera}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2019, a karkashin sunan Mr. Cardamom, ya saki wakar "Nani", girmamawa ga kakarsa. Actress kuma marubucin abinci Madhur Jaffrey ya nuna kakarsa Mamdani a cikin bidiyon, wanda ke ba da haraji ga Jaffrey da Al'adun Kudancin Asiya na New York. <ref name="rayner2019" /> === 2015-2019: Kasancewa cikin siyasa === Mamdani ya shiga siyasar Birnin New York a matsayin mai sa kai ga yakin neman zabe na Ali Najmi a Zaben na musamman na 2015 na gundumar 23 na Majalisar Birnin. <ref name="Jung-2025" /> Mamdani ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi don shiga yakin Najmi bayan ya san cewa Heems ne ya goyi bayansa, wani rapper na New York na zuriyar Indiya kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar hip-hop Das Racist.<ref name="Green-2025" /> Musamman, Mamdani ya danganta sa hannu a cikin siyasar gida ga wani labarin The Village Voice na 2015 game da Najmi da Heems, wanda ya bayyana a matsayin daya daga cikin rappers da ya fi so. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Connor |first=Jackson |date=July 20, 2015 |title=Meet Ali Najmi, the Man Heems Is Trying to Get Elected to City Council |url=https://www.villagevoice.com/meet-ali-najmi-the-man-heems-is-trying-to-get-elected-to-city-council/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250605163133/https://www.villagevoice.com/meet-ali-najmi-the-man-heems-is-trying-to-get-elected-to-city-council/ |archive-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[The Village Voice]]}}</ref> A cikin 2017, Mamdani ya shiga reshen New York City na Democratic Socialists of America (DSA) kuma ya yi aiki don kamfen ɗin dan takarar Majalisar Birnin New York Khader El-Yateem, Minista Lutheran na Palasdinawa kuma mai mulkin demokraɗiyya daga Bay Ridge, Brooklyn . <ref name="Jung-2025" /> Wani bangare na dalilin da ya sa Mamdani ya shiga DSA shine matsayinsa na goyon bayan Palasdinawa, wanda ya dace da aikinsa na baya. Mamdani ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan kamfen na Ross Barkan na shekarar 2018 wanda bai yi nasara ba don Majalisar Dattijan Jihar New York kuma ya kasance mai shirya filin ga ɗan'uwan dimokuradiyya mai zaman kansa [[Tiffany Cabán]] amma kuma bai yi nasara a kamfen na 2019 ga Lauyan gundumar Queens County ba.<ref name="Jung-2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Barkan |first=Ross |date=June 17, 2025 |title=Life with Zohran |url=https://rosselliotbarkan.com/p/life-with-zohran |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250620233757/https://rosselliotbarkan.com/p/life-with-zohran |archive-date=June 20, 2025 |website=[[Substack]]}}</ref> == Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York (2020-2025) == [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_at_the_Resist_Fascism_Rally_in_Bryant_Park_on_Oct_27th_2024.jpg|thumb|Mamdani a taron Resist Fascism a Bryant Park, 27 ga Oktoba, 2024]] A watan Oktoba na 2019, Mamdani ya sanar da kamfen dinsa na wakiltar gundumar Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York ta 36, wanda ya hada da Astoria da Long Island City a Queens.<ref name="Kaufman-2020">{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Maya |date=June 9, 2020 |title=NYC Primary Election 2020: Zohran Mamdani Vies For Simotas' Seat |url=https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/nyc-primary-election-2020-zohran-mamdani-vies-simotas-seat |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250611163042/https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/nyc-primary-election-2020-zohran-mamdani-vies-simotas-seat |archive-date=June 11, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=Astoria-Long Island City, NY Patch}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Wynn |first=Jasmine |date=February 13, 2024 |title='The People's Republic of Astoria' – A Delve Into America's Premier Socialist Stronghold. |url=https://harvardpolitics.com/the-peoples-republic-of-astoria-a-delve-into-americas-premier-socialist-stronghold/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://harvardpolitics.com/the-peoples-republic-of-astoria-a-delve-into-americas-premier-socialist-stronghold/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=Harvard Political Review}}</ref> DSA ta amince da shi, <ref name="Kaufman-2020" /> yana gudana a kan dandalin sake fasalin gidaje, 'yan sanda da sake fasalin kurkuku, da kuma mallakar jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pretsky |first=Holly |last2=Coltin |first2=Jeff |date=June 24, 2020 |title=Another big night for the DSA |url=https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/politics/campaigns-elections/another-big-night-dsa.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626032829/https://www.cityandstateny.com/articles/politics/campaigns-elections/another-big-night-dsa.html |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=[[City & State]]}}</ref> Nasarar farko ta Mamdani a watan Yunin 2020 a kan dan takarar Democrat mai mulki Aravella Simotas ya dauki kusan wata daya don kiran, kuma ya lashe babban zaben ba tare da wani adawa na [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jamhuriyar Republican]] ba a watan Nuwamba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaufman |first=Maya |date=July 22, 2020 |title=Zohran Mamdani Unseats Aravella Simotas In Astoria Assembly Race |url=https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/zohran-mamdani-unseats-aravella-simotas-astoria-assembly-race |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://patch.com/new-york/astoria-long-island-city/zohran-mamdani-unseats-aravella-simotas-astoria-assembly-race |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=July 22, 2020 |website=Astoria-Long Island City, NY Patch}}</ref> An sake zabar Mamdani ba tare da adawa ba a 2022 da 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 8, 2022 |title=2022 New York State Assembly Election Results |url=https://www.courierpress.com/elections/results/2022-11-08/state/new-york/lower/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250530035422/https://www.courierpress.com/elections/results/2022-11-08/state/new-york/lower/ |archive-date=May 30, 2025 |access-date=November 4, 2025 |website=[[Courier & Press]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Kaye |first=Jacob |last2=Schwach |first2=Ryan |last3=Powelson |first3=Noah |date=November 5, 2024 |title=Queens Dem incumbents sweep |url=https://queenseagle.com/all/2024/11/5/queens-dem-incumbents-appear-headed-for-victory-though-one-race-remains-tight |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://queenseagle.com/all/2024/11/5/queens-dem-incumbents-appear-headed-for-victory-though-one-race-remains-tight |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=June 5, 2025 |website=[[Queens Daily Eagle]]}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2025, Mamdani ya kasance memba na kwamitocin Majalisar guda tara: Kwamitin kan Tsuga; Kwamitin kan Birane; Kwamitin Kan Dokar Zabe; Kwamitin akan Makamashi; Kwamitin Harajin Gida; Black, Puerto Rican, Hispanic & Asian Legislative Caucus; Puerto Rican / Hispanic Task Force; Asian Pacific American Task Force; da Task Force on New Americans. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Zohran K. Mamdani – Committee Membership |url=https://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/comm/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250614170308/https://assembly.state.ny.us/mem/Zohran-K-Mamdani/comm/ |archive-date=June 14, 2025 |access-date=January 18, 2025 |website=assembly.state.ny.us}}</ref> == 2025 Zaben magajin gari na Birnin New York == === Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2025 === [[File:20250926New_York,_Estados_Unidos-_Reunión_bilateral_con_el_candidato_a_la_Alcaldía_de_Nueva_York,_Zohran_Mamdani_-_Juan_Cano09326.jpg|thumb|Mamdani tare da Shugaban Colombia Gustavo Petro a Birnin New York, Satumba 26, 2025]] A ranar 23 ga Oktoba, 2024, Mamdani ya sanar da takararsa a matsayin magajin gari na Birnin New York. Dandalinsa ya haɗa da tallafi ga bas din birni kyauta da kuma dakatar da haya a cikin gidaje masu zaman kansu. Mamdani kuma yana son gwamnatin birni ta gudanar da shagunan kayan masarufi guda biyar - daya a kowane gari - don saukar da farashin kayan masaruxi. Dandalinsa ya haɗa da tallafi ga kula da yara na duniya da kuma gina sabbin gidaje masu araha 200,000.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mellins |first=Sam |last2=Rock |first2=Julia |last3=Kinniburgh |first3=Colin |date=June 26, 2025 |title=Can Zohran Mamdani's Agenda Survive Albany? |url=https://nysfocus.com/2025/06/26/zohran-mamdani-albany-taxes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250627014522/https://nysfocus.com/2025/06/26/zohran-mamdani-albany-taxes |archive-date=June 27, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=New York Focus}}</ref> Ya kuma goyi bayan sake fasalin tsaro na jama'a da mafi ƙarancin albashi na $ 30 a shekarar 2030. Dandalinsa ya yi kira ga karuwar haraji a kan kamfanoni da kuma wadanda ke samun sama da dala miliyan 1 a kowace shekara. Ga mafi yawan yakin neman zabe, Mamdani ya bi tsohon gwamnan New York Andrew Cuomo a zaben. Shi da Cuomo sun tara irin wannan kudi, amma masu ba da gudummawa sun fi na Cuomo girma. Wani zabe da aka gudanar jim kadan kafin Zaben fidda gwani na 24 ga Yuni, 2025, ya nuna cewa Mamdani ya kama Cuomo. Sakamakon zabi na farko a daren zabe ya nuna Mamdani yana da babban jagoranci a kan Cuomo, wanda ya yarda da tseren a wannan maraice.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robbins |first=Willa Pope |date=June 25, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani Takes Large Lead Over Andrew Cuomo in Shocking NYC Mayoral Race Upset |url=https://www.mediaite.com/politics/zohran-mamdani-takes-large-lead-over-andrew-cuomo-in-shocking-nyc-mayoral-race-upset/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250625023543/https://www.mediaite.com/politics/zohran-mamdani-takes-large-lead-over-andrew-cuomo-in-shocking-nyc-mayoral-race-upset/ |archive-date=June 25, 2025 |access-date=November 5, 2025 |website=[[Mediaite]]}}</ref> An kara yawan kuri'un da ya samu ta hanyar jefa kuri'a, musamman saboda shi da dan takarar da aka fi so na uku Brad Lander sun amince da juna ta hanyar neman masu jefa kuri'ar su sanya ɗayan dan takarar na biyu. Mamdani da Michael Blake suma sun amince da juna bayan 'yan kwanaki. A ranar 16 ga Yuni, kwamitin edita na New York Times ya shawarci masu jefa kuri'a da kada su sanya Mamdani yayin da suke sukar Cuomo. A ranar 1 ga watan Yulin, bayan da Hukumar Zabe ta Birnin New York ta fitar da jerin kuri'un da ta zaba, kamfanin dillancin labarai na Associated Press ya sanar da cewa Mamdani ya lashe zaben fidda gwani. An dauke shi babban damuwa. Kamfen din Mamdani ya jawo hankalin kafofin watsa labarai saboda amfani da waƙoƙin [[Bollywood]] da nassoshin al'adu, wanda ke da niyyar shiga matasa da masu jefa kuri'a. A lokacin zaben fidda gwani, 'yan New York sun goyi bayan yakin neman zabe na Mamdani don Lower Costs super PAC, wanda ya kashe kusan dala miliyan 1.3 don tallafa masa da adawa da Cuomo kafin zaben fidda gashin gashin gashi kuma ya tara ƙarin dala miliyan 1 bayan haka. Babban PAC ya sami gudummawar $ 100,000 daga Asusun Unity and Justice a watan Mayu da Yuni 2025. Cuomo ya zargi Mamdani da karɓar "dirty money", yana mai cewa Asusun Unity and Justice yana da alaƙa da Majalisar kan Dangantakar Amurka da Islama. Bayan Mamdani ya lashe zaben fidda gwani, zargi da hare-hare a kansa sun yi amfani da wariyar launin fata, xenophobic, da Islamophobic, musamman nassoshi game da [[September 11 attacks|Hare-haren 9/11]] da ta'addanci. Wadannan zargi da hare-hare sun fito ne daga ko'ina cikin bangarorin siyasa, kuma sun haifar da damuwa da muhawara game da Islamophobia a cikin manyan siyasar Amurka.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite web |last=Eltantawi |first=Sarah |date=August 18, 2025 |title=Zohran Mamdani and Strategic Islamophobia |url=https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/mamdani-strategic-islamophobia/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250905123215/https://contendingmodernities.nd.edu/global-currents/mamdani-strategic-islamophobia/ |archive-date=September 5, 2025 |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Contending Modernities |publisher=[[University of Notre Dame]]}}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{Cite web |last=Bazian |first=Hatem |date=July 22, 2025 |title=Islamophobia, and the New-York Mayoral Race |url=https://criticalmuslimstudies.co.uk/islamophobia-and-the-new-york-mayoral-race/ |access-date=October 7, 2025 |website=Critical Muslim Studies}}</ref><ref name="Fayyad Vox">{{Cite web |last=Fayyad |first=Abdallah |date=July 7, 2025 |title=The astonishing racism in NYC's mayoral race |url=https://www.vox.com/politics/419040/zohran-mamdani-racism-islamophobia-nyc-mayoral-race |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250707204146/https://www.vox.com/politics/419040/zohran-mamdani-racism-islamophobia-nyc-mayoral-race |archive-date=July 7, 2025 |access-date=October 23, 2025 |website=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]}}</ref> Nasarar kamfen din Mamdani an danganta shi ne a wani bangare ga yadda yake amfani da kafofin sada zumunta don isa ga masu jefa kuri'a, musamman matasa masu jefa kuriʼa. === Zababben magajin gari da canji === [[File:Trump_and_Mamdani_meeting_3.jpg|thumb|Taron Mamdani da shugaban kasar [[Donald Trump]] a [[White House|Fadar White House]], Nuwamba 21, 2025]] A ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 2025, washegari bayan zaben, Mamdani ya sanar da mambobin farko na ƙungiyar sauya magajin gari, tare da Elana Leopold a matsayin babban darakta, da kuma co-shugabanni Maria Torres-Springer, tsohon mataimakin magajin gari na farko; Lina Khan, tsohon shugaban Hukumar Ciniki ta Tarayya; da kuma shugabannin da ba su da riba Melanie Hartzog da Grace Bonilla. A ranar 10 ga watan Nuwamba, ya sanar da zabar tsohon mataimakin magajin gari na farko Dean Fuleihan a matsayin mataimakinsa na farko, da kuma tsohon shugaban ma'aikatan Majalisar da kuma manajan yakin neman zabe Elle Bisgaard-Church a matsayin shugaban ma'aikata. Ya fuskanci zargi don zabar Catherine Almonte Da Costa a matsayin darektan nadin bayan maganganun da suka gabata game da shi sun sake fitowa; Da Costa ta yi murabus kwana daya bayan nadin ta. Mamdani ta sadu da Shugaba Trump a [[White House|Fadar White House]] a ranar 21 ga Nuwamba. Wani mai magana da yawun ya ce tattaunawar za ta mayar da hankali kan tsaron jama'a, tsaron tattalin arziki, da araha. Bayan taron, Trump ya yaba wa Mamdani kuma ya ce sun "sun yarda da yawa fiye da yadda zan yi tunani", bayan watanni na sukar juna. Ana sa ran magajin gari na Mamdani zai zama na 111 na birnin, amma wani bita na Disamba 2025 na tarihin birni ya tabbatar da cewa ƙididdigar magajin gari ya bar magajin gari nke biyu na Matthias Nicoll, kuma Mamdani za ta zama magajin gari ta 112. <ref name="HonanCity">{{Cite web |last=Honan |first=Katie |date=January 1, 2026 |title=Mamdani Takes the Helm as City's New Mayor |url=https://www.thecity.nyc/2026/01/01/mamdani-sworn-in-as-nyc-mayor/ |access-date=January 1, 2026 |website=[[The City (website)|The City]]}}</ref> == Magajin garin New York (2026-yanzu) == === Inauguration === Mamdani ya fara zama magajin gari a ranar 1 ga Janairu, 2026. Babban Lauyan New York Letitia James ya gudanar da rantsuwar ofis a Tashar jirgin karkashin kasa ta City Hall da aka watsar bayan tsakar dare.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oppenheim |first=Oren |date=January 2, 2026 |title=New York City Mayor Zohran Mamdani, at inauguration, vows to be a mayor for all New Yorkers, lead as democratic socialist |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/zohran-mamdanis-historic-inauguration-new-york-city-mayor/story?id=128784385 |access-date=January 13, 2026 |website=ABC News}}</ref> Mamdani ya yi rantsuwa a kan [[Alqur'ani mai girma|Alkur'ani]], ya sanya shi magajin gari na farko da ya yi hakan. Ya yi amfani da kwafin littafin guda biyu, na kakansa da na Arturo Alfonso Schomburg. An gudanar da rantsar da jama'a da rana, inda Bernie Sanders ya rantsar Mamdani. Masu magana da masu wasan kwaikwayo a bikin rantsar da su sun hada da Sanders, [[Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez]], Javier Muñoz, Lucy Dacus, da Mandy Patinkin. Ayyukan farko na Mamdani a matsayin magajin gari, nan da nan bayan ya yi rantsuwa da ofishin, shine ya nada mai ba da shawara kan sufuri, malami, kuma tsohon darektan [[Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta Birnin New York|Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta NYC]] na tsarawa da gudanar da aikin Mike Flynn a matsayin kwamishinan Ma'aikalin Sufuri. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stark-Miller |first=Ethan |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Meet Mike Flynn, Mayor Mamdani's newly minted Transportation Department head |url=https://www.amny.com/news/mike-flynn-mayor-mamdanis-transportation-department-head/ |access-date=January 3, 2026 |website=amNewYork}}</ref> umarnin zartarwa na farko shi ne ya soke duk umarnin zartaka wanda ya riga shi Eric Adams ya yi bayan an tuhume shi da zargin cin hanci a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Washington |first=Jessica |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Israel Accuses Zohran Mamdani of Antisemitism for Reversing Orders Adams Gave Under Indictment |url=https://theintercept.com/2026/01/02/israel-zohran-mamdani-antisemitic-antisemitism/ |access-date=January 5, 2026 |website=[[The Intercept]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Anuta |first=Joe |date=January 2, 2026 |title=Mamdani defends eliminating executive orders on antisemitism, boycotting Israel |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2026/01/02/mamdani-defends-eliminating-executive-orders-on-antisemitism-boycotting-israel-00709472 |access-date=February 14, 2026 |website=POLITICO}}</ref> === Gudanarwa === [[File:Zohran_Mamdani_Congestion_Relief_One_Year_Anniversary.jpg|thumb|Mamdani yana halartar taron a McBurney YMCA a ranar 5 ga Janairu, 2026]] Mako guda bayan rantsar da shi, Mamdani da Gwamna Kathy Hochul sun ba da sanarwar wani shiri na fadada kula da yara kyauta da farashi mai arha a Birnin New York, tare da manufar samar da kula da yara na duniya kyauta. Ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙalubalen da ya yi a matsayin magajin gari shine sarrafa tasirin guguwar hunturu ta Janairu 2026, wanda ya kashe mutane 14 a Birnin New York.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Allan |date=January 31, 2026 |title=Inside Zohran Mamdani's first big test of his mayoral term |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/politics-news/zohran-mamdanis-first-big-test-mayoral-term-rcna256539 |access-date=February 3, 2026 |website=NBC News}}</ref> A ranar 14 ga Afrilu, 2026, Mamdani ya sanar da kasuwar La Marqueta a unguwar East Harlem ta Manhattan a matsayin shafin farko da aka gano na shagunan sayar da kayan masarufi da aka shirya. Ya shirya kashe kusan dala miliyan 30 don gina shagon a cikin unguwar Latino. An tsara shaguna biyar, ɗaya a kowane gari. Kowane mutum zai ba da kayan masarufi a farashin 30% a ƙasa da farashin kasuwa, a matsayin tallafi daga kasafin kuɗin birni. Ana sa ran shagunan za su ci gaba da buɗewa daga 2027 zuwa 2029.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 14, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani Announces La Marqueta as First Site Identified for City's Public Grocery Stores |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/04/mayor-mamdani-announces-la-marqueta-as-first-site-identified-for |access-date=June 26, 2026 |website=NYC.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-07-27 |title=N.Y.C. Groceries: A Recipe for Affordability |url=https://edc.nyc/sites/default/files/2026-07/NYC-Groceries-Vision-Plan_07-27-2026.pdf |website=New York City Economic Development Corporation}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga Afrilu, 2026, Mamdani da Gwamna Kathy Hochul sun ba da sanarwar haraji, suna biyan haraji na gidaje na biyu na masu mallakar da ke zaune a waje da Birnin New York don gidaje masu iyali guda ɗaya da suka kai sama da dala miliyan 5 ko gidaje sama da dala dala miliyan 1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=April 15, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani, Governor Hochul Announce State's First Pied-à-Terre Tax, Requiring Ultrawealthy and Global Elites to Pay Their Fair Share |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/04/mayor-mamdani--governor-hochul-announce-state-s-first-pied-a-ter |website=NYC.gov}}</ref> Shirin ya wuce Majalisar Dokokin Jihar New York a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2026, Mamdani ya ba da sanarwar shirinsa na gidaje "Block by Block", don gina sabbin gidaje masu araha 200,000 a cikin shekaru goma masu zuwa, adana wasu 200,000, da faɗaɗa shirye-shiryen gidaje masu arha na birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 26, 2026 |title=Mayor Mamdani Releases "Block by Block: The Housing Plan for A New Era" |url=https://www.nyc.gov/mayors-office/news/2026/05/mayor-mamdani-releases--block-by-block--the-housing-plan-for-a-n |website=NYC.gov}}</ref> A ranar 25 ga watan Yuni, Hukumar Kula da Haraji ta Birnin New York ta amince da shawarar Mamdani na daskare haya na gidajen haya, wanda ya kai kashi 40% na gidajen Birnin Nework, na tsawon shekaru biyu. Kafin kuri'ar, memba na kwamitin Christina Smyth, wanda ke wakiltar masu gida a matsayin lauya, ya yi murabus don nuna rashin amincewa da shawarar. A watan Yulin 2026, Mamdani ya ce ba zai yarda da karuwar albashi ba idan Majalisar Birnin New York ta yanke shawarar kara albashin dukkan zaɓaɓɓun jami'an birni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cuza |first=Bobby |date=July 7, 2026 |title=City Council poised to approve big pay raises |url=https://ny1.com/nyc/all-boroughs/politics/2026/07/07/city-council-poised-to-approve-big-pay-raises |access-date=July 8, 2026 |website=NY1}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan watan, gwamnatinsa ta gabatar da dokar hana kudaden shara, wanda ya sa Birnin New York ya zama birni na farko a Amurka da ya yi hakan. A ranar 8 ga Satumba, 2026, don tunawa da shekaru 25 na hare-haren 11 ga Satumba. Mamdani ta kaddamar da tashar jama'a da ke dauke da kusan shafuka 170,000 na bayanai game da hare-harin. Takardun sun nuna cewa shugabannin Birnin New York a lokacin sun san cewa ingancin iska ba shi da aminci a yankin fallout, yayin da suke gaya wa jama'a in ba haka ba. A ranar 25 ga Satumba, 2026, a Babban Taron Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, Firayim Ministan Isra'ila Benjamin Netanyahu ya ba da jawabi ga Mamdani. A cikin jawabinsa, Netanyahu ya ce: "Ga duk waɗanda ke yada ƙarya game da ƙasarmu, ko suna zaune a cikin wannan zauren ko a ofishin magajin garin New York mai adawa da Yahudawa, ina cewa wannan: kunya a gare ku".Ya kuma ce: "Mista Mamdani, kun yi ƙoƙari ku hana ni zuwa nan. Kun yi ƙoƙari ku yi min shiru. To, ba za ku iya yin min shiru ba. " A cikin wannan jawabin, Netanyahu ya musanta cewa Isra'ila ta aikata kisan kare dangi a Gaza. Mamdani a baya ya ce zai matsawa don kama Firayim Ministan Isra'ila yayin ziyarar da ya kai birnin. Da yake mayar da martani ga maganganun Netanyahu, Mamdani ya kira zarge-zargen da aka yi masa "ƙaryaci mara tushe" wanda aka yi niyya don "tsarkake kisan kare dangi na Palasdinawa".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Al Jazeera |title=Benjamin Netanyahu attacks Israel’s enemies and allies in UN speech |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2026/9/24/benjamin-netanyahu-attacks-israels-enemies-and-allies-in-un-speech |access-date=2026-09-27 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya a watan Satumba, Mamdani ya fitar da wani rahoto wanda ya tsara dabarun yaki da adawa da Yahudawa a Birnin New York, a wani bangare ta hanyar amfani da miliyoyin daloli da aka riga aka yi alkawarin yaki da laifukan ƙiyayya. Rahoton ya kuma yi alkawarin tallafawa shirye-shiryen da ke murna da al'adun Yahudawa da fadada shirye-shirye na ilimin Holocaust a makarantun birnin. Wasu jami'an da aka zaba a Birnin New York, da kuma wasu kungiyoyin Yahudawa, sun soki rahoton shafi 35 saboda rashin bayyana adawa da Yahudawa ko tattauna duk wata alaƙa tsakanin adawa da Zionism da adawa da antisemitism. Yayinda yake yabon dabarun don kara kudade na tsaro da fadada wasu shirye-shirye, kungiyoyin Yahudawa da yawa, gami da UJA-Federation na New York, a cikin wata sanarwa ta hadin gwiwa sun ce shirin "ya kasa magance batun da magajin gari da kansa ya ci gaba: maganganun da ke lalata da kuma hana Isra'ila ba za a iya gujewa ba da kai ga yin niyya ga Yahudawa na New York" === Yunkurin fashewar bam na Gracie Mansion === A ranar 7 ga Maris, 2026, an jefa Na'urar fashewa ta gida a cikin taron zanga-zangar adawa da Islama da aka shirya ta hanyar mai fafutuka mai tsattsauran ra'ayi da kuma Janairu 6 na Amurka Capitol mai kai hari Jake Lang a waje da Gracie Mansion, gidan Mamdani a matsayin Magajin Birnin New York. 'Yan sanda sun binciki harin a matsayin "aikin ta'addanci da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta [[Daular Musulunci ta Iraƙi|ISIS]]". An kama mutane biyu, Emir Balat da Ibrahim Kayumi, kuma Lauyan Amurka na Kudancin Gundumar New York ya kawo musu tuhumar tarayya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morrell |first=Jason K. |last2=Judd |first2=Alan |date=March 9, 2026 |title=Pair charged with ISIS-inspired attempted bombing outside NYC mayor's home |url=https://san.com/cc/explosive-device-thrown-near-mamdanis-home-was-real-ied-police/ |access-date=March 9, 2026 |website=Straight Arrow News}}</ref> Mamdani ya yi Allah wadai da zanga-zangar, yana kiranta "mai ban tsoro" da kuma nuna tsattsauran ra'ayi na Musulmi wanda ya samo asali ne daga wariyar launin fata. Ya kara da cewa "dama ga zanga-zangar zaman lafiya mai tsarki ne" kuma "ba wai kawai na waɗanda muka yarda da su ba", yana kiran yunkurin fashewar bam din "mai banƙyama".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pazmino |first=Gloria |last2=Koretski |first2=Katherine |date=March 11, 2026 |title=Mamdani walks fine line between his identity and politics in wake of attempted ISIS-inspired attack |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/03/10/politics/mamdani-gracie-mansion-response-balancing-act |access-date=4 July 2026 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> [[Rukuni:Shugabannin New York]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1991]] [[Rukuni:Articles with hAudio microformats]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==Manazarta == 0d1utvnhlk8mmswrrja7vcb2nn7c2o1 Isaac Christie-Davies 0 121034 962248 737678 2026-10-03T08:54:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962248 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Isaac David Christie-Davies''' (an haife shi a ranar 18 ga Oktoba 1997) ya kasance ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Wealdstone ta Ƙasar . An haife shi a kasar [[Ingila]], ya wakilci kasar [[Ingila]] da Wales a matakin matasa na faɗin [[duniya]]. == Ayyuka == === Liverpool === Christie-Davies ya fara buga wa [[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] wasa a ranar 17 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, ya fara ne a wasan da ya yi da kungiyar [[Aston Villa FC|Aston Villa]] a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin [[EFL Cup|Kofin EFL]]. <ref name="SW2">{{Soccerway|isaac-christie-davies/376719}}</ref> An ba da rancensa a rabi na biyu na kakar 2019-2020 a kungiyar kwallon kafa ta lBelgian Cercle Brugge kuma ya zira kwallaye a bayyanarsa ta farko, wasan sada zumunci da kungiyar kwallon kafa ta FC Augsburg . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Cercle sluit oefenkamp in Malta af met 3-3 gelijkspel tegen FC Augsburg &#124; Nieuws - Cercle Brugge |url=https://www.cerclebrugge.be/nl/news/cercle-sluit-oefenkamp-in-malta-af-met-3-3-gelijkspel-tegen-fc-augsburg}}</ref> Kungiyar Liverpool ce ta sake shi a ƙarshen kakar 2019-20.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 June 2020 |title=Premier League clubs publish 2019/20 released lists |url=https://www.premierleague.com/news/1697130 |access-date=31 July 2020 |publisher=[[Premier League]]}}</ref> === Barnsley === Christie-Davies ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekaru uku tare da kungiyar Barnsley a ranar 7 ga Satumba 2020. A ranar 29 ga watan Janairun 2021, ya koma kungiyar Slovak Super Liga Dunajská Streda a kan aro har zuwa karshen kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 January 2021 |title=ISAAC CHRISTIE-DAVIES JOINS FC DAC 04 ON LOAN |url=https://www.barnsleyfc.co.uk/news/2021/january/isaac-dac/ |access-date=29 January 2021 |publisher=[[Barnsley F.C.]]}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga watan Yunin 2022, Christie-Davies ya shiga kungiyar Eupen ta farko ta Belgium a kan canja wurin kyauta, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar shekaru biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 June 2022 |title=KAS Eupen verpflichtet englischen Mittelfeldspieler Isaac Christie-Davies |url=https://www.as-eupen.be/kas-eupen-verpflichtet-englischen-mittelfeldspieler-isaac-christie-davies/ |access-date=8 June 2022 |publisher=[[K.A.S. Eupen]] |language=German}}</ref> Bayan fiye da shekara guda ba tare da kulob ba, Christie-Davies ya shiga sansanin horar da 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a lokacin rani na shekara ta 2025. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 August 2025 |title=Following the lives of some of football's 'forgotten players' |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/sport/football/articles/ckgje33891do |access-date=1 September 2025 |publisher=BBC}}</ref> === Wealdstone === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2025, Christie-Davies ya shiga kungiyar Wealdstone ta National League . <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 November 2025 |title=WELCOME TO WEALDSTONE, ISAAC CHRISTIE-DAVIES |url=https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/welcome-to-wealdstone-isaac-christie-davies |access-date=16 November 2025 |website=www.wealdstone-fc.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251212024858/https://www.wealdstone-fc.com/post/welcome-to-wealdstone-isaac-christie-davies |archive-date=12 December 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kididdigar aiki == === Kungiyar === {{Updated|match played 10 March 2024}} {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center" |+Bayyanawa da burin kulob din, kakar wasa da gasa ! rowspan="2" |Kungiyar ! rowspan="2" |Lokacin ! colspan="3" |Ƙungiyar ! colspan="2" |Kofin kasa{{Efn|Includes [[FA Cup]], [[Slovakian Cup]], [[Belgian Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Kofin League{{Efn|Includes [[EFL Cup]]}} ! colspan="2" |Sauran ! colspan="2" |Jimillar |- !Rarraba !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin !Aikace-aikacen !Manufofin |- | rowspan="3" |Chelsea U21 | colspan="2" |Kofin EFL na 2016-17 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |1{{Efn|Appearances in [[EFL Trophy]]}} |0 |1 |0 |- | colspan="2" |Kyautar EFL ta 2017-18 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |4[c] |0 |4 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !5 !0 !5 !0 |- |Liverpool U21 | colspan="2" |Kofin EFL na 2019-20 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |2[c] |0 |2 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |[[Liverpool F.C.|Liverpool]] |2018–19 |[[Premier League|Gasar Firimiya]] |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |- |2019–20<ref name="sb19" /> |Gasar Firimiya |0 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |0 |0 |1 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !0 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 !0 !0 !1 !0 |- |Cibiyar Brugge (rashin kuɗi) |2019–20<ref>{{Soccerway|isaac-christie-davies/376719}}</ref> |Belgian Pro League |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Barnsley |2020–21 |Gasar cin kofin |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |0 |0 |- |2021–22 |Gasar cin kofin |2 |0 |0 |0 |0 |0 | colspan="2" | - |2 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !2 !0 !0 !0 !0 !0 ! colspan="2" |- !2 !0 |- |DAC 1904 (rashin aro) |2021–22<ref name="ReferenceA" /> |Gasar kwallon kafa ta farko ta Slovak |9 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |10 |0 |- | rowspan="3" |Eupen |2022–23 |Belgian Pro League |24 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |25 |0 |- |2023–24 |Belgian Pro League |15 |0 |1 |0 | colspan="2" | - | colspan="2" | - |16 |0 |- ! colspan="2" |Jimillar !39 !0 !2 !0 ! colspan="2" |- ! colspan="2" |- !41 !0 |- ! colspan="3" |Cikakken aikinsa !50 !0 !3 !0 !1 !0 !7 !0 !61 !0 |} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] <references /> qh6bvy7u5zp694gbfj2qm8b0td79vd2 Gidan Kiɗa na Australiya 0 125183 961885 753532 2026-10-02T14:18:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961885 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Wurin Waƙoƙin Australiya (The Australian Music Vault)''' wani baje koli ne na dindindin kyauta wanda ke nuna waƙoƙin Australiya na baya da na yanzu. Tana cikin yankin tsakiyar Melbourne na Southbank, a cikin Cibiyar Fasaha ta Melbourne. Wurin adana waƙoƙin Australiya yana nuna abubuwa na zahiri kamar kayan sawa, littattafan waƙoƙi, da kayan yawon buɗe ido daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Melbourne 's Australian Performing Arts Collection . Nunin ya haɗa da kayan aiki daga masu fasaha kamar Baker Boy, Mo'Ju, Missy Higgins, Chrissy Amphlett, AC/DC, Olivia Newton-John, Archie Roach, da Kylie Minogue, da kuma ayyukan dijital masu hulɗa.[1] An kuma nuna hirarraki da aka yi rikodin da mawaƙa da manyan masu haɓaka masana'antar kiɗa.[2] Cibiyar Fasaha ta Melbourne ce ta ƙirƙiro ta tare da yin shawarwari da masana'antar kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Music Vault - What's On |url=https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/things-to-do/australian-music-vault |access-date=2021-12-11 |website=whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Masu tallafawa Ma'ajiyar Kiɗa ta Australiya sun haɗa da Kylie Minogue, [[Tina Arena]], Ian "Molly" Meldrum, Archie Roach da Michael Gudinski. An kafa shi a shekarar 2017, ya isa ga baƙi miliyan 1 cikin shekaru biyu da buɗewa. Shi ne "zauren shahara" na farko a Ostiraliya don kiɗa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Music Vault - What's On |url=https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/things-to-do/australian-music-vault |access-date=2021-12-11 |website=whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211022405/https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/things-to-do/australian-music-vault |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An lura da su don haɗawa da wasu masu wasan kwaikwayo na asali kamar Yothu Yindi, Babu Kafaffen Adireshin, Archie Roach, da kuma mata masu fasaha ciki har da Chrissie Amphlett, Little Patti, Judith Durham da Ngaiire.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Music Vault - What's On |url=https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/things-to-do/australian-music-vault |access-date=2021-12-11 |website=whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211211022405/https://whatson.melbourne.vic.gov.au/things-to-do/australian-music-vault |archive-date=2021-12-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Hotunan Hotuna == <gallery> Fayil:MESS_synth_display_at_Australian_Music_Vault_May_2022.jpg|alt=Synthesiser display at the Australian Music Vault May 2022| Nunin na'urar haɗa sinadarai a wurin adana kayan kida na Australian Music Vault a watan Mayu 2022 Fayil:Rowland_S_Howard_Guitar_and_Amp.jpg|alt=Rowland S Howard Guitar and Amp at the Australian Music Vault Oct 2024| Rowland S Howard Guitar and Amp a Australian Music Vault Oktoba 2024 </gallery> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} b08f1pkbo51d1w6v38iqyfmo28j1508 Jai Bhim Comrade 0 128068 962273 761747 2026-10-03T10:28:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 4 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962273 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jai Bhim Comrade''''' fim ne na Indiya na 2011 wanda Anand Patwardhan ya jagoranta. Fim din ya fara ne da bayanin tashin hankali na 'yan sanda a cikin kisan gillar Ramabai na 1997. Ya ci gaba da bincika fannoni daban-daban na rayuwar da siyasa na mutanen Dalit a [[Mumbai]]. Fim din ya dauki shekaru 14 don samarwa, kuma an sake shi a 2011 bayan kammala gwajin kotu wanda ya biyo bayan lamarin Ramabai. An nuna fim din a ko'ina a cikin ƙasa da ƙasa, kuma ya sami kyakkyawan martani. Ya lashe kyaututtuka da yawa na kasa da na kasa.<ref name="Matzner 2014">{{Cite journal |last=Matzner |first=Deborah |date=Fall 2014 |title=''Jai Bhim Comrade'' and the Politics of Sound in Urban Indian Visual Culture |journal=Visual Anthropology Review |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=127–138 |doi=10.1111/var.12043}}</ref> == Bayani game da shi == === Kashe-kashen mulkin mallaka na Ramabai === ''Jai Bhim Comrade'' ya fara ne da bayanin tsarin kabilanci na Indiya da zaluncin al'ummar Dalit. <ref name="Bernier 2013 (2)">{{Cite journal |last=Bernier |first=Catherine |date=Fall 2013 |title=Jai Bhim Comrade: tales of oppression and songs of resistance: A visual Essay |url=http://www.ejumpcut.org/archive/jc55.2013/BernierJaiBhim/ |journal=Jump Cut |issue=55 |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> Fim din ya hada da waƙar mawaki da mai fafutuka na Dalit Gilas Ghogre, sannan ya biyo bayan wani hoton jarida da ke kwatanta kashe kansa a matsayin martani ga kisan Ramabai a shekarar 1997. <ref name="Bernier 2013 (2)" /> Fim din ya bayyana kashe-kashen; a ranar 11 ga Yulin 1997 wani mutum-mutumi na [[B. R. Ambedkar]] a cikin mulkin mallaka na Dalit na Ramabai yana da garland na takalma da aka sanya a kansa, wani aiki da aka dauka a matsayin lalata. Wata zanga-zangar zaman lafiya da farko ta kai hari ta ƙungiyar 'yan sanda na musamman, inda suka kashe masu zanga-zambe goma, kuma wasu zanga-zaye daga baya a ranar sun ga ci gaba da tashin hankali na' yan sanda. Masu sharhi sun bayyana cewa tashin hankali ya samo asali ne daga nuna bambanci, yayin da shugaban ƙungiyar 'yan sanda ya kasance ana zarginsa da shari'o'i da yawa na cin zarafin mutanen Dalit. Mawallafin Dalit, mawaki, kuma mai fafutuka Vilas Ghogre ya rataye kansa don nuna rashin amincewa da lamarin. Bayan ya ba da labarin abubuwan da suka faru game da kisan, fim din ya biyo bayan Patwardhan a ziyararsa ga iyalan wadanda aka kashe a harin, da kuma matar Ghogre.<ref name="Bernier 2013(1)">{{Cite journal |last=Bernier |first=Catherine |date=Fall 2013 |title=Jai Bhim Comrade: tales of oppression and songs of resistance |url=http://ejumpcut.org/archive/jc55.2013/BernierJaiBhim/text.html |journal=Jump Cut |issue=55 |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> Fim din yana ƙoƙarin sake gina lamarin ta hanyar yin hira da shaidu a bangarorin biyu. An yi amfani da hotunan da wani farar hula ya harbe don ya saba wa bayanin abin da ya faru da 'yan sanda suka bayar.<ref name="Bernier 2013 (2)" /> Fim din ya nuna tambayoyi tare da yawancin abokan aikin Ghoghre, waɗanda suka tattauna yanayin siyasar Dalit a Indiya. A cikin murya, Patwardhan ya bayyana rayuwar Ambedkar, da kuma gwagwarmayarsa game da tsarin kabilanci.<ref name="Bernier 2013 (2)"/> Tattaunawar ta haɗu da wasu Dalits suna kwatanta matsaloli da nuna bambanci da suke fuskanta a rayuwarsu.<ref name="Bernier 2013 (2)" /> Wannan ɓangaren shirin ya kuma bincika dangantakar da ke tsakanin ƙungiyar masu fafutuka ta Dalit. Fim din ya bayyana hadin gwiwar Shiv Sena a cikin kisan Ramabai, kuma ya nuna Bal Thackeray a wani taron jama'a yana cewa ana bukatar a hallaka Musulmai.<ref name="Matzner 2014"/> Fim din ya bambanta da yunkurin Shiv Sena na nuna kansa a matsayin zakara na Dalit, tare da jawabai da waƙoƙin shugabannin Dalit da ke ƙoƙarin magance wannan.<ref name="Matzner 2014" /> === Kabir Kala Manch === Sashe na biyu na fim din yana mai da hankali kan gwagwarmayar Dalit ta zamani, musamman ayyukan Kabir Kala Manch, ƙungiyar mawaƙa da ke amfani da wasan kwaikwayon su don wayar da kan jama'a da goyon baya ga dalilin su. Ana nuna shirye-shiryen bidiyo da yawa na waƙoƙi da zanga-zangar, tare da ganawa da shugabannin ƙungiyar.[1] Fim din ya bayyana nasarorin farko na ƙungiyar a lokacin zanga-zangar da ta biyo bayan Kisan kiyashi na Khairlanji a shekara ta 2006. Akidar kungiyar ta kasance cakuda na Ambedkar da aka haɗu da akidar hagu. Koyaya, ba da daɗewa ba aka sanya wa kungiyar alama ta Naxalite, kuma hakan ya haifar da cewa ƙungiyar masu adawa da ta'addanci ta yi niyya. An tilasta wa mambobi da yawa su gudu, yayin da aka kama wasu.[1] Fim din ya ƙare tare da ganawa da uwaye biyu daga cikin mambobin Kabir Kala Manch waɗanda aka tilasta su shiga karkashin kasa.[2] == Manazarta == An yi fim din ''Jai Bhim Comrade'' a tsawon shekaru 14, daga 1997 zuwa lokacin da aka saki shi a 2011. Wani bangare na dalilin da ya sa ya dauki wannan tsawon lokaci shi ne cewa Patwardhan yana so ya jira sakamakon gwaje-gwajen da suka biyo bayan lamarin Ramabai kafin ya gama shirin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priyanka Borpujari |date=28 January 2012 |title=Arts / Cinema : A film with a difference |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2836663.ece |access-date=22 April 2012 |website=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929014807/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2836663.ece |archive-date=29 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Har ila yau, shirin yana amfani da adadi mai yawa na hotunan ajiya daga shirin Patwardhan na baya Bombay Our City, wanda aka saki a shekarar 1985.<ref name="Bernier 2013(1)"/> Ana nuna kiɗa sosai, kusan kamar kalmomin da aka faɗi. Patwardhan ya bayyana cewa daya daga cikin dalilan da ya sa fim din ya kai minti 200 shi ne cewa ya ji kamar ba zai iya yanke wani fim ba yayin gyara shi, saboda duk ya ba da gudummawa ga yanayin fim din.<ref name="Turner 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Turner |first=Matt |date=23 March 2013 |title=Human Rights Watch: Jai Bhim Comrade Review |url=http://www.frontrowreviews.co.uk/reviews/human-rights-watch-jai-bhim-comrade-review/21734 |journal=Front Row Reviews |access-date=1 December 2014}}</ref> == Karɓar karɓa da bincike == A cikin bita na fim din, Human Rights Watch ta soki salon sa, tana mai cewa amfani da kiɗa ya zama maimaitawa, kuma tsawon fim din ya sa ba za a iya isa ba. Koyaya, bita ya bayyana cewa abun ciki "yana da mahimmanci," kuma cewa "''Jai Bhim Comrade'' aiki ne mai mahimmanci wanda ke kawo al'adun da ke da mummunar zalunci, yana rushe duk wata gardama cewa nuna bambanci a cikin Mujallar Outlook wani abu ne na baya. " <ref name="Turner 2013"/> Wani bita a cikin muhalli na Outlook ya ba da shawarar cewa wani muhimmin bangare na fim din shine binciken tashin hankali tsakanin ƙungiyar masu fafutukar Ambedkarite Dalit, da kuma babban ƙungiyar hagu da aka kwatanta a cikin kayan kwaminisanci daban-daban. Masu gwagwarmayar Dalit da aka nuna a cikin fim din, irin su Kabir Kala Manch, sun wakilci tsinkaye na gaskiya na Dalit da gwagwarmaya ta hagu. Binciken ya kuma yi sharhi cewa wasu masu gwagwarmayar Dalit sun fara haɗuwa da Shiv Sena duk da jagoran su Bal Thackeray yana yin jawabin ƙiyayya a kan Musulmai, kuma ya bambanta su da Kabir Kala Manch, wanda shine "sabon bege a sararin samaniya". Masanin Balmurli Natarajan, yana rubutu a cikin mujallar Economic and Political Weekly, ya bayyana cewa fim din ya yi magana game da bukatar hadin kai tsakanin ƙungiyar Dalit da ƙungiyar hagu, kuma cewa ba a san shi ba. <ref name="Outlook 2012" /><ref name="Natarajan 2013">{{Cite journal |last=Natarajan |first=Balmurli |date=9 February 2013 |title=Punctuated Solidarities Caste and Left Politics |journal=Economic and Political Weekly |volume=48 |issue=6}}</ref> Wani bita a cikin ''[[The Guardian]]'' ya ce fim din "ya fallasa gaskiyar da ke bayyane... game da ci gaba da zalunci na talakawa, kuma ana iya ganin shi a matsayin "babban dutse ga aikin Patwardhan mai ban mamaki". Masanin ilimin ɗan adam Deborah Matzner ya ce fim ɗin ya bambanta "Hindutva na gilashi" na Shiv Sena tare da "mai ƙarfi da ƙiyayya" na Kabir Man Man Man Man's sun ce "macececece mai rikitarwa da ƙiyara" don wannan fim ɗin nan nan nan".<ref name="Matzner 2014"/><ref name="Bernier 2013(1)"/>[m]<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priyanka Borpujari |date=28 January 2012 |title=Arts / Cinema : A film with a difference |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2836663.ece |access-date=22 April 2012 |website=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929014807/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2836663.ece |archive-date=29 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Marubucin Birtaniya-Ghanaan kuma mai shirya fina-finai Kodwo Eshun ya kada kuri'a don fim din a kan zaben Sight & Sound na "The Greatest Documentaries of All Time", kamar yadda wasu masu sukar biyu (Julia Lesage da Cheuk To-Li) suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Priyanka Borpujari |date=28 January 2012 |title=Arts / Cinema : A film with a difference |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2836663.ece |access-date=22 April 2012 |website=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929014807/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2836663.ece |archive-date=29 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == * Ram Bahadur Grand Prize, Fim na Kudancin Asiya, Kathmandu, Nepal, 2011 * Mafi kyawun Fim / Bidiyo, Bikin Fim na Duniya na Mumbai, Indiya, 2012 * Kyautar Firebird don Mafi kyawun shirin, Bikin Fim na Duniya na Hong Kong, 2012 * Kyautar Juri ta Musamman, Kyautar Fim ta Kasa, Indiya, 2012 * Kyautar Bartok, bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na Jean Rouch, 2012 === Nominations === Gasar Docufest, bikin fina-finai na kasa da kasa na 48 na Chicago, 2012 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Priyanka Borpujari |date=28 January 2012 |title=Arts / Cinema : A film with a difference |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2836663.ece |access-date=22 April 2012 |website=The Hindu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929014807/http://www.thehindu.com/arts/cinema/article2836663.ece |archive-date=29 September 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == lsqcick9h0mn2e0e89th7zyo241b0ag Kam Suan Pheng 0 129351 961990 764939 2026-10-02T18:44:29Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Tsarin bayanai na ƙasa */ 961990 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Kam Suan Pheng''' (mai sauƙin amfani da Sinanci: 甘钻萍; Sinanci na gargajiya: 甘鑽萍) Malama ce mai ritaya 'yar ƙasar Malaysia, [[Soil science|masanin kimiyyar ƙasa]], [[Geographic data and information|ƙwararriyar masaniyar yanayin ƙasa]] kuma mai nazarin muhalli. Ta fito daga jihar [[Penang]], ta taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen ƙirƙirar Tsarin Bayanai na Yankin Penang (PeGIS). == Ilimi == A shekarar 1975, Kam ta sami digirinta na farko a fannin kimiyya da lambar yabo ta farko daga Jami'ar Sains Malaysia (USM) inda aka karrama ta a matsayin daliba mafi kyau a fannin ilimi kuma aka ba ta lambar yabo ta zinare ta Chancellor saboda nasarorin da ta samu a fannin ilimi da kuma na waje. Ta kuma sami lambar yabo ta zinare ta Farfesa E. Balasingham a fannin ilmin halittu da kuma kyautar littafi ta Datuk Abdul Rahman Yaakub saboda kasancewarta dalibar kimiyya mafi kyau a fannin kimiyya. Daga baya Kam ta yi karatun digirin digirgir a [[Ilimin kimiyyar noma|fannin noma]] -Soil a [[Cornell|Jami'ar Cornell]] da ke Ithaca, New York . == Sana'a == === Bincike da koyarwa === A lokacin da take karatun digirinta a USM, Kam ta yi aiki a matsayin malamar makaranta a wata makarantar sakandare a Bukit Mertajam . Ta zama malamar makaranta kuma farfesa a fannin USM daga shekaran 1981 zuwa 1994, kuma ta yi kwas ɗin takardar shaidar kan na'urar hangen nesa a Cibiyar Fasaha ta kasar Asiya kusa da [[Bangkok]] a Shekaran 1984. Ta kasance malamar ziyara a Jami'ar Wisconsin-Madison 's Environmental Remote Sensing Center a Shekaran 1986, da kuma Imperial College London a ƙarƙashin Royal Society Fellowship a Shekaran 1990. <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Liew |first=Soo Chin |last2=Kam |first2=Suan-Pheng |last3=Tuong |first3=To-Phuc |last4=Chen |first4=Ping |last5=Vo |first5=Quang Minh |last6=Lim |first6=Hock |date=Sep 1998 |title=Application of Multitemporal ERS-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar in Delineating Rice Cropping Systems in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam |url=http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/research/forest/mekong/tgrs98/TGRS_sep98.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1420 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030930160622/http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/research/forest/mekong/tgrs98/TGRS_sep98.pdf |archive-date=2003-09-30 |access-date=2025-03-13 |via=[[National University of Singapore]]}}</ref> A [[Kifi na Duniya|WorldFish]], ta yi aiki a matsayin babbar masaniyar kimiyya kuma ta shiga cikin ƙirƙirar wani rumbun adana bayanai na muhalli da tattalin arziki ta yanar gizo. <ref>http://kwongwah.com.my/20180827/甘钻萍：使用过时降雨量数据-泛岛大道充斥无法证/</ref> === Tsarin bayanai na ƙasa === Tsakanin Shekaran 1992 da 1994, Kam da takwarorinta sun yi aiki tare da gwamnatin jihar Penang don kafa PeGIS. A shekarar 2023, gwamnatin jihar ta ba ta yabo saboda rawar da ta taka wajen jagorantar fasahar geospatial a Penang. A halin yanzu tana kula da bayanan tsare-tsaren birane na Tsibirin Penang da gwamnatocin biranen Seberang Perai . A shekarar 1994, ta samar da tsarin bayanai na ƙasa (GIS) da tallafin ganowa daga nesa ga binciken shinkafa a Cibiyar Binciken Shinkafa ta Duniya da ke [[Manila]] . Daga baya, tsakanin 1996 da 1997, ta taimaka wajen amfani da na'urar radar ERS-2 mai amfani da na'urar hangen nesa (SAR) don tsara nau'ikan tsarin noman shinkafa daban-daban a cikin Kogin Mekong Delta . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Liew |first=Soo Chin |last2=Kam |first2=Suan-Pheng |last3=Tuong |first3=To-Phuc |last4=Chen |first4=Ping |last5=Vo |first5=Quang Minh |last6=Lim |first6=Hock |date=Sep 1998 |title=Application of Multitemporal ERS-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar in Delineating Rice Cropping Systems in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam |url=http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/research/forest/mekong/tgrs98/TGRS_sep98.pdf |url-status=bot: unknown |journal=IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing |publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] |volume=36 |issue=5 |pages=1420 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030930160622/http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/research/forest/mekong/tgrs98/TGRS_sep98.pdf |archive-date=2003-09-30 |access-date=2025-03-13 |via=[[National University of Singapore]]}}<cite class="citation journal cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFLiewKamTuongChen1998">Liew, Soo Chin; Kam, Suan-Pheng; Tuong, To-Phuc; Chen, Ping; Vo, Quang Minh; Lim, Hock (Sep 1998). [https://web.archive.org/web/20030930160622/http://www.crisp.nus.edu.sg/~research/research/forest/mekong/tgrs98/TGRS_sep98.pdf "Application of Multitemporal ERS-2 Synthetic Aperture Radar in Delineating Rice Cropping Systems in the Mekong River Delta, Vietnam"] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. ''IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing''. '''36''' (5). [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]: 1420. Archived from the original on 2003-09-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2025-03-13</span></span> &#x2013; via [[National University of Singapore]].</cite><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment" data-ve-ignore=""><code class="cs1-code"><nowiki>{{</nowiki>[[Samfuri:Cite journal|cite journal]]<nowiki>}}</nowiki></code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ([[:Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown|link]])</span> [[Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown]]</ref> === Fafutukar kare muhalli === Kam ta shiga cikin [[Gudanar da muhalli|fafutukar kare muhalli]] a jiharta ta Penang, inda ta taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu kamar Penang Hills Watch. <ref>http://kwongwah.com.my/20180827/甘钻萍：使用过时降雨量数据-泛岛大道充斥无法证/</ref> A shekarar 2017, ta yi iƙirarin cewa ci gaban tsaunuka ya haifar da zaizayar ƙasa, wanda hakan ya haifar da ambaliyar ruwa da ta afkawa jihar a wannan shekarar. Ta kuma nuna damuwa game da ikon gwamnatin jihar na tabbatar da bin ƙa'idodin gine-gine na gefen tsaunuka, kuma ta nuna cewa duk da cewa an tsara Tsarin Jihar Penang na Shekaran 2005-2020 don kare yankunan tsaunuka da kuma takaita yawan ayyukan gidaje, an riga an wuce iyakokin. Shekaru biyu bayan haka, a matsayinta na mai kula da Penang Hills Watch, Kam ta dage kan cewa za a duba tsarin musamman na yankin don lambunan tsirrai na Penang, tana mai nuna damuwa game da bayyana gaskiya da jihar ke da shi a fannin kiyaye lambunan. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] kibkw20mbadq72afqt0t80odqb7lato Jayant Narlikar 0 130826 962176 768393 2026-10-03T07:06:22Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "Early life" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377727335|Jayant Narlikar]]" 962176 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jayant Vishnu Narlikar''' FNA, FASc, FTWAS (19 Yuli 1938 - 20 Mayu 2025) masanin ilmin taurari ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya wanda ya yi bincike kan kimiyyar sararin samaniya ta madadin . Ya kuma kasance marubuci wanda ya rubuta littattafan karatu kan ilimin sararin samaniya, littattafan kimiyya masu shahara, da kuma littattafan almara na kimiyya da gajerun labarai. Narlikar ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Banaras Hindu da Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1963 yana aiki tare da Fred Hoyle . Bayan kammala karatun digiri na uku a Cambridge, a shekarar 1972 aka naɗa shi farfesa a Cibiyar Bincike ta Tata . A shekarar 1988, ya zama darektan farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Falaki da Falaki ta Jami'o'i ta Inter-University (IUCAA) An haifi Narlikar a Kolhapur, Indiya, a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1938, a cikin dangin ilimi. Mahaifinsa, Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar, masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya kasance farfesa kuma shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras (BHU), Varanasi . Mahaifiyarsa, [[Sumati Narlikar]], masanin [[Sanskrit]] ne. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, V. S. Huzurbazar, masanin lissafi ne.<ref name="INSA_Huzurbazar">{{Cite journal |title=Vasant Shankar Huzurbazar |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM20_9504.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |pages=45–50 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} == Sana'a == Narlikar ya fara aikinsa na bincike a matsayin dalibin digiri na uku a fannin ilmin taurari, karkashin jagorancin Fred Hoyle a Cambridge. An ba shi digirin digirgir na Falsafa a shekarar 1963. A lokacin, ya kasance ƙwararren digiri na uku a Kwalejin King's da ke Cambridge. A shekarar 1966, Hoyle ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Falsafa ta Ka'ida a Cambridge; Narlikar memba ne na kafa cibiyar, yayin da yake ci gaba da zama abokin aiki a Kwalejin King's. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Narlikar a Kolhapur, Indiya, a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1938, a cikin dangin ilimi. Mahaifinsa, Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar, masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya kasance farfesa kuma shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras (BHU), Varanasi . Mahaifiyarsa, Sumati Narlikar, masanin [[Sanskrit]] ne. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, V. S. Huzurbazar, masanin lissafi ne.<ref name="INSA_Huzurbazar">{{Cite journal |title=Vasant Shankar Huzurbazar |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM20_9504.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |pages=45–50 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} Narlikar ya tafi makaranta a Kwalejin Hindu ta Tsakiya (yanzu Makarantar Yara ta Hindu ta Tsakiya) a Varanasi . Daga nan ya yi karatu a BHU, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya a shekarar 1957. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Fitzwilliam (kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya kasance). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Face to Face with Professor Jayant V Narlikar |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/024/09/1029-1045 |access-date=29 September 2020 |website=www.ias.ac.in}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun lissafi a shekarar 1959, wanda aka ba shi digiri na farko a fannin lissafi kuma ya kasance Babban Wrangler.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Mitton}}</ref> Wannan digiri ya canza zuwa Oxbridge MA a 1964, ba tare da ƙarin karatu ba. A lokacin yakin Kickstarter, Luckey ya nuna Rift ga 'yan wasa da' yan jarida a tarurrukan wasanni da yawa, gami da PAX, Gamescom, da QuakeCon 2012. [1] Kamfen ɗin Kickstarter ya ci nasara, ya tara dala miliyan 2.4, ko 974% na ainihin burinsa.[1] Bayan tara fiye da dala miliyan 1, Luckey ya hayar da Brendan Iribe a watan Agustan 2012 don zama Shugaba na Oculus. Oculus VR ya fadada, yana ɗaukar ƙarin ma'aikata da kuma babban ofishin ofis. Luckey ya bayyana tsarinsa na yau da kull oq64bqw3m5m1rgzo60br4nue6e4aiq7 962178 962176 2026-10-03T07:06:52Z Baffa ali 47435 /* Farkon rayuwa */ 962178 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jayant Vishnu Narlikar''' FNA, FASc, FTWAS (19 Yuli 1938 - 20 Mayu 2025) masanin ilmin taurari ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya wanda ya yi bincike kan kimiyyar sararin samaniya ta madadin . Ya kuma kasance marubuci wanda ya rubuta littattafan karatu kan ilimin sararin samaniya, littattafan kimiyya masu shahara, da kuma littattafan almara na kimiyya da gajerun labarai. Narlikar ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Banaras Hindu da Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1963 yana aiki tare da Fred Hoyle . Bayan kammala karatun digiri na uku a Cambridge, a shekarar 1972 aka naɗa shi farfesa a Cibiyar Bincike ta Tata . A shekarar 1988, ya zama darektan farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Falaki da Falaki ta Jami'o'i ta Inter-University (IUCAA) An haifi Narlikar a Kolhapur, Indiya, a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1938, a cikin dangin ilimi. Mahaifinsa, Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar, masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya kasance farfesa kuma shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras (BHU), Varanasi . Mahaifiyarsa, [[Sumati Narlikar]], masanin [[Sanskrit]] ne. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, V. S. Huzurbazar, masanin lissafi ne.<ref name="INSA_Huzurbazar">{{Cite journal |title=Vasant Shankar Huzurbazar |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM20_9504.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |pages=45–50 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} == Sana'a == Narlikar ya fara aikinsa na bincike a matsayin dalibin digiri na uku a fannin ilmin taurari, karkashin jagorancin Fred Hoyle a Cambridge. An ba shi digirin digirgir na Falsafa a shekarar 1963. A lokacin, ya kasance ƙwararren digiri na uku a Kwalejin King's da ke Cambridge. A shekarar 1966, Hoyle ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Falsafa ta Ka'ida a Cambridge; Narlikar memba ne na kafa cibiyar, yayin da yake ci gaba da zama abokin aiki a Kwalejin King's. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Narlikar a Kolhapur, Indiya, a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1938, a cikin dangin ilimi. Mahaifinsa, Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar, masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya kasance farfesa kuma shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras (BHU), Varanasi . Mahaifiyarsa, Sumati Narlikar, masanin [[Sanskrit]] ne. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, V. S. Huzurbazar, masanin lissafi ne.<ref name="INSA_Huzurbazar">{{Cite journal |title=Vasant Shankar Huzurbazar |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM20_9504.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |pages=45–50 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} Narlikar ya tafi makaranta a Kwalejin Hindu ta Tsakiya (yanzu Makarantar Yara ta Hindu ta Tsakiya) a Varanasi . Daga nan ya yi karatu a BHU, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya a shekarar 1957. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Fitzwilliam (kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya kasance). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Face to Face with Professor Jayant V Narlikar |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/024/09/1029-1045 |access-date=29 September 2020 |website=www.ias.ac.in}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun lissafi a shekarar 1959, wanda aka ba shi digiri na farko a fannin lissafi kuma ya kasance Babban Wrangler.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Mitton}}</ref> Wannan digiri ya canza zuwa Oxbridge MA a 1964, ba tare da ƙarin karatu ba. harxgmhsqgoisov218t2mn7bnwudrvj 962180 962178 2026-10-03T07:07:45Z Baffa ali 47435 An kirkira ta fassara "__LEAD_SECTION__" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377727335|Jayant Narlikar]]" 962180 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jayant Vishnu Narlikar''' FNA, FASc, FTWAS (19 Yuli 1938 - 20 Mayu 2025) masanin ilmin taurari ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya wanda ya yi bincike kan kimiyyar sararin samaniya ta madadin . Ya kuma kasance marubuci wanda ya rubuta littattafan karatu kan ilimin sararin samaniya, littattafan kimiyya masu shahara, da kuma littattafan almara na kimiyya da gajerun labarai. Narlikar ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Banaras Hindu da Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1963 yana aiki tare da Fred Hoyle . Bayan kammala karatun digiri na uku a Cambridge, a shekarar 1972 aka naɗa shi farfesa a Cibiyar Bincike ta Tata . A shekarar 1988, ya zama darektan farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Falaki da Falaki ta Jami'o'i ta Inter-University (IUCAA) An haifi Narlikar a Kolhapur, Indiya, a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1938, a cikin dangin ilimi. Mahaifinsa, Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar, masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya kasance farfesa kuma shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras (BHU), Varanasi . Mahaifiyarsa, [[Sumati Narlikar]], masanin [[Sanskrit]] ne. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, V. S. Huzurbazar, masanin lissafi ne.<ref name="INSA_Huzurbazar">{{Cite journal |title=Vasant Shankar Huzurbazar |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM20_9504.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |pages=45–50 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} '''Jayant Vishnu Narlikar''' FNA, FASc, FTWAS (19 ga Yulin 1938 - 20 ga Mayu 2025) Masanin kimiyyar taurari ne na Indiya wanda ya yi bincike kan madadin ilimin sararin samaniya. Ya kuma kasance marubuci wanda ya rubuta litattafai kan ilimin sararin samaniya, shahararrun littattafan kimiyya, da litattafan fiction kimiyya da gajerun labaru. Narlikar ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras da Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya sami digirinsa na PhD a 1963 yana aiki tare da Fred Hoyle . Bayan aikin postdoctoral a Cambridge, a cikin 1972 an nada shi farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Tushen Tata . A shekara ta 1988, ya zama darektan farko na Cibiyar Nazarin taurari da Astrophysics (IUCAA). A lokacin yakin Kickstarter, Luckey ya nuna Rift ga 'yan wasa da' yan jarida a tarurrukan wasanni da yawa, gami da PAX, Gamescom, da QuakeCon 2012. [1] Kamfen ɗin Kickstarter ya ci nasara, ya tara dala miliyan 2.4, ko 974% na ainihin burinsa.[1] Bayan tara fiye da dala miliyan 1, Luckey ya hayar da Brendan Iribe a watan Agustan 2012 don zama Shugaba na Oculus. Oculus VR ya fadada, yana ɗaukar ƙarin ma'aikata da kuma babban ofishin ofis. Luckey ya bayyana tsarinsa na yau da kull == Sana'a == Narlikar ya fara aikinsa na bincike a matsayin dalibin digiri na uku a fannin ilmin taurari, karkashin jagorancin Fred Hoyle a Cambridge. An ba shi digirin digirgir na Falsafa a shekarar 1963. A lokacin, ya kasance ƙwararren digiri na uku a Kwalejin King's da ke Cambridge. A shekarar 1966, Hoyle ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Falsafa ta Ka'ida a Cambridge; Narlikar memba ne na kafa cibiyar, yayin da yake ci gaba da zama abokin aiki a Kwalejin King's. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Narlikar a Kolhapur, Indiya, a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1938, a cikin dangin ilimi. Mahaifinsa, Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar, masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya kasance farfesa kuma shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras (BHU), Varanasi . Mahaifiyarsa, Sumati Narlikar, masanin [[Sanskrit]] ne. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, V. S. Huzurbazar, masanin lissafi ne.<ref name="INSA_Huzurbazar">{{Cite journal |title=Vasant Shankar Huzurbazar |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM20_9504.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |pages=45–50 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} Narlikar ya tafi makaranta a Kwalejin Hindu ta Tsakiya (yanzu Makarantar Yara ta Hindu ta Tsakiya) a Varanasi . Daga nan ya yi karatu a BHU, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya a shekarar 1957. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Fitzwilliam (kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya kasance). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Face to Face with Professor Jayant V Narlikar |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/024/09/1029-1045 |access-date=29 September 2020 |website=www.ias.ac.in}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun lissafi a shekarar 1959, wanda aka ba shi digiri na farko a fannin lissafi kuma ya kasance Babban Wrangler.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Mitton}}</ref> Wannan digiri ya canza zuwa Oxbridge MA a 1964, ba tare da ƙarin karatu ba. 4kaws8jn201y71pojx736n9bpjeh508 962184 962180 2026-10-03T07:09:34Z Baffa ali 47435 962184 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jayant Vishnu Narlikar''' FNA, FASc, FTWAS (19 Yuli 1938 - 20 Mayu 2025) masanin ilmin taurari ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya wanda ya yi bincike kan kimiyyar sararin samaniya ta madadin . Ya kuma kasance marubuci wanda ya rubuta littattafan karatu kan ilimin sararin samaniya, littattafan kimiyya masu shahara, da kuma littattafan almara na kimiyya da gajerun labarai. Narlikar ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Banaras Hindu da Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya sami digirin digirgir a shekarar 1963 yana aiki tare da Fred Hoyle . Bayan kammala karatun digiri na uku a Cambridge, a shekarar 1972 aka naɗa shi farfesa a Cibiyar Bincike ta Tata . A shekarar 1988, ya zama darektan farko na Cibiyar Nazarin Falaki da Falaki ta Jami'o'i ta Inter-University (IUCAA) An haifi Narlikar a Kolhapur, Indiya, a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1938, a cikin dangin ilimi. Mahaifinsa, Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar, masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya kasance farfesa kuma shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras (BHU), Varanasi . Mahaifiyarsa, [[Sumati Narlikar]], masanin [[Sanskrit]] ne. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, V. S. Huzurbazar, masanin lissafi ne.<ref name="INSA_Huzurbazar">{{Cite journal |title=Vasant Shankar Huzurbazar |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM20_9504.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |pages=45–50 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} '''Jayant Vishnu Narlikar''' FNA, FASc, FTWAS (19 ga Yulin 1938 - 20 ga Mayu 2025) Masanin kimiyyar taurari ne na Indiya wanda ya yi bincike kan madadin ilimin sararin samaniya. Ya kuma kasance marubuci wanda ya rubuta litattafai kan ilimin sararin samaniya, shahararrun littattafan kimiyya, da litattafan fiction kimiyya da gajerun labaru. Narlikar ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras da Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya sami digirinsa na PhD a 1963 yana aiki tare da Fred Hoyle . Bayan aikin postdoctoral a Cambridge, a cikin 1972 an nada shi farfesa a Cibiyar Nazarin Tushen Tata . A shekara ta 1988, ya zama darektan farko na Cibiyar Nazarin taurari da Astrophysics (IUCAA). == Sana'a == Narlikar ya fara aikinsa na bincike a matsayin dalibin digiri na uku a fannin ilmin taurari, karkashin jagorancin Fred Hoyle a Cambridge. An ba shi digirin digirgir na Falsafa a shekarar 1963. A lokacin, ya kasance ƙwararren digiri na uku a Kwalejin King's da ke Cambridge. A shekarar 1966, Hoyle ya kafa Cibiyar Nazarin Falsafa ta Ka'ida a Cambridge; Narlikar memba ne na kafa cibiyar, yayin da yake ci gaba da zama abokin aiki a Kwalejin King's. [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2025]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] == Farkon rayuwa == An haifi Narlikar a Kolhapur, Indiya, a ranar 19 ga Yulin 1938, a cikin dangin ilimi. Mahaifinsa, Vishnu Vasudev Narlikar, masanin lissafi ne kuma masanin kimiyyar lissafi wanda ya kasance farfesa kuma shugaban sashen a Jami'ar Hindu ta Banaras (BHU), Varanasi . Mahaifiyarsa, Sumati Narlikar, masanin [[Sanskrit]] ne. Kakan mahaifiyarsa, V. S. Huzurbazar, masanin lissafi ne.<ref name="INSA_Huzurbazar">{{Cite journal |title=Vasant Shankar Huzurbazar |url=http://insaindia.res.in/BM/BM20_9504.pdf |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Indian National Science Academy |pages=45–50 |access-date=28 October 2016}}</ref>{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=May 2025}} Narlikar ya tafi makaranta a Kwalejin Hindu ta Tsakiya (yanzu Makarantar Yara ta Hindu ta Tsakiya) a Varanasi . Daga nan ya yi karatu a BHU, inda ya sami digiri na farko a fannin kimiyya a shekarar 1957. Ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Jami'ar Cambridge, inda ya kasance memba na Kwalejin Fitzwilliam (kamar yadda mahaifinsa ya kasance). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Face to Face with Professor Jayant V Narlikar |url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/reso/024/09/1029-1045 |access-date=29 September 2020 |website=www.ias.ac.in}}</ref> Ya kammala karatun lissafi a shekarar 1959, wanda aka ba shi digiri na farko a fannin lissafi kuma ya kasance Babban Wrangler.<ref>{{Cite book|last3=Simon Mitton}}</ref> Wannan digiri ya canza zuwa Oxbridge MA a 1964, ba tare da ƙarin karatu ba. nwwky4r8cgbosecf52g86jyy3vc8p4q Gordon Lightfoot 0 134327 961963 793608 2026-10-02T18:20:08Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961963 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gordon Meredith Lightfoot Jr.''' CC OOnt (17 ga Nuwamba, 1938 - 1 ga Mayu, 2023) ya kasance mawaƙi-marubucin Kanada wanda ya sami nasara a duniya kuma ya taimaka wajen bayyana zamanin mawaƙa-marubi na shekarun 1970s. An dauke shi daya daga cikin manyan mawaƙa na Kanada, yana da kundin zinariya da platinum da yawa, kuma yawancin shahararrun mawaƙa na duniya sun rufe waƙoƙinsa. Mawallafin tarihin Lightfoot Nicholas Jennings ya rubuta, "Sunansa yana da alaƙa da waƙoƙi marasa lokaci game da jiragen ƙasa da fashewar jiragen ruwa, koguna da manyan hanyoyi, masoya da kaɗaici. " Rufe waƙoƙin Lightfoot ta wasu ayyukan, ciki har da "For Lovin' Me", "Early Morning Rain", "Steel Rail Blues", "Home From The Forest", da kuma "Ribbon of Darkness", lambar da ta fi bugawa a kan jadawalin ƙasar Amurka <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gordon Lightfoot &#124; Music Biography, Credits and Discography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gordon-lightfoot-p2053 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> ga Marty Robbins, ya kawo masa karbuwa daga tsakiyar shekarun 1960. Nasarar jadawalin tare da rikodin kansa ya fara ne a Kanada a 1962 tare da No. 3 buga " (Ka tuna da Ni) Ni Ɗaya ne" kuma ya haifar da jerin manyan abubuwan da suka faru a gida da waje a cikin shekarun 1970s. Ya hau kan US Hot 100 ko Adult Contemporary (AC) ginshiƙi tare da "Idan Kuna iya Karanta Zuciyata" (1970), "Sundown" (1974); "Carefree Highway" (1974), "Rainy Day People" (1975), da kuma "The Wreck of the Edmund Fitzgerald" (1976). Robbie Robertson na Band ya bayyana Lightfoot a matsayin "dukiyar ƙasa".[1] Bob Dylan ya ce, "Ba zan iya tunanin kowane waƙar Gordon Lightfoot da ba na so. Kowace lokacin da na ji waƙarsa, kamar ina fatan zai kasance har abada. " Lightfoot shine mai wasan kwaikwayo na kiɗa a bikin buɗewa na Wasannin Olympics na hunturu na 1988 kuma ya sami girmamawa da kyaututtuka da yawa yayin aikinsa. == Rayuwa ta farko, iyali da ilimi == An haifi Lightfoot a Orillia, Ontario, a ranar 17 ga Nuwamba, 1938, <ref name="globegazette.com">{{Cite web |date=December 27, 2015 |title=Kim Hasse and Gordon Lightfoot &#124; Celebrations |url=https://globegazette.com/extras/celebrations/2_col_bw/kim-hasse-and-gordon-lightfoot/article_7160f904-6268-5249-94b9-3b60abb97b3a.html |url-access=subscription |access-date=September 26, 2021 |website=Globegazette.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240316185229/https://globegazette.com/extras/celebrations/2_col_bw/kim-hasse-and-gordon-lightfoot/article_7160f904-6268-5249-94b9-3b60abb97b3a.html |archive-date=March 16, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> ga Jessie Vick Trill Lightfoot da Gordon Lightfoot Sr., <ref name="globegazette.com" /> wanda ke da kasuwancin tsaftacewa na gida. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gordon Lightfoot &#124; Music Biography, Credits and Discography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gordon-lightfoot-p2053 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga zuriyar Scotland.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gordon Lightfoot &#124; Music Biography, Credits and Discography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gordon-lightfoot-p2053 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Yana da 'yar'uwa babba, Beverley (1935-2017). Mahaifiyarsa ta gane kwarewar kiɗa ta Lightfoot tun da wuri kuma ta koya masa ya zama mai wasan kwaikwayo na yaro mai cin nasara. Ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a fili a aji na huɗu, yana raira waƙar Irish-American "Too Ra Loo Ra Ral", wanda aka watsa shi a kan tsarin adireshin jama'a na makarantarsa a lokacin taron ranar iyaye. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="larrywayneclark.com">{{Cite web |title=Gordon Lightfoot—Portrait of a Painter |url=http://www.larrywayneclark.com/lightfoot.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100702050944/http://www.larrywayneclark.com/lightfoot.html |archive-date=July 2, 2010 |access-date=April 13, 2021 |website=Larrywayneclark.com}}</ref> Yayinda yake matashi, ya raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa na Ikilisiyar St. Paul ta Orillia a ƙarƙashin jagorancin mai kula da mawaƙa Ray Williams . Lightfoot ya yaba wa Williams da koya masa ya raira waƙa da motsin rai da kuma samun amincewa da muryarsa. Lightfoot yaro ne soprano; ya bayyana lokaci-lokaci a gidan rediyo na Orillia, ya yi a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na gida da oratorios, kuma ya sami bayyanar ta hanyar bukukuwan kiɗa daban-daban na Kiwanis. A lokacin da yake da shekaru goma sha biyu, bayan ya lashe gasar ga yara maza waɗanda muryoyin su ba su canza ba tukuna, ya fara fitowa a Massey Hall a Toronto, wurin da zai yi wasa sama da sau 170 a duk lokacin da yake aiki. Yayinda yake matashi, Lightfoot ya koyi piano kuma ya koya wa kansa yin amfani da kara da kara. Ya yi raye-raye a Muskoka, wani wurin shakatawa a arewacin Orillia, yana raira waƙa "don wasu giya".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gordon Lightfoot &#124; Music Biography, Credits and Discography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gordon-lightfoot-p2053 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Lightfoot ya yi aiki sosai a duk makarantar sakandare, Orillia District Collegiate & Vocational Institute (ODCVI), kuma ya koya wa kansa yin wasa da guitar. Wani tasiri mai mahimmanci a kan kiɗansa a wannan lokacin shine marubucin waƙoƙin Amurka na ƙarni na 19 Stephen Foster . Lightfoot ya koma Los Angeles a shekara ta 1958 don nazarin abun da ke cikin jazz da kuma shirya waƙoƙi na tsawon shekaru biyu a Kwalejin Kiɗa ta Westlake . == Ayyuka == === Farko === Don tallafa wa kansa yayin da yake California, Lightfoot ya raira waƙa a kan rikodin zanga-zangar kuma ya rubuta, ya shirya, kuma ya samar da jingles na kasuwanci. Daga cikin tasirinsa akwai kiɗa na Pete Seeger, Bob Gibson, Ian &amp;amp; Sylvia Tyson, da The Weavers . Homesick for Toronto, ya koma can a cikin 1960 kuma ya zauna a Kanada bayan haka, kodayake wasu daga cikin rikodin sa da yawancin yawon shakatawa an yi su ne a Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gordon Lightfoot &#124; Music Biography, Credits and Discography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gordon-lightfoot-p2053 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gordon Lightfoot &#124; Music Biography, Credits and Discography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gordon-lightfoot-p2053 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Bayan ya dawo Kanada, Lightfoot ya yi tare da Singin 'Swinging' Eight, ƙungiyar da aka nuna a jerin shirye-shiryen CBC na Country Hoedown, da kuma Gino Silvi Singers. Ba da daɗewa ba ya zama sananne a gidajen kofi na Toronto.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gordon Lightfoot &#124; Music Biography, Credits and Discography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gordon-lightfoot-p2053 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> A cikin 1961, Lightfoot ya fitar da mutane biyu, dukansu an rubuta su a RCA a Nashville kuma Louis Innis da Art Snider ne suka samar da su, wadanda suka kasance abubuwan da suka faru a Toronto kuma sun sami wasu airplay a wasu wurare a Kanada da arewa maso gabashin Amurka. " (Ka tuna da ni) Ni Ɗaya ne" ya kai No. 3 a rediyo na CHUM a Toronto a watan Yulin 1962 kuma ya kasance saman 20 a kan CKGM na Montreal, sannan kuma tashar Top 40 ta Kanada mai tasiri sosai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gordon Lightfoot &#124; Music Biography, Credits and Discography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gordon-lightfoot-p2053 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da suka biyo baya shine "Negotiations" / "It's Too Late, He Wins"; ya kai No. 27 a kan CHUM a watan Disamba. Ya raira waƙa tare da Terry Whelan a cikin duo da ake kira Two-Tones / Two-Timers . Sun yi rikodin kundin rayuwa, wanda aka saki a 1962, Two-Tones a Village Corner (1962, Chateau CLP-1012). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gordon Lightfoot &#124; Music Biography, Credits and Discography |url=http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gordon-lightfoot-p2053 |access-date=April 19, 2014 |website=[[AllMusic]]}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp; A cikin shekaru bakwai masu zuwa, ya rubuta jerin kundin da suka kafa shi a matsayin babban mawaƙi-marubucin waƙa: ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2023]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1938]] frmvqcaejuv6n6oayvelz0laqijv7ew Louka Katseli 0 135704 962164 778352 2026-10-03T06:57:39Z BnHamid 12586 962164 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Louka Katseli''' (Greek: Λούκα Κατσέλη, {{IPA|el|ˈluka kaˈtseli|pron}}{{IPA|el|ˈluka kaˈtseli|pron}}{{IPA|el|ˈluka kaˈtseli|pron}}; born 20 April 1952) is a Greek politician and economist. She is Professor Emerita at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. She served as chair of the National Bank of Greece from 2015 to 2016, as Minister for Economy, Competitiveness and Shipping from 2009 to 2010 and as Minister of Labour and Social Security from 2010 to 2011. In January 2025 she was proposed as a candidate for the Greek Presidency in the 2025 Greek presidential election with the support of Syriza.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === Louka Katseli 'yar yar wasan Girka ce Αleka Katseli, kuma darektan mataki [[Pelopidas Katselis]] . She is also the sister of actress and former politician [[Nora Katseli]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Louka Katseli ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts a 1972, tare da B.A. a cikin tattalin arziki (cum laude) kuma daga Makarantar Harkokin Jama'a da Kasa ta Woodrow Wilson a Jami'ar Princeton a 1974 tare da MPA (Master of Public Administration). Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Princeton, ta sami MA a fannin tattalin arziki a 1975 sannan ta sami Ph.D. a fannin hada-hadar tattalin arziki a 1978. Rubutun digirin ta na digiri an kira shi "Yar da rikice-rikicen farashi na waje a cikin ƙananan tattalin arziki masu budewa". === Ayyukan ilimi === Louka Katseli ta fara aikinta na ilimi a 1977 a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Yale kuma daga baya aka inganta ta zuwa farfesa a harkokin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Kwadago da Gudanarwa (1977-1985). Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Birkbeck, London (1986) da kuma Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci ta Athens a 1986-1987. A shekara ta 1987, an zabe ta Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Kasa da Kapodistrian ta Athens, matsayin da ta rike har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2019. A halin yanzu tana riƙe da taken Farfesa Emeritus . A shekarar 2017, an zabe ta Farfesa mai daraja na Jami'ar Patras . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Cibiyoyin Ci Gaban Turai (E.A.D.I), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Jamus a Berlin, Jamus, Shugaban Kwamitin Bawa na Duniya na [[Athens Development and Governance Institute|Cibiyar Ci Gaban Athens da Gudanarwa]] (ADGI - INERPOST) kuma memba na ƙungiyar Yuro 50. Ta kasance marubuciyar littattafai huɗu da fiye da labarai 40 a cikin mujallu masu sana'a da littattafai kan tattalin arzikin kasa da kasa da na hukumomi, kudaden ci gaba da ƙaura. A shekara ta 2015 ta kasance memba na Editorial Team na 5th European Report on Development (ERD). Louka Katseli ta fara auren Stratis Papaefstratiou sannan kuma marigayi Gerasimos Arsenis, <ref name="kephalonia">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Gerasimos Arsenis, Politician |url=http://www.kefalonia.net.gr/en/infoID.asp?CatID=14&ScatID=105&EntityID=406 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721082809/http://www.kefalonia.net.gr/en/infoID.asp?CatID=14&ScatID=105&EntityID=406 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |publisher=kefalonia.net.gr}}</ref> sanannen masanin tattalin arziki kuma tsohon Minista. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu, Dimitris Papaefstratiou, yanzu lauya ce ta kasa da kasa da [[Amalia Arseni]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. == Kyaututtuka == Ta sami bambance-bambance da kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Sidney Cohen don Tattalin Arziki (1971), Phi Beta Kappa (1972), Fellowship na Jami'ar Princeton (1972-1974 da 1976-1977), Felloyship na Alexander Onassis (1974-1976), Kyautar Kyautar Ph.D. Mai Girma (1979), Jami'ar Yale (1979-1980), Kyautar Binciken Kwalejin Concilium (1979), Fellowurin Marshall na Jamus (1982-1984), Tallafin Bincike ta Gidauniyar Ford, Gidauniya Sloan da CEPR (1986-1988). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a8xz7khibcpuq60rq97crng1agijjn1 962165 962164 2026-10-03T06:58:10Z BnHamid 12586 /* Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi */ 962165 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Louka Katseli''' (Greek: Λούκα Κατσέλη, {{IPA|el|ˈluka kaˈtseli|pron}}{{IPA|el|ˈluka kaˈtseli|pron}}{{IPA|el|ˈluka kaˈtseli|pron}}; born 20 April 1952) is a Greek politician and economist. She is Professor Emerita at the National and Kapodistrian University of Athens. She served as chair of the National Bank of Greece from 2015 to 2016, as Minister for Economy, Competitiveness and Shipping from 2009 to 2010 and as Minister of Labour and Social Security from 2010 to 2011. In January 2025 she was proposed as a candidate for the Greek Presidency in the 2025 Greek presidential election with the support of Syriza.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2025}} == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === Louka Katseli 'yar yar wasan Girka ce Αleka Katseli, kuma darektan mataki [[Pelopidas Katselis]] . She is also the sister of actress and former politician [[Nora Katseli]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}} Louka Katseli ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts a 1972, tare da B.A. a cikin tattalin arziki (cum laude) kuma daga Makarantar Harkokin Jama'a da Kasa ta Woodrow Wilson a Jami'ar Princeton a 1974 tare da MPA (Master of Public Administration). Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Princeton, ta sami MA a fannin tattalin arziki a 1975 sannan ta sami Ph.D. a fannin hada-hadar tattalin arziki a 1978. Rubutun digirin ta na digiri an kira shi "Yar da rikice-rikicen farashi na waje a cikin ƙananan tattalin arziki masu budewa". === Ayyukan ilimi === Louka Katseli ta fara aikinta na ilimi a 1977 a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Yale kuma daga baya aka inganta ta zuwa farfesa a harkokin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Kwadago da Gudanarwa (1977-1985). Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Birkbeck, London (1986) da kuma Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci ta Athens a 1986-1987. A shekara ta 1987, an zabe ta Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Kasa da Kapodistrian ta Athens, matsayin da ta rike har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2019. A halin yanzu tana riƙe da taken Farfesa Emeritus . A shekarar 2017, an zabe ta Farfesa mai daraja na Jami'ar Patras . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Cibiyoyin Ci Gaban Turai (E.A.D.I), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Jamus a Berlin, Jamus, Shugaban Kwamitin Bawa na Duniya na [[Athens Development and Governance Institute|Cibiyar Ci Gaban Athens da Gudanarwa]] (ADGI - INERPOST) kuma memba na ƙungiyar Yuro 50. Ta kasance marubuciyar littattafai huɗu da fiye da labarai 40 a cikin mujallu masu sana'a da littattafai kan tattalin arzikin kasa da kasa da na hukumomi, kudaden ci gaba da ƙaura. A shekara ta 2015 ta kasance memba na Editorial Team na 5th European Report on Development (ERD). Louka Katseli ta fara auren Stratis Papaefstratiou sannan kuma marigayi Gerasimos Arsenis, <ref name="kephalonia">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Gerasimos Arsenis, Politician |url=http://www.kefalonia.net.gr/en/infoID.asp?CatID=14&ScatID=105&EntityID=406 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721082809/http://www.kefalonia.net.gr/en/infoID.asp?CatID=14&ScatID=105&EntityID=406 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |publisher=kefalonia.net.gr}}</ref> sanannen masanin tattalin arziki kuma tsohon Minista. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu, Dimitris Papaefstratiou, yanzu lauya ce ta kasa da kasa da [[Amalia Arseni]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. == Kyaututtuka == Ta sami bambance-bambance da kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Sidney Cohen don Tattalin Arziki (1971), Phi Beta Kappa (1972), Fellowship na Jami'ar Princeton (1972-1974 da 1976-1977), Felloyship na Alexander Onassis (1974-1976), Kyautar Kyautar Ph.D. Mai Girma (1979), Jami'ar Yale (1979-1980), Kyautar Binciken Kwalejin Concilium (1979), Fellowurin Marshall na Jamus (1982-1984), Tallafin Bincike ta Gidauniyar Ford, Gidauniya Sloan da CEPR (1986-1988). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iujeo0ahl1i1n95d1ijnkuc3rrgweza 962166 962165 2026-10-03T06:59:24Z BnHamid 12586 962166 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Louka Katseli''' (an haife ta ranar 20 ga Afrilu, 1952) 'yar siyasa ce kuma masaniyar tattalin arziki ta ƙasar Girka. Ita farfesa ce mai ritaya (Professor Emerita) a Jami'ar National and Kapodistrian ta Athens. Ta riƙe muƙamin shugabar Bankin Ƙasa na Girka (National Bank of Greece) daga shekarar 2015 zuwa 2016, da kuma Ministar Tattalin Arziki, Gasa da Harkokin Sufurin Ruwa daga 2009 zuwa 2010, da kuma Ministar Kwadago da Tsaron Jama'a daga 2010 zuwa 2011. A watan Janairun 2025, an gabatar da ita a matsayin 'yar takarar shugabancin ƙasar Girka a zaɓen shugaban ƙasa na shekarar 2025 tare da goyon bayan jam'iyyar Syriza. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi === Louka Katseli 'yar yar wasan Girka ce Αleka Katseli, kuma darektan mataki [[Pelopidas Katselis]] . She is also the sister of actress and former politician [[Nora Katseli]].{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=February 2021}} Louka Katseli ta kammala karatu daga Kwalejin Smith da ke Northampton, Massachusetts a 1972, tare da B.A. a cikin tattalin arziki (cum laude) kuma daga Makarantar Harkokin Jama'a da Kasa ta Woodrow Wilson a Jami'ar Princeton a 1974 tare da MPA (Master of Public Administration). Ta ci gaba da karatunta a Princeton, ta sami MA a fannin tattalin arziki a 1975 sannan ta sami Ph.D. a fannin hada-hadar tattalin arziki a 1978. Rubutun digirin ta na digiri an kira shi "Yar da rikice-rikicen farashi na waje a cikin ƙananan tattalin arziki masu budewa". === Ayyukan ilimi === Louka Katseli ta fara aikinta na ilimi a 1977 a matsayin mataimakiyar farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Yale kuma daga baya aka inganta ta zuwa farfesa a harkokin tattalin arziki a Makarantar Kwadago da Gudanarwa (1977-1985). Daga baya ta yi aiki a matsayin farfesa mai ziyara a Kwalejin Birkbeck, London (1986) da kuma Jami'ar Tattalin Arziki da Kasuwanci ta Athens a 1986-1987. A shekara ta 1987, an zabe ta Farfesa a fannin tattalin arziki a Jami'ar Kasa da Kapodistrian ta Athens, matsayin da ta rike har sai da ta yi ritaya a shekarar 2019. A halin yanzu tana riƙe da taken Farfesa Emeritus . A shekarar 2017, an zabe ta Farfesa mai daraja na Jami'ar Patras . Ta yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin zartarwa na Cibiyoyin Ci Gaban Turai (E.A.D.I), memba na Kwamitin Ba da Shawara na Kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Tattalin Arziki ta Jamus a Berlin, Jamus, Shugaban Kwamitin Bawa na Duniya na [[Athens Development and Governance Institute|Cibiyar Ci Gaban Athens da Gudanarwa]] (ADGI - INERPOST) kuma memba na ƙungiyar Yuro 50. Ta kasance marubuciyar littattafai huɗu da fiye da labarai 40 a cikin mujallu masu sana'a da littattafai kan tattalin arzikin kasa da kasa da na hukumomi, kudaden ci gaba da ƙaura. A shekara ta 2015 ta kasance memba na Editorial Team na 5th European Report on Development (ERD). Louka Katseli ta fara auren Stratis Papaefstratiou sannan kuma marigayi Gerasimos Arsenis, <ref name="kephalonia">{{Cite web |year=2002 |title=Gerasimos Arsenis, Politician |url=http://www.kefalonia.net.gr/en/infoID.asp?CatID=14&ScatID=105&EntityID=406 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721082809/http://www.kefalonia.net.gr/en/infoID.asp?CatID=14&ScatID=105&EntityID=406 |archive-date=2011-07-21 |publisher=kefalonia.net.gr}}</ref> sanannen masanin tattalin arziki kuma tsohon Minista. Tana da 'ya'ya biyu, Dimitris Papaefstratiou, yanzu lauya ce ta kasa da kasa da [[Amalia Arseni]], 'yar wasan kwaikwayo. == Kyaututtuka == Ta sami bambance-bambance da kyaututtuka da yawa, gami da Kyautar Sidney Cohen don Tattalin Arziki (1971), Phi Beta Kappa (1972), Fellowship na Jami'ar Princeton (1972-1974 da 1976-1977), Felloyship na Alexander Onassis (1974-1976), Kyautar Kyautar Ph.D. Mai Girma (1979), Jami'ar Yale (1979-1980), Kyautar Binciken Kwalejin Concilium (1979), Fellowurin Marshall na Jamus (1982-1984), Tallafin Bincike ta Gidauniyar Ford, Gidauniya Sloan da CEPR (1986-1988). ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1952]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5ndw4flc4iu2jc9fi4oodmi03um5a3y Qari Ahmadullah 0 136369 962201 779541 2026-10-03T07:25:28Z BnHamid 12586 962201 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Qari Ahmadullah''' (Pashto: قاری احمدالله) (an haife shi a shekara ta 1975) ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar Afghanistan kuma Ministan Tsaro na [[Taliban]] (ko Sashin leken asiri) a shekara ta 1996. Shi ne ke da alhakin cin hanci da rashawa ga kwamandojin masu adawa da Taliban don barin mukamin United Islamic Front for the Salvation of Afghanistan. Ahmadullah ya kuma umarci dakarun da ke fada a kan gaba a arewacin kasar da kungiyar Northern Alliance. == Tarihi == A cewar Jaridar Ofishin Tarayyar Turai da shaidar Abdul Haq Wasiq, a gaban Kotun Binciken Yanayin Yaki, Ahmadullah ya kasance Ministan Tsaro kuma [[Taliban|Ministan leken asiri]] da Gwamna na [[Takhar|Lardin Takhar]]. Abdul Haq ya bayyana Ahmadullah a matsayin mutumin da bai ilimi ba. == Mutuwa da ake tsammani == An yi zaton an kashe shi a kwanakin farko na 2002 a harin jirgin saman Amurka a kan gidan [[Mullah Taha]] a Zadran (ko da yake Pentagon bai iya tabbatar da mutuwar Ahmadullah ba). Shekaru 12 bayan lamarin, binciken da Harper's Weekly ya yi ya yi ya zargi Ahmadullah da rai.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mashal |first=Mujib |date=January 2014 |title=The Pious Spy: A Taliban intelligence chief's death and resurrection |url=http://harpers.org/archive/2014/01/the-pious-spy/ |journal=[[Harper's Magazine]] |issue=January 2014}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * Jerin mutanen da suka ɓace ta hanyar ban mamaki: 1990-yanzu == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1975]] b7vohau891fcm0b21vdm5ft73atlaht Hattie Carwell 0 140000 962105 792301 2026-10-03T01:03:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 7 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962105 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hattie Carwell''' (an haife ta a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1948) ƙwararriyar masanin kimiyyar lissafi ce ta Amurka kuma tsohuwar masanin kimiyya a [[Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka]] da Hukumar Makamashin Atom ta Duniya . A shekarar 1990, ta zama manajan shirye-shirye na manyan makamashi da shirye-shiryen nukiliya tare da Ofishin Ayyuka na DOE San Francisco. <ref> name="thm">{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2012 |title=Hattie Carwell's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/hattie-carwell |publisher=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma kasance babbar injiniyar aiki a Ofishin Wurin Berkeley daga 1994 zuwa 2006. Ta kuma ba da gudummawa ga ƙungiyoyi da dama masu zaman kansu da nufin haɓaka bambancin ra'ayi a cikin fannoni masu alaƙa da STEM. == Tarihin Rayuwa da Ilimi == An haifi Carwell a ranar 17 ga Yuli, 1948, a Brooklyn, NY. Ta girma a Ashland, Virginia inda al'ummarta suka ƙarfafa ta ta zama masanin kimiyya. Carwell ta kammala karatun digiri na uku a makarantar sakandare. Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Hattie ta yi rajista a Kwalejin Bennett for Women da ke Greensboro, North Carolina a kaka ta 1966. Ta kammala karatun digiri na farko a fannin sinadarai. A kaka ta 1970, Carwell ta yi rajista a Jami'ar Rutgers inda ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin kimiyyar lafiya . == Sana'a == Bayan kammala karatunta daga Jami'ar Rutgers a shekarar 1971, Hattie Carwell ta sami aiki a [[Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka]] a matsayin ƙwararren masanin kimiyyar lafiya, inda ta ba da kulawar lafiyar radiation a dakunan gwaje-gwaje na ƙasa da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Changes Coalition Member Profiles |url=http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.changescoalition.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608182017/http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Carwell ta ci gaba da aiki a [[Vienna|Vienna, Austria]] daga 1980 zuwa 1985 inda ta yi aiki a matsayin mai duba lafiyar nukiliya kuma shugabar rukuni a Hukumar Makamashin Atom ta Duniya . <ref> name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hattie Carwell |url=https://www.nsbp.org/nsbp-news/bhm-physics-profiles/2017-honorees/26-hattie-carwell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715092202/https://www.nsbp.org/nsbp-news/bhm-physics-profiles/2017-honorees/26-hattie-carwell |archive-date=2020-07-15 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=www.nsbp.org}}</ref> A shekarar 1985, ta koma Oakland, California kuma ta yi aiki tare da [[Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka|Ma'aikatar Makamashi]], tana ba da gudummawa ga haɓaka sabbin manufofin kare lafiyar radiation, da kuma yadda za a daidaita su yayin gudanar da bincike. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickens |first=Ronald |date=March 1999 |title=The African American Presence in Physics |url=https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/cau.ir%3A1999_mickens_ronald_e |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> Daga nan ta zama manajan shirye-shirye na manyan shirye-shiryen makamashi da nukiliya a shekarar 1990 a ofishin ayyukan Ma'aikatar Makamashi na [[San Francisco]] . <ref name=":0" /> Daga baya, Carwell ta zama babbar injiniyar ayyukan gine-gine a Ofishin Wurin Berkeley a 1992. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hattie Carwell's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/hattie-carwell |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref> A shekarar 1994, an kara mata matsayi zuwa ga shugaban ayyuka, mukamin da ta riƙe har zuwa 2006. Daga baya ta zama babbar masaniyar kimiyyar jiki kafin ta yi ritaya a 2008. <ref name="thm">{{Cite web |date=November 5, 2012 |title=Hattie Carwell's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/hattie-carwell |publisher=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/hattie-carwell "Hattie Carwell's Biography"]. The HistoryMakers. November 5, 2012.</cite></ref> A shekarar 2010, Carwell ta halarci wani taron bita da Kwalejin Kimiyya, Injiniyanci, da Magunguna ta Ƙasa ta shirya mai taken "Sinadari a Primetime da Online: Sadarwa da Sinadarai a Muhalli na Zamani." A watan Maris na 2020, ta yi aiki a wani taro game da shugabancin manyan makarantu a [https://web.archive.org/web/20200712201327/http://www.chbgs.org/documents/CHBGS-conference-program.pdf taron shekara-shekara na 50] na Majalisar Makarantun Digiri na Baƙaƙen Tarihi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickens |first=Ronald |date=March 1999 |title=The African American Presence in Physics |url=https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/cau.ir%3A1999_mickens_ronald_e |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> Ta kasance cikin mahalarta taron bita na Ƙasa na Kimiyya, Injiniyanci, da Magunguna mai taken Damammaki don Shirin Bincike na Gulf: Bukatun Ma'aikata na Tsakiya. == Rubutu == Carwell ta rubuta littattafai biyu da kasidu da dama kuma an lissafa ta a matsayin mai bayar da gudummawa a cikin wallafe-wallafe da dama. Ɗaya daga cikin littattafanta mai suna ''Blacks in Science: Astrophysicist to Zoologist'' . <ref name="thm"/> == Allo == Carwell yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Asusun Ci Gaban Dalibai Baƙaƙe a Kimiyya da Fasaha (DFBSST), wanda aka kafa a shekarar 1984, wanda ya samar da sama da dala 650,000 a matsayin tallafin karatu ga ɗalibai 225 da ke karatun STEM. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Changes Coalition Member Profiles |url=http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.changescoalition.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608182017/http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Carwell har yanzu yana hidima ga ƙungiyar da ba ta riba ba a hukumar gudanarwa a matsayin shugaba. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickens |first=Ronald |date=March 1999 |title=The African American Presence in Physics |url=https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/cau.ir%3A1999_mickens_ronald_e |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> Daga 2015 zuwa 2019, Carwell ta yi aiki a matsayin ma'ajiyar Majalisar Injiniyan Baƙar fata ta Arewacin California (NCCBPE), wata ƙungiya da ta kasance shugabar ta a da. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Changes Coalition Member Profiles |url=http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.changescoalition.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608182017/http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickens |first=Ronald |date=March 1999 |title=The African American Presence in Physics |url=https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/cau.ir%3A1999_mickens_ronald_e |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> Ita ce kuma babbar darekta kuma mai haɗin gwiwa wajen kafa Gidan Tarihi na Fasaha ta Baƙar fata ta Amurka (MAAT), wani shiri na NCCBPE wanda aka kafa a 2000 don haɓaka ilimin kimiyya, musamman tsakanin matasa, da kuma tattara kayan tarihi kan nasarorin masana kimiyya da injiniyoyi 'yan Afirka ta Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hattie Carwell's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/hattie-carwell |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref> Carwell ta yi tafiya zuwa Antarctica a cikin hunturu na 2021 don samar da wata ƙwarewa ta kama-da-wane da masu kula da MAAT za su iya bi don ƙarin koyo game da sauyin yanayi da kuma keɓancewar yarjejeniyoyin siyasa na Antarctic. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Changes Coalition Member Profiles |url=http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.changescoalition.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608182017/http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickens |first=Ronald |date=March 1999 |title=The African American Presence in Physics |url=https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/cau.ir%3A1999_mickens_ronald_e |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> Carwell kuma yana aiki a matsayin Mai Gudanar da Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Hispanic, African and Native Americans for the Next Generation of Engineers and Scientists (CHANGES). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Changes Coalition Member Profiles |url=http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.changescoalition.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608182017/http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wannan ƙungiya tana aiki don haɓaka haɗakar da kuma shigar mutanen Hispanic, African Americans, da American Indians a cikin STEM da gine-gine. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickens |first=Ronald |date=March 1999 |title=The African American Presence in Physics |url=https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/cau.ir%3A1999_mickens_ronald_e |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> == Ganewa == An karrama Carwell saboda aikinta da Ma'aikatar Makamashi, inda ta sami kyaututtuka da yawa. Ta kuma sami kyaututtuka saboda aikinta na jagorancin al'umma. Ta sami lambar yabo daga ɗalibanta na jami'ar Bennett College inda ta kasance ɗalibi mai ƙwarewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Changes Coalition Member Profiles |url=http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.changescoalition.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608182017/http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma san Carwell a cikin ''littafin Who's Who in America'' . <ref name="thm"/> A shekarar 1991, an shigar da Carwell cikin Babban Ɗaliban Kwalejin Baƙar fata na Ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickens |first=Ronald |date=March 1999 |title=The African American Presence in Physics |url=https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/cau.ir%3A1999_mickens_ronald_e |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Hattie Carwell |url=https://www.nsbp.org/nsbp-news/bhm-physics-profiles/2017-honorees/26-hattie-carwell |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200715092202/https://www.nsbp.org/nsbp-news/bhm-physics-profiles/2017-honorees/26-hattie-carwell |archive-date=2020-07-15 |access-date=2020-07-12 |website=www.nsbp.org}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="">[https://web.archive.org/web/20200715092202/https://www.nsbp.org/nsbp-news/bhm-physics-profiles/2017-honorees/26-hattie-carwell "Hattie Carwell"]. ''www.nsbp.org''. Archived from [https://www.nsbp.org/nsbp-news/bhm-physics-profiles/2017-honorees/26-hattie-carwell the original] on 2020-07-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-07-12</span></span>.</cite></ref> An nuna Carwell a cikin littafin ''Sisters in Science: Conversations with Black Women Scientists on Race, Gender, and Their Passion for Science'' na Diann Jordan. A ranar 18 ga Fabrairu, 2020, an nuna Carwell a wani shiri na podcast a tashar rediyo ta Jami'ar Manitoba . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hattie Carwell's Biography |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/hattie-carwell |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=The HistoryMakers |language=en}}</ref> An karrama ta a bikin tara kuɗi da kyaututtuka na STEM Future Foundation a shekarar 2018 tare da lambar yabo ta Urban Superhero da kuma masaukin Majalisa daga [[Barbara Lee]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Changes Coalition Member Profiles |url=http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=www.changescoalition.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230608182017/http://www.changescoalition.org/profiles.aspx |archive-date=2023-06-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An kuma rubuta ta a matsayin abokiyar ƙungiyar National Society of Black Physics. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mickens |first=Ronald |date=March 1999 |title=The African American Presence in Physics |url=https://radar.auctr.edu/islandora/object/cau.ir%3A1999_mickens_ronald_e |access-date=June 8, 2023}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1948]] jkk5qu199cgfep66vlk8e8q756sfixb Jekadefari 0 140310 962218 905882 2026-10-03T08:11:41Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 /* Asalin Kalmar */ 962218 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Jekadefari''' yanki ne a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Yankin yana da matukar muhimmanci a tarihi domin a nan ne turawa suka zauna bayan sun ci nasara a kan sarkin Gombe a shekarar 1903. == Asalin Kalmar == Sunan ya samo asali ne daga kalmomi guda biyu na Hausa: "jeka," ma'ana"bi," da "fari," ma'ana "fari." Don haka, Jekadefari ana fassara shi zuwa "bi fararen maza." == Tarihi == Saboda shekarun yankin, dukkan gine-ginen tankin an yi su ne da yumbu kuma ba su da ingantaccen tsarin gari. Da ace Alh. [[Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo]], tsohon gwamnan, bai gina hanyoyin shiga unguwan ba, da ba hanyar shiga. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-10-15 |title=Gombe to pay over N229m compensation to Jekadafari community |url=https://guardian.ng/news/gombe-to-pay-over-n229m-compensation-to-jekadafari-community/ |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News |language=en-US}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, gwamnatin Alhaji [[Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya]] ya kula da waɗannan hanyoyin domin tabbatar da cewa akwai hanya masu kyau. Haka kuma shine garin da gidan iyalan Gwamna na yanzu yake. Jekadefari ta shahara wajen samar da cibiyoyin gwamnati daban-daban, kamar [[Makarantar Jinya da unguwarzoma ta Jihar Gombe|Makarantar Jinya da Ungozoma ta Jihar Gombe]], <ref>{{Cite web |title=School Of Nursing And Midwifery Gombe « HEYHEALTHCLINICS |url=https://heyhealthclinics.com.ng/0702212/School_Of_Nursing_And_Midwifery_Gombe |access-date=2022-03-28 |website=heyhealthclinics.com.ng |language=en-NG}}</ref> [[Asibitin Kwararru na Jihar Gombe|Asibitin Ƙwararru na Jiha]], da kuma Makarantar Sakandare ta Kimiyya ta Gwamnati. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-06-07 |title=Gombe secondary school students protest over food |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/regional/nnorth-east/466309-gombe-secondary-school-students-protest-over-food.html |access-date=2022-03-28 |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Rukunan zaɓe == Jekadafari unguwa ce a karamar hukumar Gombe dake jihar Gombe a Najeriya. Rukunan zaɓe a Jekadafari: * Goni Ali, Kofar Goni Ali * Sarkin Fata, Kofar Sarkin Fata * Hassan Kwadon, Kofar H. Kwadon * Ung. Doma, Kotun Yankin Doma * Kani, Kofar Kani * Umaru Adamu, Kofar U. Adamu * Saidu Mangu, Kofar S. Mangu * Buzu, Kofar Buzu * Magaji Rumbudi, Kofar Magaji R. * Yahaya Umaru, Kofar Y. Umaru * Usman Asibity, Kofar U. Asibity * Mele Mai Gishiri, KM Mai Gishiri * Ibrahim Nayaya, K. Ibrahim Nayaya * Malma Mamman, KM Mamman * Malam Mamman, KM Mamman 2 * Modibo Tukur, KM Tukur * Alh. Sarki, Kofar Alh. Sarki * Checheniya, K. Bappayo Jamjam * Nayaya, Karamin Jami'in Ilimi * Namadi, Kofar Namadi * Tsamiya, Kofar J. Tsamiya * Gidaje na Buhari, Gidaje na Buhari * Ofishin Shige da Fice, Ofishin Shige da Fice * Wuraren Shige da Fice, Wuraren Shige da Fice * Wanzam, K. Adamu Wanzam * Benue ta Upper, K. Upper Benue * Bappah Tirebo, K/bappah Tirebo * Mai Saka, Kofar Mai Saka * JI Orji, JI Orji Quarters. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeka Dafari Polling Units |url=https://www.manpower.com.ng/places/ward/4168/jeka-dafari |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=www.manpower.com.ng}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |first=Uchechukwu |date=2021-08-02 |title=APC Congress: Gombe elects ward executives in peaceful, transparent process |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/apc-congress-gombe-elects-ward-executives-in-peaceful-transparent-process/ |access-date=2023-06-04 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref> == Gine-gine masu mahimmanci == * Primary Health Care Jekadafari <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jekadafari Primary Health Care Centre Gombe - Phone Number, Branch Code & Address |url=https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Jekadafari-Primary-Health-Care-Centre-Gombe |access-date=2023-06-03 |website=branches.com.ng |archive-date=2023-06-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230605150511/https://branches.com.ng/branch-detail/Hospitals-and-Clinics-in-Nigeria-Jekadafari-Primary-Health-Care-Centre-Gombe |url-status=dead }}</ref> * Tsohuwar filin Kabari, Abacha Road, Jekadafari * Asibitin Ƙwararru na Jihar Gombe * Gombe Old Market (Tsohuwar Kasuwa) * Makarantar Jinya da Ungozoma ta Jihar Gombe == Manazarta == 8nh1m29vyizwjct7ho3vl0j1og2aodf Tattaunawar user:Uriel1022 3 140640 962124 795485 2026-10-03T03:43:44Z EmausBot 1782 Fixing double redirect from [[Tattaunawar user:Gabriel Philadelpho]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Gabriel Agíou-Dimitríou]] 962124 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Gabriel Agíou-Dimitríou]] koh1eoiufqjtnrnvmwnistuw0crjx2l Jam'iyyar Iftar 0 140673 962285 813751 2026-10-03T10:44:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962285 wikitext text/x-wiki   Wani jam'iyyar Iftar (wanda aka fi sani da '''''Dawat-e-Iftar''''') taro ne da ke faruwa a lokacin watan Musulunci mai tsarki na Ramadan, inda baƙi suka taru don karya azumi a faɗuwar rana. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru ana yin su ne tare da dangi da abokai amma sun samo asali ne a cikin tarurruka na zamantakewa da siyasa a cikin al'adu daban-daban. Jam'iyyun Iftar suna fadada wannan aikin zuwa abubuwan da suka faru a cikin al'umma, suna jaddada sadaka, haɗin kai, da tattaunawa tsakanin addinai. Mutane, kungiyoyi, ko gwamnatoci na iya karbar bakuncin waɗannan tarurruka, sun bambanta da sikelin da manufar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Open Iftar 2025 - Sheffield Museums Trust |url=https://www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk/whats-on/open-iftar-2025/ |website=www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk |access-date=2026-02-19 |archive-date=2025-04-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250411134442/https://www.sheffieldmuseums.org.uk/whats-on/open-iftar-2025/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Tarihi da asalin == Al'adar karya azumi gaba ɗaya ta kasance wani ɓangare na al'adun Islama tun daga farkon zamanin Islama. Koyaya, karɓar bakuncin jam'iyyun iftar na yau da kullun kamar yadda muka san su a yau sun fara samun daraja a karni na 20, musamman lokacin da shugabannin siyasa suka fara shirya irin waɗannan abubuwan don inganta hadin kai da kyakkyawar niyya tsakanin al'ummomi daban-daban.<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=guruswamy |first=mohan |date=July 1, 2014 |title=A history of political iftar parties &#124; A history of political iftar parties |url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/140701/commentary-op-ed/article/history-political-iftar-parties |website=www.deccanchronicle.com}}</ref> == Iyali da abokai == Ana shirya abubuwan da suka shafi iyali a gidajen cin abinci da cibiyoyin al'adu. Gidan iftar na iyali taro ne na kusa inda dangi suka taru don karya azumi. Wadannan abubuwan da suka faru galibi suna nuna kayan gargajiya, kamar kwanakin, sopo na lentil, da ƙwarewar yanki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sharjah: Car accident kills 3 cousins on way to friend's iftar party |url=https://www.khaleejtimes.com/uae/emergencies/sharjah-teenager-die-speeding-car-crash |website=Khaleej Times}}</ref><ref name="auto1">{{Cite web |last=APP |first=Fawad Maqsood |date=May 26, 2019 |title='Iftar get together culture' rises as last Ashra of Ramazan starts |url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/499269 |website=Brecorder}}</ref> Iftar jam'iyyun tsakanin abokai sun shahara saboda yanayin biki da kwanciyar hankali. Wadannan tarurruka galibi sun haɗa da cakuda kayan gargajiya da na zamani, tafiye-tafiye, da addu'o'in da aka raba.<ref name="auto1"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2024 |title=Tharparkar's Hindu Resident Hosts Iftar For Muslim Friends, Goes Viral |url=https://thefridaytimes.com/19-Mar-2024/tharparkar-s-hindu-resident-hosts-iftar-for-muslim-friends-goes-viral |website=The Friday Times}}</ref> == Jama'a == Jam'iyyun Iftar sun kai ga manyan al'ummomin zamantakewa, gami da cibiyoyin al'umma, masallatai, da kungiyoyin agaji. Kamar Shirin Iftar na Duniya na Saudi Arabia wanda ke ba da abinci ga mutane sama da miliyan 1 a duk faɗin ƙasashe 61 ta hanyar ofisoshin jakadanci da cibiyoyin Islama.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Saudi Arabia to launch iftar program in 61 countries |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590885/%7B%7B |website=Arab News |access-date=2026-02-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250405041130/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2590885/%257B%257B |archive-date=2025-04-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hakazalika Mai Kula da Shirin Masallatai Masu Tsarki Biyu yana ba da sabis ga dubban mutane a [[Masjid al-Haram]] da [[Masallacin Annabi]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Correspondent |first=Ramadan Al Sherbini |date=April 4, 2025 |title=Saudi Arabia: Over 24m Iftar meals offered in Two Holy Mosques |url=https://gulfnews.com/world/gulf/saudi/saudi-arabia-over-24m-iftar-meals-offered-in-two-holy-mosques-1.500082836 |website=Gulf News: Latest UAE news, Dubai news, Business, travel news, Dubai Gold rate, prayer time, cinema}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Timeless Tradition: Ramadan Iftar at the Prophet's Mosque |url=https://spa.gov.sa/en/N2288183 |website=spa.gov.sa}}</ref> == Siyasa == Shugabannin siyasa da jam'iyyun suna shirya jam'iyyu na iftar a matsayin alamar alheri da kuma kaiwa ga al'ummar musulmi a duk faɗin duniya. Wadannan abubuwan galibi suna halartar manyan mutane, gami da 'yan siyasa, shugabannin addini, da kuma fitattun mutane. Duk da yake suna da niyyar inganta jituwa ta al'umma, wani lokacin ana sukar su saboda kasancewa alama maimakon tasiri.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Choudhury |first=Kamruzzaman |date=March 27, 2025 |title=Political Iftar Parties: Feasting on Muslim Votes, Fasting on Justice |url=https://enewsroom.in/political-iftar-parties-ramadan-muslims-leadership/}}</ref> === Ostiraliya === A Ostiraliya, cibiyoyi daban-daban kamar Jami'ar Deakin da Jami'ar Melbourne suna shirya shirye-shiryen iftar a kai a kai, suna jaddada ilimi da musayar al'adu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ramadan Iftar Programs – Australian Intercultural Society |url=https://www.intercultural.org.au/category/ramadan/}}</ref> a ranar 20 ga Maris 2025 [[Australian Jordanian Community Association|Ƙungiyar Jama'ar Jordan ta Australiya]] (AJCA) ta gudanar da Abincin Iftar na Ramadan . <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2025 |title=Australian Jordanian Community Hosts Distinguished Ramadan Iftar Dinner |url=https://ozarab.media/australian-jordanian-community-hosts-distinguished-ramadan-iftar-dinner/}}</ref> === Bangladesh === A Bangladesh, manufar jam'iyyun siyasa na iftar ta sami ƙarfi a ƙarƙashin mulkin Janar Hussain Muhammad Ershad a cikin shekarun 1980. Ya yi amfani da addini a siyasa ta hanyar shirya iftars da nufin karfafa goyon baya da karfafa jagorancinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 24, 2023 |title=How 'iftar parties' became an integral part of Bangladesh's political culture |url=https://www.tbsnews.net/features/tbs-ramadan/how-iftar-parties-became-integral-part-bangladeshs-political-culture-604966 |website=The Business Standard}}</ref> === Indiya === A Indiya, jam'iyyun siyasa na iftar sun zama wani bangare na haɗin gwiwar diflomasiyya tun daga zamanin Jawaharlal Nehru, wanda ya yi amfani da waɗannan lokuta don ƙarfafa jituwa ta al'umma.<ref name="auto"/> [[Indira Gandhi]] ya ci gaba da fadada wannan aikin ta hanyar ba shi "launi na siyasa," ta amfani da waɗannan abubuwan da suka faru da dabarun don isa ga sassa daban-daban na al'umma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Biswas |first=Nilosree |title=The rise and fall of 'political iftar' in India: A short history |url=https://www.trtworld.com/opinion/the-rise-and-fall-of-political-iftar-in-india-a-short-history-17413356 |website=A short history on the rise and fall of political iftar in India}}</ref> === Ƙasar Ingila === A ranar 4 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2025, Majalisar Dattijai ta dauki bakuncin jam'iyyarta ta farko, mai suna "The Big Iftar," wanda kungiyar 'yan majalisa ta All-Party Group ta shirya kan Musulmai na Burtaniya, Firayim Minista Keir Starmer ya halarci taron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hosting Iftar Party in British Parliament-Historical |url=https://www.brighterkashmir.com/hosting-iftar-party-in-british-parliament-historical |website=Brighter Kashmir}}</ref> === Amurka === A Amurka, jam'iyyun iftar sun kuma zama muhimman abubuwan siyasa yayin da [[White House|Fadar White House]] ke shirya Abincin dare na shekara-shekara <ref>{{Cite web |title=Trump thanks Muslims for 2024 support during White House iftar dinner |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/americas/trump-thanks-muslims-for-2024-support-during-white-house-iftar-dinner/3522082 |website=www.aa.com.tr}}</ref> A cikin 2025, mambobi da yawa na Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka sun halarci jam'iyyar iftar da Ƙungiyar Musulmi ta Duniya (MWL) ta shirya a Majalisar Dattijan Amurka a Washington. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 21, 2025 |title=MWL hosts iftar at the US Congress in Washington |url=https://saudigazette.com.sa/article/650314/SAUDI-ARABIA/MWL-hosts-iftar-at-the-US-Congress-in-Washington |website=Saudigazette}}</ref> == Sauran == === Bollywood / Baba Siddique === Ɗaya daga cikin jam'iyyun iftar shine na Baba Siddique, fitaccen shugaban NCP kuma tsohon ministan Maharashtra. An san shi da zurfin alakarsa a [[Bollywood]], Siddique ya dauki bakuncin galas na shekara-shekara mai cike da taurari wanda ya zama abin mamaki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bureau |first=ABP News |date=October 13, 2024 |title=Baba Siddique's Iftar Party Used To Be A Star-Studded Affair With Who's Who Of Bollywood |url=https://news.abplive.com/entertainment/celebrities/baba-siddique-iftar-party-star-studded-affair-bollywood-stars-salman-khan-shah-rukh-khan-1723907 |website=news.abplive.com}}</ref> Abubuwan da ya faru sun ja hankalin wasu manyan sunaye a Masana'antar fina-finai ta Indiya, gami da 'yan wasan kwaikwayo kamar [[Salman Khan]], [[Shah Rukh Khan]], da Sanjay Dutt, da kuma masu shirya fina-fakkaatu da masu zanen fina-fukkuka kamar Kabir Khan da Manish Malhotra.<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 13, 2024 |title=Baba Siddique and the big Bollywood connection |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/baba-siddique-and-the-big-bollywood-connection/articleshow/114186154.cms |website=The Times of India |via=The Economic Times - The Times of India}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == {{Ramadan}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] fdm3x9agfjaqwx1yj2yt73bbah126oq Ibn al-Banna' al-Marrakushi 0 140889 962193 796255 2026-10-03T07:15:15Z BnHamid 12586 962193 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ibn al-Bannāʾ al-Marrākushī (Larabci: ابن البناء المراكشي), cikakken suna: Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Azdi al-Marrakushi (Larabci: أبو العباس أحمد بن محمد بن محمد بن محمد) 1256 – 31 ga Yuli 1321), Balarabe ne [1] [2] polymath wanda yayi aiki a matsayin masanin lissafi, masanin falaki, malamin Islama, Sufi da falaki.[1][1] == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman a yankin ''Qa'at Ibn Nahid'' na [[Marrakesh]] a ranar 29 ko 30 ga Disamba 1256. {{Sfn|Samsó|2007}}{{Sfn|Oaks|2017}} ''nisba'' al-Marrakushi yana da alaƙa da haihuwarsa da mutuwarsa a garinsu Marrakesh . Mahaifinsa masanin mason ne saboda haka ''kunya'' Ibn al-Banna' (lit. ɗan masanin). {{Sfn|Cherkaoui|1992}} Ibn al-Banna' ya yi nazarin batutuwa daban-daban a ƙarƙashin akalla masanan 17: Alkur'ani a ƙarƙashin Muhammad ibn al-bashir na ''Qari's'' da shaykh al-Ahdab . ''[[Hadisi|<nowiki/>'ilm al-ḥadīth]]'' a karkashin ''qadi al-Jama'a'' (babban alƙali) na Fez drechAbu al-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn Ahmad ibn Hakam al-Tujibi, Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Jazuli da Abu abd allah ibn. ''[[Fiƙihu|Fiqh]] da Usul al-Fiqh'' a karkashin Abu Imran Musa ibn Abi Ali az-Zanati al-Marrakushi da Abu al-Hasan Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Maghili wadanda suka yi masa al-Juwayni's ''Kitab al-Irsahd''. Ya kuma yi nazarin harshe na Larabci a karkashin Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Abd as-Salam as-Sanhaji da Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Yahya as-sharif al-marrakushi wanda kuma ya yi masa ba'a da Euclid's Elements . ''ʿArūḍ'' da ʿilm al-farāʾiḍ a ƙarƙashin Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Idris ibn Malik al-Quda'i al-Qallusi . Arithmetic a karkashin Muhammad ibn Ali, wanda aka fi sani da Ibn Ḥajala . Ibn al-Banna' ya kuma yi karatun ilimin taurari a karkashin Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad ibn Makhluf as-Sijilmassi . Ya kuma yi karatun magani a karkashin al-Mirrīkh . {{Sfn|Cherkaoui|1992}}{{Sfn|Stearns|2012}} An san shi da haɗa kansa da wanda ya kafa Hazmiriyya ''zawiya'' da kuma sufi saint na Aghmat, Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman al-Hazmiri, wanda ya jagoranci kwarewarsa ta lissafi zuwa ga tsinkaya ta duba.{{Sfn|Suter|Bencheneb|1986}} Ibn al-Banna' ya koyar da darussan a Marrakesh kuma wasu daga cikin ɗalibansa sune: Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali al-Hawari al-Misrati (ya mutu a shekara ta 1344), Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman al-Laja'i (ya mutu 1369) da Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Ibrahim al-Abli (ya mutu 1356). {{Sfn|Stearns|2012}} Ya mutu a Marrakesh a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1321. {{Sfn|Suter|Bencheneb|1986}} == Ayyuka == Ibn al-Banna' ya rubuta ayyukan sama da 100 da suka hada da batutuwa daban-daban kamar Astronomy, Astrology, rarraba gado, Linguistics, Logic, Mathematics, Meteorology, Rhetoric, ''[[Tafsiri|Tafsir]]'', ''Usūl al-Dīn'' da ''Usul al-Fiqh''.{{Sfn|Stearns|2012}} Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa, wanda ake kira ''Talkhīṣ ʿamal al-ḥisāb'' (Arabic) (Summary of arithmetical operations), ya haɗa da batutuwa kamar fractions da jimlar murabba'i da cubes. Wani, wanda ake kira ''Tanbīh al-Albāb'', ya rufe batutuwa da suka shafi: * lissafi game da faduwar matakan tashar ban ruwa, * Bayani na lissafi game da dokokin [[Musulmi]] na gado * ƙaddamar da sa'a na addu'ar [[Sallar la`asar|Asr]], * Bayani game da zamba da ke da alaƙa da kayan aunawa, * lissafin addu'o'in da aka jinkirta wanda dole ne a faɗi a cikin takamaiman tsari, da * lissafin harajin shari'a a cikin yanayin jinkirin biyan Ya kuma rubuta gabatarwa ga Euclid's Elements . {{Sfn|Sarton|1931}} Ya kuma rubuta ''Rafʿ al-Ḥijāb 'an Wujuh A'mal al-Hisab'' (Tashi da Veil daga Fuskokin Ayyuka na Ƙididdiga) wanda ya rufe batutuwa kamar lissafin Tushen murabba'i na lamba da ka'idar ci gaba mai sauƙi.{{Sfn|Sarton|1931}} == Dubi kuma == * [[Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen ==   * {{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Mohamed}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Rowson|access-date=Nawas|edition=Gudrun}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=George Sarton}} * {{Cite book|last=Emmanuel K. Akyeampong|last3=Justin K. Stearns|title=Henry Louis Gates Jr.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|edition=V. L.|encyclopedia=Charles Pellat|access-date=Schacht|url-status=Joseph Schacht}} temcx5pwi09oxb373vy37qeon3fiy61 962194 962193 2026-10-03T07:17:25Z BnHamid 12586 Sanya manazarta 962194 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ibn al-Bannāʾ al-Marrākushī (Larabci: ابن البناء المراكشي), cikakken suna: Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Azdi al-Marrakushi (Larabci: أبو العباس أحمد بن محمد بن محمد بن محمد) 1256 – 31 ga Yuli 1321), Balarabe ne<ref>{{cite journal |last=Renaud |first=H. P. J. |year=1937 |title=Sur les dates de la vie du mathématicien arabe marocain Ibn al-Bannāʾ |url=https://almerja.com/reading.php?idm=21874 |journal=Isis |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=216–218 |quote="mathématicien arabe marocain Ibn al-Bannāʾ" (Arab Moroccan mathematician).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn al-Banna {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-al-banna |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |quote=Arab mathematician and astronomer}}</ref> polymath wanda yayi aiki a matsayin masanin lissafi, masanin falaki, malamin Islama, Sufi da falaki.{{Sfn|Oaks|2017|p=}}{{Sfn|Suter|Bencheneb|1986|p=731}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman a yankin ''Qa'at Ibn Nahid'' na [[Marrakesh]] a ranar 29 ko 30 ga Disamba 1256. {{Sfn|Samsó|2007}}{{Sfn|Oaks|2017}} ''nisba'' al-Marrakushi yana da alaƙa da haihuwarsa da mutuwarsa a garinsu Marrakesh . Mahaifinsa masanin mason ne saboda haka ''kunya'' Ibn al-Banna' (lit. ɗan masanin). {{Sfn|Cherkaoui|1992}} Ibn al-Banna' ya yi nazarin batutuwa daban-daban a ƙarƙashin akalla masanan 17: Alkur'ani a ƙarƙashin Muhammad ibn al-bashir na ''Qari's'' da shaykh al-Ahdab . ''[[Hadisi|<nowiki/>'ilm al-ḥadīth]]'' a karkashin ''qadi al-Jama'a'' (babban alƙali) na Fez drechAbu al-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn Ahmad ibn Hakam al-Tujibi, Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Jazuli da Abu abd allah ibn. ''[[Fiƙihu|Fiqh]] da Usul al-Fiqh'' a karkashin Abu Imran Musa ibn Abi Ali az-Zanati al-Marrakushi da Abu al-Hasan Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Maghili wadanda suka yi masa al-Juwayni's ''Kitab al-Irsahd''. Ya kuma yi nazarin harshe na Larabci a karkashin Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Abd as-Salam as-Sanhaji da Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Yahya as-sharif al-marrakushi wanda kuma ya yi masa ba'a da Euclid's Elements . ''ʿArūḍ'' da ʿilm al-farāʾiḍ a ƙarƙashin Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Idris ibn Malik al-Quda'i al-Qallusi . Arithmetic a karkashin Muhammad ibn Ali, wanda aka fi sani da Ibn Ḥajala . Ibn al-Banna' ya kuma yi karatun ilimin taurari a karkashin Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad ibn Makhluf as-Sijilmassi . Ya kuma yi karatun magani a karkashin al-Mirrīkh . {{Sfn|Cherkaoui|1992}}{{Sfn|Stearns|2012}} An san shi da haɗa kansa da wanda ya kafa Hazmiriyya ''zawiya'' da kuma sufi saint na Aghmat, Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman al-Hazmiri, wanda ya jagoranci kwarewarsa ta lissafi zuwa ga tsinkaya ta duba.{{Sfn|Suter|Bencheneb|1986}} Ibn al-Banna' ya koyar da darussan a Marrakesh kuma wasu daga cikin ɗalibansa sune: Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali al-Hawari al-Misrati (ya mutu a shekara ta 1344), Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman al-Laja'i (ya mutu 1369) da Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Ibrahim al-Abli (ya mutu 1356). {{Sfn|Stearns|2012}} Ya mutu a Marrakesh a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1321. {{Sfn|Suter|Bencheneb|1986}} == Ayyuka == Ibn al-Banna' ya rubuta ayyukan sama da 100 da suka hada da batutuwa daban-daban kamar Astronomy, Astrology, rarraba gado, Linguistics, Logic, Mathematics, Meteorology, Rhetoric, ''[[Tafsiri|Tafsir]]'', ''Usūl al-Dīn'' da ''Usul al-Fiqh''.{{Sfn|Stearns|2012}} Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa, wanda ake kira ''Talkhīṣ ʿamal al-ḥisāb'' (Arabic) (Summary of arithmetical operations), ya haɗa da batutuwa kamar fractions da jimlar murabba'i da cubes. Wani, wanda ake kira ''Tanbīh al-Albāb'', ya rufe batutuwa da suka shafi: * lissafi game da faduwar matakan tashar ban ruwa, * Bayani na lissafi game da dokokin [[Musulmi]] na gado * ƙaddamar da sa'a na addu'ar [[Sallar la`asar|Asr]], * Bayani game da zamba da ke da alaƙa da kayan aunawa, * lissafin addu'o'in da aka jinkirta wanda dole ne a faɗi a cikin takamaiman tsari, da * lissafin harajin shari'a a cikin yanayin jinkirin biyan Ya kuma rubuta gabatarwa ga Euclid's Elements . {{Sfn|Sarton|1931}} Ya kuma rubuta ''Rafʿ al-Ḥijāb 'an Wujuh A'mal al-Hisab'' (Tashi da Veil daga Fuskokin Ayyuka na Ƙididdiga) wanda ya rufe batutuwa kamar lissafin Tushen murabba'i na lamba da ka'idar ci gaba mai sauƙi.{{Sfn|Sarton|1931}} == Dubi kuma == * [[Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Tushen ==   * {{Cite encyclopedia|edition=Mohamed}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|last=Rowson|access-date=Nawas|edition=Gudrun}} *   * {{Cite book|last3=George Sarton}} * {{Cite book|last=Emmanuel K. Akyeampong|last3=Justin K. Stearns|title=Henry Louis Gates Jr.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia|edition=V. L.|encyclopedia=Charles Pellat|access-date=Schacht|url-status=Joseph Schacht}} fb1i4e2tbkkw8ix7d63m12giwk0rgwu 962195 962194 2026-10-03T07:19:12Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 962195 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ibn al-Bannāʾ al-Marrākushī (Larabci: ابن البناء المراكشي), cikakken suna: Abu'l-Abbas Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman al-Azdi al-Marrakushi (Larabci: أبو العباس أحمد بن محمد بن محمد بن محمد) 1256 – 31 ga Yuli 1321), Balarabe ne<ref>{{cite journal |last=Renaud |first=H. P. J. |year=1937 |title=Sur les dates de la vie du mathématicien arabe marocain Ibn al-Bannāʾ |url=https://almerja.com/reading.php?idm=21874 |journal=Isis |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=216–218 |quote="mathématicien arabe marocain Ibn al-Bannāʾ" (Arab Moroccan mathematician).}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ibn al-Banna {{!}} Encyclopedia.com |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/ibn-al-banna |access-date=2025-12-14 |website=www.encyclopedia.com |quote=Arab mathematician and astronomer}}</ref> polymath wanda yayi aiki a matsayin masanin lissafi, masanin falaki, malamin Islama, Sufi da falaki.{{Sfn|Oaks|2017|p=}}{{Sfn|Suter|Bencheneb|1986|p=731}} == Tarihin rayuwa == An haifi Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman a yankin ''Qa'at Ibn Nahid'' na [[Marrakesh]] a ranar 29 ko 30 ga Disamba 1256. {{Sfn|Samsó|2007}}{{Sfn|Oaks|2017}} ''nisba'' al-Marrakushi yana da alaƙa da haihuwarsa da mutuwarsa a garinsu Marrakesh . Mahaifinsa masanin mason ne saboda haka ''kunya'' Ibn al-Banna' (lit. ɗan masanin). {{Sfn|Cherkaoui|1992}} Ibn al-Banna' ya yi nazarin batutuwa daban-daban a ƙarƙashin akalla masanan 17: Alkur'ani a ƙarƙashin Muhammad ibn al-bashir na ''Qari's'' da shaykh al-Ahdab . ''[[Hadisi|<nowiki/>'ilm al-ḥadīth]]'' a karkashin ''qadi al-Jama'a'' (babban alƙali) na Fez drechAbu al-Hajjaj Yusuf ibn Ahmad ibn Hakam al-Tujibi, Abu Yusuf Ya'qub ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Jazuli da Abu abd allah ibn. ''[[Fiƙihu|Fiqh]] da Usul al-Fiqh'' a karkashin Abu Imran Musa ibn Abi Ali az-Zanati al-Marrakushi da Abu al-Hasan Muhammad ibn Abd al-Rahman al-Maghili wadanda suka yi masa al-Juwayni's ''Kitab al-Irsahd''. Ya kuma yi nazarin harshe na Larabci a karkashin Abu Ishaq Ibrahim ibn Abd as-Salam as-Sanhaji da Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Yahya as-sharif al-marrakushi wanda kuma ya yi masa ba'a da Euclid's Elements . ''ʿArūḍ'' da ʿilm al-farāʾiḍ a ƙarƙashin Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Idris ibn Malik al-Quda'i al-Qallusi . Arithmetic a karkashin Muhammad ibn Ali, wanda aka fi sani da Ibn Ḥajala . Ibn al-Banna' ya kuma yi karatun ilimin taurari a karkashin Abu 'Abdallah Muhammad ibn Makhluf as-Sijilmassi . Ya kuma yi karatun magani a karkashin al-Mirrīkh . {{Sfn|Cherkaoui|1992}}{{Sfn|Stearns|2012}} An san shi da haɗa kansa da wanda ya kafa Hazmiriyya ''zawiya'' da kuma sufi saint na Aghmat, Abu Zayd Abd al-Rahman al-Hazmiri, wanda ya jagoranci kwarewarsa ta lissafi zuwa ga tsinkaya ta duba.{{Sfn|Suter|Bencheneb|1986}} Ibn al-Banna' ya koyar da darussan a Marrakesh kuma wasu daga cikin ɗalibansa sune: Abd al-Aziz ibn Ali al-Hawari al-Misrati (ya mutu a shekara ta 1344), Abd al-Rahman ibn Sulayman al-Laja'i (ya mutu 1369) da Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Ibrahim al-Abli (ya mutu 1356). {{Sfn|Stearns|2012}} Ya mutu a Marrakesh a ranar 31 ga Yuli 1321. {{Sfn|Suter|Bencheneb|1986}} == Ayyuka == Ibn al-Banna' ya rubuta ayyukan sama da 100 da suka hada da batutuwa daban-daban kamar Astronomy, Astrology, rarraba gado, Linguistics, Logic, Mathematics, Meteorology, Rhetoric, ''[[Tafsiri|Tafsir]]'', ''Usūl al-Dīn'' da ''Usul al-Fiqh''.{{Sfn|Stearns|2012}} Ɗaya daga cikin ayyukansa, wanda ake kira ''Talkhīṣ ʿamal al-ḥisāb'' (Arabic) (Summary of arithmetical operations), ya haɗa da batutuwa kamar fractions da jimlar murabba'i da cubes. Wani, wanda ake kira ''Tanbīh al-Albāb'', ya rufe batutuwa da suka shafi: * lissafi game da faduwar matakan tashar ban ruwa, * Bayani na lissafi game da dokokin [[Musulmi]] na gado * ƙaddamar da sa'a na addu'ar [[Sallar la`asar|Asr]], * Bayani game da zamba da ke da alaƙa da kayan aunawa, * lissafin addu'o'in da aka jinkirta wanda dole ne a faɗi a cikin takamaiman tsari, da * lissafin harajin shari'a a cikin yanayin jinkirin biyan Ya kuma rubuta gabatarwa ga Euclid's Elements . {{Sfn|Sarton|1931}} Ya kuma rubuta ''Rafʿ al-Ḥijāb 'an Wujuh A'mal al-Hisab'' (Tashi da Veil daga Fuskokin Ayyuka na Ƙididdiga) wanda ya rufe batutuwa kamar lissafin Tushen murabba'i na lamba da ka'idar ci gaba mai sauƙi.{{Sfn|Sarton|1931}} == Dubi kuma == * [[Ibn Ghazi al-Miknasi]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ===Madogara=== * {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Calvo |first=Emilia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kt9DIY1g9HYC |year=2008 |title=Ibn al-Banna' |editor-last=Selin |editor-first=Helaine |editor-link=Helaine Selin |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures]] |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |isbn=978-1-4020-4559-2 |edition=2nd |language=en}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |title=Ibn al-Banna', Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Uthman |year=1992 |encyclopedia=[[Ma'lamat al-Maghrib]] |first=Ahmed Iqbal |author-link= |last=Cherkaoui |volume=5 |editor1-last=Toufiq |editor1-first=Ahmed |editor2-last=Hajji |editor2-first=Mohamed |publisher=al-Jamī‘a al-Maghribiyya li-l-Ta’līf wa-l-Tarjama wa-l-Nashr |editor-link=Ahmed Toufiq |language=ar |editor2-link=Mohamed Hajji}} * {{cite encyclopedia |year=2017 |title=Ibn al- Bannāʾ al- Marrākushī |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopaedia of Islam]] |publisher=E. J. Brill |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/ibn-al-banna-al-marrakushi-COM_30731 |last=Oaks |first=Jeffrey |editor1-last=Fleet |editor1-first=Kate |edition=3rd |editor2-link=Gudrun Krämer |editor5-link=Everett K. Rowson |editor5-first=Everett |editor5-last=Rowson |editor4-first=John |editor4-last=Nawas |editor3-first=Denis |editor3-last=Matringe |editor2-first=Gudrun |editor2-last=Krämer}} * {{cite encyclopedia |editor=Thomas Hockey |display-editors=etal |last=Samsó |first=Julio |title=Ibn al-Bannāʾ: Abū al-ʿAbbās Aḥmad ibn Muḥammad ibn ʿUthmān al-Azdī al-Marrākushī |encyclopedia=[[The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers]] |publisher=Springer |date=2007 |location=New York |pages=551–552 |url=https://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Ibn_al-Banna%27_BEA.htm |isbn=978-0-387-31022-0}} * {{Cite book |last=Sarton |first=George |url= |title=Introduction to the History of Science |publisher=Carnegie Institution of Washington |year=1931 |volume=II. From Rabbi Ben Ezra to Roger Bacon |language=en |author-link=George Sarton}} * {{Cite book |last=Stearns |first=Justin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39JMAgAAQBAJ |title=Dictionary of African Biography |publisher=OUP USA |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-19-538207-5 |editor-last=Akyeampong |editor-first=Emmanuel Kwaku |editor-link=Emmanuel K. Akyeampong |volume=4 |language=en |author-link=Justin K. Stearns |editor-last2=Gates Jr. |editor-first2=Henry Louis |editor-link2=Henry Louis Gates Jr.}} * {{Cite encyclopedia |year=1986 |title=Ibn al- Bannāʾ al- Marrākus̲h̲ī |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia of Islam |publisher=[[Brill Publishers|E. J. BRILL]] |url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-2/ibn-al-banna-al-marrakushi-SIM_3104 |last1=Suter |first1=H. |author-link=Heinrich Suter |orig-year=1971 |editor1-last=Lewis |editor1-first=B. |publication-place=Leiden, Netherlands |edition=2nd |volume=III |isbn=9004081186 |last2=Bencheneb |first2=M. |editor1-link=Bernard Lewis |editor2-last=Ménage |editor2-first=V. L. |editor2-link=Victor Louis Ménage |editor3-last=Pellat |editor3-first=C. |editor3-link=Charles Pellat |editor4-last=Schacht |editor4-first=J. |editor4-link=Joseph Schacht |author2-link=Mohamed Bencheneb}} {{commons category|Al-Marrakushi}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ibn Banna}} 4msz00pwnp08h0wty7b5bde2e5tla2s Tattaunawar user:Lhoussine AIT TAYFST 3 143319 962123 803932 2026-10-03T03:43:34Z EmausBot 1782 Fixing double redirect from [[Tattaunawar user:Lhoussine Bentayfaste]] to [[Tattaunawar user:Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE]] 962123 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:Lhoussine BENTAYFASTE]] acfbtpwma9bkr8w2ukxo9lunzsj4roj Gimbiya Elizabeth ta Tooro 0 144007 961937 840074 2026-10-02T17:07:37Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961937 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gimbiya Elizabeth ta Tooro''' (Elizabeth Christobel Edith Bagaaya Akiiki; an haife ta a ranar 9 ga Fabrairu 1936 ) ita ce ''Batebe'' (Princess Royal) na [[Masarautar Tooro]] har zuwa 12 ga Satumba 1995, lokacin da 'yar uwarta Omubiitokati (Princess) Ruth Nsemere Komuntale Farquharson Akiiki ta gaje ta. Ita lauya ce ta Uganda, 'yar siyasa, diflomasiyya, kuma abin koyi. Ita ce mace ta farko ta Gabashin Afirka da aka shigar da ita a Bar na Ingila. Ita mahaifiyar uba ce (Isenkati) na sanannun mutane; Omukama na yanzu kuma na 13 na Tooro, Rukidi IV, Batebe na yanzu (Princess Royal) Omubiitokati (Princess) Ruth Nsemere Komuntale Farquharson Akiiki 'ya'yan ɗan'uwanta Omukama na 12 na Tooro. Omubiitokati (Princess) [[Juliana Kanyomozi]] Akiiki da Omubiitokon (Princess), [[Laura Kahunde]] Abwooli 'ya'yan ƙaramin ɗan'uwanta Omubiito (Prince) Gerald Philip Manyindo Atwooki. Ta yi aiki a takaice a matsayin Ministan Harkokin Waje a karkashin Shugaba [[Idi Amin]] daga Fabrairu zuwa Nuwamba 1974. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == The Princess was born in 1936 to Rukidi III of Tooro, the eleventh Omukama of Tooro who reigned between 1928 and 1965. Her mother was Queen Kezia, a daughter of Nikodemo Kakoro, a senior chief.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2020}}<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">&#x5B;''<nowiki><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></nowiki>''&#x5D;</sup> Her title from birth was ''Omubiitokati'' or ''Princess''. Bayan kammala makarantar firamare daga [[Makarantar Sakandare ta 'yan mata ta Kyebambe]], an tura ta makarantar sakandare ce ta Gayaza, makarantar kwana ta' yan mata a [[Masarautar Buganda|Buganda]], sannan makarantar Sherborne School for Girls a Ingila ta biyo baya, inda ita kadai ce ɗaliBar baƙar fata. "Na ji cewa ina cikin gwaji kuma rashin nasarar da na samu na yi nasara zai yi mummunar tunani game da dukan tseren baƙar fata, " daga baya ta rubuta. Bayan shekara guda, an yarda da ita a Kwalejin Girton, Cambridge, mace ta uku ta Afirka da aka shigar da ita a Jami'ar Cambridge a tarihin ma'aikatar. A shekara ta 1962, ta kammala karatu daga Cambridge <ref name=":0" /> tare da digiri na shari'a. Shekaru uku bayan haka, a shekarar 1965, yarima ta zama [[Barrister|lauya]] a matsayin memba na Gray's Inn, <ref name=":0" /> ta zama mace ta farko daga [[Gabashin Afirka]] da za a kira zuwa Bar na Ingilishi. == Rayuwar sarauta da samfurin == A wannan lokacin, mahaifinta ya mutu, kuma an ɗora ɗan'uwanta Patrick David Matthew Kaboyo Olimi a matsayin Olimi III, Omukama na goma sha biyu na Tooro, wanda ya yi mulki daga 1965 har zuwa 1995. A lokacin da aka naɗa shi, Elizabeth ta sami taken da ofishin ''Batebe'' (Princess Royal), wanda a al'adance ya sa ta zama mace mafi iko a Masarautar Tooro kuma mafi amintaccen mai ba da shawara ga sarki. [[Buganda]]" id="mwVg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Muteesa II of Buganda">Sarki Fredrick Mutesa II na Buganda, wani daga cikin masarautun gargajiya na Uganda, yanzu shi ne shugaban kasa, tare da Firayim Minista [[Milton Obote]] . Kusan shekara guda bayan da aka naɗa Omukama Olimi III, Obote ya kai hari fadar Buganda, ya tura Edward Muteesa II zuwa gudun hijira, kuma ya ayyana kansa shugaban kasa. Ba da daɗewa ba, ya soke duk masarautun gargajiya na Uganda, gami da Masarautar Tooro . Elizabeth ta ji tsoron rayuwar ɗan'uwanta, amma ya tsere zuwa London. Elizabeth daga baya ta kammala aikin horarwa a wani kamfani na lauya, kuma ta zama lauya ta farko a Uganda. Ta kasance fursuna a cikin ƙasarsu har sai Princess Margaret ta Ƙasar Ingila ta aiko mata da gayyata don yin samfurin a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na sadaka. Yarima ta kasance mai ban sha'awa, kuma nan da nan ta zama samfurin kayan ado mai cin nasara, ana nuna ta a cikin mujallu da yawa. Ita ce samfurin baƙar fata na farko da ya yi ado da shafukan ''Harper's Bazaar'' a shekarar 1969, yana yin tarihi a matsayin daya daga cikin matan Afirka na farko da suka bayyana a cikin manyan editoci. [[Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis]] ta sadu da Elizabeth a wani biki, kuma ta shawo kanta ta koma Birnin New York. A shekara ta 1970, littafin Things Fall Apart na [[Chinua Achebe]] ya zama fim mai suna - wanda aka fi sani da Bullfrog in the Sun - wanda mai shirya fina-finai da kuma furodusa na Jamus [[:de:Hansjürgen Pohland|Hansjürgen Pohland]] ya jagoranta kuma ya fito da Princess Elizabeth na Tooro, [[Johnny Sekka]], da [[Orlando Martins]]. A cikin tarihin rayuwarta, ta rubuta cewa: "Don haka na jefa kaina cikin rawar Clara kuma jim kadan bayan haka, a lokacin rani na 1970, na tashi zuwa Legas a Najeriya don harbi. Legas ta kasance wahayi a gare ni. Daga Kampala da Nairobi, an saba da ni ga kusan duk abin da Asiyawa da Turawa ke mamayewa, don haka ya burge ni da ganin cewa 'yan Afirka suna kula da su a nan. " [[Fayil:Edition_cover_of_Things_Fall_Apart_(1985).png|thumb|Cover of Things Fall Apart (1985) Rubuce-rubucen fim na Stephen Goldblatt<nowiki>Hanyar haɗin fim na Stephen Goldblatt</nowiki>]] A cikin 1965, mai samar da fim din Najeriya Francis Oladele ya kafa Calpenny Nigeria Limited, kamfanin samar da fim na farko a Najeriya bayan samun 'yancin kai. Shirin Amurka-Jamusanci-Nijeriya Things Fall Apart shi ne fim dinsa na biyu bayan Kongi's Harvest . Abubuwan da suka fadi an yi la'akari da su sun ɓace shekaru da yawa har sai Stephen Goldblatt ya sami fiye da 2,000, takardun samarwa, wasiƙu, takardon jaridu na zamani, da sauransu a cikin ajiyar tauraron dan adam na Deutsche Kinemathek Berlin a cikin 2019. Wannan ya haifar da ci gaba da bincike mai zurfi da aikin dijital kan al'adun fina-finai na Najeriya, tare da nune-nunen da nunawa a Legas, Kampala, Abidjan, Accra, da Atlanta, da sauran wurare. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Things Fall Together Fifty Years After Things Fall Apart |url=https://contemporaryand.com/magazines/things-fall-together-fifty-years-after-things-fall-apart/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Contemporary And |language=de}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Things Fall Apart 1971 |url=https://www.ugandamuseums.or.ug/projects/things-fall-apart-1971 |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Uganda Museums |language=en }}{{Dead link|date=May 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Things that Fell Apart were Restored in an Interaction with Time by Tusiime Tutu |url=https://andariya.com/post/things-that-fell-apart-were-restored-in-an-interaction-with-time |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=Andariya}}</ref> A cikin rubutunsa Lokacin da Bullfrog Jumps In The Sun - Me ya sa Abubuwa Har yanzu fim ne mai mahimmanci har zuwa yau, mai zane-zane na zamani na Legas Mallam Mudi Yahaya ya bayyana rikitarwa na samarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Yahaya |first=Mudi |date=2025-02-20 |title=When The Bullfrog Jumps In The Sun |url=https://theexplainer.com.ng/when-the-bullfrog-jumps-in-the-sun/ |access-date=2025-04-16 |website=The explainer |language=en-GB |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250414105721/https://theexplainer.com.ng/when-the-bullfrog-jumps-in-the-sun/ |archive-date=2025-04-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 1971, Janar Amin ya hambarar da Obote, kuma Elizabeth ta koma Uganda. Gwamnatin Amin ta kasance mai rikitarwa fiye da ta Obote, tare da Amin kashewa da kuma ɗaure mutane da yawa. A shekara ta 1974, Amin ya nada Elizabeth ministan harkokin waje. == Fitarwa da dawowa == A watan Fabrairun 1975, Elizabeth ta tsere zuwa [[Kenya]], sannan zuwa [[Vienna]], sannan zuwa London. Shekaru hudu bayan haka, Elizabeth ta koma Uganda don taimakawa tare da zaben kasa na farko na kasar, wanda Obote ya lashe, wanda ya ci gaba da kashe abokan gaba. Elizabeth da ƙaunatacciyarta, Yarima Wilberforce Nyabongo, ɗan Yarima Leo Sharp Ochaki, sun tsere zuwa London a 1980 kuma sun yi aure a 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Princess Bagaya was fired for refusing to marry Amin |url=http://www.newvision.co.ug/new_vision/news/1318163/princess-bagaya-fired-refusing-marry-amin |access-date=1 June 2019 |website=newvision.co.ug}}</ref> A shekara ta 1984, Elizabeth ta taka rawar Shaman a fim din Columbia Pictures Sheena: Sarauniyar Jungle . A ƙarshe a cikin 1985, an hambarar da Obote kuma bayan ɗan gajeren lokacin mulkin soja, [[Yoweri Museveni]] ya maye gurbinsa. A shekara ta 1986, an nada Elizabeth a matsayin jakada a Amurka, aikin da ta rike har zuwa 1988. Daga baya a wannan shekarar, Nyabongo, injiniyan jirgin sama, ya mutu a hadarin jirgin sama yana da shekaru 32. Bayan rasuwar mijinta, Elizabeth ta zaɓi barin aikin gwamnati kuma ta shiga aikin sadaka, ban da kasancewa mai kula da ɗan'uwanta, Rukidi IV, wanda aka haifa a 1992 kuma ya kasance mai mulkin Tooro tun 1995. Bayan wani lokaci na hidima a matsayin Jakadan Uganda a Jamus da Vatican, Elizabeth ta yarda da nadin a matsayin Babban Kwamishinan Uganda a Najeriya. == Dubi kuma == * Mata lauyoyi na farko a duniya * [[Juliana Kanyomozi]] * Kezia na Tooro == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1936]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] blx5z3re4pr6gtsrlvcoq5vb6hmu6gy Helen Porter 0 144596 962183 807244 2026-10-03T07:09:07Z BnHamid 12586 962183 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Helen Kemp Porter''' (née '''Archbold''', daga baya '''Huggett'''; 10 Nuwamba 1899 - 7 Disamba 1987) ta kasance masanin ilimin tsire-tsire na Burtaniya daga Kwalejin Imperial ta London . Ta kasance Fellow na Royal Society kuma mace ta farko da aka nada a matsayin farfesa a Kwalejin Imperial ta London . Nazarinta na polysaccharide metabolism a cikin shuke-shuke na taba ya kasance mai ban sha'awa; ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin masana kimiyya na Burtaniya na farko da suka yi amfani da sabbin fasahohin Chromatography da tracers na rediyo. == Rayuwa ta mutum == An haifi Porter a Place Hale a garin Farnham, Surrey . Mahaifinta, George Kemp Archbold, shi ne shugaban makarantar kuma mahaifiyarta, Caroline Emily Broughton Whitehead, ƙwararren mawaƙi ne na Belgium.<ref name="Northcote">{{Cite journal |last=Northcote |first=D. H. |date=1 November 1991 |title=Helen Kemp Porter. 10 November 1899 – 7 December 1987 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=37 |pages=400–409 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1991.0020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : {{Rp|400}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;400&#x200A; Archbold sun koma [[Bristol]] a 1901, lokacin da Porter ke da shekaru biyu.<ref name="Pioneering">{{Cite book|last=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie}}</ref> :{{Rp|1042}} Ta yi karatu a gida a farkon shekarunta a cikin yanayin [[Zamanin Victorian|Victorian]] mai ra'ayin mazan jiya, tana samun ƙwarewa wajen karatu da rubuce-rubuce Faransanci da Ingilishi.<ref name="Northcote" /> :{{Rp|400}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;400&#x200A; Tana da 'yar'uwa daya. :{{Rp|252}} Yaron Duniya na farko ya rushe yarinta na Porter, wanda ya sa iyalin su rabu; mahaifiyarta ta koma London don aiki a cikin gwamnatin da ke gudanar da National Kitchens kuma mahaifinta ya koma Yorkshire don aiki a wata makaranta daban. Porter da 'yar'uwarta sun zauna a Bristol don ci gaba da halartar makarantar sakandare ta Clifton don' yan mata.<ref name="Northcote" /> : 402 A farkon shekarunta, ta yi tafiya sosai, ta yi jirgin ruwa a Kogin Danube a cikin 1920s kuma ta yi tafiye-tafiye da yawa zuwa wuraren binciken archaeological na Gabas ta Tsakiya. Porter ta auri William George Porter, likita, a 1937. Bayan 'yan shekaru na aure, William Porter ya mutu; duk da haka, Helen Porter ya riƙe sunansa na ƙarshe don dalilai na sana'a. Ta sake yin aure a 1962, ga Farfesa Arthur St George Huggett FRS FRSE, farfesa a fannin ilimin lissafi tare da yara biyu; ya mutu a shekarar 1968. A duk rayuwarta, Porter ta ci gaba da sha'awar aikin zane-zane; ayyukanta galibi sun dogara ne akan hotunan da aka samo daga wallafe-wallafen kimiyya na zamani. Ta mutu a shekara ta 1987 tana da shekaru 88. <ref name="Northcote" /> : 407  == Ilimi == Bayan karatunta na farko a gida, Porter ta yi karatu a Makarantar Sakandare ta Clifton don 'yan mata a 1906, tana da shekaru shida. Ta kammala karatu daga makarantar a 1917 tare da babban nasara a duk batutuwa.[1] ::402">: 403 ">: 402  A shekara goma sha uku, ta zama mai sha'awar kimiyya godiya ga malami mai tasiri. Ta yi karatu a Kwalejin Bedford, kwalejin mata na Jami'ar London, inda ta yi karatun ilmin sunadarai, kimiyyar lissafi, da lissafi kuma ta sami digiri a fannin kimiyyar halitta da ilmin sunada, duka biyu tare da girmamawa. Porter daga nan ta sami D.Sc. daga Jami'ar London a 1932 kuma ta sami difloma daga Kwalejin Imperial ta London.[1] : 403 Don karfafa aikinta na baya a ilmin halitta da ilmin sunadarai, Porter ta halarci Kwalejin Birkbeck da Kwalejin Chelsea Polytechnical . [1] : 404  == Ayyukan kimiyya == Porter ta ci gaba da karatunta a Kwalejin Imperial ta London a matsayin dalibi na digiri na biyu; ta yi aiki a dakin gwaje-gwaje na ilmin sunadarai wanda Farfesa Thorpe ke gudanarwa a karkashin Dokta Martha Whiteley . Ayyukanta a dakin gwaje-gwaje na Thorpe sun haɗa da abubuwan da aka samo daga barbiturates daban-daban.<ref name="Northcote">{{Cite journal |last=Northcote |first=D. H. |date=1 November 1991 |title=Helen Kemp Porter. 10 November 1899 – 7 December 1987 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=37 |pages=400–409 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1991.0020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :{{Rp|404}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;404&#x200A; A shekara ta 1922, ta shiga ƙungiyar bincike a Cibiyar Bincike ta Low Temperature da ke da alaƙa da Jami'ar Cambridge :{{Rp|252}} don nazarin lalacewar apples a ajiyar sanyi, matsala da ke damun masu shigo da 'ya'yan itace. Kungiyar binciken Porter ta bincika numfashi na 'ya'yan itace kuma ta bincika mahaɗan su na Kwayoyin halitta, musamman sukari, sinadarin kwayoyin halitta. Nazarin Porter ya fadada daga nazarin sunadarai mai sauƙi zuwa bincika rawar da waɗannan sunadarai ke takawa a ci gaba da balaga na 'ya'yan itace; ta kuma bincika sufuri, kira, da metabolism.<ref name="Northcote" /> :{{Rp|404}} A shekara ta 1931, Porter da tawagarta sun sami nasarar fahimtar halayen sunadarai a cikin apples da aka adana amma ba su riga sun tabbatar da dalilin su ba; a wannan shekarar, an yanke kudaden binciken kuma an kammala binciken su.<ref name="Northcote" /> : 405  Bayan karatunta na apples ya ƙare a 1931, an hayar Porter a matsayin Malami mai ziyara a Biochemistry a Kwalejin Horticultural ta Swanley . Porter ya kuma fara aiki tare da [[Research Institute of Plant Physiology|Cibiyar Bincike ta Physiology na Shuke-shuke]] a Kwalejin Imperial da Rothamstead Experimental Laboratories. Binciken da ta yi a can ya haɗa da metabolism na carbohydrate a cikin monocotyledons, musamman [[sha'ir]], da alaƙar da take da ita da abinci mai gina jiki na ma'adinai. Ta yi nazarin wurin kira ga starches da aka samu a cikin hatsi kanta, kuma ta karyata ra'ayin da aka fi sani da cewa an hada carbohydrates kuma an adana su a cikin tsutsa, sannan aka kai su zuwa hatsi, inda aka canza su zuwa starch. Maimakon haka, Porter da ƙungiyar bincikenta sun gano cewa ana amfani da carbohydrates a cikin tsutsa don makamashi a ƙarshen rayuwarta; an haɗa starch kai tsaye a cikin hatsi.<ref name="Northcote">{{Cite journal |last=Northcote |first=D. H. |date=1 November 1991 |title=Helen Kemp Porter. 10 November 1899 – 7 December 1987 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=37 |pages=400–409 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1991.0020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> : 405 {{Rp|405}} [[Fayil:Helen_Kemp_Archbold_Porter_(1899-1987).jpg|thumb|Helen Kemp Archbold Porter a cikin dakin gwaje-gwaje]] A shekara ta 1953, Porter ta zama shugabar ƙungiyar bincikenta a Kwalejin Imperial, godiya ga tallafi daga Gidauniyar Nuffield . <ref name="Northcote">{{Cite journal |last=Northcote |first=D. H. |date=1 November 1991 |title=Helen Kemp Porter. 10 November 1899 – 7 December 1987 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=37 |pages=400–409 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1991.0020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :{{Rp|405}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;405&#x200A; Kungiyar ta yi amfani da dabarun da aka yi amfani da su a lokacin na chromatography da alamun rediyo don ci gaba da nazarin hanyoyin tsire-tsire. Ta hada starches da glucose kuma ta yi amfani da su a cikin gwaje-gwaje waɗanda suka bincika motsi na photosynthetic metabolites da kuma tsarin starch da [[fructosan]], <ref name="Northcote" />: 406 <ref name="Pioneering">{{Cite book|last=Marilyn Bailey Ogilvie}}</ref>:{{Rp|1042}}">&#x3A;&#x200A;1042&#x200A; daya daga cikin masana kimiyya na farko da suka yi haka a Burtaniya. Ba kamar gwaje-gwajen da ta yi a baya ba, an gudanar da wannan binciken a kan tsire-tsire na taba. :{{Rp|252}} Sabbin dabarun, haɗe da autoradiography, ya ba ta damar nazarin waɗannan matakai a cikin sel masu rai da nama.<ref name="Pioneering" /> : 1043 A shekara ta 1956, da farko saboda wannan binciken, an zabe ta Fellow na Royal Society . A shekara ta gaba, an inganta Porter zuwa matsayin Babban Jami'in Kimiyya na Cibiyar Nazarin Jiki kuma an nada shi mai karatu na Enzymology a Sashen Botany. A shekara ta 1959, ta zama shugabar sashen Sashen Kwalejin Imperial na Physiology, da kuma nadin farko na kwalejin na mace a matsayin farfesa. Saboda takardun shaida a cikin ilmin sunadarai, an zabi Porter a cikin Kwamitin Kungiyar Biochemical a shekarar 1962. Porter ta yi ritaya daga matsayinta na shugaban sashen a shekarar 1964, a wannan shekarar da ta jagoranci kirkirar rundunonin aiki na musamman a cikin Society kuma ta zama Sakatare na biyu ga Kwamitin Binciken Aikin Gona na Kwalejin.<ref name="Northcote">{{Cite journal |last=Northcote |first=D. H. |date=1 November 1991 |title=Helen Kemp Porter. 10 November 1899 – 7 December 1987 |journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society |volume=37 |pages=400–409 |doi=10.1098/rsbm.1991.0020 |doi-access=free}}</ref> :{{Rp|406}} An kuma nada ta a matsayin memba mai daraja na Cibiyar Nazarin Aikin Gona. :{{Rp|252}} A shekara mai zuwa, an nada ta Shugabar Cibiyar Biochemical. A matsayinta na shugabar, ta kirkiro manufofin biyan kuɗi da manufofin wallafe-wallafen mujallar; canje-canjen da ta aiwatar sun rinjayi Society a yau.<ref name="Northcote" /> :{{Rp|406}} Porter an girmama shi a shekarar 1966 ta hanyar nada shi a matsayin Fellow na Kwalejin Kimiyya da Fasaha ta Imperial. <ref name="Haines" /> :{{Rp|252}} A shekara ta 1972, an nada ta a matsayin mai ba da shawara ga sakataren Majalisar Binciken Aikin Gona.<ref name="Northcote" /> :{{Rp|406}} A duk lokacin da ta yi aiki sosai, Porter ta rubuta ko kuma ta hada takardu 39 a cikin mujallu daban-daban.<ref name="Northcote" /> {{Rp|408–409}}<ref name="Haines" />: 252 {{Rp|252}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1987]] sor3n4q5fvtu1ynck0zv7d70va59gza Tattaunawar user:विक्रम प्रताप 3 145317 961905 809284 2026-10-02T15:14:52Z Max 22313 Max moved page [[Tattaunawar user:AMAN KUMAR]] to [[Tattaunawar user:विक्रम प्रताप]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/AMAN KUMAR|AMAN KUMAR]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/विक्रम प्रताप|विक्रम प्रताप]]" 809284 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. 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In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 13 ga Maris, 2026 (UTC) quq494fwww3fu29xjgih76fwsazmvjf Ini Adiakpan 0 145323 962222 813621 2026-10-03T08:19:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962222 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gimbiya Ini Adiakpan''' (an haife ta a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1960), 'yar siyasar Najeriya ce wacce ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan harkokin mata da jin dadin jama'a a [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Michael |first=Yemi |date=2023-09-02 |title=Social welfare commissioner promises better life for women, PWDs in Akwa Ibom |url=https://www.thecable.ng/akwa-ibom-social-welfare-commissioner-promises-better-life-for-women-pwds/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=TheCable |language=en-US}}</ref> [[Udom Gabriel Emmanuel|Gwamna Udom Emmanuel]] ne ya nada ta, 2020; kuma Gwamna Umo Eno ne ya sake nada ta a watan Yulin 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sherifat |first=Lawal |date=2020-08-04 |title=Akwa Ibom NUJ hails appointment of Ememobong as Information Commissioner |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2020/08/akwa-ibom-nuj-hails-appointment-of-ememobong-as-information-commissioner/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-03 |title=Akwa Ibom gets seven brand new Commissioners, Special Adviser {{!}} AIT LIVE |url=https://ait.live/akwa-ibom-gets-seven-brand-new-commissioners-special-adviser/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250804121616/https://ait.live/akwa-ibom-gets-seven-brand-new-commissioners-special-adviser/ |archive-date=2025-08-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Haihuwar da rayuwar mutum == An haifi Adiakpan a ranar 30 ga Oktoba 1960 a cikin iyalin marigayi Jacob Bassey Adiakpan . Ta fito ne daga [[Ekpene Obom|Ekpene Obo]] a yankin karamar hukumar [[Esit-Eket]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]] . <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=INI ADIAKPAN – AKWA IBOM STATE GOVERNMENT GENDER BASED VIOLENCE MANAGEMENT COMMITTEE |url=https://aksgbv.org/ini-adiakpan/ |access-date=2025-08-17 |language=en-US |archive-date=2025-08-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250823014554/https://aksgbv.org/ini-adiakpan/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Ilimi == Adiakpan ta fara karatun firamare a makarantar firamare ta Salvation Army, Etinan . Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Salvation Army, Akai Ubium, a shekarar 1972 don karatun sakandare sannan daga baya ta kammala a makarantar sakandare na Union a shekarar 1977. Ta ci gaba da karatunta ta hanyar yin rajista a Makarantar Nazarin asali, Ogoja, inda ta yi karatun Turanci kuma daga baya ta yi karatun tarihi a Kwalejin Ilimi, Uyo . A shekara ta 1993, ta yi NYSC a Kwalejin Fasaha ta Wudil, Wudil، Jihar Kano . Ta sami digiri na farko a fannin ilimi a Jami'ar Ahmadu Bello . A shekara ta 1994, ta sami digiri na biyu a fannin fasahar ilimi a Jami'ar Port-Harcourt . A shekara ta 2010, ta sami Dokta na Falsafa a fannin fasahar ilimi.[1] == Ayyuka == Ini ta yi aiki a matsayin kwamishinan zabe a cikin Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Jihar Akwa Ibom, AkISIEC, kuma an nada ta a matsayin kwamishinonin Harkokin Mata da Kula da Jama'a a Jihar Akw Ibom, a cikin 2020. <ref name=":0"/> Ta kasance memba na Kwamitin Canji wanda Udom Emmanuel ya nada a 2023, don gudanar da aikin tabbatar da sauyawar gwamnati ba tare da matsala ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Utip |first=Udeme |date=2023-01-31 |title=I will not respond to Tinubu's abuses – Gov Emmanuel |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/i-will-not-respond-to-tinubus-abuses-gov-emmanuel/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Tribune Online |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Odey |first=Patrick |date=2023-02-01 |title=You've nothing to offer Nigerians, Emmanuel replies Tinubu |url=https://punchng.com/youve-nothing-to-offer-nigerians-emmanuel-replies-tinubu/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Punch Newspapers |language=en-US}}</ref> A halin yanzu ita ce mai ba da shawara ga Gwamna Umo Eno a kan aikin Najeriya don mata. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Whistler |first=The |title=Mixed Reactions Trail Appointment Of Ex-Commissioners As Advisors In Akwa Ibom – The Whistler Newspaper |url=https://thewhistler.ng/mixed-reactions-trail-appointment-of-ex-commissioners-as-advisors-in-akwa-ibom/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250406183545/https://thewhistler.ng/mixed-reactions-trail-appointment-of-ex-commissioners-as-advisors-in-akwa-ibom/ |archive-date=2025-04-06 |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=thewhistler.ng |language=en-GB}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nwafor |date=2025-03-04 |title=Reservations as Gov Eno recalls sacked commissioners as project monitors |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2025/03/reservations-as-gov-eno-recalls-sacked-commissioners-as-project-monitors/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=Vanguard News |language=en-GB}}</ref> Har ila yau, ita ce mai mallakar makarantar kula da yara da firamare ta Nema Adiakpan <ref name=":0" /> kuma ita ce babban darakta na Life Bridge da Empowerment Foundation .<ref>{{Cite web |last=EDU |title=Akwa Ibom |url=https://education.gov.ng/akwa-ibom/ |access-date=2025-08-18 |website=FEDERAL MINISTRY OF EDUCATION |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1960]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] oydstv91unp5y5d0tjk0pgnh5nb0pfv Germán Cano 0 149797 961874 858664 2026-10-02T13:34:18Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961874 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Germán Ezequiel Cano Recalde''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1988) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Argentina wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ɗan wasan gaba na Campeonato Brasileiro Série A club Fluminense . == Ayyuka == === Lanús da rance === An haife shi a Lomas na Zamora, Cano ya kammala karatun matasa na Lanús. Ya fara buga wasan farko a ranar 13 ga watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2008, ya zo a matsayin mai maye gurbin Lautaro Acosta a wasan 3-1 na Copa Libertadores a gida da Danube . <ref>{{Cite web |date=13 February 2008 |title=Libertadores: Lanús derrota 3–1 a Danubio |trans-title=Libertadores: Lanús defeat Danubio by 3–1 |url=https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Libertadores-Lan-s-derrota-3-1-a-Danubio-8448975.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231113201418/https://www.myplainview.com/news/article/Libertadores-Lan-s-derrota-3-1-a-Danubio-8448975.php |archive-date=13 November 2023 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=My Plainview |language=es}}</ref> Cano ya fara Guguwa Primera División a ranar 17 ga Fabrairu 2008, ya fara ne a wasan da ya yi da Huracán 1-0. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2008 |title=Se animó y festejó |trans-title=Cheered up and partying |url=http://www.espn.com.ar/futbol/reporte?juegoId=235444 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[ESPN]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Maris, ya zira kwallaye na farko ta hanyar zira kwallayen tawagarsa kawai a cikin asarar 3-1 a San Lorenzo, kuma ya gama kakar wasa ta farko tare da kwallaye biyu a wasanni 11.<ref>{{Cite web |date=29 March 2008 |title=San Lorenzo tiene qué festejar |trans-title=San Lorenzo have to party |url=http://www.espn.com.ar/futbol/reporte?juegoId=235504 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=ESPN |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 21 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, an ba da rancen Cano ga sabuwar kungiyar Chacarita Juniors, na shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |date=21 August 2009 |title=Germán Cano se sumó a Chacarita |trans-title=Germán Cano joined Chacarita |url=https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1165380-german-cano-se-sumo-a-chacarita |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190119121112/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/1165380-german-cano-se-sumo-a-chacarita |archive-date=19 January 2019 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[La Nación]] |language=es}}</ref> Bayan ya nuna kadan amma yana fama da raguwa ya koma Lanús, amma bayan da ba a yi amfani da shi sosai ba, an ba da rancensa ga Colón a ranar 30 ga Disamba 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |date=30 December 2010 |title=Cano es de Colón |trans-title=Cano joins Colón |url=https://www.ole.com.ar/colon/cano-colon_0_ryNe8wLxsng.html |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[Olé (sports newspaper)|Olé]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2011, Cano ya koma kasashen waje a karo na farko a cikin aikinsa, ya shiga kungiyar Categoría Primera A Deportivo Pereira a aro har zuwa watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 July 2011 |title=Germán Ezequiel Cano, otro refuerzo del Deportivo Pereira |trans-title=Germán Ezequiel Cano, another addition of Deportivo Pereira |url=https://www.futbolred.com/archivo/documento/CMS-10006048 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=Futbol Red |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Janairu, ya koma Paraguay's Nacional kuma a cikin yarjejeniyar wucin gadi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=31 January 2012 |title=Nacional tendrá a Germán Cano en la delantera |trans-title=Nacional will have Germán Cano in the forward line |url=http://www.abc.com.py/deportes/nacional-tendra-a-german-cano-en-la-delantera-361339.html |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[ABC Color]] |language=es}}</ref> === Medellín mai zaman kanta === A ranar 5 ga Yulin 2012, Cano ya amince da kwangila na dindindin tare da Independiente Medellín . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 July 2012 |title=Medellín sigue consintiendo a Bolillo: Germán Cano es el quinto refuerzo |trans-title=Medellín keep consisting Bolillo: Germán Cano is the fifth addition |url=https://gol.caracoltv.com/futbol-colombiano/liga-postobon/articulo-259366-medellin-sigue-consintiendo-a-bolillo-german-cano-el-quinto-refuerzo |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[Caracol Televisión]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya kasance mai farawa nan da nan ga kulob din, ya zira kwallaye tara a kakar wasa ta farko da kwallaye 15 a karo na biyu. A cikin Yaƙin neman zaɓe na 2014, Cano ya zira kwallaye 27 kuma shine babban mai zira kwallayen gasar Clausura; abubuwan da suka fi dacewa sun haɗa da hat-trick a cikin hanyar 4-1 na Millonarios a ranar 11 ga Oktoba. === Pachuca da rance === A ranar 21 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2015, Cano ya sake sauya kungiyoyi da kasashe bayan ya amince da kwangila tare da kungiyar Liga MX ta Pachuca . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 January 2015 |title=Germán Cano se va del DIM y jugará con el Pachuca |trans-title=Germán Cano leaves ''DIM'' and will play with Pachuca |url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/deportes/independiente-medellin/german-cano-se-va-del-dim-y-jugara-con-el-pachuca-AF1142929 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[El Colombiano]] |language=es}}</ref> Ya fara bugawa kulob din wasa a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu, ya fara ne a cikin asarar 1-0 a Guadalajara, kuma ya zira kwallaye na farko a ranar 4 ga Maris a cikin 1-1 CONCACAF Champions League da Montreal Impact. A ranar 11 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2015, bayan ya kasa fitowa a kowane wasa a lokacin rabin Zaki neman zabe saboda raunin gwiwa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 May 2015 |title=Germán Cano, baja seis meses por ruptura del ligamento cruzado de la rodilla derecha |trans-title=Germán Cano, out six months due to ligament tear of the right knee |url=http://estoenlinea.oem.com.mx/72990-german-cano-baja-seis-meses-por-ruptura-del-ligamento-cruzado-de-la-rodilla-derecha/ |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=Esto en Línea |language=es |archive-date=22 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222124329/http://estoenlinea.oem.com.mx/72990-german-cano-baja-seis-meses-por-ruptura-del-ligamento-cruzado-de-la-rodilla-derecha/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> An ba da rancen Cano ga 'yan wasan León. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2015 |title=El argentino Germán Cano es el segundo refuerzo del León |trans-title=The Argentine Germán Cano is the second addition of León |url=http://espndeportes.espn.com/futbol/mexico/nota/_/id/2548838/el-argentino-german-cano-es-el-segundo-refuerzo-del-leon |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[ESPN Deportes]] |language=es}}</ref> Bayan ya kasance mai farawa na yau da kullun, ya koma Pachuca kuma an yi amfani da shi azaman maye gurbin. A ranar 10 ga watan Janairun 2018, Cano ya koma Independiente Medellín a kan yarjejeniyar aro ta watanni shida.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 January 2018 |title=Germán Cano deja Pachuca y ahora es de Independiente de Medellín |trans-title=Germán Cano leaves Pachuca and now is of Independiente Medellín |url=https://mexico.as.com/mexico/2018/01/11/futbol/1515644574_557359.html |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[Diario AS]] |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 19 ga Mayu, ya tsawaita alakarsa har zuwa ƙarshen shekara, kuma ya ƙare kakar wasa tare da kwallaye 32 gaba ɗaya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 May 2018 |title=Germán Cano renueva su contrato seis meses con el Medellín |trans-title=Germán Cano renews his contract six months with Medellín |url=https://www.elespectador.com/deportes/futbol-colombiano/german-cano-renueva-su-contrato-seis-meses-con-el-medellin-articulo-789499 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=[[El Espectador]] |language=es |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614215130/https://www.elespectador.com/deportes/futbol-colombiano/german-cano-renueva-su-contrato-seis-meses-con-el-medellin-articulo-789499 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Vasco da Gama === A ranar 27 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2019, an sanar da Germán Cano a matsayin sa hannu na farko na Cruzmaltino na shekarar 2020. <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 December 2019 |title=Presidente do Vasco, Campello anuncia contratação de atacante argentino Germán Cano |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/campello-anuncia-contratacao-de-atacante-argentino-german-cano.ghtml |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}</ref> A wasansa na biyu ga Vasco da Gama, Cano ya zira kwallaye na farko tare da rigar cruzmaltina, a cikin lokutan karshe na nasarar 1-0 a kan Boavista a 2020 Campeonato Carioca . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jogo Boavista 0 x 1 Vasco melhores momentos - Campeonato Carioca, Rodada 3 - tempo real |url=https://ge.globo.com/rj/serra-lagos-norte/futebol/campeonato-carioca/jogo/25-01-2020/boavista-vasco.ghtml |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}</ref> A ranar 6 ga Disamba 2021, an sanar da ficewarsa daga Vasco da Gama.<ref>{{Cite web |date=6 December 2021 |title=Vasco anuncia saída de Cano, que se declara à torcida: "Espero revê-los em breve" |url=https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/vasco-anuncia-saida-de-cano.ghtml |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20220114002456/https://ge.globo.com/futebol/times/vasco/noticia/vasco-anuncia-saida-de-cano.ghtml |archive-date=14 January 2022 |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=ge |language=pt-br}}</ref> A cikin duka, Cano ya buga wasanni 101, ya zira kwallaye 43 kuma ya ba da taimako huɗu. Shi ne na biyu mafi girma a kulob din wanda ba dan Brazil ba a karni na 21. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Germán Cano não renova contrato com o Vasco e deixa o clube |url=https://www.uol.com.br/esporte/futebol/ultimas-noticias/2021/12/06/german-cano-nao-renova-contrato-com-o-vasco-e-deixa-o-clube.htm |access-date=2022-11-18 |website=www.uol.com.br |language=pt-br}}</ref> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1988]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ==manazarta== 9gcy8tvo3m6dmdfg7e9zqquozlw7en8 William Carvalho 0 149933 962161 832456 2026-10-03T06:55:37Z BnHamid 12586 962161 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:William Carvalho.jpg|thumb]] '''William Silva de Carvalho''' (an haife shi ranar 7 ga Afrilu, 1992) ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Portugal wanda ya shahara wajen taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya. An san shi da ƙwarewa wajen rarraba ƙwallo, ƙarfin jiki, da iya sarrafa wasan daga tsakiyar fili.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carvalho |title=William Carvalho |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi William Carvalho a birnin [[Luanda]] na ƙasar Angola kafin ya koma Portugal tare da iyalinsa yana ƙarami. Ya taso ne a Portugal inda ya fara koyon ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana yaro. Kakansa Praia da kawunsa Afonso suma sun taɓa buga ƙwallo a Angola, abin da ya taimaka wajen haɓaka sha’awarsa ga wasan tun yana ƙarami.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carvalho |title=William Carvalho – Early life |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == === Sporting CP === Carvalho ya shiga makarantar horas da matasa ta [[Sporting CP]] a shekarar 2005. Bayan ya nuna bajinta a matakin matasa, ya fara bugawa babbar ƙungiyar wasa a shekarar 2011. Domin samun ƙarin gogewa, an ba shi aro zuwa kulob ɗin Fátima sannan daga baya zuwa Cercle Brugge na Belgium.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carvalho |title=William Carvalho club career |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> Bayan dawowarsa daga Cercle Brugge, Carvalho ya zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun ’yan wasan Sporting CP. A kakar 2013–14 ya taimaka wajen dawo da ƙungiyar cikin manyan kungiyoyin Portugal. Salon wasansa ya jawo hankalin manyan kulob na Turai saboda ƙwarewarsa wajen tsare tsakiya da kuma iya fara hare-hare daga baya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://as.com/futbol/2016/09/14/champions/1473814144_914040.html |title=Diez campeones de París se forjaron en el Sporting |website=AS |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Sporting CP ya lashe kofin Taça de Portugal na shekarar 2014–15 da kuma Taça da Liga a kakar 2017–18. Ya buga wasanni sama da 190 a dukkan gasa tare da zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan taurarin ƙungiyar.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carvalho |title=William Carvalho honours |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> === Real Betis === A ranar 13 ga Yuli, 2018, Carvalho ya koma ƙungiyar [[Real Betis]] ta ƙasar Spain kan kuɗi mai yawa. Zuwa Spain ya ƙara masa suna a gasar La Liga inda ya zama muhimmiyar kafa a tsakiyar fili.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://as.com/futbol/2018/07/18/primera/1531901359_992329.html |title=El Sporting de Portugal quiere a Javi García por William Carvalho |website=AS |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin kocin Manuel Pellegrini, Carvalho ya sake nuna ƙwarewa sosai musamman a kakar 2021–22 inda ya taimaka wa Betis lashe Copa del Rey. A wannan lokaci ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin gogaggun ’yan wasan ƙungiyar kuma ya taimaka wajen kai Betis zuwa gasar Turai sau da dama.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carvalho |title=William Carvalho |website=Wikipedia en Español |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> An kuma yaba masa saboda kwanciyar hankali da yake nunawa idan yana riƙe da ƙwallo da kuma iya daidaita wasan tsakiya. Duk da cewa ba shi da saurin gudu sosai, yana amfani da ƙwarewa da hangen nesa wajen mamaye fili.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/soccer/comments/pbv9rr/ |title=Norwich City are in talks with Real Betis over the signing of Portugal international midfielder William Carvalho |website=Reddit |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> === Pachuca === A shekarar 2025, Carvalho ya koma ƙungiyar Pachuca ta ƙasar Mexico bayan ya bar Real Betis. Wannan mataki ya nuna sabon babi a rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon ƙafa bayan shekaru masu yawa a Turai.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carvalho |title=William Carvalho later career |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Aikin ƙasa == Carvalho ya wakilci Portugal a matakai daban-daban na yara kafin ya fara bugawa babbar tawagar ƙasa wasa a shekarar 2013. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Portugal da ta lashe gasar [[UEFA Euro 2016]], wanda shi ne babban nasara a tarihin ƙwallon ƙafar Portugal.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carvalho |title=Portugal Euro 2016 squad |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> Ya kuma wakilci Portugal a gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA sau da dama da kuma UEFA Nations League da Portugal ta lashe a shekarar 2019. Salon wasansa ya sa ake kwatanta shi da tsohon tauraron Faransa Patrick Vieira saboda ƙarfin jikinsa da ikon sarrafa tsakiya.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carvalho |title=William Carvalho style of play |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Salon wasa == William Carvalho ya fi taka leda a matsayin mai tsaron tsakiya, amma yana iya taka rawa a matsayin ɗan wasan tsakiya na yau da kullum ko ma mai tsaron baya idan buƙata ta taso. Ana yabonsa saboda: * Kyakkyawan bayar da dogayen ƙwallaye * Iya sarrafa gudun wasa * Ƙarfin jiki * Kwanciyar hankali yayin matsin lamba * Kyakkyawan tsare fili<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.reddit.com/r/soccer/comments/1m30y0i/ |title=William Carvalho leaves Betis |website=Reddit |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Nasarori == === Sporting CP === * Taça de Portugal: 2014–15 * Taça da Liga: 2017–18 === Real Betis === * Copa del Rey: 2021–22 === Portugal === * UEFA Euro: 2016 * UEFA Nations League: 2018–19 === Kyaututtuka na mutum ɗaya === * Mafi kyawun matashin ɗan wasa a Primeira Liga: 2013–14 * Mafi kyawun ɗan wasa a gasar UEFA European Under-21 Championship: 2015 * Cikin tawagar mafi kyau ta gasar UEFA U21: 2015<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Carvalho |title=William Carvalho honours and awards |website=Wikipedia |access-date=2026-05-08}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6rf4y41ewo0e9lbeuipuq23ixbb2u39 Gökhan Zan 0 151006 962192 835255 2026-10-03T07:14:28Z BnHamid 12586 962192 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Fayil:Gökhan Zan 2013 1.jpg|thumb]] '''Gökhan Zan''' (an haife shi 7 Satumba 1981 a Antakya, Turkiyya) tsohon ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne na ƙasar Turkiyya wanda ya shahara a matsayin mai tsaron baya. Ya taka leda a manyan kungiyoyi kamar Beşiktaş da Galatasaray, sannan ya wakilci ƙasar Turkiyya a wasannin duniya. <ref>Turkish Football Federation records; player career archives</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == Gökhan Zan ya taso ne a birnin Antakya inda ya fara sha’awar ƙwallon ƙafa tun yana ƙarami. Ya shiga ƙungiyoyin matasa kafin daga baya ya samu damar shiga tsarin horar da ‘yan wasa na ƙwararru. Wannan ya taimaka masa wajen haɓaka ƙwarewarsa a matsayin mai tsaron baya mai ƙarfi da iya kai hari daga kwana. <ref>Local club development reports; youth career summaries</ref> == Aikin ƙwallon ƙafa == Zan ya fara aikinsa na ƙwararru a kulob ɗin Hatayspor kafin ya koma Çanakkale Dardanelspor. Daga baya, ƙwarewarsa ta ja hankalin Beşiktaş wanda ya saye shi a shekarar 2003. A Beşiktaş ya samu nasarori da dama ciki har da kofunan gida. <ref>Beşiktaş club historical archives</ref> A shekarar 2009, ya koma Galatasaray inda ya ci gaba da taka leda har zuwa ƙarshen aikinsa. Duk da yawan raunin da ya samu a wasu lokuta, ya kasance muhimmin ɗan wasa a tsaron baya na kungiyar. <ref>Galatasaray official squad records</ref> == Aikin ƙasa (Turkiyya) == Gökhan Zan ya wakilci ƙasar Turkiyya a matakin manya, inda ya buga wasanni da dama a gasar UEFA da sauran wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa. Ya kasance cikin tawagar Turkiyya a Gasar Euro 2008 inda ƙasar ta kai matakin kusa da na karshe. <ref>UEFA Euro 2008 squad listings</ref> == Salon wasa == An san Zan da ƙarfi a jiki, iya kare kai, da kuma ƙwarewa wajen tunkarar ƙwallo a iska. Haka kuma yana da iya fara kai farmaki daga baya ta hanyar dogayen ƙwallaye. Duk da haka, raunin da yake samu lokaci zuwa lokaci ya rage masa ci gaba a wasu lokuta. <ref>Football analysis reports; tactical reviews</ref> == Ritaya == Bayan wasu shekaru yana fama da raunin jiki, Gökhan Zan ya fara rage taka leda har ya kai ga ritaya daga ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru. Daga baya ya shiga harkokin siyasa da zamantakewa a Turkiyya. <ref>Post-career interviews and news summaries</ref> == Gado == Zan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin fitattun masu tsaron baya a ƙwallon ƙafar Turkiyya a farkon shekarun 2000 zuwa 2010. Ya taimaka wajen samun nasarorin kulob da kuma ƙasa a matakai daban-daban. <ref>Turkish sports historical reviews</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} o6cewfcvpfmai5uanz7bw1xcta4obxj Ifunanyachi Achara 0 151132 962154 952535 2026-10-03T06:35:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962154 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ifunanyachi Achara''' (an haife shi a ranar 28 ga Satumba 1997) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ke buga wasa a matsayin ɗan gaba a ƙungiyar Bray Wanderers ta League of Ireland .<ref name=":1" /> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Achara a [[Enugu (birni)|Enugu, Najeriya]] kuma ya girma a kudu maso gabashin [[Najeriya]],<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |url=https://collegesoccernews.com/who-is-georgetown-star-forward-ifunanyachi-achara-by-dela-agbotse/ |title=Kwafin ajiya |access-date=2026-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518022812/https://collegesoccernews.com/who-is-georgetown-star-forward-ifunanyachi-achara-by-dela-agbotse/ |archive-date=2026-05-18 |url-status=dead}}</ref> inda ya zauna har zuwa 2014 yana da shekaru 17. Tsohon dan wasan [[Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafar Najeriya|tawagar kwallon kafa ta Najeriya]] [[Jay-Jay Okocha]] ya lura da shi, wanda ya ba shi shawarar shiga tawagar 'yan wasan Najeriya 'yan kasa da shekaru 17. Daga karshe ya kasa shiga cikin jerin 'yan wasan da suka lashe gasar cin kofin duniya ta FIFA ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 17 ta 2015. Bayan haka, ya koma Amurka, inda ya buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta matasa tare da Chicago Magic SC kuma ya lashe Gasar Matasa ta Ƙasa ta Amurka ta 'yan ƙasa da shekara 17 a shekarar 2015.<ref>https://guhoyas.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/-blank-achara/9532</ref> Ya halarci Makarantar Berkshire da ke Sheffield, Massachusetts, inda aka sanya masa suna zuwa Gasar Sakandare ta All-America Best XI, a shekararsa ta ƙarshe.<ref name="collegenews">{{Cite web |last=Agbotse |first=Dele |date=April 6, 2018 |title=Who Is Georgetown Star Forward Ifunanyachi Achara? |url=https://collegesoccernews.com/who-is-georgetown-star-forward-ifunanyachi-achara-by-dela-agbotse/ |website=College Soccer News |access-date=May 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518022812/https://collegesoccernews.com/who-is-georgetown-star-forward-ifunanyachi-achara-by-dela-agbotse/ |archive-date=May 18, 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A Berkshire, yana cikin ƙungiyoyin ƙwallon ƙafa da gudu tare da abokin wasansa na gaba na Black Rock FC da kuma abokin wasansa na Toronto FC Jacob Shaffelburg .<ref>{{Cite web |last=Grossi |first=James |date=February 22, 2020 |title=Signing with Toronto FC 'means everything' to rookie forward Ifunanyachi Achara |url=https://www.torontofc.ca/post/2020/02/22/signing-toronto-fc-means-everything-rookie-forward-ifunanyachi-achara |website=[[Toronto FC]]}}</ref> == Aikin kwaleji == Bayan kammala karatun sakandare, Achara ya halarci Jami'ar Georgetown kuma ya buga wasanni huɗu tare da Hoyas a Babban Taron Big East na NCAA . Ya sha fama da raunuka a tsawon shekaru huɗu da ya yi, wanda hakan ya sa ya rasa wasanni da dama a kowace kakar wasa.<ref name="georgetown">{{Cite web |title=Achara Profile |url=https://guhoyas.com/sports/mens-soccer/roster/-blank-achara/9532 |website=[[Georgetown University]]}}</ref> A kakar wasansa ta farko, Achara ya kasance wanda aka karrama a matsayin First Team All-Big East kuma an zaɓe shi a matsayin wanda ya lashe gasar Second Team All-East Region. <ref name="bigeast">{{Cite web |date=January 9, 2020 |title=Nealis Selected No. 3, Achara Picked No. 25 in 2020 MLS SuperDraft |url=https://guhoyas.com/news/2020/1/9/mens-soccer-nealis-selected-no-3-achara-picked-no-25-in-2020-mls-superdraft.aspx |website=Georgetown University}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, an naɗa shi kyaftin na ƙungiya a kakar wasansa ta ƙarshe, <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2019 |title=Nealis, Achara and Dodson Named 2019 Men's Soccer Captains |url=https://guhoyas.com/news/2019/4/15/nealis-achara-and-dodson-named-2019-mens-soccer-captains.aspx |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=Georgetown University}}</ref> ya taimaka musu lashe gasar NCAA ta 2019, wanda shine gasar ƙasa ta farko a makarantar a tarihin shirinta, <ref name="thehoya">{{Cite web |last=Sewall |first=Drew |date=23 January 2020 |title=Nealis, Achara, Nally Will Continue Their Careers in MLS, NWSL |url=https://thehoya.com/mens-and-womens-soccer-nealis-achara-and-nally-will-continue-their-careers-in-mls-and-nwsl/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200617204835/https://thehoya.com/mens-and-womens-soccer-nealis-achara-and-nally-will-continue-their-careers-in-mls-and-nwsl/ |archive-date=17 June 2020 |access-date=17 June 2020 |website=The Hoya}}</ref> kuma an naɗa shi ga All-Big East Second Team. <ref name="bigeast" /> A tsawon shekaru huɗu da ya yi yana aiki tare da Hoyas, ya zira kwallaye 21 da taimakawa bakwai a wasanni 55. <ref name="thehoya" /> == Aikin kulob == === Ƙwararrun ƙwararru === Achara ya buga wa ƙungiyar GPS ta Portland Phoenix ta USL PDL a shekarar 2016 inda ya zura kwallaye shida a wasanni takwas kuma ya taimaka musu wajen lashe gasar PDL Northeast Division. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gargan |first=Guy |date=July 18, 2016 |title=Nor'easters begin playoffs Tuesday night in Maine |url=https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/sports/noreasters-begin-playoffs-tuesday-night-in-maine/article_f70101c6-4d4b-11e6-97fa-ef19393bf1f0.html |website=Press of Atlantic City |access-date=May 17, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260518021522/https://pressofatlanticcity.com/sports/noreasters-begin-playoffs-tuesday-night-in-maine/article_f70101c6-4d4b-11e6-97fa-ef19393bf1f0.html |archive-date=May 18, 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Georgetown, Achara ya buga wasa da Black Rock FC a gasar USL League Two a 2018 da 2019 inda ya yi aiki a matsayin kyaftin na ƙungiyar a dukkan kakar wasa biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Geoff |date=May 17, 2018 |title=Black Rock FC starts inaugural PDL season this weekend |url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/black-rock-fc-starts-inaugural-pdl-season-this-weekend,539930? |website=The Berkshire Eagle}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Geoff |date=May 16, 2019 |title=Black Rock FC ready to kick off USL2 campaign |url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/black-rock-fc-ready-to-kick-off-usl2-campaign,573701? |website=The Berkshire Eagle}}</ref> Ya kammala a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a ƙungiyar a 2018 da kwallaye takwas, wanda ya yi kunnen doki da Jacob Shaffelburg, yayin da ƙungiyar ta lashe gasar PDL Northeast Division. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Geoff |date=July 10, 2018 |title=Black Rock FC wins PDL Northeast Division title in first season |url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/black-rock-fc-wins-pdl-northeast-division-title-in-first-season,544437? |website=Berkshire Eagle}}</ref> An naɗa shi cikin ƙungiyar PDL Eastern All-Star a 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Coreschi |first=Colton |date=July 31, 2018 |title=2018 PDL All-Eastern Conference Team |url=https://www.uslleaguetwo.com/news_article/show/938141 |access-date=May 7, 2020 |publisher=Premier Development League (PDL)}}</ref> A lokacin da yake Black Rock, an sanya shi a matsayin wanda ya fi kowa zura kwallaye a gasar USL League Two. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Geoff |date=May 30, 2019 |title=Black Rock FC makes home debut Friday against GPS Portland Phoenix |url=https://www.berkshireeagle.com/stories/black-rock-fc-makes-home-debut-friday-against-gps-portland-phoenix,575051 |website=The Berkshire Eagle}}</ref> === Ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Toronto === [[Fayil:Achara_-_cropped.png|thumb|Achara yana bugawa Toronto FC wasa a shekarar 2020]] An zaɓi Achara a matsayin na 25 a jimilla a gasar MLS SuperDraft ta 2020 ta Toronto FC . Bayan ya nuna bajinta a wasannin share fagen shiga kakar wasa, an sanya shi cikin ƙungiyar farko a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2020. Achara ya fara buga wasa a ranar 7 ga Maris 2020, a lokacin wasan farko na Toronto FC a kakar wasa ta bana. Achara ya ba shi gwarzon dan wasa. Da alama ya zura kwallon farko a minti na 11, amma an yi watsi da kwallon a wasan da aka yi da VAR . Achara ya ci kwallo daya tilo a wasan a minti na 81 yayin da Toronto ta doke New York City FC da ci 1-0. A lokacin atisaye na MLS a Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya, bayan dakatarwar gasar saboda [[Murar Mashaƙo 2019|annobar COVID-19]], Achara ya yi wa ACL dinsa rauni, bayan ya yi karo da abokin wasansa Omar Gonzalez a lokacin atisaye, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Davidson |first=Neil |date=July 2, 2020 |title=Toronto FC lose impressive rookie Achara for the season due to knee injury |url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/tfc/2020/07/02/toronto-fc-lose-impressive-rookie-achara-for-the-season-due-to-knee-injury.html |website=[[Toronto Star]]}}</ref> ya kawo karshen kakar wasa ta farko bayan ya buga wasa daya kacal. <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2020 |title=Toronto FC rookie Ifunanyachi Achara out for season with torn left ACL |url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/soccer/article-toronto-fc-rookie-ifunanyachi-achara-out-for-season-with-torn-left-acl/ |access-date=July 2, 2020 |website=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}</ref> Bayan rashin lafiyarsa ta tsawon lokaci, ya koma cikin jerin 'yan wasa a ranar 4 ga Agusta, 2021 a matsayin wanda zai maye gurbinsa da Philadelphia Union, watanni 17 bayan bayyanarsa ta karshe. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Singh |first=Michael |date=August 4, 2021 |title=Toronto FC blown out by Philadelphia Union; drop first game under Javier Perez |url=https://www.wakingthered.com/2021/8/4/22610550/toronto-fc-blown-out-by-philadelphia-union-drop-first-game-under-javier-perez |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805120218/https://www.wakingthered.com/2021/8/4/22610550/toronto-fc-blown-out-by-philadelphia-union-drop-first-game-under-javier-perez |archive-date=5 August 2021 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=Waking the Red}}</ref> Achara ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kakar wasa ta MLS ta 2021, kuma ta farko tun bayan murmurewa daga raunin da ya samu a wasansu da [[CF Montreal]] a ranar 27 ga Agusta, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grigoriadis |first=Elias |date=August 27, 2021 |title=CF Montreal earns win over Toronto FC ahead of international break |url=https://www.cbc.ca/sports/soccer/mls/mls-toronto-fc-cf-montr%C3%A9al-recap-august-27-1.6156536 |website=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]]}}</ref> A ranar 1 ga Disamba, Toronto ta sanar da cewa ta dauki zabin kwantiragin Achara, wanda hakan ya sa ta ci gaba da kasancewa tare da kungiyar a kakar wasa ta MLS ta 2022. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 1, 2021 |title=Toronto FC Announce Year-End Roster Decisions |url=https://www.torontofc.ca/news/toronto-fc-announce-year-end-roster-decisions |website=[[Toronto FC]]}}</ref> Bayan karshen kakar wasa ta 2022, ya bar kungiyar, bayan da kungiyar ta ki amincewa da zabinsa na 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 14, 2022 |title=Toronto FC Announce Year-End Roster Moves |url=https://www.torontofc.ca/news/toronto-fc-announce-year-end-roster-moves |website=[[Toronto FC]]}}</ref> === Houston Dynamo === A cikin daftarin sake shiga gasar MLS ta 2022, Houston Dynamo ta zaɓe shi a mataki na biyu. <ref>{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2022 |title=Houston Dynamo FC select Ifunanyachi Achara in Stage 2 of MLS Re-Entry Draft |url=https://www.houstondynamofc.com/news/houston-dynamo-fc-select-ifunanyachi-achara-in-stage-2-of-mls-re-entry-draft |website=[[Houston Dynamo FC]]}}</ref> A ranar 7 ga Disamba 2022, Achara ya sanya hannu da Dynamo don kakar wasa ta 2023, tare da zaɓin kulob na tsawaita zamansa har zuwa 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=December 7, 2022 |title=Houston Dynamo sign forward Ifunanyachi Achara |url=https://www.mlssoccer.com/news/houston-dynamo-sign-forward-ifunanyachi-achara |website=[[Major League Soccer]]}}</ref> Bayan ya rasa dukkan kakar wasa ta 2023 saboda rauni, ya sanya hannu kan kwantiragin shekara ɗaya da ƙungiya ta biyu, Houston Dynamo 2 a MLS Next Pro, don kakar wasa ta 2024. <ref>{{Cite web |date=February 21, 2024 |title=Houston Dynamo 2 sign FW Ifunanyachi Achara |url=https://www.houstondynamofc.com/dynamo2/news/houston-dynamo-2-sign-fw-ifunanyachi-achara |website=[[Houston Dynamo FC]]}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2024, an ba shi aro ga ƙungiyar Ventura County FC ta MLSNP don sauran kakar wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cybulski |first=Jack |date=August 9, 2024 |title=Ventura County FC Acquire Forward Ifu Achara on Loan From Houston Dynamo 2 |url=https://vcfcpro.com/ventura-county-fc-acquire-forward-ifu-achara-on-loan-from-houston-dynamo-2/ |website=[[Ventura County FC]]}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2024 |title=Houston Dynamo 2 Loan Forward Ifu Achara to Ventura County FC |url=https://www.houstondynamofc.com/dynamo2/news/houston-dynamo-2-loan-forward-ifu-achara-to-ventura-county-fc |website=[[Houston Dynamo FC]]}}</ref> Ya zura ƙwallonsa ta farko a ragar ƙungiyar Ventura County a ranar 19 ga watan Agusta a kan Tacoma Defiance . <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 20, 2024 |title=New Signings Shine to Claim Point on the Road Against Tacoma |url=https://vcfcpro.com/new-signings-shine-to-claim-point-on-the-road-against-tacoma/ |website=[[Ventura County FC]]}}</ref> === Black Rock FC === A watan Mayun 2025, Achara ya koma tsohuwar kungiyarsa ta Black Rock FC a gasar USL League Two, inda aka nada shi kyaftin din kungiyar. Ya buga wasanni biyu a kakar wasa ta bana. === Bray Wanderers === A ranar 5 ga Fabrairu, 2026, Achara ya sanya hannu kan Bray Wanderers a mataki na biyu na Ireland, wato League of Ireland First Division . [1] A ranar 24 ga Afrilu, Achara ya zura kwallonsa ta farko a kulob din, inda ya zura kwallo ta biyu a wasan da suka tashi kunnen doki 1-1 da Cork City a filin wasa na Carlisle . [2] Bayan wasanni biyu, Achara ya zura kwallon ta'aziyya a wasan da suka sha kashi a hannun Finn Harps da ci 2-1 [3] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] d1zxcw9bzwva3qb7uay04m9wrhpolpv Kirista Omeruo 0 151800 962196 838096 2026-10-03T07:21:10Z BnHamid 12586 Redirected page to [[Christian Omeruo]] 962196 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Christian Omeruo]] 0ey0g72zqkfsmfie1qsfeyip3y1lqa6 Christian Omeruo 0 151801 962197 838100 2026-10-03T07:23:09Z BnHamid 12586 Added external links and reference 962197 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Christian Omeruo''' (an haife shi ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 1992) ƙwararren [[Kungiyar Kwallon Kafa|ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa]] ne na Najeriya wanda ya buga wa ƙungiyoyin Premier League na Najeriya da kuma 'yan [[Ƙungiyar kwallon kafa ta Maza ta Najeriya ta 'yan kasa da shekaru 20|wasan ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20]]. Shi ne babban ɗan'uwan ƙwararrun 'yan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa [[Kenneth Omeruo]] da Lucky Omeruo.<ref>Babalola, Popoola (24 July 2016). "NNL: Kwara United whip FC Zamfara". ''The Eagle Online''. Retrieved 8 February 2022.</ref> == Sana'a == Omeruo ɗan wasan gaba ne mai ƙafa biyu kuma Karamone ne ya gano shi. Ya fara buga ƙwallon ƙafa ta farko a gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta ƙwararru da COD United FC a kakar wasa ta 2012/13, daga baya ya sanya hannu a Sunshine Stars FC<ref>{{Cite web| url=http://www.nigeriafootball.com/playerInfo,331,Christian-Omeruo | title=Profile of Christian Omeruo | access-date=2017-02-24 | archive-date=2017-02-24 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224222336/http://www.nigeriafootball.com/playerInfo,331,Christian-Omeruo | url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma ya buga tsakanin kakar wasa ta 2013 da 2015 a gasar Firimiya ta Najeriya saboda kyakkyawan aikinsa a COD United. Ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara ɗaya da Kwara United FC a kakar wasa ta 2015/16. An gayyace shi zuwa ƙungiyar 'yan ƙasa da shekara 20 ta Najeriya a 2012 kuma ya buga wasanni 12 tare da zura kwallaye 4 a ƙungiyar ƙasa a wasannin sada zumunci, gasar zakarun Turai da wasannin cancantar shiga gasar. Yana gab da shiga wasu ƙungiyoyin Asiya, Arewacin Afirka da Turai amma kuɗin canja wurin Sunshine Stars ya yi yawa saboda shi ne ɗan wasan gaba da aka nufa ya zira kwallaye a ƙungiyar kuma shine babban ɗan wasan da ya fi zura kwallaye a gasar. Ya zura kwallaye biyu da kuma kwallo ɗaya tilo ga ƙungiyoyinsa yayin da ɗaya daga cikin kwallayen ya zira a kan Kano Pillars. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ==Hanyoyin Haɗi na Waje== * [http://www.nigeriafootball.com/playerInfo,331,Christian-Omeruo- Christian Omeruo Profile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224221745/http://www.nigeriafootball.com/playerInfo,331,Christian-Omeruo- |date=2017-02-24 }} {{DEFAULTSORT:Omeruo, Christian}} [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] 5a6d92a07rc6uq60g513mqnpotzk91p Tattaunawar user:Ummu Ilham 3 151876 961941 838595 2026-10-02T17:19:36Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* Title (Sunan Shafi) ya zama da Hausa */ sabon sashe 961941 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ummu Ilham! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ummu Ilham|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Title (Sunan Shafi) ya zama da Hausa == Barka da ƙoƙari, idan zaki rubuta maƙala, sunan shafin shi ma ya kasance da Hausa ba bayanan kaɗai ba. Yawancin muƙalolin ki kina rubuta sunansu da turanci, wannan kuskure ne. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 17:19, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) j0yphige31najphvayt1awok3zoquzs 961952 961941 2026-10-02T17:40:47Z Ummu Ilham 45024 /* Title (Sunan Shafi) ya zama da Hausa */ Mayarwa 961952 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ummu Ilham! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ummu Ilham|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Title (Sunan Shafi) ya zama da Hausa == Barka da ƙoƙari, idan zaki rubuta maƙala, sunan shafin shi ma ya kasance da Hausa ba bayanan kaɗai ba. Yawancin muƙalolin ki kina rubuta sunansu da turanci, wannan kuskure ne. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 17:19, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) :ok insha Allah zan gyara [[User:Ummu Ilham|Ummu Ilham]] ([[User talk:Ummu Ilham|talk]]) 17:40, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6uwcv036y9qq3mxsjex8wv7xetiw57e 961953 961952 2026-10-02T17:41:47Z Ummu Ilham 45024 /* Title (Sunan Shafi) ya zama da Hausa */ Mayarwa 961953 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Ummu Ilham! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Ummu Ilham|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 20 Mayu 2026 (UTC) == Title (Sunan Shafi) ya zama da Hausa == Barka da ƙoƙari, idan zaki rubuta maƙala, sunan shafin shi ma ya kasance da Hausa ba bayanan kaɗai ba. Yawancin muƙalolin ki kina rubuta sunansu da turanci, wannan kuskure ne. [[User:Em-mustapha|<span style="background-color: #804; color: #fa0;"><samp><b><u>Em-mustapha</u></b></samp></span>]] <sup><samp><u>[[User talk:Em-mustapha|'''talk''']]</u></samp></sup> 17:19, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) :ok insha Allah zan gyara [[User:Ummu Ilham|Ummu Ilham]] ([[User talk:Ummu Ilham|talk]]) 17:40, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) ::nagode [[User:Ummu Ilham|Ummu Ilham]] ([[User talk:Ummu Ilham|talk]]) 17:41, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) aa2mcs3fwbtoa2znfdeg8hajljtm4ha Lucia Basson 0 152320 962182 840469 2026-10-03T07:08:46Z BnHamid 12586 962182 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Lucia Basson (an Haife shi 20 Maris 1953 a Karasburg, ǁKaras Region) ɗan siyasan Namibiya ne wanda ya kasance gwamnan yankin Karas na Namibiya daga Afrilu 2015[1] zuwa Afrilu 2020.[2] Mamba ce ta SWAPO, Basson ta kasance mamba a majalisar dokokin kasar Namibiya daga zaben da shugaba Sam Nujoma ya zaba a cikin jerin zabukan SWAPO a shekarar 2005 har zuwa 2010, lokacin da ta gaza sake tsayawa takara. Ita shugabar SWAPO ce daga yankin Hardap.[3] == Rayuwa ta mutum == Basson yana aiki a cikin daidaito tsakanin jinsi, sake fasalin ƙasa, da shirye-shiryen ci gaban al'umma. An san ta da bayar da shawarwari a madadin 'yan karkara na Namibiya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Basson Lucia – National Assembly profile |url=https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/basson-lucia/ |access-date=24 June 2025 |website=Parliament of Namibia}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://www.parliament.na/dt_team/basson-lucia/ Bayanan majalisa] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1953]] jg0is1fvthzr996s4gzkbhd4er3usqb Gurasarsa 0 153141 962017 859003 2026-10-02T20:01:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962017 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Sua Pan ko '''''Sowa'' Pan''' babban lalacewar yanayi ne a cikin yankin [[Makgadikgadi Pan|Makgadikgadi]] na arewa maso gabashin [[Botswana]] . Tana kusa da ƙauyen Sowa, wanda sunansa ke nufin [[gishiri]] a cikin harshen [[Mutanen San|San]]. Gidan gishiri na Sua yana ɗaya daga cikin manyan pans guda uku a cikin Makgadikgadi, sauran biyu sune Nxai Pan da Nwetwe Pan. David Livingstone ne ya fara bayyana Sua Pan ga duniyar Turai, bisa ga Bincike a wannan yankin. An yi muhimman binciken archaeological a cikin Nwetwe Pan, wanda ke nuna kayan aikin Stone-Age daga mutanen da ke zaune a wannan yanki lokacin da babban tafkin shekara-shekara ya mamaye Sua da Nwetwe Pans. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Burrough |first=Sallie L. |last2=Thomas |first2=David S.G. |last3=Bailey |first3=Richard M. |date=July 2009 |title=Mega-Lake in the Kalahari: A Late Pleistocene record of the Palaeolake Makgadikgadi system |journal=Quaternary Science Reviews |volume=28 |issue=15–16 |pages=1392–1411 |bibcode=2009QSRv...28.1392B |doi=10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.02.007}}</ref> Brines na Sua Pan yana daya daga cikin manyan tabkuna a duniya ya kai kimanin murabba'in kilomita 24,000. Duk da yake sodium chloride shine babban abu, akwai wasu gishiri da yawa da aka samu a cikin wannan yanki kamar sodium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate, sodium sulfate, da ƙananan adadin potassium chloride (potash). <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Republic of Botswana |date=November 24, 1980 |title=Botswana Soda-ash Study Contract No. AID/SOD/PDC-C-0407 |url=http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY142.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=The Brines of Sua Pan |publisher=United States Agency for International Development |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221163651/http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNAAY142.pdf |archive-date=February 21, 2017}}</ref> A halin yanzu, Sua Pan tafki ne na yanayi; yana cike da ruwa a lokacin ruwan sama na rani kuma yana riƙe da ruwa da aka kawo daga [[Kogin Nata]] har zuwa Afrilu ko Mayu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Makgadikgadi Pans Climate - Makgadikgadi Botswana |url=http://www.itravelto.com/makgadikgadi-pans-climate.html |website=www.itravelto.com}}</ref> Daga cikin ayyukan kiyaye namun daji da suka fi cin nasara a Botswana shine Nata Bird Sanctuary da al'umma ta fara a arewa maso gabashin wannan yankin. An buɗe shi a 1993 kuma an ba shi lambar yabo ta "Tourism for Tomorrow Award" don Kudancin Hemisphere. Mambobin ƙauyuka huɗu da ke kusa da su ne ke tallafawa, waɗanda suka taimaka wajen samun nasara. Ɗaya daga cikin masu ba da gudummawa na Sua Pan shine Kogin Mosetse . An sanya wa ƙauyen Mosetse suna kuma yana gefen kogi. == Masana'antu == [[Fayil:Makgadigadi_pans,_Sodium_Carbonate_pans,_Na2CO3._Algae_causes_the_red._Camera_at_10_000_feet_altitude_and_ground_is_about_3_280_feet_(1000_metres)_altitude._-_panoramio.jpg|thumb|Pans da aka yi amfani da su don hakar sodium carbonate]] Sua Pan kuma shafin yanar gizon kamfanin hakar ma'adinai na sodium carbonate (soda ash) Botash ne. Kamfanin rabin mallakar gwamnatin Botswana ne kuma yana samar da fiye da tan 300,000 na ash na soda da tan 450,000 na gishiri a kowace shekara.<ref name="botash.bw">{{Cite web |title=History |url=http://www.botash.bw/company-history/ |access-date=2026-05-29 |archive-date=2020-12-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201202065435/https://botash.bw/company-history/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Baya ga samar da sodium carbonate, ma'adinin kuma yana samar da halite, sodium sulfate da sodium bicarbonate salts. Mine yana amfani da bambancin Tsarin Solvay don samar da ash din soda da kayan aiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Frank D.Eckardt |last2=Robert G.Bryant |last3=Graham McCulloch |last4=Baruch Spiro |last5=Warren W.Wood |date=2008 |title=The hydrochemistry of a semi-arid pan basin case study: Sua Pan, Makgadikgadi, Botswana |journal=Applied Geochemistry |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=1563–1580 |bibcode=2008ApGC...23.1563E |doi=10.1016/j.apgeochem.2007.12.033}}</ref> == Sufuri == Sua Pan ita ce ƙarshen yammacin layin jirgin kasa na Francistown-Sua Pan mai nisan kilomita 174.5. == Dubi kuma == * [[Kogin Mosope]] * [[Kogin Semowane]] * [[Kogin Nata]] == Tushen == * David Livingstone (1868) ''Missionary Travels and Researches in [[Afirka ta Kudu|South Africa]]: Including a Sketch of Sixteen Years' Residence in the Interior of Africa'', Harper Publishers. * [https://web.archive.org/web/20231030065111/https://www.megalithic.co.uk/article.php?sid=22373&mode=&order=0 C.Michael Hogan (2008) ''Makgadikgadi, The Megalithic Portal''], ed. A. Burnham * Bryan Robert Davies and Keith F. Walker (1986), ''The [[Ecology]] of River Systems'', Springer, 733 pages, {{ISBN|90-6193-540-7}}, {{ISBN|978-90-6193-540-7}}. == Manazarta == bcrhmrq1x1cte7txej59ewof8m3pvjb Greater cairo 0 153557 961985 843638 2026-10-02T18:37:04Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} ''Babban Alkahira''' ( Arabic ) yanki ne na babban birni wanda ke kewaye da [[Kairo|Alkahira]], [[Misra|Masar]] . Ya ƙunshi dukkan Gundumar Alkahira, biranen Imbaba {{Efn|''Imbaba'' is considered a city by the [[World Bank]].<ref name="wb"/>}} da [[Giza]] a Gundumar Giza, da kuma birnin Shubra El Kheima a Gundumar Qalyubia . Ana iya faɗaɗa ma'anarsa don haɗawa da yankunan birane da wasu sabbin garuruwa da aka tsara waɗanda aka kafa a yankunan hamada gabas da yamma da Alkahira. <ref name=":0" /> An kuma ayyana Yankin Babban Alkahira a matsayin yanki na tattalin arziki wanda ya ƙunshi Gundumomin Alkahira, Giza, da Qalyubia. <ref name="gopp">{{Cite web |title=أقليم القاهرة الكبرى |url=http://gopp.gov.eg/eg-map/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230414202719/http://gopp.gov.eg/eg-map/%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%85-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%89/ |archive-date=14 April 2023 |access-date=2023-04-14 |website=الهيئة العامة للتخطيط العمرانى}}</ref> A cikin Babban Alkahira akwai yankin birni mafi girma a [[Misra|Masar]], mafi girman [[yankin birni]] a [[Afirka]], [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]], da kuma duniyar Larabawa, kuma yanki na 6 mafi girma a duniya. A cikin babban ma'anarsa, yankin ya haɗa da dukkan biranen da ke cikin Gwamnan Alkahira (Alkahira, Sabuwar Alkahira, Badr, Shorouk, 15 ga Mayu, Sabuwar Babban Birnin Gudanarwa, da Lambunan Babban Birnin) da kuma manyan biranen Gwamnatin Giza (Giza, 6 ga Oktoba, Sabuwar 6 ga Oktoba, Lambunan Oktoba, Sheikh Zayed, da Sabuwar Sphinx) da Shubra El Kheima da [[Obour (birni)|Obour]] a cikin Gwamnan Qalyubia. Dangane da kiyasin da aka yi bisa hasashen [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]], yankin yana da yawan jama'a 22,183,000 a shekarar 2023. <ref name="macrotrends">{{Cite web |title=Cairo, Egypt Metro Area Population 1950-2023 |url=https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22812/cairo/population |access-date=2023-02-25 |website=Macrotrends |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210514065029/https://www.macrotrends.net/cities/22812/cairo/population |archive-date=2021-05-14 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 2012, lokacin da aka kiyasta yawan jama'ar yankin miliyan 20.5, an kiyasta yawan jama'ar da ke cikin Gwamnan Alkahira a kowace murabba'in kilomita (111,700 a kowace murabba'in mil). == Tattalin Arziki == A shekarar 2021, Babban Birnin Alkahira yana da GDP na kusan tiriliyan 3 na EGP ko rabin jimlar GDP na Masar. {| class="wikitable" !Gwamna ! GDP na ƙasa (Biliyan EGP) ! GDP na ƙasa (dala biliyan) |- | Alkahira | 1,876 | 120 |- | Giza | 770 | 49 |- | Qalyubiyya | 339 | 22 |- |- style="background:#feb;" | '''Babban Alkahira''' | '''2,985''' | '''191''' |- |} == Yanayi == Yankin Babban Alkahira da yankin da ke kewaye da shi an sanya su a matsayin yanayin hamada mai zafi (BWh) a cikin [[Rarrabawar yanayi na Köppen|rarrabuwar Köppen-Geiger]], kamar yadda dukkan [[Yanayin Masar|Masar suke]] . Alkahira da yankin da ke kewaye da ita suna da yanayin zafi iri ɗaya na yau da kullun; duk da haka, yankunan da ba su da yawan jama'a a gabas da yamma ba sa fuskantar [[Tsibirin zafi na birni|tasirin yanayin zafi na tsibirin birni]], wanda ke sa su fi fuskantar haɗarin samun ƙanƙara mai laushi .{{Climate chart|[[Cairo#Climate|Cairo]]|7|19|5|8|21|3|11|24|3|13|29|1|17|32|0|19|35|0|21|35|0|21|35|0|19|33|0|17|30|0|13|26|3|9|21|4}} == Matsalolin birane == Kashi 60% na dukkan gidaje na yau da kullun a Masar suna cikin yankin Babban Alkahira. <ref name="UN">{{Cite web |title=Urban Initiatives |url=http://unhabitat.org/egypt/urban-issues/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030210056/http://unhabitat.org/egypt/urban-issues/ |archive-date=30 October 2016 |access-date=30 October 2016 |website=UN-Habitat Egypt}}</ref> == Manazarta == hxkvsqpuovntwo1ykuyv55wkami5vd1 Tosin Ojutalayo 0 154107 962186 845098 2026-10-03T07:11:14Z BnHamid 12586 Redirected page to [[Amara Ogara]] 962186 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Amara Ogara]] cqhxcjtinl87igk06q5gg02yezjzwka Amara Ogara 0 154108 962185 894545 2026-10-03T07:10:35Z BnHamid 12586 962185 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Amara Ogara''', wanda aka fi sani da Amara the Lesbian, 'yar gwagwarmayar kare hakkin [[Mutanen LGBTQ|LGBTQ]] ce ta Najeriya, Mai shirya fim-finai, [[Kirkirar contest|mai kirkirar abun ciki]] da kuma Halin kafofin sada zumunta. A san ta da bayar da shawarwari kan haƙƙin LGBTQ a Najeriya, abubuwan da take ciki a kan layi, da kuma aikinta na inganta bayyanar 'Yan tsiraru na jima'i a kasar. == Rayuwa ta mutum == Ogara ta tattauna a fili game da jima'i da abubuwan da ta samu a matsayin mace a Najeriya. Ita da abokinta Olayinka sun sami kulawar kafofin watsa labarai na duniya bayan sun sanar da alkawarin aure na alama, wanda suka bayyana a matsayin tabbatar da dangantakarsu duk da ƙuntatawa na doka game da auren jinsi ɗaya a Najeriya. == Ayyuka da gwagwarmaya == Ogara ta zama sananniya ta hanyar fafutukar jama'a kan batutuwan da suka shafi mutanen LGBTQ a Najeriya. Ta hanyar kafofin sada zumunta, tambayoyi da kuma shiga cikin al'umma, ta yi magana game da [[Wariya|nuna bambanci]], warewar jama'a da ƙalubalen da 'yan tsiraru na jima'i ke fuskanta a kasar. A lokacin zanga-zangar #EndSARS ta 2020, Ogara ta bayyana cewa an kai mata hari kuma an yi mata barazana yayin da take shiga cikin zanga-zambe. Ta yi magana akai-akai a bainar jama'a game da abubuwan da 'yan Najeriya na LGBTQ suka samu a cikin ƙungiyoyin adalci na zamantakewa. Ogara ta kuma yi amfani da dandamali na jama'a don tattauna nuna bambancin gidaje da sauran a ƙalubalen da mutanen LGBTQ ke fuskanta a Najeriya. == Yin fim == Baya ga gwagwalada gwagwarmayarta, Ogara tana aiki a matsayin mai shirya fina-finai da mai kirkirar abun ciki. Ayyukanta suna mai da hankali kan ainihi, gwagwalada dangantaka da abubuwan da suka faru na mutanen LGBTQ a cikin al'ummar Najeriya. Ita ce mahaliccin This Is Not You, fim din da aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar abubuwan da suka faru daga dangantaka ta dogon lokaci. A cikin wata hira, ta bayyana cewa aikin ya samo wahayi daga abubuwan da ta samu kuma ta yanke shawarar ba da labarun da ba a wakilce su a kafofin watsa labarai na Najeriya. == Bayyanar kafofin watsa labarai == Ogara an nuna shi a cikin shirin Defiance: Voices of a New Generation, wanda ke bincika abubuwan da 'yan Najeriya na LGBTQ suka fuskanta kuma yana nuna ƙalubalen da al'umma ke fuskanta a cikin yanayin zamantakewa da shari'a. Shirin ya haɗu da masu gwagwalada gwagwarmaya, Masu ba da labari da membobin al'umma don tattauna ainihi, juriya da kuma bayar da shawarwari a Najeriya ta gwagwalada zamani. == Bayanan da aka ambata == <references> <ref name="GoldMyne">{{cite news |title=My eight years relationship inspired This Is Not You – LGBT filmmaker Ogara |url=https://goldmyne.tv/my-eight-years-relationship-inspired-this-is-not-you-lgbt-filmmaker-ogara/ |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=GoldMyne TV}}</ref> <ref name="Pulse">{{cite news |title=Defiance: Voices of a New Generation documentary spotlights the Nigerian LGBTQ+ experience |url=https://www.pulse.ng/articles/entertainment/movies/defiance-voices-of-a-new-generation-documentary-spotlights-the-nigerian-lgbtq-2024081800194506866 |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=Pulse Nigeria }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> <ref name="PMNews">{{cite news |date=30 October 2020 |title=EndSARS protest: I was beaten, threatened – Amara the Lesbian |url=https://pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/10/30/endsars-protest-i-was-beaten-threatened-says-amara-the-lesbian/ |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=PM News Nigeria}}</ref> <ref name="Tori">{{cite news |title=Popular Nigerian lesbian Amara denied an apartment because of sexuality |url=https://www.tori.ng/news/170773/popular-nigerian-lesban-amara-denied-an-apartment.html |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=Tori.ng}}</ref> <ref name="GO">{{cite news |title=Nigerian LGBTQ activist announces symbolic marriage to wife on social media |url=https://gomag.com/article/nigerian-lgbtq-activist-announces-symbolic-marriage-to-wife-on-social-media/ |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=GO Magazine}}</ref> <ref name="76Crimes">{{cite news |date=17 June 2020 |title=I thought dating a woman was a sin: Nigerian lesbian couple shares story |url=https://76crimes.com/2020/06/17/i-thought-dating-a-woman-was-a-sin-nigerian-lesbian-couple-shares/ |access-date=4 June 2026 |work=76 Crimes}}</ref> </references> [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rj0akwc322pf2vhi3w206u9i251w6gr Jama'a da yaduwar cututtuka 0 155914 962293 952415 2026-10-03T10:50:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962293 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ƙungiyoyin dabbobi da mutane da ke zaune a wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a suna da haɗarin kamuwa da cuta. A kallon zamantakewa da Yaduwar cututtuka, binciken yadda dabarun rukuni na zamantakewa zasu iya ragewa ko kara yaduwar Cutar yana da mahimmanci ga lafiyar manyan kungiyoyin mutane. Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa, Tsarin al'umma, da [[Al'ada|al'adu]] suna shafar amfani da dabarun da halaye daban-daban don rage yaduwar cutar. Manyan kungiyoyi na iya taimakawa wajen rage yaduwar cutar ta hanyar samun ruwa mai tsabta, wanda ba a gurbata shi ba da abinci. Wata hanyar da kungiyoyi za su iya rage yaduwar cutar ita ce ta hanyar guje wa hulɗa da mutane a cikin al'umma da ke fama da rashin lafiya. Misali, nisantar jama'a, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a lokacin annobar COVID-19, dabarar Kula da kamuwa da cuta ce wacce ta haɗa da kiyaye nesa ta jiki da rage kusanci tsakanin mutane.[1] == Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar da ba na ɗan adam ba da yaduwar cututtuka == Bincike ya haifar da sakamako mai rikitarwa game da haɗarin pathogen da yaduwa a cikin al'ummomin dabbobi. Ɗaya daga cikin ma'auni na farko na alaƙa tsakanin yaduwar pathogen da ƙungiyoyin zamantakewar dabbobi yana cikin unguwanni na kare. An gano cewa yayin da girman unguwar ya karu, yawan kwayar cuta a cikin ramin ya karu.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hoogland |first=John L. |date=1 January 1979 |title=Aggression, Ectoparasitism, and Other Possible Costs of Prairie Dog (Sciuridae, Cynomys Spp.) Coloniality |journal=Behaviour |volume=69 |issue=1 |pages=1–34 |doi=10.1163/156853979X00377 |s2cid=85017159}}</ref> Bincike da yawa da suka biyo baya sun kuma goyi bayan wannan Binciken meta karuwar girman al'umma da yawa yana haifar da karuwar haɗari da yaduwar kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilkinson |first=G.S. |date=1985 |title=The Social Organization of the Common Vampire Bat |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-ecology-and-sociobiology_1985-07_17_2/page/123 |journal=Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=123–134 |doi=10.1007/BF00299244 |s2cid=12460893}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Shields |first=William M. |last2=Crook |first2=Janice R. |date=October 1987 |title=Barn Swallow Coloniality: A Net Cost for Group Breeding in the Adirondacks? |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_ecology_1987-10_68_5/page/1373 |journal=Ecology |volume=68 |issue=5 |pages=1373–1386 |bibcode=1987Ecol...68.1373S |doi=10.2307/1939221 |jstor=1939221}}</ref><ref name="Møller">{{Cite journal |last=Møller |first=Anders Pape |last2=Dufva |first2=Reija |last3=Allander |first3=Klas |date=1993 |title=Parasites and the Evolution of Host Social Behavior |journal=Advances in the Study of Behavior |volume=22 |pages=65–102 |doi=10.1016/S0065-3454(08)60405-2 |isbn=978-0-12-004522-8}}</ref><ref name="Altizer">{{Cite journal |last=Altizer |first=Sonia |last2=Nunn |first2=Charles L. |last3=Thrall |first3=Peter H. |last4=Gittleman |first4=John L. |last5=Antonovics |first5=Janis |last6=Cunningham |first6=Andrew A. |last7=Cunningham |first7=Andrew A. |last8=Dobson |first8=Andrew P. |last9=Ezenwa |first9=Vanessa |last10=Jones |first10=Kate E. |last11=Pedersen |first11=Amy B. |last12=Poss |first12=Mary |last13=Pulliam |first13=Juliet R. C. |author-link13=Juliet Pulliam |date=1 January 2003 |title=Social Organization and Parasite Risk in Mammals: Integrating Theory and Empirical Studies |journal=Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics |volume=34 |pages=517–547 |doi=10.1146/annurev.ecolsys.34.030102.151725 |jstor=30033785 |s2cid=37171589}}</ref> [[Mai yaduwar cuta|Kwayoyin da ke dauke da kwayoyin cuta]] da kuma kwayar cuta da aka watsa ta hanyar hulɗa kai tsaye sun bayyana suna da alaƙa da yawa tare da yawan jama'a.<ref name="Møller" /><ref name="Altizer" /> A cikin wani meta-analysis na baya-bayan nan na bayanan, Patterson da Ruckstahl sun tabbatar da cewa "tsananin kwayar cuta da yaduwar duka sun karu da kyau tare da girman rukuni..." tare da gargadi na kwayar cutaa, wanda ya nuna mummunan alaƙa tsakanin girman rukuni da tsananin kamuwa da cuta.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Patterson |first=Jesse E. H. |last2=Ruckstuhl |first2=Kathreen E. |date=2013-02-21 |title=Parasite infection and host group size: a meta-analytical review |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_parasitology_2013-06_140_7/page/803 |journal=[[Parasitology (journal)|Parasitology]] |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |volume=140 |issue=7 |pages=803–813 |doi=10.1017/S0031182012002259 |pmc=3638372 |pmid=23425516 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Møller et al. sun yi hasashen cewa dabbobi sun samo asali ne don rage haɗarin cututtukan rayuwa a cikin ƙungiyoyin jama'a. Wannan ya haɗa da gyare-gyare, wuraren juyawa, Zaɓin abokin tarayya, da halayyar tashin hankali wanda ake zaton yana nuna kasancewar Tsarin rigakafi da ke cikin mutum.<ref name="Møller" /> Ba duk binciken da ya goyi bayan wannan alaƙar tsakanin pathogens da zamantakewa ba, duk da haka. A zahiri, wadataccen bayani game da dabbobi masu shayarwa da kuma kungiyoyin tsuntsaye sun kai ga kammalawa.<ref name="Griffin Nunn">{{Cite journal |last=Griffin |first=Randi H. |last2=Nunn |first2=Charles L. |date=21 September 2011 |title=Community structure and the spread of infectious disease in primate social networks |url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8715733/Griffin_CommunityStructure.pdf?sequence=1 |journal=Evolutionary Ecology |volume=26 |issue=4 |pages=779–800 |doi=10.1007/s10682-011-9526-2 |s2cid=3333600 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428032724/https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/handle/1/8715733/Griffin_CommunityStructure.pdf?sequence=1 |archive-date=28 April 2024 |access-date=8 June 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Snaith">{{Cite journal |last=Snaith |first=Tamaini V. |last2=Chapman |first2=Colin A. |last3=Rothman |first3=Jessica M. |last4=Wasserman |first4=Michael D. |date=November 2008 |title=Bigger groups have fewer parasites and similar cortisol levels: a multi-group analysis in red colobus monkeys |journal=American Journal of Primatology |volume=70 |issue=11 |pages=1072–1080 |doi=10.1002/ajp.20601 |pmid=18666135 |s2cid=20189451}}</ref><ref name="Wilson">{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Kenneth |last2=Knell |first2=Robert |last3=Boots |first3=Michael |last4=Koch-Osborne |first4=Jane |date=January 2003 |title=Group living and investment in immune defence: an interspecific analysis |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-animal-ecology_2003-01_72_1/page/133 |journal=Journal of Animal Ecology |volume=72 |issue=1 |pages=133–143 |bibcode=2003JAnEc..72..133W |doi=10.1046/j.1365-2656.2003.00680.x |s2cid=73561140 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="huang li">{{Cite journal |last=Huang |first=Wei |last2=Li |first2=Chunguang |date=1 January 2007 |title=Epidemic spreading in scale-free networks with community structure |journal=Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment |language=en |volume=2007 |issue=1 |bibcode=2007JSMTE..01...14H |doi=10.1088/1742-5468/2007/01/P01014 |issn=1742-5468 |s2cid=121310403}}</ref><ref name="Salathe">{{Cite journal |last=Salathé |first=Marcel |author-link=Marcel Salathé |last2=Jones |first2=James H. |date=8 April 2010 |title=Dynamics and Control of Diseases in Networks with Community Structure |journal=PLOS Computational Biology |volume=6 |issue=4 |bibcode=2010PLSCB...6E0736S |doi=10.1371/journal.pcbi.1000736 |issn=1553-7358 |pmc=2851561 |pmid=20386735 |doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="wey 2008">{{Cite journal |last=Wey |first=Tina |last2=Blumstein |first2=Daniel T. |last3=Shen |first3=Weiwei |last4=Jordán |first4=Ferenc |date=1 February 2008 |title=Social network analysis of animal behaviour: a promising tool for the study of sociality |journal=Animal Behaviour |volume=75 |issue=2 |pages=333–344 |doi=10.1016/j.anbehav.2007.06.020 |s2cid=1591455}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Arnold |first=Walter |last2=Anja |first2=V. Lichtenstein |date=1993 |title=Ectoparasite loads decrease the fitness of alpine marmots but are not a cost of sociality |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_behavioral-ecology_spring-1993_4_1/page/n106 |journal=Behavioral Ecology |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=36–39 |doi=10.1093/beheco/4.1.36}}</ref> An auna matakan haemocyte da phenol oxidase mafi girma a cikin jinsuna masu zaman kansu fiye da waɗanda aka tsara a cikin zamantakewa a cikin binciken ɗaya.<ref name="Wilson" /> Hakazalika, Snaith et al. (2008) sun gano cewa manyan kungiyoyin zamantakewa suna da ƙananan kwayar cuta kuma sun kuma auna ƙananan matakan [[cortisol]], hormone na damuwa wanda ke rage aikin rigakafi.<ref name="Snaith"/> Kasancewar kwayar cuta a cikin Cibiyoyin sadarwa marasa sikelin ba tare da al'ummomi ba ya fi girma, kuma a zahiri, tsarin al'umma na dabbobi ya fi karfi, yiwuwar sabon barkewar cutar zai faru.<ref name="huang li"/> Wannan bayanin ya haifar da bincike a cikin tsarin zamantakewa daban-daban da ke nuna dabbobi. An yi hasashen wasu dalilai na binciken da ya saba da shi. Saboda rikitarwa yanayin kungiyoyin zamantakewa, binciken da ke nuna alamar bayyanar cututtuka akai-akai sun kasa yin lissafin yanayin fission-fusion wanda ke nuna su: rikice-rikice suna faruwa, ana yin sabbin alaƙa na zamantakewa ko mutuwa, haihuwa da mutuwar mutane suna faruwa, kungiyoyi ko mutane na iya yin ƙaura, hanyoyin sadarwa na iya haɗuwa ko kuma suna da nisa da juna. Ƙungiyoyin zamantakewa ba su da tsayayya kuma ma'auni guda ɗaya na kasancewar pathogen na iya samun sakamako mai rikitarwa.<ref name="Salathe"/> Wilson et al., 2003, kuma sun nuna muhimmancin lissafi don asalin da aka raba tsakanin dabbobi, wanda ya haɗa da dangantakar kwayar halitta ta baya-bayan nan da kuma dangantakar phylogenetic. Har ila yau, co-juyin halitta na kwayar cuta yana da mahimmanci a yi la'akari da shi, wanda zai iya haifar da kasancewar kwayar cutaa a cikin rukuni, ko kuma akasin haka, rigakafi.<ref name="Wilson"/> Sauran dalilai da yawa sun rikita tasirin kungiyoyin zamantakewa da yaduwar pathogen wanda za a bincika a cikin sashin "Malubale". == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] kqxstfqzpz7tg702qe2opqvipvslxva Ilimin zamantakewa na abinci 0 158033 962213 954005 2026-10-03T07:47:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962213 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ilimin zamantakewa na abinci''' shine nazarin [[abinci]] da alaƙarsa da tarihin al'umma, ci gabanta, da kuma makomarta. Wannan binciken ya haɗa da samar da abinci da amfaninsa, da kuma amfaninsa na likitanci, ɗabi'a, da kuma ruhaniya. Ana iya duba rarraba abinci a cikin al'ummomi ta hanyar nazarin canje-canje a cikin sarkar samar da abinci. Musamman dunkulewar duniya, tana shafar sarkar samar da abinci sosai ta hanyar ba da damar tattalin arziki mai yawa a masana'antar rarraba abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Food - Sociology - Oxford Bibliographies - obo |url=https://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780199756384/obo-9780199756384-0072.xml |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=www.oxfordbibliographies.com |language=en}}</ref> == Rarraba abinci == === Tasirin tasirin sikelin === Tattalin arzikin sikelin (ko tasirin sikelin) - wanda ya samo asali daga cibiyoyin saye/sayayya na tsakiya a cikin sarkar samar da abinci - yana fifita manyan dillalai ko masu rarrabawa a kasuwar rarraba abinci. Wannan yanayi ya taso ne saboda manyan 'yan wasa za su iya amfani da ƙarfin kasuwa mai ƙarfi da fa'idodin kuɗi akan ƙananan 'yan wasa. Tare da ƙarfin kasuwa mai ƙarfi da kuma samun damar shiga kasuwar bashi ta kuɗi, manyan 'yan wasa za su iya sanya shinge ga shiga da kuma ƙarfafa matsayinsu a kasuwa. Wannan fa'idar tana haifar da sarkar rarraba abinci tare da takamaiman halaye: manyan 'yan wasa a gefe ɗaya, da ƙananan 'yan wasa (zaɓar kasuwannin musamman) a ɗayan gefen. Kasancewar ƙananan 'yan wasa a kasuwannin rarraba abinci na musamman za a iya danganta shi da raguwar kason kasuwa, da kuma rashin iya yin gogayya da manyan 'yan wasa saboda tasirin sikelin. Ta hanyar wannan tsari, haɗin kan duniya ya kori ƙananan 'yan wasa. Wani abu kuma da ke shafar kasuwannin rarraba abinci na musamman shine ikon sarkar rarraba abinci don mallakar samfuran kansu. Shaguna masu nasu samfuran suna iya shiga cikin yaƙin farashi ta hanyar rage farashi don alamarsu, ta haka ne ke sa masu amfani su fi son siyan kayansu. == Tarihi da al'adu == === Tarihin farko === A farkon matakan ɗan adam, abinci ya yi aiki ne kawai don gina jiki da rayuwa. Abinci tushen kuzari ne da ake samu ta hanyar farauta da tattarawa, wani tsari mai ɗaukar lokaci mai tsawo, wanda ke buƙatar mutanen farko su ci abinci mai yawan kalori. Waɗannan ci gaban daga ƙarshe sun haifar da [[noma]] - noman shuke-shuke da dabbobi - wanda kuma ke ba da gudummawa ga aiki don abinci da tattalin arziki na ilimin zamantakewa na abinci. === Al'adu === A tsawon lokaci, abinci ya zama hanyar haɗa mutane da al'adu wuri ɗaya. A cikin al'adu da yawa, abinci shine babban abin da ke motsa mutane su yi mu'amala da mutane. Wannan tsari ya ci gaba tsawon shekaru aru-aru, tare da wasu misalai kamar haka: # Farauta da tattara [[Ɗan Adam|Homo sapiens]] na farko # 'Yan mulkin mallaka na Sabuwar Duniya suna cin abinci tare da 'yan asalin Amurkawa, wanda aka sake farfaɗo da shi a cikin al'adar da ake kira [[Bikin Godiya (Thanksgiving)|Thanksgiving]] <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Siskind |first=Janet |year=1992 |title=The Invention of Thanksgiving |url=https://archive.org/details/critique_of_anthropology_1992-06_12_2/page/167 |journal=Critique of Anthropology |volume=12 |issue=2 |pages=167–191 |doi=10.1177/0308275X9201200205 |s2cid=140389022}}</ref> # Yaɗuwar cin abinci a gidajen cin abinci a cikin shekaru da dama da suka gabata, da kuma jin daɗin da al'umma ke yi game da cin abinci A cewar masana ilimin zamantakewa, ana iya rarraba abinci bisa manufa da ma'ana: * Abincin gargajiya - muhimman abubuwan da suka shafi al'adu * Abincin da ke da daraja - yana nuna matsayin tattalin arziki * Abincin da ake ci don inganta jiki - galibi ana amfani da shi don inganta jiki * Abinci mai tausayi—wanda ake ci don samun abin yabo da kuma abin so, a cikin salon camfi * Abincin jiki - ana cinye shi saboda wani dalili na musamman na lafiya, kamar lokacin daukar ciki Waɗannan nau'ikan suna taimaka wa masu bincike (misali, masana zamantakewa) su yi nazarin al'ada daga mahangar abinci. Rarraba abinci sau da yawa yana nuna yadda abinci ke girma, yake samuwa, da kuma yadda yake ci gaba da rayuwa tare da al'umma. Misali, idan mutum ya yi imani da homeopathy, ana iya fahimtar imaninsa dangane da abinci mai tausayi ko na jiki. A matsayin ƙarin misalai, ana iya rarraba caviar da oysters a matsayin abinci mai daraja: yawanci sun fi tsada fiye da sauran abinci, kuma mutanen da suka saya kuma suka ci su suna yin hakan ne don nuna matsayin tattalin arzikinsu . == Kimiyyar zamantakewa == === Ra'ayoyin zamantakewa === Daga mahangar hulɗa ta alama (ka'idar zamantakewa), alamu da yawa suna da alaƙa da ilimin zamantakewa na abinci. Abinci, a cikin al'adu da yawa, yana haɗa mutane tare kuma yana haɗa su a matakai da yawa. Misali ɗaya shine al'adar cin abinci tare da iyali a kusa da teburi. Wannan al'ada tana wakiltar al'umma da sadarwa. Abinci kuma yana iya wakiltar wani abu mafi girma fiye da kansa. A Amurka, abinci mai sauri na iya wakiltar iyali mai aiki wanda ke buƙatar cin abincin dare mai sauri. Ga wasu mutane, duk da haka, abinci mai sauri na iya nuna ka'idar McDonaldization, wacce ke mai da hankali kan ra'ayin cin abincin Amurka. Wani misali na ilimin zamantakewa na abinci a matsayin alama zai kasance shirya abinci daga farko. Wannan misali tabbas yana da alaƙa da iyali. Daga cikin sauran ka'idojin ilimin zamantakewa, ka'idodin rikici suma sun shafi ilimin zamantakewa na abinci. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, an fara amfani da abinci kuma galibi don abinci mai gina jiki da rayuwa. Saboda wannan dalili, ka'idar rikici na iya aiki. A matsayin mafarauta da masu tarawa, mutanen farko suna buƙatar yin faɗa da neman abinci don rayuwa. Irin wannan rikici kuma zai iya nuna " [[Tsirar wanda yafi dacewa|rayuwa mafi ƙarfi]] " (watau, tsarin zaɓin yanayi): saboda rikice-rikice wajen samun abinci, waɗanda suka tsira kawai su ne mutanen da suka yi nasara, ta haka suna samar da abinci ga kansu da iyalansu. Wannan yanayi ya rikide zuwa al'umma ta zamani, inda dole ne mutane su ɗauki ayyuka don samun abin rayuwa, wanda ake kashewa akan abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sociology of food - Short Notes for Sociology |url=https://www.sociologyguide.com/socio-short-notes/sociology-of-food.php |access-date=2020-02-25 |website=www.sociologyguide.com}}</ref> === Ilimin halin dan Adam da cututtuka === Matsalolin cin abinci suna wakiltar ilimin zamantakewa na abinci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How big brands are helping consumers shift to healthier eating options |url=https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/how-big-brands-are-helping-consumers-shift-healthier-eating-options |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Reuters Events |language=en-GB |archive-date=2022-10-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021130429/https://www.reutersevents.com/sustainability/how-big-brands-are-helping-consumers-shift-healthier-eating-options |url-status=dead }}</ref> Waɗannan matsalolin suna nuna yadda mutum zai iya samun iko ko ƙarancin iko a kan wani abu mai mahimmanci don rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-02-25 |title=Eating Disorders Awareness Week: The Psychology behind Eating Disorders, and How to Treat Them |url=https://www.thechelseapsychologyclinic.com/blog/exploring-the-psychology-behind-eating-disorders-and-how-to-treat-them/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Chelsea Psychology Clinic |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Hendriksen |first=Savvy Psychologist Ellen |title=The Mindset of Eating Disorders |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-mindset-of-eating-disorders/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Scientific American |language=en}}</ref> Matsalolin cin abinci ba su takaita ga [[Anorexia nervosa|anorexia]] ba - sun haɗa da bulimia da [[Rashin cin abinci mai yawa|matsalar cin abinci mai yawa]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Types of Eating Disorder |url=https://www.beateatingdisorders.org.uk/get-information-and-support/about-eating-disorders/types/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Beat |language=en-gb}}</ref> Mutanen da ke da irin wannan matsalar galibi suna amfani da abinci a matsayin lada. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-22 |title=Reward |url=https://www.nationaleatingdisorders.org/toolkit/parent-toolkit/reward |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=National Eating Disorders Association |language=en}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, waɗannan mutanen suna ganin abinci a matsayin abin da za a guje masa, duk da cewa ana buƙatarsa don rayuwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Eating Disorders: About More Than Food |url=https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/publications/eating-disorders |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=National Institute of Mental Health |language=en}}</ref> Dangantakar ɗan adam da abinci koyaushe tana canzawa kuma batu ne mai sarkakiya. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-10 |title=This Is What It Looks Like to Have a 'Normal' Relationship With Food |url=https://www.self.com/story/normal-relationship-with-food |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=SELF |language=en-US}}</ref> Daga mahangar zamantakewa, kafofin watsa labarai na zamani suna da tasiri mai mahimmanci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=A New Relationship Between Social Media and Food {{!}} SupermarketGuru |url=https://www.supermarketguru.com/the-lempert-report/a-new-relationship-between-social-media-and-food/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.supermarketguru.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021130429/https://www.supermarketguru.com/the-lempert-report/a-new-relationship-between-social-media-and-food/ |archive-date=2022-10-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jonk |first=Hiwot |date=2021-03-01 |title=Has Social Media Eroded our Relationship with Food? |url=https://www.uofmneco.com/post/has-social-media-eroded-our-relationship-with-food |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221021133433/https://www.uofmneco.com/post/has-social-media-eroded-our-relationship-with-food |archive-date=2022-10-21 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Mysite |language=en}}</ref> Ba wai kawai kafofin watsa labarai suna da alaƙa da ilimin zamantakewa na abinci ba, har ma da wakilcin al'umma gaba ɗaya. Maza musamman mata suna kallon wakilcin da aka yi niyya da rashin daidaito na "jiki cikakke", <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 October 2016 |title=Why are women more vulnerable to eating disorders? Brain study sheds light |url=https://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/313466}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=d'Amour |first=Sarah |last2=Harris |first2=Laurence R. |year=2019 |title=The Representation of Body Size: Variations with Viewpoint and Sex |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=10 |page=2805 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02805 |pmc=6929680 |pmid=31920848 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda ke sa mutane su so jiki kamar yadda ake tsammani. A cikin cututtuka kamar anorexia da bulimia, marasa lafiya suna jin tsoron ƙara nauyi da cin kalori. Waɗannan cututtuka kuma suna wakiltar dangantakar da mutane suka lalace da abinci da nauyinsu, da kuma yadda ake nuna wannan dangantaka mara kyau a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na jama'a. Wakiltar da ba daidai ba tana sa mutane su mai da hankali sosai kan kamanni, maimakon la'akari da ainihin buƙatarsu ta abinci mai gina jiki. Ba daidai ba ne hoton jiki cikakke na jama'a, da kuma yadda irin wannan jiki ke shafar yawan shan kalori na yau da kullun, ya haifar da anorexia a matsayin matsalar lafiyar kwakwalwa tare da mafi girman adadin mace-mace. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Anorexia Nervosa – Highest Mortality Rate of Any Mental Disorder: Why? |url=https://www.eatingdisorderhope.com/information/anorexia/anorexia-death-rate}}</ref> Mutane da yawa a cikin al'ummar zamani suna da matsalar dysmorphic jiki . Wannan cuta yanayi ne na lafiyar kwakwalwa inda mutum ke ɓatar da lokaci mai tsawo yana damuwa game da lahani a cikin kamanninsa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-10 |title=Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) |url=https://www.nhs.uk/mental-health/conditions/body-dysmorphia/ |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=nhs.uk |language=en}}</ref> Siffar jiki ta zama matsala mai alaƙa da ita, tunda kafofin sada zumunta na iya nuna mizanan da ba su dace ba dangane da matsalolin cin abinci ko rashin lafiya; wannan yana da alaƙa da ilimin zamantakewa na cin abinci. == Lafiya == Abincin zamani ya wanzu tsawon ƙarni, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Saner |first=Emine |title=People Have Been Crash Dieting For Over 2,000 Years |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/a-history-of-fad-diets-2013-2 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> amma sha'awar zama siriri ya fara bayyana a manyan kafofin watsa labarai a lokacin shekarun 1990, <ref>{{Cite web |title=A Look At 'Heroin Chic' And The Glamorization Of Drug Use In The 90s |url=https://www.therecoveryvillage.com/heroin-addiction/heroin-chic/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Recovery Village Drug and Alcohol Rehab |language=en-US}}</ref> misali, ta hanyar salon heroin chic . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dazed |date=2022-02-10 |title=BBLs are over, eye bags are in, smoking is back. Is heroin chic next? |url=https://www.dazeddigital.com/beauty/article/55414/1/bbls-are-over-eye-bags-are-in-smoking-is-back-is-heroin-chic-next |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Dazed |language=en}}</ref> A tarihi, idan mace tana da kiba, wannan ya nuna cewa ana kula da ita. Kallonta ya nuna wadatarta - tana iya cin abinci, ba kamar wani manomi wanda ba shi da damar samun abinci mai sauƙi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-05-16 |title='People think a bigger belly is a sign of wealth' |url=http://www.theguardian.com/society/2005/may/16/medicineandhealth.publichealth |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Mace mai kyau ba ta da kiba sosai. Wani babban sauyi ya fara ne a shekarun 1920, lokacin da yarinya mai kama da saurayi ta zama abin so ga mace. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Vanessa Van |date=2016-05-10 |title=Beauty Standards: See How Body Types Change Through History |url=https://www.scienceofpeople.com/beauty-standards/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Science of People |language=en-US}}</ref> A lokacin shekarun 1960, samfura kamar [[Twiggy]] sun yi kanun labarai game da siririn jikinta, kuma mata da yawa sun yi ƙoƙarin daidaita jikinta. Wannan yanayin ya ci gaba har zuwa shekarun 1980, lokacin da cin abinci - kamar ta hanyar South Beach Diet ko kamfanin Weight Watchers - ya ƙaru a shahara, tare da yaɗuwar motsa jiki da bidiyo masu alaƙa. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-03-21 |title=Fad Diets of the 90s {{!}} Santa Cruz CORE Fitness + Rehab |url=https://santacruzcore.com/fad-diets-90s/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-08-30 |title=These '70s and '80s Fad Diets Are Too Freaking Hard To Follow |url=https://soyummy.com/70s-80s-fad-diets/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=So Yummy |language=en-US}}</ref> Wannan ya nuna farkon salon cin abinci na yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-20 |title=A history of diets – from Byron to 5:2 |url=http://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2013/feb/20/a-history-of-diets-byron-52 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=the Guardian |language=en}}</ref> Daga cikin waɗannan abincin, wasu sun ƙaru da shahara: misalai sun haɗa da abincin Atkins, abincin Jenny Craig, da abincin paleo . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-05-26 |title=A History of the Diet By Decade: 11 Food Fads That Promised to Make Us Thin |url=https://www.vogue.com/slideshow/fad-diet-trends-weight-watchers-atkins-paleo-diet |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Vogue |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 10 Most Famous Fad Diets of All Time |url=https://www.everydayhealth.com/food/the-10-most-famous-fad-diets-of-all-time.aspx |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=EverydayHealth.com |language=en}}</ref> Tun daga farkon zuwa tsakiyar 2010s, wasu abinci sun zama ruwan dare. Waɗannan abincin sun haɗa da [[Cin ganyayyaki kawai|cin ganyayyaki]], rashin kiwo, cin ganyayyaki, ɗanye, da rashin alkama . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-12-20 |title=The biggest (and weirdest) wellness trends we all witnessed in the 2010s |url=https://www.vogue.in/wellness/content/top-diet-wellness-fitness-trends-of-2010-crystals-detox-diets-juice-cleanse |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Vogue India |language=en-IN}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-13 |title=Here Are Diet Trends That Ruled Between 2010 To 2020 |url=https://www.herzindagi.com/diet-nutrition/most-popular-diet-trends-of-the-decade-article-168260 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=HerZindagi English |language=en}}</ref> Akwai dalilai da yawa na zaɓar wani abinci: ɗabi'a, matsalolin narkewar abinci, ko tasirin waje (gami da addini). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Capritto |first=Amanda |title=6 common reasons people eat vegan |url=https://www.cnet.com/health/nutrition/why-is-the-vegan-diet-so-popular/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=CNET |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Why are so many people going gluten-free? |url=https://www.piedmont.org/living-better/why-are-so-many-people-going-gluten-free |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=www.piedmont.org}}</ref> Batutuwa masu alaƙa sun haɗa da canje-canje a cikin da kwatantawa tsakanin abinci da al'ummomi, da kuma tasirin duniya kan samar da abinci da wadata. Wani muhimmin abu shine yanayin siyasa, gami da tasirin duniya da kuma ci gaba da martanin al'adu ga abinci. Waɗannan sun haɗa da hanyoyin girki da cin abinci; kula da damuwar masu amfani; da damuwa game da kiba da kuma maganin abinci. Canjin hanyoyin abinci ya samo asali kuma ya samo asali ne ta hanyar yanayin zamantakewa mai faɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 February 2019 |title=Introducing ''The Sociology of Food and Eating'' by Anne Murcott |url=https://www.perlego.com/book/876065/introducing-the-sociology-of-food-and-eating-pdf |access-date=2022-12-14 |website=Perlego |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |language=en |isbn=978-1-350-02204-1}}</ref> === Kiba === [[Fayil:Medical_complications_of_obesity.png|thumb|Matsalolin lafiya na kiba]] Juyin halittar abincin Amurka, tare da [[Girman kiba a Amurka|karuwar kiba da]] ta haifar, ya ba da misali bayyananne game da yadda abinci ke tsara al'umma da rayuwar yau da kullun. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Making of the Obesity Epidemic |url=https://thebreakthrough.org/journal/issue-3/the-making-of-the-obesity-epidemic |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Breakthrough Institute |language=en}}</ref> Saboda rayuwar da Amurkawa da yawa ke gudanarwa cikin sauri, abinci mai sauri da abinci mai yawan kalori sun karu cikin shahara. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-24 |title=Fast Food Statistics {{!}} October 2022 {{!}} The Barbecue Lab |url=https://thebarbecuelab.com/fast-food/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |language=en-US}}</ref> Matsayin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na mutum yana shafar yanayin da yake rayuwa, wanda hakan kuma yana tasiri sosai ga nau'in abincin da yake ci, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Zagorsky |first=Jay L. |last2=Smith |first2=Patricia K. |date=November 2017 |title=The association between socioeconomic status and adult fast-food consumption in the U.S |journal=Economics and Human Biology |volume=27 |issue=Pt A |pages=12–25 |doi=10.1016/j.ehb.2017.04.004 |issn=1873-6130 |pmid=28472714 |s2cid=23903624 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> —tunda abinci mai yawan kalori da ƙarancin abinci mai gina jiki yakan fi rahusa kuma ya fi sauƙin samu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sanchez |first=Karlene |date=2019-02-27 |title=Fast food accessibility is a public health issue |url=https://thedailyaztec.com/93369/opinion/fast-food-accessibility-is-a-public-health-issue/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=The Daily Aztec}}</ref> Rashin lafiyar jiki muhimmin abu ne da ke taimakawa wajen yaɗuwar kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Booth |first=Frank W. |last2=Roberts |first2=Christian K. |last3=Laye |first3=Matthew J. |date=April 2012 |title=Lack of exercise is a major cause of chronic diseases |journal=Comprehensive Physiology |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=1143–1211 |doi=10.1002/cphy.c110025 |issn=2040-4603 |pmc=4241367 |pmid=23798298}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bach |first=Becky |date=21 April 2013 |title=Lack of exercise, not diet, linked to rise in obesity, Stanford research shows |url=http://med.stanford.edu/news/all-news/2014/07/lack-of-exercise--not-diet--linked-to-rise-in-obesity--stanford-.html |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=News Center |language=sm}}</ref> Bincike ya gano cewa iya tafiya a unguwa da kuma samun damar yin nishaɗi suna da alaƙa da ƙaruwar motsa jiki <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Orstad |first=Stephanie L. |last2=McDonough |first2=Meghan H. |last3=James |first3=Peter |last4=Klenosky |first4=David B. |last5=Laden |first5=Francine |last6=Mattson |first6=Marifran |last7=Troped |first7=Philip J. |date=November 2018 |title=Neighborhood walkability and physical activity among older women: Tests of mediation by environmental perceptions and moderation by depressive symptoms |journal=Preventive Medicine |volume=116 |pages=60–67 |doi=10.1016/j.ypmed.2018.08.008 |issn=0091-7435 |pmc=6260982 |pmid=30092314}}</ref> da raguwar haɗarin kiba. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=SALLIS |first=JAMES F. |last2=GLANZ |first2=KAREN |date=March 2009 |title=Physical Activity and Food Environments: Solutions to the Obesity Epidemic |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_milbank-quarterly_2009-03_87_1/page/123 |journal=Milbank Quarterly |volume=87 |issue=1 |pages=123–154 |doi=10.1111/j.1468-0009.2009.00550.x |issn=0887-378X |pmc=2879180 |pmid=19298418}}</ref> An sami ci gaba wajen yaƙi da matsalar kiba a Amurka, tare da shirye-shirye da aka kafa don taimakawa wajen haɓaka cin abinci mai kyau da motsa jiki. <ref>{{Cite web |last=CDC |date=2022-05-21 |title=CDC-funded state and local programs |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240428031121/https://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/dnpao/state-local-programs/index.html |archive-date=2024-04-28 |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |language=en-us}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Obesity Prevention and Healthy Weight Programs |url=https://www.nifa.usda.gov/grants/programs/obesity-prevention-healthy-weight-programs |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=National Institute of Food and Agriculture |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Chriqui |first=Jamie F. |date=September 2013 |title=Obesity Prevention Policies in U.S. States and Localities: Lessons from the Field |journal=Current Obesity Reports |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=200–210 |doi=10.1007/s13679-013-0063-x |issn=2162-4968 |pmc=3916087 |pmid=24511455}}</ref> == Manazarta == 1s2ph2p2aziop15mak68gtico13ycem Sarcocystis nesbitti 0 158263 962168 859606 2026-10-03T07:02:22Z BnHamid 12586 962168 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Sarcocystis nesbitti''''' wani nau'in Apicomplexa ne . == Cutar da mutane == [[Fayil:Sacrocystis_nesbetti_sarcocysts.jpg|right|thumb|Sarcocysts da aka ware daga mutanen da suka kamu da ''Sarcocystis nesbitti'', Pangkor Island, Malaysia, 2012. A- Intact human sarcocyst (tsawon 190 μm) tare da m cyst bango (kibiya) daga homogenized temporalis nama inoculated a cikin U937 monocytic cell al'ada (original magnification ×100, sikelin bar = 20 μm). B- Sarcocyst na intramuscular wanda aka kewaye shi da bango mai laushi mai laushi (kibiya) ba tare da wani fitowa ba. Matsakaicin kauri na bango na cyst shine game da 0.5 μm (hematoxylin da eosin stained, girman asali ×40, sikelin sandar = 10 μm).]] An gudanar da bincike kan barkewar cutar a kan mutane 93 da ke fama da alamomi daga [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]] bayan koma kwaleji a ranar 17-19, 2012, a Tsibirin Pangkor. Abubuwan da suka fi dacewa sun kasance zazzabi (yana raguwa a cikin kusan 50% na marasa lafiya), myalgia, [[ciwon kai]], da [[tari]]. Kodayake an tabbatar da marasa lafiya guda biyu ne kawai da suka kamu da cutar ''S. nesbitti'', sauran ɗalibai da malamai a cikin rukuni suna da irin wannan kamuwa da cuta, saboda kusan duk suna da alamomi da alamomi iri ɗaya tare da farawar rashin lafiya a cikin kwanaki na juna. Bugu da kari, marasa lafiya 9 suna da myositis na fuska na musamman, amma ba za a iya tabbatar da [[sarcocysts]] a dukansu ba saboda marasa lafiya uku ne kawai suka amince da samar da samfurin biopsy na tsoka.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=AbuBakar |first=S |last2=Teoh |first2=B-T |last3=Sam |first3=S-S |last4=Chang |first4=L-Y |last5=Johari |first5=J |last6=Hooi |first6=P-S |display-authors=etal |date=Dec 2013 |title=Outbreak of human infection with ''Sarcocystis nesbitti'', Malaysia, 2012 |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=19 |issue=12 |pages=1989–1991 |doi=10.3201/eid1912.120530 |pmc=3840867 |pmid=24274071}}</ref> == Tarihin binciken == A cikin 1843, masanin kimiyya na Switzerland Friedrich Miescher ya sami "farin zaren madara" a cikin tsokoki na linzamin kwamfuta, wanda shekaru da yawa aka sani da "Miescher's tubules". A cikin 1882, Lankester ya ba da sunan kwayar cutar ''Sarcocystis'', daga Girkanci ''sarx'' (naman) da ''kystis'' (ƙasa). Masana kimiyya ba su da tabbacin ko za a rarraba kwayoyin a matsayin protozoa ko a matsayin fungi saboda kawai an gano matakin sarcocyst. A cikin 1967, an ga tsarin tsarin da ke da siffar karami na wasu protozoa a cikin al'adun sarcocyst, kuma an ƙaddara kwayar ta zama protozoan, dangi na kusa da ''Toxoplasma''. A farkon shekarun 1970s, an bayyana yanayin rayuwa na ''Sarcocystis'' guda biyu. A shekara ta 1969, A. M. Mandour ya bayyana sabon nau'in Sarcocystis a cikin rhesus macaques, wanda ya ba shi suna ''Sarcocystis nesbitti'', bayan Mista P. Nesbitt, wanda ya ga trophozoites a cikin tabo. Macizai yanzu an san su ne ainihin rundunonin ''S. nesbitti'', kuma da yawa primates, gami da mutane, na iya zama matsakaici rundunonin.<ref>{{Cite journal |year=2013 |title=Etymologia: ''Sarcocystis nesbitti'' |journal=Emerg Infect Dis |volume=19 |issue=12 |page=1974 |doi=10.3201/eid1912.ET-1912 |pmc=3840860 |pmid=24427800}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 73bk24hux3cep9gmjcfhqtuo620amij Hepatitis A da rigakafin typhoid 0 159800 962111 868099 2026-10-03T02:22:44Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962111 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Drugbox|Verifiedfields=|verifiedrevid=|image=<!-- Vaccine data -->|type=combo|component1=Hepatitis A|class1=[[Vaccine]]|component2=Typhoid|class2=[[Vaccine]] <!-- Clinical data -->|tradename=[[ViVaxim]], [[Hepatyrix]], [[ViATIM]]|Drugs.com={{drugs.com|uk|hepatitis-a-inactivated-and-typhoid-polysaccharide-vaccine-adsorbed-leaflet}}|MedlinePlus=|licence_CA=|licence_EU=|pregnancy_AU=B2|pregnancy_US=|pregnancy_category=|legal_AU=S4|legal_CA=<!-- Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII -->|legal_UK=<!-- GSL, P, POM, CD, or Class A, B, C -->|legal_US=<!-- OTC / Rx-only / Schedule I, II, III, IV, V -->|legal_status=|routes_of_administration=[[Intramuscular]] injection <!-- Identifiers -->|CAS_number_Ref={{cascite|correct|??}}|CAS_number=827024-58-8|ATC_prefix=J07|ATC_suffix=CA10|PubChem=|DrugBank_Ref={{drugbankcite|correct|drugbank}}|DrugBank=|ChemSpiderID_Ref={{chemspidercite|changed|chemspider}}|ChemSpiderID=none <!-- Chemical data -->}}<templatestyles src="Infobox drug/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox" style="border-spacing:2px;" |+ class="infobox-title" id="7" |<span title="International nonproprietary name (INN): <nowiki&gt;Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine</nowiki&gt;">Hepatitis A and typhoid vaccine</span> ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Haɗuwa da |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Hepatitis A|Ciwon hanta A]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Vaccine|Allurar rigakafi]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Typhoid|Hadarin guguwa]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Vaccine|Allurar rigakafi]] |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayanan asibiti |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Drug nomenclature#Trade names|Sunayen kasuwanci]] | class="infobox-data" |[[ViVaxim]], [[Hepatyrix]], ViATIM[[ViATIM|Rashin hankali]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[American Society of Health-System Pharmacists|AHFS]]/[[Drugs.com]] | class="infobox-data" |<span title="www.drugs.com">[https://www.drugs.com/uk/hepatitis-a-inactivated-and-typhoid-polysaccharide-vaccine-adsorbed-leaflet.html Bayanan Magunguna na Burtaniya]</span> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |[[Pregnancy category|Matsayi na ciki<br />]] | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small> B2&#x20; </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Hanyoyin gudanarwa<nowiki><br></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |Allurar da ke cikin tsoka |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar ATC | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * J07CA10 (<span title="www.whocc.no">[https://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=J07CA10 WHO]</span>) &#x20;&#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Matsayi na Shari'a |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Matsayi na Shari'a | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css" /><div class="plainlist"> * <small><abbr class="country-name" title="<nowiki&gt;Australia</nowiki&gt;">AU</abbr>:</small> S4 (Kayan aiki kawai) &#x20; </div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd;color:inherit;" |Bayyanawa |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |Lambar CAS | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * <span title="commonchemistry.cas.org">[https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=827024-58-8 827024-58-8]</span><sup>&nbsp;[[File:Yes_check.svg|link=|alt=check|7x7px]]<span style="display:none">Y</span></sup> </div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.2em;" |ChemSpider | class="infobox-data" |<templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="plainlist"> * babu </div> |} [[Cutar hanta A|Hepatitis A]] da allurar rigakafin [[Zazzabin Rawaya|typhoid]] rigakafi ne na haɗuwa don karewa daga Cututtukan cututtuka na hepatitis A da typhoid. Haɗin kwayar cutar Hepatitis A da Vi polysaccharide na kwayar cutar ''Salmonella typhi'' ne. Tsarin alama sun haɗa da Hepatyrix daga GlaxoSmithKline, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hepatyrix. Package Leaflet:Information for the user |url=https://www.drugs.com/uk/pdf/leaflet/960567.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210744/https://www.drugs.com/uk/pdf/leaflet/960567.pdf |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> da ViVaxim <ref>{{Cite web |title=VIVAXIM suspension and solution for suspension for injection in pre-filled syringe |url=https://www.drugs.com/uk/vivaxim-suspension-and-solution-for-suspension-for-injection-in-pre-filled-syringe-leaflet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715211010/https://www.drugs.com/uk/vivaxim-suspension-and-solution-for-suspension-for-injection-in-pre-filled-syringe-leaflet.html |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Australian Product Information – Vivaxim (Salmonella typhi Vi polysaccharide and hepatitis A virus antigen) Vaccine |url=https://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/ebs/picmi/picmirepository.nsf/pdf?OpenAgent&id=CP-2013-PI-01314-1&d=202010181016933 |access-date=18 October 2020 |format=PDF}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 March 2020 |title=Vivaxim Salmonella typhi vaccine; Hepatitis A vaccine |url=https://www.nps.org.au/medicine-finder/vivaxim-solution-for-injection |access-date=18 October 2020}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Vivaxim 1mL injection syringe composite pack |url=http://tga-search.clients.funnelback.com/s/search.html?collection=tga-artg&profile=record&meta_i=82745 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019104651/http://tga-search.clients.funnelback.com/s/search.html?collection=tga-artg&profile=record&meta_i=82745 |archive-date=19 October 2020 |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=[[Therapeutic Goods Administration]] (TGA)}}</ref> da ViATIM [4] daga Sanofi Pasteur . <ref name="EMA" /> [4]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Summary for ARTG Entry: 82745 Vivaxim 1mL injection syringe composite pack |url=http://www.ebs.tga.gov.au/servlet/xmlmillr6?dbid=ebs/PublicHTML/pdfStore.nsf&docid=E218E86A08F82F6CCA2585FB003CB527&agid=(PrintDetailsPublic)&actionid=1 |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=[[Therapeutic Goods Administration]] (TGA) |format=PDF}}{{Dead link|date=March 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ViATIM suspension and solution for suspension for injection in pre-filled syringe |url=https://www.drugs.com/uk/viatim-suspension-and-solution-for-suspension-for-injection-in-pre-filled-syringe-leaflet.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180715210952/https://www.drugs.com/uk/viatim-suspension-and-solution-for-suspension-for-injection-in-pre-filled-syringe-leaflet.html |archive-date=15 July 2018 |access-date=15 July 2018 |publisher=Drugs.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=3 September 2019 |title=ViATIM suspension and solution for suspension for injection in pre-filled syringe - Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC) |url=https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1534/smpc |access-date=18 October 2020 |website=(emc) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201019170656/https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1534/smpc |archive-date=19 October 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Al'umma da al'adu == === Sunayen alama === Ana rarraba allurar rigakafin a ƙarƙashin sunayen alama daban-daban a Tarayyar Turai. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Vaccines}}<templatestyles src="Module:Portal bar/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dcwnprpk99blh7xmih4c7c2df69l9mm DFDS Seaways 0 159928 962264 891179 2026-10-03T09:26:01Z Nura Bello 24854 962264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''DFDS Seaways''' wani kamfanin jigilar kaya ne na ƙasar Denmark wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan jigilar fasinjoji da jigilar kaya a duk faɗin arewacin Turai . Bayan mallakar Norfolkline a shekarar 2010, DFDS ta sake tsara sauran sassan jigilar jiragen ruwa ( DFDS Tor Line da DFDS Lisco) zuwa ga ayyukan DFDS Seaways na fasinjoji kawai. == Tarihi == === Sabunta rundunar jiragen ruwa === [[Fayil:King_seaways_IJmuiden,_December_2011.jpg|left|thumb|<nowiki><i id="mwFw">King Seaways</i></nowiki> a IJmuiden]] Kamfanin DFDS Seaways ya sabunta jiragen ruwansa ne a shekarar 2006, inda ya sayi MS <nowiki><i id="mwGw">King of Scandinavia</i></nowiki> da MS <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Princess of Norway</i></nowiki> don maye gurbin jiragen ruwa na ƙarshe da har yanzu suna aiki tun daga shekarun 1970. Kamfanin ya sami suna wajen siyan jiragen ruwa da aka yi amfani da su, da kuma karɓar kwangilolin ginawa ko ɗaukar sabbin gine-gine da wasu kamfanoni suka yi odarsu. Lokaci na ƙarshe da DFDS Seaways ta yi odar sabon gininta shine a shekarar 1978. Kamfanin DFDS Seaways ya daina hidimar [[Sweden]] a shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka cire MS <nowiki><i id="mwIA">Princess of Scandinavia</i></nowiki> daga aiki, kuma kamfanin [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] - [[Oslo]] ya daina kira a Helsingborg . A watan Mayu na 2008, DFDS ta bayyana shirinta na rufe kamfanin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] - [[Norway]] mai asarar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McLean |first=Anthony |date=27 May 2008 |title=DFDS Seaways to close route with loss of 340 jobs |url=http://www.newsguardian.co.uk/latest-news/DFDS-Seaways-to-close-route.4122783.jp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528142203/http://www.newsguardian.co.uk/latest-news/DFDS-Seaways-to-close-route.4122783.jp |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=8 July 2008 |publisher=NewsGuardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2008 |title=Extensive improvement plan to safeguard earnings at DFDS Seaways |url=http://www.dfds.com/DFDSGROUP/EN/Press/Companyannouncement.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828160633/http://www.dfds.com/DFDSGROUP/EN/Press/Companyannouncement.htm |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=8 July 2008 |website=DFDS press release |publisher=DFDS}}</ref> Jirgin MS <nowiki><i id="mwLw">Queen of Scandinavia</i></nowiki>, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a aikin, an yi hayar shi zuwa St Peter Line . === Sayen Norfolkline === A watan Yulin 2010, DFDS ta sayi Norfolkline daga Maersk . An haɗa hanyoyin Norfolkline da jiragen ruwa cikin DFDS Seaways. DFDS Seaways yanzu tana da hanyar [[Dover]] - Dunkirk, kuma ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar hanyar Dover- Calais a watan Fabrairun 2012. === Sabunta alama === A shekarar 2015, DFDS ta sanar da cewa ta bayyana wani sabon tambari, wanda ya ga 'DFDS' a cikin sabon rubutu, kuma tambarin da ke ɗauke da farin giciyen Maltese ya rasa da'irar sa a waje; ta kuma sanar da cewa za a rage reshen DFDS Seaways zuwa 'DFDS' kawai yana ɗauke da harsashi mai launin shuɗi mai duhu a cikin rubutu iri ɗaya maimakon harsashin gargajiya mai launin shuɗi mai haske, da kuma giciyen Maltese mai da'ira. Jiragen ruwa na farko da suka karɓi sabon abu - da kuma sabon tsarin suna wanda daga ƙarshe za a fitar a duk faɗin rundunar - su ne tsoffin jiragen ruwan MyFerryLink <nowiki><i id="mwPQ">Rodin</i></nowiki> (yanzu ''Côte des Dunes'' ) da Berlioz (yanzu ''Côte des Flandres'' ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=11 February 2016 |title=New DFDS Ferry Enters Service on Dover-Calais Route |url=http://travmedia.com/showPRPreview/100019834 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=TravMedia }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:Aura_Seaways_Maiden_Call_Kiel_XI_05.jpg|right|thumb|''Aura Seaways'' a shekarar 2022]] A shekarar 2018, DFDS ta yi odar jiragen ruwa guda uku na RoPax - daya daga cikinsu E-Flexer ne da aka yi hayarsa daga Stena RoRo, wanda ya fara aiki a matsayin ''Côte d'Opale'' a watan Agusta na 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=New DFDS ferry Côte D'Opale makes maiden voyage to Dover |url=https://trans.info/en/new-dfds-ferry-cote-d-opale-makes-maiden-voyage-to-dover-249419 |website=trans.info}}</ref> da RoPax guda biyu don ayyukan Tekun Baltic. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=DFDS orders RoPax ships in China |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/dfds-orders-ro-pax-ships-in-china |website=DFDS}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da tagwayen Baltic na farko, mai suna ''Aura Seaways'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=''Aura Seaways'' |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:6541946/mmsi:219028116/imo:9851036/vessel:AURA_SEAWAYS |website=MarineTraffic}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2020, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Successful launch of new RoPax |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/successful-launch-of-new-ro-pax |website=DFDS}}</ref> kuma an yi gwajin karkata a 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Newbuilding for the Baltics soon ready for sea trials |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/newbuilding-for-the-baltics-soon-ready-for-sea-trials |website=DFDS}}</ref> An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen teku a tsakiyar 2021. == Manazarta == aztx25spxnpfwk3574upidjqr50w93r 962266 962264 2026-10-03T09:29:10Z Nura Bello 24854 962266 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''DFDS Seaways''' wani kamfanin jigilar kaya ne na ƙasar Denmark wanda ke gudanar da ayyukan jigilar fasinjoji da jigilar kaya a duk faɗin arewacin Turai . Bayan mallakar Norfolkline a shekarar 2010, DFDS ta sake tsara sauran sassan jigilar jiragen ruwa ( DFDS Tor Line da DFDS Lisco) zuwa ga ayyukan DFDS Seaways na fasinjoji kawai. == Tarihi == === Sabunta rundunar jiragen ruwa === [[Fayil:King_seaways_IJmuiden,_December_2011.jpg|left|thumb|<nowiki><i id="mwFw">King Seaways</i></nowiki> a IJmuiden]] Kamfanin DFDS Seaways ya sabunta jiragen ruwansa ne a shekarar 2006, inda ya sayi MS <nowiki><i id="mwGw">King of Scandinavia</i></nowiki> da MS <nowiki><i id="mwHQ">Princess of Norway</i></nowiki> don maye gurbin jiragen ruwa na ƙarshe da har yanzu suna aiki tun daga shekarun 1970. Kamfanin ya sami suna wajen siyan jiragen ruwa da aka yi amfani da su, da kuma karɓar kwangilolin ginawa ko ɗaukar sabbin gine-gine da wasu kamfanoni suka yi odarsu. Lokaci na ƙarshe da DFDS Seaways ta yi odar sabon gininta shine a shekarar 1978. Kamfanin DFDS Seaways ya daina hidimar [[Sweden]] a shekarar 2006, lokacin da aka cire MS <nowiki><i id="mwIA">Princess of Scandinavia</i></nowiki> daga aiki, kuma kamfanin [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] - [[Oslo]] ya daina kira a Helsingborg . A watan Mayu na 2008, DFDS ta bayyana shirinta na rufe kamfanin [[Birtaniya|United Kingdom]] - [[Norway]] mai asarar a ranar 1 ga Satumba, 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |last=McLean |first=Anthony |date=27 May 2008 |title=DFDS Seaways to close route with loss of 340 jobs |url=http://www.newsguardian.co.uk/latest-news/DFDS-Seaways-to-close-route.4122783.jp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528142203/http://www.newsguardian.co.uk/latest-news/DFDS-Seaways-to-close-route.4122783.jp |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=8 July 2008 |publisher=NewsGuardian}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 May 2008 |title=Extensive improvement plan to safeguard earnings at DFDS Seaways |url=http://www.dfds.com/DFDSGROUP/EN/Press/Companyannouncement.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828160633/http://www.dfds.com/DFDSGROUP/EN/Press/Companyannouncement.htm |archive-date=August 28, 2008 |access-date=8 July 2008 |website=DFDS press release |publisher=DFDS}}</ref> Jirgin MS <nowiki><i id="mwLw">Queen of Scandinavia</i></nowiki>, wanda aka yi amfani da shi a aikin, an yi hayar shi zuwa St Peter Line . === Sayen Norfolkline === A watan Yulin 2010, DFDS ta sayi Norfolkline daga Maersk . An haɗa hanyoyin Norfolkline da jiragen ruwa cikin DFDS Seaways. DFDS Seaways yanzu tana da hanyar [[Dover]] - Dunkirk, kuma ta ƙaddamar da sabuwar hanyar Dover- Calais a watan Fabrairun 2012. === Sabunta alama === A shekarar 2015, DFDS ta sanar da cewa ta bayyana wani sabon tambari, wanda ya ga 'DFDS' a cikin sabon rubutu, kuma tambarin da ke ɗauke da farin giciyen Maltese ya rasa da'irar sa a waje; ta kuma sanar da cewa za a rage reshen DFDS Seaways zuwa 'DFDS' kawai yana ɗauke da harsashi mai launin shuɗi mai duhu a cikin rubutu iri ɗaya maimakon harsashin gargajiya mai launin shuɗi mai haske, da kuma giciyen Maltese mai da'ira. Jiragen ruwa na farko da suka karɓi sabon abu - da kuma sabon tsarin suna wanda daga ƙarshe za a fitar a duk faɗin rundunar - su ne tsoffin jiragen ruwan MyFerryLink <nowiki><i id="mwPQ">Rodin</i></nowiki> (yanzu ''Côte des Dunes'' ) da Berlioz (yanzu ''Côte des Flandres'' ). <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!-- not stated --> |date=11 February 2016 |title=New DFDS Ferry Enters Service on Dover-Calais Route |url=http://travmedia.com/showPRPreview/100019834 |access-date=23 February 2026 |website=TravMedia }}{{Dead link|date=August 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Fayil:Aura_Seaways_Maiden_Call_Kiel_XI_05.jpg|right|thumb|''Aura Seaways'' a shekarar 2022]] A shekarar 2018, DFDS ta yi odar jiragen ruwa guda uku na RoPax - daya daga cikinsu E-Flexer ne da aka yi hayarsa daga Stena RoRo, wanda ya fara aiki a matsayin ''Côte d'Opale'' a watan Agusta na shekarar 2021, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=New DFDS ferry Côte D'Opale makes maiden voyage to Dover |url=https://trans.info/en/new-dfds-ferry-cote-d-opale-makes-maiden-voyage-to-dover-249419 |website=trans.info}}</ref> da RoPax guda biyu don ayyukan Tekun Baltic. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=DFDS orders RoPax ships in China |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/dfds-orders-ro-pax-ships-in-china |website=DFDS}}</ref> An ƙaddamar da tagwayen Baltic na farko, mai suna ''Aura Seaways'', <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=''Aura Seaways'' |url=https://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:6541946/mmsi:219028116/imo:9851036/vessel:AURA_SEAWAYS |website=MarineTraffic}}</ref> a ƙarshen 2020, <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Successful launch of new RoPax |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/successful-launch-of-new-ro-pax |website=DFDS}}</ref> kuma an yi gwajin karkata a 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2021 |title=Newbuilding for the Baltics soon ready for sea trials |url=https://www.dfds.com/en/about/media/news/newbuilding-for-the-baltics-soon-ready-for-sea-trials |website=DFDS}}</ref> An gudanar da gwaje-gwajen teku a tsakiyar 2021. == Manazarta == r9t897lrjujr2r1xik53dcds0hxpgmm Prince Hezekiya 0 160576 962217 933177 2026-10-03T08:10:25Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 An kirkira ta fassara "Biography" daga shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1368556180|Prince Hezekiah]]" 962217 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Yarima Hezekiah Vincent''' (an haife shi a ranar 26 ga watan Disamba 1980), wanda aka fi sani da Yarima Hezekjah, ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Najeriya, mai kirkirar abun ciki, kuma ɗan wasan kwaikwayo. Ya shirya shirye-shiryen wasan kwaikwayo da kide-kide da yawa kamar Made-in-Portharcourt, Funny Kingz, Humuor Xclusive, Project Laff, da sauransu da yawa. == Tarihin rayuwa == === Rayuwa ta farko === [[File:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb|Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Yarima Hezekiya''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba . Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Yarima Hezekiah ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba duk a Jihar Rivers, [[Najeriya]] === Rayuwar farko === [[File:Prince_Hezekiah_-_Early_Life_02.jpg|thumb| Yarima Hezekiya]] '''Yarima Hezekiya''' Vincent, an haife shi a titin Akokwa, Mile 2, Diobu a Port-Harcourt City, daga baya ya koma titin Awkuzu, Mile 1, Diobu a birnin Port Harcourt. Ya kuma girma a garin Abuja a birnin Port-Harcourt, jihar Rivers. Ya halarci makarantar firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, makarantar sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port- Harcourt, da [[Jami'ar port harcourt|Jami'ar Port Harcourt]] Choba. Ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Zabura Afirka . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (N.A.G.) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (A.G.N.) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da dai sauransu. === Ilimi === Yarima Hezekiah ya halarci Makarantar Firamare ta Jihar Sangana, Port-Harcourt, Makarantar Sakandare ta Enitonna Borikiri, Port-Harcourt, da Jami'ar Port Harcourt Choba [1] duk a Jihar Rivers, Najeriya. == Bayyanawa == Yarima Hezekiya ya fara wasan kwaikwayonsa a cikin coci. Daga nan sai ya kafa ƙungiyar wasan kwaikwayo mai suna Liberty Productions da ƙungiyar rawa mai suna Psalms Africa . Ya kuma kasance memba na kafa kungiyar 'yan wasan kwaikwayo ta Najeriya (NAG) daga baya aka sake masa suna 'yan wasan wasan kwaikwayo na Najeriya (AGN) Rivers State Chapter, kuma ya fito a fina-finai da yawa na Nollywood kamar Oriaja, Crown Battle, Love of the Street, da sauransu. Yarima Hezekiah ya yi a cikin Opa Williams' Night of a Thousand Laughs a Port Harcourt, [[Owerri]], da jihar [[Bayelsa]]. Sauran su ne Crack Ya Ribs tare da [[Julius Agwu]], AY Live, Glo Lafta Fest, [[Basketmouth]]'s Lords of the Ribs, da Gordons' Laugh to the Moon . <ref name="tdl" /> Sauran su ne Tales of The Funny King wanda aka shirya a 2015 a Port Harcourt River State Nigeria, a 2016 a Aztech Arcum, Stadium Road, Port Harcoort . Ya kuma yi a Calabar Carnival, Rivers State Carnival), Rivers State Peace Carnival na Rivers State, da kuma bikin cika shekaru 50 na Rivers. Bikin wasan kwaikwayo na Afirka a Burtaniya, Birmingham City Ball, ya yi wa Gwamnoni da yawa da ayyukan Gwamnati kamar Jihar Rivers, Jihar [[Bayelsa]], [[Akwa Ibom|Jihar Akwa Ibom]], Jihar Cross Rivers, da [[Imo|Jihar Imo]]. Ya kuma yi aiki a abubuwan da suka faru a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin ko Master of Ceremonies, bukukuwan aure, kambi, keɓewa.<ref name="tdl" /> == Kyaututtuka da gabatarwa == {| class="wikitable" |+ !Shekara !Kyautar !Sashe !Sakamakon !Ref |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Niger Delta (NDAA Awards) | -|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Rivers State Mafi kyawun Comedian |Gidauniyar Fasaha ta PHC|| {{Won}} | |- | - |Mafi kyawun Comedian Tarayyar Tarayyar Dalibai na Kalabari (FUKS) | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |- | - |Mai wasan kwaikwayo na Shekara |Mujallar Kalabari Times|| {{Won}} |<ref name="to" /> |- | - |Juvenis Comedian na shekara | -|| {{Won}} |<ref name="tdl" /> |} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1980]] cnzb5iu3b9ys1bft39ahcymat0gbuek Kwalejin Lissafi ta Najeriya 0 162173 962198 886692 2026-10-03T07:24:01Z BnHamid 12586 962198 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} NCA ita ce ƙungiyar horarwa ta ANAN, tana bin ƙa'idodin Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Duniya da kuma sanarwa a cikin horo. Ita memba ce ta Jami'ar Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don Ilimi da Bincike (IAAER). Masu karatun lissafi tare da B.Sc. ko Babban Diploma na Kasa daga Jami'o'in Najeriya da Polytechnics sunllcancanci shiga cikin shirin horo na shekaru uku a Kwalejin Lissafi ta Najeriya. Bayan kammala jarrabawar sun sami lakabin Certified National Accountant kuma sun cancanci shiga ANAN.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About ANAN |url=http://www.anan.org.ng/test1/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=32 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110807234926/http://anan.org.ng/test1/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=12&Itemid=32 |archive-date=2011-08-07 |access-date=2011-06-11 |publisher=ANAN}}</ref> == Tarihi == Kwalejin ta buɗe a 1994 a [[Barkin Ladi]] a Jihar Plateau, ta shigar da dalibai goma don shekarar ilimi ta 1985/1995. Adadin dalibai sun kasance kadan a cikin shekaru masu zuwa, kuma kwalejin ta rufe na ɗan lokaci a cikin 1988. An yi hayar ANAN a 1993 kuma Kwalejin ta sake buɗewa tare da dalibai 54 na shekara ta 1994/1995. Kwalejin Lissafi ta Najeriya ita ce ta farko da aka kafa ta hanyar masu lissafi a ko'ina cikin Afirka. An sake buɗe shi don aikin ilimi da ƙwararru a cikin zaman 1994/95 tare da ɗalibai 54; zaman 1995/96 yana da ɗalibai 142 kuma zaman 1996/97 yana da ɗaliban 138, a cikin 1999/2000 ɗalibai 206, kuma a cikin zaman 2000/2001 ɗalibai 384, zaman 2001/2002 ɗalibai 656, zaman 2002/2003 ɗalibai 821, zaman 2003/2004 ɗalibai 1,288, zaman 2004/2005 ɗalibai 1,377, zaman 2005/2006 ɗalibai 2,277, zaman 2006/2007 ɗalibai 3,200. A lokacin zaman 2007/2008 yana da dalibai 3,300. Taronsa ya fara ne a watan Satumba kuma ya ƙare a watan Mayu mai zuwa. Lokacin da yake cikin cikakken ruwa, ana sa ran Kwalejin za ta sami karɓar ɗalibai masu sana'a 5,000 da wasu masu ba da lissafi 1,000 a kan Ci gaban Kwararru na Mandatory, MCPD. == Shiryeshirye == Bayan kammala karatunsa daga Jami'ar ko Polytechnic, mai karatun lissafi ya cancanci halartar Kwalejin Lissafi ta Najeriya (NCA) inda aka ba su ilimi da horo ta ƙwararrun ƙwararrun masu ƙwarewa tare da ingantaccen ilimin ilimi. Kwalejin Lissafi ta Najeriya tana karkashin jagorancin Darakta Janar wanda yake Certified National Accountant. Shi ne Babban Darakta da Jami'in Lissafi na Kwalejin. Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Kwalejin Lissafi ta Najeriya ya kunshi takwas (8) Certified National Accountants tare da Darakta Janar a matsayin memba / Sakatare ga Kwamitin. A kwalejin, tsarin koyarwa ya ta'allaka ne kan laccoci da ake ƙarfafawa ta hanyar zaman bita da sauran hanyoyin ilmantarwa. Bugu da ƙari, ana gayyatar ƙwararrun malamai masu ziyara daga lokaci zuwa lokaci domin gudanar da laccoci na musamman da kuma ƙarin koyarwa, wanda ke taimakawa wajen faɗaɗa ilimin ɗalibai da inganta tsarin koyarwar da ake gudanarwa a kai a kai. Manufar wannan tsarin koyarwa shine haɓaka ikon ɗalibai don aiwatar da ra'ayoyin ka'idoji na yanayin da aka ba su. Ana zaton daliban Kwalejin sun mallaki ka'idoji da ka'idojin lissafi a digiri ko matakan difloma mafi girma a Jami'ar ko Polytechnic. An jaddada a Kwalejin Lissafi ta Najeriya akan aiki da mutunci, saboda tsarin horo yana ba da ilimi, iyawa, ƙwarewa da, hukunci a cikin aikace-aikacen waɗannan abubuwan ga matsaloli a cikin yanayin rayuwa na ainihi. Gabatar da Mutum da Ka'idojin Kwararru kamar yadda ake ado, ci gaban amincewar mutum, isasshen horo na kai, nazarin kai, sukar kai da taka tsantsan wanda ke rage yiwuwar kurakurai da taimakawa ka'idojin da aka yarda da su wajen yiwa jama'a da abokan aiki hidima, ƙarshen shekara guda cikakke (watanni tara), ɗalibai suna zaune don jarrabawar sana'a, PEA a watan Janairu da PEB a watan Mayu. Bayan ya wuce jarrabawar kwararru, ɗalibin ya cancanci gudanar da horo na shekaru biyu a kowane bangare na tattalin arziki. Bayan haka, sun cancanci neman zama memba na Ƙungiyar, kuma idan an yarda da su a matsayin memba, za su sami damar bayyana kansu a matsayin Mai ba da takardar shaidar ƙasa kuma su rubuta bayan sunansu sunan "CNA". A wannan matakin, sun kasance ƙwararren ƙwararren mai lissafi amma ba za su iya kafa ofishin don aiki na sirri ba har sai sun cika ƙarin sharuɗɗa. == Bayanan da aka ambata == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 59g5mvvclo5pctqpgbd8wjcbmhc9zt9 Lauren Henderson (mawakiya) 0 163514 962174 896511 2026-10-03T07:05:45Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Lauren Henderson (mawakin)]] to [[Lauren Henderson (mawakiya)]] 896511 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Lauren Henderson|image=Lauren Henderson at the Studio.jpg|caption=|Birth_name=|birth_date=November 5, 1986|birth_place=[[Marblehead, Massachusetts]]|Genre=[[Latin jazz]]<ref name="all about jazz news" />|Occupation=Singer-songwriter|Instrument=|Years_active=2011–present|Label=Brontosaurus|Associated_acts=|website=[https://www.laurenhendersonmusic.com/ Official site]}}'''Lauren Henderson'''(an haife ta a ranar 5 ga Nuwamba, 1986, a Marblehead, Massachusetts) mawaƙiyar jazz ce 'yar Amurka da ke zaune a New York da Miami. Ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙi goma sha ɗaya da kuma EP ɗaya ta kamfaninta na Brontosaurus Records..<ref name="ft">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Amy |date=15 November 2019 |title=An executive MBA strikes the right note |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b59b3c86-c58b-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yayinda yake yaro, Henderson ya raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa na coci da na makaranta.<ref name="all about jazz">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=Take Five With Lauren Henderson |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/take-five-with-lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson-by-lauren-henderson.php |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=All About Jazz |language=en}}</ref> Ta halarci Kwalejin Wheaton, inda ta yi karatun Kiɗa da Nazarin Hispanic.<ref name="north of boston">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Jay N. |title=Music: Catching up with jazz chanteuse Lauren Henderson |url=https://northofboston.wickedlocal.com/entertainmentlife/20180322/music-catching-up-with-jazz-chanteuse-lauren-henderson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815180228/https://northofboston.wickedlocal.com/entertainmentlife/20180322/music-catching-up-with-jazz-chanteuse-lauren-henderson |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=North of Boston |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ta sami digiri na Babban Jami'ar Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Brown IE Makarantar Kasuwanci ta IE a Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT |url=https://www.laurenhendersonmusic.com/about.html |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=LAUREN HENDERSON |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a Mexico da Spain, inda ta karanci kiɗan gargajiya da waƙar Flamenco da rawa. Daga baya ta koma New York ta yi karatu tare da Paquito D'Rivera, Barry Harris, da Jane Monheit. Henderson ta fitar da kiɗa ta hanyar kamfaninta, Brontosaurus Records.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-17 |title=Strike a Match: Lauren Henderson's Flame Grows Bright |url=https://debbieburkeauthor.com/2018/04/17/strike-a-match-lauren-hendersons-flame-grows-bright/ |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=Debbie Burke |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ft">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Amy |date=15 November 2019 |title=An executive MBA strikes the right note |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b59b3c86-c58b-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=Financial Times}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBell2019">Bell, Amy (15 November 2019). [https://www.ft.com/content/b59b3c86-c58b-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4 "An executive MBA strikes the right note"]. ''Financial Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2011, ta fitar da kundi na farko mai taken kanta.<ref name="jazz times debut">{{Cite web |last=Loudon |first=Christopher |title=Lauren Henderson: Lauren Henderson |url=https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzTimes}}</ref><ref name="all about jazz news">{{Cite web |last=Hinte |first=Terri |date=5 March 2018 |title=Jazz news: Lauren Henderson Comes Into Her Own As Both Vocalist And Composer On &quot;Ármame,&quot; Set For Release March 30 On Her Brontosaurus Records Iimprint |url=https://news.allaboutjazz.com/lauren-henderson-comes-into-her-own-as-both-vocalist-and-composer-on-armame-set-for-release-march-30-on-her-brontosaurus-records-iimprint.php |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=All About Jazz News |language=en}}</ref> An saki kundi na biyu, A La Madrugada, wanda ta samar kuma ta shirya, a shekarar 2015. Ya kai 90 a kan sigogi na JazzWeek . <ref name="jazzweek chart">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Lauren Henderson: Lauren Henderson (Self-Released) |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/releases/2012/07/lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson-self-released/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzWeek CD Releases |language=en}}</ref> Waƙar "Accede" daga kundin ta bayyana a fim din The Drowning . <ref name="all about jazz news" /><ref name="paris jazz">{{Cite web |title=Lauren Henderson Quintet - Saturday November, 24th 2018 - 9:00 PM @ 38 Riv {{!}} Concert {{!}} Paris Jazz Club |url=https://www.parisjazzclub.net/en/58819/concert/2018/11/24/lauren-henderson-quintet |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=www.parisjazzclub.net |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, ta fitar da kundin Ármame, wanda aka tsara a cikin JazzWeek Top 40. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, Henderson ta fitar da EP Riptide . Ta fito da kundin ''Alma Oscura'' a watan Yunin 2019. Kundin ya fara ne a # 25 a kan jadawalin JazzWeek na mako na 29 ga Yuli, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2012 |title=Charts |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/charts/1564416000/july-29-2019/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzWeek |language=en}}</ref> Waƙar Henderson "El Ritmo" an nuna ta a cikin El Juego de Las Llaves . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jazz |first=All About |title=Lauren Henderson music @ All About Jazz |url=https://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/laurenhenderson |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=All About Jazz Musicians |language=en}}</ref> Waƙoƙi biyu na Hendeson sun fito ne a cikin samar da wasan Romeo y Julieta, "Alma Oscura" da "Ven Muerte".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROMEO Y JULIETA WORLD PREMIERE EVENT |url=https://www.thegreenespace.org/event/romeo-y-julieta-world-premiere-event/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=The Greene Space |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romeo y Julieta |url=https://publictheater.org/productions/season/2021/romeo-y-julieta/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611222158/https://publictheater.org/productions/season/2021/romeo-y-julieta/ |archive-date=2021-06-11 |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=publictheater.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Kundin ta na 2020, The Songbook Session, an sanya shi a cikin JazzWeek charts Top 5, da Top 50 karshen chart. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-24 |title=Lauren Henderson: The Songbook Session (Brontosaurus Records) |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/releases/2020/04/lauren-henderson-the-songbook-session-brontosaurus-records/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JazzWeek CD Releases |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Year End |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/year-end/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JazzWeek |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma fitar da kundin hutu a wannan shekarar mai taken Classic Christmas .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=Yuletide Music Roundup For 2020 |url=https://downbeat.com/news/detail/yuletide-music-roundup-for-2020 |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=downbeat.com |language=en}}</ref> An saki kundin Henderson ''Musa'' a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micucci |first=Matt |date=2021-05-17 |title=Keith Jarrett, Sergio Mendes, Melissa Aldana & More: The Week in Jazz |url=https://www.jazziz.com/keith-jarrett-sergio-mendes-melissa-aldana-more-the-week-in-jazz/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JAZZIZ Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=NEW RELEASE: Award-Winning Singer Lauren Henderson Honors Heritage on New Album MUSA, due out June 11th, 2021 via Brontosaurus Records |url=https://lydialiebman.com/index.php/2021/04/23/new-release-award-winning-singer-lauren-henderson-honors-heritage-on-new-album-musa-due-out-june-4th-2021-via-brontosaurus-records/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=LYDIALIEBMAN.COM |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kundin studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |''Lauren Henderson'' | * An saki shi: 2011 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''A cikin asubahi'' | * An saki shi: 2015 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Armame'' | * An saki shi: 2018 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Alma Oscura'' | * An saki shi: 2019 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Taron Littafin Waƙoƙi'' | * An saki shi: 2020 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Kirsimeti na gargajiya'' | * An saki shi: 2020 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Musa'' | * An saki shi: 2021 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Macijin'' | * An saki shi: 2022 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Yin sihiri'' | * An saki shi: 2023 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Inuwa'' | * An saki shi: 2024 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Sauti'' | * An saki shi: 2025 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- |} === Wasanni masu tsawo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |''Rashin ruwa'' | * An saki shi: 2018 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- |} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] bf22io5qwl9spwmu9im3jkojmeg2nt8 962177 962174 2026-10-03T07:06:30Z BnHamid 12586 962177 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox musical artist|Name=Lauren Henderson|image=Lauren Henderson at the Studio.jpg|caption=|Birth_name=|birth_date=November 5, 1986|birth_place=[[Marblehead, Massachusetts]]|Genre=[[Latin jazz]]<ref name="all about jazz news" />|Occupation=Singer-songwriter|Instrument=|Years_active=2011–present|Label=Brontosaurus|Associated_acts=|website=[https://www.laurenhendersonmusic.com/ Official site]}} '''Lauren Henderson''' (an haife ta ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, 1986, a Marblehead, Massachusetts) mawaƙiyar jazz ce 'yar Amurka da ke zaune a New York da Miami. Ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙi goma sha ɗaya da kuma EP ɗaya ta kamfaninta na Brontosaurus Records..<ref name="ft">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Amy |date=15 November 2019 |title=An executive MBA strikes the right note |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b59b3c86-c58b-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yayinda yake yaro, Henderson ya raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa na coci da na makaranta.<ref name="all about jazz">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=Take Five With Lauren Henderson |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/take-five-with-lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson-by-lauren-henderson.php |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=All About Jazz |language=en}}</ref> Ta halarci Kwalejin Wheaton, inda ta yi karatun Kiɗa da Nazarin Hispanic.<ref name="north of boston">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Jay N. |title=Music: Catching up with jazz chanteuse Lauren Henderson |url=https://northofboston.wickedlocal.com/entertainmentlife/20180322/music-catching-up-with-jazz-chanteuse-lauren-henderson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815180228/https://northofboston.wickedlocal.com/entertainmentlife/20180322/music-catching-up-with-jazz-chanteuse-lauren-henderson |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=North of Boston |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ta sami digiri na Babban Jami'ar Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Brown IE Makarantar Kasuwanci ta IE a Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT |url=https://www.laurenhendersonmusic.com/about.html |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=LAUREN HENDERSON |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a Mexico da Spain, inda ta karanci kiɗan gargajiya da waƙar Flamenco da rawa. Daga baya ta koma New York ta yi karatu tare da Paquito D'Rivera, Barry Harris, da Jane Monheit. Henderson ta fitar da kiɗa ta hanyar kamfaninta, Brontosaurus Records.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-17 |title=Strike a Match: Lauren Henderson's Flame Grows Bright |url=https://debbieburkeauthor.com/2018/04/17/strike-a-match-lauren-hendersons-flame-grows-bright/ |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=Debbie Burke |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ft">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Amy |date=15 November 2019 |title=An executive MBA strikes the right note |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b59b3c86-c58b-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=Financial Times}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBell2019">Bell, Amy (15 November 2019). [https://www.ft.com/content/b59b3c86-c58b-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4 "An executive MBA strikes the right note"]. ''Financial Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2011, ta fitar da kundi na farko mai taken kanta.<ref name="jazz times debut">{{Cite web |last=Loudon |first=Christopher |title=Lauren Henderson: Lauren Henderson |url=https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzTimes}}</ref><ref name="all about jazz news">{{Cite web |last=Hinte |first=Terri |date=5 March 2018 |title=Jazz news: Lauren Henderson Comes Into Her Own As Both Vocalist And Composer On &quot;Ármame,&quot; Set For Release March 30 On Her Brontosaurus Records Iimprint |url=https://news.allaboutjazz.com/lauren-henderson-comes-into-her-own-as-both-vocalist-and-composer-on-armame-set-for-release-march-30-on-her-brontosaurus-records-iimprint.php |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=All About Jazz News |language=en}}</ref> An saki kundi na biyu, A La Madrugada, wanda ta samar kuma ta shirya, a shekarar 2015. Ya kai 90 a kan sigogi na JazzWeek . <ref name="jazzweek chart">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Lauren Henderson: Lauren Henderson (Self-Released) |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/releases/2012/07/lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson-self-released/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzWeek CD Releases |language=en}}</ref> Waƙar "Accede" daga kundin ta bayyana a fim din The Drowning . <ref name="all about jazz news" /><ref name="paris jazz">{{Cite web |title=Lauren Henderson Quintet - Saturday November, 24th 2018 - 9:00 PM @ 38 Riv {{!}} Concert {{!}} Paris Jazz Club |url=https://www.parisjazzclub.net/en/58819/concert/2018/11/24/lauren-henderson-quintet |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=www.parisjazzclub.net |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, ta fitar da kundin Ármame, wanda aka tsara a cikin JazzWeek Top 40. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, Henderson ta fitar da EP Riptide . Ta fito da kundin ''Alma Oscura'' a watan Yunin 2019. Kundin ya fara ne a # 25 a kan jadawalin JazzWeek na mako na 29 ga Yuli, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2012 |title=Charts |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/charts/1564416000/july-29-2019/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzWeek |language=en}}</ref> Waƙar Henderson "El Ritmo" an nuna ta a cikin El Juego de Las Llaves . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jazz |first=All About |title=Lauren Henderson music @ All About Jazz |url=https://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/laurenhenderson |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=All About Jazz Musicians |language=en}}</ref> Waƙoƙi biyu na Hendeson sun fito ne a cikin samar da wasan Romeo y Julieta, "Alma Oscura" da "Ven Muerte".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROMEO Y JULIETA WORLD PREMIERE EVENT |url=https://www.thegreenespace.org/event/romeo-y-julieta-world-premiere-event/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=The Greene Space |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romeo y Julieta |url=https://publictheater.org/productions/season/2021/romeo-y-julieta/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611222158/https://publictheater.org/productions/season/2021/romeo-y-julieta/ |archive-date=2021-06-11 |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=publictheater.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Kundin ta na 2020, The Songbook Session, an sanya shi a cikin JazzWeek charts Top 5, da Top 50 karshen chart. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-24 |title=Lauren Henderson: The Songbook Session (Brontosaurus Records) |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/releases/2020/04/lauren-henderson-the-songbook-session-brontosaurus-records/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JazzWeek CD Releases |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Year End |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/year-end/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JazzWeek |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma fitar da kundin hutu a wannan shekarar mai taken Classic Christmas .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=Yuletide Music Roundup For 2020 |url=https://downbeat.com/news/detail/yuletide-music-roundup-for-2020 |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=downbeat.com |language=en}}</ref> An saki kundin Henderson ''Musa'' a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micucci |first=Matt |date=2021-05-17 |title=Keith Jarrett, Sergio Mendes, Melissa Aldana & More: The Week in Jazz |url=https://www.jazziz.com/keith-jarrett-sergio-mendes-melissa-aldana-more-the-week-in-jazz/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JAZZIZ Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=NEW RELEASE: Award-Winning Singer Lauren Henderson Honors Heritage on New Album MUSA, due out June 11th, 2021 via Brontosaurus Records |url=https://lydialiebman.com/index.php/2021/04/23/new-release-award-winning-singer-lauren-henderson-honors-heritage-on-new-album-musa-due-out-june-4th-2021-via-brontosaurus-records/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=LYDIALIEBMAN.COM |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kundin studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |''Lauren Henderson'' | * An saki shi: 2011 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''A cikin asubahi'' | * An saki shi: 2015 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Armame'' | * An saki shi: 2018 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Alma Oscura'' | * An saki shi: 2019 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Taron Littafin Waƙoƙi'' | * An saki shi: 2020 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Kirsimeti na gargajiya'' | * An saki shi: 2020 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Musa'' | * An saki shi: 2021 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Macijin'' | * An saki shi: 2022 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Yin sihiri'' | * An saki shi: 2023 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Inuwa'' | * An saki shi: 2024 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Sauti'' | * An saki shi: 2025 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- |} === Wasanni masu tsawo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |''Rashin ruwa'' | * An saki shi: 2018 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] l5a446uwvbs56zvqkt62lq0iyqibrz1 962179 962177 2026-10-03T07:07:10Z BnHamid 12586 962179 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lauren Henderson''' (an haife ta ranar 5 ga watan Nuwamba, 1986, a Marblehead, Massachusetts) mawaƙiyar jazz ce 'yar Amurka da ke zaune a New York da Miami. Ta fitar da kundin waƙoƙi goma sha ɗaya da kuma EP ɗaya ta kamfaninta na Brontosaurus Records..<ref name="ft">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Amy |date=15 November 2019 |title=An executive MBA strikes the right note |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b59b3c86-c58b-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=Financial Times}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == Yayinda yake yaro, Henderson ya raira waƙa a cikin mawaƙa na coci da na makaranta.<ref name="all about jazz">{{Cite web |date=24 September 2011 |title=Take Five With Lauren Henderson |url=https://www.allaboutjazz.com/take-five-with-lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson-by-lauren-henderson.php |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=All About Jazz |language=en}}</ref> Ta halarci Kwalejin Wheaton, inda ta yi karatun Kiɗa da Nazarin Hispanic.<ref name="north of boston">{{Cite web |last=Miller |first=Jay N. |title=Music: Catching up with jazz chanteuse Lauren Henderson |url=https://northofboston.wickedlocal.com/entertainmentlife/20180322/music-catching-up-with-jazz-chanteuse-lauren-henderson |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190815180228/https://northofboston.wickedlocal.com/entertainmentlife/20180322/music-catching-up-with-jazz-chanteuse-lauren-henderson |archive-date=15 August 2019 |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=North of Boston |language=en}}</ref> Daga baya ta sami digiri na Babban Jami'ar Kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Brown IE Makarantar Kasuwanci ta IE a Spain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ABOUT |url=https://www.laurenhendersonmusic.com/about.html |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=LAUREN HENDERSON |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi karatu a ƙasashen waje a Mexico da Spain, inda ta karanci kiɗan gargajiya da waƙar Flamenco da rawa. Daga baya ta koma New York ta yi karatu tare da Paquito D'Rivera, Barry Harris, da Jane Monheit. Henderson ta fitar da kiɗa ta hanyar kamfaninta, Brontosaurus Records.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-04-17 |title=Strike a Match: Lauren Henderson's Flame Grows Bright |url=https://debbieburkeauthor.com/2018/04/17/strike-a-match-lauren-hendersons-flame-grows-bright/ |access-date=2019-08-15 |website=Debbie Burke |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ft">{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Amy |date=15 November 2019 |title=An executive MBA strikes the right note |url=https://www.ft.com/content/b59b3c86-c58b-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4 |access-date=20 November 2019 |website=Financial Times}}<cite class="citation web cs1" data-ve-ignore="" id="CITEREFBell2019">Bell, Amy (15 November 2019). [https://www.ft.com/content/b59b3c86-c58b-11e9-ae6e-a26d1d0455f4 "An executive MBA strikes the right note"]. ''Financial Times''<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> == Ayyuka == A shekara ta 2011, ta fitar da kundi na farko mai taken kanta.<ref name="jazz times debut">{{Cite web |last=Loudon |first=Christopher |title=Lauren Henderson: Lauren Henderson |url=https://jazztimes.com/reviews/albums/lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzTimes}}</ref><ref name="all about jazz news">{{Cite web |last=Hinte |first=Terri |date=5 March 2018 |title=Jazz news: Lauren Henderson Comes Into Her Own As Both Vocalist And Composer On &quot;Ármame,&quot; Set For Release March 30 On Her Brontosaurus Records Iimprint |url=https://news.allaboutjazz.com/lauren-henderson-comes-into-her-own-as-both-vocalist-and-composer-on-armame-set-for-release-march-30-on-her-brontosaurus-records-iimprint.php |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=All About Jazz News |language=en}}</ref> An saki kundi na biyu, A La Madrugada, wanda ta samar kuma ta shirya, a shekarar 2015. Ya kai 90 a kan sigogi na JazzWeek . <ref name="jazzweek chart">{{Cite web |date=23 July 2012 |title=Lauren Henderson: Lauren Henderson (Self-Released) |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/releases/2012/07/lauren-henderson-lauren-henderson-self-released/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzWeek CD Releases |language=en}}</ref> Waƙar "Accede" daga kundin ta bayyana a fim din The Drowning . <ref name="all about jazz news" /><ref name="paris jazz">{{Cite web |title=Lauren Henderson Quintet - Saturday November, 24th 2018 - 9:00 PM @ 38 Riv {{!}} Concert {{!}} Paris Jazz Club |url=https://www.parisjazzclub.net/en/58819/concert/2018/11/24/lauren-henderson-quintet |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=www.parisjazzclub.net |language=en}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, ta fitar da kundin Ármame, wanda aka tsara a cikin JazzWeek Top 40. A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2018, Henderson ta fitar da EP Riptide . Ta fito da kundin ''Alma Oscura'' a watan Yunin 2019. Kundin ya fara ne a # 25 a kan jadawalin JazzWeek na mako na 29 ga Yuli, 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 March 2012 |title=Charts |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/charts/1564416000/july-29-2019/ |access-date=15 August 2019 |website=JazzWeek |language=en}}</ref> Waƙar Henderson "El Ritmo" an nuna ta a cikin El Juego de Las Llaves . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jazz |first=All About |title=Lauren Henderson music @ All About Jazz |url=https://musicians.allaboutjazz.com/laurenhenderson |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=All About Jazz Musicians |language=en}}</ref> Waƙoƙi biyu na Hendeson sun fito ne a cikin samar da wasan Romeo y Julieta, "Alma Oscura" da "Ven Muerte".<ref>{{Cite web |title=ROMEO Y JULIETA WORLD PREMIERE EVENT |url=https://www.thegreenespace.org/event/romeo-y-julieta-world-premiere-event/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=The Greene Space |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Romeo y Julieta |url=https://publictheater.org/productions/season/2021/romeo-y-julieta/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611222158/https://publictheater.org/productions/season/2021/romeo-y-julieta/ |archive-date=2021-06-11 |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=publictheater.org |language=en-us}}</ref> Kundin ta na 2020, The Songbook Session, an sanya shi a cikin JazzWeek charts Top 5, da Top 50 karshen chart. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-04-24 |title=Lauren Henderson: The Songbook Session (Brontosaurus Records) |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/releases/2020/04/lauren-henderson-the-songbook-session-brontosaurus-records/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JazzWeek CD Releases |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Year End |url=https://www.jazzweek.com/year-end/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JazzWeek |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma fitar da kundin hutu a wannan shekarar mai taken Classic Christmas .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-12-07 |title=Yuletide Music Roundup For 2020 |url=https://downbeat.com/news/detail/yuletide-music-roundup-for-2020 |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=downbeat.com |language=en}}</ref> An saki kundin Henderson ''Musa'' a ranar 11 ga Yuni, 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Micucci |first=Matt |date=2021-05-17 |title=Keith Jarrett, Sergio Mendes, Melissa Aldana & More: The Week in Jazz |url=https://www.jazziz.com/keith-jarrett-sergio-mendes-melissa-aldana-more-the-week-in-jazz/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=JAZZIZ Magazine |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-04-23 |title=NEW RELEASE: Award-Winning Singer Lauren Henderson Honors Heritage on New Album MUSA, due out June 11th, 2021 via Brontosaurus Records |url=https://lydialiebman.com/index.php/2021/04/23/new-release-award-winning-singer-lauren-henderson-honors-heritage-on-new-album-musa-due-out-june-4th-2021-via-brontosaurus-records/ |access-date=2021-06-11 |website=LYDIALIEBMAN.COM |language=en-US}}</ref> == Bayanan da aka yi == === Kundin studio === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |''Lauren Henderson'' | * An saki shi: 2011 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''A cikin asubahi'' | * An saki shi: 2015 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Armame'' | * An saki shi: 2018 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Alma Oscura'' | * An saki shi: 2019 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Taron Littafin Waƙoƙi'' | * An saki shi: 2020 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Kirsimeti na gargajiya'' | * An saki shi: 2020 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Musa'' | * An saki shi: 2021 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Macijin'' | * An saki shi: 2022 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Yin sihiri'' | * An saki shi: 2023 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Inuwa'' | * An saki shi: 2024 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- ! scope="row" |''Sauti'' | * An saki shi: 2025 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- |} === Wasanni masu tsawo === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:center;" ! scope="col" style="width:10em;" |Taken ! scope="col" style="width:16em;" |Bayani |- ! scope="row" |''Rashin ruwa'' | * An saki shi: 2018 * Alamar: Brontosaurus Records * Tsarin: CD, sauke dijital, yawo |- |} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3ulfh110ehqka35ft2vdjyyhp5ocf60 Binciken Ciwon nono (Scotland) 0 165276 962181 907042 2026-10-03T07:08:00Z BnHamid 12586 962181 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} Fassarar zuwa Hausa Breast Cancer Research wata ƙungiyar agaji ce ta yaƙi da cutar kansar nono da ta daina aiki, wadda take da hedikwata a Paisley da Glasgow, Scotland. A shekarar 2003, an daskarar da kadarorinta bayan wani bincike ya gano cewa daga cikin kusan fam miliyan 13 (£13m) da ƙungiyar ta tara, fam miliyan 1.5 (£1.5m) ne kawai aka bai wa aikin agaji da binciken kansar nono. � The Guardian +1 Mai tara kuɗin ƙungiyar, Tony Freeman, ɗan Glasgow, da kamfaninsa Solutions RMC, sun karɓi kusan kashi 60% na kuɗin da aka tara—kimanin fam miliyan 8 (£8m)—a matsayin kuɗin hukumar tara kuɗi (commission). Third Sector Binciken ya jawo matakin hukuma, inda aka dakatar da masu kula da ƙungiyar, sannan aka hana wasu daga cikin masu shirya ayyukanta, ciki har da mai tara kuɗin, gudanar da ko kula da ƙungiyoyin agaji a Birtaniya. Haka kuma, Solutions RMC ta fuskanci zargin cewa tana karɓar kaso mai yawa daga kuɗaɗen da jama'a suka bayar. The Guardian +1 Lambar rajistar ƙungiyar ita ce SC024834. Daga baya, bayanai daga hukumar kula da ƙungiyoyin agaji ta Scotland (OSCR) sun nuna cewa an naɗa judicial factor domin kula da al'amuran ƙungiyar. � Wikipedia A taƙaice: Wannan lamari ya zama babban abin kunya a harkar ƙungiyoyin agaji a Scotland saboda yawancin kuɗin da jama'a suka bayar domin binciken kansar nono bai kai ga aikin agajin da aka tara kuɗin dominsa ba. Lambar rajistar ƙungiyar agajin ita ce SC024834. A shekarar 2008, bayanan Office of the Scottish Charity Regulator (OSCR) sun nuna cewa matsayin ƙungiyar shi ne “Judicial factor appointed”, wato an naɗa wani jami’in shari’a domin kula da harkokin ƙungiyar. Haka kuma, bayanan rajistar sun bayyana cewa a lokacin ba su da wani bayanin tuntuɓar ƙungiyar a cikin kundinsu. == Dubi kuma == * Moonbeams, wata kungiya ta yara masu cutar kansa kuma ta sha wahala == Manazarta == 4zul2iygaegyxy7wiiq9c3nlavgz3my Michaela Abam 0 165561 961910 942112 2026-10-02T15:52:51Z Santa MMD 23886 961910 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Michaela-Batya Bisi Abam''' (an haife shi 12 Yuni 1997) ƙwararren ɗan wasan ƙwallon ƙafa ne wanda ke taka leda a matsayin [[Mai buga tsakiya|dan wasan tsakiya]] na kungiyar Liga MX Femenil Cruz Azul . An haife ta ne a Amurka, tana taka leda a tawagar kwallon kafa ta Kamaru. <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Michaela Abam rejoint le Paris FC |url=http://www.parisfootballclub.com/feminines/michaela-abam-rejoint-le-paris-fc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621152702/https://www.parisfootballclub.com/feminines/michaela-abam-rejoint-le-paris-fc/ |archive-date=21 June 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> Ta taba buga wa Houston Dash da Sky Blue FC wasa a gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Amurka, Real Betis a gasar Firimiya ta Spain, Paris FC a gasar Firamiya ta 1, da Jami'ar West Virginia.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MICHAELA ABAM |url=http://www.skybluefc.com/player/michaela-abam/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801220918/http://www.skybluefc.com/player/michaela-abam/ |archive-date=August 1, 2018 |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Abam a [[Houston]], [[Texas]] . Ta halarci makarantar sakandare ta Harmony Science Academy kuma ta buga wasan ƙwallon ƙafa na matasa tare da Texas Rush, wanda daga baya ya zama wani ɓangare na Houston Dynamo / Dash Youth Academy . == Ayyukan kwaleji == Abam ya taka leda a wasanni 95 na rikodin makaranta ga Mountaineers, inda ya zira kwallaye 42 da kuma taimakawa 16. A shekara ta 2016, ta zira kwallaye guda daya a nasarar 1-0 a kan Jami'ar North Carolina a wasan kusa da na karshe na Kofin Kwalejin, inda ta jagoranci WVU zuwa wasan karshe na Kolejin Kwalejin.<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 2, 2016 |title=Michaela Abam goal advances WVU to College Cup final |url=https://equalizersoccer.com/2016/12/02/michaela-abam-goal-advances-wvu-to-college-cup-final/ |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> == Ayyukan kulob din == === Sky Blue FC, 2018 === Sky Blue FC ce ta zabi Abam a matsayin na 4 a cikin 2018 NWSL College Draft . <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 18, 2018 |title=NWSL draft results: All the picks from all 4 rounds |url=https://www.sbnation.com/soccer/2018/1/18/16904980/2018-nwsl-college-draft-picks-results-all-selections-tracker |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> A watan Maris an sanya mata suna a cikin jerin sunayen karshe na kakar 2018. <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 19, 2018 |title=Sky Blue FC announces official 2018 season roster |url=https://www.onceametro.com/2018/3/19/17141194/sky-blue-fc-announces-official-2018-season-roster-carli-lloyd-savannah-mccaskill-denise-reddy |access-date=August 1, 2018 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927141424/https://www.onceametro.com/2018/3/19/17141194/sky-blue-fc-announces-official-2018-season-roster-carli-lloyd-savannah-mccaskill-denise-reddy |url-status=dead }}</ref> Bayan ta bayyana a wasanni hudu na Sky Blue, kungiyar ta dakatar da ita a ranar 25 ga Yuli.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 25, 2018 |title=Wednesday Roundup: Sky Blue FC waive Thaisa and Michaela Abam |url=https://equalizersoccer.com/2018/07/25/wednesday-roundup-sky-blue-fc-waive-thaisa-and-michaela-abam/ |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> === Paris FC, 2018-2019 === A ranar 1 ga watan Agustan 2018, Abam ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda don buga wa Paris FC wasa a Division 1 Féminine na Faransa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 1, 2018 |title=Michaela Abam rejoint le Paris FC |url=http://www.parisfootballclub.com/feminines/michaela-abam-rejoint-le-paris-fc/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190621152702/https://www.parisfootballclub.com/feminines/michaela-abam-rejoint-le-paris-fc/ |archive-date=21 June 2019 |access-date=August 1, 2018}}</ref> Ta bayyana a wasanni 10 na league kuma ta zira kwallaye daya. === Real Betis, 2019-2020 === A ranar 7 ga watan Agustan 2019, Abam ya sanya hannu kan kwangilar shekara guda don buga wa tawagar Real Betis ta Primera División ta Spain wasa. Ta fito a wasanni 15 na gasar, inda ta zira kwallaye uku, kafin a dakatar da gasar saboda annobar COVID-19. A ranar 24 ga watan Satumbar 2020, ta zira kwallaye a kan Hispalis a wasan kusa da na karshe na gasar cin kofin mata ta Andalusian. Ta bayyana a wasu wasannin league guda biyar na Real Betis kafin ta bar kulob din. === Houston Dash, 2021-2022 === A watan Agustan 2021, Abam ya sanya hannu ga Houston Dash a cikin NWSL, ya zama dan wasa na farko da Dash ya sanya hannu wanda ya halarci kulob din matasa da ke da alaƙa da Dash.<ref>{{Cite web |last=houstondynamofc |title=Michaela Abam becomes first player from Dynamo {{!}} Dash Youth Club to sign with Houston Dash |url=https://www.houstondynamofc.com/news/michaela-abam-becomes-first-player-from-dynamo-dash-youth-club-to-sign-with-hous |access-date=18 August 2021 |publisher=[[Houston Dynamo FC]] |language=en}}</ref> Farkon bayyanarta ya kasance a ranar 13 ga watan Agusta 2021 a kan Washington Spirit, inda ta zira kwallaye a wasan 2-2 . A ranar 20 ga Maris 2023, Dash ta ba da sanarwar cewa kulob din ya bar Abam. === Linköping FC, 2023-2026 === A ranar 4 ga Afrilu 2023, kulob din Damallsvenskan Linköping FC ya ba da sanarwar cewa ya sanya hannu kan Abam. == Ayyukan kasa da kasa == Abam ta fara buga wa Kamaru wasa a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2018 a wasan sada zumunci na 7-0 da suka yi da [[Kungiyar kwallon kafa ta mata yan kasa shekara 17 ta kasar Zambiya|Zambia]], inda ta zira kwallaye sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Cameroon hammer Zambia 7–0 in final pre-AWCON friendly |url=http://footy-ghana.com/2018/11/cameroon-hammer-zambia-7-0-in-final-pre-awcon-friendly/ |access-date=May 25, 2019 |publisher=Footy-GHANA.com |archive-date=May 25, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525012208/http://footy-ghana.com/2018/11/cameroon-hammer-zambia-7-0-in-final-pre-awcon-friendly/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Daga nan, an kira ta don yin gasa a gasar cin kofin mata ta Afirka ta 2018, amma ba ta bayyana ba saboda matsaloli tare da fasfo dinta na Kamaru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 April 2019 |title=Fécafoot : Michaela Abam, une négligence coupable |url=https://www.camfoot.com/actualites/fecafoot-michaela-abam-une-negligence-coupable,29824.html |publisher=Camfoot.com |language=fr}}</ref> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2019, an ba ta suna don Gasar Cin Kofin Duniya ta Mata ta FIFA ta 2019. == Kididdigar aiki == === Manufofin kasa da kasa === ''Sakamakon da sakamakon sun lissafa burin Kamaru na farko'' {| class="wikitable" !A'a. !Ranar !Wurin da ake ciki !Abokin hamayya !Sakamakon !Sakamakon !Gasar |- |{{Center|1}} | rowspan="2" |12 Nuwamba 2018 | rowspan="2" |Filin wasa na gari (Bingerville) , [[Abidjan]], [[Ivory Coast]] | rowspan="2" |{{Fbw|ZAM}} |{{Center|'''5'''–0}} | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" |7–0 | rowspan="2" |Abokantaka |- |{{Center|2}} |{{Center|'''7'''–0}} |} == Daraja == '''Masu hawan dutse na West Virginia''' * Gasar kwallon kafa ta mata ta Babban Taron 12: 2014, 2016 '''Mutumin da ya fi so''' * Babban Dan wasa na Taron 12 na Shekara: 2016 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1997]] rnltg47vr1r6mxhjiewww8ygbc4k1pt Gidauniyar Sahodari 0 165815 961931 916688 2026-10-02T16:53:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961931 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gidauniyar Sahodari''' wata ƙungiya ce ta Indiya wadda ta yi fice wajen ƙarfafa mata masu canjin jinsi waɗanda aka tauye ta fuskar zamantakewa da tattalin arziki.<ref>{{cite web |title=About Sahodari Foundation |url=https://sahodari.org/about/ |access-date=16 April 2014 |publisher=Sahodari Foundation official website |archive-date=22 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091022090211/http://sahodari.org/about_sahodari.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> ’Yar fafutukar kare haƙƙin masu canjin jinsi kuma mai fasaha Kalki Subramaniam ce ta kafa ƙungiyar a watan Yulin 2008, domin samar da damar samun tallafin ilimi, tallafin karatu ga ɗaliban masu canjin jinsi waɗanda aka tauye, ƙarfafa harkokin kasuwanci, da samar da hanyoyin samun abin dogaro ta hanyar koyar da ƙwarewar fasaha da bunƙasa su.<ref>{{cite web |date=April 2017 |title=TN NGO announces two scholarships for transgender persons, age no bar |url=https://www.thenewsminute.com/tamil-nadu/chennai-ngo-announces-two-scholarships-transgender-persons-age-no-bar-59647 |publisher=The News Minute}}</ref>Ƙungiyar tana da cibiya a jihar Tamil Nadu ta ƙasar Indiya. Tana amfani da fasaha, adabi, fina-finai da wasan kwaikwayo wajen fafutukar tabbatar da adalcin zamantakewa, tattalin arziki da siyasa ga masu canjin jinsi da kuma mutanen da ba sa bin ƙa’idojin jinsi na al’ada. <ref>{{Cite web |title=My Story, by Kalki Founder/Director of Sahodari Foundation |url=http://ai.eecs.umich.edu/people/conway/TSsuccesses/Kalki/Kalki.html |publisher=umich.edu}}</ref> == Asali == A lokacin da take karatun digiri na gaba da na farko, Kalki ta fara wallafa wata mujallar wata-wata a harshen Tamil ga mata masu canjin jinsi mai suna ''Sahodari''. A wancan lokacin, nuna wariya ga masu canjin jinsi ya yi yawa, domin kafafen yaɗa labarai suna nuna su ne kawai ta hotuna da ra’ayoyin da suka kafe a tunanin jama’a. Ta so ta karya wannan ra’ayi tare da bayyana ainihin batutuwa da matsalolin da al’ummar masu canjin jinsi ke fuskanta. A cikin mujallarta, ta yi rubuce-rubuce kan lafiya, jin daɗin rayuwa, ruhaniya, aikin yi da ilimi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Transgender to Transcending Gender, Born as he, grown as she |url=https://thedawnjournal.in/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/1.-Valarmathy.pdf |publisher=The Dawn Journal}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == A shekarar 2010, Sahodari Foundation ta samu lambar yabo ta Kokilavani Memorial Award saboda gudummawar da ta bayar wajen kare haƙƙin masu canjin jinsi da fafutukar kare waɗannan haƙƙoƙi. Gidauniyar ta horar da masu canjin jinsi domin su zama ’yan jarida na bidiyo a cikin al’umma, tare da ƙarfafa su su ba da labaransu ta kafafen yaɗa labarai na gani ta hanyar wani shiri mai suna Project Kalki. Mata masu canjin jinsi da dama sun bayyana ra’ayoyinsu ta hanyar fina-finan bidiyo, kuma ƙungiyar ta nuna waɗannan fina-finai a YouTube, shafukan yanar gizo da sauran gidajen yanar gizo, tare da nuna su a sassa daban-daban na ƙasar. Saboda wannan sabon salo na amfani da fasaha wajen fafutuka, ƙungiyar ta samu lambar yabo ta ƙasa da ƙasa kan ƙirƙire-ƙirƙire a fafutukar kare haƙƙoƙi ta amfani da fasaha da intanet.<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2015 |title=Sahodari Foundation |url=http://engochallenge.org/winners-2015-using-online-channels-to-promote-rights-of-transgenders/ |publisher=eNGO Challenge}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == == Haɗin waje == 94d6md6mr2cyzy4lnsq2mpmwpw3wozi Hasumiyar Aufi 0 166718 962103 919082 2026-10-03T00:56:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962103 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Funkturm_Aufhausen.jpg|thumb| hasumiyar rediyon 'yan sanda a Aufhausen]] '''Aufi''' ko '''Funkturm Aufhausen''' sunan [[Rediyo|gidan rediyon]] [[Ɗan sanda|']] yan sanda ne a Aufhausen, [[Jamus]] (bangaren Geislingen an der Steige ).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Braitinger |first=Philipp |date=2018-11-27 |title=Aufhausen: Funkturm in neuem Gewand |url=https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.aufhausen-der-funkturm-in-neuem-gewand.17265735-e023-4316-9117-a1451f8a8a81.html |access-date=2025-06-01 |website=stuttgarter-zeitung.de |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210602021800/https://www.stuttgarter-zeitung.de/inhalt.aufhausen-der-funkturm-in-neuem-gewand.17265735-e023-4316-9117-a1451f8a8a81.html |archive-date=2021-06-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Tsawon Aufi yana da {{Convert|132|m|ft|-high}} hasumiyar rediyo da aka yi da [[Karfe|ƙarfe]] da siminti, mai diamita na mita 6. Yana ɗaya daga cikin hasumiyoyin ƙarfe da siminti mafi ƙanƙanta a duniya. A shekarun 1960 da 1970, an yi ma'aunin ma'auni na tsaye a kan wannan hasumiya. Ba a samun damar jama'a. == Manazarta == 8tkcuxj8h9jf08d2ox6z09gb42q1njq Hakki da Ayyuka na asali a Nepal 0 167031 962082 920361 2026-10-02T21:33:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962082 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Hakki da ayyuka na asali a Nepal sune hakkokin ɗan adam na asali da aka ambata a Sashe na III na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Nepal ga kowane Dan ƙasar Nepali. Wannan yana bawa dan kasar Nepal damar rayuwa da mutunci. Mataki na 16 zuwa Mataki na 46 na kundin tsarin mulkin Nepalese ya tabbatar da hakkoki 31 na asali ga mutanen Nepalese. Wadannan sun hada da 'yancin rayuwa tare da mutunci,' [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da faɗar albarkacin baki,' yanci na [[addini]] da [[Al'ada|al'adu]], haƙƙin da ba a taɓa su ba da nuna bambanci, da sauransu. Kamar yadda Mataki na 47, don aiwatar da waɗannan haƙƙoƙin, ana buƙatar jihar ta yi tanadi na doka a cikin shekaru uku na farawar kundin tsarin mulki. Bugu da ƙari, Mataki na 48 ya lissafa ayyukan kowane Nepalese don kare ƙasa, ikon mallaka da amincin Nepal.<ref>{{Cite web |title=31 Fundamental Rights have been Proposed |url=http://asd.org.np/nepal-in-transition/constitution/constitutionmaking/31-fundamental-rights-proposed/ |access-date=10 December 2017 |website=asd.org.np |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171210204754/http://asd.org.np/nepal-in-transition/constitution/constitutionmaking/31-fundamental-rights-proposed/ |archive-date=10 December 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=29 October 2009 |title=CA panel recommends 31 fundamental rights |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/ca-panel-recommends-31-fundamental-rights/ |access-date=10 December 2017 |website=thehimalayantimes.com |publisher=Himalayan Times}} </ref> == Ci gaban tarihi == == Hakkin da aka bayyana a cikin kundin tsarin mulki == 1. Hakkin rayuwa da mutunci (16) 2. Hakkin 'yanci (17) 3. Hakkin daidaito (18) 4. Hakkin sadarwa (19) 5. Hakkin da ya shafi adalci (20) 6. Hakkin wanda aka azabtar da shi (21) 7. Hakki game da azabtarwa (22) 8. Hakki game da tsare-tsare (23) 9. Hakki game da rashin tausayi da nuna bambanci (24) 10. Hakkin da ya shafi dukiya (25) 11. Hakkin 'yancin addini (26) 12.Hakkin samun bayanai (27) 13. [[Ƴancin sirri|Hakkin sirri]] (28) 14. Hakki game da cin zarafi (29) 15. Hakkin tsabtace muhalli (30) 16. Hakkin ilimi (31) 17. Hakkin harshe da al'adu (32) 18. Hakkin yin aiki (33) 19. Hakkin aiki (34) 20. Hakkin lafiya (35) 21. [[Haƙƙin Abinci|Hakkin cin abinci]] (36) 22. Hakkin mafaka (37) 23. Hakkin mata (38) 24. Hakkin yara (39) 25. Hakkin Dalits (40) 26. Hakkin babban ɗan ƙasa (41) 27. Hakkin adalci na zamantakewa (42) 28. Hakkin tsaro na jama'a (43) 29. Hakkin mabukaci (44) 30. Hakki game da gudun hijira (45) 31. Hakkin magance tsarin mulki (46) == Ayyuka na Musamman == Dangane da Mataki na 48 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Nepal, kowane ɗan ƙasa zai sami ayyuka masu zuwa: (a) Don kare kasa, ikon mallaka, da amincin Nepal, yayin da yake da aminci ga al'ummar. (b) Don bin Kundin Tsarin Mulki da doka. (c) Don ba da sabis na tilas kamar yadda kuma lokacin da Jiha ta buƙaci haka. (d) Don karewa da adana dukiyar jama'a. == Manazarta == 8yb4cmfe0yy76zhdkotuf37p57iuvon Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative 0 167039 962115 920385 2026-10-03T03:05:13Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962115 wikitext text/x-wiki   {{Databox}}{{Blockquote|A woodsy type character with a full beard, and huge build, and powerful voice called us all around him to chat ... He and his friends standing next to him had planted trees as a cooperative crew for a few years already and had really enjoyed working together, unlike commercial tree planting operations with a crew boss and hourly wage workers. They went on to explain the advantages of a cooperative tree planting for making money as well as for our souls. But these boys didn't just want to enjoy their crew, being true new age entrepreneurs, they did not want to give the assembled crowd any work. They offered to get contracts for us, all of us, if we could organize ourselves into cohesive cooperative crews like their crew ... They then went on to explain how to organize a crew, the necessity of some money, a crew crummy (the rig in which you ride to work), a treasurer, a crew ideology or by-laws, etc. A lot of information was passed on how they intended for us to work together.<ref name="Whole Earth Catalog">{{cite book|title=The Next Whole Earth Catalog|editor=Stuart Brand|publisher=Point|year= 1980 |location=Sausalito, CA|isbn=0-394-73951-5}}</ref>}}  The '''Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative''' (formally, ''Hoedads Cooperative Inc.'') was a worker-owned [[Shuka itace|tree planting]] and [[Gandun -Daji|forestry]] labor cooperative based in [[Eugene, Oregon]], United States. It was active throughout the American West from 1971 to 1994. For several years they were country's largest worker-owned cooperative.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=September 2009}} They were noted for their success in applying the cooperative model successfully to treeplanting. They were also known for their experimentation with and early embrace of concepts such as environmentalism, [[feminism]] and alternative economics.<ref name="West by Northwest"> {{Cite web |last=Roscoe Caron |year=2001 |title=Hoedads Celebrate Reforestation History |url=http://www.westbynorthwest.org/summerlate01/roshoedad.shtml |access-date=March 24, 2018 |website=www.westbynorthwest.org |publisher=West by Northwest Online Magazine}}</ref> [[Fatanya|hoedad]] sun dauki sunansu daga amfani da "hoedad" (ko "hoedag"), <ref>{{Cite web |last=Steve Nix |date=28 May 2008 |title=Hoedads: The Tool, The Cooperative |url=http://forestry.about.com/b/2008/05/28/hoedads-the-tool-the-cooperative.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513174308/http://forestry.about.com/b/2008/05/28/hoedads-the-tool-the-cooperative.htm |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=5 July 2013 |publisher=About.com}}</ref> wani kayan aiki na hannu mai kama da hoe da aka yi amfani da shi don dasa bishiyoyi masu tushe a kan gangara masu tsawo (Hartzell 1987: 29, 45-46). == Asalin == Jerry Rust (daga baya Kwamishinan Lane County) da John Sundquist ne suka fara Hoedads. Rust ya dawo daga wani Peace Corps a Indiya a ƙarshen shekarun 1960 kuma ya sami aikin dasa bishiyoyi.<ref name="Eugene Weekly" /> Dukansu Rust da Sundquist suna da son dasa bishiyoyi amma sun fahimci cewa tattalin arzikin masana'antar ya fi son wadanda suka shirya ma'aikatan aiki don neman aiki tare da gwamnati ko masu gandun daji, maimakon kawai aiki. Sun shirya aikin su na farko a cikin 1971, kuma sun sami nasarar yin aiki a kan ayyukan sake dasa bishiyoyi, farawa da karamin kwangila a Gundumar Tiller ta Gundumar Umpqua (Hartzell 1987). Nasarar da ma'aikatan Hoedads suka samu na farko ta kasance a ƙarshen lokacin rani na 1973, ƙungiyar ta kasance a shirye don fadada. An kira taron kusa da Eugene, Oregon wanda ya ja hankalin kusan ma'aikata 200 masu sha'awar. Gary Ruvkun, yana rubutawa a cikin Coevolution Quarterly 1976 da kuma a cikin Next Whole Earth Catalog 1980, ya bayyana yadda coop ya fadada: == Tattalin Arziki == Nasarar farko ta Hoedads ta nuna halin da ake ciki na musamman a cikin al'ummar Amurka da masana'antar gandun daji. Tsararru na yankan da aka yi a Yammacin Amurka sun bar babbar bukatar da ba a cika ba don sake dasa. Ofishin kula da gandun daji na Amurka, da manyan masu mallakar ƙasa, sun nemi a sake dasa bishiyoyi a kan kwangila. Ta haka ne ake samun aiki cikin sauki. Babban shingen shiga shine shirya ma'aikata, kuma a lokuta da yawa, don samun ƙasa ko kadarorin da za a iya yin alkawari a matsayin jingina yayin da ake siyarwa akan kwangila. Shuka itace kanta aiki ne mai wahala, duk da haka ba abu ne mai wahala a koya ba kuma ta haka ne za a iya horar da ma'aikatan da aka motsa su da sauri kuma su yi aiki. hippie da komawa ga motsi na ƙasa na zamanin sun rinjayi Hoedads sosai. Akwai adadi mai yawa na matasa masu iyawa da ke sha'awar yin aiki a ƙasar a cikin hadin gwiwa. Shuka itace kuma yana ba da kansa don aiki a hanyar daidaito; aikin ba mai rikitarwa ba ne kuma duk masu shuka a kan ma'aikata na iya yin aiki iri ɗaya. Yawancin Hoedads suna da ilimin ilimi fiye da abin da ya saba a masana'antar katako. Misali, co-kafa Jerry Rust ya ambaci mamakinsa bayan ya fahimci cewa kowa a cikin ma'aikatansa yana da digiri na kwaleji, <ref name="Register Guard">{{Cite web |last=Jeff Wright |date=July 30, 2001 |title=Back to the Woods, 30 years later |url=http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/sixties-l/3395.html |access-date=October 3, 2009 |publisher=[[The Register-Guard]] (Eugene) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822160501/http://lists.village.virginia.edu/lists_archive/sixties-l/3395.html |archive-date=August 22, 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma ba sabon abu ba ne ga ma'aikatan su sami mambobi tare da digiri na digiri. Don haka yawancin ma'aikatan suna da burin da ya wuce aiki kawai kuma sun shiga cikin gina tsarin hadin gwiwa na Hoedads. Koyaya, wannan kuma ya haifar da babban juyawa, yayin da wasu mambobi suka gaji da maimaitawa da kuma sake fashewa na aikin dasa bishiyoyi kuma suka ci gaba da wasu ayyukan bayan shekara ɗaya ko biyu. == Tsarin hadin gwiwa == rungumar Hoedads na dimokuradiyya na ma'aikata kai tsaye ya haifar da wasu muhawara da gwaje-gwaje masu tsawo a tsarin biyan kuɗi. Ɗaya daga cikin muhawara ta farko ita ce yadda ya kamata a biya membobin - ta itace, kamar yadda ya zama ruwan dare a [[Gandun -Daji|Masana'antar gandun daji]], ko kuma ta awa. Kowane ma'aikacin aiki yana aiki da kansa kuma yana iya saita manufofin kansa. Wasu ma'aikatan da itacen ya biya, wasu da sa'a, wasu kuma da wasu da wasu haɗuwa da su. Sauran ma'aikatan sun zaɓi "albashi daidai don daidaitaccen ƙoƙari," suna biyan kowane mai shuka daidai da rabo na kudaden shiga da ma'aikatan suka samu a kowane rana. == Muhalli da mata == An ba da kyautar Hoedads a matsayin rukuni na farko da ya kalubalanci ra'ayin aikin gandun daji a matsayin yanki na maza kuma yawancin ma'aikatan aikin Hoedads sun haɗa da mata. Wasu ma'aikatan ma'aikata duk mata ne. == Ƙarshen hadin gwiwa == Kungiyar Hoedads Reforestation Cooperative ta ƙare a 1994 ko 1995. A cikin shekarun 1990s, karuwar sanin muhalli ya haifar da rage yankewa. Ƙananan kwangila don sake dasa gandun daji suna samuwa. Bugu da ƙari, hadin gwiwar ta fuskanci karar da yawa daga ƙungiyar da ake kira Associated Reforestation Contractors (ARC), wanda aka kirkira musamman don kalubalanci tsarin kasuwancin ma'aikaci.<ref name="HCN">{{Cite web |last=Herring |first=Hal |date=October 30, 2017 |title=The Changing Politics of Woods Work—Cash-strapped agencies use private contractors to the detriment of local communities |url=https://www.hcn.org/issues/49.18/timber-how-the-outsourcing-of-forestry-jobs-seeps-into-our-public-lands-debates |access-date=19 September 2022 |website=High Country News |publisher=High Country News |format=Print magazine archived online}}</ref> Tsarin hadin gwiwar Hoedad ya zama mai ban sha'awa ga kamfanonin katako da kasuwancin da suka danganci, wanda ya zaɓi maimakon ɗaukar ma'aikatan ƙaura, da yawa daga Latin Amurka. Ma'aikatan da ba su da takardar shaidar da baƙi na wucin gadi a kan biza na H-2B suna shirye su yi aiki don ƙananan albashi a kan ma'aikatan dasa bishiyoyi na kasuwanci.<ref name="HCN" /> == Manazarta == le56uc0f081173wm1ntpuwtqhy9lf46 Hogrekan 0 167136 962117 920872 2026-10-03T03:07:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962117 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hogrekan''' a gundumar Chikkamagaluru na [[Karnataka]] wuri ne na gadon halittu. An ayyana shi a matsayin wurin tarihi na bambancin halittu a ranar 5 ga Yuni, [[Ranar Muhalli ta Duniya]] ta Ma'aikatar Dazuzzukan Jihar Karnataka da Hukumar Rarrabuwar Halittu. Hogrekan yana cikin Taluka Kaduru, inda ya mamaye fadin fadin eka 2508.06. Ya ƙunshi ciyayi masu kyau kuma yana da alaƙa da Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Bhadra, Bababudangiri da Kemmangundi, kuma wani ɓangare ne na wurin ajiyar damisar Yemedoddi . Tsire-tsiren sun haɗa da dazuzzukan busassun bishiyoyi waɗanda ke da wasu nau'ikan furanni daban-daban da tsire-tsire masu magani . Yana aiki a matsayin "Tsarin Daji" don Wurin Tsabtace Namun Daji na Kudremukha da Bhadra. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-03-28 |title=Biodiversity Heritage Sites in India. How many Biodiversity Heritage Sites in India |url=http://natureconservation.in/biodiversity-heritage-sites-in-india-how-many-biodiversity-heritage-sites-in-india/ |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Natureconservation.in |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220202150826/http://natureconservation.in/biodiversity-heritage-sites-in-india-how-many-biodiversity-heritage-sites-in-india/ |archive-date=2022-02-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Biodiversity Authority - Biodiversity Heritage Site |url=http://nbaindia.org/content/106/29/1/bhs.html |access-date=2022-02-02 |website=Nbaindia.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Brief details of Hogrekan Biodiversity Heritage Site, Karnataka. |url=https://karunadu.karnataka.gov.in/kbb/english/hogrekhan/Hogarekan.pdf |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Karunadu.karnataka.gov.in |format=PDF}}</ref> == Shola == Hogrekan kuma sananne ne da ciyayin Shola ; wannan ciyayin yana da tsire-tsire masu magani na musamman da yawa. Dajin Shola wani dajin tsaunuka ne mai cike da tsaunuka, inda ciyawa ke warwatse a ciki. Nau'o'in furanni da dama a wannan yanki suna da kaddarorin magani kuma suna da yawa. Ana cewa waɗannan filayen ciyayi (Shola) sun kai dubban shekaru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Biodiversity Heritage Sites In India And Why We Need To Know About Them |url=https://www.outlooktraveller.com/experiences/nature/biodiversity-heritage-sites-in-india-and-why-we-need-to-know-about-them |website=Outlookindia.com}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-09-04 |title=Forest Ecology and Environment Secretariat Notification |url=https://aranya.gov.in/new/downloads/3-Hogrekan%20Chikmagalur.pdf |access-date=2022-02-16 |website=Aranya.gov.in |format=PDF}}</ref> == Manazarta == kphhq47v5z9px4bkyjfjvfaezphdp14 Gidauniyar Awaaz 0 167165 961924 920947 2026-10-02T16:40:28Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961924 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gidauniyar Awaaz''' (ma'ana "ƙungiyar yaƙi da sauti" - "Awaaz" ma'ana "sauti" a cikin [[Urdu]] ) ƙungiya ce ta agaji kuma ƙungiya mai zaman kanta a [[Mumbai]], Indiya, wacce ke haɓaka wayar da kan jama'a, tana gudanar da fafutuka, kuma tana da hannu a cikin ayyukan ilimi don kare muhalli da hana [[Gurbatar yanayi|gurɓatar muhalli]] . Ya yi tasiri ga muhimman shawarwari da gwamnati ta yanke kuma ya yi tasiri ga tsara manufofi a muhimman batutuwan muhalli a Indiya. Wadanda suka ci gajiyar Gidauniyar su ne 'yan ƙasar Indiya baki ɗaya. An kafa Gidauniyar Awaaz a ranar 21 ga Fabrairu, 2006 ta hannun Sumaira Abdulali, wata shahararriyar mai rajin kare muhalli, wacce ta fallasa badakala da dama na munanan ayyuka a Indiya a cikin hatsarin kai. Gidauniyar ta shigar da ƙararraki da dama na muradun jama'a, ciki har da buƙatar aiwatar da tsauraran dokokin gurɓatar hayaniya, inganta aikin Hukumar Bishiyoyi ta Mumbai, rage gurɓatar hayaniya, hana sayar da taba ga ƙananan yara, <ref name="Banning tobacco sale near schools"> {{Cite web |date=10 July 2009 |title=Banning tobacco sale near schools |url=http://www.cigarettesreviews.com/banning-tobacco-sale-near-schools |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708154249/http://www.cigarettesreviews.com/banning-tobacco-sale-near-schools |archive-date=8 July 2011 |access-date=20 October 2010 |publisher=cigarettesreviews.com}}</ref> ƙoƙarin da ake yi na yaƙi da mafiya yawan haƙar yashi da siyasa ke ɗaukar nauyinsu <ref name="How sand mining mafia is plundering beaches, creeks">{{Cite web |title=How sand mining mafia is plundering beaches, creeks |url=http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/4551099 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322115024/http://www.istockanalyst.com/article/viewiStockNews/articleid/4551099 |archive-date=22 March 2012 |access-date=16 October 2010 |publisher=Khaleej Times, Dubai, United Arab Emirates}}</ref> <ref name="Sand dredging beingdone at Bankot creek on the Konkan coast.">{{Cite web |title=Revenge attacks |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20100910271802500.htm&date=fl2718/&prd=fline& |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100829142726/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/thscrip/print.pl?file=20100910271802500.htm&date=fl2718/&prd=fline& |archive-date=29 August 2010 |access-date=20 October 2010 |publisher=hinduonnet.com}}</ref> da kuma amincewa da hanyar namun daji ta Sawantwadi-Dodamarg mai bambancin halittu a matsayin [[Yankin da ke da alaƙa da muhalli|yanki mai matuƙar muhimmanci ga muhalli]]. == Gurɓatar hayaniya == [[Fayil:Decibel_reading_during_Ganpati_2013.jpg|thumb|250x250px| Bukukuwan Indiya, waɗanda aka ƙara tallata su kuma aka mayar da su siyasa, suna ƙara yin ƙarfi kuma suna nuna kololuwar da ta fi kowanne kyau duk da ƙaruwar wayar da kan jama'a da kuma ingantaccen aiwatar da ƙa'idojin lokaci bayan Umarnin Kotu.]] [[Fayil:Firecrackers_on_road_with_traffic.JPG|thumb|250x250px| Amfani da bindigogin wuta yana ƙaruwa kuma yanzu ana amfani da su a duk shekara don kowane irin biki, ciki har da aure, wasannin kurket, bukukuwan Hindu, Musulmi da Kirista da sauran bukukuwa daban-daban. Ana kunna wa waɗannan abubuwan wasan wuta wuta a kan titunan jama'a tare da zirga-zirgar ababen hawa suna wucewa ta kansu na ɗan lokaci.]] [[Fayil:Faiz_Abdulali_recording_noise_from_Traffic_in_Mumbai.JPG|thumb| Mumbai ita ce birni mafi yawan hayaniya a duniya kuma zirga-zirgar ababen hawa ta zama tushen hayaniya a koyaushe. Rickhaw na mota a Mumbai yana da nauyin 82.6 dB yayin wannan rikodin ta Gidauniyar Awaaz]] Gurɓatar hayaniya babbar barazana ce ga lafiya kuma tana iya haifar da tashin hankali da tashin hankali, [[hawan jini]], matsanancin damuwa, [[tinnitus]], rashin ji, matsalar barci, cututtukan zuciya, cututtukan kwakwalwa da sauran manyan illa ga lafiya. Kamar shan taba, gurɓatar hayaniya tana shafar masu karɓa masu aiki da waɗanda ba sa aiki lokacin da matakan hayaniya suka ketare wasu iyakoki masu aminci. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Is all this noise pollution in Mumbai hazardous for you? |url=http://www.mid-day.com/lifestyle/2012/oct/021012-Mumbai-Health-noise-pollution-eardrums-hazardous-affect-Ganpati-Visarjan.htm |website=www.mid-day.com}}</ref> <ref name="World Health organisation – Noise"> {{Cite web |title=World Health organization- Noise |url=http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environmental-health/noise |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014073407/http://www.euro.who.int/en/what-we-do/health-topics/environmental-health/noise |archive-date=14 October 2010 |access-date=16 October 2010}} </ref> Halayyar da ba ta dace da zamantakewa ba kamar amfani da kayan wasan wuta da [[Amsakuwwa|lasifika]] a bainar jama'a matsala ce mai matuƙar muhimmanci a zamantakewa a Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Manuel |first=Roshni |date=31 March 2009 |title=Combating Noise Pollution in India |url=https://www.legalserviceindia.com/article/l333-Combating-noise-pollution.html |access-date=2025-07-27 |website=www.legalserviceindia.com}}</ref> Daga cikin manyan nau'ikan gurɓataccen yanayi a Indiya akwai gurɓataccen hayaniya. Babu wani kamanceceniya a duniya da gurɓatar hayaniya da ake samu a lokacin bukukuwa da bukukuwan addini a Indiya. Ga 'yan Indiya, yin hayaniya alama ce ta farin ciki. Ga 'yan siyasa ikon yin babban hayaniya, ta hanyar amfani da manyan lasifika a kowane lokaci, alama ce ta ƙarfi. Bukukuwa a Indiya sun zama fagen fama na siyasa yayin da 'yan siyasa ke ƙoƙarin samun maki brownie akan junansu ta hanyar ƙoƙarin ɗaukar nauyin bikin mafi hayaniya. Amfani da lasifika, wanda kotuna suka yarda da shi a wasu lokutan, sau da yawa ya wuce iyakar decibel da aka yarda da ita, wanda ke haifar da damuwa da damuwa ga unguwannin. Gidauniyar Awaaz ta yi kira da a yi taka-tsantsan game da gurɓatar hayaniya daga majiyoyi daban-daban kuma ta gudanar da kamfen don wayar da kan jama'a game da illolin da hayaniya ke haifarwa ga lafiya ta hanyar amfani da dabaru da kimiyya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The anti- noise pollution campaign in India |url=http://www.awaaz.org/Awaaz_Foundation/Noise_advocacy/Entries/2013/8/5_The_Anti_-_Noise_pollution_campaign_in_India_by_Faiz_Abdulali.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131202100232/http://www.awaaz.org/Awaaz_Foundation/Noise_advocacy/Entries/2013/8/5_The_Anti_-_Noise_pollution_campaign_in_India_by_Faiz_Abdulali.html |archive-date=2 December 2013 |access-date=2013-09-29}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sumaira Abdulali &#124; Outlook India Magazine |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?287762 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130915004308/http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?287762 |archive-date=15 September 2013}}</ref> <ref name="A Voice Against Deafening Noise- Mitali Patel reports on the efforts of Awaaz, which is campaigning against noise pollution"> {{Cite journal |last=Patel |first=Mitali |date=3 January 2008 |title=Mitali Patel reports on the efforts of Awaaz, which is campaigning against noise pollution |url=http://www.moneylife.in/article/78/146.html |journal=Moneylife Personal Finance Magazine |access-date=17 October 2010}}</ref> Yaƙin neman zaɓe daban-daban na Gidauniyar ya sami goyon bayan jama'a sosai kuma ya rikide zuwa wani gangami na jama'a a Mumbai sannan sauran sassan ƙasar suka biyo baya. Ƙara wayar da kan jama'a da kuma lura da su ya haifar da sauye-sauyen manufofi, ingantattun tsare-tsare da kuma ingantaccen aiwatar da Dokokin Hayaniya. [[Fayil:Awaaz_Foundation_measuring_noise_level_Ganpati_2013.JPG|left|thumb|250x250px| Gidauniyar Awaaz ta auna matakan hayaniya daga wurare daban-daban, ciki har da bukukuwa, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, gine-gine da wuraren ibada. Wannan wani ma'auni ne da aka yi a lokacin bikin Ganpati na 2013, wanda shi ne mafi ƙarfi a Mumbai.]] Gidauniyar Awaaz ta tattara bayanai kan gurɓatar hayaniya a karon farko a Indiya, ta tattara ta kuma gabatar da ita ga gwamnatocin Jiha da na Tarayya, Kotuna, 'yan sanda da 'yan ƙasa. An samar da bayanai game da matakan hayaniya a manyan tarurruka tun daga shekarar 2003, daga tushe kamar su wasan wuta, zirga-zirgar ababen hawa, lasifika, kayan aikin masana'antu da gine-gine. A shekarar 2010, Gidauniyar Awaaz ta gwada ƙarar jiragen sama masu saukar ungulu bayan da wasu manyan masana'antu suka nemi izinin gina jiragen sama masu zaman kansu a saman gine-ginen gidajensu a yankunan da ke da cunkoson jama'a a Mumbai. Bayan an gabatar da bayanan a kotu, Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta haramta izinin amfani da jiragen helikwafta masu zaman kansu a duk yankunan biranen Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hindustan Times – Archive News |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/No-private-helipads-Jairam/Article1-568355.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313021205/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/No-private-helipads-Jairam/Article1-568355.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> Haka kuma bisa ga bayanan da aka gabatar wa Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka a lokacin da ake ci gaba da shari'ar kare hakkin jama'a a Babbar Kotun Bombay, [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi|Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Dazuzzuka]] ta Gwamnatin Indiya ta amince da duk shawarwarin da Gidauniyar Awaaz ta bayar a ranar 11 ga Janairu 2010 don tsaurara dokokin hayaniya a kasar kuma ta fitar da sabuwar sanarwa don haramta amfani da lasifika, kayan kida da kuma busa a yankunan da aka ware a matsayin wuraren shiru, gami da yankunan da ke kewaye da wuraren addini a duk fadin Indiya. <ref name="Ministry of Environment and Forests Notification">{{Cite web |date=9 March 2009 |title=Ministry of Environment and Forests Notification |url=http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/158E.pdf |access-date=21 October 2010 |publisher=Government of India |language=Hindi, English |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718072513/http://www.indiaenvironmentportal.org.in/files/158E.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta hana gwamnatin jihar Maharashtra izinin barin jiragen helikwafta masu zaman kansu su yi amfani da su a saman gine-ginen gidaje, kuma sun haɗa da wasu hanyoyin hayaniya kamar zirga-zirgar ababen hawa da hayaniyar gini a cikin iyakokin Dokokin a karon farko. Gidauniyar Awaaz ta shigar da ƙarar neman haƙƙin jama'a a ranar 12 ga Nuwamba 2007 a Babbar Kotun Mumbai <ref name="PIL No 85 of 2007 and affidavits in Mumbai High Court"> {{Cite web |title=PIL No 85 of 2007 and affidavits In Mumbai High Court |url=http://www.awaazfoundation.org/Awaaz_Foundation/Noise_PIL_and_affidavits/Entries/2007/11/12_PIL_No_85_of_2007.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725025127/http://www.awaazfoundation.org/Awaaz_Foundation/Noise_PIL_and_affidavits/Entries/2007/11/12_PIL_No_85_of_2007.html |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=24 October 2010 |publisher=Awaaz Foundation}}</ref> tana neman aiwatar da Dokokin Gurɓatar Hayaniya, 2000, waɗanda ke la'akari da ƙirƙirar yankunan shiru a kusa da wuraren ilimi, kotuna, asibitoci da wuraren addini. A shekara ta 2009 Babban Kotun Bombay ta yarda da bukatar aiwatar da dokoki masu tsauri na hayaniya kuma ta umarci Gwamnatin Jihar da ta aiwatar da ka'idojin gurɓata hayaniya da 'Kwamitin gurɓata ta Tsakiya' ta sanar, (ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi da na doka) na [[Ma'aikatar Muhalli, dazuzzuka da Canjin Yanayi|Ma'aikatar Muhalli da dazuzzuka]] ta Gwamnatin Indiya. Sakamakon umarnin Babban Kotun Bombay, Gwamnatin Jihar Maharashtra da farko ta sanar kuma ta nemi hukumomin birni a cikin jihar da su rarraba yanki na mita 100 (330 a kusa da cibiyoyin ilimi, asibitoci da kotuna a matsayin wuraren shiru amma sun bar yankunan da ke kewaye da wuraren addini a matsayin wuraren yin shiru. Gidauniyar Awaaz ta sake rokon Kotun da ta sanar da waɗannan wuraren a matsayin wuraren shiru. A ranar 6 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2009, babban sakataren Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida, Gwamnatin Maharashtra a cikin wata shaida ta gaya wa kotun cewa an gano kusan wurare 1,313 na addini a birnin Mumbai kuma BMC za ta sanya allon yankin shiru a cikin watanni uku. [[Fayil:Sumaira_Abdulali_recording_noise_under_a_Silence_Zone_board_at_a_religious_place.JPG|left|thumb|282x282px| Sumaira Abdulali tana rikodin hayaniya a ƙarƙashin allon Shiru a wani wurin addini]] A ƙarshe a ranar 20 ga Agusta 2009 babbar sakatare (ƙarin ƙara da tsaro) Gwamnatin Maharashtra Mr. Anna Dani ta shigar da takardar rantsuwa inda ta bayyana cewa an bayar da ƙarin sanarwa don haɗawa da dukkan wuraren addini a yankin shiru, kuma an rarraba shi ga dukkan hukumomin farar hula a jihar. <ref name="Affidavit of State Government of Maharashtra"> {{Cite web |title=Affidavit of State Government of Maharashtra – THURSDAY 20 AUGUST 2009 |url=http://www.awaazfoundation.org/Awaaz_Foundation/Noise_PIL_and_affidavits/Entries/2009/8/20_Affidavit_of_State_Government.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725024802/http://www.awaazfoundation.org/Awaaz_Foundation/Noise_PIL_and_affidavits/Entries/2009/8/20_Affidavit_of_State_Government.html |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=24 October 2010 |publisher=Awaaz Foundation}}</ref> Tallafin Gidauniyar Awaaz game da gurɓatar hayaniya a Indiya ya ƙarfafa Gwamnatin Indiya ta tsara dokoki da aiwatar da su. Gidauniyar Awaaz ta yi nasarar roƙon gwamnatocin ƙananan hukumomi da na jihohi a Indiya da su sanya dokoki masu tsauri kan gurɓatar hayaniya. A ƙarƙashin Dokar Kare Muhalli, inda aka tsara sabbin Dokokin Gurɓatar Hayaniya, za a iya hukunta keta dokokin daurin kurkuku har zuwa shekaru biyar da kuma tarar ₹ 100,000. Ana amfani da bindigogin wuta, waɗanda aka fi amfani da su a lokacin bikin Diwali, yanzu ana amfani da su don yin bikin kusan kowace irin biki, ciki har da aure, wasannin kurket, da bukukuwa na kowace al'umma. Gidauniyar Awaaz ta gwada matakin hayaniyar masu harbin bindiga tare da Hukumar Kula da Gurɓatar Gurɓata Maharashtra a shekarun 2008, 2010, 2012 da 2013. Yawan hayaniyar kusan dukkan masu fasawa ya wuce 100 dB kuma wasu nau'ikan sun wuce 125 dB akai-akai. Marufin na'urorin kashe gobara bai bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da matakin hayaniya ko sinadarin sinadarai ko ma shekarar da aka ƙera su ba; Hukumar Tsaron Man Fetur da Abubuwan Fashewa (PESO) wacce ita ce Hukumar da ke duba abubuwan kashe gobara a matakin ƙera su da kuma Sashen Makamai da Abubuwan Fashewa na 'Yan sandan Mumbai waɗanda ke ba da lasisin masu sayar da kayan kashe gobara lasisin ba su ɗauki mataki ba tsawon shekaru da yawa bayan koke-koken keta doka. A shekarar 2012, Gidauniyar Awaaz, ƙarƙashin haƙƙin bayanai, ta sami Umarni don bayyana cikakkun bayanai game da duk wani wasan wuta da PESO ta gwada a gidan yanar gizon su. Diwali na 2012 shine Diwali mafi shiru a cikin 'yan shekarun nan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=City braces itself for 'noisy' Diwali &#124; The Asian Age |url=http://archive.asianage.com/mumbai/city-braces-itself-noisy-diwali-540 |access-date=19 August 2023 |website=The Asian Age |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017143920/http://archive.asianage.com/mumbai/city-braces-itself-noisy-diwali-540 |archive-date=17 October 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=News18.com: CNN-News18 Breaking News India, Latest News Headlines, Live News Updates |url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbai-set-to-celebrate-a-greener-diwali-as-ngo-spreads-awareness-against-pollution/305349-3-237.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121116052548/http://ibnlive.in.com/news/mumbai-set-to-celebrate-a-greener-diwali-as-ngo-spreads-awareness-against-pollution/305349-3-237.html |archive-date=2012-11-16 |website=News18}}</ref> A shekarar 2013, 'Yan sandan Mumbai sun gudanar da wani gangamin wayar da kan jama'a da kuma tilasta aiwatar da dokar hana fasa busassun biredi da karfe 10 na dare a lokacin bikin Diwali. Ƙungiyar Masu Rarraba Wuta ta Mumbai da Thane ita ma ta ba da haɗin kai a wannan ƙoƙarin. Diwali na 2013 shine mafi shiru a cikin shekaru goma. Gidauniyar Awaaz ta kuma shirya ƙungiyoyin sa kai, ta ba su tallafi da ilimi ga duk waɗanda ke fuskantar matsalolin da suka shafi hayaniya, tana sa ido kan matakin hayaniyar yanayi ta amfani da na'urar auna matakin sauti . kuma sun yi mu'amala da hukumomi don tabbatar da goyon bayansu da haɗin gwiwarsu. Gidauniyar ta ɗauki nauyin hayaniya mai yawa daga lasifika, gine-gine , zirga-zirgar ababen hawa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Traffic Noise in Mumbai |url=http://www.awaaz.org/Awaaz_Foundation/Noise_from_Traffic/Entries/2013/1/16_Report_on_Traffic_Noise_-_Faiz_Abdulali.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131206020701/http://www.awaaz.org/Awaaz_Foundation/Noise_from_Traffic/Entries/2013/1/16_Report_on_Traffic_Noise_-_Faiz_Abdulali.html |archive-date=6 December 2013 |publisher=Awaaz Foundation}}</ref> da kuma wasan wuta daban-daban a lokuta daban-daban tare da hukumomi daban-daban; an tallafa wa shirye-shiryen ilimi da wallafe-wallafe ga makarantu, kwalejoji, ƙungiyoyin 'yan ƙasa da hukumomin da aka ba wa ikon aiwatar da dokokin. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7dwxcblpothg9ltbvp1h08n7njot5ss Hukuncin kisa a Turai 0 167413 962131 954998 2026-10-03T05:06:02Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962131 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} An soke [[Hukuncin Kisa|Hukuncin kisa]] gaba daya a duk kasashen [[Turai]] sai dai [[Hukuncin kisa a Belarus|Belarus]] da Rasha, wanda na karshe yana da jinkiri kuma bai aiwatar da kisa ba tun watan Agusta 1996.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=russian+federation|title=Death Penalty in Russian Federation|website=Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide|access-date=15 April 2019|archive-date=11 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611095526/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Russian+Federation|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Russia">[http://www.lenta.ru/news/2009/11/19/death/ The Constitutional Court forbids death penalty use in Russia], [[Lenta.Ru]], 11 November 2009</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Death Penalty in Russian Federation |url=https://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=russian+federation |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611095526/http://www.deathpenaltyworldwide.org/country-search-post.cfm?country=Russian+Federation |archive-date=11 June 2019 |access-date=15 April 2019 |website=Cornell Center on the Death Penalty Worldwide}}</ref> Cikakken haramtacciyar hukuncin kisa an tsara shi a cikin Yarjejeniyar Hakki na Kayan Kayan Kungiyar [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) da kuma ka'idoji guda biyu da aka karɓa na [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] na Majalisar Turai, kuma saboda haka ana ɗaukarsa muhimmiyar mahimmanci. Daga dukkan kasashen Turai na zamani, [[Hukuncin kisa a San Marino|San Marino]], Portugal, da [[Hukuncin kisa a cikin Netherlands|Netherlands]] sune na farko da suka soke hukuncin kisa, yayin da Belarus kawai ke aiwatar da hukuncin kisa a wani nau'i ko wani. A cikin 2012, Latvia ta zama memba na karshe na EU da ta soke hukuncin kisa a lokacin yaƙi.<ref name="wco1">{{Cite web |date=20 March 2012 |title=International law: abolition protocols ratified last month |url=http://www.worldcoalition.org/International-law-abolition-protocols-ratified-last-month.html |website=World Coalition Against the Death Penalty |access-date=9 September 2026 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822113517/http://www.worldcoalition.org/International-law-abolition-protocols-ratified-last-month.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kashe-kashen karshe a Turai ya faru ne a Belarus, wanda ya aiwatar da kisa daya a shekarar 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=Condemned prisoner's death date revealed more than a year after the execution |url=https://dp.spring96.org/en/news/110810}}</ref> == Kawar da shi ==   === Kayan aiki na shari'a a Turai === Majalisar Turai tana da manyan kayan aiki guda biyu game da hukuncin kisa: Yarjejeniya 6 da Yarjejeniya 13.<ref name="quigley19">{{cite journal |url=https://kb.osu.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/28977c97-5446-4888-ae06-3a7f05eb02b6/content |title=Why Europe Abolished Capital Punishment |journal=Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law |volume=17 |issue=1 |date=2019 |pages=95–129 }}</ref><ref name=behrmann13>Christian Behrmann & Jon Yorke, [http://digitalcommons.pace.edu/pilronline/39/ The European Union and the Abolition of the Death Penalty], 4 Pace Int’l L. Rev. Online Companion 1 (2013)</ref> <ref name="quigley19"/> [https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=114 Yarjejeniya ta 6], wadda aka buɗe don sanya hannu a 1983, wacce ta haramta hukuncin kisa a lokacin zaman lafiya duk mambobin Majalisar Turai sun tabbatar da ita. [https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list?module=treaty-detail&treatynum=187 Yarjejeniya ta 13], da aka buɗe don sanya hannu a cikin 2002, ta haramta hukuncin kisa a kowane yanayi. Dukkanin kasashe membobin Majalisar Turai sun tabbatar da shi sai dai [[Hukuncin kisa a Azerbaijan|Azerbaijan]], wanda ya sanya hannu amma bai riga ya tabbatar da shi ba. Duk da haka, Azerbaijan ta riga ta soke hukuncin kisa a shekarar 1998. [[Hukuncin kisa a Armenia|Armenia]] ita ce sabuwar ƙasa da ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar 13 a watan Fabrairun 2024, duk da haka ta soke hukuncin kisa tun shekara ta 2003. === Karni na 21 === Kasar da ke cikin Turai da ke ci gaba da aiwatarwa a karni na 21 ita ce Belarus (kisan karshe da aka yi a 2022). <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=Condemned prisoner's death date revealed more than a year after the execution |url=https://dp.spring96.org/en/news/110810}}</ref> Babu wani memba na Majalisar Turai da ya aiwatar da kisa a karni na 21. Kashe-kashen karshe a yankin yanzu na Majalisar Turai ya faru ne a shekarar 1997 a Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Death Penalty - Совет Европы |url=http://hub.coe.int/what-we-do/human-rights/death-penalty |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140205224923/http://hub.coe.int/what-we-do/human-rights/death-penalty |archive-date=5 February 2014 |access-date=11 February 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=NTC – Bancadati |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idcontinente=20&nome=ukraine |website=www.handsoffcain.info}}</ref> === Tarihi === Kaddamarwa ta fara bayyana a tarihin Turai a cikin karni na 19, amma kawai ya kasance ainihin yanayin tun ƙarshen [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] lokacin da haƙƙin ɗan adam ya zama fifiko. Masarautar [[Hukuncin kisa a Italiya|Italiya]] ta soke hukuncin kisa ga fararen hula tare da karɓar Dokar Shari'a ta Zanardelli ta 1889 (a baya ba a yi amfani da ita a Tuscany kadai ba tun 1859, ko ma a baya, a cikin Grand Duchy na Tuscany, na ɗan gajeren lokaci tun daga 1786), amma gwamnatin Fascist ta sake gabatar da hukuncin kisa a 1926, sannan ta faɗaɗa kewayon shari'o'inta tare da Dokar Shari'ar 1930. A cikin United Principalities na Moldavia da Wallachia (Romania) da Portugal an soke hukuncin kisa don laifukan farar hula a 1864 da 1867 bi da bi, amma an sake dawo da shi a cikin karni na 20. A cikin Netherlands, ma, an ayyana shi "mai zalunci da rashin wayewa" kuma an soke shi, kuma don laifukan farar hula kadai, a cikin 1870. A San Marino, bayan da ba a aiwatar da shi ba na tsawon ƙarni, an soke shi gaba ɗaya ga duk laifuka a 1865. An amince da [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] a 1950, amma wasu ƙasashe sun ɗauki shekaru da yawa don tabbatar da shi. [[Hukuncin kisa a Ƙasar Ingila|Ƙasar Ingila]] ta riƙe hukuncin kisa don cin amana har zuwa 1998; duk da haka, an maye gurbin wannan fasaha ta hanyar cikakkiyar haramtacciyar hukuncin kisa a shekara ta 1976. William Joyce shine mutum na karshe da aka kashe saboda cin amana a Burtaniya, a ranar 3 ga Janairun 1946 a gidan yarin Wandsworth . An dakatar da hukuncin kisa a Rasha tun daga 1 ga Janairun 2010. Dangane da shawarar 19 ga Nuwamba 2009 na Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Tarayyar Rasha, ba za a yi hukuncin kisa a Rasha a kowane lokaci ba kafin tabbatar da yarjejeniyar da aka ambata a sama. Kotun Kundin Tsarin Mulki ta kuma bayyana cewa yanke shawara ba tsawaita dakatarwar ba ce amma kawar da hukuncin kisa, tunda ba zai yiwu a yi shi bisa doka ba. 2009 ita ce shekara ta farko da ba a kashe kowa a ko'ina a Turai ba, duk da haka a watan Maris na shekara ta 2010, Belarus ta kashe mutane biyu na karshe a kan layin mutuwarta. Tarayyar Turai ta daɗe tana adawa da hukuncin kisa, tana goyon bayan Yarjejeniyar Turai, kuma [[Yarjejeniyar Hakki na Musamman na Tarayyar Turai|Dokar Haƙƙoƙin Asali]] ta 2000 ta haɗa da haramta hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya a kowane yanayi. Yarjejeniyar Lisbon ta sanya Yarjejeniyar ta zama doka, domin an amince da ita gaba ɗaya kuma ta fara aiki a ranar 1 ga Disamba, 2009. Yarjejeniyar ta kuma tana da tanadin cewa EU za ta shiga Majalisar Turai ta kuma amince da Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙoƙin Bil Adama. Tarayyar Turai ta kasance mai fafutukar kawo ƙarshen hukuncin kisa a duk faɗin duniya kuma tana ta fafutukar [[Shawarwari game da hukuncin kisa a Majalisar Dinkin Duniya|dakatar da hukuncin kisa na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] ; duk da haka wasu ƙasashe membobin Tarayyar Turai kamar [[Poland]] sun yi adawa da irin waɗannan matakan.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=August 2018}} Ƙasar da ta yi hukuncin kisa a Turai yayin da memba na EU ko EEC ita ce [[Faransa]], ta harbi fursuna na ƙarshe a shekarar 1963 kuma ta yanke kan ɗaya da guillotine a shekarar 1977. An soke hukuncin kisa a Faransa a shekarar 1981. Duk sauran jihohi sun kawar da hukuncin kisa kafin su shiga Tarayyar Turai, aƙalla a yankinsu na Turai. An yi rataye mutane biyu daga baya a shekarar 1977 a [[Bermuda]], wani yanki na musamman na Tarayyar Turai a matsayin yankin ƙasashen waje na Burtaniya, (bayan da Burtaniya ta shiga Tarayyar Turai a shekarar 1973). Saboda ranakun da aka soke hukuncin kisa daga baya a ƙasashen da suka shiga daga baya, an sami ƙarin hukuncin kisa kwanan nan a wurare da yanzu suke ɓangare na Tarayyar Turai, misali na baya-bayan nan shine [[Laitfiya|Latvia]] wadda ta harbe wani fursuna a shekarar 1996. Majalisar Turai ta sanya kawar da hukuncin kisa a matsayin abin da ake buƙata don zama memba. A sakamakon haka, ba a kashe wani mutum a yankin kasashe mambobin kungiyar ba tun shekara ta 1997. Majalisar Majalisar Dokokin Majalisar Turai ta ci gaba da saka idanu kan batun hukuncin kisa. Janar Rapporteur na yanzu game da kawar da hukuncin kisa ga Majalisar Dokoki ita ce 'yar majalisar dokokin Jamus Marina Schuster . {| class="wikitable sortable" !Country !Method !Year of last use (peacetime) !Abolished (peacetime) !Year of last use (wartime) !Abolished (wartime) |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Albania}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Albania|Albania]] |Firing squad, hanging |1992 |2000 |? |2007 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Andorra}} [[Capital punishment in Andorra|Andorra]] |Garrotte, firing squad |1943<ref>{{Cite web |last=d'Andorra |first=El Periòdic |date=2013-11-13 |title=18 d'octubre del 1943: una crònica |url=https://elperiodic.ad/cultura/18-doctubre-del-1943-una-crnica/ |access-date=6 September 2026 |website=El Periòdic d'Andorra |language=ca}}</ref> |1993<ref name="andorraabolition">{{Cite web |others=Chapter III. The fundamental rights of the person and public freedoms (article 8) |title=Constitution of the Principality of Andorra |url=https://www.consellgeneral.ad/fitxers/documents/constitucio/const-en |access-date=6 September 2026 |website=Consell General Principat d'Andorra |language=en}}</ref> | |1993<ref name="andorraabolition" /> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Armenia}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Armenia|Armenia]] |Single shot |1991 |2003 |? |2003<ref name="deathpenalty.org">{{Cite web |title=Death Penalty : International Views on the Death Penalty |url=http://www.deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=81 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106083835/http://www.deathpenalty.org/article.php?id=81 |archive-date=6 November 2012 |access-date=6 November 2012}}</ref> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Austria}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Austria|Austria]] |Hanging |1950 |1950 |? |1968? |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Belarus}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Belarus|Belarus]] |Single shot |2022<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 February 2023 |title=Condemned prisoner's death date revealed more than a year after the execution |url=https://dp.spring96.org/en/news/110810}}</ref> |– |? |– |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Belgium}} [[Capital punishment in Belgium|Belgium]] |Guillotine, firing squad |1950 |1996 |1950 |1996 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} [[Capital punishment in Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia and Herzegovina]] |Firing squad |1977<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dušan Prodić |url=http://www.smrtnakazna.rs/sr-latn-rs/Osudjenik.aspx?id=6351 |access-date=28 January 2019 |publisher=SPSK |archive-date=28 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128083446/http://www.smrtnakazna.rs/sr-latn-rs/Osudjenik.aspx?id=6351 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |2000 |? |2000? |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Bulgaria}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Bulgaria|Bulgaria]] |Firing squad |1989 |1998 |? |1998? |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Croatia}} [[Capital punishment in Croatia|Croatia]] |Firing squad |1987 |1990 |? |1997? |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Cyprus}} [[Capital punishment in Cyprus|Cyprus]] |Hanging |1962 |2002 |? |2002? |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Czech Republic}} [[Capital punishment in the Czech Republic|Czech Republic]] |Hanging |1989 |1990<ref name="auto">{{Cite web |title=175/1990 Sb. |url=https://www.psp.cz/sqw/sbirka.sqw?cz=175&r=1990 |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=www.psp.cz |language=cs}}</ref> |1948<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jaroš |first=Petr |title=Historie trestu smrti v českých zemích – Lidská práva |url=http://www.lidskaprava.cz/student/trest-smrti/clanky/historie-trestu-smrti-v-ceskych-zemich |access-date=26 April 2017 |website=www.lidskaprava.cz}}</ref> |1990<ref name="auto" /> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Denmark}}<math>**</math> [[Capital punishment in Denmark|Denmark]] |[[Kashe kai|Decapitation]], firing squad |1892 |1930 |1950<ref>{{Cite web |title=46 henrettede danskere i tysk tjeneste |url=http://ditt.almanet.dk/henrettede.html |access-date=2019-12-05 |website=ditt.almanet.dk}}</ref> |1994 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Estonia}} [[Capital punishment in Estonia|Estonia]] |Single shot |1991 |1998 |? |1998? |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Finland}} [[Capital punishment in Finland|Finland]] |Firing squad, beheading, hanging |1825 |1949 |1944 |1972 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|France}} [[Capital punishment in France|France]] |Guillotine, firing squad |1977 |1981 |1961 |1981 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Germany}} [[Capital punishment in Germany|Germany]] |Guillotine, hanging, firing squad |1951 |1949 |? |1949 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Georgia}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Georgia (ƙasa)|Georgia]] |Shooting |1995 |1997 |1993 |1997 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Greece}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Girka|Greece]] |Firing squad |1972 |1975 |? |2004 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Hungary}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Hungary|Hungary]] |Hanging |1988 |1990 |? |1990 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Iceland}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Iceland|Iceland]] |Public beheading |1830 |1928 |– |1928 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Ireland}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Ireland|Ireland]] |Hanging |1954 |1990 |1922 |2002 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Italy}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Italiya|Italy]] |Firing squad |1947 |1948 |1947<ref>{{Cite web |title=La pena di morte |url=http://www.massacritica.eu/la-pena-di-morte/7978/ |website=www.massacritica.eu}}</ref> |1994 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Kosovo}} [[Kosovo]] |Firing squad |1987<ref name="UN">{{Cite web |title=Skazna > News > Current |url=http://smrtnakazna.rs/News/Current/tabid/322/ItemId/1760/language/en-GB/Default.aspx |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-date=2022-12-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221229105503/http://smrtnakazna.rs/News/Current/tabid/322/ItemId/1760/language/en-GB/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> |1999<ref>{{Cite web |title=United Nations – UNMIK |url=https://unmik.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/regulations/02english/E1999regs/RE1999_01.htm |access-date=2020-08-14 |website=unmik.unmissions.org}}</ref> |? |1999<ref name="UN" /> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Latvia}} [[Capital punishment in Latvia|Latvia]] |Shooting |1996<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amnesty International Report 1997 - Latvia |url=https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/amnesty/1997/en/22976 |website=www.refworld.org}}</ref> |1999 |? |2012 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Liechtenstein}} [[Capital punishment in Liechtenstein|Liechtenstein]] |Public beheading |1785 |1989 |? |1989 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Lithuania|Lithuania]] |Shooting |1995 |1996 |? |1998<ref>{{Cite web |title=NTC – Bancadati |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idstato=17000326 |website=www.handsoffcain.info}}</ref> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Luxembourg}} [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] |Hanging, firing squad<ref name="today.rtl.lu" /> |1948<ref name="today.rtl.lu">{{Cite web |title=Dark Luxembourg: "Cruel, inhuman, and degrading": the death penalty in Luxembourg |url=https://today.rtl.lu/culture/exhibitions-and-history/a/1467811.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210216183445/https://today.rtl.lu/culture/exhibitions-and-history/a/1467811.html |archive-date=16 February 2021 |access-date=16 February 2021 |website=today.rtl.lu |language=en}}</ref> |1979<ref name="deathpenalty.org" /> |1949<ref name="today.rtl.lu" /> |1979<ref name="deathpenalty.org" /> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Malta}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Malta|Malta]] |Hanging |1943 |1971 |1942 |2000 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Moldova}} [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]] |? |None since independence<ref name="hood">Roger Hood and Carolyn Hoyle (2008, 4th ed.). ''The Death Penalty: A Worldwide Perspective'' (Oxford: Oxford University Press, {{ISBN|0-19-922847-7}}) app. 1.</ref> |1995<ref>{{Cite web |title=Abolition of the death penalty in Moldova |url=http://www.eu-norway.org/eu/policyareas/foreign_policy/CFSP_statements/Abolition_of_the_death_penalty_in_Moldova/#.Ul8f61NedO4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019064909/http://www.eu-norway.org/eu/policyareas/foreign_policy/CFSP_statements/Abolition_of_the_death_penalty_in_Moldova/ |archive-date=2013-10-19 |access-date=2013-10-17}}</ref> |None since independence<ref name="hood" /> |2005<ref name="ReferenceA">{{Cite web |title=NTC – Bancadati |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idstato=17000399 |website=www.handsoffcain.info}}</ref> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Monaco}} [[Monaco]] |Guillotine |1929 |1962 or 1964<ref name="NYT64" /><ref name="ReferenceB">{{Cite web |title=NTC – Bancadati |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idstato=17000324 |website=www.handsoffcain.info}}</ref> |? |1962 or 1964<ref name="ReferenceB" /><ref name="NYT64" /> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Montenegro}} [[Montenegro]] |Firing squad |1981<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dragiša Ristić |url=http://www.smrtnakazna.rs/sr-latn-rs/Osudjenik.aspx?id=6391 |access-date=28 January 2019 |publisher=SPSK |archive-date=28 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230328231849/http://www.smrtnakazna.rs/sr-latn-rs/Osudjenik.aspx?id=6391 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |2002 |None since independence |2002 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Netherlands}} [[Hukuncin kisa a cikin Netherlands|Netherlands]] |Hanging, firing squad |1860 |1870 |1952<ref>{{In lang|nl}} [http://www.geschiedenis24.nl/nieuws/2010/maart/De-doodstraf-in-Nederland.html De doodstraf in Nederland: Laatste twee executies in 1952] Geschiedenis 24, 11 March 2010.</ref> |1983 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|North Macedonia}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Arewacin Makidoniya|North Macedonia]] |Firing squad |1988<ref name="endeurope" /> |1991<ref name="handsoffcain.info">{{Cite web |title=NTC – Bancadati |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idstato=17000169 |website=www.handsoffcain.info}}</ref> |? |1991<ref name="handsoffcain.info" /> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Norway}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Norway|Norway]] |Beheading, firing squad |1876<ref>{{Cite web |title=DEN SISTE HALSHUGGINGEN |url=http://digitaltfortalt.no/things/den-siste-halshuggingen/H-DF/DF.1147 |website=digitaltfortalt.no |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150201000515/http://digitaltfortalt.no/things/den-siste-halshuggingen/H-DF/DF.1147 |archive-date=2015-02-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |1902 |1948<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 2014 |title=1948: Ragnar Skancke, the last executed in Norway |url=http://www.executedtoday.com/2014/08/28/1948-ragnar-skancke-the-last-executed-in-norway/}}</ref> |1979 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Poland}} [[Capital punishment in Poland|Poland]] |Hanging |1988 |1997<ref name="handsoffcain.info1">{{Cite web |title=NTC – Bancadati |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idstato=17000406 |website=www.handsoffcain.info}}</ref> |? |1997<ref name="handsoffcain.info1" /> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Portugal}} [[Capital punishment in Portugal|Portugal]] |Hanging, garrotte, firing squad |1846 |1867 |1917<ref name="endeurope" /> |1976 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Romania}} [[Capital punishment in Romania|Romania]] |Firing squad |1989 |1990 |? |1991 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Russia}} [[Capital punishment in Russia|Russia]] |Single shot |1999 (in Chechnya)<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 January 1999 |title=Amnesty International Report 1999 - Russian Federation |url=https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6aa1213.html |publisher=Refworld}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=The abolition of the death penalty and its alternative sanction in Eastern Europe: Belarus, Russia and Ukraine |url=https://cdn.penalreform.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Eastern-European-research-Death-Penalty-Alternative-Sanctions-ENGLISH-March-2012.pdf |publisher=www.penalreform.org}}</ref><br /><br />1996 (mainland [[Rasha|Russia]]) |–<ref name="Russia" /> |? |–<ref name="Russia" /> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|San Marino}} [[Hukuncin kisa a San Marino|San Marino]] |Hanging |1468<ref name="endeurope" /> or 1677<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 October 2010 |title=1865. San Marino decide la completa abolizione della pena di morte |url=https://www.sanmarinortv.sm/news/cultura-c6/1865-san-marino-decide-completa-abolizione-pena-morte-a108398 |access-date=28 May 2021 |website=sanmarinortv.sm |language=it}}</ref> |1848 |? |1865 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Serbia}} [[Capital punishment in Serbia|Serbia]] |Firing squad<ref>{{Cite web |title=smrtnakazna.rs |url=http://www.smrtnakazna.rs/Portals/0/SrbijaPropisi/Uputstvo%20o%20postupku%20izvr_enja%20smrtne%20kazne%20SR%20Srbija%201978.pdf |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241125114624/http://www.smrtnakazna.rs/Portals/0/SrbijaPropisi/Uputstvo%20o%20postupku%20izvr_enja%20smrtne%20kazne%20SR%20Srbija%201978.pdf |archive-date=2024-11-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |1992 |2002 |? |2002 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Slovakia}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Slovakia|Slovakia]] |Hanging |1989 |1990<ref name="ReferenceC">{{Cite web |title=NTC – Bancadati |url=http://www.handsoffcain.info/bancadati/schedastato.php?idcontinente=20&nome=slovakia |website=www.handsoffcain.info}}</ref> |None since independence |1990<ref name="ReferenceC" /> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Slovenia}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Slovenia|Slovenia]] |Hanging |1959<ref>{{Cite web |title=Franc Rihtarič |url=http://www.smrtnakazna.rs/sr-latn-rs/Osudjenik.aspx?id=6642 |access-date=28 January 2019 |publisher=SPSK |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126062130/http://www.smrtnakazna.rs/sr-latn-rs/Osudjenik.aspx?id=6642 |url-status=dead }}</ref> |1989 |? |1991 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Spain}} [[Capital punishment in Spain|Spain]] |Garrotte, firing squad |1975 |1978 |1939 |1995 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Sweden}} [[Capital punishment in Sweden|Sweden]] |Guillotine<math>*</math>, beheading, hanging |1910 |1921 |? |1973 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Switzerland}} [[Capital punishment in Switzerland|Switzerland]] |Beheading, firing squad |1940 |1942 |1944<ref name="endeurope" /> |1992 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Turkey}} [[Capital punishment in Turkey|Turkey]] |Hanging |1984 |2002 |1921 |2004 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Capital punishment in Ukraine|Ukraine]] |Single shot |1997<ref>{{Cite web |title=Annual Report 1999 – Ukraine |url=https://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/eur50.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991109075223/http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/aireport/ar99/eur50.htm |archive-date=9 November 1999 |publisher=Amnesty International}}</ref> |2000 |? |2000<ref name="bookdpUkr2" /><ref name="bookdpUkr" /> |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|United Kingdom}} [[Hukuncin kisa a Ƙasar Ingila|United Kingdom]] |Hanging |1964 |1965 (suspended) 1969 (abolished) |1953 |1998 |- | align="left" |{{Flagicon|Vatican City}} [[Capital punishment in Vatican City|Vatican City]] |Mazzatello, hanging, beheading, guillotine |1870 (as Papal States) |1969 |? |1969 |- |} Sanya {\displaystyle *} An yi amfani da shi sau ɗaya kawai, a kisan gilla na ƙarshe a Sweden Wannan shi ne wannan {\displaystyle **} An watsar da shi gaba ɗaya a cikin 1930, duk da haka an sake gabatar da shi 1945-1950 don wasu haɗin gwiwa tare da sojojin Nazi na Jamus tsakanin Agusta 1943 da Mayu 1945. Kashe-kashen da 'yan sanda suka yi. ==== Kasashe na baya ==== {| class="wikitable sortable" !Kasar !Hanyar da ake amfani da ita !Shekarar amfani ta ƙarshe (lokacin zaman lafiya) !An soke shi (lokacin zaman lafiya) !Shekarar amfani ta ƙarshe (lokacin yaƙi) !An soke shi (lokacin yaƙi) |- | align="left" |[[Capital punishment in Germany#After World War II|Gabashin Jamus]]{{Flagicon|East Germany}} |Guillotine, harbi guda |1981 |1987 |1945 |1987 |} == Belarus == Kasar Turai guda daya da ke kashe masu laifi ita ce [[Belarus]], saboda wannan ƙasar ba ta cikin Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam ba. Ana aiwatar da kisa a Belarus ta hanyar harbi. == Rasha == An dakatar da hukuncin kisa a Rasha har abada, kodayake har yanzu an tsara shi a cikin dokokinta. Akwai duka dakatarwar da Shugaba [[Boris Yeltsin|Yeltsin]] ya kafa a cikin 1996, da kuma wanda Kotun Tsarin Mulki ta Rasha ta kafa a cikin 1999 kuma wanda aka sake tabbatar da shi a cikin 2009. Rasha ba ta kashe kowa a cikin Tarayyar Rasha ba tun watan Agusta ko Satumba 1996 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 August 2021 |title=«Фишер», «Удав», «Ученик Чикатило»: кто был последним казненным в России преступником |url=https://www.gazeta.ru/science/2021/08/02_a_13823648.shtml |publisher=[[Gazeta.Ru]]}}</ref> (sai dai daya a 1999 a Jamhuriyar Chechen, tsohuwar jihar da aka ƙayyade). Koyaya, an dakatar da Rasha daga Majalisar Turai bayan mamayar Ukraine ta 2022, kuma daga baya ta sanar da niyyar janyewa daga kungiyar kafin a kore ta yadda ya kamata, tsohon Shugaban kasa da Firayim Minista Dmitry Medvedev ya amince da maido da hukuncin kisa a Rasha.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Times |first=The Moscow |date=2022-03-10 |title=Russia Quits Europe's Rule of Law Body, Sparking Questions Over Death Penalty |url=https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2022/03/10/russia-quits-europes-rule-of-law-body-sparking-questions-over-death-penalty-a76854 |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Moscow Times |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2022 |title=Dmitry Medvedev vows to reintroduce death penalty |url=https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/security/2022/02/dmitry-medvedev-calls-russia-reintroduce-death-penalty |access-date=2022-03-14 |website=The Independent Barents Observer |language=en}}</ref> == Bosnia da Herzegovina == Hukuncin kisa a Bosnia da Herzegovina an soke shi ta hanyar kundin tsarin mulki tun 1995. Koyaya, a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2019 ne kawai aka share hukuncin kisa gaba ɗaya daga Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Republika Srpska, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi biyu na Bosnia da Herzegovina. Yayinda yake har yanzu, an amince da shi a karkashin Mataki na 11 na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Republika Srpska . <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 October 2019 |title=Ustavni sud BiH ukinuo smrtnu kaznu u RS-u |url=https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/30199585.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191005153631/https://www.slobodnaevropa.org/a/30199585.html |archive-date=5 October 2019 |website=[[Radio Free Europe|Radio Slobodna Evropa]]}}</ref> == Yankunan masu rabuwa da yankuna da aka amince da su == A Turai kuma akwai [[Jerin Ƙasashe marasa cikakken ƴanci|jihohin da ba a san su ba]]. A shekara ta 2006, Majalisar Dokokin Majalisar Turai ta rubuta cewa:<blockquote>Duk da yake Artsakh ta soke hukuncin kisa a ranar 1 ga watan Agustan shekara ta 2003, lokacin da ta yanke shawarar aiwatar da sabon Dokar Laifuka ta Jamhuriyar Armenia a yankinta, sauran yankuna, [[Abkhazia]], Transnistria da Ossetia ta Kudu, ba su yi haka ba, suna riƙe da hukuncin kisa a cikin dokokinsu a lokacin zaman lafiya da kuma lokacin yaƙi. Kamar yadda Ossetia ta Kudu ta yanke shawarar a 1992 don yin dokokin Rasha da suka dace a yankinta, ta kiyaye dakatarwar kisa tun 1996. Hukuncin kisa yana cikin Dokar Laifin Transnistrian wanda ya fara aiki a shekara ta 2002. A watan Yulin 1999, Shugaba Smirnov ya ba da umarnin dakatar da kisa, kuma an ce akwai fursuna daya kawai a kan layin mutuwa a Transnistria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Position of the Parliamentary Assembly as regards the Council of Europe member and observer states which have not abolished the death penalty |url=http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID%3D11376%26Language%3Den |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131019050451/http://assembly.coe.int/ASP/Doc/XrefViewHTML.asp?FileID=11376&Language=en |archive-date=2013-10-19 |access-date=2013-10-17}}</ref></blockquote>[[Abkhazia]] ta tsara dakatarwar ta a cikin shekara ta 2007, tana matsawa zuwa ga cikakken kawarwa. A ranar 12 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2007 majalisar dokokin Abkhazia ta amince da dokar da ake kira "Moratorium on the Death Penalty", wanda ya kafa dakatarwar kisa a lokacin zaman lafiya. Tun daga shekara ta 1993 kasar ta sami dakatarwar kisa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 September 2007 |title=Commonwealth of Independent States: Belarus - the sole executioner |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/eur04/002/2007/en/ |access-date=7 October 2013}}</ref> Kodayake an sami hukuncin kisa 10 a Abkhazia, ba a taɓa aiwatar da waɗannan ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2009 |title=UNPO: The Death Penalty Must Order its Final Meal |url=http://www.unpo.org/article/6148 |website=www.unpo.org |access-date=9 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822050213/http://www.unpo.org/article/6148 |archive-date=22 August 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> [[Arewacin Cyprus|Jamhuriyar Turkiyya ta Arewacin Cyprus]] tana riƙe da hukuncin kisa ne kawai ga laifuka da aka aikata a yanayi na musamman (laifukan yaki). Dubi kuma Hukuncin kisa a Cyprus. Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Donetsk ta gabatar da hukuncin kisa a shekarar 2014 don shari'o'in cin amana, leken asiri, da kisan gillar shugabannin siyasa. An riga an yi zargin kisa ba tare da shari'a ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 August 2014 |title=Donetsk Separatists Introduce Death Penalty for Treason |url=http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/donetsk-separatists-introduce-death-penalty-for-treason/505271.html}}</ref><ref name="euractiv.com">{{Cite web |date=April 2015 |title=Belarus and Ukrainian rebels keep death penalty alive in Europe |url=https://www.euractiv.com/section/central-asia/news/belarus-and-ukrainan-rebels-keep-death-penalty-alive-in-europe/ |access-date=19 March 2021}}</ref> Jamhuriyar Jama'ar Luhansk ta gabatar da hukuncin kisa a ranar 26 ga Satumba 2014 a lokuta na fyade na ɗan luwaɗi.<ref name="euractiv.com" /> == Zabe == Duk da gaskiyar cewa a Turai kusan dukkanin kasashe ba su da hukuncin kisa, kuri'a ta gano wasu kasashe a Turai suna da mafi yawan goyon baya ga shi da dawowarsa. A cikin 2020, binciken Ipsos / Sopra Steria ya nuna cewa kashi 55% na mutanen Faransa suna goyon bayan sake gabatar da hukuncin kisa. Wannan karuwa ce.<ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2020 |title=Massive jump in number of French people in favour of the death penalty - poll |url=https://www.rfi.fr/en/france/20200917-new-poll-shows-jump-in-number-of-french-people-in-favour-of-the-death-penalty}}</ref> A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2021 wani bincike ya gano cewa kashi 54% na 'yan Burtaniya sun ce za su goyi bayan dawo da hukuncin kisa ga wadanda aka yanke musu hukuncin ta'addanci a Ingila. Kimanin kashi ɗaya cikin huɗu (23%) na masu amsa sun ce za su yi adawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 April 2021 |title=Slight Increase in Support for Death Penalty for Convicted Terrorists |url=https://redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com/slight-increase-in-support-for-death-penalty-for-convicted-terrorists/ |access-date=2 March 2022 |website=Redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com}}</ref> Hungary 76% <ref>{{Cite web |date=27 October 2020 |title=Most Hungarians support the reinstatement of the death penalty - Daily News Hungary |url=https://dailynewshungary.com/most-hungarians-support-the-reinstatement-of-the-death-penalty/}}</ref> da Serbia 58% <ref>{{Cite web |last=Welle |first=Deutsche |date=10 October 2019 |title=More than half of Serbians support capital punishment |url=https://n1info.rs/english/news/a533508-more-than-half-of-serbians-support-capital-punishment/ |website=N1 |access-date=9 September 2026 |archive-date=12 November 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251112054021/https://n1info.rs/english/news/a533508-More-than-half-of-Serbians-support-capital-punishment/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> suna da rinjaye don tallafawa hukuncin kisa. == Dubi kuma == * [[Hukuncin kisa ta ƙasa|Amfani da hukuncin kisa ta ƙasa]] * [[Hukuncin Kisa|Abolitionism na hukuncin kisa]] * [[Kotun 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Turai]] * [[Yarjejeniyar Turai kan Haƙƙin Dan Adam|Yarjejeniyar Turai kan 'Yancin Dan Adam]] * [[Haƙƙin ɗan adam a Turai|'Yancin Dan Adam a Turai]] == Manazarta == <references /> [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] be0ve8sf7l5ovis18yk99x3w5qlnciz Hukumar Raya Kasa ta Jirgin Sama 0 167506 962130 954965 2026-10-03T04:41:54Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962130 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukumar Raya Ƙasa ta Layin Dogo''' (RLDA) hukuma ce ta doka, a ƙarƙashin Ma'aikatar Jiragen Ƙasa ta Indiya, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Indian |first=Railways |title=Indian Railways |url=http://www.indianrailways.gov.in/}}</ref> wacce aka kafa ta hanyar Gyaran Dokar Jiragen Ƙasa, 1989. Tana da alhakin ƙirƙirar kadarori ga Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Indiya ta hanyar haɓaka filayen jirgin ƙasa marasa komai don amfanin kasuwanci don samar da kuɗi ta hanyar matakan da ba na haraji ba. Manufar RLDA ita ce ta zama jagora wajen ƙirƙirar ƙima ta hanyar sake gina filaye da sararin samaniya - wuraren zama, kasuwanci, da sufuri. Ana biyan kuɗin RLDA ta hanyar tallafin da kamfanonin jiragen ƙasa na Indiya ke bayarwa. RLDA tana canja jimillar kuɗin da aka samu daga haɓaka filayen jirgin ƙasa zuwa ga Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Indiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=RLDA |url=https://rlda.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294 |website=Rail Land Development Authority |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-date=2024-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241008002449/https://rlda.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Hukumar Tsare-tsare ta Indiya ta ƙididdige kimanin kasafin kuɗi na kimanin Rupees biliyan 20 zuwa 272 don haɓaka ababen more rayuwa a ƙasa a lokacin shirin na 11. Daga cikin wannan kasafin kuɗi, ana sa ran buƙatar layin dogo ta kai biliyan 2800. Ana sa ran kashi 83% na wannan buƙatar za a cika ta hanyar saka hannun jari a ɓangaren gwamnati. Domin samar da sauran jarin da ake buƙata don biyan kasafin kuɗin da aka ambata a sama, Hukumar Kula da Layin Jirgin Ƙasa ta Indiya ta kafa Hukumar Haɓaka Layin Jirgin Ƙasa a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2006. Manoj Garg, jami'in IRSE na rukuni na 1992, shine Mataimakin Shugaban RLDA. Ya shiga RLDA a ranar 23 ga Yuni, 2024, a matsayin mai kula da harkokin kuɗi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Manoj Garg gets Addl charge of VC RLDA |url=https://www.whispersinthecorridors.com/detail/120375-Manoj+Garg+gets+Addl+charge+of+VC+RLDA.html |access-date=2024-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240901075207/https://www.whispersinthecorridors.com/detail/120375-Manoj+Garg+gets+Addl+charge+of+VC+RLDA.html |archive-date=2024-09-01 |url-status=dead}} See also: [https://rlda.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302 RLDA Board Members] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250415232438/https://rlda.indianrailways.gov.in/view_section.jsp?lang=0&id=0,294,302 |date=2025-04-15 }}</ref> A halin yanzu, RLDA tana aiki akan nau'ikan ayyuka guda huɗu: * Ayyukan Kasuwanci * Hadakar Ayyuka Masu Yawa * Sake Gina Mallaka * Ci gaban tasha == Manufa == Layin Jirgin Ƙasa na Indiya yana da kimanin hekta 43,000 na filaye marasa komai. Za a gano ƙasar da ba a buƙatar ta don ayyukan yi nan gaba ta hanyar layin dogo na yankin kuma za a sanar da Hukumar Jiragen Ƙasa cikakkun bayanai. Hukumar Jiragen Ƙasa za ta miƙa irin waɗannan filayen ga RLDA a matakai don ci gaban kasuwanci. '''Wuraren Kasuwanci / Gidajen zama''' An yi hayar Wuraren Kasuwanci guda 21 na tsawon shekaru 45/99 ga wasu Masu Haɓaka Gidaje daban-daban tare da kudaden shiga da aka cimma/ana sa ran sun kai kimanin dala miliyan 1700 don layin dogo. An karɓi tsarin haya na farko ta hanyar tsarin biyan kuɗi na lantarki mai gaskiya. Kimanin ƙarin shafuka 55 waɗanda ke da kimanin darajar Rs. 7500 crores da ake da su don haya PAN India. * Ashok Vihar – Jimillar kudin shiga da kamfanin Railways ya samu shine Rs. 1359 Cr. akan farashin ajiya na Rs. 1280 Crore. Wannan ita ce babbar nasarar da RLDA ta samu a wannan shekarar kuma amfani da filaye na wannan wurin "gida" ne kuma zaɓaɓɓen mai haɓaka M/s Godrej Properties zai haɓaka wannan kadarar don Wayar da Kan Jama'a Mai Kyau da Lafiya, wanda zai biya buƙatun gidaje na matsakaici da na ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Godrej Properties buys 27 acre land in Delhi for Rs 1,359 cr from Railways |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/newsscroll/godrej-properties-buys-27-acre-land-in-delhi-for-rs-1359-cr-from-railways/1736678 |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=www.outlookindia.com/}}{{Dead link|date=August 2026}}</ref> * Sauran manyan wuraren da aka yi hayar su ne Padi (Chennai) akan ƙimar haya ta Rs. 43.0 Cr. , Hazari Bagh (Ajmer) akan ƙimar haya ta Rs. 47.88 Cr. , Aish Bagh (Lucknow) akan ƙimar haya ta Rs. 57.67 Cr. , Gwaltoli (Kanpur) akan ƙimar haya ta Rs. 66.70 Cr. Jhansi (E) akan ƙimar haya ta Rs. 30.66 Cr. , Ayanavaram Kashi na C akan Rs 28 Cr, Amritsar Don haya Tsawon lokacin Rs. 15.07Cr da sauransu. '''Sake Gina Matsugunan Layin Dogo''' * A halin yanzu, an damƙa wa RLDA matsugunan layin dogo guda 84 don sake ginawa. * Za a sake gina kimanin gidajen ma'aikata 25000 * Amfani da FSI/FAR Mai Inganci don samar da sarari. * Za a biya dukkan kuɗin ta hanyar amfani da ci gaban kasuwanci na Filin Jirgin Ƙasa/Sama da Sama da aka saki * Tsarin Hayar Farko + Sake Gina Rukunin Jirgin Kasa '''Sake haɓaka Tashoshin Jirgin Ƙasa''' * Ana sake haɓaka jimillar tashoshin jiragen ƙasa 51 a PAN Indiya ta hanyar RLDA akan Tsarin PPP, akan Tsarin Dorewa na Kai tare da Ayyukan Birni na Smart da Gwamnatin Indiya ta ƙaddamar. Za a biya dukkan kuɗin sake ginawa ta hanyar amfani da ci gaban kasuwanci na filayen jirgin ƙasa/sama a cikin tashar da kewaye. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Nandi |first=Tamal |date=2020-05-14 |title=Tirupati railway station to get smart makeover soon, pre-bid meetings held |url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/indian-railways-tirupati-and-nellore-railway-stations-to-get-a-makeover-soon-pre-bid-meetings-held-with-prominent-infra-firms-11589465608473.html |access-date=2020-05-25 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref> '''Shafukan Cikakkun Ayyuka Masu Yawa (MFC)''' * An yi hayar jimillar kamfanonin MFC guda 52 na tsawon shekaru 45 ga masu haɓaka daban-daban * Samar da kudaden shiga kimanin Naira miliyan 500 ga layin dogo * MFCs suna ba da wurare da yawa kamar siyayya, rumfunan abinci/gidajen cin abinci, rumfunan littattafai, ATM, Otal-otal na Magunguna da Kasafin Kuɗi, wuraren ajiye motoci da sauran abubuwan more rayuwa makamancin haka ga masu amfani da layin dogo a Tashoshin Jirgin Ƙasa. == Cikakkun bayanai game da shafukan kasuwanci na RLDA da aka yi haya == === Shekarar Kuɗi ta 2019 - 2020 === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lambar S. ! Sunan Shafin ! Jiha ! Adadin Hayar (Rs. a cikin Crore) '''Har zuwa 10 ga Maris''' |- | 1 | Ashok Vihar | Delhi | 1359.0 |- | 2 | Distance Watsa-Gwaltoli (Kanpur) | Uttar Pradesh | 67.0 |- | 3 | Aish Bagh | Uttar Pradesh | 54.0 |- | 4 | Vishakhapatnam | Andhra Pradesh | 11.0 |- | 5 | Vijayawada | Andhra Pradesh | 6.0 |- | 6 | Nizamabad | Telangana | 5.0 |- | 7 | Etawah | Uttar Pradesh | 5.0 |- | 8 | Ayanavaram Chennai | Tamil Nadu | 28.0 |- | 9 | Amritsar | Punjab | 15.0 |} === Shekarar kuɗi ta 2018–19 === {| class="wikitable" |+ !Lambar S. ! Sunan Shafin ! Jiha ! Adadin Hayar (A Cikin Crore) |- | 1 | Hazari Bagh | Rajasthan | 48.0 |- | 2 | Jhansi (E) | Uttar Pradesh | 31.0 |- | 3 | Kampu Kothi | Madhya Pradesh | 14.0 |- | 4 | Sawai Madhopur | Rajasthan | 14.0 |- | 5 | Shimla | Himachal Pradesh | 12.0 |- | 6 | Villupuram | Tamil Nadu | 9.0 |- | 7 | Johns Ganj | Rajasthan | 9.0 |- | 8 | Titin Waltax | Tamil Nadu | 4.0 |} === Shekarar kuɗi ta 2017 - 2018 === {| class="wikitable" !Lambar S. ! Sunan Shafin ! Jiha ! Adadin Hayar '''(A cikin Cr.)''' |- | 1 | Padi | Tamil Nadu | 43.0 |- | 2 | Raxual | Bihar | 7.0 |- | 3 | Bandra Gabas (II) | Maharashtra | 7.0 |- | 4 | Gaya | Bihar | 2.0 |} == Manazarta == fxe9djyz82mbollpvjl8vyhdfo94pzy Gidan shakatawa na Tierra Rejada 0 167601 961919 923489 2026-10-02T16:18:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961919 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan shakatawa na Tierra Rejada''' yana da kadada 150 (61 wanda ke arewacin Simi Hills, a kudu maso yammacin Kwarin Simi Valley kusa da Moorpark, a cikin Ventura County, California . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parks, Recreation, and Trails |url=https://www.simivalley.org/Home/ShowDocument?id=176 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.simivalley.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facilities Directory - Rancho Simi recreation and park district |url=http://www.rsrpd.org/park/maps/simivalleymap.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402044354/http://www.rsrpd.org/park/maps/simivalleymap.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-02 |access-date=2015-06-16}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Simi Valley Acorn - Simi's Favorite Weekly Newspaper |url=http://www.simivalleyacorn.com/news/2007-04-13/neighbors/017.html |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160311122442/http://www.simivalleyacorn.com/news/2007-04-13/neighbors/017.html |archive-date=2016-03-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Akwai hanyoyi da yawa da ke tashi daga wurin shakatawa zuwa: Moorpark; Mount McCoy, Oak Canyon, Coyote Hills Park, Long Canyon, Wood Ranch Open Space, da sauran wuraren da ke buɗe sararin samaniya a kudu maso yammacin Simi Valley. Hanyoyi zuwa cikin Simi Hills, suna ba da ra'ayoyi masu kyau na Simi Valley, Santa Rosa Valley, gabashin Moorpark, da yammacin Santa Susana Mountains. Babban hanyar Tierra Rejada Trailhead tana kusa da wanka na Arroyo Simi, kuma birnin yana shirin hanyoyi daga wurin shakatawa tare da sabon Arroyo simi Greenway tare da rafin.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Arroyo Simi Greenway - Specific Plan |url=http://www.simivalley.org/Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=4618 |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=www.simivalley.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170210205046/http://www.simivalley.org//Modules/ShowDocument.aspx?documentid=4618 |archive-date=2017-02-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Samun dama == Kusa da Hanyar Hanyar 118 (Hanyar Hanyar Simi Valley) ko Hanyar Harshe 23 (Hanyar Moorpark), babban ƙofar tana a Hanyar Tierra Rejada da Stargaze Place. == manqzarta == 03xz3ukmhjccaoam4a8lnndlwmfaj8k Girman azzakari na mutum 0 167621 961948 923593 2026-10-02T17:34:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961948 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles>  [[File:Erect_penis_measurement.svg|class=notpageimage|thumb|Diagram da ke nuna yadda za a auna tsawon da kewayon azzakari na mutum]] '''Girman azzakari na mutum''' ya bambanta a kan matakai masu yawa, gami da tsawon da kewaye lokacin da yake da laushi da kuma [[Ginin da aka gina|tsaye]]. Baya ga bambancin halitta na alfarma na ɗan adam gabaɗaya, akwai abubuwan da ke haifar da ƙananan bambance-bambance a jikin wani namiji, kamar matakin farkawa, lokacin rana, zafin jiki, matakin [[Anxiety|damuwa]], aikin jiki, da yawan ayyukan jima'i. Idan aka kwatanta da sauran dabbobi, gami da manyan misalai kamar gorilla, azzakari na mutum ya fi kauri, duka a cikakkun sharuddan da kuma dangi ga sauran jiki. Yawancin ci gaban azzakari na ɗan adam yana faruwa a matakai guda biyu: na farko tsakanin jariri da shekaru biyar; sannan kuma tsakanin kimanin shekara guda bayan farawar [[balaga]] kuma, a ƙarshe, kimanin shekaru 17. Matakan sun bambanta, tare da nazarin da suka dogara da ma'aunin kai tsaye wanda ke ba da rahoton matsakaicin matsakaicin fiye da waɗanda ke da ma'anar ƙwararren kiwon lafiya. Binciken tsari 2015 wanda masu sana'a na kiwon lafiya suka auna maimakon bayar da rahoto, ya sami matsakaicin tsayi na {{Cvt|13.12|cm}} in), da matsakaicin kewayon tsayi na {{Cvt|11.66|cm}} in). <ref name="veale2015">{{Cite journal |last=Veale |first=David |last2=Miles |first2=Sarah |last3=Bramley |first3=Sally |last4=Muir |first4=Gordon |last5=Hodsoll |first5=John |date=June 2015 |title=Am I normal? A systematic review and construction of nomograms for flaccid and erect penis length and circumference in up to 15 521 men: Nomograms for flaccid/erect penis length and circumference |journal=BJU International |volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=978–986 |doi=10.1111/bju.13010 |pmid=25487360}}</ref> Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 1996 game da tsawon flaccid ya sami matsakaicin {{Cvt|8.8|cm}} in) lokacin da ma'aikatan suka auna shi.<ref name="pmid8709382">{{Cite journal |last=Wessells |first=Hunter |author-link=Hunter Wessells |last2=Lue |first2=Tom F |last3=McAninch |first3=Jack W |year=1996 |title=Penile Length in the Flaccid and Erect States: Guidelines for Penile Augmentation |journal=[[The Journal of Urology]] |volume=156 |issue=3 |pages=995–7 |doi=10.1016/S0022-5347(01)65682-9 |pmid=8709382}}</ref> Tsawon azzakari mai laushi wani lokaci na iya zama mai tsinkaye mara kyau na tsawon tsaye. Wani azzakari mai girma wanda yake da ƙanƙanta amma in ba haka ba an kafa shi a cikin magani a matsayin micropenis. [[File:Flaccid_erect_penis.jpg|class=notpageimage|thumb|Babban azzakari na mutum wanda ba a yi masa kaciya ba, mai laushi (hagu) da kuma tsaye (dama). Tsawon Flaccid shine mummunan hangen nesa don tsayin daka.]] Babu wani muhimmin alaƙa tsakanin girman azzakari da girman wasu sassan jiki da aka samu a cikin bincike. Wasu abubuwan muhalli ban da kwayoyin halitta, kamar kasancewar masu rushe endocrine, na iya shafar ci gaban azzakari. == Nazarin == [[File:Human_penis_sizes_length_only.svg|thumb|Rarraba girman azzakari ta tsawon. 45% na tsayin daka suna tsakanin 12 da 14 in) tsawo.<ref name="veale2015" />]] [[File:Human_penis_sizes_girth_only.svg|thumb|Rarraba girman azzakari ta hanyar kewayon. 81% na tsayin daka (kore) suna tsakanin 10 da 13 in) a kewayon.<ref name="veale2015" />]] [[File:Penile_length-Veale_David_2015_BJU.svg|thumb|Kashi na tsawon penile <ref name="veale2015" />]] [[File:Penile_girth-Veale_David_2015_BJU.svg|thumb|Kashi na kewayon jima'i <ref name="veale2015" />]] Duk da yake sakamakon ya bambanta dan kadan a cikin karatun da aka fi sani, yarjejeniyar ita ce matsakaicin azzakari na mutum, lokacin da aka kafa, yana cikin kewayon 5-6 in (13-15 a tsawon.<ref name="pmid8709382" /><ref name="pmid11416836">{{Cite journal |last=Chen |first=J |last2=Gefen |first2=A |last3=Greenstein |first3=A |last4=Matzkin |first4=H |last5=Elad |first5=D |year=2001 |title=Predicting penile size during erection |journal=International Journal of Impotence Research |volume=12 |issue=6 |pages=328–33 |doi=10.1038/sj.ijir.3900627 |pmid=11416836 |doi-access=}}</ref><ref name="lifestyles_condoms">{{Cite web |date=March 2001 |title=ANSELL RESEARCH – The Penis Size Survey |url=http://esvc000171.wic049u.server-web.com/education/research.htm |access-date=2006-07-13 |publisher=[[Ansell]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317063709/http://esvc000171.wic049u.server-web.com/education/research.htm |archive-date=2022-03-17 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Binciken 2015 (wanda ma'aikata suka auna) ya sami matsakaicin matsakaici, shimfiɗa, da tsayi na {{Cvt|9.16|cm}} in), {{Cvt|13.24|cm}} in), da {{Cvt|13.12|cm}} in), bi da bi, da kuma matsakaicin tsayi da tsayi mai tsayi na{{Cvt|9.31|cm}} in) da {{Cvt|11.66|cm}} in), bi. An auna tsayin daka a cikin binciken ta hanyar tura kitsen pre-pubic zuwa ƙashi, kuma an auna tsayi mai laushi ko tsayin dako mai laushi (ƙungiya) a tushe ko tsakiyar shaft na azzakari.<ref name="veale2015" /> 2gmzgu7ku27vh5ynmtmqx0dur7mxftv Gidan Stella da Gidan Simon 0 167625 961888 923614 2026-10-02T14:22:29Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961888 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}'''Gidan Stella''' gida ne (s) da aka tsara don ceto 'yan mata marayu daga fataucin mutane a [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]].<ref name="stellashouse">{{Cite web |title=Stella's House |url=http://www.stellasvoice.org/about/stellas-house/ |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Stella's Voice |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924110204/http://www.stellasvoice.org/about/stellas-house/ |archive-date=September 24, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gidan Stella na farko Stella's House 1 an gina shi ne a [[Chisinau|Chișinău]], [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]] a cikin shekara ta 2006 ta Stella's Voice.<ref name="Stella's Voice">{{Cite web |title=Stella's Voice |url=http://www.stellasvoice.org/ |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Stella's Voice}}</ref><ref name="homestella">{{Cite web |last=Mary Hutchinson |title=A Home For Stella |url=http://www.charismamag.com/index.php/component/content/article/1546-features/30051-a-home-for-stella/ |access-date=February 3, 2011 |website=[[Charisma (magazine)|Charisma Magazine]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110211131235/http://charismamag.com/index.php/component/content/article/1546-features/30051-a-home-for-stella |archive-date=February 11, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An tsara Gidan Stella don samar da wuri mai aminci ga 'yan mata marayu don karɓar duk bukatun asali kamar tsaro, abinci, mafaka, da ilimi. Akwai jimlar Gidajen Stella 4 da aka saya kuma ko dai suna da gidaje ga 'yan mata ko kuma a cikin gini. Gidan Stella na 1 kwanan nan an canza shi zuwa gabatarwa na Gidan Simon. Gidan Stella na 2 ya buɗe a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2009 kuma an kammala Gidan Stella ya 3 a shekara ta 2010. <ref name="stellashouse" /> Kowane Gidan Stella na iya kare kimanin 'yan mata 25. An sayi Stella's House 4 da Stella's house 5 a cikin 2010 kuma a halin yanzu ana ginawa. Gidan Stella 2, 3, 4 & 5 duk suna da iyakokin dukiya. A shekara ta 2010, an canza gidan Stella na 1 kuma an sake masa suna zuwa gidan Simon (don ceto yara marayu daga fataucin mutane). <ref name="stellashouse" /> Kafin bude gidan Stella, shekaru da yawa Stella's Voice ta tara kudade don taimakawa da sake gina gidajen marayu na gwamnati a [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]]. Sun fara tattara kudade don taimakawa gidan marayu mara kyau a Hîncești, Moldova, inda suka sadu da wata yarinya mai suna Stella. Stella ta sha wahala daga [[Farfaɗiya|farfajiya]] kuma ta gurgunta a gefen dama na jikinta. Bayan sun ziyarci gidan marayu sau da yawa, sun zama abokai da Stella. Daga baya, ma'aikatan kungiyar ba da riba sun koma gidan marayu don gano cewa ba ta nan. Lokacin da ta cika shekaru 16 ta tsufa ba za ta iya zama ba kuma dole ne ta ƙaura daga gidan marayu. Bayan bincike, sun san cewa Stella ta mutu daga [[Kanjamau|Cutar kanjamau]] a hannun mahaifiyarta. Wannan ya motsa su gina gidaje da ake kira Stella's Houses ga 'yan mata marayu da za a kare su daga masu cinikin jima'i.<ref name="homestella" /> Tare da hedkwatar a Montgomery, Alabama, Stella's Voice ita ce kungiyar da ke gudanarwa da kuma gudanar da Gidajen Stella. Wasu daga cikin marayu da aka ceto daga Moldova a halin yanzu suna tafiya daga Montgomery don yin magana a lokuta da majami'u daban-daban a duk faɗin ƙasar, kamar Taron Passion . <ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://268generation.com/#!about/story |access-date=30 April 2015 |website=Passion Conferences}}</ref> Suna wakiltar karuwar adadin bayi miliyan 36.8 a duk duniya waɗanda ba su da murya ko ikon tsayawa don 'yancin kansu.<ref name="stellashouse" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Conor |title=February 20th: World Day for Social Justice |url=http://www.nomoretraffik.com/february-20th-world-day-for-social-justice/ |access-date=30 April 2015 |website=No More Traffik |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306102945/http://www.nomoretraffik.com/february-20th-world-day-for-social-justice/ |archive-date=6 March 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> '''Gidan Simon''' gida ne da aka tsara don ceto marayu daga fataucin mutane a [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]] . <ref name="stellashouse" /> Gidan Simon an gina shi ne a shekara ta 2006 ta Stella's Voice (wani kungiya mai zaman kanta da ke zaune daga Montgomery, Alabama) don ceto 'yan mata marayu daga fataucin mutane.<ref name="stellasvoice">{{Cite web |title=Stella's Voice |url=http://www.stellasvoice.org |access-date=July 23, 2015 |publisher=Stella's Voice}}</ref> Da farko an kira shi Stella's House 1 kuma yana cikin [[Chisinau|Chişinău]], [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]]. A shekara ta 2010, an canza gidan Stella na 1 kuma an sake masa suna zuwa gidan Simon.<ref name="stellashouse" /> An tsara gidan Simon don samar da wuri mai aminci ga marayu maza don karɓar duk bukatun asali kamar tsaro, abinci, mafaka, da ilimi. An sanya sunan gidan Simon ne bayan wanda ya kafa ma'aikatar, Simon Cameron (Kirista mai wa'azi na Scotland) don girmama ibadarsa da hangen nesa na asali don taimakawa marayu maza da mata a [[Romainiya|Romania]] da [[Moldufiniya|Moldova]]. Kokarin Simon ya haifar da gano halin da ake ciki na [[Safarar Mutane|fataucin jima'i]] a Moldova. Ma'aikatar ta so gadon Simon ya ci gaba da sanya sunan gidan yaro na farko wanda ke taimakawa wajen ceton yara maza masu haɗari. Simon Cameron ya mutu a shekara ta 2002. == Manazarta == cnpknxbhxtp70zuz2umtilqvczsnmbo Jam'iyyar Agrarian Party 0 167651 962281 955217 2026-10-03T10:40:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962281 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} {{Infobox political party|country=Albania|name=Environmentalist Agrarian Party|native_name=Partia Agrare Ambientaliste|colorcode={{party color|Environmentalist Agrarian Party}}|logo=Partia Agrare Ambientaliste.svg{{!}}class=skin-invert|logo_size=200px|leader=[[Agron Duka]]|foundation=1991|ideology=[[Agrarianism]]<ref name=Nordsieck>{{cite web|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/albania.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401134713/http://parties-and-elections.eu/albania.html|archivedate=1 April 2012|title=Albania|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|year=2009|access-date=3 May 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>|position=[[Centrism|Centre]]<ref name=Nordsieck/>|national=[[Alliance for a Magnificent Albania]]|international=|european=|europarl=|colours=Green|headquarters=[[Tirana]]|website={{url|http://paa.com.al/}}|seats1_title=[[Parliament of Albania|Parliament]]|seats1={{Composition bar|1|140|hex={{party color|Environmentalist Agrarian Party}}}}|seats2_title=[[Municipalities of Albania|Municipalities]]|seats2={{Composition bar|0|61|hex={{party color|Environmentalist Agrarian Party}}}}|seats3_title=[[Municipalities of Albania|Council Seats]]|seats3={{Composition bar|52|1613|{{party color|Environmentalist Agrarian Party}}}}}}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 125%;" |<div style="padding-top:0.3em; padding-bottom:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #21B330; border-bottom:2px solid #21B330; line-height: 1;"><div class="fn org">Jam'iyyar Agrarian Party</div> Partia Agrare Environmentaliste<div class="nickname" style="font-size: 0.8em; padding-top:0.3em;">Mai kula da muhalli</div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo" style="padding-top:.4em;padding-bottom:.3em;" |[[File:Partia_Agrare_Ambientaliste.svg|class=skin-invert|200x200px]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Party leader|Jagora]] | class="infobox-data agent" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Agron Duka]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;" |An kafa shi | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |1991 |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Hedikwatar | class="infobox-data label" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Tirana]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[List of political ideologies|Ra'ayi]] | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Agrarianism|Aikin gona]]<ref name="Nordsieck"><cite class="citation web cs1" id="CITEREFNordsieck2009"><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="195">Nordsieck, Wolfram (2009). </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="196">[https://web.archive.org/web/20120401134713/http://parties-and-elections.eu/albania.html "Albania"]. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="197">''Parties and Elections in Europe''. </span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="198">Archived from [http://parties-and-elections.eu/albania.html the original] on 1 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. </span></span><span class="cx-segment" data-segmentid="199"><span class="reference-accessdate">Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 May</span> 2019</span>.</span></cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Political spectrum|Matsayi na siyasa&nbsp;]] | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Centrism|Cibiyar]]<ref name="Nordsieck" /> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Haɗin ƙasa | class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Alliance for a Magnificent Albania|Haɗin Kai don Albania Mai Girma]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Political colour|Launuka]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |Green |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Parliament of Albania|Majalisar dokoki]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">1 / 140</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #21B330; color:inherit; width: 0.7%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Municipalities of Albania|Manyan hukumomi]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">0 / 61</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #21B330; color:inherit; width: 0%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" style="line-height:1.3em;" |[[Municipalities of Albania|Kujerun Majalisar]] | class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<div style="width: 100px;"><span class="nowrap">52 / 1,613</span><div style="box-sizing: border-box; border: 1px solid #aaa; height: 1.15em; position: relative;"><div style="background-color: #21B330; color:inherit; width: 3%; height: 100%;"></div></div></div> |- ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="line-height: 0.8em;" |Shafin yanar gizo |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;" |<span class="url">[https://web.archive.org/web/20161018210823/http://paa.com.al/ paa.com.al]</span> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0;" |<templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="hlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.3em; border-top:2px solid #21B330;"> * Siyasa ta Albania * Jam'iyyun siyasa * Zabe </div> |} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Historiku |trans-title=History |url=http://paa.com.al/?page_id=12 |publisher=Partia Agrare Ambientaliste |language=Albanian |access-date=2026-09-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001083024/https://paa.com.al/?page_id=12 |archive-date=2022-10-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref>jam'iyyar ta lashe ɗaya daga cikin kujerun mazabar guda ɗaya, amma babu wani kujerun da aka daidaita. Gabaɗaya jam'iyyar ta sami 0.65%. A cikin Zaben 2001, ta sami kashi 2.6% na kuri'un da kujeru uku a Majalisar, Lufter Xhuveli daga Yankin 125, Ndue Preka daga Yankin 126 da Refat Dervina daga Yankin 127 . . == Tarihi == A cikin Zabena shekarar 1997, jam'iyyar ta lashe ɗaya daga cikin kujerun mazabar guda ɗaya, amma babu wani kujerun da aka daidaita. Gabaɗaya jam'iyyar ta sami 0.65%. A cikin Zaben 2001, ta sami kashi 2.6% na kuri'un da kujeru uku a Majalisar, Lufter Xhuveli daga Yankin 125, Ndue Preka daga Yankin 126 da Refat Dervina daga Yankin 127 . A cikin Zaben kananan hukumomi na 2003, na farko da aka yi takara a karkashin sabon sunan PAA, jam'iyyar ta yi takara tare da Jam'iyyar Socialist Party of Albania (PSSH) a wasu yankuna. Haɗin PAA-PSSH ya ci nasara a cikin kananan hukumomi uku. A cikin Zaben majalisar dokoki na shekarar 2005, jam'iyyar ta samu kuri'u 88,605 (6.5%) da kujeru 4. A cikin 1998 Xhuveli ya zama Ministan Noma. A karkashin gwamnatin Majko an sanya shi Ministan Muhalli a watan Fabrairun 2002. A shekara ta 2003 an maye gurbinsa a lokacin sake fasalin Firayim Minista Fatos Nano . A shekara ta 2016 Xhuveli ya yi murabus. Shugaban jam'iyyar na yanzu shine [[Agron Duka]], tsohon memba kuma dan majalisa na Jam'iyyar Republican ta Albania . co72knwmq2xiqhlp14suupcjd43i6t1 Gyaran ƙasa a Kerala 0 167794 962024 933563 2026-10-02T20:38:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962024 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gyaran ƙasa a Kerala''' yana nufin jerin matakan dokoki da na gudanarwa da aka aiwatar don sake tsara tsarin noma da kuma wargaza tsarin mulkin feudal Janmi-Kudiyan na ƙarni da yawa a jihar [[Kerala]] ta [[Indiya]] . Gyaran ya kawo ƙarshen tsarin Janmi-Kudiyan (mai gida-mai haya), ya samar da tsaron mallakar gidaje ga miliyoyin manoma, sannan ya ba mazauna gidaje haƙƙin mallakar gidaje. == Tatsuniyoyi == Tsarin mallakar filaye na gargajiya a Kerala ya samo asali ne daga tatsuniyar Lord Parasurama . A cewar Keralolpathi, Parasurama ta kwato Kerala daga teku ta kuma bai wa Namboothiri Brahmins ƙasar. Wannan labarin tatsuniyoyi ya kafa manufar ''Janmam'' (haƙƙin haihuwa), yana mai tabbatar da cewa Brahmins suna da cikakken haƙƙoƙin mallaka na Allah a kan ƙasa. A lokacin mulkin mallaka na Birtaniya, an sake fassara wannan ''haƙƙin haihuwa'' ta hanyar amfani da tabarau na shari'a na Yammacin duniya. Kotunan mulkin mallaka sun ɗauki haƙƙin Janmam a matsayin cikakken mallakar kadarori na sirri, wani mataki da ya haɗa tatsuniyoyi na da, zuwa dokokin zamani masu tsauri. Wannan ya ba Janmis ikon shari'a na korar masu haya—wani aiki da aka saba takaita shi ta hanyar ƙa'idodin "raba" na al'ada. == Tarihi == === Tsarin Janmi-kudiyan === Tsarin Sararin Samaniya na tsarin Janmi-kudiyan: * '''Janmi (Mai Gida)''' : Masu mallakar ''Janmam'' suna riƙe da haƙƙinsu; ba kasafai suke yin noma ba.. A al'adance shugabannin Nambudiri da Nair . * '''Kanakkaran (Masu shiga tsakani)''' : Filayen da aka ba da hayar daga Janmis a ƙarƙashin Kanam. Sun yi hayar wannan ƙasa ga wasu kuma sun yi aiki a matsayin masu shiga tsakani masu ƙarfi. * '''Kudiyan (Mai haya)''' : Manoman da suka rayu cikin tsoron korarsu. Sun biya haya mai yawa (kashi 35-75% na amfanin gona). * '''Kudikidappukar (Hutment Dweller)''' : Ma'aikata marasa filaye suna zaune a cikin gidaje a kan kadarorin mai gida ba tare da haƙƙoƙin doka na gidansu ba. === Bambancin Yankuna === Kafin haɗewar Kerala a shekarar 1956, yankuna uku masu mambobi - Malabar, Kochi, Travancore - suna aiki a ƙarƙashin tsarin gudanarwa da tsarin mallakar filaye daban-daban. ==== Gundumar Malabar ==== A Malabar, an "ɗa tsarin Ryotwari na Burtaniya" a kan tsarin mulkin mallaka. Turawan Birtaniya sun amince da Janmi a matsayin mamallakinsa ( ''Ryot'' ) ba daidai ba. * '''Janmi Dominance''' : Tsarin shari'a na Burtaniya ya yi wa ''Janmom'' (haƙƙin haihuwa) mummunar fassara a matsayin mallakar mutum, yana ba wa masu gidaje goyon bayan doka don korar masu haya ba tare da son rai ba. * '''Verumpattakaran (Masu haya-idan-will)''' : Wanda ke riƙe da filaye a kan hayar baki na ɗan gajeren lokaci kuma yana fuskantar barazanar korar mutane akai-akai ( ''Melcharthu'' ). * '''Dokar Hayar Malabar, 1929''' Mummunan halin da ake ciki a fannin noma a Malabar ya haifar da tashe-tashen hankula akai-akai, musamman tawayen Malabar, wanda daga ƙarshe ya fuskanci Birtaniya don zartar da Dokar Hayar Malabar ta 1929. ==== Jihar Daular Cochin ==== An raba ƙasa zuwa ''Sirkar'' (mallakar gwamnati) da ''Janmon'' (Feudal) * '''Dokar Verumpattamdars ta 1943''' : Samar da daidaiton mallakar ƙasa ga babban ɓangaren manoma. ==== Jihar Travancore Princely ==== * '''Sanarwar Pattom, 1865''' : Sau da yawa ana kiranta "Magna Carta na Travancore Ryots," wannan dokar ta mayar da ƙasar mallakar gwamnati ( ''Sirkar'' ) zuwa kadarori na sirri ga masu noma, ta hanyar ƙirƙirar rukunin masu mallakar manoma masu zaman kansu tun da farko. * '''Jemikaram''' : Duk da cewa masu haya a filayen ''janmom'' (kadarori masu zaman kansu) har yanzu suna fuskantar matsaloli Dokar soke dokar Jemikaram, a shekarar 1958, daga ƙarshe ta mayar da harajinsu na feudal zuwa wani takamaiman biya ga jihar, wanda hakan ya kawo ƙarshen ikon mai gidan kai tsaye. == Manyan Dokoki == * '''Dokar Dakatar da Korar Hayar, 1957''' : Matakin gaggawa don dakatar da korar masu haya ba bisa ƙa'ida ba yayin da aka tsara cikakkun dokoki. * '''Dokar Hulɗa da Noma ta Kerala, 1957''' : wani muhimmin sashe ne na dokar zamantakewa da KR Gouri Amma, Ministan Haraji a ma'aikatar Nambooripad ta Farko ya gabatar. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff Reporter |date=18 February 2008 |title=Land Reforms Act no longer relevant, says Industries Secretary |url=http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1204236.ece |website=thehindu.com |publisher=The Hindu |access-date=10 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128131025/http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/article1204236.ece |archive-date=28 November 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A matsayin babban yunƙuri na farko na sake fasalin tsarin mulkin mallaka na Janmi-Kudiyan a Kerala mai haɗin kai, kudirin ya gabatar da wata hanya mai matakai uku: ba da izinin mallakar gidaje na dindindin ga masu haya, daidaita "hayar gida mai adalci" don hana cin zarafin masu gidaje, da kuma sanya tsauraran matakan ƙasa don sake rarraba filayen da suka rage ga marasa fili. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Agrarian Relation – First Ministry |url=https://firstministry.kerala.gov.in/agrarian-relation/ |access-date=1 January 2026 }}{{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kudurin dokar ya zama babban abin da ya jawo wa Vimochana Samaram cikas, wanda daga ƙarshe ya haifar da korar gwamnatin Kwaminisanci a shekarar 1959. Duk da cewa Majalisar Dokokin Kerala ta amince da wani gyara a watan Oktoban 1960, daga baya Babbar Kotun Kerala ta soke shi a matsayin wanda ya saba wa kundin tsarin mulki. * '''Dokar Inganta Masu Hayar Gida ta 1958''' : Ta ba da goyon bayan doka ga masu haya don karɓar diyya saboda gyare-gyare (kamar ban ruwa ko gini) da aka yi wa ƙasar. * '''Dokar Kashe Kuɗi ta Jenmikaram (1958)''' : An yi niyya don soke harajin feudal (Jenmikaram) da masu haya ke biya wa masu gidaje a yankunan Travancore da Cochin. * '''Dokar Gyaran Filaye ta Kerala (KLR), 1963''' : Dokar da ta kafa injinan aiwatarwa, gami da daidaita hayar gida mai adalci da kuma kafa rufin filaye ga kowane mutum. * '''Dokar Gyaran Filaye ta Kerala (Gyara) ta 1969''' : Dokar da ta kawo ƙarshen mallakar gidaje ta hanyar mayar da mallakar gidaje zuwa noma masu haya da kuma ba da mallakar gidaje ga ''Kudikidappukars'' . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kiran |first=K P Sai |date=4 November 2012 |title=KLR Act amendment could grave situation for result fragment of estatesplantation sector |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/thiruvananthapuram/KLR-Act-amendment-could-grave-situation-for-result-fragment-of-estatesplantation-sector/articleshow/17081837.cms |website=timesofindia.indiatimes.com |publisher=The Times of India}}</ref> == Manazarta == 28rj8t5qv5bt7lgghvmxofomv22ptzs Gasar Cin Kofin Ruwa ta Australiya 0 167841 961866 954105 2026-10-02T12:06:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961866 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gasar ninkaya ta Australiya''' ita ce gasar ninkaya ta ƙasa ta [[Asturaliya|Australiya]] . Hukumar Kula da Wasannin Ruwa ta Australia ce ke shirya su, kuma ana gudanar da gasa daban-daban kowace shekara a wuraren ninkaya na dogon zango (mita 50) da kuma na gajeren zango (mita 25). Haɗuwar biyun ita ce mafi girman haɗuwar cikin gida a ƙasar a kowane fanni. Taron yawanci ana yin sa ne a matsayin taron zaɓi na gasannin ƙasa da ƙasa kamar: [[Gasar Olympic|Olympics]], [[Wasannin Paralympic|Paralympics]], World Championships, Commonwealth Games da Pan Pacific Championships . Wasu na ganin gasar ta biyu mafi tsauri a cikin gida a duniya, bayan gasar cin kofin kasa ta Amurka. An gudanar da bugu na farko na gasar a Sydney a watan Janairun 1896, inda aka gudanar da gasannin a Natatorium, Sutherland Dock (Tsibirin Cockatoo) da kuma a Kogin Hawkesbury. Jihar da ta fi samun maki a gasar za a ba ta Kieran Shield, wadda aka sanya mata suna don tunawa da Barney B. Kieran, wani mai ninkaya daga New South Wales, wanda ya kasance mai rikodin duniya, kuma wanda ya mutu, yana da shekaru 18, a shekarar 1905. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Fletcher |first=Russell |title=1904-1905 - Membership 86. |url=http://www.mcwaterpolo.com/about/2_THE_BEGINNING.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327213146/http://www.mcwaterpolo.com/about/2_THE_BEGINNING.pdf |archive-date=27 March 2012 |access-date=19 July 2011 |website=Melbourne Collegians Water Polo Club Inc. - A History - 1894-1994 - The Beginning |publisher=Melbourne Collegians Water Polo Club Inc. |format=pdf}}</ref> Gasar ninkaya ta Australiya ta 1990 ta samu halartar 'yan wasa na para a karon farko. <ref name="Hall of Fame">{{Cite web |title=Catherine Huggett |url=http://www.goldcoastsport.com.au/Hall-Of-Fame/inductees/Catherine-Huggett.html |access-date=5 May 2023 |publisher=Gold Coast Sporting Hall of Fame}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Bugu-da-wane == === Dogon hanya === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:left; width:100%; font-size:95%;" ! width="25" |Year ! width="90" |Dates ! width="170" |Pool ! width="60" |City ! width="120" |State ! width="250" |Selection trials for |- |1896 |15–17 January<ref>{{cite news|title=Swimming – The Biennial Championship Carnival|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article238695911|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph (Sydney)|The Daily Telegraph]]|issue=5171|page=3|date=16 January 1896|access-date=10 August 2025|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swimming – The Biennial Championship Carnival|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article238692666|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue=5172|page=3|date=17 January 1896|access-date=10 August 2025|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swimming – The Balmain Carnival|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article238698926|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue=5173|page=11|date=18 January 1896|access-date=10 August 2025|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swimming – The Police Club Carnival|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article238689704|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue=5176|page=3|date=22 January 1896|access-date=10 August 2025|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swimming – Percy Cavill, Half-mile and One Mile Champion of Australasia|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article238687132|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue=5177|page=3|date=23 January 1896|access-date=10 August 2025|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swimming – Departure of New Zealanders|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article238686168|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue=5178|page=3|date=24 January 1896|access-date=10 August 2025|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swimming – Walter J. Gormly – Quarter-mile Champion of Australasia|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article238690435|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue=5179|page=11|date=25 January 1896|access-date=10 August 2025|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=The Newcastle Swimming Carnival|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article238690464|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue=5179|page=11|date=25 January 1896|access-date=10 August 2025|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swimming|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article238692198|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue=5180|page=3|date=27 January 1896|access-date=10 August 2025|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Swimming|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article238687299|newspaper=The Daily Telegraph|issue=5182|page=3|date=29 January 1896|access-date=10 August 2025|via=[[Trove]]}}</ref> |Natatorium, Sutherland Dock (Cockatoo Island) and on the Hawkesbury River |Sydney |{{Flag|New South Wales}} | |- | rowspan="2" |1930 |25 January–1 February |City Baths, Footscray Baths, Brunswick Baths |Melbourne | | |- |8–15 February |Sandy Bay Baths |Hobart | | |- | rowspan="2" |1931 |10–17 January |Municipal (Domain) Baths, Drummoyne Baths, Coogee Aquarium |Sydney | | |- |21–28 January |[https://www.justlifestyle.com.au/swim/valley-pool/ Valley Baths], Booroodabin Baths, City Baths (Toowoomba) |Brisbane | | |- |1932 |Not held | | | | |- | rowspan="2" |1933 |25 January – 4 February |Claremont Baths |Perth | | |- |9–14 February |Crystal Swimming Pool |Adelaide | | |- | rowspan="2" |1934 |24–30 January |[https://www.justlifestyle.com.au/swim/valley-pool/ Valley Baths] |Brisbane | | |- |3–10 February |Coogee Aquarium, Municipal (Domain) Baths |Sydney | | |- | rowspan="2" |1935 |19–26 January |Melbourne Olympic Pool |Melbourne | | |- |2–9 February |Sandy Bay Baths |Hobart | | |- |1936 |8–17 February |Crawley Baths |Perth |{{Flag|Western Australia}} | |- | rowspan="2" |1937 |9–13 January |North Sydney Olympic Pool |Sydney |{{Flag|New South Wales}} | |- |25–30 January |Valley Baths |Brisbane |{{Flag|Queensland}} | |- | rowspan="2" |1939 |31 January–2 February |Melbourne Olympic Pool |Melbourne |{{Flag|Victoria}} | |- |6–11 February |Sandy Bay Baths |Hobart |{{Flag|Tasmania}} | |- |1946 |2–9 February |Richmond Baths; Brunswick Baths |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} | |- |1947 |1–8 February |Adelaide Olympic Pool |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} | |- |1948 |8–14 February |North Sydney Olympic Pool; Granville Olympic Pool |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |1948 Olympic Games |- |1949 |19–26 February |Valley Baths |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} | |- |1950 |9–17 December (1949) |North Sydney Olympic Pool |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |1950 Commonwealth Games |- |1951 |17–24 February |Melbourne Olympic Pool; Brunswick Baths |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} | |- |1952 |16–23 February |Melbourne Olympic Pool |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |1952 Olympic Games |- |1953 |21–28 February |North Sydney Olympic Pool; Enfield Olympic Swimming Pool |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} | |- |1954 |20–27 February |Melbourne Olympic Pool |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |1954 Commonwealth Games |- |1955 |19–26 February |Adelaide Olympic Pool |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} | |- |1956 |16–23 February |North Sydney Olympic Pool; Enfield Olympic Swimming Pool |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |The selection trials for the 1956 Olympic Games were held in Melbourne in October. |- |1957 |15–23 February |[https://www.canberraolympicpool.com.au/ Canberra Olympic Pool] |[[Kanberra|Canberra]] |{{Flag|Australian Capital Territory}} | |- |1958 |15–22 February |Olympic Swimming Stadium |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |1958 Commonwealth Games |- |1959 |13–21 February |Hobart Olympic Pool |Hobart |{{Flag|Tasmania}} | |- |1960 |23–27 February |North Sydney Olympic Pool |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |1960 Olympic Games |- |1961 |17–25 February |[https://www.justlifestyle.com.au/swim/valley-pool/ Valley Pool] |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} | |- |1962 |17–24 February |Olympic Swimming Stadium |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |The selection trials for the 1962 Commonwealth Games were held in Melbourne in October. |- |1963 |16–23 February |Beatty Park Aquatic Centre |[[Perth]] |{{Flag|Western Australia}} | |- |1964 |28 February–1 March |North Sydney Olympic Pool |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |1964 Olympic Games |- |1965 |27 February–1 March |Hobart Olympic Pool |Hobart |{{Flag|Tasmania}} | |- |1966 |25–27 February |[https://www.justlifestyle.com.au/swim/valley-pool/ Valley Pool] |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |1966 Commonwealth Games |- |1967 |23–25 February |Adelaide Olympic Pool |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} | |- |1968 |23–25 February |Olympic Swimming Stadium |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |1968 Olympic Games |- |1969 |21–23 February |Beatty Park Aquatic Centre |[[Perth]] |{{Flag|Western Australia}} | |- |1970 |27 February–1 March |Drummoyne Olympic Pool |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |1970 Commonwealth Games |- |1971 |5–7 February |Hobart Olympic Pool |Hobart |{{Flag|Tasmania}} | |- |1972 |11–13 February |[https://www.justlifestyle.com.au/swim/valley-pool/ Valley Pool] |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |1972 Olympic Games |- |1973 |9–11 February |Adelaide Swimming Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} |The selection trials for the 1973 FINA World Championships were held in Brisbane in August. The selection trials for the 1974 Commonwealth Games were held in Sydney in December. |- |1974 |1–3 March |Olympic Swimming Stadium |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} | |- |1975 |21– 23 February |Beatty Park Aquatic Centre |[[Perth]] |{{Flag|Western Australia}} |The selection trials for the 1975 FINA World Championships were held in Brisbane in June. |- |1976 |27–29 February |North Sydney Olympic Pool |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |1976 Olympic Games |- |1977 |25–27 February |Clarence Memorial Olympic Pool |Hobart |{{Flag|Tasmania}} | |- |1978 |23–26 February |[https://www.justlifestyle.com.au/swim/valley-pool/ Valley Pool] |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |The selection trials for the 1978 Commonwealth Games and 1978 FINA World Championships were held in Sydney in June. |- |1979 |22–25 February |Beatty Park Aquatic Centre |[[Perth]] |{{Flag|Western Australia}} | |- |1980 |20–23 March |Olympic Swimming Stadium |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |1980 Olympic Games |- |1981 |26 February–1 March |Adelaide Swimming Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} | |- |1982 |18–21 March |[https://www.northernbeaches.nsw.gov.au/things-to-do/swimming-pools/warringah-aquatic-centre Warringah Aquatic Centre] |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |1982 FINA World Championships. The selection trials for the 1982 Commonwealth Games were held in Sydney in August. |- |1983 |24–27 February |Clarence Memorial Olympic Pool |Hobart |{{Flag|Tasmania}} | |- |1984 |23–26 February |Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Chandler |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |1984 Olympic Games |- |1985 |21–24 February |State Swimming Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} | |- |1986 |27 February–2 March |Adelaide Aquatic Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} |1986 Commonwealth Games, 1986 FINA World Championships |- |1987 |26 February–1 March |Beatty Park Aquatic Centre |[[Perth]] |{{Flag|Western Australia}} |The selection trials for the 1987 Pan Pacs were conducted in Brisbane from 22 to 25 July.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sweetenham |first=Bill |year=1988 |title=Australian Institute of Sport Report |url=https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/194007/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1987-1988.pdf |format=pdf |journal=Australian Swimming Inc. Annual Report 1987-88 |publisher=[[Swimming Australia|Australian Swimming]] |pages=[https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/194007/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1987-1988.pdf#page=47 45] |access-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> |- |1988 |25–28 February<ref name="1987-1989 p.46">{{Cite journal |last=Sweetenham |first=Bill |year=1988 |title=Australian Institute of Sport Report |url=https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/194007/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1987-1988.pdf |format=pdf |journal=Australian Swimming Inc. Annual Report 1987-88 |publisher=[[Swimming Australia|Australian Swimming]] |pages=[https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/194007/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1987-1988.pdf#page=48 46] |access-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> |[https://www.northernbeaches.nsw.gov.au/things-to-do/swimming-pools/warringah-aquatic-centre Warringah Aquatic Centre] |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |The selection trials for the 1988 Olympic Games were conducted in Sydney from 11 to 14 May.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Sweetenham |first=Bill |year=1988 |title=Australian Institute of Sport Report |url=https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/194007/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1987-1988.pdf |format=pdf |journal=Australian Swimming Inc. Annual Report 1987-88 |publisher=[[Swimming Australia|Australian Swimming]] |pages=[https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/194007/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1987-1988.pdf#page=49 47] |access-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> |- |1989 |23–26 February |State Swimming Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |The selection trials for the 1989 Pan Pacs were conducted in Perth in August.<ref name="1989-1990">{{Cite journal |year=1990 |title=National Team Report |url=https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/148950/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1989-1990.pdf |format=pdf |journal=Australian Swimming Inc. Annual Report 1989-90 |publisher=[[Swimming Australia|Australian Swimming]] |pages=[https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/148950/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1989-1990.pdf#page=29 28] |access-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> The selection trials for the 1990 Commonwealth Games were held in Adelaide in December. |- |1990 |10–14 October<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1991 |title=Honorary Secretary's Report |url=https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/148953/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1990-1991.pdf |format=pdf |journal=Australian Swimming Inc. Annual Report 1990-91 |publisher=[[Swimming Australia|Australian Swimming]] |pages=[https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0003/148953/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1990-1991.pdf#page=7 7] |access-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> |Brisbane Aquatic Centre |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |1991 FINA World Championships |- |1991 |25–29 April |State Swimming Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |1991 Pan Pacs |- |1992 |1–5 April<ref name="1991-1992">{{Cite journal |year=1992 |title=The Year in Detail |url=https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/149200/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1991-1992.pdf |format=pdf |journal=Australian Swimming Inc. Annual Report 1991-92 |publisher=[[Swimming Australia|Australian Swimming]] |pages=[https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0016/149200/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1991-1992.pdf#page=10 7] |access-date=11 May 2013}}</ref> |Australian Institute of Sport |[[Kanberra|Canberra]] |{{Flag|Australian Capital Territory}} |1992 Olympic Games |- |1993 |24–28 March<ref name="1992-1993">{{Cite journal |year=1993 |title=The Year in Detail |url=https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/149204/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1992-1993.pdf |url-status=dead |format=pdf |journal=Australian Swimming Inc. Annual Report 1992-93 |publisher=[[Swimming Australia|Australian Swimming]] |pages=[https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/149204/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1992-1993.pdf#page=8 3] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425081854/https://secure.ausport.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0020/149204/Australian_Swimming_Annual_Report_1992-1993.pdf |archive-date=25 April 2012 |access-date=12 May 2013}}</ref> |Perth Superdrome |[[Perth]] |{{Flag|Western Australia}} |1993 Pan Pacs |- |1994 |15–20 March |Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Chandler |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |1994 Commonwealth Games. 1994 FINA World Championships |- |1995 |30 March –2 April |Perth Superdrome |[[Perth]] |{{Flag|Western Australia}} |1995 Pan Pacs |- |1996 |21–27 April |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |1996 Olympic Games |- |1997 |5–11 October |Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Chandler |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |1998 FINA World Championships. The selection trials for the 1997 Pan Pacs were held in Adelaide in March. |- |1998 |27 April–2 May |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |1998 Commonwealth Games |- |1999 |20–27 March |Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Chandler |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |1999 Pan Pacs |- |2000 |13–20 May |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |2000 Olympic Games |- |2001 |24–31 March |Hobart Aquatic Centre |Hobart |{{Flag|Tasmania}} |2001 FINA World Championships |- |2002 |18–23 March |Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Chandler |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |2002 Commonwealth Games, 2002 Pan Pacs |- |2003 |22–29 March |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |2003 FINA World Championships |- |2004 |27 March – 3 April |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |2004 Olympic Games |- |2005 |12–19 March |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |2005 FINA World Championships |- |2006 |30 January–4 February |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |2006 Commonwealth Games, 2006 Pan Pacs |- |2007 |3–10 December (2006) |Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Chandler |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |2007 FINA World Championships |- |2008 |22–29 March |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |2008 Olympic Games |- |2009 |17–22 March |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |2009 FINA World Championships |- |2010 |16–21 March |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |2010 Commonwealth Games, Pan Pacs 2010 |- |2011 |1–8 April |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |2011 FINA World Championships |- |2012 |15–22 March |South Australia Aquatic and Leisure Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} |2012 Olympic Games |- |2013 |26 April–3 May |South Australia Aquatic and Leisure Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} |2013 FINA World Championships |- |2014 |1–6 April |Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Chandler |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |2014 Commonwealth Games, Pan Pacs 2014 |- |2015 |3–10 April |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |2015 FINA World Championships |- |2016 |7–14 April |South Australia Aquatic and Leisure Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} |2016 Olympic Games |- |[[2017 Australian Swimming Championships|2017]] |9–13 April |Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Chandler |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |2017 FINA World Championships |- |[[2018 Australian Swimming Championships|2018]] |28 February–3 March<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018 Hancock Prospecting Australian Swimming Trials |url=https://www.swimming.org.au/Events/2018-Hancock-Prospecting-Australian-Swimming-Trial.aspx#acc1 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201031315/https://www.swimming.org.au/Events/2018-Hancock-Prospecting-Australian-Swimming-Trial.aspx#acc1 |archive-date=1 December 2017 |access-date=19 November 2017 |publisher=[[Swimming Australia]]}}</ref> |Gold Coast Aquatic Centre |[[Gold Coast]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |2018 Commonwealth Games. The selection trials for Pan Pacs 2018 were held in Adelaide in June–July. |- |2019 |7–12 April |South Australia Aquatic and Leisure Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} |The Australian selection trials for the 2019 FINA World Championships were held in Brisbane in June. |- |2020 |17–21 April |Perth Superdrome |[[Perth]] |{{Flag|Western Australia}} |Cancelled due to COVID-19. The selection trials for the 2020 Olympic Games in June in Adelaide were also cancelled. |- |2021 |14–18 April |Gold Coast Aquatic Centre |[[Gold Coast]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |The Australian swimming selection trials for the 2020 Olympic Games were held in Adelaide in June. |- |2022 |18–22 May<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hanson |first=Ian |date=10 February 2022 |title=Swimming Australia to stage a 2022 blockbuster swim trials with a major move from April to May 17-22 |url=https://www.swimmingworldmagazine.com/news/swimming-australia-to-stage-a-2022-blockbuster-swim-trials-with-a-major-move-from-april-to-may-17-22/ |publisher=Swimming World}} Retrieved on 11 February 2022</ref> |South Australia Aquatic and Leisure Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} |2022 FINA World Championships, 2022 Commonwealth Games |- |2023 |17–20 April<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2022 |title=2023 Australian Swimming Championships |url=https://www.swimming.org.au/events-results/events/2023-australian-swimming-championships |access-date=1 October 2022 |website=Swimming Australia}}</ref> |Gold Coast Aquatic Centre |[[Gold Coast]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |The Australian selection trials for the 2023 World Aquatics Championships were held in Melbourne from 13–18 June. |- |2024 |17–20 April<ref>{{Cite web |title=2024 Australian Swimming Championships |url=https://www.swimming.org.au/events-results/events/2024-australian-open |access-date=18 April 2024 |website=Swimming Australia}}</ref> |Gold Coast Aquatic Centre |[[Gold Coast]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |The trials for the 2024 Olympic Games were held in Brisbane from 10–15 June. |- |[[2025 Australian Swimming Championships|2025]] |21–24 April<ref>{{Cite web |title=2025 Australian Swimming Championships Results |url=https://swimmingausprd.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025-Australian-Open-Championships-Full-Results.pdf |access-date=28 April 2025 |website=Swimming Australia |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250504101730/https://swimmingausprd.wpengine.com/wp-content/uploads/2025-Australian-Open-Championships-Full-Results.pdf |archive-date=4 May 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> |Brisbane Aquatic Centre |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |The [[2025 Australian Swimming Trials|Australian selection trials]] for the 2025 World Aquatics Championships were held in Melbourne from 9–14 June. |} === Gajeren kwas === {| class="wikitable plainrowheaders" style="text-align:left; width:100%; font-size:95%;" ! width="45" |Year ! width="90" |Dates ! width="170" |Pool ! width="60" |City ! width="110" |State ! width="250" |Selection trials for |- |1979 |August |Mowbray Pool |Launceston |Tasmania |FINA Cup, Tokyo |- |1980 |29–31 August |University of NSW pool |Sydney |New South Wales | |- |1981 |''Not held'' | | | | |- |1982 |''Not held'' | | | | |- |1983 |''Not held'' | | | | |- |1984 |24–26 August |State Swimming Centre |Melbourne |Victoria | |- |1985 |30 August – 1 September |[https://www.northernbeaches.nsw.gov.au/things-to-do/swimming-pools/warringah-aquatic-centre Warringah Aquatic Centre] |Sydney |New South Wales | |- |1986 |5–7 September |Mowbray Pool |[[Launceston, Tasmania|Launceston]] |{{Flag|Tasmania}} | |- |[[1987 Australian Short Course Swimming Championships|1987]] |25–27 September<ref name="1987-1989 p.46" /> |State Swimming Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |- |1988 |''Not held'' | | | | |- |1989 |''Not held'' | | | | |- |[[1990 Australian Short Course Swimming Championships|1990]] |2-4 March |Adelaide Aquatic Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} | |- |[[1991 Australian Short Course Swimming Championships|1991]] |27–29 September<ref name="1991-1992" /> |Adelaide Aquatic Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} | |- |1992 |25–27 September<ref name="1992-1993" /> |[https://www.northernbeaches.nsw.gov.au/things-to-do/swimming-pools/warringah-aquatic-centre Casuarina Pool] |Darwin |{{Flag|Northern Territory}} |Oceania championships |- |1993 | | |Melbourne | | |- |1994 |29 September–2 October |Warringah Aquatic Centre |Sydney | | |- |1995 |31 August – 3 September | |Adelaide | |SC Worlds 1995 |- |1996 |19–22 December |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |Melbourne |Victoria | |- |1997 |17–20 July |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |Melbourne |Victoria | |- |1998 |24–27 September |Perth Superdrome |Perth |Western Australia | |- |1999 |2–5 September |[https://www.ais.gov.au/visit/aquatic AIS pool] |Canberra |Australian Capital Territory | |- |2000 |12–15 October |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |Melbourne | | |- |2001 |3–7 August |Perth Superdrome |[[Perth]] |{{Flag|Western Australia}} | |- |2002 |2–5 September |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |Melbourne |Victoria | |- |2003 |2–5 August |Hobart Aquatic Centre |Hobart |Tasmania | |- |2004 |25–29 September |[https://www.sleemansports.com.au/ Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Chandler] |Brisbane |Queensland | |- |2005 |7–11 August |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |Melbourne |Victoria | |- |2006 |25–28 August |Hobart Aquatic Centre |Hobart |Tasmania | |- |2007 |29 August – 2 September |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} | |- |2008 |20–24 September |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |- |2009 |8–12 August |Hobart Aquatic Centre |Hobart |{{Flag|Tasmania}} | |- |2010 |14–18 July |[https://www.sleemansports.com.au/ Brisbane Aquatic Centre], Chandler |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |SC Worlds 2010 |- |2011 |1–3 July |SA Aquatic & Leisure Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} | |- |2012 |12-16 September |Perth Superdrome |[[Perth]] |{{Flag|Western Australia}} |SC Worlds 2012 |- |2013 |22–31 August |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} | |- |2014 |5–9 November |SA Aquatic & Leisure Centre |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} |2014 SC Worlds |- |2015 |26–28 November |Sydney International Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} | |- |2016 |1–5 November |Brisbane Aquatic Centre, Chandler |[[Brisbane]] |{{Flag|Queensland}} |Short Course World Championships 2016 |- |2017 |26–28 October |[[South Australia Aquatic & Leisure Centre|South Australia Aquatic and Leisure Centre]] |[[Adelaide]] |{{Flag|South Australia}} | |- |2018 |25–27 October |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |Short Course World Championships 2018 |- |2019 |24–26 October |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} | |- |2020 |27–29 November |various locations | | |Virtual Championship held in various locations replaced the originally planned Championships in Melbourne. |- |2021 |23–26 September |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} |Cancelled due to COVID-19. |- |2022 |24–27 August |Sydney Olympic Park Aquatic Centre |[[Sydney]] |{{Flag|New South Wales}} |Short Course World Championships 2022 |- |2023 |13–16 September |Sydney Olympic Park Aquatic Centre |Sydney |New South Wales | |- |2024 |26–29 September |SA Aquatic & Leisure Centre |Adelaide |{{Flag|South Australia}} | |- |2025 |1–3 October |Melbourne Sports and Aquatic Centre |[[Melbourne]] |{{Flag|Victoria}} | |} == Nassoshi == r6vcmwh5rqx9nt2t0bzhtibgra0dves Hun Kulu harbi 0 168069 962137 925289 2026-10-03T05:15:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962137 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Harin Kulu Hun ko kuma wanda aka fi sani da '''bala'in Kulu Hun''' shine kisan samari uku a wata ƙungiya a Dili, Timor-Leste da wani jami'in 'yan sanda José Mina ya yi a watan Nuwamba a shekarar 2018. == Tarihi == Rashin tausayi na 'yan sanda a Timor-Leste ya kasance babbar matsala tun lokacin da Timor-Lest ta sami 'yancin kai. A wani abin da ya faru 'yan sanda suka kashe wani saurayi a Bebonuk, Dili. Wani jami'in 'yan sanda ya harbe wani saurayi kuma ya ji rauni a Praia dos Coqueiros . <ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Lack of Control of PNTL Weapons and the Need to Reform PNTL “Community policing is not just a slogan” - Fundasaun Mahein |url=https://www.fundasaunmahein.org/2018/11/19/lack-of-control-of-pntl-weapons-and-the-need-to-reform-pntl-community-policing-is-not-just-a-slogan/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Fundasaun Mahein - Monitoring Security Sector Policy in Timor-Leste |language=en-US}}</ref> Har ila yau, an bayar da rahoton shari'o'in zalunci a Ainaro a cikin shekara ta 2017, Covalima a cikin shekara ta 2016, Hera a cikin 2012, Delta Nova a cikin 2009, da Viqueque a cikin shekara ta 2007. <ref name=":1" /> == Yin harbi == Da sassafe a ranar 18 ga watan Nuwamba Shekara ta 2018, José Mina da wasu jami'ai uku da aka sani da sunayensu, FMS, AJS da AJT wadanda duk ba su aiki kuma duk sun bugu kuma suna halartar kore metan wanda abokin aikinsu ya shirya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Oki |first=Raimundos |date=2018-11-19 |title=Policeman accused of killing 3 at party in East Timor |url=https://highergroundtimes.com/higher-ground/2018/nov/19/policeman-accused-of-killing-3-at-party-in-east-ti/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Higher Ground Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-24 |title=Court sends main suspects in Kulu-Hun fatal shooting to preventive prison |url=https://www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2018/11/court-sends-main-suspects-in-kulu-hun.html |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=East Timor Law and Justice Bulletin |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241127015112/https://www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2018/11/court-sends-main-suspects-in-kulu-hun.html |archive-date=2024-11-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2018-11-24 |title=Police accused of unnecessary violence and lack of gun control |url=https://www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2018/11/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=East Timor Law and Justice Bulletin |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241119181701/https://www.easttimorlawandjusticebulletin.com/2018/11/ |archive-date=2024-11-19 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bayan tsakar dare maza biyu sun fara jayayya, kuma jami'an tufafi guda huɗu sun yi ƙoƙari su shiga tsakani duk da haka an samu matsalar wutar lantarki, Mina ta tsaya a kan benci kuma ta fara harba bindigarsa a cikin duhu, ta kashe maza uku masu shekaru 18 Erick Joni Robertus Bria wanda aka buga a kai, Leonildo "Leo" Eduardo Ximenes Sequeira wanda aka buga shi a kirji, da Luis Quevin Saldanha Belo wanda aka buga su a cikin makogwaro, duk maza uku sun mutu nan take. Wasu biyar sun ji mummunan rauni .<ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /> == Sakamakon haka == A ranar 27 ga watan Maris a shekarar 2019 aka yanke wa José Mina hukuncin shekaru 25 a kurkuku kuma aka yanke wa FMS hukuncin shekaru 20.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Minister of the Presidency of the Council of Ministers received the relatives of the victims of the Kuluhun tragedy |url=https://timor-leste.gov.tl/?p=24977&print=1&lang=en |website=timor-leste.gov.tl}}</ref> Harbin ya haifar da fushi a 'Yan sanda na kasa, kuma washegari bayan zanga-zangar harbi ta barke a Dili.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Almeida |first=Joao |last2=Peake |first2=Gordon |last3=Wilson |first3=Bu |date=2018-11-20 |title=Tragic Dili shooting shows Timor policing still in need of reform |url=https://devpolicy.org/tragic-dili-shooting-shows-timor-policing-still-in-need-of-reform-20181121/ |access-date=2024-10-22 |website=Devpolicy Blog from the Development Policy Centre |language=en-AU}}</ref> Ƙarin zanga-zangar sun tashi a cikin Shekara ta 2021 bayan mummunan harbi a ranar 5 ga watan Yuni a shekarar 2021, lokacin da wani jami'in PNTL ya harbe mutane a gidajensu a Lahane ya buge Mateus "Amino" de Deus a kirji ya kashe shi nan take kuma ya ji wa ɗansa rauni wanda ya mutu daga baya a asibiti kuma ya ji mummunan rauni ga surukinsu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lahane Shooting Incident: Accountability And Major Reforms Needed - Fundasaun Mahein |url=https://www.fundasaunmahein.org/2021/06/07/lahane-shooting-incident-accountability-and-major-reforms-needed/ |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=Fundasaun Mahein - Monitoring Security Sector Policy in Timor-Leste |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Oki |first=Raimundos |date=2021-06-05 |title=Police bullets claim two lives in Lahane |url=https://www.oekusipost.com/en/security/1015-police-bullets-claim-two-lives-in-lahane |access-date=2025-06-16 |website=www.oekusipost.com |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Manazarta == cavtgocjkov961g00j8fz2d1f4n5ycv Gidan kallo na 0 168081 961904 925372 2026-10-02T15:05:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961904 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Ma'adinin Mirador babban [[Hakar ma'adinai|ma'adinin jan ƙarfe]] ne wanda ke cikin lardin Amazon na Zamora-Chinchipe a kudancin Ecuador . Yana daya daga cikin manyan wuraren ajiyar jan ƙarfe a [[Ecuador]], <ref name="Iacobeni">{{Cite web |date=2002 |title=Mirador Project: Corriente Copper Belt |url=http://www.infomine.com/index/pr/Pa093256.PDF |access-date=2013-07-06 |publisher=Corriente Resources}}</ref> kuma aikin jan ƙarfe na farko da za a bunkasa a kasar. Aikin ya haifar da rikice-[[Rikicin muhalli]] wanda ke nunawa a cikin muhawara ta siyasa ta kasa game da hakar ma'adinai.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=van Teijlingen |first=Karolien |last2=Hogenboom |first2=Barbara |date=2016 |title=Debating Alternative Development at the Mining Frontier: ''Buen Vivir'' and the Conflict around El Mirador Mine in Ecuador |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x16667190 |journal=[[Journal of Developing Societies]] |volume=32 |issue=4 |pages=382–420 |doi=10.1177/0169796x16667190 |issn=0169-796X |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kamfanin Ecuacorriente S.A. ECSA ne ke sarrafa aikin kuma yana aiki, wani reshe ne na kamfanin kasar Sin mai mallakar CRCC-Tongguan Investment Co. Ltd, wanda ya ƙunshi Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group Holdings Co. Ltd. da China Railway Construction Corp. Ltd. . <ref name=":02">{{Cite web |title=Mirador Copper-Gold Project, Zamora-Chinchipe Province, Ecuador |url=https://www.nsenergybusiness.com/projects/mirador-copper-gold-project/ |access-date=2022-07-02 |language=en-US}}</ref> Ci gaban ma'adinin Mirador ya yi adawa da Confederation of Indigenous Nationalities of Ecuador CONAIE, wanda ya haifar da [[zanga-zangar Ecuador ta 2012]]. An fitar da jigilar jan ƙarfe na farko daga ma'adinin zuwa China a watan Janairun 2020. An dakatar da samarwa a ma'adinin a watan Yunin 2022 lokacin da aka toshe hanyoyin shiga yayin zanga-zangar da 'yan asalin ƙasar suka yi wanda ya yi buƙatu da yawa daga gwamnatin Ecuador ciki har da dakatar da ayyukan mai da ma'adinai. == Tarihi == Kasar Sin ita ce mafi yawan masu amfani da jan ƙarfe a duniya, kuma ƙasar ta ƙara ba da fifiko ga saka hannun jari a cikin ƙarfe marasa ƙarfe a matsayin wani ɓangare na manufofin ƙasashen waje, musamman a Latin Amurka inda akwai adadi da yawa da ba a yi amfani da su ba. Ma'adinin Mirador yana cikin Corriente Copper Belt, inda Ecuacorriente SA ke kula da abubuwan hakar ma'adinai a kan hekta 62,000 acre 150,000. Ecuador ta dogara da fitar da mai don tallafawa kasa da kasa, kuma ta nemi saka hannun jari na kasashen waje don bunkasa ajiyar jan ƙarfe a cikin Amazon a matsayin tushen kudade don ayyukan ababen more rayuwa na kasa.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Vasco |first=Cintia Quiliconi, Pablo Rodriguez |last2=Vasco |first2=Cintia Quiliconi, Pablo Rodriguez |title=Chinese Mining and Indigenous Resistance in Ecuador |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/research/2021/09/chinese-mining-and-indigenous-resistance-in-ecuador?lang=en |access-date=2022-07-02 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref> Kimanin gwamnati ya nuna cewa fadada masana'antar hakar ma'adinai ta Ecuador na iya samar da akalla dala biliyan 40 a cikin kudaden fitarwa tsakanin 2020 da 2030. Kasar Sin ta saka kusan dala biliyan 1.4 a cikin aikin Mirador tun daga shekarar 2019, gami da dala miliyan 85 a cikin sarauta ga gwamnatin Ecuador. Ya zuwa 2020, kamfanonin Kanada da na kasar Sin sun saka hannun jari na dala biliyan 7 a cikin manyan ayyukan biyar a cikin Corriente Copper Belt . <ref name=":1" /> Yankin Corriente Copper Belt ya kasance yankin 'yan asalin Shuar na tsawon shekaru dubu daya.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Sánchez-Vázquez |first=Luis |last2=Espinosa |first2=María Gabriela |last3=Eguiguren |first3=María Beatriz |date=2016 |title=Perception of Socio-Environmental Conflicts in Mining Areas: The Case of the Mirador Project in Ecuador |journal=Ambiente & Sociedade |language=en |volume=19 |issue=2 |pages=23–44 |doi=10.1590/1809-4422ASOC129708V1922016 |issn=1414-753X |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ma'adinai a yankin sun yi adawa da wasu al'ummomin Shuar da kungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasa kamar CONAIE, wanda ya haifar da rikice-[[Rikicin muhalli]]. Haɗin al'ummomin Shuar yana tsara yadda ake ganin rikici a yankin da kuma yaren kimantawa na jam'iyyun da ke rikici: dabi'u kamar fa'idodin tattalin arziki da ci gaba na iya zama ba tare da daidaitawa ba tare da tsarkakar ƙasar da haƙƙin 'yan asalin ƙasar.<ref name=":4" /> Tsayayya da ma'adinin yana da alaƙa da ilimin halittu na asalin Shuar a matsayin furcin [[Kula da muhalli na matalauta|muhalli na matalauta]]: tsayayya da aikin ya shafi dokokin Shuar da ke ƙuntata mallakar ƙasa ta mutum don tallafawa lakabin ƙasar al'umma; an kawo karar da ke ambaton haƙƙin yanayi da buƙatu don kyauta, kafin da kuma izinin bayani.<ref name=":4" /> Kodayake rikici ya shafi sauye-sauyen yanki, gwagwarmaya ce game da ma'ana da alaƙar ɗan adam da yanayi, gami da ra'ayin ''[[Haƙƙoƙin Yanayi a Ecuador|Sumak Kawsay]]'' wanda yake wani ɓangare na Kundin Tsarin Mulki na Ecuador. <ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Har ila yau, rikice-rikicen yanki sun ɓarke kan ci gaban wasu ayyukan a yankin: ci gaban Ma'adinin jan ƙarfe na San Carlos Panantza ya tsaya saboda rikici a cikin 2018, kuma an ci gaba da juriya a cikin 2020, lokacin da aka ƙone sansanin ma'adinai kuma aka sace shi.<ref name=":7">{{Cite web |last=Morin |first=Caroline |date=2022 |title=Exploring China's Footprint in the Andes Mountains: Copper Mining in Ecuador |url=https://www.tearline.mil/public_page/copper-ecuador/ |website=tearline.mil |access-date=2026-09-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130162435/https://www.tearline.mil/public_page/copper-ecuador |archive-date=2026-01-30 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An kori wasu mazauna yankin daga gidajensu a cikin ko kusa da yankin aikin. Wadannan korar suna daga cikin tsarin tilasta korar 'yan asalin ƙasar Ecuador da kuma ko'ina cikin duniya don hakar albarkatu.<ref name=":3">{{Cite web |date=2015-12-21 |title=Large-scale copper mine project in Ecuador mired in allegations of abuse |url=https://news.mongabay.com/2015/12/large-scale-copper-mine-project-in-ecuador-mired-in-allegations-of-abuse/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Mongabay Environmental News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Figueroa |first=Isabela |date=June 2018 |title=Desplazamientos en virtud del desarrollo: un estudio de caso del proyecto minero Mirador en Zamora Chinchipe, Ecuador |url=https://doi.org/10.22395/ojum.v17n33a7 |journal=Opinion Jurídica |volume=17 |issue=33 |pages=173–198 |doi=10.22395/ojum.v17n33a7 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Cibiyar Kula da Gudanar da Gudanarwa ta Cikin Gida ta kiyasta cewa yawan mutanen da suka yi gudun hijira don ayyukan ci gaba na iya wuce miliyan 25 da aka yi hijira ta hanyar rikice-rikicen makamai a cikin 2008. <ref name=":2" /> Yankin aikin ya haɗa da wuraren da aka kiyaye a cikin Cordillera del Condor kuma yana da nau'ikan halittu masu ban sha'awa waɗanda Conservation International da Missouri Botanical Garden suka yi nazarin su, waɗanda suka jaddada cewa kimantawar su game da bambancin halittu ba cikakke ba ne. Ma'adinai a yankin sun kasance tushen muhawara saboda wannan dalili.<ref name=":4" /> == Ci gaba == An sanya hannu kan kwangila don ci gaban ma'adinin Mirador tare da gwamnatin Ecuador a shekarar 2012. <ref name=":2" /> Kamfanin Kanada Corriente Resources, Inc ya kammala kimantawa na tasirin muhalli da nazarin yiwuwar ma'adinai a cikin 2006 da 2008 bi da bi. Kamfanonin kasar Sin Tongling Nonferrous Metals Group TNMG da China Railway Construction Corporation Limited CRCC)ne suka sayi ma'adinin a cikin shekara ta 2010. <ref name=":02" /> Kamfanonin kasar Sin sun fara gina ma'adinin Mirador a shekarar 2012, inda suka saka hannun jari kusan dala biliyan 1.4 a cikin aikin kuma suka samar da jan ƙarfe na farko a shekarar 2019. <ref name=":02" /> An fitar da jan ƙarfe na farko daga ma'adinin zuwa China a watan Janairun 2020. <ref name=":02" /> === Manazarta === Mirador mine ya rufe kusan hekta 2,995 7,400 acres a cikin Cordillera del Condor tsaunuka a kudancin Ecuador. <ref name=":02" /> An kiyasta tanadin da aka tabbatar da shi a tan miliyan 3.2 Mt na jan ƙarfe, tsakanin 3.4 da 4.09 miliyan ounces Moz na zinariya, kuma tsakanin 27.1 da 32.3 Moz na azurfa. <ref name=":02" /><ref name="Iacobeni" /> Ana tura ma'adinai daga ma'adinin da aka bude zuwa wani masana'antar sarrafawa da ke kusa inda aka murkushe shi kuma aka gyara shi; sannan ana tura shi zuwa China don ci gaba da aiki.<ref name=":02" /> An kammala nazarin yiwuwar da yawa don ma'adinai tare da nau'ikan ma'adanai daban-daban da rayuwar ma'adinin. Wani binciken da aka yi a shekara ta 2005 ya ba da shawarar wani shiri wanda ya dogara da tan miliyan 111 na albarkatun da ke cikin rami wanda ke da 0.67% Cu da 0.22 grams a kowace tan na zinariya, da kuma rayuwar ma'adinai ta shekaru 12. Wani binciken a shekara ta 2006 ya kara girman rami zuwa tan miliyan 347 tare da rayuwar ma'adinai ta shekaru 22 zuwa 39, da albarkatun da ke ba da darajar 0.62% Cu, 0.196 g / t zinariya, da 1.57 g / t azurfa. Wani rahoto na 2008 tare da ƙimar niƙa 30,000 TPD ya yi hasashen samar da shekara-shekara na MT 11 na mai da hankali, wanda ke dauke da fam miliyan 137 na jan ƙarfe, 34,000 oz zinariya, da 394,000 oz azurfa na shekaru 10 na farko na rayuwar ma'adinai da jimlar rayuwar ma'aikatar shekaru 17.<ref name=":6" /> Binciken yiwuwar 2008 ya kiyasta farashin farko na aikin a dala miliyan 418 da kuma rayuwar aikin ma'adinai na dala miliyan 474. An kiyasta jimlar kuɗin aiki a dala biliyan 1.2.<ref name=":6" /> An kiyasta dawowar mai narkewa a dala biliyan 3.2, tare da yiwuwar fadadawa, duka a ajiyar Mirador da ajiyar da ke kusa da 'yan kilomita zuwa arewa maso gabas a waje da ikon binciken.<ref name=":6" /> == Rikicin muhalli == Kamfanin hakar ma'adinai da gwamnati sun jaddada yiwuwar hakar ma-adinai da alhakin aikin Mirador. Kamfanin hakar ma'adinai ya bayyana cewa tasirin da ya dace daga hakar ma-adinai na iya haɗawa da inganta hanyoyin sadarwa na gida da tsarin ruwa kuma cewa aikin zai samar da ayyuka 1,200 yayin gini, ayyuka 415 yayin aiki, da ƙarin 'ayyukan da ba a kai tsaye' . Wani binciken da aka yi a shekarar 2016 ya gano cewa wasu mazauna yankin sun nuna bangaskiya ga hakar ma'adinai kuma suna da fatan samun ayyuka da ci gaban tattalin arziki.<ref name=":4" /> Binciken ya gano cewa ra'ayoyin aikin hakar ma'adinai ba su da daidaituwa tsakanin al'ummomin Shuar: wasu wakilan Shuar da kungiyoyi sun goyi bayan hakar ma-adinai yayin da wasu suka yi adawa. Mutanen yankin da suka nuna shakku game da hakar ma'adinai masu alhakin suna da damuwa game da lalacewar muhalli na matsakaici da na dogon lokaci. Sun kuma nuna damuwa game da karuwar aikata laifuka da tashin hankali da ya haifar da kwararar ma'aikatan ma'adinai da babban birnin.<ref name=":4" /> Wata hadin gwiwar kabilanci da ke wakiltar al'ummomin Shuar, manoma na gida, da makiyaya sun yi tsayayya da ma'adinin a matsayin barazana ga salon rayuwarsu ta gargajiya.<ref name=":4" /> Hamayya da ma'adinin ya haifar da [[Zanga-zangar Ecuador ta 2012|zanga-zangar da CONAIE ta jagoranta a shekarar 2012]] suna neman kariya ga ruwa da kara shawarwari game da ayyukan hakar ma'adinai tare da 'yan asalin ƙasar.<ref name="gpost">{{Cite web |date=29 November 2009 |title=Ecuador natives begin two-week march to protest Chinese mining companies |url=http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/regions/americas/120309/ecuador-natives-begin-two-week-march-protest-chinese-mining-company |access-date=2012-03-11 |publisher=Globalpost.com}}</ref><ref name="Aljaz">{{Cite web |date=4 October 2011 |title=Native Ecuadorans protest Amazon mining – Americas |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/03/20123921342425380.html |access-date=2012-03-11 |publisher=Al Jazeera English}}</ref><ref name="canada">{{Cite web |last=staff |title=Indigenous Ecuadorians March Against Canadian Copper Mine |url=http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2012/2012-03-08-01.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120321230350/http://www.ens-newswire.com/ens/mar2012/2012-03-08-01.html |archive-date=21 March 2012 |access-date=2012-03-11 |publisher=Ens-newswire.com}}</ref> An dakatar da samarwa a ma'adinin a watan Yunin 2022 lokacin da aka toshe hanyoyin shiga yayin zanga-zangar da 'yan asalin ƙasar suka yi wanda ya yi buƙatu da yawa daga gwamnatin Ecuador ciki har da dakatar da ayyukan mai da ma'adinai. === Rashin aiki === Kamfanin hakar ma'adinai ya fara matsawa mazauna garin San Marcos don sayar da ƙasarsu a shekara ta 2006 bayan kammala EIA. Wasu iyalai da suka ki sayar an cire su da karfi; Tsaro mai zaman kansa na ECSA da 'yan sanda na gida sun lalata makarantar da coci a San Marcos a cikin 2014, kuma an cire iyalai goma sha shida a cikin fitarwa da aka tilasta a tsakiyar dare a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 2015 . <ref name=":3" /><ref name=":7" /> Tun lokacin da aka ci gaba da ma'adinin, kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam sun yi tir da aikin don tilasta fitar da iyalai fiye da 30 na Shuar daga gidajensu. Binciken takardun da suka shafi ƙaurawar mutanen yankin ya kammala cewa ECSA ba ta bi nasa shirin da gwamnati ta amince da shi ba don sayen ƙasa a yankin aikin, kuma ba ta sami tarar ko hukunci saboda wannan kuskuren ba.<ref name=":2" /> Binciken ya kuma gano cewa ECSA ba ta bayyane ba game da farashin da aka biya don ƙasar da aka saya a yankin: wasu mazauna sun karɓi tayin daga kamfanin da ke ƙasa da darajar kasuwa ba tare da karɓar wani bayani ko tallafi daga gwamnati ba; kuma mutanen da suka ƙi waɗannan tayin an kore su da karfi ko kuma an aikata su. <ref name=":2" /> An cire iyalai da yawa ta hanyar amfani da tsarin doka da ake kira {{Lang|es|servidumbre}} (kamar Babban yanki, wanda ke ba da damar kwace ƙasa don ayyukan "amfanin ƙasa". A karkashin bautar, mutanen da suka rasa muhallinsu suna karɓar diyya ta kuɗi, amma ba su da wani zaɓi don kasancewa a ƙasarsu. Yawancin 'yan asalin ƙasar da iyalai masu tsattsauran ra'ayi sun kasance masu rauni saboda ba su da ikon hukuma ga ƙasarsu.<ref name=":2" /> Dokokin 'yan asalin da ake gudanar da taken a cikin al'umma maimakon mutum ɗaya sun sa ya zama da wahala ga wasu mutane su shiga cikin sayen kamfanoni.<ref name=":2" /> Kamfanin Carnegie Endowment for International Peace ya ba da rahoton cewa kamfanonin hakar ma'adinai sun yi amfani da rabuwa da cin nasara don murkushe juriya ta cikin gida ga hakar ma-adinai ta hanyar shigar da fitattun mazauna cikin ma'amala tare da "mummunan tasirin zamantakewa da siyasa".<ref name=":8" /> === Ruwa === Binciken mai zaman kansa na EIA ya kammala cewa sharar ma'adinai ta haifar da mummunar barazana ga ingancin ruwa ta hanyar magudanar ma'adanai, kuma EIA ta ƙunshi, "babu wani shiri na rage haɗarin samar da acid da yiwuwar fashewar madatsar ruwa".<ref name=":3" /> ECSA ta gano cewa madatsar ruwa ta haifar da "babban haɗari", kuma masu sharhi sun damu da cewa gazawar madatsar ruwan ta iya haifar da bala'i mai kama da bala'in madatsar Samarco.<ref name=":3" /> Mazauna kuma sun ce ma'adinin ya gurɓata ruwan su, kuma mutanen da ke wanka a cikin kogi na gida, "sun fito da rashes da rauni a kan fatarsu". === Wuraren binciken kayan tarihi === Wani binciken da INREDH you {{Lang|es|Fundación Regional de Asesoría en Derechos Humanos}} da CASCOMI {{Lang|es|Comunidad Amazónica de Acción Social Cordillera del Cóndor Mirador}} suka ba da umarni sun kammala cewa ma'adinin ya lalata wuraren binciken kayan tarihi da yawa na asali, cewa an yi watsi da ladabi na ba da shawara, kuma an gudanar da ayyukan ceto na archaeological ba tare da sanar da al'ummomin 'yan asalin yankin ko hukumomin' yan asalin hukuma ba. === Shari'a === Ci gaban Mirador ya kalubalanci akalla shari'o'i shida tsakanin 2012 da 2019 da jami'an yankin, kungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar, mutane, kungiyoyin muhalli da masana kimiyya suka kawo. Wasu daga cikin wadannan karar sun kalubalanci aikin ne bisa keta haƙƙin yanayi, wanda kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador ke karewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-02-26 |title=The case for Rights of Nature in face of the Mirador Open Pit Copper Mining Project - Global Alliance for the Rights of Nature (GARN) |url=https://www.garn.org/the-case-for-rights-of-nature-in-face-of-the-mirador-open-pit-copper-mining-project/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |language=en-US}}</ref> An gabatar da wasu karar ne bisa kisan shugabannin 'yan asalin ƙasar; keta haƙƙin gidaje na al'umma; haƙƙin' yan asalin ƙasar don 'yanci, kafin, da kuma sanar da yardar da kundin tsarin mulkin Ecuador ya kare; da ka'idojin muhalli. == Dubi kuma == * Ma'adinai a Ecuador * [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]] == Bayanan da aka ambata == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dfzil6qvoeohiejroef57tb3z78xpvn Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Mai Zaman Kanta 0 168101 962126 925535 2026-10-03T04:11:25Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 2 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962126 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam Mai Zaman Kanta''' ('''ICHR'''; Larabci: الهيئة المستقلة لحقوق الانسان, ) ita ce cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Falasdinu. An kafa shi a cikin 1993 a kan dokar shugaban kasa da Shugaba [[Yasser Arafat]] ya bayar a ranar 30 ga Satumba, 1993, bisa ga Mataki na 31 na Dokar Faransanci (1993) wanda ya bayyana cewa "za a kafa kwamiti mai zaman kansa don haƙƙin ɗan adam bisa ga dokar da za ta bayyana kafa ta, ayyuka da iko". An buga dokar shugaban kasa a cikin jaridar hukuma a 1995 (No. 59/1995). Dokta Hanan Ashrawi shine Kwamishinan Janar na farko na ICHR. Kwamishinan Janar na yanzu shine Mista Issam Younis . A shekara ta 2009 ICHR ta sami cikakken izini a matsayin ma'aikatar ƙasa daidai da [[Ka'idodin Paris na Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ka'idodin Paris na Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa]] (NHRI). [[Ƙungiyar Ƙungiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Duniya|Kwamitin Gudanarwa na Duniya na Cibiyoyin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Kasa]] (ICC) ya ba shi matsayi na A tare da ajiya a shekara ta 2005. <ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/members/full-members/palestinian-territories/downloads/bare-facts/about-the-palestinian-independent-commission-for-human-rights|title=APF Member's Bare Facts Palestine}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Yana karɓar korafe-korafe daga 'yan ƙasar Palasdinawa game da take hakkin dan adam kuma yana kula da su tare da hukumomin hukuma. ICHR tana da ikon doka don bayar da rahoto ba tare da ƙuntatawa ba game da halin da ake ciki na haƙƙin ɗan adam na ƙasa (a kan takamaiman batutuwa ko ta hanyar rahotanni na batutuwa) da keta duk wani haƙƙin ɗan Adam. Zai iya ba da shawarwari ga gwamnati, majalisa da sauran hukumomin da suka dace kan al'amuran da suka shafi doka ko tanadin gudanarwa, da kuma inganta daidaituwa da dokokin ƙasa da ayyuka tare da wajibai na duniya na Falasdinu da aiwatar da shawarwari na hanyoyin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya. Ayyukanta suna ba ta damar shiga cikin tsarin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya da kuma gudanar da ilimin jama'a da wayar da kan jama'a.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APF Member's Bare Facts Palestine |url=http://www.asiapacificforum.net/members/full-members/palestinian-territories/downloads/bare-facts/about-the-palestinian-independent-commission-for-human-rights}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Hukumar memba ce ta Taron Asiya da Pacific, ɗaya daga cikin ƙungiyoyi huɗu na yanki a cikin ICC. Babban ayyukanta sune karɓar korafe-korafe daga 'yan ƙasar Palasdinawa game da keta haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma kula da su tare da hukumomin hukuma. Har ila yau, yana sa ido kan kurkuku da cibiyoyin tsare-tsare, kuma yana ba da rahotanni na kowane wata da na shekara-shekara na sa ido kan haƙƙin ɗan adam. == Dubi kuma == * [['Yancin Dan Adam a Falasdinu|'Yancin Dan Adam a Yankin Palasdinawa]] * [[Cibiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa|Cibiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam na kasa]] * [[Ka'idodin Paris na Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam|Ka'idodin Paris]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5cs2f54ehj8189mdje9179werl1ktk4 Gyara Rayuwa 0 168252 962023 953438 2026-10-02T20:30:41Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962023 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Bioremediation''' yana nufin duk wani tsari inda tsarin halittu (yawanci [[Kwayar cutar Bakteriya|ƙwayoyin cuta]], microalgae, fungi a cikin mycoremediation, da tsire-tsire a cikin phytoremediation), mai rai ko matattu, ana amfani dashi don cirewa gurɓata muhalli daga iska, ruwa, ƙasa, iskar mai, masana'antu da sauransu, a cikin yanayi ko na wucin gadi. Ikon halitta na kwayoyin halitta don adsorb, tarawa, da kuma lalata gurɓataccen abu na yau da kullun da ke fitowa ya jawo hankalin amfani da albarkatun halittu wajen magance gurɓatawar yanayi.<ref name="yuvraj 305 318" /><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Bhatnagar |first=Sonal |last2=Kumari |first2=Reeta |date=2013 |title=Bioremediation: A Sustainable Tool for Environmental Management – A Review |journal=Annual Review & Research in Biology |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=974–993}}</ref> Idan aka kwatanta da hanyoyin magani na al'ada na physicochemical bioremediation na iya ba da fa'idodi kamar yadda yake da niyyar zama mai dorewa, mai aminci, mai arha, da kuma daidaitawa.<ref name="yuvraj 305 318" /><ref name=":0" /> Yawancin bioremediation ba zato ba tsammani ba ne, wanda ya shafi kwayoyin halitta. Bincike kan bioremediation yana mai da hankali sosai kan karfafa tsarin ta hanyar inoculation na shafin da aka gurbata tare da kwayoyin ko samar da abubuwan gina jiki don inganta ci gaban su. [[Gyara muhalli]] madadin bioremediation ne.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2011 |title=Green Remediation Best Management Practices: Sites with Leaking Underground Storage Tank Systems. EPA 542-F-11-008 |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2015-04/documents/ust_gr_fact_sheet.pdf |publisher=EPA}}</ref> Duk da yake gurɓataccen kwayoyin halitta suna da saukin lalacewa, ba za a iya lalata ƙarfe mai nauyi ba, amma a maimakon haka ana sarrafa su ko rage su. Bioremediations na al'ada ya haɗa da oxidations.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Duran N, Esposito E |year=2022 |title=Potential Applications of Oxidative Enzymes and Phenoloxidase-like Compounds in Wastewater and Soil Treatment: A Review |journal=Applied Catalysis B: Environmental |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=305–318 |doi=10.1016/S0926-3373(00)00168-5}}</ref> Oxidations yana inganta ruwa-rugujewar mahadi na kwayoyin halitta da kuma saukin su ga ci gaba da lalacewa ta hanyar kara oxidation da hydrolysis. Daga ƙarshe biodegradation yana canza hydrocarbons zuwa [[carbon dioxide]] da ruwa. Ga ƙarfe mai nauyi, bioremediation yana ba da mafita kaɗan. Za'a iya cire gurɓataccen ƙarfe, aƙalla a wani ɓangare, tare da dabarun bioremediation daban-daban.<ref name="Kapahi_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kapahi M, Sachdeva S |date=December 2019 |title=Bioremediation Options for Heavy Metal Pollution |journal=Journal of Health and Pollution |volume=9 |issue=24 |doi=10.5696/2156-9614-9.24.191203 |pmc=6905138 |pmid=31893164}}</ref> Babban ƙalubalen ga bioremediations shine ƙimar: matakai suna da jinkiri. Za'a iya rarraba dabarun warkarwa a matsayin (i) a cikin dabarun, wanda ke kula da wuraren da aka gurɓata kai tsaye, vs (ii) dabarun da aka yi amfani da su ga kayan da aka tono.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kensa VM |date=2011 |title=Bioremediation - An Overview |url=https://www.icontrolpollution.com/peer-reviewed/bioremediation-an-overview-37408.html |journal=I Control Pollution |language=en |volume=27 |issue=2 |pages=161–168 |issn=0970-2083}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin waɗannan hanyoyin biyu, an kara ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki, bitamin, ma'adanai, da pH buffers don haɓaka ci gaba da metabolism na microorganisms. A wasu lokuta, ana ƙara al'adun microbial na musamman (biostimulation). Wasu misalai na fasahar da ke da alaƙa da warkarwa sune phytoremediation, Bioventing, bioattenuation, Biosparging, composting (biopiles da windrows), da kuma aikin gona. Sauran dabarun gyare-gyare sun haɗa da cirewar zafi, vitrification, Cire iska, Bioleaching, Rhizofiltration, da wanke ƙasa. Magani na halitta, bioremediation, irin wannan hanyar ne da ake amfani da ita don magance sharar gida ciki har da ruwa mai guba, sharar masana'antu da sharar gida. Manufar ƙarshe ta bioremediation ita ce cire mahadi masu cutarwa don inganta ingancin ƙasa da ruwa.<ref name="Canak_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Canak S, Berezljev L, Borojevic K, Asotic J, Ketin S |date=2019 |title=Bioremediation and "green chemistry" |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332318816 |journal=Fresenius Environmental Bulletin |volume=28 |issue=4 |pages=3056–3064 |via=}}</ref> == Hanyoyi == === A cikin fasahar === [[File:In_Situ_Bioremediation.png|thumb|Bayyanawa na gani wanda ke nuna yanayin rayuwa. Wannan tsari ya haɗa da ƙara iskar oxygen, abubuwan gina jiki, ko ƙwayoyin cuta a cikin gurbataccen ƙasa don cire gurbataccen guba.<ref name="Canak_2019" /> Contamination ya hada da sharar da aka binne da kuma bututun bututu na karkashin kasa wanda ke shiga tsarin ruwa na kasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Jørgensen KS |date=2007 |title=In Situ Bioremediation |journal=Advances in Applied Microbiology |language=en |publisher=Academic Press |volume=61 |pages=285–305 |doi=10.1016/S0065-2164(06)61008-3 |isbn=978-0-12-002663-0 |pmid=17448793}}</ref> Ƙarin iskar oxygen yana cire gurɓataccen ta hanyar samar da carbon dioxide da ruwa.<ref name="Kapahi_2019" />]] ==== Bioventing ==== Bioventing tsari ne wanda ke kara iskar oxygen ko iska a cikin yankin da ba a cika shi ba na ƙasa, wannan kuma yana ƙara yawan lalacewar yanayi na gurɓataccen hydrocarbon.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=García Frutos FJ, Escolano O, García S, Babín M, Fernández MD |date=November 2010 |title=Bioventing remediation and ecotoxicity evaluation of phenanthrene-contaminated soil |journal=Journal of Hazardous Materials |volume=183 |issue=1–3 |pages=806–13 |bibcode=2010JHzM..183..806F |doi=10.1016/j.jhazmat.2010.07.098 |pmid=20800967}}</ref> Bioventing, wani aerobic bioremediation, shine mafi yawan nau'in tsarin oxidative bioremedition inda ake samar da iskar oxygen a matsayin mai karɓar lantarki don oxidation na [[Danyen mai|man fetur]], polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), phenols, da sauran rage gurbatawa. Oxygen gabaɗaya shine mai karɓar lantarki da aka fi so saboda yawan makamashi da kuma saboda ana buƙatar iskar oxygen don wasu tsarin enzyme don fara tsarin lalacewa. Microorganisms na iya lalata nau'ikan hydrocarbons iri-iri, gami da abubuwan da ke cikin man fetur, kerosene, diesel, da man fetur. A karkashin yanayi mai kyau na aerobic, ƙimar biodegradation na ƙananan- zuwa matsakaici-nau'i Aliphatic, Alicyclic, da kuma aromatic mahadi na iya zama da yawa. Yayin da nauyin kwayoyin fili ke ƙaruwa, juriya ga biodegradation yana ƙaruwa a lokaci guda.<ref name="Norris_1993" /> Wannan yana haifar da mafi girman gurbataccen mahadi saboda nauyin kwayoyin su da kuma karuwar wahalar cirewa daga muhalli. Yawancin matakai na bioremediation sun haɗa da halayen rage ƙwayoyin cuta inda aka kara ko dai mai karɓar lantarki (yawanci oxygen) don motsa ƙwayoyin ƙwayoyin halitta (misali hydrocarbons) ko mai ba da gudummawar lantarki (yawonci substratum na kwayoyin halitta) don rage gurɓataccen ƙwayoyin (nitrate, perchlorate, ƙarfe masu narkewa, masu fashewa da propellants). A cikin waɗannan hanyoyin biyu, ana iya ƙara ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki, bitamin, ma'adanai, da kuma buffers na pH don inganta yanayin ga microorganisms.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Romantschuk |first=Martin |last2=Lahti-Leikas |first2=Katariina |last3=Kontro |first3=Merja |last4=Galitskaya |first4=Polina |last5=Talvenmäki |first5=Harri |last6=Simpanen |first6=Suvi |last7=Allen |first7=John A. |last8=Sinkkonen |first8=Aki |date=2023-11-06 |title=Bioremediation of contaminated soil and groundwater by in situ biostimulation |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258148/full |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |volume=14 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2023.1258148 |issn=1664-302X |pmc=10658714 |pmid=38029190 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, ana ƙara al'adun microbial na musamman (bioaugmentation) don kara inganta biodegradation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gentry |first=Terry |last2=Rensing |first2=Christopher |last3=Pepper |first3=Ian |date=2010-08-10 |title=New Approaches for Bioaugmentation as a Remediation Technology |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10643380490452362 |journal=Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology |language=en |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=447–494 |doi=10.1080/10643380490452362 |issn=1064-3389 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Hanyoyi don ƙarin iskar oxygen a ƙasa da teburin ruwa sun haɗa da sake zagaya ruwa mai iska ta hanyar yankin magani, ƙarin iskar iskar oxygen ko peroxides, da iska.<ref name="Leeson_2002" /> Tsarin sake zagayawa yawanci ya kunshi haɗuwa da rijiyoyin allura ko tashoshi da ɗaya ko fiye da rijiyoyi inda ake kula da ruwan da aka cire, oxygenated, gyara tare da abubuwan gina jiki kuma sake yin allura.<ref name="EPA_2017">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=How To Evaluate Alternative Cleanup Technologies For Underground Storage Tank Sites. A Guide For Corrective Action Plan Reviewers. |url=https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2014-03/documents/tum_ch5.pdf |website=EPA 510-B-17-003 |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA)}}</ref> Koyaya, adadin iskar oxygen da za a iya bayarwa ta wannan hanyar yana iyakance ta ƙarancin iskar oxygen a cikin ruwa (8 zuwa 10 MG / L don ruwa a cikin daidaituwa tare da iska a yanayin zafi). &nbsp;Za'a iya samar da iskar oxygen mafi girma ta hanyar tuntuɓar ruwa tare da iskar iskar oxygen mai tsabta ko ƙara hydrogen peroxide (H<sub>2</sub>) zuwa ruwa. A wasu lokuta, ana yin allurar calcium ko magnesium peroxide a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba ta hanyar borings na ƙasa. Wadannan peroxides masu ƙarfi suna amsawa tare da ruwa da ke sakin H<sub>2</sub> wanda sa'an nan kuma ya lalace da ke sakin iskar oxygen. Iskawar iska ta haɗa da allurar iska a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba a ƙarƙashin teburin ruwa. Matsi na allura na iska dole ne ya isa ya shawo kan matsin hydrostatic na ruwa da juriya ga iska ta hanyar ƙasa.<ref name="EPA_2017" /> [[File:Bioremediation_at_INL.jpg|thumb|Misali na biostimulation a Snake River Plain Aquifer a Idaho. Wannan tsari ya haɗa da ƙara foda na whey don inganta amfani da kwayoyin cuta na halitta. Whey foda yana aiki azaman substratum don taimakawa cikin ci gaban ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="Mora_2008">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mora RH, Macbeth TW, MacHarg T, Gundarlahalli J, Holbrook H, Schiff P |date=2008 |title=Enhanced bioremediation using whey powder for a trichloroethene plume in a high-sulfate, fractured granitic aquifer |journal=Remediation Journal |language=en |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=7–30 |bibcode=2008RemJ...18c...7M |doi=10.1002/rem.20168 |issn=1520-6831}}</ref> A wannan shafin, microorganisms sun rushe mahaɗin carcinogenic trichloroethylene (TCE), wanda shine tsari da aka gani a cikin binciken da suka gabata.<ref name="Mora_2008" />]] Bioremediation za a iya aiwatar da kwayoyin cuta waɗanda ke cikin halitta. A cikin biostimulation, ana iya ƙara yawan waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta masu taimako ta hanyar ƙara abubuwan gina jiki.<ref name="Kapahi_2019" /><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Kalantary RR, Mohseni-Bandpi A, Esrafili A, Nasseri S, Ashmagh FR, Jorfi S, Ja'fari M |date=December 2014 |title=Effectiveness of biostimulation through nutrient content on the bioremediation of phenanthrene contaminated soil |journal=Journal of Environmental Health Science & Engineering |volume=12 |issue=1 |bibcode=2014JEHSE..12..143K |doi=10.1186/s40201-014-0143-1 |pmc=4301987 |pmid=25610635 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ana iya amfani da kwayoyin cuta don lalata hydrocarbons.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lee DW, Lee H, Lee AH, Kwon BO, Khim JS, Yim UH, Kim BS, Kim JJ |date=March 2018 |title=Microbial community composition and PAHs removal potential of indigenous bacteria in oil contaminated sediment of Taean coast, Korea |journal=Environmental Pollution |volume=234 |pages=503–512 |bibcode=2018EPoll.234..503L |doi=10.1016/j.envpol.2017.11.097 |pmid=29216488}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen Q, Bao B, Li Y, Liu M, Zhu B, Mu J, Chen Z |date=2020 |title=Effects of marine oil pollution on microbial diversity in coastal waters and stimulating indigenous microorganism bioremediation with nutrients |journal=Regional Studies in Marine Science |language=en |volume=39 |bibcode=2020RSMS...3901395C |doi=10.1016/j.rsma.2020.101395 |issn=2352-4855 |s2cid=225285497}}</ref> Takamaiman ga zubar da man ruwa, nitrogen da phosphorus sun kasance mahimman abubuwan gina jiki a cikin biodegradation.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Varjani SJ, Upasani VN |date=2017 |title=A new look on factors affecting microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon pollutants |journal=International Biodeterioration & Biodegradation |language=en |volume=120 |pages=71–83 |bibcode=2017IBiBi.120...71V |doi=10.1016/j.ibiod.2017.02.006 |issn=0964-8305}}</ref> Bioremediation na hydrocarbons yana fama da ƙananan farashi. Bioremediation na iya haɗawa da aikin Ƙungiyar ƙwayoyin cuta. A cikin ƙungiyar, samfurin jinsin ɗaya na iya zama tushen wani nau'in. Anaerobic bioremediation za a iya amfani dashi don magance kewayon gurbataccen oxidized ciki har da PCE, TCE, DCE, VC) , chlorinated ethanes (TCA, DCA), chloromethanes (CT, CF), chlorinado cyclic hydrocarbons, abubuwa daban-daban (misali, perchlorate, RDX, TNT), da nitrate.<ref name="Kapahi_2019" /> Wannan tsari ya haɗa da ƙara mai ba da gudummawar lantarki zuwa: 1) rage masu karɓar lantarki na baya ciki har da iskar oxygen, nitrate, baƙin ƙarfe mai ƙarancin ƙarancin ruwa da manganese da sulfate; da kuma 2) motsa ƙarancin halittu da / ko sinadarai na gurɓataccen ƙarancin. Zaɓin substratum da hanyar allura sun dogara da nau'in gurɓataccen ruwa da rarraba a cikin ruwa, hydrogeology, da manufofin gyarawa. Za'a iya ƙara substratum ta amfani da shigarwar rijiyar al'ada, ta hanyar fasahar turawa kai tsaye, ko ta hanyar tonowa da sake cikawa kamar shingen da ke shiga (PRB) ko biowalls.<ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2000 |title=Design guidance for application of permeable reactive barriers for groundwater remediation. |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265150942 |publisher=Battelle}}</ref> Kayayyakin da ke raguwa da ke kunshe da mai mai mai cin abinci ko substrates masu ƙarfi suna kasancewa a wurin na dogon lokaci. Abubuwan da za a iya narkewa ko samfuran fermentation masu narkewa na substrates masu saurin saki na iya yin ƙaura ta hanyar advection da watsawa, samar da yankuna masu fa'ida amma masu gajeren rayuwa. Abubuwan da aka kara sun fara fermented zuwa hydrogen (H<sub>2</sub>) da volatile fatty acids (VFAs). VFAs, gami da acetate, lactate, propionate da butyrate, suna samar da carbon da makamashi don metabolism na ƙwayoyin cuta.<ref name="Kapahi_2019" /> Bioremediation ba takamaiman ƙarfe ba ne. A shekara ta 2010 an zubar da mai mai mai a Tekun Mexico. An yi amfani da yawan ƙwayoyin cuta da archaea don sake farfado da bakin tekun bayan zubar da mai. Wadannan microorganisms a tsawon lokaci sun haɓaka hanyoyin sadarwar metabolism waɗanda zasu iya amfani da hydrocarbons kamar mai da man fetur a matsayin tushen carbon da makamashi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Fathepure BZ |date=2014-01-01 |title=Recent studies in microbial degradation of petroleum hydrocarbons in hypersaline environments |journal=Frontiers in Microbiology |language=English |volume=5 |pages=173 |doi=10.3389/fmicb.2014.00173 |pmc=4005966 |pmid=24795705 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Microbial bioremediation wata fasaha ce ta zamani mai inganci sosai don maido da tsarin halitta ta hanyar cire guba daga muhalli. ==== Rashin narkewar jiki ==== A lokacin bioattenuation, biodegradation yana faruwa ta halitta tare da ƙarin abubuwan gina jiki ko ƙwayoyin cuta. Kwayoyin ƙwayoyin cuta na asali da ke wurin za su ƙayyade aikin metabolism kuma suyi aiki azaman raguwa na halitta. Duk da yake babu wani sa hannun mutum a cikin bioattenuation, dole ne a kula da shafin da aka gurbata.<ref name="Ying_2018" /> ==== Biosparging ==== Biosparging shine tsarin gyaran ruwa na ƙasa kamar yadda ake yin allurar oxygen, da yiwuwar abubuwan gina jiki. Lokacin da aka yi amfani da iskar oxygen, ana motsa ƙwayoyin cuta na asali don ƙara yawan lalacewa.<ref name="Disadv-Overview">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Vidali M |year=2001 |title=Bioremediation. An overview |url=https://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2001/pdf/7307x1163.pdf |journal=Pure and Applied Chemistry |volume=73 |issue=7 |pages=1163–72 |doi=10.1351/pac200173071163 |s2cid=18507182}}</ref> Koyaya, biosparging yana mai da hankali kan yankunan da aka gurbata, musamman suna da alaƙa da gyaran ruwa na ƙasa.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Johnson PC, Johnson RL, Bruce CL, Leeson A |date=2001 |title=Advances in In Situ Air Sparging/Biosparging |journal=Bioremediation Journal |volume=5 |issue=4 |pages=251–266 |bibcode=2001BiorJ...5..251J |doi=10.1080/20018891079311 |issn=1088-9868 |s2cid=131393543}}</ref> UNICEF, masu samar da wutar lantarki, masu samar le ruwa mai yawa, da kananan hukumomi sune farkon masu karɓar karɓar farashi mai arha, kamar allunan ƙwayoyin cuta na aerobic waɗanda aka sauke su cikin ruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 2022 |title=Ageing infrastructure gets bio boost |url=https://bedfordviewedenvalenews.co.za/494020/aging-infrastructure-to-get-bio-boost/ |publisher=CAXTON}}</ref> === Hanyoyin da ba a sani ba === Hanyoyin da aka yi amfani da su sau da yawa sun fi tsada saboda tsadar tonowa da jigilar kaya zuw''n wurin'' magani, yayin da ake yin dabarun da aka yi a wurin gurɓata don haka suna da farashin shigarwa kawai. Duk da yake akwai ƙarancin farashi akwai kuma ƙarancin ikon ƙayyade sikelin da yaduwar gurɓataccen. Mai gurɓataccen abu yana ƙayyade wane hanyar bioremediation da za a yi amfani da ita. Rashin zurfin da yaduwar gurbataccen abu wasu muhimman abubuwa ne.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Azubuike CC, Chikere CB, Okpokwasili GC |date=November 2016 |title=Bioremediation techniques-classification based on site of application: principles, advantages, limitations and prospects |journal=World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology |volume=32 |issue=11 |doi=10.1007/s11274-016-2137-x |pmc=5026719 |pmid=27638318}}</ref> ==== Biopiles ==== Biopiles, masu kama da bioventing, ana amfani da su don cire gurɓataccen man fetur ta hanyar kara lalacewar iska <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gandhi |first=Mansi |last2=Moghal |first2=Arif Ali Baig |last3=Rasheed |first3=Romana Mariyam |last4=Almajed |first4=Abdullah |date=2022-03-02 |title=State-of-the-art review on geoenvironmental benign applicability of biopiles |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s41062-022-00774-3 |journal=Innovative Infrastructure Solutions |language=en |volume=7 |issue=2 |pages=166 |doi=10.1007/s41062-022-00774-3 |issn=2364-4184 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> zuwa gurɓatawar ƙasa. Koyaya, ana tono ƙasa kuma an tara ta da tsarin iska. Wannan tsarin iska yana inganta aikin microbial ta hanyar gabatar da iskar oxygen a ƙarƙashin matsin lamba mai kyau ko cire iskar oxygen daga matsin lamba mara kyau.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chen R, Zhou Y |date=April 2021 |title=Measure microbial activity driven oxygen transfer in membrane aerated biofilm reactor from supply side |journal=Environmental Research |volume=195 |bibcode=2021ER....19510845C |doi=10.1016/j.envres.2021.110845 |pmid=33549616 |s2cid=231867176}}</ref> ==== Jirgin sama ==== [[File:Shell_Haven_East_Site_-_geograph.org.uk_-_591937.jpg|thumb|Tsohon Shell Haven Refinery a Standford-le-Hope wanda ya sami bioremediation don rage wurin da aka gurɓata mai. An yi amfani da dabarun warkarwa, irin su windrows, don inganta canja wurin iskar oxygen. Ginin ya tono kusan 115,000 m<sup>3</sup> na gurbataccen ƙasa.<ref name="Waters_2002" />&nbsp;]] Tsarin Windrow yayi kama da dabarun takin mai inda ake juya ƙasa lokaci-lokaci don inganta iska. Wannan juyawa na lokaci-lokaci kuma yana ba da damar gurɓataccen abu da ke cikin ƙasa don a rarraba shi daidai wanda ke hanzarta tsarin bioremediation.<ref name="Bioremediation techniques-classific">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Azubuike CC, Chikere CB, Okpokwasili GC |date=November 2016 |title=Bioremediation techniques-classification based on site of application: principles, advantages, limitations and prospects |journal=World Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology |volume=32 |issue=11 |doi=10.1007/s11274-016-2137-x |pmc=5026719 |pmid=27638318}}</ref> ==== Aikin noma ==== Landfarming, ko magani na ƙasa, hanya ce da aka saba amfani da ita don zubar da laka. Wannan hanyar tana watsar da gurbataccen ƙasa kuma tana ba da iska a cikin ƙasa ta hanyar juyawa. Wannan tsari aikace-aikacen ƙasa ne na sama kuma ana buƙatar ƙasa mai gurbatawa don a motsa aikin microbial. Koyaya, idan gurɓatawar ta fi zurfi fiye da ƙafa 5, to ana buƙatar a tono ƙasa zuwa sama da ƙasa.<ref name="EPA_2017" /> Duk da yake fasaha ce ta waje, ana iya la'akari da ita a matsayin fasaha t''a wurin'' kamar yadda za'a iya yin Landfarming a wurin gurɓata.<ref name="Bioremediation techniques-classific" /> == Abubuwan gurɓataccen abu == === Ƙarfe masu nauyi === Ana gabatar da ƙarfe masu nauyi a cikin muhalli ta hanyar ayyukan ɗan adam da abubuwan halitta.<ref name="Kapahi_2019" /> Ba kamar gurɓataccen kwayoyin ba, ƙarfe (ko mafi kyau, ions na ƙarfe da mahaɗan ƙarfe) ba za a iya lalata su ba. [[Hyperaccumulating plants|Tsire-tsire masu yawa]] zasu iya cire karafa daga ƙasa, amma wannan fasahar ta kasance ba ta da amfani. Za'a iya rage motsi na karafa, wanda ke haifar da rashin motsi. Misali, rage yawan nau'in U (VI) mai motsi yana ba da ƙananan abubuwan U (IV) masu motsi.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Williams KH, Bargar JR, Lloyd JR, Lovley DR |date=June 2013 |title=Bioremediation of uranium-contaminated groundwater: a systems approach to subsurface biogeochemistry |journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology |volume=24 |issue=3 |pages=489–97 |doi=10.1016/j.copbio.2012.10.008 |pmid=23159488}}</ref> Har ila yau, wannan tsarin ya kasance mafi mahimmanci fiye da amfani. === Magungunan kashe cututtuka === Daga hanyoyi da yawa don magance gurɓataccen maganin ƙwayoyin cuta, bioremediation ya yi alkawarin zama mafi tasiri.<ref name="Bioremediation of water containing">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Nie J, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Kumar M, Usman M, Li J, Shao J, Wang L, Tsang DC |date=March 2020 |title=Bioremediation of water containing pesticides by microalgae: Mechanisms, methods, and prospects for future research |journal=The Science of the Total Environment |volume=707 |bibcode=2020ScTEn.70736080N |doi=10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136080 |pmid=31869621}}</ref> Shafuka da yawa a duniya sun gurɓata da agrichemicals.<ref name="Actinobacteria: Current research an">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Alvarez A, Saez JM, Davila Costa JS, Colin VL, Fuentes MS, Cuozzo SA, Benimeli CS, Polti MA, Amoroso MJ |date=January 2017 |title=Actinobacteria: Current research and perspectives for bioremediation of pesticides and heavy metals |journal=Chemosphere |volume=166 |pages=41–62 |bibcode=2017Chmsp.166...41A |doi=10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.09.070 |pmid=27684437 |hdl-access=free}}</ref> Wadannan agrichemicals sau da yawa suna tsayayya da biodegradation, ta hanyar ƙira. <ref name="Bioremediation of water containing" /><ref name="Mohapatra_2022">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Mohapatra D, Rath SK, Mohapatra PK |date=2022-05-02 |title=Soil Fungi for Bioremediation of Pesticide Toxicants: A Perspective |journal=Geomicrobiology Journal |language=en |volume=39 |issue=3–5 |pages=352–372 |bibcode=2022GmbJ...39..352M |doi=10.1080/01490451.2021.2019855 |issn=0149-0451}}</ref> Daidaita dukkan halaye na rayuwa ta kwayoyin halitta tare da matsalolin kiwon lafiya na dogon lokaci kamar ciwon daji, rashes, makanta, shanyayye, da rashin lafiya na hankali.<ref name="Mohapatra_2022" /> Misali shine Lindane wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin karni na 20. Bayyanawa na dogon lokaci yana haifar da mummunar barazana ga mutane da yanayin da ke kewaye da su. Lindane yana rage yiwuwar ƙwayoyin cuta masu amfani a cikin ƙasa kamar su nitrogen fixation cyanobacteria. Kazalika da haifar da matsalolin tsarin juyayi na tsakiya a cikin ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa kamar fashewa, dizziness, har ma da mutuwa. Abin da ya sa ya zama mai cutarwa ga waɗannan kwayoyin shine yadda aka rarraba shi da sauri ta hanyar kwakwalwa da ƙwayoyin kitse. Duk da yake Lindane yafi iyakance ga takamaiman amfani, har yanzu ana samar da shi kuma ana amfani dashi a duniya.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Chaurasia AK, Adhya TK, Apte SK |date=December 2013 |title=Engineering bacteria for bioremediation of persistent organochlorine pesticide lindane (γ-hexachlorocyclohexane) |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=149 |pages=439–445 |bibcode=2013BiTec.149..439C |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2013.09.084 |pmid=24135568}}</ref> Actinobacteria ya kasance dan takara mai kyau a cikin hanyar musamman don cire magungunan kashe kwari. Lokacin da aka haɗa wasu nau'ikan Actinobacteria tare, ingancin su na rage magungunan tsire-tsire ya inganta. Kazalika da kasancewa dabara mai sake amfani wanda ke ƙarfafawa ta hanyar kara amfani ta hanyar iyakance sararin ƙaura na waɗannan sel don yin niyya ga takamaiman yankuna kuma ba su cinye ƙwarewar tsaftacewa ba. Duk da sakamako mai ƙarfafawa, an yi amfani da Actinobacteria ne kawai a cikin saitunan dakin gwaje-gwaje masu sarrafawa kuma za su buƙaci ci gaba wajen gano tasirin farashi da haɓaka amfani.<ref name="Actinobacteria: Current research an" /> == Ƙuntatawa na bioremediation == Ba a amfani da bioremediation don magance gurbataccen abu. Kayan Ƙarfe masu nauyi da [[Gurbacewar Aikin Noma|radionuclides]] kawai ba sa lalacewa, kodayake a wasu lokuta, ana iya dakatar da waɗannan ƙarfe.<ref name="Disadv-Comprehensive">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Juwarkar AA, Singh SK, Mudhoo A |year=2010 |title=A comprehensive overview of elements in bioremediation |journal=Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology |volume=9 |issue=3 |pages=215–88 |bibcode=2010RESBT...9..215J |doi=10.1007/s11157-010-9215-6 |s2cid=85268562}}</ref><ref name="Disadv-Factors">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boopathy R |year=2000 |title=Factors limiting bioremediation technologies |url=https://archive.org/details/bioresource-technology_2000-08_74_1/page/63 |journal=Bioresource Technology |volume=74 |issue=1 |pages=63–7 |bibcode=2000BiTec..74...63B |doi=10.1016/S0960-8524(99)00144-3 |s2cid=1027603}}</ref> A wasu lokuta, ƙwayoyin cuta ba su cika ma'adanai ba, suna iya samar da mahaɗin da ya fi guba.<ref name="Disadv-EncTox" /> Misali, a karkashin yanayin anaerobic, ragewar dehalogenation na TCE na iya samar da dichloroethylene (DCE) da vinyl chloride (VC), waɗanda ake zargi ko sanannun cututtukan daji.<ref name="Disadv-Comprehensive" /> Koyaya, kwayar cutar ''Dehalococcoids'' na iya ƙara rage DCE da VC zuwa samfurin ethene wanda ba mai guba ba.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Maymó-Gatell X, Chien Y, Gossett JM, Zinder SH |date=June 1997 |title=Isolation of a bacterium that reductively dechlorinates tetrachloroethene to ethene |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1997-06-06_276_5318/page/1568 |journal=Science |volume=276 |issue=5318 |pages=1568–71 |doi=10.1126/science.276.5318.1568 |pmid=9171062}}</ref> Hanyoyin kwayoyin don bioremediation suna da matukar sha'awa.<ref name="Disadv-Comprehensive" /> Bugu da kari, sanin wadannan hanyoyin zai taimaka wajen bunkasa sabbin fasahohi waɗanda zasu iya magance shafukan da ke da rarrabawar da ba daidai ba na cakuda gurbataccen abu.<ref name="Disadv-Overview" /> Biodegradation yana buƙatar yawan ƙwayoyin cuta tare da ƙarfin metabolism don lalata gurɓataccen a cikin lokacin da ya dace.<ref name="Disadv-Overview" /><ref name="Disadv-Factors" /> Hanyoyin halittu da waɗannan ƙwayoyin cuta ke amfani da su suna da takamaiman gaske, sabili da haka, dole ne a yi la'akari da abubuwan muhalli da yawa kuma a tsara su. <ref name="Disadv-Overview" /> <ref name="Disadv-Comprehensive" /> Zai iya zama da wahala a kara sakamakon daga ƙananan binciken gwaji zuwa manyan ayyukan filin.<ref name="Disadv-Overview" /> A lokuta da yawa, bioremediation yana ɗaukar lokaci fiye da sauran hanyoyin kamar [[Wajen zubar da shara|cika ƙasa]] da ƙonewa. <ref name="Disadv-Overview" /> <ref name="Disadv-Comprehensive" /> Wani misali shine bioventing, wanda ba shi da tsada don magance wuraren da aka gurbata, duk da haka, wannan tsari yana da yawa kuma yana iya ɗaukar 'yan shekaru don tsabtace shafin.<ref name="Sharma_2019">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sharma J |date=2019 |title=Advantages and Limitations of In Situ Methods of Bioremediation |journal=Recent Adv Biol Med |language=en |volume=5 |issue=2019 |page=10941 |doi=10.18639/RABM.2019.955923 |doi-broken-date=July 11, 2025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wani babban kalubale shine nau'in mamayewa: an fi son nau'in asali. Dole ne kwayoyin su kasance masu yawa don tsaftace shafin.<ref name="Bioremediation of water containing" /> Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta sune manyan masu ba da gudummawa ga gurɓataccen ƙasa da gurɓatawar ragowa. Magungunan ƙwayoyin cuta suna da wuyar lalacewa.<ref name="Odukkathil_2013">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Odukkathil G, Vasudevan N |date=2013 |title=Toxicity and bioremediation of pesticides in agricultural soil |journal=Reviews in Environmental Science and Bio/Technology |language=en |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=421–444 |bibcode=2013RESBT..12..421O |doi=10.1007/s11157-013-9320-4 |issn=1569-1705 |s2cid=85173331}}</ref> == Injiniyanci na kwayoyin halitta == Amfani da aikin injiniya na kwayoyin halitta don ƙirƙirar kwayoyin da aka tsara musamman don maganin halittu yana ƙarƙashin bincike na farko.<ref name="pmid15040178">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Lovley DR |date=October 2003 |title=Cleaning up with genomics: applying molecular biology to bioremediation |journal=Nature Reviews. Microbiology |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=35–44 |doi=10.1038/nrmicro731 |pmid=15040178 |s2cid=40604152}}</ref> Za'a iya saka nau'ikan kwayoyin halitta guda biyu a cikin kwayoyin halitta: kwayoyin halitta masu lalacewa, waɗanda ke ƙunshe da sunadarai da ake buƙata don ƙasƙantar da gurɓataccen abu, da kwayoyin halitta, waɗanda ke tsara sunadarai waɗanda ke iya saka idanu kan matakan gurɓata. An canza mambobi da yawa na ''Pseudomonas'' tare da kwayar halitta ta ''lux'' don gano polyaromatic hydrocarbon naphthalene. Gwajin filin don sakin kwayar halitta da aka gyara ya ci nasara a matsakaici.<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Ripp S, Nivens DE, Ahn Y, Werner C, Jarrell J, Easter JP, Cox CD, Burlage RS, Sayler GS |year=2000 |title=Controlled Field Release of a Bioluminescent Genetically Engineered Microorganism for Bioremediation Process Monitoring and Control |url=https://archive.org/details/environmental-science-technology_2000-03-01_34_5/page/846 |journal=Environmental Science & Technology |volume=34 |issue=5 |pages=846–53 |bibcode=2000EnST...34..846R |doi=10.1021/es9908319}}</ref> Akwai damuwa game da sakin da kuma hana kwayoyin halitta da aka canza su cikin muhalli saboda yiwuwar canja wurin kwayar halitta.<ref name="Davison2005">{{Cite journal |vauthors=Davison J |date=December 2005 |title=Risk mitigation of genetically modified bacteria and plants designed for bioremediation |url=https://archive.org/details/journal-of-industrial-microbiology-biotechnology_2005-12_32_11-12/page/639 |journal=Journal of Industrial Microbiology & Biotechnology |volume=32 |issue=11–12 |pages=639–50 |doi=10.1007/s10295-005-0242-1 |pmid=15973534 |s2cid=7986980}}</ref> Ana rarraba kwayoyin halitta da aka gyara da kuma sarrafa su a karkashin Dokar Kula da Magunguna ta 1976 a karkashin [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]].<ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Sayler GS, Ripp S |date=June 2000 |title=Field applications of genetically engineered microorganisms for bioremediation processes |journal=Current Opinion in Biotechnology |volume=11 |issue=3 |pages=286–9 |doi=10.1016/S0958-1669(00)00097-5 |pmid=10851144}}</ref> An kirkiro matakai don magance waɗannan damuwa. Za'a iya canza kwayoyin halitta don su iya rayuwa kawai kuma su girma a ƙarƙashin takamaiman yanayin muhalli.<ref name="Davison2005" /> Bugu da kari, ana iya sauƙaƙa bin kwayoyin da aka gyara tare da saka kwayoyin halitta na bioluminescence don ganewa na gani. == Dubi kuma ==    == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20100914030753/http://www.mobot.org/jwcross/phytoremediation/ Phytoremediation, wanda Missouri Botanical Garden ya shirya] * [https://atlasofscience.org/to-remediate-or-to-not-remediate/#more-17692 Don gyarawa ko kada a gyara?] * Anaerobic Bioremediation[https://enviro.wiki/index.php?title=Bioremediation_-_Anaerobic Gyara Rayuwa] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 9oexndi54t6g8a885ij6a5yq8z24a6r Gidan Bear 0 168339 961879 932690 2026-10-02T14:07:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961879 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Bear Cottage wani asibiti ne na yara wanda ke Manly, Ostiraliya kuma yana daga cikin Cibiyar Asibitocin Yara ta Sydney . Yana ba da kulawa ta dogon lokaci ga yara, gami da kula da jinya, kiɗa, wasa da maganin fasaha, da abinci, tsaftacewa, da sabis na ba da shawara.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Corderoy |first=Amy |date=2013-03-30 |title=Child hospice struggling to meet demand |url=https://www.smh.com.au/national/nsw/child-hospice-struggling-to-meet-demand-20130330-2h058.html |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=The Sydney Morning Herald |language=en}}</ref> An tsara Bear Cottage don ya zama kamar gida daga gida kuma an cire shi daga yanayin asibiti kamar yadda zai yiwu. Ma'aikata ba sa tufafi, kuma ba a aiwatar da hanyoyin kiwon lafiya a cikin ɗakunan kwana, waɗanda aka tsara su don su zama kamar ɗaki na al'ada.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2014-01-07 |title=About Bear Cottage |url=https://www.schn.health.nsw.gov.au/about/about-bear-cottage |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=Sydney Children's Hospitals Network |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An yi tunanin Bear Cottage a cikin shekarun 1990s ta hanyar Dokta John Yu da Dokta Michael Stevens daga Asibitin Yara a Westmead don inganta shirin kula da asibitin kuma ya ba da shawarar a ci gaba a wani ɓangare na shafin yanar gizon tsohon St Patrick's Seminary a Arewacin Head sama da Manly. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lucas |first=Brian |date=2024 |title=Saint Patrick's Estate, Manly - then and now |url=https://australiancatholichistoricalsociety.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ACHS-Journal-V45-2024_web.pdf |journal=Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society |publisher= |volume=45 |issue= |pages=108-125 |doi= |access-date=25 August 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250401162742/https://australiancatholichistoricalsociety.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2025/01/ACHS-Journal-V45-2024_web.pdf |archive-date=1 April 2025 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An buɗe shi a Ranar St Patrick 17 ga Maris 2001 <ref name=":1" /> bayan an tara dala miliyan 10 daga al'umma don gina shi. <ref>{{Cite web |last=fpadmin |date=2016-12-05 |title=Bear Cottage fundraising event: Superhero Week |url=https://www.fpmagazine.com.au/bear-cottage-fundraising-event-superhero-week-347670/ |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=Fundraising & Philanthropy Australasia Magazine |language=en-AU |archive-date=2017-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170621052535/http://www.fpmagazine.com.au/bear-cottage-fundraising-event-superhero-week-347670/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Gidan ya ga karuwar girma daga shekara ta 2008.<ref name=":0" /> A cikin 2017 farashin aiki ya kai kusan dala miliyan 3.7 a kowace shekara, [1] tare da kudade da ke fitowa daga gwamnati, kungiyoyi da kamfanoni masu zaman kansu. [2] Yana daya daga cikin asibitocin yara uku kawai a Ostiraliya.[3] Tun daga shekara ta 2016 Narelle Martin ce ke gudanar da Gidan. Farfesa Les White shine Patron.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Meet Sydney Children's Hospitals Foundation's Patron - Professor Les White |url=https://www.schf.org.au/who-we-are/our-people/our-patron |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029203749/https://www.schf.org.au/who-we-are/our-people/our-patron |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=2020-11-17 |website=Sydney Children's Hospitals Foundation |language=en}}</ref> == Alamar al'umma == A cikin 2021 mai ba da sanarwar rediyo Ben Fordham ya gode wa Bear Cottage a bainar jama'a saboda kula da yara marasa lafiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-10-04 |title=Ben Fordham makes heartbreaking announcement |url=https://www.2gb.com/ben-fordham-makes-heartbreaking-announcement/ |access-date=2021-10-16 |website=2GB |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2020 masu shayar da kofi na Sydney Seven Miles sun ƙaddamar da sabon cakuda kofi, Bear da Beard, suna ba da gudummawar kuɗin tallace-tallace ga hospice.<ref>{{Cite web |title=New coffee with a cause raises funds for children's hospice {{!}} PBA |url=https://probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2020/08/new-coffee-with-a-cause-raises-funds-for-childrens-hospice/ |access-date=2020-11-05 |website=Pro Bono Australia |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128063853/https://probonoaustralia.com.au/news/2020/08/new-coffee-with-a-cause-raises-funds-for-childrens-hospice/ |archive-date=2020-11-28 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin 2014 Duke da Duchess na Cambridge sun ziyarci, [1] inda Duchess (wanda yake mai kula da asibitin yara na Burtaniya, asibitin yaran East Anglia [2]) ya yi jawabi.[3] An bayar da rahoton cewa an kawo su kusa da hawaye ta hanyar wahalar jariri mai watanni tara wanda ke da kwanaki kawai don rayuwa bayan gwagwarmaya ta makonni shida tare da meningitis na ƙwayoyin cuta.[4] A shekara ta 2005 masu fafatawa a cikin City to Surf suna gudanar da tseren sun tara kudade don gidan. == Manazarta == a7xah03ueg8zuf2ws59quv1qejkx877 George Nesbitt (ɗan siyasa na ƙasar Ireland) 0 168689 961870 927582 2026-10-02T12:55:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961870 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George J. Nesbitt''' ( {{Circa}} 1870/1871–1954) <ref name="census1911" /> <ref name="oireachtas_db">{{Cite web |title=George Nesbitt |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/George-Nesbitt.S.1922-06-12/ |access-date=8 February 2013 |website=Oireachtas Members Database}}</ref> <ref name="nlivtls000117725" /> ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Ireland kuma sanata na Free State daga Kimmage, [[Dublin]].<ref name="coakley2005">{{Cite journal |last=Coakley |first=John |date=September 2005 |title=Ireland's Unique Electoral Experiment: The Senate Election of 1925 |journal=Irish Political Studies |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=261–268 |doi=10.1080/07907180500359327 |s2cid=145175747}}</ref> Ya yi karatu a [[Synge Street CBS]] da kuma Jami'ar College Dublin.<ref name="seanad100">{{Cite web |title=Members of the First Seanad: Biographies – Nesbitt, George |url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/visit-and-learn/centenaries/seanad100/members-of-the-first-seanad/members-of-the-first-seanad-biographies/#Nesbitt |access-date=31 December 2023 |website=Houses of the Oireachtas}}</ref> Ya kasance manajan Kernan & Co, wani kamfanin samar da ruwan ma'adinai a Camden Street.<ref name="census1911">{{Cite web |title=Residents of a house 36 in Terenure (Terenure, Dublin) |url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai000110319/ |access-date=30 December 2013 |website=1911 Census |publisher=[[National Archives of Ireland]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103254/http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai000110319/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name="nlivtls000117725">{{Cite web |year=1918 |title=Sinn Féin national fund [censored] Trustees Appeal |url=http://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000117725 |access-date=30 December 2013 |website=Holdings |publisher=[[National Library of Ireland]] |quote=George J. Nesbitt, 88 & 89 Lower Camden St., Dublin.}}</ref> <ref name="census1901">{{Cite web |title=Residents of a house 11 in Rathmines Road (Rathmines & Rathgar East, Dublin) |url=http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai003708171/ |access-date=30 December 2013 |website=1901 Census |publisher=National Archives of Ireland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924103450/http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/reels/nai003708171/ |archive-date=24 September 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya auri Enid (an haife shi a shekara ta 1880/81) a shekara ta 1906 ko 1907.<ref name="census1911" /> Ya kasance memba na Ƙungiyar Adabi ta Ƙasa kuma memba ne na kafa Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Ƙasa na Ireland (yanzu Gidan Wasan Kwaikwayo na Abbey ). Yana cikin waɗanda suka bar gidan wasan kwaikwayo a 1906 don kafa gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Ireland ( {{Lang|ga|Cluithcheoirí na hÉireann}} ), inda ya yi aiki a matsayin manajan dandali. A shekarar 1916, ya kasance mai himma a cikin Ƙungiyar Agajin Gaggawa ta Ƙasa ta Ireland, wadda ke tallafawa 'yan jam'iyyar Republican da aka kashe ko aka tsare bayan tashin Ista da waɗanda ke ƙarƙashinsu. A shekara ta 1918 aka naɗa shi ma'ajin kuɗi na Sinn Féin, tare da [[Jennie Wyse Power]], bayan da aka kama tsohon kwamitin a lokacin "Makircin Jamus".<ref name="nlivtls000117725" /> A lokacin Yaƙin 'Yancin Kan Ireland, an tsare shi a sansanin Ballykinler, inda ya shirya wani wasan kwaikwayo a ranar Lahadin Ista ta 1921. A shekarar 1922, yana cikin waɗanda suka kafa Irish Photoplays, waɗanda suka ɗauki nauyin fina-finai uku. Ya kasance memba na Seanad na Ƙasar 'Yancin Irish tun lokacin da aka kafa ta a 1922, yana zama na 26 cikin 30 na sanatoci da aka zaɓa daga cikin 30 na Dáil.[1] [2] Ya kasance mai zaman kansa, kodayake gabaɗaya yana goyon bayan gwamnatin Cumann na nGaedheal.[3] Ya sake tsayawa takara a zaben Seanad na 1925, inda ya kammala a matsayi na 59 cikin 76 na 'yan takara domin samun kujeru 19.[1] [3] Ya mutu a shekarar 1954.<ref name="seanad100" /> == Manazarta == 5dn93n3qoqdo0snknbodhjaizi1pwyp Ifeanyi Koko 0 168823 962153 927974 2026-10-03T06:29:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962153 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ifeanyi Koko | full_name = Ifeanyi Anthony Koko | birth_date = {{Birth date|2004|12|8}} | nationality = Nigerian | position = Forward | current_team = Rivers Hoopers | national_team = Nigeria | national_years = 2025– }} '''Ifeanyi Anthony Koko''' ɗan wasan [[kwallon kwando]] ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ''forward''. An haife shi a ranar 8 ga Disamba 2004, kuma tsayinsa ya kai santimita 203, wato ƙafa 6 da inci 8. Ya taka leda tare da [[Rivers Hoopers]] a [[Basketball Africa League]] (BAL), sannan ya fara wakiltar tawagar manyan 'yan wasan Najeriya, [[D'Tigers]], a wasannin neman gurbin shiga [[2025 FIBA AfroBasket]]. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ifeanyi Anthony Koko |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/388786-ifeanyi-anthony-koko |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Farkon aikinsa == Koko ya fara samun suna a wasan kwando na ƙwararru ne a Najeriya, inda ya shiga tsarin [[Rivers Hoopers]], ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin kwallon kwando na Najeriya. A lokacin kakar 2024–25, ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan da Rivers Hoopers ta dogara da su yayin fafatawa a gasar Basketball Africa League. <ref>{{cite web |title=Meet some of the AfroBasket stars at the 2025 BAL Playoffs |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025/news/meet-some-of-the-afrobasket-stars-at-the-2025-bal-playoffs |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> Kafin ya samu damar shiga babban tawagar Najeriya, Koko ya samu gogewa a gasar BAL tare da Rivers Hoopers. Wannan ya ba shi damar buga wasa tare da wasu daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan ƙungiyar, ciki har da Kelvin Amayo da sauran 'yan wasan Najeriya da na ƙasashen waje. <ref>{{cite web |title=Rivers Hoopers – 2025 BAL season |url=https://www.bal.nba.com/ |website=Basketball Africa League |access-date=11 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260918014210/https://bal.nba.com/ |archive-date=18 September 2026 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rivers Hoopers == Koko ya kasance cikin tawagar Rivers Hoopers a kakar [[2025 Basketball Africa League|BAL 2025]]. FIBA ta bayyana shi a cikin 'yan wasan Rivers Hoopers da suka shiga gasar, kuma ta bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasan Najeriya mai shekaru 20 da ya fara samun damar wakiltar tawagar ƙasa a shekarar 2025. <ref>{{cite web |title=Meet some of the AfroBasket stars at the 2025 BAL Playoffs |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025/news/meet-some-of-the-afrobasket-stars-at-the-2025-bal-playoffs |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A gasar BAL ta 2025, Koko ya buga wasanni bakwai tare da Rivers Hoopers. Ya samu matsakaicin maki 2.7, rebounds 1.6 da assists 0.4 a kowane wasa, yayin da ya samu matsakaicin steals 0.3. Ya kuma yi amfani da kusan mintuna 7.8 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ifeanyi Koko Player Profile, Rivers Hoopers |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Ifeanyi-Koko/Summary/248144 |website=RealGM |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A wasannin BAL, Koko ya nuna cewa yana iya taimaka wa ƙungiyarsa daga benci. A wasan da Rivers Hoopers ta doke Stade Malien da ci 79–59 a ranar 13 ga Afrilu 2025, ya samu damar taka leda na mintuna 20 da dakika 44, inda ya ci maki tara, ya karɓo rebounds huɗu, ya bayar da assists biyu sannan ya yi steal ɗaya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hoopers’ bench completes the job |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/hoopers-bench-completes-the-job |website=Basketball Africa League |date=13 April 2025 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A wannan wasan da Stade Malien, Koko ya jefa kwallaye huɗu daga cikin harbe-harbe tara daga filin wasa, ciki har da kwallo ɗaya daga cikin harbe-harbe biyar na maki uku. Wasan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun wasanninsa a kakar BAL ta 2025. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ifeanyi Koko game by game at Basketball Africa League 2024-2025 |url=https://scoutbasketball.com/competition/Basketball-Africa-League/2024-2025/player/Ifeanyi-Koko |website=Scoutbasketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> Bayan nasarar da Rivers Hoopers ta samu a kan Stade Malien, ƙungiyar ta kammala gasar Kalahari Conference da tarihin nasara na wasanni huɗu da rashin nasara biyu, wato 4–2, sannan ta samu damar ci gaba zuwa matakin BAL Playoffs. Koko yana cikin 'yan wasan benci da suka ba ƙungiyar gudunmawa a wannan mataki. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hoopers’ bench completes the job |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/hoopers-bench-completes-the-job |website=Basketball Africa League |date=13 April 2025 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == BAL Playoffs 2025 == Koko ya ci gaba da kasancewa cikin tawagar Rivers Hoopers a lokacin da ƙungiyar ta shiga matakin BAL Playoffs a shekarar 2025. FIBA ta sanya sunansa cikin jerin 'yan wasan Rivers Hoopers da aka danganta da gasar AfroBasket 2025, inda aka bayyana shi a matsayin ɗan wasan Najeriya da ya samu damar taka leda a BAL. <ref>{{cite web |title=Meet some of the AfroBasket stars at the 2025 BAL Playoffs |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025/news/meet-some-of-the-afrobasket-stars-at-the-2025-bal-playoffs |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A ranar 9 ga Yuni 2025, Koko ya buga wasan Rivers Hoopers da APR Kigali a matakin BAL Playoffs. Ya buga mintuna bakwai da dakika 12, ya ci maki huɗu, ya karɓo rebounds biyu sannan ya yi steal ɗaya. Rivers Hoopers ta sha kashi a wasan da ci 104–73. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ifeanyi Koko Game Logs, Rivers Hoopers |url=https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Ifeanyi-Koko/GameLogs/248144 |website=RealGM |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Tawagar Najeriya == A shekarar 2025, Koko ya samu kiran farko zuwa babban tawagar ƙwallon kwando ta Najeriya, D'Tigers. FIBA ta bayyana cewa ya samu ''first national team cap'' a wasannin neman gurbin shiga AfroBasket 2025, lamarin da ya zama wani muhimmin mataki a farkon aikinsa na ƙwallon kwando. <ref>{{cite web |title=Meet some of the AfroBasket stars at the 2025 BAL Playoffs |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025/news/meet-some-of-the-afrobasket-stars-at-the-2025-bal-playoffs |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> An saka sunan Koko cikin jerin 'yan wasan Najeriya na wucin gadi domin Window 3 na wasannin neman gurbin shiga AfroBasket 2025. FIBA ta jera shi tare da Zaid Hearst, Michael Okiki, Azeez Sulaimon, Mike Nuga, Salis Rayyan, Patrick Abah, Abel Offia, Wisdom Anyoaha da sauran 'yan wasan D'Tigers. <ref>{{cite web |title=Roster Tracker: Who are the star players pre-selected for Window 3 of the Qualifiers? |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025-qualifiers/news/roster-tracker-who-are-the-star-players-pre-selected-for-window-3-of-the |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A cikin jerin ƙarshe na Najeriya na Window 3, FIBA ta rubuta sunansa da '''Anthony Ifeanyi Koko'''. An saka shi da lamba 4, a matsayin ''forward'', mai tsayin mita 2.03, kuma a lokacin yana buga wa Rivers Hoopers. Wannan ya nuna cewa sunan ''Ifeanyi Anthony Koko'' da ''Anthony Ifeanyi Koko'' suna nuni ga ɗan wasan guda. <ref>{{cite web |title=Final rosters confirmed on eve of Window 3 of the AfroBasket 2025 Qualifiers |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025-qualifiers/news/final-rosters-confirmed-on-eve-of-window-3-of-the-afrobasket-2025-qualifiers |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A bayanan FIBA na wasannin neman gurbin AfroBasket 2025, Koko ya buga wasa ɗaya, inda ya samu maki ɗaya, rebound ɗaya da assist ɗaya. Matsakaicin kididdigarsa a wannan gasar ya kasance maki 1.0, rebound 1.0 da assist 1.0 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ifeanyi Anthony Koko |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/388786-ifeanyi-anthony-koko |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Matsayinsa a filin wasa == FIBA ta jera Koko a matsayin ''forward'', yayin da wasu bayanan kididdigar wasanni suka kuma sanya shi a matsayin ''power forward''. Tsayinsa na santimita 203 yana ba shi damar taka rawa wajen karɓar rebound da kuma yin amfani da tsayinsa a kusa da kwando. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ifeanyi Anthony Koko |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/388786-ifeanyi-anthony-koko |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A gasar BAL ta 2025, Koko ya nuna cewa yana iya ba da gudunmawa a fannoni daban-daban. Baya ga maki, ya karɓo rebounds, ya bayar da assists sannan ya yi steals, musamman a wasan da Stade Malien inda ya samu maki tara da rebounds huɗu. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ifeanyi Koko game by game at Basketball Africa League 2024-2025 |url=https://scoutbasketball.com/competition/Basketball-Africa-League/2024-2025/player/Ifeanyi-Koko |website=Scoutbasketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Kididdigar BAL == {| class="wikitable" ! Kak'a/Gasa !! Ƙungiya !! Wasanni !! Maki a wasa !! Rebounds a wasa !! Assists a wasa !! Steals a wasa |- | 2025 BAL || Rivers Hoopers || 7 || 2.7 || 1.6 || 0.4 || 0.3 |} A cikin wasanni bakwai da ya buga a BAL 2025, Koko ya samu jimillar maki 19, rebounds 11, assists uku da steals biyu. Ya yi jimillar mintuna 54 da dakika 39 a gasar, kuma ya samu kashi 32 cikin 100 wajen jefa kwallo daga filin wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Ifeanyi Koko game by game at Basketball Africa League 2024-2025 |url=https://scoutbasketball.com/competition/Basketball-Africa-League/2024-2025/player/Ifeanyi-Koko |website=Scoutbasketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta wasanni da ci gaba == Koko ya samu damar haɓaka aikinsa cikin sauri daga wasan ƙwallon kwando na ƙungiyar Rivers Hoopers zuwa babban matakin Afirka da kuma tawagar ƙasa. Shigarsa BAL a shekarar 2025 da kuma samun damar fara wakiltar D'Tigers a wannan shekarar sun kasance manyan matakai biyu a farkon aikinsa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Meet some of the AfroBasket stars at the 2025 BAL Playoffs |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/events/fiba-afrobasket-2025/news/meet-some-of-the-afrobasket-stars-at-the-2025-bal-playoffs |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A lokacin kakar 2025, Koko ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin matasan 'yan wasan Rivers Hoopers da suka samu ƙarin damar taka leda yayin da wasu manyan 'yan wasan ƙungiyar suka huta ko suka kasa shiga wasu wasanni. Wasansa na maki tara da rebounds huɗu a kan Stade Malien ya nuna irin gudunmawar da zai iya bayarwa idan aka ba shi ƙarin lokacin wasa. <ref>{{cite web |title=Hoopers’ bench completes the job |url=https://bal.nba.com/news/hoopers-bench-completes-the-job |website=Basketball Africa League |date=13 April 2025 |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/388786-ifeanyi-anthony-koko FIBA – Ifeanyi Anthony Koko] * [https://bal.nba.com/news/hoopers-bench-completes-the-job Basketball Africa League – Hoopers’ bench completes the job] * [https://basketball.realgm.com/player/Ifeanyi-Koko/Summary/248144 RealGM – Ifeanyi Koko] * [https://scoutbasketball.com/competition/Basketball-Africa-League/2024-2025/player/Ifeanyi-Koko Scoutbasketball – Ifeanyi Koko] 47bh8f3glt8lxc8f3afy8m1opotpky4 Ibe Abuchi Agu 0 168828 962144 957849 2026-10-03T05:57:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962144 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Ibe Abuchi Agu | image = | caption = | nationality = Nigerian | birth_date = {{birth date and age|1997|5|2}} | birth_place = [[Nigeria]] | height_m = 2.01 | weight_kg = | position = [[Shooting guard|Guard]] | current_team = Customs Basketball Club | number = 12 | nationalteam = [[Nigeria national basketball team|Nigeria]] }} '''Ibe Abuchi Agu''' (an haife shi a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997) ɗan wasan [[kwallon kwando]] ne ɗan Najeriya wanda ke taka leda a matsayin ''guard''. Tsayinsa ya kai santimita 201 (ƙafa 6 da inci 7). Ya wakilci [[Nigeria national basketball team|ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwandon Najeriya]] a wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa, ciki har da [[FIBA AfroCan]], [[FIBA AfroBasket]] da wasannin neman gurbin shiga [[FIBA Basketball World Cup]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Farkon rayuwa da fara wasan kwando == An haifi Ibe Abuchi Agu a Najeriya a ranar 2 ga Mayu 1997. Bayanai daga [[FIBA]] sun nuna cewa ɗan wasan yana da tsawon santimita 201, kuma an yi rajistarsa a matsayin ''guard''. Tsawonsa ya ba shi damar taka rawa wajen kai hari da kuma taimakawa wajen kare fili a wasan kwando.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - Nigeria |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Aikin kulob == Agu ya fara samun babban matsayi a gasar kwallon kwando ta Afirka ne lokacin da yake bugawa [[Gombe Bulls]] wasa. A gasar FIBA Africa Champions Cup ta shekarar 2017, ya buga wasanni bakwai, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 12.9, rebounds 3.3 da assists 1.0 a kowane wasa. FIBA ta nuna cewa ya kasance daga cikin 'yan wasan Gombe Bulls da suka fafata a gasar a wancan lokacin.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - Gombe Bulls |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/109-basketball-africa-league/200001/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2017, a wasannin Gombe Bulls na gasar nahiyar Afirka, Agu ya nuna bajinta a wasu daga cikin wasannin ƙungiyar. A wasan da suka yi da New Generation na Côte d'Ivoire, ya zura maki 19, ya dauki rebounds biyu sannan ya yi assist guda ɗaya. A jimillar wasanni bakwai, ya samu maki 90, rebounds 23 da assists bakwai.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - Gombe Bulls detailed statistics |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/109-basketball-africa-league/200001/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> Daga baya Agu ya buga wa '''Defenders Basketball''' na Najeriya wasa a gasar FIBA Africa Basketball League ta Shekaran 2019. A wannan gasa, ya buga wasanni biyar, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 18.0, rebounds 6.8 da assists 2.4 a kowane wasa, tare da matsakaicin ƙimar wasa ta 19.0. Wannan ya sanya shi cikin fitattun 'yan wasan Defenders a gasar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - Defenders Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/109-basketball-africa-league/208098/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin wasannin Agu na Shekaran 2019 sun kasance masu ƙarfi sosai. A wasan da Defenders suka yi da Térè d'Afrique, ya zura maki 23 tare da rebounds 15 da assists biyu, yayin da ya samu ƙimar wasa 28. A wasan da suka yi da Étoile Sportive de Radès, ya sake zura maki 22, ya dauki rebounds bakwai kuma ya yi assists biyar.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - Defenders Basketball detailed statistics |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/109-basketball-africa-league/208098/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Wasan ƙasa da ƙasa == Agu ya fara bayyana a manyan wasannin ƙasa da ƙasa na Najeriya a cikin shekarar 2019. A gasar [[FIBA AfroCan]] ta Shekaran 2019, ya buga wasanni uku, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 9.3, rebounds 1.7 da assists 2.7 a kowane wasa. A wasan da Najeriya ta yi da Kenya a matakin rukuni, ya zura maki 13 tare da assists biyar da rebounds uku.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - 2019 FIBA AfroCan |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/181-fiba-afrocan/208128/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, Agu kuma ya shiga cikin tawagar Najeriya a wasannin neman gurbin shiga [[FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019]]. A wasannin da ya buga a zagayen neman gurbin shiga, ya samu maki biyu da rebounds biyar a jimillar wasanni biyu da ya buga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - FIBA Basketball World Cup 2019 African Qualifiers |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/200-fiba-basketball-world-cup-qualifiers/10757/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A [[FIBA AfroBasket 2021]], Agu ya sake wakiltar Najeriya. Ya buga wasanni huɗu a gasar, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 1.3, rebounds 1.5 da assists 0.5 a kowane wasa. A wasan da Najeriya ta yi da Côte d'Ivoire, ya samu maki huɗu, rebounds biyar da assist guda ɗaya, yayin da ya yi ƙoƙarin taimaka wa ƙungiyar wajen kare fili.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - 2021 FIBA AfroBasket |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/179-fiba-afrobasket/9550/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Gasar 2023 == Shekarar 2023 ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin shekarun da Agu ya fi yin tasiri a ƙungiyar ƙasa. A wasannin neman gurbin shiga AfroCan na 2023, ya buga wasanni uku kuma ya samu matsakaicin maki 12.0, rebounds 4.7 da assists 2.3 a kowane wasa. A wasannin da Najeriya ta yi da Guinea da Benin, ya zura maki 13 a kowane wasa, yayin da ya samu maki 10 a wasan da Najeriya ta yi da Côte d'Ivoire.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - 2023 FIBA AfroCan Qualifiers |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/180-fiba-afrocan-qualifiers/208552/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A lokacin gasar neman gurbin AfroCan ta Shekaran 2023, FIBA ta bayyana Agu a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin jagororin tawagar Najeriya. Kungiyar ta kuma bayyana cewa ya zura jimillar maki 36 a wasanni uku, tare da yin amfani da damar da ya samu wajen taimaka wa Najeriya samun gurbin shiga gasar AfroCan ta ƙarshe.<ref>{{cite web |title=Team Profile: Nigeria seek redemption with 2023 AfroCan opportunity |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/news/afrocan-2023-news-team-profile-nigeria-seek-redemption-with-2023-afrocan-opportunity |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A gasar [[FIBA AfroCan 2023]], Agu ya buga wasanni shida, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 10.3, rebounds 2.8 da assists 2.3 a kowane wasa. A jimillar gasar ya zura maki 62, ya dauki rebounds 17 kuma ya yi assists 14, tare da samun maki 13 a wasannin da ya yi da Gabon da Angola.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - 2023 FIBA AfroCan |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/181-fiba-afrocan/208599/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A wasan da Najeriya ta yi da Jamhuriyar Demokradiyyar Kongo a kwata-fainal na AfroCan 2023, Agu ya zura maki tara tare da rebounds huɗu da assists biyar. Daga baya, a wasan neman matsayi na 5 zuwa 8 da Kenya, ya samu maki 11, rebounds uku da assists uku. A wasan neman matsayi na bakwai da Angola, ya zura maki 13.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - 2023 FIBA AfroCan detailed statistics |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/181-fiba-afrocan/208599/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> Bayan wannan, Agu ya kuma buga wa Najeriya wasa a gasar neman gurbin shiga wasannin Olympics ta 2023, inda FIBA ta rubuta cewa ya buga wasa guda. A wannan wasa bai samu maki, rebounds ko assists ba.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - FIBA Olympic Pre-Qualifying Tournament 2023 |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Gasar neman gurbin AfroBasket 2025 == A shekarar 2025, Agu ya kasance cikin tawagar Najeriya a gasar neman gurbin shiga [[FIBA AfroBasket 2025]]. Bayan bayanan FIBA, ya buga wasanni biyar a gasar, inda ya samu matsakaicin maki 2.4, rebounds 1.6 da assist guda ɗaya a kowane wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - Career Statistics |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A cikin jerin tawagar Najeriya na Window 3 na wasannin neman gurbin AfroBasket 2025, FIBA ta lissafa Agu da lamba 12. An bayyana matsayinsa a matsayin ''G'' (guard), tsayinsa 2.01m, ranar haihuwarsa 2 ga Mayu 1997, sannan kulob ɗinsa a lokacin shi ne '''Customs Basketball Club''' na Najeriya.<ref>{{cite web |title=FIBA AfroBasket 2025 Qualifiers - Window 3 Rosters |url=https://reports.fiba.basketball/reports/2025/FIBA%20AfroBasket%20Qualifiers/Window%203/rosters.pdf |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Salon wasa == Agu ɗan wasa ne mai tsawon santimita 201 wanda aka fi amfani da shi a matsayin ''guard'', kodayake a farkon rayuwarsa ta ƙwallon kwando an kuma yi masa rajista a matsayin ''power forward''. Wannan bambancin matsayi yana nuna irin damar da tsayinsa da salon wasansa suka ba masu horaswa wajen amfani da shi a wurare daban-daban na fili.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - FIBA player profile |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> Kididdigar FIBA ta nuna cewa Agu yana iya taimakawa wajen zura maki, daukar rebounds da samar da dama ga abokan wasansa. A gasar FIBA Africa Basketball League ta 2019, alal misali, ya samu matsakaicin maki 18.0, rebounds 6.8 da assists 2.4, abin da ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ya taka a Defenders Basketball.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - Defenders Basketball |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/history/109-basketball-africa-league/208098/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Kididdigar aikinsa == A matakin ƙasa da ƙasa, FIBA ta nuna cewa Agu ya buga wasanni a gasannin manyan ƙungiyar Najeriya tun daga shekarar 2019. A cikin bayanan aikinsa na ƙasa da ƙasa, yana da matsakaicin maki 6.4, rebounds 2.4 da assists 1.4 a kowane wasa a wasannin da FIBA ta tattara a bayanan aikinsa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - Career Stats |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> A matakin kulob, FIBA ta rubuta cewa ya buga wasanni bakwai a gasar Afirka tare da Gombe Bulls a 2017, sannan wasanni biyar tare da Defenders Basketball a 2019. A matsakaicin jimillar waɗannan wasannin kulob guda biyu, ya samu maki 15.0, rebounds 4.8 da assists 1.6 a kowane wasa.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - Club Competition Career Stats |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Tarihin ƙungiyar ƙasa == Agu ya kasance cikin 'yan wasan Najeriya da suka halarci manyan gasannin ƙwallon kwando na Afirka a lokuta daban-daban. Ya wakilci Najeriya a [[FIBA AfroCan]] a 2019 da 2023, [[FIBA AfroBasket]] a 2021, wasannin neman gurbin shiga gasar cin kofin duniya, wasannin neman gurbin AfroCan, da kuma wasannin neman gurbin AfroBasket na 2025.<ref>{{cite web |title=Ibe Abuchi Agu - National Team Career |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/222317-ibe-abuchi-agu |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=11 September 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Nigeria national basketball team|Ƙungiyar ƙwallon kwando ta Najeriya]] * [[FIBA AfroCan]] * [[FIBA AfroBasket]] * [[Gombe Bulls]] * [[Basketball Africa League]] == Manazarta == jm6p8k9l23flf3d4wt08hiveee53riv Gudanar da motsi 0 168964 962007 953325 2026-10-02T19:12:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962007 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[File:Woman-in-black-tank-top-and-black-leggings-doing-yoga-3823063.jpg|right|thumb| Mace tana motsa jiki]] A fannin ilimin halittar jiki, '''daidaiton motsi''' shine tsarin [[motsi]] na sassa daban-daban na jiki kamar yadda ake buƙata don cimma ayyukan da aka nufa, kamar tafiya. Ana samun wannan daidaituwa ta hanyar daidaita sigogin kinematic da motsi da ke da alaƙa da kowane ɓangaren jiki da ke cikin motsi da aka yi niyya. Sauye-sauyen waɗannan sigogi galibi sun dogara ne akan amsawar ji daga hanyoyi ɗaya ko fiye na ji (duba haɗin kai na multisensory ), kamar proprioception da hangen nesa . == Kadarorin == === Manyan matakai na 'yanci === Motsin sassan jiki bisa manufa da kuma tsari yana da bambanci saboda akwai hanyoyi da yawa na daidaita sassan jiki don cimma burin motsi da aka nufa. Wannan saboda digirin 'yanci (DOF) yana da girma ga yawancin motsi saboda yawancin abubuwan da ke da alaƙa da jijiyoyin tsoka [[Tsarin tsokoki da ƙashi na mutum|da tsoka]] . Wasu misalan motsin da ba za a maimaita su ba sune lokacin da ake nuna <ref name="Domkin 2002">{{Cite journal |last=Domkin |first=D. |last2=Laczko |first2=J. |last3=Jaric |first3=S. |last4=Johansson |first4=H. |last5=Latash |first5=ML. |date=Mar 2002 |title=Structure of joint variability in bimanual pointing tasks |journal=Exp Brain Res |volume=143 |issue=1 |pages=11–23 |doi=10.1007/s00221-001-0944-1 |pmid=11907686 |s2cid=16726586}}</ref> ko kuma a tsaya daga zaune. <ref name="Scholz 1999">{{Cite journal |last=Scholz |first=JP. |last2=Schöner |first2=G. |date=Jun 1999 |title=The uncontrolled manifold concept: identifying control variables for a functional task |journal=Exp Brain Res |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=289–306 |doi=10.1007/s002210050738 |pmid=10382616 |s2cid=206924808}}</ref> Ana iya aiwatar da ayyuka da motsi ta hanyoyi da yawa saboda haɗin gwiwa (kamar yadda aka bayyana a ƙasa) na iya bambanta ba tare da canza sakamakon ba. Aikin farko na Nikolai Bernstein ya yi aiki don fahimtar yadda aka haɓaka haɗin kai wajen aiwatar da wani ƙwararre. <ref name="Bernstein 1967" /> A cikin wannan aikin, ya lura cewa babu wata alaƙa tsakanin motsi da ake so da kuma tsarin haɗin kai don aiwatar da wannan motsi. Wannan daidaito yana nuna cewa duk wani aiki da ake so ba shi da takamaiman haɗin kai na jijiyoyi, tsokoki, da kuma kinematics. === Rikici === Ba a lura da sarkakiyar tsarin haɗakar motoci a ayyukan yau da kullun ba, kamar ɗaukar kwalbar ruwa da zuba a cikin gilashi. Wannan aiki mai sauƙi da alama ya ƙunshi ayyuka masu rikitarwa da yawa. Misali, wannan aikin yana buƙatar waɗannan abubuwa: (1) miƙa kwalbar ruwa yadda ya kamata sannan a daidaita hannun ta yadda zai ba da damar riƙe kwalbar. (2) amfani da ƙarfin riƙewa daidai don riƙe kwalbar ba tare da murƙushe ta ba. (3) daidaita tsokoki da ake buƙata don ɗagawa da daidaita kwalbar ta yadda za a iya zuba ruwan a cikin gilashin. (4) kawo ƙarshen aikin ta hanyar mayar da kwalbar da babu komai a kanta a kan teburi. Haka kuma ana buƙatar haɗin kai tsakanin hannu da ido a cikin aikin da ke sama. Akwai daidaito a lokaci guda tsakanin motsin hannu da ido kamar yadda aka tsara ta hanyar haɗakar bayanai masu ma'ana da na gani. <ref name="percep motor">{{Cite journal |last=Salter |first=Jennifer E. |last2=Laurie R. Wishart |last3=Timothy D. Lee |last4=Dominic Simon |year=2004 |title=Perceptual and motor contributions to bimanual coordination |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_neuroscience-letters_2004-06-10_363_2/page/102 |journal=Neuroscience Letters |volume=363 |issue=2 |pages=102–107 |doi=10.1016/j.neulet.2004.03.071 |pmid=15172094 |s2cid=17336096}}</ref> Ana buƙatar ƙarin matakan daidaitawa dangane da ko mutumin yana da niyyar shan gilashin, ko a ba wa wani, ko kuma kawai a ajiye shi a kan teburi. <ref name="Weiss 1998">{{Cite journal |last=Weiss |first=P. |last2=Jeannerod |first2=M. |date=Apr 1998 |title=Getting a Grasp on Coordination |url=http://physiologyonline.physiology.org/content/13/2/70.long |journal=News Physiol Sci |volume=13 |issue=2 |pages=70–75 |doi=10.1152/physiologyonline.1998.13.2.70 |pmid=11390765 |s2cid=2465996 |doi-access=free}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Nau'ikan daidaitawar motsi == Daidaito tsakanin gaɓoɓi yana da damuwa game da yadda ake daidaita motsi a tsakanin gaɓoɓi. Misali, a cikin tafiya, daidaitawa tsakanin gaɓoɓi yana nufin tsarin yanayi da kuma tsarin motsa jiki da ke da alaƙa da motsin ƙafafu. Aikin da aka yi a baya a cikin ƙasusuwan da ke da ƙashi ya nuna cewa nau'ikan tsarin haɗin kai daban-daban, wanda ake kira tafiya, suna faruwa a matakai daban-daban na saurin tafiya don rage farashin sufuri . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Alexander |first=R. M. |date=1989-10-01 |title=Optimization and gaits in the locomotion of vertebrates |url=https://journals.physiology.org/doi/abs/10.1152/physrev.1989.69.4.1199 |journal=Physiological Reviews |volume=69 |issue=4 |pages=1199–1227 |doi=10.1152/physrev.1989.69.4.1199 |issn=0031-9333 |pmid=2678167 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Kamar ƙasusuwan da ke da ƙashi, drosophila suna canza tsarin haɗin kai tsakanin ƙafafuwansu ta hanyar da ta dogara da gudu. Duk da haka, waɗannan tsare-tsaren daidaitawa suna bin ci gaba maimakon tafiya daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=DeAngelis |first=Brian D |last2=Zavatone-Veth |first2=Jacob A |last3=Clark |first3=Damon A |date=2019-06-28 |editor-last=Calabrese |editor-first=Ronald L |title=The manifold structure of limb coordination in walking Drosophila |journal=eLife |volume=8 |doi=10.7554/eLife.46409 |issn=2050-084X |pmc=6598772 |pmid=31250807 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin ayyuka biyu da hannu (ayyukan da suka shafi hannu biyu), an gano cewa sassan aiki na hannu biyu suna da daidaito sosai. Ɗaya daga cikin ka'idojin da aka yi hasashe game da wannan aiki shine wanzuwar wani tsari mai girma, "tsarin daidaitawa" wanda ke ƙididdige lokacin da yake buƙata don yin kowane aiki daban-daban kuma yana daidaita shi ta amfani da hanyar amsawa . Akwai wurare da dama na kwakwalwa da aka gano suna ba da gudummawa ga daidaita gaɓoɓin da ake buƙata don ayyukan hannu biyu, kuma waɗannan wurare sun haɗa da premotor cortex (PMC), parietal cortex, mesial motor cortices, musamman supplementary motor area (SMA), cingulate motor cortex (CMC), primary motor cortex (M1), da cerebellum . <ref name="Swinnen 2010">{{Cite journal |last=Swinnen |first=SP. |last2=Vangheluwe |first2=S. |last3=Wagemans |first3=J. |last4=Coxon |first4=JP. |last5=Goble |first5=DJ. |last6=Van Impe |first6=A. |last7=Sunaert |first7=S. |last8=Peeters |first8=R. |last9=Wenderoth |first9=N. |date=Feb 2010 |title=Shared neural resources between left and right interlimb coordination skills: the neural substrate of abstract motor representations |url=https://lirias.kuleuven.be/handle/123456789/257785 |journal=NeuroImage |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=2570–80 |doi=10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.10.052 |pmid=19874897 |s2cid=17227329}}</ref> Nazarce-nazarce da dama sun nuna cewa ana iya yin kwaikwayon daidaito tsakanin gaɓoɓi ta hanyar amfani da oscillators na lokaci guda, <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Proctor |first=J. |last2=Kukillaya |first2=R. P. |last3=Holmes |first3=P. |date=2010-11-13 |title=A phase-reduced neuro-mechanical model for insect locomotion: feed-forward stability and proprioceptive feedback |url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2010.0134 |journal=Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |volume=368 |issue=1930 |pages=5087–5104 |bibcode=2010RSPTA.368.5087P |doi=10.1098/rsta.2010.0134 |pmid=20921014 |s2cid=8511489 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> <ref name="Haken 1985">{{Cite journal |last=Haken |first=H. |last2=Kelso |first2=JA. |last3=Bunz |first3=H. |year=1985 |title=A theoretical model of phase transitions in human hand movements |url=http://www.haskins.yale.edu/Reprints/HL0496.pdf |journal=Biol Cybern |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=347–56 |citeseerx=10.1.1.170.2683 |doi=10.1007/BF00336922 |pmid=3978150 |s2cid=14960818 |access-date=2026-09-11 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304061543/http://www.haskins.yale.edu/Reprints/HL0496.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> wani muhimmin sashi na tsarin sarrafa janareta na tsakiya (CPG) . A cikin wannan tsari, daidaitawar gaɓoɓi yana gudana ne ta hanyar yanayin da ke tsakanin oscillators da ke wakiltar gaɓoɓi. Musamman ma, mai juyawa da ke da alaƙa da wani takamaiman gaɓa yana ƙayyade ci gaban wannan gaɓar ta hanyar zagayowar motsinta (misali zagayowar mataki a tafiya). Baya ga motsa motsin gaɓoɓin da ke da alaƙa da juna a gaba, ana iya haɗa martanin ji a cikin tsarin CPG. Wannan martanin kuma yana ƙayyade daidaito tsakanin gaɓoɓi ta hanyar gyara motsin gaɓoɓin da martanin ke aiki a kai. === Cikin gaɓoɓi === Daidaito tsakanin gaɓoɓi ya ƙunshi tsara motsin sassan gaɓoɓin da suka ƙunshi gaɓoɓi ɗaya. Ana iya cimma wannan daidaito ta hanyar sarrafa/takura hanyoyin haɗin gwiwa da/ko ƙarfin juyi na kowane ɓangaren gaɓɓai kamar yadda ake buƙata don cimma burin motsi na gaɓɓai da ake so, kamar yadda samfurin haɗin gwiwa-sararin samaniya ya nuna. <ref name="Soechting 1981">{{Cite journal |last=Soechting |first=J.F. |last2=Lacquaniti |first2=F. |year=1981 |title=Invariant characteristics of a pointing movement in man |journal=J Neurosci |volume=1 |issue=7 |pages=710–20 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.01-07-00710.1981 |pmc=6564198 |pmid=7346580 |s2cid=7978546}}</ref> A madadin haka, ana iya cimma daidaito tsakanin gaɓoɓi da ƙashi ta hanyar sarrafa hanyar mai tasiri, kamar hannu. Misalin irin wannan ra'ayi shine samfurin da Neville Hogan da Tamar Flash suka gabatar, <ref name="Flash 1985">{{Cite journal |last=Flash |first=T. |last2=Hogan |first2=N. |date=Jul 1985 |title=The coordination of arm movements: an experimentally confirmed mathematical model |journal=J Neurosci |volume=5 |issue=7 |pages=1688–703 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.05-07-01688.1985 |pmc=6565116 |pmid=4020415 |doi-access=free}}</ref> wanda ke nuna cewa ma'aunin da tsarin jijiyoyi ke sarrafawa shine hanyar sarari ta hannu, yana tabbatar da cewa yana da santsi sosai. Francesco Lacquaniti, Carlo Terzuolo da Paolo Viviani sun nuna cewa saurin kusurwar gefen alkalami ya bambanta da ƙarfin biyu bisa uku na lanƙwasa hanya ( dokar iko kashi biyu bisa uku) yayin zane da rubutun hannu. <ref name="lacquaniti">{{Cite journal |last=Lacquaniti, Francesco |last2=Terzuolo, Carlo |last3=Viviani, Paolo |year=1983 |title=The law relating the kinematic and figural aspects of drawing movements |url=https://archive.org/details/acta-psychologica_1983-10_54_1-3/page/115 |journal=Acta Psychologica |volume=54 |issue=1–3 |pages=115–130 |doi=10.1016/0001-6918(83)90027-6 |pmid=6666647 |s2cid=5144040}}</ref> Dokar wutar lantarki ta kashi biyu bisa uku ta dace da tsarin mafi ƙarancin juzu'i, amma kuma da janareto na tsakiya . Daga baya an nuna cewa tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya ya sadaukar da kansa ga tsarinsa na coding. <ref name="Schwartz 1994">{{Cite journal |last=Schwartz |first=A.B. |date=Jul 1994 |title=Direct cortical representation of drawing |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_science_1994-07-22_265_5171/page/540 |journal=Science |volume=265 |issue=5171 |pages=540–2 |bibcode=1994Sci...265..540S |doi=10.1126/science.8036499 |pmid=8036499}}</ref> <ref name="Dayan 2007">{{Cite journal |last=Dayan |first=E. |last2=Casile |first2=A. |last3=Levit-Binnun |first3=N. |last4=Giese |first4=MA. |last5=Hendler |first5=T. |last6=Flash |first6=T. |date=Dec 2007 |title=Neural representations of kinematic laws of motion: evidence for action-perception coupling |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_proceedings-of-the-national-academy-of-sciences-usa_2007-12-18_104_51/page/20582 |journal=Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A |volume=104 |issue=51 |pages=20582–7 |bibcode=2007PNAS..10420582D |doi=10.1073/pnas.0710033104 |pmc=2154474 |pmid=18079289 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Abu mai mahimmanci, dabarun sarrafawa don motsi da aka tsara bisa manufa sun dogara ne akan aiki. An nuna wannan ta hanyar gwada yanayi biyu daban-daban: (1) mutum ya motsa siginar hannu zuwa ga abin da aka nufa da kuma (2) mutum ya motsa hannunsa zuwa ga abin da aka nufa. Kowace yanayi ta nuna hanyoyi daban-daban: (1) hanya madaidaiciya da (2) hanya mai lanƙwasa. <ref name="Li 2005">{{Cite journal |last=Li |first=Y. |last2=Levin |first2=O. |last3=Forner-Cordero |first3=A. |last4=Swinnen |first4=SP. |date=Jun 2005 |title=Interactions between interlimb and intralimb coordination during the performance of bimanual multijoint movements |journal=Exp Brain Res |volume=163 |issue=4 |pages=515–26 |doi=10.1007/s00221-004-2206-5 |pmid=15657696 |s2cid=22090590}}</ref> === Ido-hannu === Daidaito tsakanin ido da hannu yana da alaƙa da yadda ake haɗa motsin ido da kuma tasirin motsin hannu. Aikin da aka yi a baya ya shafi motsin ido a cikin tsarin motsa jiki na motsi da hannu bisa manufa. <ref name="Liesker 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Liesker |first=H. |last2=Brenner |first2=E. |last3=Smeets |first3=JB. |date=Aug 2009 |title=Combining eye and hand in search is suboptimal |journal=Exp Brain Res |volume=197 |issue=4 |pages=395–401 |doi=10.1007/s00221-009-1928-9 |pmc=2721960 |pmid=19590859}}</ref> == Koyon tsarin haɗin kai == Ana ba da shawarar shafuka masu zuwa don fahimtar yadda ake koyan ko daidaita tsarin haɗin kai: * Koyon Mota * Daidaita Mota * Sarrafa motar, samfurin ciki, da haɗin firikwensin-mota == Ƙididdige daidaito tsakanin gaɓoɓi da kuma tsakanin gaɓoɓi == == Ka'idoji masu alaƙa na daidaita motsi == === Haɗin gwiwar tsoka === Nikolai Bernstein ya gabatar da wanzuwar haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tsoka a matsayin dabarar jijiyoyi ta sauƙaƙe sarrafa matakai daban-daban na 'yanci. Haɗin gwiwar tsoka mai aiki an bayyana shi a matsayin tsarin haɗin gwiwa na kunna tsokoki da aka ɗauka ta hanyar siginar umarni ɗaya. <ref name="Torres-Oviedo 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Torres-Oviedo |first=G. |last2=MacPherson |first2=JM. |last3=Ting |first3=LH. |date=Sep 2006 |title=Muscle synergy organization is robust across a variety of postural perturbations |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurophysiology_2006-09_96_3/page/1530 |journal=J Neurophysiol |volume=96 |issue=3 |pages=1530–46 |doi=10.1152/jn.00810.2005 |pmid=16775203}}</ref> Tsoka ɗaya na iya zama wani ɓangare na haɗin gwiwa da yawa na tsoka, kuma haɗin gwiwa ɗaya na iya kunna tsokoki da yawa. Ana koyon haɗin gwiwa, maimakon a haɗa su da juna, kamar shirye-shiryen mota, kuma an tsara su ta hanyar da ta dogara da aiki. A wata ma'anar, yana yiwuwa haɗin gwiwa ya kasance don wani takamaiman aiki ba don matakan kunnawa na abubuwan da kansu ba. Aiki daga Emilio Bizzi ya nuna cewa amsawar ji yana daidaita haɗin gwiwa don dacewa da ƙuntatawa na ɗabi'a, amma yana iya bambanta ta hanyar da ta dogara da gogewa. <ref name="Cheung 2004">{{Cite journal |last=Cheung |first=V.C.K. |last2=d'Avella |first2=A. |last3=Tresch |first3=MC. |last4=Bizzi |first4=E. |date=Jul 2004 |title=Central and Sensory Contributions to the Activation and Organization of Muscle Synergies during Natural Motor Behaviors |journal=J Neurosci |volume=25 |issue=27 |pages=6419–34 |doi=10.1523/jneurosci.4904-04.2005 |pmc=6725265 |pmid=16000633}}</ref> Haɗin kai yana ba da damar sarrafa abubuwan da ke cikin wani aiki na musamman da sigina ɗaya, maimakon a sarrafa su daban-daban. Ganin cewa tsokoki na motsi masu sarrafa gaɓoɓi suna da alaƙa, akwai yiwuwar cewa kuskuren da bambancin su ma suna da alaƙa, wanda ke ba da sassauci da kuma rama kurakuran da ke cikin sassan motsa jiki na mutum ɗaya. Hanyar da ake amfani da ita a yanzu wajen gano haɗin gwiwar tsoka ita ce amfani da nazarin kididdiga da/ko haɗin kai akan siginar EMG ( electromyography ) da aka auna na tsokoki daban-daban yayin motsi. <ref>{{Cite journal |vauthors=Boonstra TW, Danna-Dos-Santos A, Xie HB, Roerdink M, Stins JF, Breakspear M |year=2015 |title=Muscle networks: Connectivity analysis of EMG activity during postural control |journal=Sci Rep |volume=5 |bibcode=2015NatSR...517830B |doi=10.1038/srep17830 |pmc=4669476 |pmid=26634293 |doi-access=free}}</ref> An haɗa raguwar adadin abubuwan sarrafawa (haɗin gwiwa na tsoka) don samar da ci gaba na kunna tsoka don sarrafa motsi mai santsi yayin ayyuka daban-daban. <ref name="d'Avella 2003">{{Cite journal |last=d'Avella |first=A. |last2=Saltiel |first2=P. |last3=Bizzi |first3=E. |date=Mar 2003 |title=Combinations of muscle synergies in the construction of a natural motor behavior |journal=Nat Neurosci |volume=6 |issue=3 |pages=300–8 |doi=10.1038/nn1010 |pmid=12563264 |s2cid=2437859}}</ref> <ref name="Ivanenko 2004">{{Cite journal |last=Ivanenko |first=Y.P. |last2=Poppele |first2=R.E. |last3=Lacquaniti |first3=F. |author-link3=Francesco Lacquaniti |date=Apr 2004 |title=Five basic muscle activation patterns account for muscle activity during human locomotion |journal=J Physiol |volume=556 |issue=1 |pages=267–82 |doi=10.1113/jphysiol.2003.057174 |pmc=1664897 |pmid=14724214}}</ref> Alkiblar motsi tana da tasiri kan yadda ake gudanar da aikin motsa jiki (watau tafiya gaba ko tafiya baya, kowannensu yana amfani da matakai daban-daban na matsewa a cikin tsokoki daban-daban). <ref name="Torres-Oviedo 2007">{{Cite journal |last=Torres-Oviedo |first=G. |last2=Ting |first2=LH. |date=Oct 2007 |title=Muscle synergies characterizing human postural responses |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-neurophysiology_2007-10_98_4/page/2144 |journal=J Neurophysiol |volume=98 |issue=4 |pages=2144–56 |doi=10.1152/jn.01360.2006 |pmid=17652413}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana tsammanin cewa haɗin gwiwar tsoka yana iyakance adadin digiri na 'yanci ta hanyar hana motsi na wasu haɗin gwiwa ko tsokoki (haɗin gwiwa da haɓaka). Duk da haka, ana ta muhawara kan dalilin da ya sa tsokoki ke haɗuwa da juna. <ref name="Tresch 2009">{{Cite journal |last=Tresch |first=MC. |last2=Jarc |first2=A. |date=Dec 2009 |title=The case for and against muscle synergies |journal=Curr Opin Neurobiol |volume=19 |issue=6 |pages=601–7 |doi=10.1016/j.conb.2009.09.002 |pmc=2818278 |pmid=19828310}}</ref> Baya ga fahimtar daidaiton tsoka, haɗin gwiwar tsoka ya kuma taimaka wajen tantance raunin motsi, yana taimakawa wajen gano karkacewa a cikin yanayin motsi na yau da kullun da kuma matsalolin jijiyoyi. <ref name="Alnajjar 2020">{{Cite journal |last=Alnajjar |first=F. |last2=Ozaki |first2=K. |last3=Matti |first3=I. |last4=Hiroshi |first4=Y. |last5=Masanori |first5=T. |last6=Ikue |first6=U. |last7=Masaki |first7=K. |last8=Maxime |first8=T. |last9=Chikara |first9=N. |last10=Alvaro |first10=C.G. |last11=Kensuke |first11=O. |last12=Aiko |first12=O. |last13=Izumi |first13=K. |last14=Shingo |first14=S. |date=2020 |title=Self-Support Biofeedback Training for Recovery From Motor Impairment After Stroke |journal=IEEE Access |volume=8 |issue=6 |pages=72138–72157 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2020.2987095 |doi-access=free}}</ref> === Tsarin da ba a sarrafa shi ba na Manya-manyan Hasashe === Wani hasashen kuma ya nuna cewa tsarin jijiyoyi na tsakiya ba ya kawar da matakan 'yanci marasa amfani, amma yana amfani da su don tabbatar da sassauci da kwanciyar hankali na ayyukan motsa jiki tare da farashin bambancin motsi. Tsarin Manifold mara Sarrafa (UCM) yana ba da hanyar auna "haɗin gwiwa tsakanin tsoka" a cikin wannan tsari. <ref name="Latash 2006">{{Cite journal |last=Latash |first=ML. |last2=Anson |first2=JG. |date=Aug 2006 |title=Synergies in health and disease: relations to adaptive changes in motor coordination |url=http://ptjournal.apta.org/content/86/8/1151.long |journal=Phys Ther |volume=86 |issue=8 |pages=1151–60 |doi=10.1093/ptj/86.8.1151 |pmid=16879049 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Wannan hasashe ya bayyana "haɗin gwiwa" da ɗan bambanci da abin da aka ambata a sama; haɗin gwiwa yana wakiltar ƙungiyar masu canji na asali (digiri na 'yanci) wanda ke daidaita wani muhimmin canjin aiki. Maɓallin Elemental shine mafi ƙarancin maɓalli mai ma'ana wanda za'a iya amfani dashi don bayyana tsarin sha'awa a wani matakin bincike da aka zaɓa, kuma maɓallin aiki yana nufin maɓalli masu mahimmanci da tsarin gaba ɗaya ya samar. Misali, a cikin aikin isa ga haɗin gwiwa da yawa, kusurwoyi da matsayin wasu haɗin gwiwa sune masu canjin abubuwa, kuma masu canjin aiki sune masu daidaita ƙarshen hannun. <ref name="Latash 2006" /> Wannan hasashe ya nuna cewa mai sarrafawa (kwakwalwa) yana aiki a cikin sararin masu canji na abubuwa (watau juyawar da kafada, gwiwar hannu, da wuyan hannu ke rabawa a cikin motsin hannu) kuma yana zaɓar manifolds masu yiwuwa (watau saitin ƙimar kusurwa da ta dace da matsayi na ƙarshe). Wannan hasashe ya yarda cewa bambancin yana nan a koyaushe a cikin motsi, kuma ya rarraba shi zuwa nau'i biyu: (1) mummunan bambancin da (2) kyakkyawan bambancin. Rashin bambancin ra'ayi yana shafar mahimmancin canjin aiki kuma yana haifar da manyan kurakurai a sakamakon aikin motsa jiki, kuma kyakkyawan bambancin yana sa aikin aiki ya canza kuma yana haifar da sakamako mai nasara. An lura da wani misali mai ban sha'awa na kyakkyawan bambancin a cikin motsin harshe, wanda ke da alhakin samar da magana . Matsayin taurin kai ga jikin harshe yana haifar da wasu bambance-bambance (idan aka yi la'akari da sigogin sautin magana, kamar masu tsara magana), amma wannan bambancin ba ya shafar ingancin magana. Ɗaya daga cikin dalilan da za a iya bayarwa shi ne cewa kwakwalwa tana aiki ne kawai don rage mummunan bambancin da ke hana sakamakon da ake so, kuma tana yin hakan ta hanyar ƙara kyakkyawan bambankin da ba a cika ba. <ref name="Latash 2006" /> == Duba kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 1z04os2x47zp0v90piu5c5nmtho97c3 Haki Karer 0 169347 962081 929589 2026-10-02T21:31:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962081 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haki Karer''' (1950 a Ulubey - 1977 a [[Gaziantep]]) ya kasance dan gwagwarmayar hagu na Turkiyya <ref>{{Cite web |title=‘Haki Karer bize Kürt olduğumuzu söylüyordu’ |url=http://mezopotamyaajansi35.com/tum-haberler/content/view/http%3A%2F%2Fmezopotamyaajansi35.com%2Ftum-haberler%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F171352 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=mezopotamyaajansi35.com |language=tr}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> kuma yana da mahimmanci a cikin ƙwaƙwalwar PKK . == Ilimi == Bayan kammala makarantar sakandare ya tafi [[Ankara]] don nazarin kimiyyar lissafi a Jami'ar Ankara <ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last=Jongerden |first=Joost |last2=Akkaya |first2=Ahmet Hamdi |date=2012-06-01 |title=The Kurdistan Workers Party and a New Left in Turkey: Analysis of the revolutionary movement in Turkey through the PKK's memorial text on Haki Karer |url=http://journals.openedition.org/ejts/4613 |journal=European Journal of Turkish Studies. Social Sciences on Contemporary Turkey |language=en |issue=14 |doi=10.4000/ejts.4613 |issn=1773-0546 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> amma ya bar jami'ar kafin ya sami digiri na farko. == Yunkurin siyasa == A shekara ta 1972, yayin da suke zaune tare da Kemal Pir sun gayyaci [[Abdullah Öcalan]] ya zauna tare da su bayan an sake shi daga kurkuku a Mamak. Bayan tattaunawa mai tasiri na siyasa tsakanin su da sauran masu hagu sun yanke shawarar kafa ƙungiyar siyasa. A shekara ta 1973 an kafa wani karamin rukuni na mutane a kusa da Abdullah Öcalan da Haki Karer mai suna Kurdistan Revolutionaries . <ref name=":0" /> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 1973 aka kafa kungiyar Ankara Democratic Association of Higher Education ({{Interlanguage link|Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Derneği|tr|Ankara Demokratik Yüksek Öğrenim Demeği}} , ''ADYÖD'') kuma ba da daɗewa ba, an zabi Haki Karer don shiga kwamitin sa. ''ADYÖD'' ya kasance ɗan gajeren lokaci amma ya kasance mai aiki sosai har zuwa rufe shi a watan Disamba na shekara ta 1974. <ref name=":0" /> Yunkurin juyin juya halin ya ci gaba da gwagwarmayarsa kuma a 1976 an yanke shawarar cewa Öcalan zai zama shugaban motsi kuma Karer abokin aikinsa.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan wannan ya koma Gaziantep inda ya ci gaba da aikinsa na siyasa.<ref name=":0" /> === Mutuwa da sakamakonsa === An kashe Karer a cikin gidan kofi a Gaziantep a ranar 18 ga Mayu 1977. [1] An kai jikinsa zuwa garinsu Ulubey, inda aka binne shi.[2] Abokan Karer sun zargi Alaattin Kaplan, memba na ƙungiyar Kurdawa Sterka Sor da kisan Karer. Daga baya aka kashe Kaplan a Iskenderun . [3] == Kyauta == A cikin tambayoyin Öcalan daga baya ya bayyana cewa, an kafa Jam'iyyar Ma'aikatan Kurdistan (PKK) a matsayin rantsuwa ga Haki Karer. Bayan mutuwar Karer ƙungiyar ta yanke shawarar yin aiki da ƙwarewa kuma ta zama ƙungiya.<ref name=":0" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1950]] slmcds9in7yp14h68pbuznp3o2h5gh8 Gishiri na gishiri 0 169419 961951 929753 2026-10-02T17:39:34Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961951 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kogon gishiri''' kogo ne da aka samar a cikin gishirin dutse ta hanyar narkewar wannan dutsen mai narkewa da ruwa. Kamar sauran duwatsu masu narkewa, wani tsari na musamman na yanayin ƙasa na iya tasowa daga tsarin mafita; a wannan yanayin ana kiransa da gishiri karst ko 'halite karst'. Manyan yankuna uku na gishirin karst sune na [[Iran]], [[Isra'ila]] da [[Ispaniya|Spain]], tare da misali a [[Romainiya|Romania]] . [[Kogon Malcham]] da ke Isra'ila shi ne kogon gishiri mafi tsawo a duniya, tsawonsa ya wuce kilomita 10. Yana nan a Dutsen Saduma . Akwai manyan kogo na gishiri a Tsibirin Qeshm a [[Iran]], ciki har da Kogon Tri Nahacu da Kogon Namakdan . An saka wannan kogo a cikin jerin sunayen 'Wuraren Tarihi na Farko na IUGS guda 100' a watan Oktoban 2022 a matsayin wani muhimmin abu a duniya don fahimtar tectonics da kuma ci gaba da ayyukan ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Namakdan salt caves, Iran |url=https://iugs-geoheritage.org/videos-pdfs/iugs_first_100_book_v2.pdf |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=IUGS International Commission on Geoheritage |publisher=IUGS |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221027114156/https://iugs-geoheritage.org/videos-pdfs/iugs_first_100_book_v2.pdf |archive-date=27 October 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Daga cikin kogogin da aka gina a cikin manyan kogo da dama a Spain akwai Cova dels Meandres de Sales, wanda tsawonsa ya kai kilomita 4.3, shi ne na uku mafi tsawo a duniya. Na huɗu mafi tsayi shine Pestera 6S de la Mânzălesti, a ƙasar Romania, mai tsawon kilomita 3.1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Salt Caves |url=https://www.showcaves.com/english/explain/Speleology/Salt.html |access-date=2 November 2022 |website=Showcaves.com |publisher=Jochen Duckeck}}</ref> Wani sanannen kogon gishiri a [[Turkiyya]] shi ne kogon Gishiri na Çankırı ( ''Çankırı Tuz Mağarası'' ), wanda ke kusa da birnin Çankırı . Kogon yana ɗaya daga cikin tsoffin wuraren hakar gishirin dutse a duniya, inda ake haƙo gishirin tun kimanin shekaru 5,000 tun zamanin Hittiyawa . A yau, sassan kogon a buɗe suke ga baƙi kuma ana amfani da su don yawon buɗe ido da nishaɗi. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Timur |first=Umut Pekin |last2=Orhan |first2=Merve |last3=Aksüt |first3=Arif |year=2014 |title=Evaluating of Oriented Tourism and Recreational Use Çankırı Rock Salt Cave's and Its Near Surroundings |url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/duzceod/issue/27445/288663 |journal=Düzce University Faculty of Forestry Journal of Forestry |volume=10 |issue=1 |access-date=6 June 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == qwydndt3kxo48l1priyhimajid9appx Gidan Tarihin Kimiyya na Yara na Tainan 0 169685 961895 930563 2026-10-02T14:35:11Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961895 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Tarihi na Kimiyyar Yara na Tainan''' ( '''TCSM''' ; traditional Chinese ) gidan kayan gargajiya ne a gundumar Arewa, [[Tainan]], [[Taiwan]] . == Tarihi == An kafa gidan tarihi a shekarar 1978. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tainan Science Education Museum |url=https://boe-eng.tn.edu.tw/?p=97 |access-date=1 February 2024 |website=Bureau of Education, Tainan City Government |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240201005825/https://boe-eng.tn.edu.tw/?p=97 |archive-date=1 February 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An rufe gidan kayan tarihi a ranar 1 ga watan Disamba{{Spaces}}Oktoba{{Spaces}}2025. == Gine-gine == Gidan tarihin yana cikin wani gini mai hawa huɗu, wanda ke ɗauke da ɗakin gani na sauti, cibiyar gudanarwa, ɗakunan baje kolin kayan tarihi, ɗakin karatu, ɗakin wasan yara da azuzuwan karatu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Visit info |url=https://tcsm.tn.edu.tw/en/ContentPage.aspx?659cc6ff-109b-4df6-99bc-c61df56cf4a4 |access-date=8 May 2018 |website=Tainan Children's Science Museum |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180508190926/http://tcsm.tn.edu.tw/en/ContentPage.aspx?659cc6ff-109b-4df6-99bc-c61df56cf4a4 |archive-date=8 May 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Sufuri == Ana iya isa gidan kayan tarihi a cikin nisan tafiya a arewacin Tainan Station na Taiwan Railway . == Duba kuma == * Jerin gidajen tarihi a Taiwan == Manazarta == 3s8z2qj8q0xxblsvonaebmtdji5nq0p Harbi a makarantar Jokela 0 169763 962098 933872 2026-10-02T23:32:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962098 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} A ranar 7 ga Nuwamba, 2007, an yi harbin jama'a a makarantar sakandare ta Jokela da ke garin Jokela, Tuusula, Finland. Ɗan bindigar, Pekka-Eric Auvinen mai shekaru 18, ya shiga makarantar da safiyar ranar dauke da bindiga mai sarrafa kanta . Ya kashe mutane takwas kuma ya raunata ɗaya kafin ya harbi kansa a kai; wasu goma sha biyu kuma sun ji rauni ta hanyar gilashin tashi ko kuma ta hanyar rauni a idon sawunsu a lokacin rikicin da ya biyo baya. <ref name="InvestigationReport">{{Cite web |last=Petäjäniemi, Tuulikki (Chairman); Valonen, Kai (LL.M. Secretary, Chief Accident Investigator) |date=26 February 2009 |title=Jokela School Shooting on 7 November 2007: Report of the Investigation Commission |url=http://www.turvallisuustutkinta.fi/material/attachments/otkes/tutkintaselostukset/fi/poikkeuksellisettapahtumat/SbmrFqAo3/Jokela_School_Shooting_on_7_November_2007.pdf |access-date=19 May 2017 |publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (Finland)|Ministry of Justice]] |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703124414/http://www.turvallisuustutkinta.fi/material/attachments/otkes/tutkintaselostukset/fi/poikkeuksellisettapahtumat/SbmrFqAo3/Jokela_School_Shooting_on_7_November_2007.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Auvinen ya rasu daga baya a daren ranar a wani asibiti da ke [[Helsinki]] . Wannan shi ne harbin makaranta na biyu a tarihin Finland, na farko shi ne harbin makarantar Raumanmeri a shekarar 1989, lokacin da wani yaro ɗan shekara 14 ya harbe abokan karatunsa biyu har lahira. Harin shine na biyu mafi muni da aka kai a makaranta a tarihin ƙasar Finland . Kasa da shekara guda bayan kisan kiyashin makarantar Jokela, an yi harbin makarantar Kauhajoki, wanda ake kyautata zaton Auvinen ne ya jawo hankalinsa sosai. == Shirye-shirye == === Samun bindigar === Auvinen ya sami lasisin bindigarsa a watan Oktoba, sannan ya sayi motar SIG Sauer Mosquito mai nauyin .22-calibre da harsasai 500 a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba, kwana biyar kafin harbin. Ya kasance memba mai rijista na Kungiyar Harbi ta Helsinki tun daga ranar 31 ga Agusta. <ref name="InvestigationReport2">{{Cite web |last=Petäjäniemi, Tuulikki (Chairman); Valonen, Kai (LL.M. Secretary, Chief Accident Investigator) |date=26 February 2009 |title=Jokela School Shooting on 7 November 2007: Report of the Investigation Commission |url=http://www.turvallisuustutkinta.fi/material/attachments/otkes/tutkintaselostukset/fi/poikkeuksellisettapahtumat/SbmrFqAo3/Jokela_School_Shooting_on_7_November_2007.pdf |access-date=19 May 2017 |publisher=[[Ministry of Justice (Finland)|Ministry of Justice]] |archive-date=3 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150703124414/http://www.turvallisuustutkinta.fi/material/attachments/otkes/tutkintaselostukset/fi/poikkeuksellisettapahtumat/SbmrFqAo3/Jokela_School_Shooting_on_7_November_2007.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> Wani mai magana da yawun kulob din ya bayyana cewa Auvinen ya halarci zaman horo na tsawon awa daya. An ba shi lasisin ne tun lokacin da yake memba a wani gidan harbi na gida kuma bai taɓa samun wani laifi ba a baya. 'Yan sandan Finland suna buƙatar sha'awar harbi kafin su fara da makami mai girman .22-calibre. Da farko Auvinen ya so siyan bindigar Glock mai girman 9mm, amma 'yan sanda sun ƙi amincewa da buƙatar a ranar 12 ga Oktoba bisa dalilin cewa, saboda ƙarfin bindigar da take da shi, bindigar ba ta dace da harbin da ya dace ba, kamar yadda Auvinen ya yi fatan amfani da ita. <ref name="InvestigationReport2" /> <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2007-10-21 |title=How your gun permit applications are considered |url=http://blog.anta.net/2007/10/21/how-your-gun-permit-applications-are-considered/ |url-status=dead |issn=1797-1993 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703212415/http://blog.anta.net/2007/10/21/how-your-gun-permit-applications-are-considered/ |archive-date=2008-07-03 |access-date=2007-11-08}}</ref> Daga baya ya yi nasarar shigar da buƙatar siyan bindigar Ruger MK III mai nauyin .22-caliber, amma a ranar da aka sayi bindigar ba ta samuwa a lokacin. Daga nan sai ya zaɓi ya sayi SIG Sauer Mosquito. <ref name="InvestigationReport2" /> Auvinen ya saka bidiyo a YouTube kafin a yi harbin, yana mai bayyana cewa zai yi "kisan kiyashi", <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lukiolaismies jätti verkkoon runsaasti tietoa tulevasta hyökkäyksestä |url=http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/artikkeli/Lukiolaismies+j%C3%A4tti+verkkoon+runsaasti+tietoa+tulevasta+hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4yksest%C3%A4/1135231616169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109142726/http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/artikkeli/Lukiolaismies%2Bj%C3%A4tti%2Bverkkoon%2Brunsaasti%2Btietoa%2Btulevasta%2Bhy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4yksest%C3%A4/1135231616169 |archive-date=2007-11-09 |access-date=2007-11-07 |language=fi}}</ref> sannan ya saka wani bayani a shafin yanar gizo na raba fayiloli. Manufarsa ta bayyana fushinsa game da rabuwar kai da ya yi da jama'a, sannan ya yi kira ga "mutane masu ƙarfin hali da hankali" da su yi tawaye ga "wawayen" "talaka masu rauni". <ref name="InvestigationReport2" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2007 |title=Internetissä ennakoitiin ammuskelua kirjoituksin ja videoin |url=http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/oikea/id74368.html |access-date=2007-11-07 |language=fi}}</ref> === Makami === Bayan da Auvinen ya sami lasisin bindigarsa a watan Oktoban 2007, ya sayi motar SIG Sauer Mosquito mai nauyin .22-calibre da [[Makamai|harsasai]] 500 a ranar 2 ga Nuwamban 2007, kwana biyar kafin a yi harbin. <ref name="InvestigationReport" /> Auvinen ya kuma yi amfani da man injin mai bugun biyu a lokacin harbin a wani yunƙuri da bai yi nasara ba na cinna wa makarantar wuta. <ref name=":1a">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.poliisi.fi/poliisi/krp/home.nsf/PFBD/544F0B84A5C04A9FC225742E0029C866/$file/Jokela+end.pdf?OpenElement |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522081534/http://www.poliisi.fi/poliisi/krp/home.nsf/PFBD/544F0B84A5C04A9FC225742E0029C866/$file/Jokela+end.pdf?OpenElement |archive-date=2011-05-22 |access-date=2008-04-24}}</ref> === Kunshin fayil === Kafin ya fara kai hare-harensa, Auvinen ya ɗora wani fakitin fayiloli mai ɗauke da fayilolin kafofin watsa labarai ashirin da ɗaya zuwa Intanet. Ya ƙunshi hotunan kansa, bindigarsa, Makarantar Sakandare ta Jokela, fayil ɗin kiɗa guda ɗaya da ba a bayyana ba, da takardu uku a cikin harshen Finnish da [[Turanci|Ingilishi]] . ==== Bayanin Zaɓaɓɓen Halitta ==== Rubutun da ya fi tsayi shine '''''Manifesto na Natural Selector''''', inda Auvinen ya bayyana tunaninsa da dalilansa na yin harbin. Ya jaddada cewa yana son a dauki harinsa a matsayin ba wai kawai harbin makaranta ba, a'a, a matsayin [[ta'addanci]] kai tsaye. Rubutun ya haɗa [[Falsafa|masana falsafa da]] Auvinen ya fi so, ciki har da [[Plato]] da [[Friedrich Nietzsche]], kuma ya ƙunshi nassoshi game da ''Ƙungiyar Masana'antu da Makomarta'' da Eric Harris, ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka aikata kisan gillar Makarantar Sakandare ta Columbine . <ref>{{Cite web |title=School Shooters — a Miscellany |url=https://schoolshooters.info/sites/default/files/school_shooters_miscellany_0.pdf |access-date=July 13, 2026 |website=Schoolshooters.info}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lukiolaismies jätti verkkoon runsaasti tietoa tulevasta hyökkäyksestä |url=http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/artikkeli/Lukiolaismies+j%C3%A4tti+verkkoon+runsaasti+tietoa+tulevasta+hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4yksest%C3%A4/1135231616169 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071109142726/http://www.hs.fi/kaupunki/artikkeli/Lukiolaismies%2Bj%C3%A4tti%2Bverkkoon%2Brunsaasti%2Btietoa%2Btulevasta%2Bhy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4yksest%C3%A4/1135231616169 |archive-date=2007-11-09 |access-date=2007-11-07 |language=fi}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 November 2007 |title=Internetissä ennakoitiin ammuskelua kirjoituksin ja videoin |url=http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/kotimaa/oikea/id74368.html |access-date=2007-11-07 |language=fi}}</ref> Auvinen ya ayyana kansa a matsayin " mai zaɓe na halitta " wanda ke ƙoƙarin kawar da abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin rauni a cikin ɗan adam. A cikin takardar bayanin, ya ambaci harin da ya kai a matsayin yaƙi da "talaka masu rauni". <ref name="InvestigationReport" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Killers |first=Serial |title=Mass murderer Pekka-Eric AUVINEN {{!}} The YouTube killer |url=https://www.serialkillercalendar.com/Pekka-Eric%20AUVINEN.php |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=www.serialkillercalendar.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260223140915/https://www.serialkillercalendar.com/Pekka-Eric%20AUVINEN.php |archive-date=2026-02-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref name=":8a" /> Manufar Auvinen ta ƙunshi jigogi na Nazi da na masu ra'ayin gurguzu . <ref name=":8a">{{Cite web |date=2008-03-01 |title=Finnish School Shooter Had Nazi Beliefs |url=https://www.splcenter.org/resources/reports/finnish-school-shooter-had-nazi-beliefs/ |access-date=2026-07-03 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |language=en-US}}</ref> == Harbi == Da misalin ƙarfe 11:40, Pekka-Eric Auvinen ya shiga babban falon makarantar sakandare ta Jokela da ke bene na farko, bayan ya rasa darasinsa na farko. Ya haɗu da wani ɗalibi a cikin hanyar shiga gidan kuma ya kashe shi da ƙarfe 11:42, sannan ya ɓuya a cikin bandaki. Wasu ɗalibai sun ji ƙarar harbe-harben bindiga amma ba su gane su ba. Ba da daɗewa ba, sauran ɗalibai suka sami gawar mamacin amma suka yi zaton ya suma daga wani ƙugu zuwa kansa. Daga nan sai Auvinen ya harbe wasu ɗalibai biyu har lahira, ɗaya daga cikinsu ya gane shi, daga ƙofar bandaki. <ref name="InvestigationReport" /> Daga nan sai ma'aikacin jinya na makarantar ya zo wurin da lamarin ya faru, yana roƙon ɗaliban da su fice daga makarantar, sannan daga baya ya kira jami'an gaggawa. <ref name="InvestigationReport" /> Bayan harbin wani ɗalibi da kuma kashe shi a wajen banɗaki, Auvinen ya gudu ya bi ma'aikaciyar jinya, ya kama ta, ya harbe ta da wani ɗalibi da ƙarfe 11:46 na dare. <ref name="InvestigationReport" /> A wannan lokacin, Auvinen ya yi sanadiyyar mutuwar mutane shida, don haka yawancin waɗanda aka harbe sun mutu a cikin mintuna huɗu na farko. <ref name="InvestigationReport" /> Da ƙarfe 11:47, mataimakiyar shugabar makarantar ta sanar da babbar malamar makarantar Helena Kalmi game da harbin. Nan take ta umarci dukkan ɗalibai da malamai ta hanyar tsarin PA da su toshe kansu a cikin azuzuwan su. Bayan haka, Auvinen ya fara ihu da harbi ba zato ba tsammani, inda ya fitar da bindigarsa jimilla sau 53 a cikin hanyoyin. A wani lokaci, ya haɗu da mahaifiyar wata ɗaliba yayin da take shiga makarantar amma ya tsira da ita. Daga nan sai Auvinen ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga wani aji, inda ya yi harbi sau uku ta ƙofar da aka toshe sannan ya bugi wani ɗalibi a yatsansa. Daga nan Auvinen ya ci gaba zuwa hawa na biyu na makarantar ya sami ɗalibai biyu, waɗanda ba su ji sanarwar shugaban makarantar ba, suna zaune a kan benci a cikin hanyar. Yayin da ɗaya ya tsere ba tare da ya ji rauni ba, ɗayan kuma an harbe shi aka kashe shi. <ref name="InvestigationReport" /> Auvinen ya fara zuba mai mai injin mai bugun biyu (gaurayen mai da mai) a bango da benaye na hanyar shiga, amma bai sami damar kunna mai ba. [1] Daga nan sai ya je shagon sayar da abinci na makarantar da ke hawa na farko ya yi ƙoƙarin shiga, amma ƙofofin gilashin da ke zamewa a kulle suke. Bayan ya nemi a bar shi ya shiga, Auvinen ya yi ta harbin gilashin, yana buga wasu kujeru a ciki. Mutanen da suka ɓuya a cikin ɗakin cin abinci sun sami damar tserewa ta ɗayan gefen ɗakin suka ɓuya a cikin ɗakunan da ke bayan kicin. Babu wanda ya ji rauni a cikin gidan cin abinci. [2] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] anu38t1sryiiij92mxfaum63xdce2nj Ikilisiyar Episcopal ta Triniti (Iowa City, Iowa) 0 169947 962158 931791 2026-10-03T06:48:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962158 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Ikilisiyar Triniti Episcopal cocin Ikklisiya ne a cikin Diocese na Episcopal na Iowa . Cocin yana cikin Iowa City, Iowa, Amurka. An jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a shekara ta 1974. A cikin shekarar 2021, an haɗa ginin a matsayin dukiya mai ba da gudummawa a cikin Gundumar Tarihi ta Birnin Iowa.<ref name="McDowell">{{Cite web |last=Alexa McDowell |title=National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form: Iowa City Downtown Historic District |url=https://www8.iowa-city.org/WebLink/0/edoc/1955341/Nomination%20for%20SNRC.pdf |access-date=2021-05-28 |publisher=City of Iowa City}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2017, cocin ya ba da rahoton mambobi guda 582; a cikin shekarar 2023, ya ba da rahoto ga mambobi guda 272. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Individual Parochial Report Trends |url=https://generalconvention.org/explore-parochial-report-trends/ |access-date=12 September 2026 |website=General Convention of the Episcopal Church}}</ref> Ba a bayar da rahoton ƙididdigar membobin ba a cikin rahotanni na Ikklisiya na ƙasa na shekarar 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Paulsen |first=David |title=Episcopal Church reports no baptized membership data for 2024, citing parochial report ‘confusion’ |url=https://episcopalnewsservice.org/2025/10/29/episcopal-church-reports-no-baptized-membership-data-for-2024-citing-parochial-report-confusion/ |access-date=12 September 2026 |website=episcopalnewsservice.org |publisher=Episcopal News Service}}</ref> Tallafin kuɗi da alkawarin da cocin ya bayar a shekarar 2024 ya kai $ 389,586.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Individual Parochial Report Trends |url=https://generalconvention.org/explore-parochial-report-trends/ |access-date=12 September 2026 |website=General Convention of the Episcopal Church}}</ref> Matsakaicin halartar Lahadi (ASA) da aka ruwaito a cikin shekarar 2024 ya kasance mutane guda 103.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Individual Parochial Report Trends |url=https://generalconvention.org/explore-parochial-report-trends/ |access-date=12 September 2026 |website=General Convention of the Episcopal Church}}</ref> Wannan raguwar dangi ne daga ASA na mutane guda 186 da aka ruwaito a cikin shekarar 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Explore Individual Parochial Report Trends |url=https://generalconvention.org/explore-parochial-report-trends/ |access-date=12 September 2026 |website=General Convention of the Episcopal Church}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ikilisiyar Triniti ta samo asali ne daga ayyukan mishan na Rt. Rev. Jackson Kemper, Bishop na Mishan na Arewa maso Yamma, wanda ya fara ziyartar yankin a ranar 10 ga Yulin shekarar 1841. Ya ci gaba da ziyararsa har sai an kafa Ikklisiya a ranar 7 ga Agusta,na shekarar 1853. shugaban farko na cocin, Rev. Willis H. Barris, ya zo Triniti a ranar 15 ga Oktoban shekarar 1855. Rev. Silas Totten wanda ya kasance rector daga shekarar 1859 zuwa shekara ta 1862, ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Jami'ar Iowa na biyu a lokaci guda. Ikklisiya ba ta da wurin taro na yau da kullun har zuwa 1862, lokacin da ta sayi Athenaeum. An yi amfani da wannan ginin don dalilai na coci har sai an kammala cocin yanzu a ranar 1 ga Oktoban shekarar 1871. <ref name="trinityic">{{Cite web |title=History |url=https://www.trinityic.org/history/ |access-date=2010-08-03 |publisher=Trinity Episcopal Church}}</ref> Daga baya aka sayar da ginin Athenaeum ga Cocin Katolika na St. Patrick lokacin da aka kafa shi a cikin shekarar 1873. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Parish History |url=https://stpatsic.com/about-us/history |access-date=2010-08-03 |publisher=St. Patrick’s Catholic Church |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012014559/https://stpatsic.com/about-us/history |archive-date=2018-10-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ginin cocin na yanzu an gina shi ne a kan dukiyar da aka saya daga Samuel da Sarah Ballard a cikin shekarar 1868. An tsara zane don cocin ga Richard Upjohn. Ba a san ko tsare-tsaren sun fito ne kai tsaye daga Upjohn ba, ko kuma idan sun fito ne daga zane-zanen da aka samu a cikin Ginin Karkara. Har ila yau, akwai wasu shaidu cewa yana kama da zane na Bishop Randall na Colorado wanda aka buga a cikin The Spirit of Missions a watan Mayun shekarar 1867. <ref name="trinityic" /> Cocin tsari ne na katako a cikin salon Gothic Revival . An ɗauke shi da mahimmanci a matsayin kawai Gothic Revival gini a Iowa City wanda ke amfani da shiga tsaye wanda ake amfani dashi akai-akai a cikin wannan nau'in salon.<ref name="Horton" /> Duk da yake masallacin ya kasance kama da ranar da aka gina shi, an kara ƙarin kayan aiki na ilimi da zauren Ikklisiya a tsawon shekaru. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == {{Commons category-inline|Trinity Episcopal Church (Iowa City, Iowa)}} [[Rukuni:Addini]] [[Rukuni:Kiristocin Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Coci]] 9xvwag0muh8674hjrk7c29zdyb6u9jg Infrastructure na Bayanai na Yankin Afirka ta Kudu 0 169970 962216 931840 2026-10-03T08:09:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962216 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  Cibiyar Bayanai ta Yankin Afirka ta Kudu ('''SASDI''') wani shiri ne na Gwamnatin Afirka ta Kudu wanda ke yin manufofi da ka'idojin fasaha kan amfani da Bayanan ƙasa kamar taswira, hotunan jirgin sama da tauraron dan adam, da bincike. Hakanan yana neman sauƙaƙe kamawa, gudanarwa, kiyayewa, hadewa, rarrabawa da amfani da bayanan sararin samaniya a [[Afirka ta Kudu]].<ref name="rautenbachetal">{{Cite journal |last=Rautenbach |first=Victoria |last2=Coetzee Serena |last3=Smit Julian |last4=du Plessis Heindrich |last5=Muzondo Ivan |year=2012 |title=Identifying the target audiences, media and messages for SDI education and training in South Africa |url=http://www.eepublishers.co.za/article/identifying-the-target-audiences-media-and-messages-for-sdi-education-and-training-in-south-africa.html |series=GISSA Ukubuzana |access-date=5 March 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130120025124/http://www.eepublishers.co.za/article/identifying-the-target-audiences-media-and-messages-for-sdi-education-and-training-in-south-africa.html |archive-date=20 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> SASDI tana cikin ci gaba ta kwamitin Bayanan Yanayi (CSI). Majalisar ta zartar da Dokar Infrastructure na Bayanai, wanda ya kafa CSI, a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2003, kuma Shugaban ya amince da aikin a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2004. == Ma'anar == kayan aikin bayanai na sararin samaniya (SDI) kayan aikin bayanai ne wanda ke aiwatar da tsarin bayanan ƙasa, metadata, masu amfani da kayan aikin da ke da alaƙa don amfani da bayanan sararin samaniya ta hanyar da ta dace da sauƙi. SASDI tana inganta inganci ta hanyar amfani da albarkatun jihar ta hanyar raba bayanai tsakanin bangarori daban-daban na gwamnati.<ref>{{Cite web |title=NGI South African Spatial Data Infrastructure |url=http://www.ngi.gov.za/index.php/Image-tabs-home/south-african-spatial-data-infrastructure.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124073553/http://www.ngi.gov.za/index.php/Image-tabs-home/south-african-spatial-data-infrastructure.html |archive-date=24 November 2012 |access-date=22 November 2012 |publisher=NGI}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=World Bank SDI Report - Worldwide SDI Development and Outreach |url=http://lgosmgb2.nottingham.ac.uk/elogeowiki/index.php/World_Bank_SDI_Report_-_Worldwide_SDI_Development_and_Outreach#South_Africa |access-date=22 November 2012 |publisher=World Bank}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Sashe na dokar ya kasance amincewa da darajar dabarun bayanan sararin samaniya ga Afirka ta Kudu. Yana da mahimmanci cewa duk masu ruwa da tsaki na SASDI, gami da masu amfani, su sami fahimta da godiya ga darajar bayanan sararin samaniya don tsarawa, gudanarwa da yanke shawara.<ref name="rautenbachetal" /> CSI ta kunshi babban kwamiti da ƙananan kwamitoci shida (bayanai, tsarin, ka'idoji, manufofi da dokoki, ilimi da horo, da tallace-tallace da sadarwa). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}<templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20121124073553/http://www.ngi.gov.za/index.php/Image-tabs-home/south-african-spatial-data-infrastructure.html Infrastructure na Bayanai na Yankin Afirka ta Kudu] * [http://www.gissa.org.za/activities/government/sdi-act Dokar SDI - GISSA] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20210421120353/http://www.ngi.gov.za/images/stories/products/sasdi/thumb/SDI_ACT.pdf Dokar Bayanai ta Yanayi ta 2003] c4s5ioweqo6v7ryeyz7v4cn0t6hkwfb Hakkin nakasassu a New Zealand 0 170221 962085 933627 2026-10-02T22:03:21Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962085 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hakkin nakasassu''' ba a magance su ta hanyar doka a New Zealand ba. Maimakon haka, ana magance haƙƙin nakasassu ta hanyar dokokin haƙƙin ɗan adam. Hakkin dan adam a New Zealand ana kare su ta hanyar Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1990 (NZ BORA) da Dokar 'YanYancin Dan adam ta 1993. [[New Zealand]] kuma ta sanya hannu kuma ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa (CRPD) a cikin 2008. [[File:Wilson's_Home,_Auckland_(20124072994).jpg|alt=Wilson's Home, Auckland|thumb|Gidan Wilson, Auckland]] === Sanarwar Duniya ta 'Yancin Dan Adam === New Zealand ta zama memba na [[Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya|Majalisar Dinkin Duniya]] a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 1945, kuma ta sanya hannu a cikin Universal Declaration of Human Rights . Mataki na 1 na Universal Declaration ya ce duk 'yan adam an haife su da' yanci kuma daidai da mutunci da hakkoki. Sanarwar ta zama ma'auni wajen yin hukunci game da halayyar gwamnati a cikin alaƙar haƙƙin ɗan adam. Kodayake Sanarwar ta fara ne kawai da ikon ɗabi'a da siyasa, ba za ta iya ƙirƙirar wajibai na doka kamar Alkawarin Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Bil'adama da Siyasa (ICCPR) da Alkawarin Duniya kan' Yancin Tattalin Arziki, Jama'a da Al'adu (ICESCR) ba, ƙa'idodinta yanzu an san su sosai. A yau, Sanarwar ta sami ikon doka a matsayin wani ɓangare na dokar al'ada ta kasashe, gami da New Zealand. Bugu da kari, Sanarwar ta zama iko wajen fassara tanadin haƙƙin ɗan adam na Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya, ta ɗaure dukkan mambobi. === Yarjejeniyar kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa === Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta ɗauka cewa sanarwar duniya za ta isa ta kare kowa. Koyaya, mutane miliyan 650 a duniya da ke da nakasa, waɗanda ke wakiltar kashi 10 cikin 100 na yawan jama'ar duniya, ba su da damar da jama'a ke da ita. Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna fuskantar matsaloli da yawa na jiki da na zamantakewa waɗanda ke hana su yin amfani da yawancin hakkinsu. Saboda haka, yarjejeniyar da ke hulɗa da nakasassu da haƙƙin mutanen da ke da nakasa ya zama dole. Yarjejeniyar Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan 'Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa ita ce ma'auni na kasa da kasa don' yancin mutanen da ke da nakasassu. New Zealand ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar a cikin 2008 sabili da haka tana da wajibin doka don girmamawa, ingantawa, da cika haƙƙoƙin da aka bayar a cikin yarjejeniyar. An yi niyyar taron ne don kare mutuncin mutanen da ke da nakasa da kuma tabbatar da cewa ana bi da su daidai da daidaito a karkashin doka.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Commission :: Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/people-disabilities/our-work/crpd/ |access-date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Hrc.co.nz |archive-date=2022-02-09 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209034529/https://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/people-disabilities/our-work/crpd/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Yana ba wa waɗannan mutane murya, ganuwa, da halattacciya a matsayin daidaitattun mutane a New Zealand da kuma duniya baki daya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-07-07 |title=Rights for the Disabled - NZ Human Rights |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/people-disabilities/your-rights/ |access-date=2016-05-26 |publisher=Hrc.co.nz |archive-date=2024-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240507195936/https://www.hrc.co.nz/your-rights/people-disabilities/your-rights/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kodayake Yarjejeniyar ba ta haifar da sabbin hakkoki ko hakkoki ba, tana bayyana hakkoki da ke akwai ta hanyar da za ta magance bukatun da yanayin mutanen da ke da nakasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities |url=https://www.un.org/disabilities/convention/questions.shtml#one |access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> New Zealand ta tabbatar da Yarjejeniyar Zaɓuɓɓuka ga CRPD a ranar 4 ga Oktoba 2016. == Dokokin kasa == === Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990 === [[Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta New Zealand ta 1990|Dokar 'Yancin New Zealand ta 1990]] (NZ BORA) ta yi niyyar tabbatarwa, karewa da inganta haƙƙin ɗan adam da' yanci na asali a New Zealand. Bugu da kari, NZ BORA ta tabbatar da jajircewar New Zealand ga [[Yarjejeniyar Kasa da Kasa kan 'Yancin Dan Adam da Siyasa|ICCPR]] kuma tana ba da damar kasancewa 'yanci daga nuna bambanci ga nakasassu a kan dalilan da aka bayyana a cikin Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1990/0109/latest/DLM224792.html |access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> Duk da shawarwarin da NZ BORA ta samu 'yancin kundin tsarin mulki', ba babbar doka ba ce, kuma har yanzu ana iya soke ta da Ayyukan Majalisar. === Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993 === Sashe na 21 (1) (h) na Dokar ya sanya nuna bambanci bisa ga nakasa, ba tare da hujja ta doka ba, ba bisa ka'ida ba. Sashe na 21 (1) (h) na aikin ya bayyana nakasa kamar haka: # Rashin lafiya na jiki ko nakasa # Rashin lafiya na jiki # Rashin lafiya na kwakwalwa # Rashin hankali ko nakasa na tunani # Duk wani asarar ko rashin daidaituwa na tsarin tunani, jiki, ko tsarin jikin mutum ko aiki # Dogaro da kare mai jagora, keken guragu, ko wasu hanyoyin gyarawa # Kasancewar kwayoyin da ke iya haifar da cuta a cikin jiki (kamar HIV ko hepatitis) === Dokar Lafiya da Naƙasassun Jama'a ta New Zealand ta 2000 === Wannan Dokar ta gabatar da babban canji ga tallafin jama'a da samar da ayyukan kiwon lafiya na mutum, sabis na kiwon lafiya da sabis na tallafin nakasassu da kuma kafa sabbin kungiyoyin kiwon lafiya masu mallakar jama'a. Ayyukan Ministan Crown sun haɗa da ƙirƙirar dabarun don samar da sabis na tallafin nakasassu, da kuma inganta ayyukan da ke akwai ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=New Zealand Public Health and Disability Act 2000 No 91 (as at 01 July 2022), Public Act 8 Health and disability strategies – New Zealand Legislation |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/2000/0091/latest/DLM80487.html |access-date=2024-11-20 |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref> == Batutuwan haƙƙin nakasassu a New Zealand == === Nuna bambanci ba bisa ka'ida ba === Nuna bambanci yana faruwa ne lokacin da aka bi da mutum ba daidai ba ko kuma ba daidai ba ne fiye da sauran mutane a cikin irin wannan ko irin wannan yanayi. Nuna bambanci na iya faruwa a kan dangi da abokan hulɗa na mutanen da ke da nakasa. Nuna bambanci ba bisa ka'ida ba ne kawai idan ya faru a daya daga cikin wuraren da aka tsara a cikin Dokar, gami da aiki, ilimi, ko aikin gwamnati.<ref name="Resolving discrimination and harassment" /> [[Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (New Zealand)|Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta New Zealand]] ta ba da tsari don taimakawa wajen tantance ko wani aiki ko wani aiki ya zama nuna bambanci ba bisa ka'ida ba. Dole ne abubuwan da ke biyowa su kasance don nuna bambanci ya zama ba bisa ka'ida ba: * Ƙasa + yanki + rashin amfani + rashin banbanci ko tabbatarwa = nuna bambanci ba bisa ka'ida ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Resolving Discrimination and Harassment |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/files/1814/2353/9062/Resolving-discrimination-and-harassment.html |access-date=5 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240510165724/https://www.hrc.co.nz/files/1814/2353/9062/Resolving-discrimination-and-harassment.html |archive-date=10 May 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> === Nuna bambanci bisa doka === Akwai hujjoji na doka na nuna bambanci bisa ga nakasa. Dangane da aiki, ana iya bi da mutumin da ke da nakasa daban idan ba za su iya yin aiki ba tare da taimakon ayyuka na musamman waɗanda ba su da ma'ana don sa ran daga mai aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Act 1993 |url=http://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0082/latest/DLM304212.html |access-date=5 May 2016}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, idan yanayin da ake yin ayyuka yana haifar da haɗari mara ma'ana ga mutumin da ke da nakasa ko waɗanda ke kewaye da su, gami da haɗarin kamuwa da wasu da rashin lafiya, to ana ɗaukar wannan a matsayin hujja mai doka don nuna bambanci. Koyaya, hujja ba za ta kasance doka ba idan ana iya yin ayyukan tare da wasu gyare-gyare na ayyukan da ma'aikaci ya yi wanda ba ya haɗa da rikice-rikice mara ma'ana. Dokar New Zealand ta ba da izinin hana baƙi zama ɗan ƙasa idan za su buƙaci magani mai tsada daga kiwon lafiya na jama'a. Masu fafutukar kare hakkin baƙi da nakasassu a New Zealand suna adawa da waɗannan dokokin shige da fice a matsayin "mai son kai" da "masu nuna bambanci".<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2022 |title=New Zealand denies entry to autistic daughter of immigrant couple |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/apr/26/new-zealand-denies-entry-to-autistic-daughter-of-immigrant-couple |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=[[The Guardian]]}}</ref> === Nuna bambanci kai tsaye === Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta kuma kare mutane daga nuna bambanci kai tsaye da kai tsaye. 'Naibe-nayi' ya bayyana halin da ake ciki inda wani abu ko yanayin da ke nuna tsaka-tsaki yana da tasiri mara kyau, mummunan tasiri ga ɗayan ƙungiyoyin da ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a nuna bambanci, kuma ba za a iya tabbatar da aikin ko yanayin ba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Indirect discrimination |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/files/7814/2398/1577/HRNZ_10_Equality_and_freedom_from_discrimination.pdf |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240505014007/https://www.hrc.co.nz/files/7814/2398/1577/HRNZ_10_Equality_and_freedom_from_discrimination.pdf |archive-date=2024-05-05 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mutanen da ke da nakasa suna da saukin nuna bambanci kai tsaye. Misali, nuna bambanci kai tsaye yana faruwa ne ga mutanen da ke amfani da keken guragu idan hanya daya tilo ta shiga shagon ita ce ta hanyar hawa matakala. == Kariya ga nakasassu da shirye-shiryen wayar da kan jama'a == === Daidaitaccen zaɓe da kuma kuri'a === NZ BORA tana ba wa mutumin da ke da nakasa daidai damar jefa kuri'a ta hanyar jefa kuri'u ta sirri. Don wannan ya faru, dole ne mutum ya wuce shekaru 18 kuma ya sami 'yancin New Zealand ko zama na dindindin. Koyaya, ana iya hana shi wannan haƙƙin a wasu mahallin. Misali, ana hana mutumin da ke da nakasa daga jefa kuri'a idan an tsare su na tsawon shekaru uku ko fiye saboda laifi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electoral Act 1993 No 87 (as at 01 December 2020), Public Act Contents – New Zealand Legislation |url=https://www.legislation.govt.nz/act/public/1993/0087/latest/DLM307519.html |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=www.legislation.govt.nz}}</ref> Bugu da ƙari, ana iya lalata haƙƙin jefa kuri'a na sirri lokacin da mai jefa kuri'ar ke da nakasa ta gani ko kuma yana da wahalar fassara da karanta kuri'ar. Mutumin zai buƙaci taimako wajen sanya kuri'un su, saboda haka bayyana abin da suka fi so ga wani mutum. Rahoton Kasancewar Siyasa ga Kowa ya gano cewa ba a tsara tsarin jefa kuri'a da tsarin siyasa na New Zealand ga kowa ba, musamman wadanda ke da nakasa. Ya gano cewa mutanen da ke da nakasa sun fuskanci cikas wajen amfani da haƙƙinsu na jefa kuri'a da haƙƙoƙin shiga cikin siyasa da rayuwar jama'a. Wadannan cikas sun hada da bayanan da ba za a iya samun su ba da takardun zabe da kuma rashin kayan aiki na zahiri inda mutanen da ke da nakasa zasu iya yin hulɗa da 'yan siyasa. A ranar 20 ga Satumba, 2014, New Zealand ta gabatar da jefa kuri'a ta tarho. Saboda wannan dalili, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta yaba wa kasar a kan abubuwan da ta kammala don ba da damar mutanen da ke da nakasa su jefa kuri'a. === Samun dama na gaba ɗaya === Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta yi iƙirarin cewa New Zealand cikakkiyar al'umma ce mai haɗa kai wacce ke ganewa da darajar mutanen da ke da nakasa a matsayin masu shiga daidai. Ana ɗaukar bukatun waɗannan mutane a matsayin wani ɓangare na tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki kuma ba a bayyana su a matsayin "na musamman ba".<ref name="Disabled People's Rights Reports" /> Cikakken hadawa yana buƙatar yanayin jiki da zamantakewa ba tare da wani shinge ba. The Better Design and Buildings for Everyone: Disabled People's Rights and the Built Environment Report 2012 sun gano cewa ba a tsara yanayin da aka gina a New Zealand ba a yi la'akari da duk masu amfani. Wannan musamman ya cire mutanen da ke da nakasa, kusan kashi 17 zuwa 20 cikin dari na yawan mutanen New Zealand, daga amfani da samun dama ga wurare da ayyuka kamar gine-gine, wuraren shakatawa da wuraren shakatawa. === Samun dama ga bayanai === The Better Information for Everyone: Disabled People's Rights in the Information Age Report ya gano cewa bayanai ba su samuwa ga mutane da yawa da ke da nakasa ba. Hakkin dan adam ya dogara da samun bayanai, kayayyaki da ayyuka. An gano bayanai da sadarwa na New Zealand da aka tsara su ne don wani nau'i na mai amfani na ƙarshe: mutum wanda ke da ilimin intanet, zai iya gani da karantawa a Turanci da kyau, kuma ba shi da nakasa na ilmantarwa. === Yin korafi === Hukumar kungiya ce mai zaman kanta da ke da alhakin gudanar da Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta 1993 da kuma saka idanu kan Yarjejeniyar kan' Yancin Mutanen da ke da nakasa. Mutum na iya yin korafi ga Hukumar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam idan sun ji cewa an keta hakkinsu na dan adam. Ana iya yin korafi a cikin yaren kurame tare da masu fassara. Bugu da kari, hukumar tana ba da sabis na kyauta da na sirri. Zai iya ba da shawara ga masu shigar da kara game da ko Dokar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta rufe korafin kuma idan hukumar za ta iya taimakawa ta hanyar sulhu. Idan sulhu bai yi aiki ba, ana iya ba da shawara kan zaɓuɓɓukan shari'a masu yiwuwa. Hukumar ta kuma samar da jagororin don amfani da harshen haƙƙin nakasassu a matsayin kayan aiki mai amfani yayin da ake magana game da mutanen da ke da nakasassu. Koyaya, zaɓin kalma na iya nuna halayen ga mutanen da ke da nakasa. Saboda wannan, Hukumar ta ba da shawarar yin amfani da Harshe na mutane wanda ya gane mutumin da ke da nakasa shine, na farko kuma mafi mahimmanci, mutum. A ra'ayinsu, wannan yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin da New Zealand za ta iya ingantawa da girmama mutuncin mutanen da ke da nakasa bisa ga Yarjejeniyar nakasassu. === Sanar da nakasassu === Ranar Duniya ta nakasassu ta fara ne a 1992 kuma ana yin bikin kowace shekara a ranar 3 ga Disamba. Majalisar Dinkin Duniya tana inganta wannan rana a duk faɗin duniya don ƙarfafa kyakkyawar fahimtar batutuwan nakasassu. Kowace shekara tana da jigon daban. Misali, taken na 2015 shine "Ƙaddamar da al'amuran: samun dama da karfafawa ga mutanen da ke da dukkan iyawa", wanda ke da niyyar tabbatar da cewa mutanen da ke fama da nakasa suna da ikon ƙirƙirar da amfani da dama. A wannan taron, an aika dubban waƙoƙin hannu masu launin orange masu haske tare da "Inclusion Matters" da aka rubuta a kansu ga kungiyoyi a duk faɗin New Zealand don ranar bikin da yabo. Gwamnatin New Zealand ta yi imanin cewa ta hanyar sanya belin hannu, "kun kira ga hada nakasassu a cikin dukkan fannoni na rayuwa".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Human Rights Commission :: Be included and include all on 3 Dec |url=https://www.hrc.co.nz/news/be-included-and-include-all-3-dec/ |access-date=2021-05-06 |website=www.hrc.co.nz |archive-date=2023-02-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230218102801/https://www.hrc.co.nz/news/be-included-and-include-all-3-dec/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] iphan59u1qodbon6mjpenudvawme3cy Russell Falls 0 170373 962215 944952 2026-10-03T08:07:16Z Abdulrahman tahir shika 24962 Nayi gyara 962215 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ruwan Russell''', wani [[Waterfall#Types|ruwa mai matakai {{En dash}}]] a kan kogin Russell Falls, yana cikin yankin [[Tsaunukan Tsakiya (Tasmania)|Central Highlands]] na [[Tasmania]], Ostiraliya. == Wuri da fasaloli == Ruwan Russell yana kan iyakar gabashin Mount Field National Park, {{Convert|100|m|ft}} a ƙasan maɓuɓɓugar ruwan Horseshoe, kimanin {{Convert|70|km}} arewa maso yammacin Hobart ta hanyar manyan hanyoyin Brooker da Lyell. Ruwan magudanar ruwa yana da sauƙin shiga ta hanyar hanyar tafiya mai kauri, kuma ruwan yana da sha'awar [[Yawon bude ido|yawon buɗe ido]]. Ruwan ruwan yana saukowa a kan benci na dutse mai siffar Permian na ruwa, yayin da fuskokin tsaye na ruwan ruwan sun ƙunshi yadudduka masu ƙarfi na dutse mai ƙarfi. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2014 |title=Russell Falls and Horseshoe Falls |url=http://tastrails.com/russell-falls-and-horseshoe-falls/ |access-date=31 May 2014 |website=TasTrails}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=19 April 2012 |title=Mt Field National Park |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=3589 |access-date=31 May 2014 |website=Parks & Wildlife Service |publisher=[[Government of Tasmania]] |archive-date=11 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110911030841/http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=3589 |url-status=dead }}</ref> <ref name="Highlights">{{Cite web |date=19 March 2009 |title=Mt Field National Park: Highlights |url=http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=3601 |access-date=31 May 2014 |website=Parks & Wildlife Service |publisher=[[Government of Tasmania]] |archive-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091015101331/http://www.parks.tas.gov.au/index.aspx?base=3601 |url-status=dead }}</ref> An fara sanya musu suna Brownings Falls bayan wanda ya gano su a farko, ''a kusan'' 1856, amma an san su da [[Russell Falls]] bayan 1884, wanda a lokacin sun riga sun zama sanannen wurin shakatawa na yawon bude ido. <ref name="Highlights" /> An kafa Wurin Ajiye Ruwa a shekarar 1885 kuma a shekarar 1899 aka zaɓi Rufin Ruwan Russell a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin hotuna takwas da za a yi amfani da su a kan tambarin aika wasiku, da nufin haɓaka masana'antar yawon buɗe ido ta yankin a wancan lokacin. == Hotuna == <gallery> File:Russell_Falls_Mt_Field_National_Park.jpg|alt=Lower curtain of Russell Falls with upper tiers visible at top of image| Labulen ƙasa na Russell Falls tare da saman bene da ake iya gani a saman hoton File:Upper_Tier_Of_Russell_Falls_4787.jpg|alt=The upper tier of Russell Falls| Babban bene na Russell Falls File:IMG2117_Tasmania_Mount_Field_Little_Russell_Falls_(5214314415).jpg|alt=Upper level waterfall| Ruwan ruwa na sama </gallery> == Manazarta == 3lz8a0odi0uwmlu0vzjeqlrkci37g39 Gidan Tunawa na Scott-Kilvert 0 170375 961902 932902 2026-10-02T14:49:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961902 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} [[Fayil:Scott-Kilvert_Memorial_Hut_in_progress.jpg|alt=Framing of a large A-frame building|thumb| Gina bukkar, tare da tallafi guda takwas na Sarki Billy A (19 Disamba 1965)]] [[Fayil:Scott_Kilvert_Hut_in_2020.jpg|thumb| Waje na Gidan Hutu (15 Fabrairu 2020)]] '''Gidan tunawa da Scott-Kilvert''' yana tunawa da malami Ewen Scott da ɗalibi David Kilvert, waɗanda suka mutu a cikin yanayi kusan damina a Cradle Mountain, Tasmania, [[Asturaliya|Ostiraliya]] a ranar 20 ga Mayu, 1965 a kan tafiya ta tafiya a [[Makarantar Sakandare ta Riverside (Launceston)|Makarantar Sakandare ta Riverside]] . Bayan mutuwarsu, Makarantar Sakandare ta Riverside da Ƙungiyar Walking ta Launceston sun gabatar da tsare-tsare ga Hukumar Kula da Yanayi don gina bukka ta tunawa a Tafkin Rodway. Tare da taimakon membobin ƙungiyar masu tafiya ta Arewa maso Yamma, aikin ya fara a watan Satumba na 1965. Shugaban makaranta John Walker ne ya keɓe wannan gida a ranar 3 ga Afrilu, 1966. == Tafiya ta tafiya == Ƙungiyar Waje ta Riverside High ƙungiya ce ta ɗalibai masu sha'awar tafiya a daji, tana ba su damammaki don yin tafiya a rana da dare. <ref name="education.tas.edu.au">{{Cite web |title=Scott-Kilvert 50th Anniversary Address, Mark Whittle |url=https://riversidehigh-intranet.education.tas.edu.au/School%20Photos/50th%20Anniversary%20Scott-Kilvert%20Commemorative%20Assembly/Assembly%20Mark%20Whittle%20Reflections%20on%201965%20Walk.pdf |publisher= |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250123112521/https://riversidehigh-intranet.education.tas.edu.au/School%20Photos/50th%20Anniversary%20Scott-Kilvert%20Commemorative%20Assembly/Assembly%20Mark%20Whittle%20Reflections%20on%201965%20Walk.pdf |archive-date=2025-01-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An shirya yin tafiya ta kwana biyar a yankin arewacin Cradle Mountain-Lake St Clair Reserve (kamar yadda aka san shi a lokacin), daga yankin Pelion zuwa Waldheim, a watan Mayun 1965. Malamai uku sun kasance tare da shugabanni: <ref name="education.tas.edu.au" /> malamin kimiyya John Chick, wanda ke da gogewa a fannin tafiya a daji da jagoranci; malamin ilimin motsa jiki Rosemary Bayes; da kuma Ewen Scott, mamba a ƙungiyar Launceston Walking Club. Sun bar Launceston a ranar Lahadi, 16 ga Mayu 1965, tare da ɗalibai 16: 15 daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Riverside da kuma abokin shugaban makarantar daga Sydney. <ref name="riversidehigh-intranet.education.tas.edu.au" /> Tafiyar ta fara ne a titin Arm River Track da ke kan kogin Upper Mersey . Taron ya rabu gida biyu yayin tafiya zuwa Pelion Hut saboda bambancin tafiyar ɗaliban: "Taron farko ya isa gidan da misalin ƙarfe 5 na yamma kuma waɗanda suka yi ƙaura suka shiga rabin sa'a bayan haka. Yanayi ya yi duhu sosai tare da ruwan sama mai sauƙi lokaci-lokaci". Jam'iyyar ta ci gaba da zama a Pelion Hut a daren Litinin, kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Windemere Hut a ranar Talata. Chick ya iso tare da 'yan jam'iyyar a hankali a cikin duhu: "Yanayin lafiyar shugabanni da ɗaliban yana da kyau. Duk da haka, ya bayyana cewa akwai wasu 'yan jam'iyyar da ke tafiya a hankali fiye da wasu". Membobin farko na jam'iyyar sun isa gidan Waterfall Valley Hut ranar Laraba da tsakar rana. Sauran sun isa da misalin ƙarfe 5 na yamma, alhali kuwa babu haske. Dusar ƙanƙara ta faɗi a daren da ya gabata, amma da rana "yanayi ya yi kyau. An yi dusar ƙanƙara da ruwan sama lokacin da bikin ya kusa zuwa gidan Waterfall Valley".  A cewar Chick, "A safiyar Alhamis, ruwan sama ya ci gaba da sauka, kuma da gangan muka jinkirta tafiyarmu zuwa lokacin da ya dace, muna fatan za a ɗan rage mana yanayi. Ya lafa, kuma muka tashi da misalin ƙarfe 12 na rana." Da ƙarfe 1 na rana, an yi bikin a kan Cirque tsakanin Barn Bluff da Cradle Mountain. Iskar tana kadawa "daga gudun mil 60 a sa'a daya babu dusar ƙanƙara da ke faɗuwa, amma iskar tana fitar da dusar ƙanƙara mai yawa a ƙasa".  Jam'iyyar ta yanke shawarar cewa idan yanayi bai yi kyau ba za su bi hanyar Lake Rodway zuwa Waldheim maimakon hanyar Kitchen Hut da ta fi fuskantar matsaloli. Chick ya shaida wa binciken, "Ni ne ke jagorantar ƙungiyar a wannan lokacin. Scott ya kasance jagora a duk tsawon tafiyar. Ya san yankin, kuma na gamsu da bin diddigin waɗanda ke jinkiri… Wannan ne kawai lokacin da muka koma ga matsayinmu a cikin tafiyar". <ref name="auto1" /> Scott ya sake zama jagora a gasar Lake Rodway, yayin da Chick ta koma baya da 'yan mata uku. A ranar Alhamis, bayan wucewar Tafkin Rodway, jam'iyyar ta fahimci cewa suna cikin matsala. Rodney Howell, ɗaya daga cikin ɗaliban, shi ne na farko da ya nuna gajiya. Taron ya tsaya na kimanin mintuna 10 a gefen kudancin Hansons Peak don rarraba abubuwan da ke cikin fakitinsa da kuma cin abinci. Lokacin da aka ci gaba da tafiya, Chick tana baya tare da 'yan mata uku kuma Scott yana gaba da sauran "daga nesa mai nisa a hankali": "Yanayin yana da sanyi; har yanzu akwai iska mai ƙarfi da ke kadawa amma babu dusar ƙanƙara da ke faɗuwa. Akwai ruwan sama lokaci-lokaci. A wannan matakin, kusan ƙarfe 4 ne kuma ba a iya ganin komai sosai. Ba mu iya gani daga ɗayan ɓangaren zuwa ɗayan ba." A lokacin da ake hawan Hansons Peak, wani matashi mai shekaru 14, David Kilvert, ya fadi a karon farko. Scott ya fara taimaka wa Kilvert, wanda "yanzu yana cikin mawuyacin hali", da misalin ƙarfe 4:30 na yamma kuma ya tura ɗalibai uku gaba don neman taimako daga mai kula da wurin shakatawa a Waldheim. Yanzu haka an raba jam'iyyar zuwa ƙungiyoyi huɗu. Ɗalibai uku (Diane Batten, Peter Williams da Bernard Hay) sun yi ƙoƙarin neman taimako. Malama Rosemary Bayes da ɗalibai takwas suna cikin babban rukunin. A bayan babban rukunin akwai Scott, wanda ke taimaka wa David Kilvert; Chick, 'yan mata uku da wani yaro suna baya. Rukuni huɗu sun yi tafiya a kan Hansons Peak yayin da duhu ya faɗi. Ɗaliban uku da ke cikin rukunin farko sun isa Tafkin Dove . Ba tare da sanin cewa an gina wata hanya ba kwanan nan daga Waldheim zuwa tafkin, sun ci gaba da kasancewa a kan hanyar tafiya (wanda ya kai Waldheim ta tafkin Lilla). Dianne Batten ta shaida wa kwamitin binciken cewa: Babban rukunin, wanda Bayes ke jagoranta, sun kwana a cikin rumfa mai ɗauke da kwale-kwale a tafkin Dove. Ƙungiyar baya, ba tare da haɗuwa da sauran ba, ta rasa hanyar a kan gangaren Hansons Peak kuma ta kwana a wani wuri mai mafaka. Mutum na ƙarshe da ya ga Scott da Kilvert da rai shine Mark Whittle mai shekaru 15, jim kaɗan bayan an tura shi gaba don shiga babban rukunin a hawan Hansons Peak. Whittle da wani ɗalibi suna taimaka wa Kilvert har sai da Scott ya ce wani abu kamar, "Ka ci gaba ka bar David tare da ni": "Mista Scott yana ɗauke da David a hannunsa sai suka faɗi suka faɗi ƙasa daga kan titin. Digo ne na kusan ƙafa shida. Na ƙarshe da na gani daga cikinsu har yanzu suna kwance a wurin, amma suna ƙoƙarin tashi kuma na ji suna lafiya". Whittle bai taimaka wa Scott da Kilvert ba saboda "Ba zan ce shi [Scott] ya umarce mu mu ci gaba ba, amma ya gaya mana da ƙarfi". <ref name="auto2">{{Cite web |last=Billings |first=Patrick |date=9 May 2015 |title=Heroism defined in mountain tragedy - Photos |url=https://www.examiner.com.au/story/3068014/heroism-defined-in-mountain-tragedy-photos/ |publisher=}}</ref> An gano gawar Kilvert washegari, kimanin mita 400 daga inda Whittle ya gan shi na ƙarshe, daga kan titin: "Ban sani ba ko ya faɗi ko kuma a zahiri Ewen Scott ne ya ajiye shi a can. Wataƙila Ewen ya fahimci cewa sauran sun zo a baya kuma bai so su sami David ba." <ref name="auto2" /> Scott ya mutu ne sakamakon gajiya da kuma fallasa kansa. An gano gawarsa a wani ɗan nisa daga Tafkin Dove, kusa da ƙarshen sabuwar hanyar da aka gina a shekarar da ta gabata. Whittle ya ce, "Da alama, bayan ya ɗauki David Kilvert na ɗan lokaci, Ewen Scott ya fahimci cewa David yana shuɗewa, ko kuma wataƙila ya mutu. Babu wanda ya san ainihin abin da ya faru, amma da alama Ewen ya bar David ya tafi neman taimako". <ref name="education.tas.edu.au" /> Pat Wessing, wanda ke zaune a Blandfordia Alpine Club da ke Cradle Valley, ya gano hakan: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4g891awyd4ot3p9vsb3f8xhodtv4cjx Geraldine Chacón 0 170434 961873 954219 2026-10-02T13:25:31Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961873 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Geraldine Patricia Chacón Villarroel''' <ref name="Diario">{{Cite web |last=Academic Council of the Metropolitan University |date=April 9, 2018 |title=La Unimet manifiesta preocupación por situación de Geraldine Chacón |url=https://diariodecaracas.com/que-sucede/la-unimet-manifiesta-preocupacion-situacion-geraldine-chacon |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190420113751/https://diariodecaracas.com/que-sucede/la-unimet-manifiesta-preocupacion-situacion-geraldine-chacon |archive-date=20 April 2019 |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=El Diario de Caracas}}</ref> (an haife shi 23 Disamba 1993, <ref name="Jagiellonka" /> a [[Karakas|Caracas]], [[Venezuela]] ) lauya ne, mai ba da shawara kan haƙƙin ɗan adam kuma ɗalibin Nazarin Liberal a Universidad Metropolitana a Caracas. <ref name="Buada Blondell" /> [[Amnesty International]] ta ayyana Chacón a matsayin fursunan lamiri, inda ta fitar da wani mataki na gaggawa da ke kira da a sake ta nan take ba tare da wani sharaɗi ba a ranar 27 ga Afrilu, 2018. Ofishin leken asiri na Bolivarian National (Servicio Bolivariano de Inteligencia Nacional, SEBIN) ne ya kama Chacón da sassafe na 1 ga Fabrairu 2018, ba tare da takardar shaidar ba kuma a ƙarƙashin ƙarya. An kai ta El Helicoide don yin tambayoyi kuma an tsare ta a can.<ref name="HRW">{{Cite web |date=May 22, 2018 |title=Venezuela: 2 Activists Held Despite Court Order Detained in Intelligence Headquarters |url=https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/05/22/venezuela-2-activists-held-despite-court-order# |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=Human Rights Watch}}</ref><ref name="Buada Blondell">{{Cite web |last=Buada Blondell |first=Gabriela |date=6 April 2018 |title=GERALDINE CHACÓN TIENE BOLETA DE EXCARCELACIÓN Y DEBE SER LIBERADA INMEDIATAMENTE |url=https://www.amnistia.org/ve/blog/2018/04/5565/geraldine-chacon-debe-ser-liberada-inmediatamente |access-date=15 December 2018 |website=Amnistía Internacional Venezuela}}</ref><ref name="Derechos">{{Cite web |last=Prensa Amnistía Internacional |date=30 April 2018 |title=Amnistía Internacional {{!}} Acción Urgente {{!}} Geraldine Chacón y Gregory Hinds {{!}} PROVEA |url=https://www.derechos.org.ve/actualidad/amnistia-internacional-accion-urgente-geraldine-chacon-y-gregory-hinds |access-date=2018-05-12 |website=Programa Venezolano de Educación- Acción en Derechos Humanos |language=es-ES |archive-date=2018-07-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180701225317/https://www.derechos.org.ve/actualidad/amnistia-internacional-accion-urgente-geraldine-chacon-y-gregory-hinds |url-status=dead}}</ref> Dokokin shari'a don sakin ta, wanda tsarin shari'a na Venezuela ya bayar, hukumomin kurkuku sun yi watsi da su. An saki Chacón a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2018.<ref name="FP">{{Cite web |date=July 2018 |title=REPORT ON REPRESSION IN VENEZUELA |url=https://foropenal.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/REPORTE-MAYJUNJUL-2018-INGLES-1.pdf |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=FORO PENAL}}</ref> Amnesty ta ci gaba da la'akari da ita a cikin haɗari kuma ta daukaka kara a madadin ta. == Ilimi da aiki == Geraldine Chacón ta motsa ta zama lauya tun tana ƙarama.<ref name="AI">{{Cite web |title=Stand with Geraldine Chacón |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/get-involved/take-action/venezuela-geraldine-chacon/ |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=Amnesty International}}</ref> A lokacin da take da shekaru 14, ta shiga cikin gwamnatin matasa ta gari.<ref name="Jagiellonka">{{Cite web |title=GERALDINE CHACÓN: WENEZUELA ZESTAWIENIE FAKTÓW |url=http://www.lwj.edu.pl/pdf/inne/GERALDINE_Charakterystyka_problemu.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201172108/http://www.lwj.edu.pl/pdf/inne/GERALDINE_Charakterystyka_problemu.pdf |archive-date=1 February 2019 |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=Jagiellonka, Zespół Szkół nr 6}}</ref> Ya zuwa shekara ta 2010 <ref name="Jagiellonka" /> Chacón ta halarci Universidad Metropolitana (Jami'ar Metropolitan) inda ta bi digiri na shari'a. Ayyukanta na ilimi sun haɗa da nazarin ɗabi'a na ƙarni na 19 da littattafan zama ɗan ƙasa ga matasa, wanda marubucin Colombia Pío del Castillo ya rubuta.<ref name="modelo">{{Cite journal |last=Chacón Villaroel |first=Geraldine Patricia |last2=Del Valle Mejías |first2=María Elena |date=15 November 2014 |title=El joven modelo: principios de urbanidad para el uso de la juventud de Pío del Castillo |url=https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=523552853002 |journal=Revista de Comunicación de la SEECI |issue=35 |pages=1–7 |doi=10.15198/seeci.2014.35.1-7 |access-date=16 December 2018 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Ta kasance ɗalibar musayar a Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po) a Paris, Faransa a cikin 2013-2014. <ref name="Jagiellonka" /> Ta koma Jami'ar Metropolitan don kammala digiri na shari'a da karatun Liberal Studies . <ref name="Jagiellonka" /> Ta kasance daliba a wannan shirin a lokacin da aka kama ta.<ref name="Buada Blondell" /> A ranar 9 ga Afrilu 2018, Majalisar Ilimi ta Jami'ar Metropolitan ta buga wata sanarwa a cikin goyon bayanta.<ref name="Diario" /> Ba ta iya halartar kammala karatun don samun digiri na shari'a ba saboda tana cikin kurkuku.<ref name="Diario" /><ref name="Degree">{{Cite web |date=3 August 2018 |title=Geraldine Chacón |url=http://accionlibertad.org/en/geraldine-chacon/ |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=Acción por la Libertad |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217115355/http://accionlibertad.org/en/geraldine-chacon/ |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Chacón ya yi aiki a matsayin mai shari'a da mataimakin kotu a wani kamfani na shari'a, <ref name="Buada Blondell" /> kuma tun daga 2016 a cikin Shari'a na Babban Bankin Venezuela. <ref name="Jagiellonka" /> == Gudanarwa da haƙƙin ɗan adam == Chacón ta yi aiki a matsayin darektan jaridar jami'arta Naranja Pelada (The Peeled Orange). <ref name="Jagiellonka" /> A cikin 2012, Chacón shine wanda ya kafa Amnesty International Venezuela Network a Universidad Metropolitana (UNIMET Network). <ref name="Buada Blondell" /> Chacón ya yi aiki a matsayin mai sa kai tare da kungiyar ba da riba ta Latin Amurka Un Techo para mi País wanda burinsa shine samar da gidaje masu aminci.<ref name="Jagiellonka" /> === Gidauniyar Jakadun Al'umma === A shekara ta 2015, a matsayin wani ɓangare na hidimar al'umma yayin da take jami'a, Chacón ta fara ba da gudummawa tare da Gidauniyar Ambassadors Community (Fundación Embajadores Comunitarios, FEC), wata kungiya mai zaman kanta da daliban jami'a suka kafa a shekara ta 2008 don karfafawa da tallafawa matasa daga al'ummomin da ke da rauni a Caracas. Bayan kammala ayyukanta, ta ci gaba da aiki tare da kungiyar, daga ƙarshe ta zama ɗaya daga cikin daraktocinta.<ref name="Buada Blondell" /> Shirin Jakadun Al'umma yana aiwatar da shirin karfafa matasa ta hanyar haɓaka ƙwarewa kamar magana, jagoranci, tattaunawa, warware rikice-rikice da tunani mai mahimmanci, wanda aka shirya a kusa da Tsarin Majalisar Dinkin Duniya.<ref name="Sposito">{{Cite web |last=Sposito |first=Irina |date=4 July 2016 |title=Empoderando a través de los modelos de Naciones Unidas. Reportaje sobre Fundación Embajadores Comunitarios |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/348071024/Empoderando-a-traves-de-los-modelos-de-Naciones-Unidas-Reportaje-sobre-Fundacion-Embajadores-Comunitarios |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=UNIVERSIDAD CATÓLICA ANDRÉS BELLO}}</ref> An bayar da rahoton cewa ya kai sama da mutane 1000 a cikin birane 3, al'ummomi 11 da cibiyoyin ilimi 13 a Venezuela, gami da Filas de Mariche (jiha ta Miranda), Petare, Chacao, [[Catia, Caracas|Catia]], [[San Agustín del Sur]], {{Interlanguage link|La Vega (Caracas)|es|Parroquia La Vega (Caracas)}} da Antímano (Caracas). [es] == Tsayawa == A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun 2018 da tsakar rana, jami'an SEBIN sun bincika ofisoshin Gidauniyar Ambassadors ta Al'umma, ba tare da umarnin kotu ko shaidu ga aikin ba. Jami'an SEBIN sun kai hari gidan Geraldine Chacón da sassafe a ranar 1 ga Fabrairu 2018. An gaya wa Chacón cewa za a yi mata tambayoyi kuma an kai ta El Helicoide, inda aka tsare ta, duk da cewa jami'an ba su da izinin kamawa.<ref name="Buada Blondell" /><ref name="Alvarenga">{{Cite web |last=Alvarenga |first=Luis Miguel |date=11 May 2018 |title=Natividad Villarroel: ¿Acaso defender derechos humanos es un delito? |url=https://www.amnistia.org/ve/blog/2018/05/6103/natividad-villarroel-acaso-defender-derechos-humanos-es-un-delito |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=Amnistía Internacional Venezuela}}</ref> Gidajen sauran daraktocin Gidauniyar Ambassadors na Al'umma sun ziyarci SEBIN.<ref name="HRW" /> A wani sauraron da aka gudanar a ranar 5 ga Fabrairu 2018 an tuhumi Geraldine Chacón da taron jama'a da kuma tayar da hankali, kamar yadda [[Gregory Hinds]], wani darektan Gidauniyar Ambassadors ta Al'umma. Ba a yarda da Hinds da Chacón su ga iyalansu ko lauyoyin su ba, kafin a kawo su kotu. Kotun ta goyi bayan sakin su a kan beli a lokacin binciken farko, a kan yanayin da za a nada mutane biyu don yin aiki a matsayin masu tabbatar da sake bayyana su, tare da takardun da suka dace. Masu ba da tabbacin sun gabatar da siffofin da aka nema, amma ba a saki Chacón da Hinds ba.<ref name="Buada Blondell" /><ref name="HRW" /><ref name="Alvarenga" /> A ranar 2 ga Afrilu 2018, wani alƙali na Venezuela ya ba da wasikar saki ga Geraldine Chacón a kan dalilin cewa masu gabatar da kara sun kasa gabatar da tuhuma a cikin kwanaki 45, kamar yadda ake buƙata a ƙarƙashin dokar Venezuela.<ref name="HRW" /> Koyaya, jami'ai a wuraren SEBIN, duka a hedkwatar gudanarwa da kuma cibiyar tsare-tsare, sun bayyana akai-akai cewa ba su da irin wannan tsari ("no tienen órdenes para acatar") kuma Chacón ya kasance a cikin tsare-tsaren da aka yi.<ref name="Buada Blondell" /><ref name="Derechos" /> Jami'an SEBIN sun gaya wa dangi da lauyoyi cewa ba su san inda aka ba da umarnin saki ba, kuma ba su karɓa ba.<ref name="HRW" /> === Fursunoni na lamiri === Geraldine Chacón an ayyana ta a matsayin fursuna na lamiri ta Amnesty International kuma an aika da mataki na gaggawa a madadin ta a ranar 27 ga Afrilu 2018. Fursunoni na lamiri (POC) fursunoni ne na lamiri ko mutanen da, kodayake ba su ba da shawara ko yin tashin hankali ba, an ɗaure su da kurkuku saboda kasancewa wanda suke (saboda yanayin jima'i, asalin kabilanci, ƙasa ko zamantakewa, yare, haihuwa, launi, jima'i ko yanayin tattalin arziki) ko kuma abin da suka yi imani da shi (don imanin su, ra'ayoyin siyasa ko wasu ra'ayoyi masu zurfi). === Yunkurin yunwa === A ranar 16 ga Mayu 2018, wadanda aka tsare a El Helicoide sun gudanar da zanga-zangar lumana, suna toshe kansu a wani sashi na sel kuma suna neman sulhu mai zaman kansa daga Cocin Katolika da sauran kungiyoyi. Ɗaya daga cikin buƙatun su shine a girmama umarnin sakin shari'a na waɗanda aka tsare kamar Hinds da Chacón. A ranar 18 ga Mayu 2018, Chacón na ɗaya daga cikin mata 18 da suka shiga yajin aikin yunwa.<ref name="HRW" /> === Daukaka kara ga Majalisar Dinkin Duniya === A ranar 31 ga Mayu 2018, an gabatar da roko ga Ƙungiyar Ma'aikata ta Majalisar Dinkin Duniya kan Tsare-tsare, a madadin Geraldine Chacón da Gregory Hinds, ta [[Ƙungiyar Haƙƙin Ɗan Adam ta Duniya|Cibiyar Kula da Kare Hakkin Dan Adam]] da COFAVIC (Comité de Familiares de Victimas, Dangi na Kwamitin Wadanda Aka azabtar). A wannan lokacin, an daure Chacón da Hinds na kwanaki 120 da 121 bi da bi.<ref name="OMCT">{{Cite web |date=31 May 2018 |title=Venezuela: Joint Press Release: Cases of arbitrary detention of Gregory Hinds and Geraldine Chacón presented to the UN JOINT PRESS RELEASE – THE OBSERVATORY / COFAVIC |url=http://www.omct.org/human-rights-defenders/urgent-interventions/venezuela/2018/05/d24903/ |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=OMCT International Secretariat}}</ref> === Yanayin kurkuku === Geraldine Chacón an tsare ta a cikin tantanin halitta tare da mata 25, ba tare da samun ruwa mai sha ba, tufafi masu tsabta, wuraren tsabta, magunguna ko sauran ayyukan kiwon lafiya. Ba a yarda ta fita waje a cikin hasken rana ba, don ganin 'yan uwa ko kuma ganin lauyoyinta.<ref name="OMCT" /> Bayani game da yanayinta yana samuwa ne kawai ta hanyar kai tsaye ta hanyar rahotanni daga mutanen da suka sami damar ziyartar danginsu a cikin tantanin halitta guda kamar Geraldine. An bar ta ga mahaifiyarta, Natividad Villarroel, don ƙoƙarin samar mata da lita 15 na ruwa a mako, magunguna da abubuwa masu tsabta.<ref name="Alvarenga" /> Akwai damuwa cewa "yanayin tsare-tsare na iya zama azabtarwa ko mugunta, rashin mutunci ko wulakanci".<ref name="OMCT" /> == Saki == An saki Chacón a ranar 1 ga Yuni 2018, daya daga cikin ƙungiyar fursunonin siyasa 87 da aka saki a wannan lokacin.<ref name="FP" /> Koyaya hukumomin Venezuela ba su rufe shari'arta ba, suna sanya ta cikin haɗarin sake ɗaurewa. Ba a yarda ta bar kasar ba. Amnesty ta dauke ta cikin haɗari, kuma ta ci gaba da da daukaka kara a madadin ta. == Dubi kuma == * Fursunoni na siyasa a Venezuela == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1993]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qv0r6akuqijqh9egomu9r1b6bf315x1 Homer Gómez González 0 170487 962118 933416 2026-10-03T03:14:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962118 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Homer Gómez González''' (1969 or 1970 - Janairu 2020) <ref name="independent">{{Cite web |last=Stubley |first=Peter |date=22 January 2020 |title=Missing butterfly conservationist 'may have been targeted by illegal loggers' |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/homero-gomez-missing-mexico-police-loggers-gangs-butterfly-activist-a9297141.html |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=The Independent |language=en}}</ref> ya kasance mai fafutukar kare muhalli na Mexico kuma injiniyan aikin gona. Ya kasance manajan El Rosario Monarch Butterfly Preserve, wani bangare na Monarch Butter Fly Biosphere Reserve, kuma kwamishinan [[:es:El Rosario (Michoacán)|El Rosario, Michoacán]], al'umma a cikin garin Ocampo. == Ayyuka == A farkon shekarun 2000, Gómez ya daina yin katako kuma yana shawo kan wasu su yi haka lokacin da tasirin [[Gandun daji|sare daji]] ya bayyana. Kashe katako yanzu ba bisa ka'ida ba ne a Rosario . <ref name=":5">{{Cite web |last=Luzmila Caraballo |first=Ecleen |date=31 January 2020 |title=Mexican Environmentalist Homero Gómez González Found Dead After Weeks Missing |url=https://remezcla.com/culture/mexican-michocan-homero-gomez-gonzalez-dead/ |access-date=1 February 2020 |website=Remezcla |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya zama shugaban birni kuma kwamishinan El Rosario kuma Miguel Angel Cruz ya gaje shi. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name="Sieff" /> Gómez ya gudanar kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin mai magana da yawun El Rosario Monarch Butterfly Preserve, wani bangare na Monarch Butterfli Biosphere Reserve.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 March 2016 |title=As many as 11 million monarch butterflies might have died due to unsual &#91;sic&#93; snow storm |url=https://www.theyucatantimes.com/2016/03/as-many-as-11-million-monarch-butterflies-might-have-died-due-to-unsual-snow-storm/ |access-date=30 January 2020 |website=The Yucatan Times |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |date=31 January 2020 |title=Sadness and concern at the death of Mr Homero Gómez González |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/news/2080/ |access-date=1 February 2020 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}</ref> Ya yi amfani da kafofin sada zumunta don raba hotuna na malamin sarki.[1] Gómez ya kasance fitaccen mai fafutukar kare hakkin bil'adama. Ya jagoranci kokarin hana masu katako daga ajiyar kuma ya shirya tafiye-tafiye, zanga-zangar, da kuma sintiri na hana katako.[2] Ya yi aiki tare da gwamnati don kara yawan kuɗin da manoma na cikin gida za su iya samu don adana bishiyoyi. Gómez ya gudanar da kadada 150 na ƙasar da aka sake ginawa. Ya karfafa masu mallakar ƙasa 260 don sake dasa gonakin masara.[2] Ya kasance wakilin ejido a El Rosario . [3] == Rayuwa ta mutum == Gómez ya zauna a Ocampo, Michoacán, tare da matarsa, Rebeca Valencia González . <ref name=":4">{{Cite web |last=Sagir |first=Ceren |date=31 January 2020 |title=Mexican anti-logging activist's death suspected to have been murder |url=https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/w/mexican-anti-logging-activist-death-suspected-murder |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=Morning Star |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200131181552/https://morningstaronline.co.uk/article/w/mexican-anti-logging-activist-death-suspected-murder |archive-date=31 January 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Suna da akalla ɗa ɗaya.<ref name="Wamsley">{{Cite web |last=Wamsley |first=Laurel |date=3 February 2020 |title=Sadness And Worry After 2 Men Connected To Butterfly Sanctuary Are Found Dead |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/03/802359415/sadness-and-worry-after-2-men-connected-to-butterfly-sanctuary-are-found-dead |access-date=3 February 2020 |website=NPR}}</ref> == Rashin aiki da mutuwa == An ga Gómez a karshe da rai a ranar 13 ga watan Janairun 2020 yana halartar wani taro a ƙauyen {{Interlanguage link|El Soldado||}} . <ref name="BBC">{{Cite web |date=30 January 2020 |title=Homero Gómez: Missing Mexican butterfly activist found dead |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-51304857 |access-date=30 January 2020 |website=BBC}}</ref> Ɗan'uwansa ya bayyana cewa an gan shi na ƙarshe a ranar 13 ga Janairu a wani baje kolin tare da magajin garin Ocampo, Roberto Arriaga Colín da sauran jami'an birni.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2020 |title=Butterfly conservationist's family victims of extortion |url=https://mexiconewsdaily.com/news/butterfly-conservationists-family-victims-of-extortion/ |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=Mexico News Daily |language=en-US}}</ref> Iyalinsa sun ba da rahoton cewa ya ɓace washegari.<ref name="BBC" /> Sun karɓi kiran waya daga mutane da ke da'awar sun sace shi, suna neman biyan kudin fansa, wanda mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam Mayte Cardona ya ce iyalin sun biya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kahn |first=Carrie |date=24 January 2020 |title=Well-Know Mexican Advocate For The Monarch Butterfly Has Disappeared |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/01/24/799163548/well-know-mexican-advocate-for-the-monarch-butterfly-has-disappeared |access-date=30 January 2020 |website=NPR}}</ref> Fiye da masu sa kai 200 sun shiga cikin binciken Gómez. An tsare dukkan 'yan sanda na Ocampo da Angangueo don yin tambayoyi.<ref name="BBC" /> Fiye da makonni biyu bayan bacewarsa, an gano jikinsa a cikin wani tafkin noma a Ocampo. Yana da shekaru 50 a lokacin mutuwarsa.<ref name="independent" /> Saboda aikinsa na yaki da katako ba bisa ka'ida ba, kuma saboda Raúl Hernández Romero - wani mai fafutuka da ke da alaƙa da wurin tsarkakewa - an kuma same shi ya mutu bayan 'yan kwanaki, an yi hasashen cewa masu aikata laifuka ne suka yi niyya.<ref name="BBC" /> Gloria Tavera, wani jami'i tare da Hukumar Kula da Yankunan Kasa ta bayyana cewa sun yi imanin mutuwar Gómez ba ta da alaƙa da aikinsa.<ref name="Sieff" /> Masu gabatar da kara na jihar Michoacán da farko ba su sami alamun tashin hankali a jikin ba, amma binciken gawawwakin da aka yi daga baya ya nuna cewa Gómez ya ji rauni a kai kafin ya nitse.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Holcombe |first=Madeline |last2=DeMoura |first2=Helena |date=31 January 2020 |title=Body of Mexican butterfly conservationist found in well |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/01/31/americas/mexican-butterfly-conservationist-well/index.html |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=CNN}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite web |last=Mark Stevenson |title=Mexico: Forest guardian suffered head trauma and drowning |url=https://www.abqjournal.com/1415455/mexico-forest-guardian-suffered-head-trauma-and-drowning.html |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=www.abqjournal.com |language=en-US |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Mai gabatar da kara na jihar, Adrián López Solís ya ba da rahoton cewa fashi bai zama dalilin ba kamar yadda aka gano kusan US $ 500 (fiye da 10,000 pesos) a tsabar kudi a jikin Gómez.<ref name="Wamsley" /> === Halin da aka yi === Gwamnan Michoacán Silvano Aureoles Conejo ya nuna fatan cewa za a sami Gómez da rai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Jeanette |date=30 January 2020 |title=Homero Gómez González, Mexican Defender of Monarch Butterflies Found Dead |url=https://guardianlv.com/2020/01/homero-gomez-gonzalez-mexican-defender-of-monarch-butterflies-found-dead/ |access-date=31 January 2020 |website=Guardian Liberty Voice}}</ref> Shugaban kasar Mexico Andrés Manuel López Obrador ya kira mutuwar Gómez "mai nadama" da "mai raɗaɗi". Mawallafi kuma mai kula da muhalli Homer Aridjis ya bayyana wa Associated Press cewa "idan za su iya sacewa da kashe mutanen da ke aiki don wuraren ajiya, wanda zai kare muhalli a Mexico?" Darakta na [[World Heritage Centre|Cibiyar Tarihin Duniya]], Mechtild Rössler, da kuma Miguel Clüsener-Godt, darektan Man da Shirin Biosphere, dukansu sun nuna bakin ciki da damuwa bayan mutuwar Gómez.<ref name=":2" /> A cikin Jamus, an kira "farashin gonar furen" na farko game da halaka jinsuna "González Romero Blühwiesenkorridor - Blumiger Landkreis Osnabrück" (kuma a matsayin haraji ga mai fafutukar muhalli Raúl Hernández Romero) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Grawe |first=Simone |date=20 May 2020 |title=Lückenschluss am Weltbienentag: Warum der Blühwiesenkorridor zwischen Melle und Hagen so einzigartig ist |url=https://www.noz.de/lokales/melle/artikel/2054879/bluehwiesenkorridor-zwischen-melle-und-hagen-bundesweit-einmalig |access-date=2020-05-21 |website=www.noz.de}}</ref> Mutuwar Gómez da Hernandez ta haifar da kira don inganta kariya ga [[Kariyar Kasa|Masu kare muhalli]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bohm, M; Henriques, S; Hochkirch, A; Rodriguez, JP |date=February 21, 2020 |title=Conservationists deserve protection |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abb1514 |journal=Science |volume=367 |issue=6480 |pages=861 |bibcode=2020Sci...367..861B |doi=10.1126/science.abb1514 |pmid=32079763 |s2cid=211229815 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] a1kfmyk2i99fhwei4ejm5ndet18j1vs H2Pro 0 170663 962025 933897 2026-10-02T20:46:23Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962025 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''H2Pro''' kamfani ne na [[Isra'ila]] wanda ke haɓaka tsarin lantarki don samar da hydrogen mai kore.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rathi |first=Akshat |last2=Mathis |first2=Will |date=2021-03-09 |title=Gates-Backed Startup Joins Race to Make Green Hydrogen Cheaper |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/gates-backed-startup-joins-race-to-make-green-hydrogen-cheaper |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=[[Bloomberg Quint]] |language=en}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Kamfanin ya samo asali ne a cikin 2019 ta hanyar farfesa na Technion Gideon Grader da Avner Rothschild, mai bincike Hen Dotan, da ɗan kasuwa Talmon Marco, bisa ga binciken da aka gudanar a Technion.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2021-01-02 |title=Israeli startup H2Pro wins Shell's energy competition |url=https://www.jpost.com/israel-news/israeli-startup-h2pro-wins-shells-energy-competition-654018 |access-date=2021-03-09 |website=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="CTech2025">{{Cite web |last=Gilboa |first=Hagai |last2=Swisa |first2=Maor Shalom |date=2025-12-14 |title=Breaking electrolysis: Inside the Israeli startup betting on cheap green hydrogen |url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/329cfss3f |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=[[Calcalist|CTech]] |language=en}}</ref> Tana da hedikwatar a Kaisariya, Isra'ila.<ref name="CTech2025" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=ArcelorMittal makes US$5 million investment in H2Pro via XCarb™ innovation fund {{!}} ArcelorMittal |url=https://corporate.arcelormittal.com/media/press-releases/arcelormittal-makes-us-5-million-investment-in-h2pro-via-xcarb-innovation-fund/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=corporate.arcelormittal.com |language=en}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa H2Pro a cikin 2019 don kasuwanci da tsarin rarraba ruwa mai matakai biyu wanda aka haɓaka a Technion. <ref name=":1" /><ref name="CEN2021">{{Cite journal |date=2021 |title=H2Pro |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/cen-10137-cover6 |journal=[[Chemical & Engineering News|C&EN Global Enterprise]] |publisher=[[American Chemical Society]] |doi=10.1021/cen-10137-cover6 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> A watan Oktoba na 2019, Hyundai ta saka hannun jari a cikin kamfanin a matsayin wani ɓangare na jerin saka hannun jari na kamfanonin fasahar hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Randall |first=Chris |date=2019-10-30 |title=Hyundai invests in three hydrogen specialists |url=https://www.electrive.com/2019/10/30/hyundai-invests-in-three-hydrogen-specialists/ |access-date=2022-01-23 |website=Electrive}}</ref> Kamfanin ya sami goyon baya daga Breakthrough Energy, asusun yanayi wanda [[Bill Gates]] ya kafa, daga dan kasuwa na [[Hong Kong]] Li Ka-shing's Horizons Ventures, da kuma daga Singapore's Temasek Holdings. A watan Maris na 2021, H2Pro ta tara dala miliyan 22 a zagaye wanda Gates, Li Ka-shing, Sumitomo Corporation da Hyundai suka shiga, sun yi niyyar motsa fasahar lantarki daga samfuran dakin gwaje-gwaje zuwa masana'antu.<ref name="TechEU2021">{{Cite web |last=Taylor |first=Dan |date=2021-03-09 |title=Bill Gates joins $22 million round for Israeli startup H2Pro as its seeks to produce cheap, green hydrogen at scale |url=https://tech.eu/2021/03/09/bill-gates-joins-22-million-round-for-israeli-startup-h2pro-as-its-seeks-to-produce-cheap-green-hydrogen-at-scale/ |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=Tech.eu |language=en}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2022, ArcelorMittal ya saka hannun jari na dala miliyan 5 a cikin H2Pro ta hanyar asusun kirkirar XCarb.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ArcelorMittal makes US$5 million investment in H2Pro via XCarb™ innovation fund |url=https://corporate.arcelormittal.com/media/press-releases/arcelormittal-makes-us-5-million-investment-in-h2pro-via-xcarb-innovation-fund/ |access-date=2022-12-29 |website=corporate.arcelormittal.com |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2021, kamfanin ya tara sama da dala miliyan 100 daga masu saka hannun jari ciki har da Sumitomo Corporation da Yara.<ref name="CEN2021" /> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2023, H2Pro ta sanya hannu kan yarjejeniyar fahimtar juna tare da Kamfanin Sumitomo, wanda a karkashinsa Sumitomo zai haɗa H2Pro electrolyzers a sikelin daruruwan megawatts, da farko don samar da ammoniya mai kore. An kiyasta yarjejeniyar a dala miliyan 250 har zuwa ƙarshen shekaru goma.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-08 |title=H2Pro to sell hydrogen to Japanese giant Sumitomo in deal estimated at $250 million |url=https://www.calcalistech.com/ctechnews/article/3gy030ek1 |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=[[Calcalist|CTech]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-03-17 |title=Israeli startup to supply hydrogen tech to Japan's Sumitomo Corp |url=https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-startup-to-supply-hydrogen-tech-to-japans-sumitomo-corp/ |access-date=2026-07-27 |website=[[The Times of Israel]] |language=en}}</ref> A cikin 2025, Talmon Marco, wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban da Shugaba tun lokacin da aka kafa kamfanin, ya kasance shugaban, kuma an nada Tzahi Rodrig a matsayin Shugaba.<ref name="CTech2025" /> Tsarin kilowatt 50 yana aiki a kamfanin Caesarea, kuma an shirya tsarin kilowatt 500 don fara aiki a farkon 2026 a Tziporit a arewacin Isra'ila, ana sa ran zai zama samar da hydrogen na farko a kasar, tare da tsarin da ya fi girma har zuwa 50 megawatts da aka tsara a Spain ko Portugal.<ref name="CTech2025" /> == Fasahar == Fasahar electrolysis ta H2Pro ta dogara ne akan hanyar da aka sani da decoupled water electrolyse (DWE), wanda ke raba halayen juyin halitta na hydrogen da oxygen a lokaci maimakon sarari. Ba kamar electrolysis na al'ada ba, wanda ke samar da hydrogen da oxygen a lokaci guda a daban-daban electrodes raba da membrane, DWE yana aiki a matakai biyu daban-daban, yana kawar da buƙatar membrane.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Ruan |first=Guilin |last2=Todman |first2=Fiona |last3=Yogev |first3=Gilad |last4=Arad |first4=Rotem |last5=Smolinka |first5=Tom |last6=Jensen |first6=Jens Oluf |last7=Symes |first7=Mark D. |last8=Rothschild |first8=Avner |date=June 2025 |title=Technologies and prospects for decoupled and membraneless water electrolysis |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/s44359-025-00061-1 |journal=Nature Reviews Clean Technology |language=en |volume=1 |issue=6 |pages=380–395 |doi=10.1038/s44359-025-00061-1 |issn=3005-0685 |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Dotan |first=H. |last2=Landman |first2=A. |last3=Sheehan |first3=S. W. |year=2019 |title=Decoupled hydrogen and oxygen evolution by a two-step electrochemical–chemical cycle for efficient overall water splitting |journal=[[Nature Energy]] |volume=4 |pages=786–795 |doi=10.1038/s41560-019-0462-7}}</ref> A matakin farko, ana samar da hydrogen a cikin lantarki ɗaya yayin da ake cajin lantarki na nickel hydroxide, yana juyawa zuwa nickel oxyhydroxide; ba a saki iskar oxygen ba. A mataki na biyu, ana juyar da halin yanzu: ana samar da iskar oxygen yayin da batirin lantarki ya sake komawa zuwa nickel hydroxide, ba tare da an saki hydrogen ba. Saboda ba a samar da iskar gas guda biyu a lokaci guda ba, ana kawar da haɗarin haɗakar gas ba tare da membrane ba.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Wannan tsari na membrane-less, na ɗan lokaci ya rabu da shi don ba da damar aiki a ƙarƙashin yanayin wutar lantarki na hasken rana da iska; kodayake ƙwayoyin halitta suna canzawa tsakanin hydrogen da oxygen, ana sarrafa ƙwayoyin da yawa a layi daya don tabbatar da ci gaba da samar da iskar gas.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /> Takardar kimiyya ta 2019 da ke kwatanta tsarin ta ba da rahoton matsakaicin ƙarfin lantarki na 98.7%, tare da amfani da wutar lantarki na 39.9 kWh a kowace kilogram na hydrogen.<ref name=":3" /> == Manazarta == dswu6mwae8kg5udffaghp2jyprta123 Izoje Uche 0 170711 962270 934040 2026-10-03T09:45:40Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962270 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Uche Izoje | image = | caption = | birth_date = 1 November 2004 | birth_place = Asaba, Delta State, Nigeria | nationality = Nigerian | height = 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) | position = Center | number = 44 | currentclub = Syracuse Orange | college = Syracuse University | league = Atlantic Coast Conference }} '''Uche Izoje''' (an haife ta a ranar 1 Nuwamba 2004) 'yar wasan ƙwallon kwando ce ta Najeriya wadda ke taka leda a matsayin ''center''. An haife ta a Asaba, Jihar Delta, Najeriya, kuma tsayinta ya kai ƙafa 6 da inci 3 (kimanin santimita 191). Ta fara sana'ar ƙwallon kwando ta ƙwararru a Japan kafin ta koma Amurka domin buga ƙwallon kwando a matakin jami'a tare da Syracuse Orange. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uche-izoje/25565 |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Izoje |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/290176-uche-izoje |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Rayuwa da asali == An haifi Uche Izoje a Asaba, Jihar Delta, Najeriya. Syracuse University ta bayyana ta a matsayin 'yar asalin Asaba, Delta State, kuma mai tsayin ƙafa 6 da inci 3. Bayanai na FIBA ma sun tabbatar da cewa tana da ƙasar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uche-izoje/25565 |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Izoje |url=https://www.fiba.basketball/en/players/290176-uche-izoje |website=FIBA Basketball |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Izoje ta fara wasan ƙwallon kwando ne a Najeriya kafin ta bar ƙasar tana da shekaru 13 domin ci gaba da haɓaka kwarewarta a Japan. Wannan tafiya ta zama muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwarta ta wasanni, domin ta shafe shekaru tana fafatawa da manyan 'yan wasan Japan kafin ta koma Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland's Okananwa leads D'Tigress refresh as Nigeria call up NCAA talent to face WNBA |url=https://africa.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/48538929/maryland-okananwa-leads-dtigress-refresh-nigeria-call-ncaa-talent-face-wnba |website=ESPN Africa |date=2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Sana'a a Japan == Kafin ta shiga jami'ar Syracuse, Izoje ta shafe shekaru biyu tana buga wasan ƙwallon kwando na ƙwararru a Japan tare da '''Chanson V-Magic''' a gasar mata ta Japan. Wannan ya sa ta samu gogewa wajen fafatawa da manyan 'yan wasan da suka riga suka kafa kansu a wasan ƙwallon kwando. <ref>{{Cite web |title=#44 Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/documents/download/2025/11/20/5_Utah.pdf |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A shekarar 2024, Izoje ta lashe kyautar '''Rookie of the Year''' a gasar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta Japan. Haka kuma an zaɓe ta a matsayin ''All-Star'' sau biyu a cikin shekaru biyun da ta yi a gasar, abin da ya nuna irin saurin da ta samu wajen kafa kanta a matakin ƙwararru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=#44 Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/documents/download/2025/11/20/5_Utah.pdf |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A kakar ƙarshe da ta yi a Japan, Izoje ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasan gasar wajen cin maki da kwaso rebounds. Ta samu matsakaicin maki 14.4 da rebounds 9.9 a kowane wasa, yayin da ta jagoranci gasar wajen blocks da matsakaicin 1.7 a kowane wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=#44 Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/documents/download/2025/11/20/5_Utah.pdf |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> ESPN ta bayyana tafiyar Izoje daga Najeriya zuwa Japan a matsayin wani sabon salo na rayuwar 'yar wasa, domin ta bar Najeriya tana da shekaru 13, ta shafe shekaru tana buga wasan ƙwallon kwando a Japan, sannan ta koma Amurka a karon farko domin shiga Syracuse. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland's Okananwa leads D'Tigress refresh as Nigeria call up NCAA talent to face WNBA |url=https://africa.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/48538929/maryland-okananwa-leads-dtigress-refresh-nigeria-call-ncaa-talent-face-wnba |website=ESPN Africa |date=2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Syracuse University == A shekarar 2025, Izoje ta koma Amurka domin fara karatun jami'a da buga ƙwallon kwando a Syracuse University. Ta shiga Syracuse Orange a matsayin ''freshman'' kuma an ba ta lamba 44. Matsayinta a kungiyar shi ne ''center''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uche-izoje/25565 |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A kakar 2025–26, wato shekararta ta farko a Syracuse, Izoje ta taka rawar gani sosai. Ta fara dukkan wasanni 33 da Syracuse ta buga, inda ta samu matsakaicin maki 15.6, rebounds 9.2, assists 1.4 da blocks 2.6 a kowane wasa. Ta kuma jefa kashi 55.4% na harbinta daga filin wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2025-26 Women's Basketball Cumulative Statistics |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/stats/2025-26 |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A cikin kakar 2025–26, Izoje ta zura jimillar maki 514 da rebounds 303, inda ta kafa sabbin tarihin Syracuse na 'yar wasa mai shekara ta farko wajen yawan maki da rebounds. Ta kuma yi blocks 85, wanda ya kasance na farko a ACC da na huɗu a dukkan NCAA Division I. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uche-izoje/25565 |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Izoje ta yi ''double-double'' sau 14 a kakar 2025–26. Daga cikin waɗannan akwai wasanni bakwai da ta samu fiye da maki 20 tare da rebounds 10 ko fiye, abin da ya nuna muhimmiyar rawar da ta taka wajen kai hari da kuma tsaron Syracuse. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uche-izoje/25565 |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Kyautar ACC Rookie of the Year == A ranar 3 Maris 2026, an zaɓi Izoje a matsayin '''ACC Rookie of the Year''' na kakar 2025–26. Ta zama 'yar wasa ta biyu a tarihin Syracuse da ta lashe wannan kyauta tun bayan Kamilla Cardoso a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Izoje Named ACC Rookie of the Year, Phelia Earns All-ACC Second Team Honors |url=https://cuse.com/news/2026/3/3/womens-basketball-izoje-named-acc-rookie-of-the-year-phelia-earns-all-acc-second-team-honors |website=Syracuse University Athletics |date=3 March 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A kakar wasa, Izoje ta lashe kyautar '''ACC Rookie of the Week''' sau takwas, wanda shi ne mafi yawan irin wannan kyauta da 'yar wasan Syracuse ta samu a tarihin shirin. A lokacin da aka ba ta kyautar Rookie of the Year, tana da matsakaicin maki 15.0 da rebounds 9.3. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ACC Women's Basketball Announces 2025-26 Award Winners |url=https://theacc.com/news/2026/3/3/acc-womens-basketball-announces-2025-26-award-winners.aspx |website=Atlantic Coast Conference |date=3 March 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Izoje ta kuma kasance cikin '''All-ACC First Team''', '''ACC All-Defensive Team''' da '''ACC All-Freshman Team''' a ƙarshen kakar. Wannan ya sa ta zama ɗaya daga cikin fitattun 'yan wasan farko na ACC a kakar 2025–26. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ACC Women's Basketball Announces 2025-26 Award Winners |url=https://theacc.com/news/2026/3/3/acc-womens-basketball-announces-2025-26-award-winners.aspx |website=Atlantic Coast Conference |date=3 March 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Kyautar WBCA All-America == A ranar 2 Afrilu 2026, Women's Basketball Coaches Association ta zaɓi Izoje cikin '''WBCA Coaches All-America Honorable Mention'''. Ta zama 'yar wasa ta tara a tarihin Syracuse da ta samu wani nau'in karramawar All-America. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Izoje Tabbed WBCA All-America Honorable Mention |url=https://cuse.com/news/2026/4/2/womens-basketball-izoje-tabbed-wbca-all-america-honorable-mention |website=Syracuse University Athletics |date=2 April 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Wannan karramawar ta zo ne bayan ta jagoranci ACC wajen blocks kuma ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasan gasar wajen rebounds da maki. Ta kuma kasance cikin jerin masu neman kyautar Naismith Women's College Defensive Player of the Year. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Izoje Named to Naismith Defensive Player of the Year Watch List |url=https://cuse.com/news/2026/1/27/womens-basketball-izoje-named-to-naismith-defensive-player-of-the-year-watch-list |website=Syracuse University Athletics |date=27 January 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Wasanni masu ban mamaki == A ranar 3 Disamba 2025, Izoje ta yi ɗaya daga cikin fitattun wasanninta na farkon kakar, inda ta samu maki 16 da rebounds 13 a nasarar Syracuse da Auburn. A mako guda kuma ta samu blocks 13 a wasanni biyu, ciki har da blocks takwas a kan SMU. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ND's Hidalgo, Syracuse's Izoje Named ACC Women's Basketball Players of the Week |url=https://theacc.com/news/2025/12/8/nds-hidalgo-syracuses-izoje-named-acc-womens-basketball-players-of-the-week.aspx |website=Atlantic Coast Conference |date=8 December 2025 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> Blocks takwas da ta yi a kan SMU sun kasance wani muhimmin tarihi, domin ta zama 'yar wasa ta farko a matsayin ''ACC freshman'' da ta samu blocks takwas ko fiye a wasa guda tun Kamilla Cardoso a shekarar 2021. <ref>{{Cite web |title=ND's Hidalgo, Syracuse's Izoje Named ACC Women's Basketball Players of the Week |url=https://theacc.com/news/2025/12/8/nds-hidalgo-syracuses-izoje-named-acc-womens-basketball-players-of-the-week.aspx |website=Atlantic Coast Conference |date=8 December 2025 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A ranar 1 Janairu 2026, Izoje ta kafa tarihin aikinta wajen rebounds, inda ta samu rebounds 17 tare da maki 21 a wasan da Syracuse ta yi da Florida State. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uche-izoje/25565 |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A ranar 25 Janairu 2026, ta sake yin fice a wasan da North Carolina. Ta samu maki 27 da rebounds 12, yayin da ta buga mintuna 41, wanda ya kasance mafi yawan mintuna da ta taɓa bugawa a wasa guda a lokacin kakar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uche-izoje/25565 |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A wasan NCAA Tournament na 2026 da Iowa State, Izoje ta zura maki 23 cikin mintuna 25, yayin da Syracuse ta ci gaba da fafatawa a gasar NCAA. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan wasanninta a gasar postseason. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Orange are Dancing! Syracuse Punches Its Ticket to the NCAA Tournament |url=https://cuse.com/news/2026/3/15/orange-earn-14th-trip-to-ncaa-tournament |website=Syracuse University Athletics |date=15 March 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Salon wasa == Izoje ta fi taka leda a matsayin ''center'', kuma tsayinta na ƙafa 6 da inci 3 yana taimaka mata wajen fafatawa a ƙarƙashin kwando. Ƙarfinta mafi girma ya haɗa da kwaso rebounds, hana harbe-harbe da cin maki kusa da kwando. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster/uche-izoje/25565 |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A kakar 2025–26, ta jagoranci ACC wajen blocks da jimillar blocks, sannan ta kasance cikin manyan 'yan wasan ACC wajen rebounds da maki. Wannan ya sa ta zama ginshiƙi wajen tsaron Syracuse a ƙarƙashin kwando. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Izoje Named to Naismith Defensive Player of the Year Watch List |url=https://cuse.com/news/2026/1/27/womens-basketball-izoje-named-to-naismith-defensive-player-of-the-year-watch-list |website=Syracuse University Athletics |date=27 January 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Komawa Syracuse a 2026–27 == A ranar 27 Maris 2026, Syracuse University ta sanar da cewa Izoje za ta dawo kungiyar domin kakar 2026–27. Ta yanke shawarar ci gaba da kasancewa tare da Orange bayan ta kammala kakarta ta farko mai cike da nasarori. <ref>{{Cite web |title=She's Back! Izoje to Return for Sophomore Season at Syracuse |url=https://d3d4f9a2nwdz4m.cloudfront.net/news/2026/3/27/shes-back-izoje-to-return-to-sophomore-season-at-syracuse |website=Syracuse University Athletics |date=27 March 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin jerin 'yan wasan Syracuse na kakar 2026–27, an sake sanya Izoje a matsayin ''center'' mai lamba 44, kuma ta shiga kakarta ta biyu a jami'ar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2026-27 Women's Basketball Roster |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/roster |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Tawagar Najeriya == Izoje tana da alaƙa da Najeriya kuma an haife ta a Asaba, Delta State. A shekarar 2026, ESPN ta ruwaito cewa an kira ta cikin sabon tsarin tawagar mata ta Najeriya, D'Tigress, domin shiga tawagar da ke shirin fafatawa da manyan 'yan wasan Amurka a wasannin shirye-shirye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Maryland's Okananwa leads D'Tigress refresh as Nigeria call up NCAA talent to face WNBA |url=https://africa.espn.com/espn/story/_/id/48538929/maryland-okananwa-leads-dtigress-refresh-nigeria-call-ncaa-talent-face-wnba |website=ESPN Africa |date=2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A wasannin shirye-shiryen Najeriya na shekarar 2026 da kungiyoyin WNBA, Izoje ta fara samun damar wakiltar babbar tawagar Najeriya. Rahoton hukuma na wasan Minnesota Lynx da Najeriya ya nuna cewa ta sanya lamba 24, ta buga mintuna 5 da daƙiƙu 44 a wani sashe na wasan, inda ta samu maki 2, rebound 1 da assist 1. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria National Team Official Scorer's Report vs Minnesota Lynx |url=https://statsdmz.nba.com/pdfs/20260427/20260427_NGRMIN_book.pdf |website=WNBA / NBA Stats |date=27 April 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> A wasan Najeriya da Los Angeles Sparks a ranar 25 Afrilu 2026, rahoton hukuma ya nuna Izoje ta samu mintuna 16 da daƙiƙu 5, maki 6 da rebounds 3, tare da assist guda. Wannan ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin farkon bayyanarta a matakin babbar tawagar Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria National Team Official Scorer's Report vs Los Angeles Sparks |url=https://statsdmz.nba.com/pdfs/20260425/20260425_NGRLAS_book.pdf |website=WNBA / NBA Stats |date=25 April 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo == * '''ACC Rookie of the Year''' – 2025–26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACC Women's Basketball Announces 2025-26 Award Winners |url=https://theacc.com/news/2026/3/3/acc-womens-basketball-announces-2025-26-award-winners.aspx |website=Atlantic Coast Conference |date=3 March 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> * '''All-ACC First Team''' – 2025–26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACC Women's Basketball Announces 2025-26 Award Winners |url=https://theacc.com/news/2026/3/3/acc-womens-basketball-announces-2025-26-award-winners.aspx |website=Atlantic Coast Conference |date=3 March 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> * '''ACC All-Defensive Team''' – 2025–26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACC Women's Basketball Announces 2025-26 Award Winners |url=https://theacc.com/news/2026/3/3/acc-womens-basketball-announces-2025-26-award-winners.aspx |website=Atlantic Coast Conference |date=3 March 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> * '''ACC All-Freshman Team''' – 2025–26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ACC Women's Basketball Announces 2025-26 Award Winners |url=https://theacc.com/news/2026/3/3/acc-womens-basketball-announces-2025-26-award-winners.aspx |website=Atlantic Coast Conference |date=3 March 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> * '''WBCA Coaches All-America Honorable Mention''' – 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Izoje Tabbed WBCA All-America Honorable Mention |url=https://cuse.com/news/2026/4/2/womens-basketball-izoje-tabbed-wbca-all-america-honorable-mention |website=Syracuse University Athletics |date=2 April 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> * '''ACC Rookie of the Week''' – sau takwas a kakar 2025–26.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Izoje Named ACC Rookie of the Week for the 8th Time |url=https://cuse.com/news/2026/3/2/womens-basketball-izoje-named-acc-rookie-of-the-week-for-the-8th-time |website=Syracuse University Athletics |date=2 March 2026 |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> * '''Japan Women's Basketball League Rookie of the Year''' – 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#44 Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/documents/download/2025/11/20/5_Utah.pdf |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> * '''Japan Women's Basketball League All-Star''' – sau biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=#44 Uche Izoje |url=https://cuse.com/documents/download/2025/11/20/5_Utah.pdf |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Kididdigar NCAA == {| class="wikitable" ! Kak'a !! Ƙungiya !! GP !! GS !! MPG !! PPG !! RPG !! APG !! BPG |- | 2025–26 || Syracuse || 33 || 33 || 28.3 || 15.6 || 9.2 || 1.4 || 2.6 |- ! Jimilla !! !! 33 !! 33 !! 28.3 !! 15.6 !! 9.2 !! 1.4 !! 2.6 |} A kakar 2025–26, Izoje ta buga wasanni 33 kuma ta fara dukkan wasannin. Ta samu maki 514, rebounds 303, assists 45, steals 32 da blocks 85. Ta kuma jefa kashi 55.4% na harbinta daga filin wasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=2025-26 Women's Basketball Cumulative Statistics |url=https://cuse.com/sports/womens-basketball/stats/2025-26 |website=Syracuse University Athletics |access-date=13 September 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Tawagar ƙwallon kwando ta mata ta Najeriya]] * [[D'Tigress]] * [[Syracuse Orange]] * [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] * [[Ƙwallon kwando]] == Manazarta == 2wdvad1e40icamfdnqvw0rqq7kwugts Ikon Siva 0 170762 962159 934185 2026-10-03T06:54:30Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962159 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Siva Power, Inc.''' kamfani ne na hasken rana na Amurka wanda ya haɓaka fasahar Fim mai laushi. Kamfanin ya tsara kuma ya ƙera kayan aikin jan ƙarfe na indium gallium deselenide (CIGS). <ref>{{Cite web |title=World's Cheapest Solar Panels Coming In Several Years? |url=http://cleantechnica.com/2014/07/07/worlds-cheapest-solar-panels-coming-several-years/ |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> Siva Power ta kasance a San Jose, California . Bruce Sohn shi ne Shugaba kuma Mark Heising shi ne shugaban. An kafa kamfanin ne a shekara ta 2006 a matsayin Solexant (daya daga cikin wadanda suka kafa shi ne [[Paul Alivisatos]]) kuma yana haɓaka fasahar cadmium telluride (CdTe) don ƙirƙirar bangarorin hasken rana.<ref name="Wang Bid">{{Cite web |title=A Solar Startup's Bid To Reinvent Itself When Others Have Failed |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/uciliawang/2013/11/21/a-solar-startups-bid-to-reinvent-itself-when-others-have-failed/ |access-date=17 April 2015 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Bayan da Sinawa suka fara zubar da bangarorin hasken rana na silicon kuma kasuwar fina-finai ta Amurka ta kara muni, kamfanin ya yanke shawarar juyawa kuma a cikin 2011 ya hayar Brad Mattson don ɗaukar Solexant a cikin sabon shugabanci, wanda ya sake farawa a cikin 2012.<ref>{{Cite web |title=U.S. Solar Panel Makers Say China Violated Trade Rules |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/20/business/global/us-solar-manufacturers-to-ask-for-duties-on-imports.html |access-date=16 April 2015 |website=[[The New York Times]]}}</ref><ref name="Wang Bid" /><ref name="Gigaom">{{Cite web |title=This startup says it can make the world's cheapest solar panels |url=https://gigaom.com/2014/07/02/this-startup-says-it-can-make-the-worlds-cheapest-solar-panels/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703115633/http://gigaom.com/2014/07/02/this-startup-says-it-can-make-the-worlds-cheapest-solar-panels/ |archive-date=July 3, 2014 |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> Mattson ya sanya kamfanin cikin Yanayin ɓoye kuma ya haɓaka kasafin kuɗi na R & D don neman fasaha daban-daban da tsari don ƙera kayan hasken rana. A cikin 2013 kamfanin ya sake fitowa a matsayin Siva Power, yana haɓaka fasahar CIGS photovoltaic. Ya zuwa 24 ga Yuni, 2022 shafin yanar gizon ba ya aiki, kuma an nuna shi kamar yadda ya ƙare a ranar 21 ga Agusta, 2021. Wani labarin a cikin ''Mujallar PV'' ya haɗa da Siva Power kamar yadda ya gaza a watan Oktoba 2019. == Fasahar == Hanyar sakawa ta Siva Power ita ce Rapid Thermal [[Rashin ruwa (ƙaddamarwa)|co-evaporation]], wanda ke ajiye fim din CIGS ta hanyar kai tsaye na tururi na abubuwan da ke cikinta (ginin, indium, gallium, da selenium) a kan substrate, wanda Siva Power ke amfani da gilashi.<ref name="Wang Bid" /> Siva Power ya ce ƙarfin samar da farko na layin guda ɗaya zai zama megawatts 400 na kayan aiki a kowace shekara, yayin da layin samar da matukin jirgi na yau da kullun ya kasance 5 zuwa 30 megawatts.<ref name="Wang Bid" /> == Kyautar Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta SunShot == In 2014, Siva Power won the US Department of Energy SunShot Initiative award under the SunShot SolarMat2 category for driving down the cost of manufacturing and implementing efficiency-increasing technology in manufacturing processes for solar modules.<ref name="Semi">{{Cite web |title=Siva Power's CIGS Technology Recognised By US Sunshot Initiative |url=http://www.compoundsemiconductor.net/article/96214-siva-power%E2%80%99s-cigs-technology-recognised-by-us-sunshot-initiative.html |access-date=27 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702230645/http://www.compoundsemiconductor.net/article/96214-siva-power%E2%80%99s-cigs-technology-recognised-by-us-sunshot-initiative.html |archive-date=2 July 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>  The manufacturing component Siva Power plans to build through the SunShot award are designed to have a 12x higher areal (e.g.: m2/min) manufacturing throughput than other CIGS deposition tools, enabling a fully automated CIGS deposition system at a 3x reduction in capex, labor, and overhead cost.<ref name="SolarMat">{{Cite web |title=Solar Manufacturing Technology 2 |url=http://energy.gov/eere/sunshot/solar-manufacturing-technology-2 |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> == Kudade da saye == Lokacin da kamfanin ya kasance Solexant kuma yana haɓaka fasahar CdTe, ya tara $ 60M a kan zagaye 3 na kudade na kasuwanci daga X Seed Capital, Acero Capital (tsohon Olympus Capital), Medley Partners, Birchmere Ventures, Trident Capital, Firelake Capital, da DBL Investors. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Solexant lands $41.5 million Series C round |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/portland/blog/sbo/2010/06/solexant_lands_415_million_series_c_round.html?page=all |access-date=27 May 2015}}</ref> A cikin 2011, Solexant ta sami Wakonda, farawa na hasken rana da ke zaune a New York.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Solexant Rebrands as Siva and Looks to Scale CIGS Thin-Film Solar |url=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Solexant-Rebrands-as-Siva-and-Looks-to-Scale-CIGS-Thin-Film-Solar |access-date=17 April 2015}}</ref> Kamfanin ya sake dawowa da $ 7M a cikin 2015 a cikin jerin D da aka fi so saka hannun jari daga DBL, Medley, Acero da birnin Wuxi, China.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Daily Startup: Siva Power's Funding a Bright Spot for Solar |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/venturecapital/2015/02/02/the-daily-startup-siva-powers-funding-a-bright-spot-for-solar/ |access-date=21 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Siva Power Lands $10M to Chase Giga-Scale Domestic Thin-Film Solar Production |url=http://www.greentechmedia.com/articles/read/Siva-Power-Lands-10M-to-Chase-Giga-Scale-Domestic-Thin-Film-Solar-Producti |access-date=21 May 2015}}</ref> A cikin 2016, kamfanin ya kara da dala miliyan 5 zuwa jerin saka hannun jari na D.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Siva Says "Scale Up!" For Low Cost Solar In USA |url=http://cleantechnica.com/2016/05/04/siva-says-scale-low-cost-solar-usa/ |access-date=9 June 2016 |website=CleanTechnica}}</ref> An rufe zagaye na $ 25M Series E, wanda manajan asusun ajiyar kuɗi na Renaissance Technologies Jim Simons ya jagoranta, a watan Mayu na shekara ta 2017 don manufar tallafawa layin matukin jirgi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Power |first=Siva |title=Siva Power Closes on $25M to Continue Developing Low‑Cost Solar Module Technology for the Terawatt Era |url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/siva-power-closes-on-25m-to-continue-developing-lowcost-solar-module-technology-for-the-terawatt-era-300461923.html |access-date=2017-11-11 |website=www.prnewswire.com |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == 72dtie8aczgbywn8wt1v50lypzwu1dr Helene Tschitschko 0 170769 962109 934235 2026-10-03T02:04:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962109 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Helene Tschitschko (1908–1992) 'Yar siyasa ce ta zamantakewa ta dimokuradiyya a Austria wacce ta kasance memba a Majalisar Dokoki na tsawon shekaru goma tsakanin 1964 da 1974. == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Tschitschko a Timenitz, Carinthia, a ranar 10 ga Janairu, 1908. <ref name="auspar">{{Cite web |title=Personen. Helene Tschitschko |url=https://www.parlament.gv.at/person/1430 |access-date=19 March 2023 |publisher=Parliament of Austria |language=de}}</ref> <ref name="bio" /> Ta yi karatu a cibiyar horar da manya kuma ta yi aiki a masana'anta. <ref name="bio">{{Cite web |title=Tschitschko Helene |url=http://biografia.sabiado.at/tschitschko-helene/ |access-date=19 March 2023 |website=Biografia |language=de |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230319114109/http://biografia.sabiado.at/tschitschko-helene/ |archive-date=19 March 2023 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekarar 1953 ta zama memba na majalisar gundumar Klagenfurt . <ref name="auspar" /> A shekarar 1960 ta fara aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa na ƙungiyar masu saye ta Klagenfurt. <ref name="auspar" /> Ta yi aiki a matsayin shugabar ƙungiyar mata masu ra'ayin gurguzu ta Carinthia. <ref name="bio" /> An zaɓe ta a Majalisar Dokoki ta Jam'iyyar Social Democratic Party a ranar 30 ga Afrilu, 1964. <ref name="auspar" /> A shekarar 1965, Tschitschko ya kuma yi aiki a matsayin shugaban Majalisar Tarayya . Ta yi aiki a Majalisar Dokokin Austria har zuwa ranar 30 ga Yuni 1974. <ref name="auspar" /> Tschitschko ya mutu a Klagenfurt a ranar 1 ga Agusta 1992. <ref name="auspar" /> <ref name="bio" /> == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}{{Authority control}} mfmtp8w57qmbsppm2mwvk4wchj69ixg Gidan shakatawa na Khakusy 0 170770 961914 934249 2026-10-02T16:03:16Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961914 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Khakusy''' wurine na shakatawa da kiwon lafiya tare da maɓuɓɓugar ruwa, wanda ke arewacin [[Buryatia]], a bakin tekun Tafkin Baikal . Ruwan zafi yana da mita 700 daga bakin Tekun Baikal. Akwai wuraren wanka da aka gina a maɓuɓɓugar ruwa a cikin gandun daji. Sunan "Khakusy" ya fito ne daga kalmar Evenk wanda ke nufin "zafi", ko "zafi". Gidan shakatawa na Khakusy, wanda aka kafa a 1953, yana da kujeru 50 kuma yana gudana da ruwan zafi a cikin wanka. An rufe wurin shakatawa a lokacin kaka saboda guguwa, kuma a cikin bazara - saboda narkewar kankara a Tafkin Baikal. Khakusy yana cikin daji, nesa da wuraren da ke da yawan jama'a, don haka ana iya samun can daga Nizhneangarsk a kan jirgin ruwa a kan Tafkin Baikal, ko daga Severobaikalsk ta hanyar helikofta. == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == <gallery perrow="4" widths="200px" heights="200px"> File:Хакусы.jpg|Pier of Khakusy File:Resort_Khakusy,_Buryatia_(1).jpg|Resort Khakusy File:Resort_Khakusy,_Buryatia_(2).jpg|Camping File:Resort_Khakusy,_Buryatia_(3).jpg|Playground for children File:Resort_Khakusy,_Buryatia_(4).jpg|Therapeutic bath and gazebo File:Resort_Khakusy,_Buryatia_(5).jpg|The sculptural composition of wood File:Resort_Khakusy,_Buryatia_(6).jpg|On the shore of Lake Baikal File:Поляна_с_лечебными_бассейнами.jpg|Glade with therapeutic pools </gallery> == Tushen == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161206181926/http://akuaku.ru/dostoprimechatelnosti/goriachie-istochniki-hakusy Tushen zafi na Hakus] * [https://travel.biletyplus.ru/plyazhi/226-lechebnyj-kurort-hakusy-burjatija/ Gidan magani na Hacuza (Buritia)] * * nxhrd54tak1vasj00d1cxx68let4s1a Ilimin ƙasa ɗaya 0 170833 962214 934368 2026-10-03T07:49:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962214 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles>  OneGeology wani aikin hadin gwiwa ne na kasa da kasa a fannin [[Ilmin duwatsu|ilimin ƙasa]] wanda kasashe 118 ke tallafawa, [[UNESCO]], da Manyan hukumomin kimiyyar ƙasa na duniya. Shirin shekara ne na duniya na duniya wanda ke da niyyar ba da damar samun dama ta kan layi ga taswirar yanayin ƙasa ta duniya ga kowa da kowa. Aikin yana amfani da harshen alama na GeoSciML kuma da farko yana da niyya kusan miliyan 1: 1. Amfani da ƙasa na iya zama don gano wuraren da suka dace da hakar ma'adinai, Binciken mai da iskar gas ko wuraren da ke cikin haɗari daga [[Zaftarewar ƙasa|rushewar ƙasa]] ko girgizar ƙasa, don taimakawa fahimtar tsarin da ke adana ruwan ƙasa don sha ko ban ruwa, da kuma taimakawa wajen gano duwatsu masu laushi da suka dace don binne hayaki na iskar gas. An ƙaddamar da tashar aikin a ranar 6 ga Agusta, 2008, a 33rd International Geological Congress (IGC) a [[Oslo]], [[Norway]]. == Dubi kuma == * Tsarin yanayin ƙasa == Manazarta == * {{Cite web |last=Alister Doyle |date=2008-08-08 |title=New planet geology map seen aiding mining, climate |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSL6448671 |access-date=2008-08-08 |publisher=Reuters}} * {{Cite web |last=Marie Cowan |date=2008-07-31 |title=OneGeology Press Release |url=http://www.alphagalileo.org/nontextfiles/OneGeology_Press_Release_ENGLISH.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911135410/http://www.alphagalileo.org/nontextfiles/OneGeology_Press_Release_ENGLISH.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2008 |access-date=2008-08-08 |publisher=British Geological Survey}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://web.archive.org/web/20260913201844/https://onegeology.org/ Gidan yanar gizon OneGeology: OneGeology.org] - "Yin Bayanan Taswirar Yanayi don Duniya Mai Samun Halitta". 6wz3h2ivnmv75l7lj872xgryvlqyz1p Gidan shakatawa na Govind Pashu Vihar 0 170976 961909 934759 2026-10-02T15:52:24Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961909 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Govind Pashu Vihar National Park and Wildlife Sanctuary''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na ƙasa da ke Supin Range, kusa da garin Uttarkashi a gundumar da [[Uttarakhand|jiha]] mai suna iri ɗaya a [[Indiya]] . An kafa ta ne da farko a matsayin wurin ajiye namun daji a shekarar 1955, kuma daga baya aka mayar da ita wurin shakatawa na ƙasa. <ref name="Sanctuaries">{{Cite web |title=Govind Pashu Vihar Wildlife Sanctuary in Uttarakhand |url=http://www.sanctuariesindia.com/govind-pashu-vihar-wildlife-sanctuary/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222103316/http://www.sanctuariesindia.com/govind-pashu-vihar-wildlife-sanctuary/ |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=12 November 2015 |publisher=Sanctuaries-India}}</ref> An sanya mata suna ne bayan fitaccen ɗan gwagwarmayar 'yancin Indiya kuma ɗan siyasa Govind Ballabh Pant, wanda ya zama Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida a shekarar 1955 kuma ana yaba masa da kafa [[Harshen Hindu|harshen Hindi]] a matsayin harshen hukuma na Indiya. An kafa wurin shakatawa a ranar 1 ga Maris 1955, kuma yana cikin gundumar Uttarkashi a [[Jihohi a Tarayyar Indiya|jihar]] [[Uttarakhand]] ta Indiya. Wurin shakatawa yana cikin mafi tsayin tsaunukan Garhwal Himalayas . Jimillar fadin wurin shakatawa na Govind Pashu Vihar da wurin ajiye namun daji ya kai {{Convert|958|km2}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Minutes of the 18th Meeting of the Standing Committee of National Board for Wildlife (NBWL) held on 12th April, 2010 in 403, Paryavaran Bhavan, CGO Complex, Lodi Road, New Delhi-110003 |url=http://moef.nic.in/divisions/wildlife/18MoM_WL.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120513111141/http://moef.nic.in/divisions/wildlife/18MoM_WL.pdf |archive-date=13 May 2012 |publisher=India Ministry of Environment and Forests Wildlife Division}}</ref> Ana gudanar da aikin Snow Dam da Gwamnatin Indiya ta fara a wannan wurin ibada. Haka kuma, yana ɗaya daga cikin sauran wuraren da suka rage a cikin tsaunukan Himalayas na ungulu mai gemu, wani muhimmin abin ƙarfafa muhalli. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Govind Pashu Vihar - Trekking &#124; Backpacking &#124; Camping &#124; Hiking &#124; Outdoors &#124; Wildlife |url=http://intowild.webs.com/govindpashuvihar.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023083059/http://intowild.webs.com/govindpashuvihar.htm |archive-date=23 October 2012 |access-date=2012-07-25 |publisher=Intowild.webs.com}}</ref> == Wurin shakatawa da kuma yadda ake gudanar da shi == Tsayin wurin shakatawar ya kama daga {{Convert|1400|to|6323|m|ft}} sama da matakin teku. A cikin wurin shakatawa akwai kwarin Har Ki Doon wanda aka san shi da yin tafiya a hankali, yayin da tafkin Ruinsiyara mai tsayi shi ma ya shahara a matsayin wurin yawon bude ido. Gidan Hutu na Dajin Har-ki-dun an san shi da wurin da yake a tsakiyar kwarin furanni na daji. Gidajen hutawa na dazuzzuka na Naitwar, Taluka da Osla suna kan hanyarsu ta zuwa Hari-ki-dun <ref>{{Cite web |title=Taluka Village - Road Head of Har Ki Doon Trek - Travel Guide |url=https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/taluka-village.php |access-date=2026-09-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240527130432/https://www.euttaranchal.com/tourism/taluka-village.php |archive-date=2024-05-27 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kuma suna jan hankalin masu yawon bude ido da yawa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wildlife eco-tourism in Uttrakhand |url=http://www.uttarakhandforest.org/Data/SC_WildlifeEco-tourism.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091123040254/http://www.uttarakhandforest.org/Data/SC_WildlifeEco-tourism.pdf |archive-date=2009-11-23 |publisher=Forest Department, Uttarakhand, India}}</ref> Garin da ya fi kusa da wurin shakatawa shine [[Dharkarhi]], {{Convert|17|km}} daga wurin shakatawa. Filin jirgin sama da tashar jirgin ƙasa mafi kusa suna cikin [[Dehradun|Dehradun,]] nesa da {{Convert|190|km}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Wild life National Park of Uttranchal |url=http://www.webindia123.com/wildlife/parks/uttaranchal.htm |access-date=2012-07-25 |publisher=Webindia123.com}}</ref> Mutane da yawa suna zuwa [[Indiya]] don yin tafiya ko kuma su ga namun daji. Gwamnatocin jihohi suna da hannu wajen kula da wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa da wuraren adana namun daji, kuma suna iya sanya muradun masu yawon buɗe ido, da kuɗin da suke kawowa jihar, a gaban muradun 'yan asalin ƙasar da ke zaune a cikin iyakokin wuraren shakatawa. Kafin samun 'yancin kai, [[Daular Biritaniya|Turawan Birtaniya]] sun mallaki wannan yanki don haƙo katako, gina hanyoyi da kuma samar da gidajen hutawa na daji. Bayan samun 'yancin kai, ma'aikatar gandun daji ta jiha ta ɗauki wannan matsayi, ƙa'idoji sun ƙaru kuma an rage fitar da katako. Wasu sassan sun shiga cikin lamarin, an gina titin mota zuwa [[Naitwar]], an gina makarantu, gine-ginen gudanarwa da ƙaramin asibiti, an iso daga [[Nepal]] da wasu wurare kuma an kafa shaguna, shaguna da gidajen cin abinci. Zuwa shekarar 1988, an tsawaita hanyar zuwa {{Convert|20|km|mi|0}} a cikin wurin shakatawa zuwa Sankri kuma baƙi 300 sun isa a wannan shekarar. An ƙara faɗaɗa hanyar kuma a shekarar 1990, sama da masu yawon buɗe ido dubu ɗaya, galibi 'yan Indiya, sun ziyarci. A wannan lokacin, ma'aikatun gwamnati da dama sun shiga cikin lamarin. Sashen namun daji na sashen gandun daji yana son kiyaye namun daji, ware masu yawon bude ido da mutanen yankin daga wasu yankuna, da kuma tara duk wani kuɗi da suka tara don kula da wurin shakatawa. Sashen yawon buɗe ido yana son ƙarfafa buɗe yankin, gina sabbin hanyoyi da masaukin baƙi, kuma ba ya sha'awar ci gaban zamantakewa na mazauna wurin shakatawa na dindindin. Tun daga lokacin yawon shakatawa na muhalli ya ƙara faɗaɗa, kuma masu yawon buɗe ido daga dukkan sassan duniya yanzu suna ziyartar wurin shakatawa. <ref name="Peak">{{Cite web |title=Govind Wildlife Sanctuary |url=http://www.trekkingingarhwal.com/govind-wildlife-sanctuary.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222093922/http://www.trekkingingarhwal.com/govind-wildlife-sanctuary.html |archive-date=22 December 2015 |access-date=10 November 2015 |website=Trekking in Garhwal |publisher=Peak Adventure}}</ref> == Flora == Wurin ajiye kayan tarihi ya ƙunshi [[Gandun daji na yammacin Himalayan|dazuzzukan ganyen yamma na Himalayas]] a mafi ƙasƙancin tsaunukansa, suna komawa zuwa dazuzzukan conifer na yamma na Himalayas da kuma [[Yammacin Himalayan alpine shrubs da ciyawa|bishiyoyin tsaunukan yamma na Himalayas da ciyayi]] a mafi tsayin tsaunukansa. Bishiyoyin da ke ƙasan wurin ibadar sun haɗa da itacen pine, itacen cedar deodar, itacen oak da sauran nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu laushi . A tsayin sama da {{Convert|2600|m|ft|-2}}, nau'ikan da aka fi sani sun haɗa da conifers kamar shuɗin Pine, azurfa fir, spruce, yew, da nau'ikan da ke da ganye kamar itacen oak, maple, gyada, horse chestnut, hazel da rhododendron . <ref name="Sanctuaries" /> == Fauna == Akwai nau'ikan dabbobi masu shayarwa kusan goma sha biyar a wurin ibadar, haka kuma akwai nau'ikan tsuntsaye kusan ɗari da hamsin. <ref name="Peak" /> Wannan shine wurin da Gwamnatin Indiya ta ƙaddamar da [[Snow Leopard Project|Aikin Snow Dam]] daga nan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Project Snow Leopard: Himachal Pradesh Forest Department |url=https://hpforest.nic.in/pages/display/NTRzZGZhiHZhNTZzZA==-project-snow-leopard}}</ref> Wannan aikin yana da nufin samar da matakan kiyayewa na musamman don kare damisar dusar ƙanƙara . Wannan mafarauci da ke fuskantar barazanar lalacewa yana fuskantar barazanar raguwar dabbobin daji da za su ci namansa, ta hanyar farautarsa don samun fatarsa da sassan jikinsa, da kuma ta hanyar kashe shi da manoma ke yi don kare dabbobinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Baskin, Carole |date=11 July 2006 |title=Snow Leopard Project |url=http://bigcatrescue.org/snow-leopard-project/ |access-date=10 November 2015 |publisher=BigCat Rescue}}</ref> Sauran dabbobi masu shayarwa da ake samu a wurin ibadar sun haɗa da beyar baƙar fata ta Asiya, beyar mai launin ruwan kasa, [[damisa]] ta gama gari, barewar musk, bharal, tahr ta Himalayan da serow . <ref name="Peak" /> Ƙananan dabbobi masu shayarwa sun haɗa da porcupine na Indiya, otter na Turai, goral, civet, [[bushiya]], bera na filin Himalayan, babban ɗan kurege mai tashi na Hodgson, alade na daji, civet na dabino mai rufe fuska da kuma vole na dutsen Sikkim . <ref name="WWA">{{Cite web |title=Govind Pashu Vihar: User reviewed profile of Govind Pashu Vihar, Uttarakhand, India |url=http://www.world-wildlife-adventures.com/directory/india/wildlife-park.asp?sanctuary=Govind+Pashu+Vihar&state=Uttarakhand |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130327022340/http://www.world-wildlife-adventures.com/directory/india/wildlife-park.asp?sanctuary=Govind+Pashu+Vihar&state=Uttarakhand |archive-date=27 March 2013 |access-date=2012-07-25 |publisher=World Wildlife Adventures}}</ref> Tsuntsayen da ake samu a nan sun haɗa da nau'ikan halittu da dama da ke fuskantar barazanar ɓacewa kamar gaggafa mai launin zinare, gaggafa mai tsayi da gaggafa baƙi, ungulu mai gemu, dusar ƙanƙara ta Himalaya, pheasant mai launin Himalaya, pheasant mai launin cheer da tragopan ta yamma . Ƙananan tsuntsaye sun haɗa da mujiya, tattabaru, ƙananan tsuntsaye, thrushes, warblers, bulbuls, parakeets, cuckoos, nonuwa, buntings da finches . <ref name="Peak" /> <ref name="WWA" /> == Manazarta == 42d4q54addp1n7dqdhxf0zwr630a16o HerpMapper 0 170988 962114 954913 2026-10-03T02:32:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962114 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Message box/ambox.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles>{{Infobox website|url={{URL|http://www.herpmapper.org}}}}'''HerpMapper''' wani aikin kimiyya ne na hadin gwiwa wanda aka tsara don tattara da raba bayanai game da abubuwan da ke cikin dabbobi masu rarrafe da amphibian (herp) a duk faɗin duniya.<ref name="tncblog">{{Cite web |date=22 March 2016 |title=Record Your Reptile & Amphibian Sightings for Conservation |url=http://blog.nature.org/science/2016/03/22/record-your-reptile-amphibian-sightings-for-conservation// |access-date=14 May 2016 |archive-date=3 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160403221644/http://blog.nature.org/science/2016/03/22/record-your-reptile-amphibian-sightings-for-conservation/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> Masu ba da gudummawa suna ƙirƙirar rikodin abubuwan da suka lura a kan layi ko ta hanyar aikace-aikacen wayar hannu. <ref name="onlineinstructs">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2014 |title=Instructions |url=http://www.herpmapper.org/help |access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref> <ref name="googleapp">{{Cite web |date=17 December 2014 |title=Mobile Mapper application (Google Play) |url=https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.herpmapper.MobileMapper |access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="appleapp">{{Cite web |date=11 July 2014 |title=Mobile Mapper application (iTunes Store) |url=https://apps.apple.com/us/app/mobile-mapper/id670772103 |access-date=22 December 2014 |website=[[iTunes]]}}</ref><ref name="windowsapp">{{Cite web |date=2 February 2016 |title=Mobile Mapper application (Windows Store) |url=https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/store/apps/mobile-mapper/9nblggh0mk0g |access-date=2 February 2016 |website=[[Microsoft]]}}</ref> Ana samun bayanai ga Abokan HerpMapper - kungiyoyin da ke amfani da abubuwan da ka gani don [[bincike]], [[Ilimin halittu na kiyayewa|kiyayewa]], da dalilai na [[Kare yanayi|adanawa]].<ref name="partners">{{Cite web |date=22 December 2014 |title=Partners |url=http://www.herpmapper.org/partners |access-date=22 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="monitoring1">{{Cite web |date=1 March 2016 |title=Twin Cities Turtle Crossing Tally and Count |url=http://www.herpmapper.org/content/pdf/mn-turtles-and-roads-project.pdf |access-date=14 May 2016}}</ref><ref name="monitoring2">{{Cite web |date=5 July 2014 |title=Helping turtles across the street |url=http://www.startribune.com/local/east/265922831.html |access-date=27 December 2014 |website=[[Star Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202134916/http://www.startribune.com/local/east/265922831.html |archive-date=2 February 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="monitoring3">{{Cite web |date=November 2014 |title=WCD - Conservation Connections |url=http://static.squarespace.com/static/5201a163e4b01f15d7f763c6/t/547dcad3e4b0f4bc27e09489/1417530067326/WCD+News_Final_11-2014.pdf |access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> Bugu da kari, ana amfani da aikace-aikacen wayar hannu na HerpMapper ta wasu ayyukan atlas na herpetological da yawa, da kuma Shirin namun daji na Minnesota Nongame.<ref name="HERP">{{Cite web |title=H.E.R.P. |url=http://www.naherp.com/ |access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="MIHerpAtlas">{{Cite web |title=Michigan Herp Atlas |url=http://www.miherpatlas.org/ |access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="PAHerpAtlas">{{Cite web |title=Pennsylvania Amphibian and Reptile Survey |url=http://www.paherpsurvey.org/ |access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref><ref name="MNNWP">{{Cite web |title=Minnesota Nongame Wildlife Program |url=http://www.mndnr.gov/nongame |access-date=27 December 2014}}</ref> Babban burin HerpMapper shine raba bayanai tare da kungiyoyin kiyayewa da bincike don kiyaye herpetofauna a duniya. Saboda wannan, HerpMapper ba ya raba bayanan wuri a fili saboda yawan tattarawa da damuwa game da farauta. Wannan ya sa HerpMapper ya bambanta da sauran ayyukan kimiyya na ɗan ƙasa. == Tarihi == An ƙaddamar da HerpMapper.org a hukumance a watan Satumbar 2013. A halin yanzu kungiya ce mai sa kai ta masu sana'a, masana IT, da masu kiwon dabbobi masu shekaru da yawa. HerpMapper kungiya ce mai rijista ta 501 (c) (3) mai zaman kanta. == Tsarin ƙungiya == Kungiyar Ba da Shawara ta HerpMapper ta haɗa da ma'aikatan ƙungiyar da ba su da riba, masana kimiyyar hal[[Fasahar bayanai|IT]] na hukumomin jihar, ma'aikatan jami'a, masu sana'a na IT, da masu kiwon dabbobi. == Samun bayanai == Ana ba da bayanai kyauta ga ƙungiyoyin kiyayewa da bincike masu sana'a. Ana samun bayanai ta hanyar samun damar kan layi na ainihi ko ta hanyar canja wurin bayanai na lokaci guda. == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * {{Official website|http://www.herpmapper.org}} 7t1urvvk8qptbsucqyqp5sdcy2h8r6l Human rights in Romania 0 171120 961988 935474 2026-10-02T18:40:15Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Manazarta */ 961988 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Romania ta kasance ta 59 cikin ƙasashe 167 a cikin Fihirisar Dimokuraɗiyya ta Shekaran 2015 kuma ana siffanta ta da "dimokuraɗiyya mai lahani", kamar sauran ƙasashe a Tsakiyar Turai ko Gabashin Turai . ==Manazarta== 9lj46a0hdcj7acf4u4xffm4aqa3sc41 Herbert Belter 0 171152 962113 935625 2026-10-03T02:24:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962113 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Databox}} '''Herbert Belter''' (21 ga Disamba, 1929 - 28 ga Afrilu, 1951) ya kasance mai fafutukar adawa a Gabashin Jamus . An kashe shi ne saboda ayyukansa a cikin abin da ake kira "Belter Group", wanda aka sanya masa suna. == Rayuwa da ilimi == Tsakanin 1936 da 1945, Herbert Belter ya halarci makarantar sakandare a Rostock . Muradinsa na kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare da farko ya hana shi ta hanyar rikici bayan yakin. Daga Oktoba 1946 zuwa 1948, Belter a maimakon haka ya ɗauki aikin koyo a matsayin magatakarda na kasuwanci a makarantar kasuwanci a Rostock. A wannan lokacin, ya kuma yi aiki ga hukumomin tashar jiragen ruwa na Rostock a Rostock kuma ya dauki darussan makaranta na yamma. Bayan ya sami difloma na makarantar sakandare daga makarantar maraice a watan Yulin 1949, ya nemi a [[Jami'ar Leipzig]]. Ya shiga matsayin dalibi na Tattalin Arziki da Kimiyya ta Jama'a a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1949. <ref name="unijournal">{{Cite web |title="Ich habe mich illegal betätigt" Universitätsjournal 7/99, Universität Leipzig (German) |url=https://service.uni-leipzig.de/cumulus-uni-journal/#1368651720957_7 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717081955/https://service.uni-leipzig.de/cumulus-uni-journal/#1368651720957_7 |archive-date=2015-07-17 |access-date=2013-05-15}}</ref> == Tsayayyar siyasa da kisa == A jami'ar, Belter ya ci gaba da shaida cin zarafin siyasa da kuma tilasta wa cibiyoyin jami'ar. Duk da gargadi da aka yi masa ta hanyar kama daliban dimokuradiyya, rushewar majalisar dalibai da kuma ɗaure shugabanta Wolfgang Natonek a 1948, Belter ya yanke shawarar ɗaukar aikin adawa. Ya tara wani rukuni na dalibai RAS tunani iri ɗaya a kusa da shi kuma ya fara ba da bayani game da halin da ake ciki a Gabashin Jamus ga RIAS. Ya kuma fara rarraba takardu a jami'ar don magance ikon mallakar bayanai na SED. A lokacin "zaɓe" na farko na Majalisar Jama'a, ƙungiyar ta rarraba takardu waɗanda suka yi kira ga zaɓen kyauta a cikin birnin [[Leipzig]]. A kan hanyarsa ta dawo gida, 'yan sanda sun kama Herbert Belter. Binciken gida na gaba ya kawo ƙarin takardu da rubuce-rubuce da kuma bayani game da abokan Belter. 'Yan sanda sun mika mambobin kungiyar Belter ga MGB. An tura fursunonin zuwa [[Moscow]] kuma an gurfanar da su a gaban shari'a a cikin sirri. A ranar 20 ga Janairu, 1951, an yanke wa Herbert Belter hukuncin kisa a matsayin shugaban kungiyar. An yanke wa abokan aikinsa tara hukuncin shekaru 25 na aiki mai tsanani. A lokacin shari'ar, Belter ya yarda da zarge-zargen da aka yi masa: "Na yi ba bisa ka'ida ba saboda ban gamsu da halin da ake ciki a Jami'ar Leipzig ba. Ba mu da [[Yancin Tunani|'yancin tunani]],' [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da' [[Hakkin samun 'yan jarida kyauta|'yancin yada labarai]]. "<ref name="unijournal" /> An kashe Herbert Belter a ranar 28 ga Afrilu, 1951, ba tare da jama'a ba. Shari'ar da kisa sun kasance sirri har sai an sake gina abubuwan da suka faru bayan bude tarihin Rasha a cikin 1990. Kotun shari'a ta Rasha ta sake farfado da Belter a ranar 23 ga Mayu, 1994. An ƙone jikin Belter kuma an jefa tokarsa a cikin kabari a Kabari na Donskoi. == Ƙarin karantawa == * Jörg Rudolph, Frank Drauschke, Alexander Sachse; Hingerichtet in Moskau : Opfer des Stalinismus aus Sachsen 1950-1953; Leipzig 2007; {{ISBN|978-3-374-02450-6}} (German) * Jens Blecher, Gerald Wiemers (Hrsg.); Studentischer Widerstand an den mitteldeutschen Universitäten 1945 bis 1955; Leipziger Universitäts Verlag 2005 (German) * Short biography of: [https://web.archive.org/web/20190728170355/https://www.bundesstiftung-aufarbeitung.de/wer-war-wer-in-der-ddr-%252363;-1424.html?ID=196 Belter, Herbert]. In: Wer war wer in der DDR? 5th edition. Volume 1. Ch. Links, Berlin 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-86153-561-4}}. (German) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1929]] gu9zd2508zp4gnqi8kgudxwpyue5v4l George N. Leighton 0 171229 961869 935934 2026-10-02T12:49:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961869 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''George Neves Leighton''' (an haife shi '''George Neves Leitão'''; 22 ga Oktoba, 1912 - 6 ga Yuni, 2018) ya kasance alƙali ne na Amurka wanda ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali na gundumar Amurka na Kotun Gundumar Amurka ta Arewacin Illinois . <ref name="aareg">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=George Leighton became U.S. District Court Judge |url=http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/george-leighton-became-us-district-court-judge |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121024013127/http://www.aaregistry.org/historic_events/view/george-leighton-became-us-district-court-judge |archive-date=2012-10-24 |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=African American Registry}}</ref> An san shi da ɗaukar shari'o'in da suka shafi gidaje, jefa kuri'a, da sabis na juriya, musamman idan waɗannan shari'oʼin sun shafi kai tsaye ta hanyar rashin adalci, musamman wariyar launin fata.<ref name="isba">{{Cite web |last=Swanson Jr. |first=Alfred M. |date=n.d. |title=A life in the law: George N. Leighton, 1912-2018 |url=https://www.isba.org/sections/bench/newsletter/2018/06/alifeinthelawgeorgenleighton1912201 |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=Illinois State Bar Association}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi George Neves Leitão da tagwayensa Georgina a New Bedford, [[Massachusetts]] a ranar 22 ga Oktoba, 1912, ga Ana Silva Garcia da António Neves Leitao, baƙi daga [[Cape Verde]]">Brava, Cape Verde.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fitzpatrick |first=Collins T. |date=2007 |title=The oral history of George Neves Leighton, retired District Court Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Illinois |url=https://www.lb7.uscourts.gov/OralHistories/Oral%20%20History%20of%20George%20Neves%20Leightion.pdf |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=Library of the U.S. Courts of the Senate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211115063857/https://www.lb7.uscourts.gov/OralHistories/Oral%20%20History%20of%20George%20Neves%20Leightion.pdf |archive-date=2021-11-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Blackpast">{{Cite web |last=Burgo |first=Barbara |date=2018-07-04 |title=GEORGE NEVES LEIGHTON (1912–2018) |url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/leighton-george-neves-1912-2018/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=Black Past}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=January 11, 2009 |title=Juiz de origem cabo-verdiana homenageado nos EUA |url=http://asemana.sapo.cv/spip.php?article38270 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718163524/http://asemana.sapo.cv/spip.php?article38270 |archive-date=July 18, 2011 |access-date=March 4, 2009 |publisher=[[A Semana]] online |language=pt}}</ref> A gida, iyalin suna magana da Crioulo . <ref name="magazine">{{Cite web |last=Robert |first=Amanda |date=2010-07-02 |title=Profile: 'The most remarkable lawyer or judge that I've ever met' |url=https://www.chicagolawyermagazine.com/elements/pages/print.aspx?printpath=/Archives/2010/07/01/profile-07-2010&classname=tera.gn3article |access-date=2021-11-13 |publisher=Chicago Lawyer Magazine}}</ref> An sanya sunansa zuwa "Leighton" bayan wani malami ya yi iƙirarin cewa ba za ta iya furta sunansa na karshe "Leitão" ba.<ref name="aareg" />Leighton ya bar makaranta bayan aji na shida don yin aiki tare da mahaifinsa yana karɓar cranberries, strawberries, da blueberries.<ref name="Blackpast" /><ref name="pollard">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=A Biographical Sketch of George N. Leighton |url=https://www.jonathanpollard.org/2001/100501c.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211018110122/https://www.jonathanpollard.org/2001/100501c.htm |archive-date=2021-10-18 |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=Jonathan Pollard}}</ref> Ya kuma yi aiki a kan tankar mai wanda ya tashi daga Fall River, Massachusetts zuwa Aruba.<ref name="pollard" /> Ya karanta sosai a duk lokacin da yake yaro kuma ya fara halartar makarantar dare ta hanyar Gudanar da Ayyuka tun daga 1934 don biyan bashin difloma.<ref name="pollard" /><ref name="remembering">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-27 |title=Remembering Judge George Leighton |url=https://www.congress.gov/crec/2018/06/27/modified/CREC-2018-06-27-pt1-PgS4500.htm |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=Congress}}</ref> == Ilimi da soja == A shekara ta 1936, Leighton ya lashe $ 200 daga Asusun Gudanar da Nazarin Tunawa da Cape Verdean kuma ya nemi [[Jami'ar Howard]]. <ref name="pollard" /><ref name="magazine" /> Da farko an ƙi shi, amma F.D. Wilkinson, mai rajistar makarantar, ya amince ya bar shi ya shiga matsayin dalibi mara digiri, kuma idan zai iya tabbatar da cewa zai iya cin nasara ba tare da karatun sakandare ba, jami'ar za ta canza matsayinsa zuwa neman digiri. <ref name="pollard" /> Don ƙara rikitar da al'amuran, Leighton ya tuna da rashin fahimta game da harshen Ingilishi kafin ya halarci Howard.<ref name="Blackpast" /> Duk da wannan, ya sanya Dean's List a lokacin semester dinsa na farko kuma an sanya shi dan takara don digiri.<ref name="magazine" /><ref name="remembering" /> Ya kasance a cikin Dean's List kowane semester har sai da ya kammala ''Magna cum laude'' tare da bachelor's a tarihi a 1940. <ref name="magazine" /> <ref name="Blackpast" /><ref name="isba" /> Yayinda yake a Howard, daya daga cikin 'yan uwansa Kappa Alpha Psi ya ba da shawarar shi ga matsayin Mataimakin Dean of Men, wanda ya ba shi gidaje da karatu kyauta.<ref name="chess">{{Cite web |last=Shabazz |first=Daaim |date=2018-08-14 |title=Judge George Leighton, chess veteran, passes at 105 |url=https://www.thechessdrum.net/blog/2018/08/14/judge-george-leighton-chess-veteran-passes-at-105/ |access-date=2021-11-13 |publisher=The Chess Drum}}</ref> An kuma shigar da shi cikin Phi Beta Kappa kuma ya sami kwamiti daga AROTC na Howard.<ref name="remembering" /><ref name="chess" /><ref name="Blackpast" /><ref name="neal">{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=George N. Leighton |url=https://www.nealandleroy.com/george-n-leighton |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=Neal & Leroy}}</ref> James McCauley Landis, Dean na Harvard Law School, ya ba shi tallafin karatu na shekara ta farko kuma ya shigar da shi.<ref name="pollard" /> Yaƙin Duniya na II ya fara ne a shekara ta biyu kuma an tura shi Fort Benning a [[Georgia (Tarayyar Amurka)|Georgia]] a watan Maris na shekara ta 1942. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Silvia |first=Michael |date=2021-06-28 |title=Fort Taber Flag to honor Judge George N. Leighton WWII Veteran and Fierce Civil Rights Advocate |url=https://www.newbedfordguide.com/fort-taber-flag-to-honor-judge-george-n-leighton-wwii-veteran-and-fierce-civil-rights-advocate/2021/06/28 |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=New Bedford Guide}}</ref> A ƙarshen asali, an tura shi zuwa Fort Huachuca a [[Arizona]] kafin ya tashi zuwa Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Pacific a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar sojan ƙasa ta 93 .<ref name="neal" /><ref name="nyt">{{Cite web |last=Smith |first=Mitch |date=2018-06-15 |title=George N. Leighton, Lawyer Who Fought Segregation, Dies at 105 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/15/obituaries/george-leighton-dies-chicago.html |access-date=2021-11-12 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> Ya zama kyaftin din soja kuma ya sami lambar yabo ta Bronze Star, lambar yabo ta Distinguished Service, da Asiatic Pacific Service Metal, da kuma Combat Infantry Badge don hidimarsa.<ref name="chess" /><ref name="neal" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Warden |first=Rob |date=2018-06-11 |title=Remembering an icon, and longing to make America great again |url=https://www.injusticewatch.org/commentary/2018/remembering-an-icon-and-longing-to-make-america-great-again/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=Injustice Watch}}</ref> Bayan yakin ya ƙare a 1945, ya koma Makarantar Shari'a kuma ya sami LL.B. digiri a shekara mai zuwa. <ref name="Blackpast" /><ref name="pollard" /> == Ayyukan lauya == Ya wuce Massachusetts Bar a 1946; sannan, ya burge cewa an zabi dan majalisa na Black William Dawson a matsayin mukamin gwamnati, ya koma [[Chicago]] kuma ya wuce Illinois Bar a 1947.<ref name="isba" /><ref name="Blackpast" /> Shekaru na farko a matsayin lauya an yi amfani da su a cikin aikin sirri, gami da Christopher C. Wimbish . <ref name="bostonva">{{Cite web |date=2017-10-20 |title=WWII Veteran Turns 105 at VA Boston's CLC |url=https://www.boston.va.gov/features/WWII_Veteran_Turns_105_at_VA_Boston_s_CLC.asp |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=Bsoston VA}}</ref> Daga 1947 zuwa 1952, ya kasance shugaban kungiyar Democrat ta Uku; sannan aka zabe shi Mataimakin Babban Lauyan Jiha Illinois a shekarar 1949.<ref name="historymakers">{{Cite web |date=2002-05-30 |title=The Honorable George N. Leighton |url=https://www.thehistorymakers.org/biography/honorable-george-n-leighton |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=The History Makers}}</ref> Ya yi wa'adi biyu kuma ya bar a 1951 don ya kafa Moore, Ming, da Leighton (daga baya McCoy, Ming, and Leighton), ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin lauyoyin baƙar fata a Amurka.<ref name="pollard" /><ref name="Blackpast" /><ref name="chess" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=n.d. |title=George Leighton, District Court Judge born |url=https://aaregistry.org/story/george-leighton-district-court-judge-born/ |access-date=2021-11-12 |publisher=African American Registry}}</ref> Har yanzu Chicago tana da bambanci sosai a wannan lokacin kuma bai iya hayar ofis daga wani farar fata ba, don haka ya koma Kudancin Side kuma ya yi aiki a kusa da Comiskey Park. <ref name="isba" /> <ref name="remembering" /> Yawancin abokan cinikinsa sun kasance matalauta sosai don biyan ayyukansa, don haka sau da yawa yana aiki kyauta, kuma lokacin da aka biya shi, yawanci yana tsakanin $ 50 da $ 100. <ref name="isba" /> <ref name="magazine" /> A shekara ta 1964, Magajin garin Chicago Richard J. Daley ya nemi Leighton ya tsaya takarar alƙali na Kotun Da'ira; an zabe shi a shekara ta 1964 kuma ya ci nasara da raguwa duk da cewa shi kadai ne baƙar fata a kan tikitin Democrat na mutum 18.[1][2][3] Ya fara koyarwa a Makarantar Shari'a ta John Marshall a shekara mai zuwa; daga baya ya shiga cikin shawo kan Ƙungiyar Lauyoyi ta Amurka don ci gaba da ba da izini ga shirye-shiryen shari'a na maraice.[1][4][3] A shekara ta 1969, Walter V. Schaefer, Babban Alkalin Kotun Koli ta Illinois, ya nemi Leighton ya karɓi aiki a Kotun daukaka kara ta Illinois a Gundumar Farko ta Illinois.[3] Ya yarda kuma ya yi aiki a wannan rawar na tsawon shekaru 11. [2] [3][4] Shi ne baƙar fata na farko da aka nada a wannan mukamin.[5][2][6] A shekara ta 1975, an sake tuntubarsa don samun ci gaba.[6] Charles H. Percy, Sanata na Jamhuriyar Republican a Illinois, ya ba da shawarar Leighton ga Shugaba Gerald Ford a matsayin alƙalin Kotun Gundumar Amurka.[5][2][6][7] An rantsar da Leighton a gaban Majalisar Dattijai mai sarrafawa na Jamhuriyar Republican kuma ya rike mukamin har zuwa 1987, lokacin da matarsa Virginia ta yi rashin lafiya kuma ya sauka daga benci.[3][8][6] An sanya shi Babban Alkalin a shekarar da ta gabata.[9] Ya zama mai ba da shawara ga Neal & Associates (yanzu Neal & Leroy), wani kamfani mai mallakar 'yan tsiraru, don samun isasshen kuɗi don kula da lafiyar Virginia da ke kusa da rana kuma kawai ya bar aikin a 2011 yana da shekaru 99.[6][7][5][8] Leighton sau da yawa yakan yi tafiya zuwa Kudu don samar da shawara ta shari'a, musamman kan batutuwan kare hakkin bil'adama.<ref name="ct">{{Cite web |last=O'Connell |first=Patrick M. |last2=Olumhense |first2=Ese |date=2018-06-07 |title=George Leighton, criminal courthouse namesake, recalled as inspiration for generations: 'His work is enduring' |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/obituaries/ct-met-george-leighton-dies-20180606-story.html |access-date=2021-11-13 |publisher=Chicago Tribune}}</ref> Ya yi amfani da kafadu tare da sanannun masu sana'a na Black; ya jagoranci lauyoyi da yawa na Chicago ciki har da [[Barack Obama]] kuma a wani lokaci yana da [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] a matsayin abokin ciniki.<ref name="Blackpast" /><ref name="chess" /><ref name="isba" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2018]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1912]] 9dpdn89di6y283vpo1bh01191cu8wza Jackson, Mississippi, rikicin ruwa 0 171453 962272 936787 2026-10-03T10:05:22Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962272 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rubutu mai gwaɓi''' [[Matsalar kiwon lafiya|Rikicin lafiyar jama'a]] a ciki da kewayen birnin Jackson, Mississippi, ya fara ne a ƙarshen watan Agusta 2022 bayan ambaliyar Kogin Pearl ta cika saboda guguwa mai tsanani a jihar. Ambaliyar ta haifar da O. B. Curtis Water Treatment Plant, mafi girman wurin kula da ruwa a cikin birni, wanda ya riga ya gudana a kan famfo na ajiya saboda gazawar watan da ya gabata, don dakatar da maganin [[ruwan sha]] har abada. &nbsp;&nbsp;Wannan ya haifar da kusan mazauna 150,000 na birnin da aka bar ba tare da samun ruwan sha mai kyau ba. Gwamnan Mississippi Tate Reeves ya ba da dokar ta baci kuma Shugaban Amurka Joe Biden ya ayyana bala'in tarayya don haifar da taimakon tarayya. A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta ayyana ruwan lafiya don sha kuma Reeves ya janye dokar ta baci a ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba. Rikicin ya haifar da muhawara ta siyasa game da nuna bambanci na launin fata, watsi da ababen more rayuwa, da kuma sauya yawan jama'a. == Tarihi == === Tsarin ruwa na Jackson === Jackson ita ce birni mafi girma a jihar Mississippi ta Amurka. Tsarin ruwa ya haɗa da haɗin ruwa sama da 71,000 <ref name="EPAj">{{Cite web |date=July 26, 2022 |title=Jackson, MS Drinking Water |url=https://www.epa.gov/ms/jackson-ms-drinking-water |publisher=United States Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref> kuma yana samar da ruwa sama da kimanin murabba'in kilomita 150 na Yankin, gami da birnin Jackson, birnin Byram, wasu wurare daban-daban a cikin Hinds County, da kuma masana'antar mota kusa da Canton. Baya ga Jackson, tsarin sharar gida na gari yana aiki da sassan Hinds, Rankin da Madison counties. Tsarin yana jawo ruwa daga Ross Barnett Reservoir da Kogin Pearl. Ana kula da ruwan tafkin ta hanyar O. B. Curtis Water Treatment Plant, yayin da J.H. Fewell Water Treatement Plant ke kula da ruwan kogi. &nbsp;&nbsp;Har ila yau, birnin yana kula da rijiyoyin ruwa guda biyu don samarwa. Ana kula da sharar gida ta hanyar shuke-shuke guda uku.<ref name="pender">{{Cite web |last=Pender |first=Geoff |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Jackson water system, by the numbers |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2022/09/15/jackson-water-system-by-the-numbers/ |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=Mississippi Today |publisher=Nonprofit Mississippi News}}</ref> === Batutuwan kudi da matsalolin magani === Tsarin kula da ruwan sha na birnin yana da matsaloli shekaru da yawa kafin rikicin. A cikin shekara ta 2010, guguwar hunturu ta haifar da raguwar ruwa da yawa da kuma raguwa mai yawa. Asibitocin birni sun kara karfin rijiyar masu zaman kansu a matsayin martani ga wannan gaggawa, kuma a sakamakon rikicin rikicin watan Agusta 2022 manyan ayyukan kiwon lafiya sun sami damar ci gaba da aiki tare da ruwa mai gudana. A cikin shekara ta 2012, Jackson ya kasa binciken [[Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta Amurka]] (EPA) da ke aiwatar da ka'idojin Dokar Ruwa Mai Tsarki, wanda ya haifar da sasantawar Nuwamba 2012 da ke buƙatar cewa birnin ya inganta kulawa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 12, 2012 |title=City of Jackson - Mississippi Clean Water Act Settlement |url=https://www.epa.gov/enforcement/city-jackson-mississippi-clean-water-act-settlement |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date= |publisher=[[U.S. Environmental Protection Agency]]}}</ref> Kokarin da jami'an birni suka yi bayan guguwar 2010 don samun kudi don ingantawa ta hanyar batutuwan jingina da harajin tallace-tallace na gida an toshe su ko rage girman su ta hanyar jami'an jihar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2022 |title=Mississippi governor, who opposed water system repairs, blames Jackson for crisis |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/mississippi-governor-who-opposed-water-system-repairs-blames-jackson-for-crisis |access-date=October 2, 2022 |website=[[PBS NewsHour]] |publisher= |agency=Associated Press}}</ref> Wani ruwa mai yawa da aka ruwaito a cikin 2016 har yanzu ba a gyara shi ba a cikin 2023 yana fitar da ruwa a cikin rami tare da filin golf. A watan Fabrairun 2021, guguwar hunturu ta rufe O. B. Curtis Water Treatment Plant, ta bar mazauna ba tare da ruwa ba har wata daya. &nbsp;&nbsp;Shugabannin birni sun nemi jihar ta ba da dala miliyan 47 don gyaran shara, amma sun sami dala miliyan 3 kawai. &nbsp;&nbsp;Birnin da EPA sun amince da shirin gyara a watan Yulin 2021, amma kayan aikin ruwa na birnin sun ci gaba da lalacewa. Mazauna sun koka game da karancin matsin ruwa da datti da ke iyo a kan tituna. Birnin ya ba da umarni da yawa na ruwan tafasa bayan guguwar Fabrairu. Wani dan kwangila mai zaman kansa ya kasa aika takardun ruwa ga dubban mazauna, kuma gwamnan ya soke shirin afuwa a cikin 2020, amma ba a cikin 2021. Wannan matakin ya ba birnin damar dawo da biyan kuɗi daga wasu abokan ciniki. A watan Disamba na 2021, Hukumar Kare Muhalli ta ba da sanarwar rarraba dala miliyan 74.9 daga Dokar Zuba Jari da Ayyuka zuwa Mississippi don inganta ababen more rayuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EPA Announces $74,899,000 for Water Infrastructure Projects in Mississippi |url=https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-74899000-water-infrastructure-projects-mississippi-0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906101828/https://www.epa.gov/newsreleases/epa-announces-74899000-water-infrastructure-projects-mississippi-0 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022}}</ref> Magajin garin Chokwe Antar Lumumba ya kiyasta farashin gyaran tsarin ruwa a dala biliyan 2. Daga 2017 zuwa 2021, Jackson ya rubuta matsakaicin shekara-shekara na raguwa 55 a kowace mil 100 na layin ruwa, mafi girma fiye da "tsaro" na raguwa 15 ko ƙasa. A watan Yulin 2022, EPA ta kammala wani rahoto wanda ya ba da cikakken bayani game da batutuwa da yawa tare da masu amfani da ruwa na gari ciki har da karancin ma'aikata, babban ma'aikacin ma'aikatar, rashin aiki na mita na ruwa, da rashin iya ba da takardun kudi ga duk abokan ciniki. Birnin ya sanar da EPA cewa ya kiyasta cewa kashi 50 cikin 100 na ruwan da ya bayar bai haifar da wani kudaden shiga ba, ko dai saboda ma'auni mara kyau ko asarar ruwa a cikin tsarin.<ref name="penhar">{{Cite web |last=Pender |first=Geoff |last2=Harrison |first2=Bobby |date=August 31, 2022 |title=Feds flagged dire Jackson water problems a month before the system failed |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2022/08/31/jackson-water-crisis-epa-report/ |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=Mississippi Today |publisher=Nonprofit Mississippi News}}</ref> A lokacin rikicin ruwa, Jackson yana da kusan dala miliyan 191 da ke cikin bashin kudaden shiga don amfanin ruwa, kuma an kiyasta takardun amfanin a matsayin datti.<ref name="pender" /> Saboda rashin kudade da ma'aikata, birnin bai yi rikodin matsin ruwa ba a tsawon lokaci, bai kwantar da layinsa a kai a kai ba, bai kula da bawul da hydrants ba, kuma bai yi amfani da ruwa ta hanyar tankunan ajiya don kula da matakan chlorine masu dacewa.<ref name="penhar" /> A watan Yulin 2022, lalacewar da aka yi a masana'antar kula da Curtis ta tilasta wa mai amfani da ruwa ya sauya zuwa famfo na ajiya. A sakamakon haka, Jackson ya ba da shawara kan ruwan tafasa a ranar 28 ga Yuli.<ref name="royals1">{{Cite web |last=Royals |first=Kate |date=August 31, 2022 |title=Jackson hospital on city water says continuing to operate comes at 'significant financial cost' |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2022/08/31/jackson-hospitals-impact-water-crisis/ |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=Mississippi Today |publisher=Nonprofit Mississippi News}}</ref> Har yanzu umarnin yana aiki lokacin da ambaliyar Agusta 2022 ta zo.<ref name="Salahieh" /> A cikin shawarar, jami'an birni a Byram sun fara bincika ƙirƙirar mai amfani da ruwa mai zaman kansa ga birninsu. Jackson ya karbi dala miliyan 600 daga Majalisa biyo bayan amincewa da lissafin kudade na kudade. An zartar da wannan lissafin a watan Disamba na 2022, kuma an tsara shi don ba da taimako ga yankunan da ke cikin Amurka waɗanda bala'o'i suka shafi. Majalisa [[Bennie Thompson]] da Sanata Roger Wicker sun ba da shawarar cewa ya kamata a ba da wani ɓangare na kudaden ga Jackson, Mississippi. Daga cikin wannan dala miliyan 600, dole ne a ware dala miliyan 150 don taimakon fasaha.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Jackson Water Crisis |url=https://naacp.org/campaigns/jackson-water-crisis |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=[[NAACP]] |language=en}}</ref> Wannan yana da alaƙa da sarrafa tsarin ruwa da kansa. Sauran dala miliyan 450 dole ne a ware su ga ayyukan babban birnin da ke kankare, canje-canje na jiki a cikin ababen more rayuwa ga tsarin ruwa. Kodayake wannan kudade yana da mahimmanci don matakin farko don gyarawa da gyarawa, jimlar kuɗin gyara tsarin kusan dala biliyan 2.<ref name=":0" /> == Ambaliyar ruwa == Ruwan sama mai yawa ya fadi a wasu sassan Mississippi a makon da ya gabata kafin rikicin, tare da Walnut Grove yana lura da inci 12 300 millimeters na hazo. Wadannan guguwa sun haifar da [[ambaliyar ruwa]] a yankin, gami da Jackson, inda Magajin garin Lumumba ya ayyana gaggawa a ranar 24 ga watan Agusta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Broom |first=Brian |date=2022-08-25 |title=Pearl River may reach 36 feet in Jackson, flooding homes and making roads impassible |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2022/08/25/jackson-ms-flooding-pearl-river-may-flood-homes-roads-next-week/65420043007/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906101602/https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2022/08/25/jackson-ms-flooding-pearl-river-may-flood-homes-roads-next-week/65420043007/ |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=September 1, 2022 |website=The Clarion-Ledger |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Joshua |date=2022-08-24 |title=Jackson mayor Lumumba declares local emergency as more rain in forecast |url=https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2022/08/24/flooding-has-added-three-six-inches-rain-jackson-ms/7882968001/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906101612/https://www.clarionledger.com/story/news/2022/08/24/flooding-has-added-three-six-inches-rain-jackson-ms/7882968001/ |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=September 1, 2022 |website=The Clarion-Ledger |language=en-US}}</ref> Ruwan da ya faru nan da nan ya ragu a wannan makon, amma ruwa da ke motsawa ta koguna da koguna ya sa Kogin Pearl ya ambaliya a 35.37 feet 10.78 mita a ranar 29 ga watan Agusta kuma bai fadi ƙasa da matakin ambaliyar {{Convert|28|ft|m}} har zuwa 1 ga Satumba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=National Weather Service Advanced Hydrologic Prediction Service |url=https://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=jan&gage=jacm6 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901221951/https://water.weather.gov/ahps2/hydrograph.php?wfo=jan&gage=jacm6 |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=September 1, 2022 |website=water.weather.gov}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin gida a Jackson ya cika da ambaliyar ruwa kuma an kwashe wasu unguwanni a matsayin kariya.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Angela |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Pearl River Flood Emergency: What you need to know |url=https://www.wapt.com/article/pearl-river-flood-emergency-what-you-need-to-know/40993120 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901052918/https://www.wapt.com/article/pearl-river-flood-emergency-what-you-need-to-know/40993120 |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=September 1, 2022 |website=WAPT |language=en}}</ref> Ambaliyar ta haifar da shuka ta Curtis don karɓar ruwa daga tafkin Barnett. A sakamakon haka, an canza hanyoyin magani kuma shuka ta samar da ruwa mai tsabta, wanda ke haifar da matsin lamba a cikin tsarin ya sauka. == Gaggawa == A ranar 29 ga watan Agusta, 2022, Gwamnan Mississippi Tate Reeves ya ayyana O. B. Curtis Water Treatment Plant a gefen gazawar, kuma jihar ta dauki iko da ayyukanta.<ref name="rozier">{{Cite web |last=Rozier |first=Alex |date=September 15, 2022 |title=Clean water restored for Jackson, Reeves hints at city losing control |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2022/09/15/clean-water-restored-for-jackson-reeves-hints-at-city-losing-control/ |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=Mississippi Today |publisher=Nonprofit Mississippi News}}</ref> &nbsp;&nbsp;Matsaloli tare da famfo a Fewell Plant yana nufin cewa birnin ba zai iya amfani da shi ba don biyan faduwar samar da ruwa daga Curtis yayin da ake yin gyare-gyare a can.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozier |first=Alex |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Mayor Lumumba says water connections being restored, welcomes state to the table |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2022/08/30/mayor-lumumba-says-water-connections-being-restored-welcomes-state-to-the-table/ |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=Mississippi Today |publisher=Nonprofit Mississippi News}}</ref> Kashegari, yawancin mazaunan Jackson ba su sami ruwa mai gudana ba, kuma Reeves ya ba da dokar ta baci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Benji |date=September 1, 2022 |title=How Jackson, Mississippi, ran out of water |url=https://www.vox.com/2022/8/31/23329604/jackson-mississippi-water-crisis |access-date=September 24, 2022 |website=Vox}}</ref> Ya tura mambobi 600 na Jami'an Tsaro na Mississippi a ranar 31 ga watan Agusta don taimakawa rarraba ruwan kwalba da mai tsabtace hannu. A buƙatar Reeves, Shugaba [[Joe Biden]] ya ayyana Jackson ya zama yankin bala'i, yana ba da damar Hukumar Kula da Gaggawa ta Tarayya ta aika albarkatu zuwa birni da taimakawa wajen biyan kuɗin. Rashin ruwa ya tilasta wa shagunan da gidajen cin abinci da yawa a Jackson su rufe, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Emery |first=Holly |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Restaurants working to overcome latest water challenge in Jackson |url=https://www.wlbt.com/2022/08/31/restaurants-working-overcome-latest-water-challenge-jackson/ |access-date=September 25, 2022 |website=WLBT |publisher=}}</ref> <ref name="reuters">{{Cite web |last=Trotta |first=Daniel |date=September 4, 2022 |title=Mississippi city says water pressure restored for now but setbacks possible |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/fema-says-too-early-say-when-mississippi-water-plant-will-be-fixed-2022-09-04/ |access-date=September 25, 2022 |publisher=[[Reuters]]}}</ref> yayin da makarantu da jami'o'i suka koma ilmantarwa ta kama-da-wane.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McCoy |first=Malaysia |date=September 1, 2022 |title=How the Jackson water crisis is affecting students, parents |url=https://www.wjtv.com/news/jacksons-water-crisis/how-the-jackson-water-crisis-is-affecting-students-parents/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220901212646/https://www.wjtv.com/news/jacksons-water-crisis/how-the-jackson-water-crisis-is-affecting-students-parents/ |archive-date=September 1, 2022 |access-date=September 1, 2022 |website=WJTV |language=en-US}}</ref> Sauran al'ummomin Mississippi sun shirya tafiye-tafiye don ba da gudummawar ruwa da sauran kayayyaki ga mazaunan garin kuma sun ba da masauki ga wasu mutanen da rikicin ya kori.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-08-31 |title=Hattiesburg team holds water drive to help Jackson residents during water crisis |url=https://www.hattiesburgamerican.com/story/news/local/2022/08/31/hattiesburg-helps-jackson-water-crisis-mississippi-ms/65465532007/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906101801/https://www.hattiesburgamerican.com/story/news/local/2022/08/31/hattiesburg-helps-jackson-water-crisis-mississippi-ms/65465532007/ |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=September 1, 2022 |website=Hattiesburg American |language=en-US}}</ref> Yawancin asibitocin garin suna da ruwa mai zaman kansa kuma rikicin bai shafi su ba. Banda, Merit Health Central, ya yi amfani da ruwan da manyan motoci suka kawo don ci gaba da aiki, aikin da ya fara lokacin da aka ba da shawarar tafasa Yuli.<ref name="royals1" /> An yi amfani da rijiyar da aka haƙa a filin baje kolin Mississippi bayan rikicin 2021 don samar da ruwa na gaggawa a cikin gida.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Williams |first=Angela |date=2022-09-01 |title=Water well at Mississippi Fairgrounds operating in response to Jackson emergency |url=https://www.wapt.com/article/mississippi-fairgrounds-water-well-responding-to-jackson-emergency/41056187 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906101808/https://www.wapt.com/article/mississippi-fairgrounds-water-well-responding-to-jackson-emergency/41056187 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |website=WAPT}}</ref> An yi amfani da famfo masu hayar don kara matsin ruwa, kuma birnin ya yi la'akari da amfani da dan kwangila ko masu ritaya don magance karancin ma'aikata.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Adams |first=Ross |date=2022-09-02 |title=National Guard deployed for water distribution; gains made at water plant |url=https://www.wapt.com/article/pearl-river-flooding-impacting-jacksons-water-treatment-plant/41021467 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906101817/https://www.wapt.com/article/pearl-river-flooding-impacting-jacksons-water-treatment-plant/41021467 |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=September 6, 2022 |website=[[WAPT]]}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Satumba, jami'an Jackson sun ba da sanarwar cewa sun dawo da isasshen matsin ruwa ga mafi yawan tsarin.<ref name="reuters" /> Kashegari Gwamna Reeves ya ce yanayin da ke wurin tsabtace ruwa ya inganta tare da ruwan da aka fitar da shi ya fi tsabta. Don mafita na dogon lokaci, Reeves ya bayyana cewa jihar tana la'akari da mafita da yawa, gami da mallakar tsarin da kuma kafa kwamiti don kula da tsarin ruwa da ya gaza.<ref name="Privitization">{{Cite web |last=Pittman |first=Ashton |date=2022-09-05 |title='Privatization Is On The Table': Gov. Reeves Updates Jackson Water Crisis |url=https://www.mississippifreepress.org/26961/privatization-is-on-the-table-gov-reeves-gives-jackson-water-crisis-update |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220906101851/https://www.mississippifreepress.org/26961/privatization-is-on-the-table-gov-reeves-gives-jackson-water-crisis-update |archive-date=September 6, 2022 |access-date=2022-09-06 |website=Mississippi Free Press |language=en-US}}</ref> A ranar 15 ga watan Satumba, an dawo da samar da ruwa na Jackson kuma an janye shawarar tafasa, kodayake Ma'aikatar Lafiya ta jihar har yanzu tana ba da shawara kan kariya ga mata da yara masu juna biyu.<ref name="rozier" /> A ranar 19 ga watan Satumba, masana'antar Curtis ta sha wahala daga kwararar chlorine, wanda ya jagoranci ma'aikatan su kwashe wurin na 'yan sa'o'i.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Warren |first=Anthony |last2=Anderson |first2=Roslyn |date=September 19, 2022 |title=Emergency officials respond to chlorine leak at O.B. Curtis Water Treatment Plant |url=https://www.wlbt.com/2022/09/19/emergency-officials-respond-chlorine-leak-ob-curtis-water-treatment-plant/ |access-date=October 3, 2022 |website=WLBT |publisher=}}</ref> A ranar 26 ga watan Satumba, jami'an Jackson sun ba da sabon shawarwari ga kwastomomin ruwa 1,200. Daga cikin wadannan, 1,000 sun kasance a Byram, inda wani dan kwangila ya karya layin ruwa ba zato ba tsammani. Sauran sun kasance a arewacin Jackson, Belhaven, da Eastover, waɗanda sama da 200 raguwa suka shafi su a cikin layin ruwa daban-daban saboda karuwar matsin ruwa a cikin tsarin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Rozier |first=Alex |date=September 26, 2022 |title=EPA: Feds prepared to take action on Jackson water |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2022/09/26/epa-feds-prepared-to-take-action-on-jackson-water/ |access-date=September 26, 2022 |website=Mississippi Today |publisher=Nonprofit Mississippi News}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Satumba, jami'ai sun bayyana cewa suna fuskantar manyan ruwa a duk tsarin, kuma samar da ruwa gabaɗaya yana cikin matakin da ya dace a masana'antar O.B. Curtis.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-09-27 |title=Water system update: Tuesday, September 27 |url=https://www.jacksonms.gov/water-system-update-tuesday-september-27/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=City of Jackson |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221011141205/https://www.jacksonms.gov/water-system-update-tuesday-september-27/ |archive-date=2022-10-11 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 20 ga Oktoba, Birnin Jackson, tare da hadin gwiwa tare da Ma'aikatar Shari'a ta Amurka da EPA, sun fitar da buƙatar shawarwari don tayin kan aiki, kulawa, da gudanar da tsire-tsire na Curtis da Fewell, tankuna da wuraren rijiyar, a matsayin yarjejeniyar gaggawa ta shekara guda.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2022-10-20 |title=City of Jackson releases RFP for professional services |url=https://www.jacksonms.gov/city-of-jackson-releases-rfp-for-professional-services/ |access-date=2022-10-21 |website=City of Jackson |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221106165051/https://www.jacksonms.gov/city-of-jackson-releases-rfp-for-professional-services/ |archive-date=2022-11-06 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Oktoba, EPA ta bayyana cewa ruwan da ake kula da shi a duka tsire-tsire na Curtis da Fewell yana da aminci don sha. A ranar 22 ga watan Nuwamba, Reeves ya janye dokar ta baci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Skipper |first=Debbie |date=November 23, 2022 |title=Reeves officially ends state of emergency over Jackson water crisis |url=https://mississippitoday.org/2022/11/23/reeves-officially-ends-state-of-emergency-over-jackson-water-crisis/ |access-date=November 26, 2022 |website=Mississippi Today |publisher=Nonprofit Mississippi News}}</ref> == Tattaunawar siyasa == Rikicin ruwa ya haifar da muhawara ta siyasa game da nuna bambanci na launin fata, watsi da ababen more rayuwa, da sauya yawan jama'a. Wasu masu sharhi sun zargi tsarin ruwa da ya gaza misali ne na [[Wariyar muhalli|wariyar launin fata na muhalli]], tare da jihar da ta kasa tallafawa ababen more rayuwa a babban birninta. Masu sukar suna nuna kasancewar Jackson a matsayin birni mai goyon bayan Democrat fari da yawan jama'ar Afirka da suka fi yawa a cikin jihar [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jamhuriyar Republican]] tare da majalisa mai rinjaye. Canjin yawan jama'a a ƙarshen karni na 20 da farkon karni na 21, gami da fararen gudu, ya rage yawan jama'ar birni, ya rage adadin fararen mazauna a matsayin rabo na yawan jama'awa, kuma ya haifar da karuwar yawan talauci na birni. Yankunan da suka fi arziki suna da sabbin ababen more rayuwa, amma Jackson kanta ta bar tare da karamin haraji don tallafawa tsarin tsufa. Gwamna Reeves, dan jam'iyyar Republican, ya fara gudanar da taron manema labarai lokacin da rikicin watan Agustan 2022 ya fara ba tare da gayyatar Lumumba, magajin garin na Democrat ba.<ref name="EWP" /> Michael Guest, dan majalisa na Jamhuriyar Republican wanda ke wakiltar wasu sassan Jackson, ya mayar da martani kan irin wannan zargi ta hanyar sanya zargi a kan rikice-rikicen siyasa tsakanin jagorancin birnin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Northey |first=Hannah |date=2022-08-31 |title=Mississippi water crisis triggers blame game |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/31/blame-game-rages-as-water-system-crashes-in-miss-capital-00054372 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220831223817/https://www.politico.com/news/2022/08/31/blame-game-rages-as-water-system-crashes-in-miss-capital-00054372 |archive-date=August 31, 2022 |access-date=September 1, 2022 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> Reeves ya soki Jackson saboda samun batutuwan da suka dade game da biyan kuɗi da ma'aikata da kuma rashin fitowa da shirin farfadowa bayan abubuwan da suka faru a baya. Majalisa [[Bennie Thompson]], dan jam'iyyar Democrat wanda ke wakiltar bangarorin Jackson a Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka da ba a cikin gundumar Guest ba, ya ce a ranar 2 ga Satumba cewa idan birnin ba zai iya nuna ikon sarrafa tsarin ruwa yadda ya kamata ba, bai kamata su sami ikon yin hakan ba.<ref name="Privitization" />&nbsp; Har ila yau, rikicin ya haifar da tattaunawa game da yadda ake sa ran [[Sauyin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]] zai lalata ababen more rayuwa da ke Amurka. A rubuce-rubuce don littafin gurguzu na Amurka ''Jacobin'', Ryan Zickgraf ya bayyana cewa rikicin ruwa a Jackson za a iya danganta shi da shekarun da suka gabata na tsauraran matakai da rarraba jari. == Haɗin kai da adalci na muhalli == A cewar Cibiyar Shari'ar Talauci ta Kudancin, wariyar launin fata da zalunci sun yi niyya ga baƙar fata a Jackson kuma sun haifar da sakaci da rashin aiki. Ya zuwa 2022 Jackson kusan kashi 80 cikin dari baƙar fata ne kuma kashi 25 cikin dari na mazauna suna ƙasa da layin talauci.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-06-28 |title=Mississippi city's water problems stem from generations of neglect |url=https://www.splcenter.org/news/2023/06/28/timeline-jackson-mississippi-water-problems |access-date=2024-05-02 |website=Southern Poverty Law Center |language=en}}</ref> Saboda gurɓataccen ruwa waɗanda ke fama da tasirin suna da saukin kamuwa da matsalolin kiwon lafiya kamar ƙarancin haihuwa, nakasa ta ilmantarwa, da cututtukan fata. Wani binciken bincike ya gano cewa fararen jirgin ya ba da gudummawa ga rikicin ruwa. Sakamakon binciken ya nuna cewa fararen jirgin da siyasar Jim Crow sun raunana tattalin arzikin Jackson.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Oyshi |first=Fouzia Hossain |last2=Chhour |first2=Kristida |last3=Womack |first3=Fredrick |last4=Carrasquillo |first4=Maya E. |date=2024-03-15 |title=The Cost of Aging Water Infrastructure and Environmental Racism: The Jackson, Mississippi Water Crisis and Access to Funding |journal=Environmental Justice |language=en |doi=10.1089/env.2022.0117 |issn=1939-4071 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Birnin Jackson ya nemi tallafi da kudade daga gwamnatin tarayya don gyara bututun. Gwamnan Mississippi, Tate Reeves, da jihar sun ki amincewa da waɗannan buƙatun. Rashin kudade daga gwamnatocin gida da na jihohi ya rage tsarin gyara matsalolin ababen more rayuwa. A cikin wata kasida game da rikicin ruwa na Jackson da tasirin wariyar launin fata, marubucin ya tsara batun a cikin mahallin [[Adalcin Muhalli|Adalci na muhalli]]. Dokta Mizelle ya rubuta, "Crisis na ruwa na Jackson ya kasance "babban bala'i mai saurin motsi," sakamakon shekarun da suka gabata na adawa da Blackness, wariyar launin fata na muhalli, da rashin aiki na tarihi."<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mizelle |first=Richard M. |date=2023-06-15 |title=A Slow-Moving Disaster — The Jackson Water Crisis and the Health Effects of Racism |url=http://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMp2212978 |journal=New England Journal of Medicine |language=en |volume=388 |issue=24 |pages=2212–2214 |doi=10.1056/NEJMp2212978 |issn=0028-4793 |pmid=37306501 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Masanin kimiyyar ƙasa Qingmin Meng ya bincika rashin daidaito na kiwon lafiya game da al'ummomin baƙar fata a Jackson, Mississippi, kuma ya gano cewa rikicin ruwa na Jackson ya haifar da dukkan nau'ikan cututtuka 11 a matsayin mai dogaro a cikin binciken. Meng ya bayyana cewa "rikicin ruwa na Jackson na iya kara yaduwar 0.691% don asma, 0.966% don koda, 1.116% don cututtukan lafiyar kwakwalwa, 1.562% don bugun jini, 2.275% don cututsin zuciya, " ban da sauran cututtuken lafiyar jiki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Meng |first=Qingmin |date=2023 |title=Urban water crisis and its relationship to health inequities against black communities in the USA: Spatial analytics of the Jackson region in Mississippi |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0959652623015147 |journal=Journal of Cleaner Production |volume=411 |bibcode=2023JCPro.41137356M |doi=10.1016/j.jclepro.2023.137356 |url-access=subscription}}</ref> Al'ummomin da suka fi talauci sun fi mayar da hankali a Jackson, kuma suna fama da mummunan tasirin kiwon lafiya. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin sakamakon, cututtuka da matsalolin kiwon lafiya sun kara muni ta hanyar samar da ruwa mara lafiya. Akwai sanarwa na ruwan tafasa da kuma yawan gubar a cikin ruwan sha. Wadannan batutuwan kiwon lafiya sun yi watsi da gwamnatocin gida da na tarayya, kuma sun kara da mummunan rauni ga rikicin. Tate Reeves, gwamnan Jamhuriyar Republican na Mississippi, ya bayyana yadda ake gudanar da tsire-tsire biyu na ruwa, kusan sun lalace a matsayin, "cikakken rashin iyawa". Sabanin haka, magajin garin Democrat na Jackson, Chokwe Antar Lumumba ya bayyana ayyukan Gwamna Reeve game da batun a matsayin "raci" da "mahaifi". <ref name=":1" /> Wasu zaɓaɓɓun jami'ai sun mayar da ra'ayin cewa rikicin ya shafi adalci na muhalli. Wasu, duk da haka, sun yi imanin cewa ba a warware rikicin ba saboda wariyar launin fata ta muhalli. Ashby Foote, wakilin birni na Jamhuriyar Republican, ya yi jayayya, "Ban san abin da ke da amfani ba don komawa cikin labarin, 'Wannan shine Whites yana nufin Black birni, blah, blah." A gefe guda, NAACP ta gabatar da korafin kare hakkin bil'adama inda ta yi nuni da masana kiwon lafiyar jama'a da suka ce, "ruwan sha mai gurbatawa, kamar na Jackson, yana ba da gudummawa ga ƙimar da ta fi tsanani da cututtuka a Jackson fiye da sauran yankuna da ke da ingantaccen tushen kiwon lafiya gaba ɗaya". <ref name=":1" /> == Sakamakon haka == Dole ne a bayar da wata shawara ta ruwan tafasa a ƙarshen Disamba 2022, lokacin da guguwar hunturu ta daskare kuma ta fashe bututu a cikin tsarin rarraba birni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neuman |first=Scott |date=2022-12-31 |title=Burst pipes in Jackson, Mississippi, are just the latest of the city's water woes |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/12/31/1145966097/water-problems-jackson-mississippi-explanation |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=NPR}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2023, yawancin mazaunan Jackson sun ki amfani da ruwan birni saboda ci gaba da gurɓataccen gubar da matsalolin canza launi. A watan Fabrairun 2023, shaidar da aka rubuta ta nuna cewa gidajen Jackson da ba a karkashin shawarar ruwan tafasa ba har yanzu suna da gurɓataccen ruwa da kuma canza launi. Yawancin mazauna sun bayyana cewa za su ci gaba da tafasa ruwa ko amfani da ruwan kwalba har sai an inganta tsarin ruwa na gari gaba ɗaya kuma ya fi amintacce. Tun daga shekara ta 2018, birnin Jackson yana da sanarwa sama da 300 na ruwan tafasa kuma ya sha wahala sama da 7,300 na layin ruwa. Kudin gyare-gyare an kiyasta ya kai dala biliyan 2, tare da cikakken kimantawa na masana'antar tsabtace ruwa da ake sa ran zai dauki kimanin shekara guda. <ref name="NAACP" /> Jackson ya karbi dala miliyan 35.6 a cikin kudaden tarayya (wanda jihar ta ba da shi a watan Nuwamba na 2022 daga Dokar Shirin Ceto ta Amurka ta 2021, daidai da adadin daga kudaden birni.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goldberg |first=Michael |date=2022-11-04 |title=Mississippi capital to receive $35.6M in federal water funds |url=https://apnews.com/article/business-mississippi-jackson-climate-and-environment-3390adcbcda0b25adf14b7d659120050 |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2022, Majalisa ta ware dala miliyan 600 don tsarin ruwa na Jackson a cikin Dokar Gudanar da Kudade, 2023 . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Wagster Pettus |first=Emily |date=2022-12-23 |title=$600M designated for struggling water system in Mississippi |url=https://apnews.com/article/biden-mississippi-jackson-naacp-f6161540d6345f215913b2b41562de5a |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=Associated Press |language=en}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2022, NAACP ta zargi jihar da nuna bambancin launin fata a cikin rarraba kudade a cikin korafin da aka gabatar a karkashin Title VI na Dokar 'Yancin Bil'adama ta 1964. <ref name="NAACP">{{Cite web |last=Kutz |first=Jessica |last2=Luterman |first2=Sarah |date=2023-03-13 |title=‘You need water for everything’: Pregnant people and parents struggle to find safe water in Jackson |url=https://19thnews.org/2023/03/jackson-water-crisis-pregnant-people-parents-children-struggle/ |access-date=2026-04-13 |website=[[The 19th]] |language=en-us}}</ref> Recently{{When|date=January 2025}} a temporary water pump was installed at O.B. Curtis, one of the main water plants. This should assist with the water pressure in pipes. The water system in the city is about 100 years old and deteriorating. A resident, Emmetta Jones shares that although her water pressure is adequate, the water is occasionally brown, and she hasn’t drunk the water in several years. == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] dzaqrf72jz3pkcc071ha0h2dd2b9byg James Chasse 0 171633 962316 937231 2026-10-03T11:07:49Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962316 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''James Philip Chasse, Jr.''' 7 ga watan Mayu, a shekarar 1964 zuwa 17 ga watan Satumba, a shekarar 2006.Ba'amurke ne daga Portland, Oregon . A shekara ta 2006 mutuwarsa yayin da yake hannun jami'an tilasta bin doka na Portland ya haifar da kuka game da haƙƙin jama'a da kuma binciken rashin horo na kula da rikicin lafiyar kwakwalwa da aka ba jami'an 'yan sanda na Portland.<ref name="wweek">{{Cite web |last=Demsky |first=Ian |date=November 1, 2006 |title=Why Did James Chasse Jr. Die? |url=http://wweek.com/editorial/3252/8148/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512082546/http://wweek.com/editorial/3252/8148/ |archive-date=May 12, 2008 |access-date=March 18, 2008}}</ref> A lokacin mutuwarsa, yana zaune a cikin wani gida a cikin garin Portland kuma an gano shi da [[Hauka|schizophrenia]]. == Mutuwa == Chasse ya mutu bayan gwagwarmaya da jami'an 'yan sanda biyu na Portland da mataimakin Gundumar Multnomah a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, a shekara ta 2006. Jami'ai a wurin sun bayyana Chasse a matsayin wanda ba shi da gida kuma sun ce ya gudu daga gare su ya yi yaƙi da su.<ref name="wweek" /> An doke shi kuma an yi amfani da Taser sau da yawa a kansa. Bayan abin da ya faru, an share Chasse ta hanyar kiwon lafiya ta hanyar wuta da ma'aikatan motar asibiti. Daga nan aka hana shi kuma aka kai shi kurkuku, inda ma'aikatan jinya suka ki shigar da shi saboda raunin da ya samu. Ma'aikatan kurkuku sun gaya wa jami'an su kai shi asibiti a fadin garin. Ya mutu a kan hanya. Chasse ya sha wahala a cikin haƙarƙarinsa 16 kuma yana da jimlar ƙasusuwa 26 da suka karye, da kuma huhu da aka fashe, ƙashin ƙashin ƙuƙwalwa da kuma tsagewa.<ref name="wweek" /> Mai Binciken Likita Multnomah County ya yanke hukuncin cewa dalilin mutuwar ya zama ba zato ba tsammani" kuma sakamakon raunin karfi Fiye da abokai 500 da dangin sun tuna da Chasse a wani bikin hasken kyandir da kuma tunawa a ranar 14 ga watan Oktoba,a shekarar 2006.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Friesen |first=Mark |date=October 19, 2006 |title=Chasse family says police distorted facts |url=http://blog.oregonlive.com/oregonianextra/2006/10/chasse_family_says_police_dist.html |access-date=November 23, 2014}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Remarks From The Memorial Of James Chasse, Jr. |url=http://chuckcurrie.blogs.com/chuck_currie/2006/10/remarks_from_th.html |access-date=2014-11-23 |publisher=Chuck Currie |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150113114537/http://chuckcurrie.blogs.com/chuck_currie/2006/10/remarks_from_th.html |archive-date=2015-01-13 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rahotanni == Bayan shekaru uku da matsin lamba na jama'a, Ofishin 'yan sanda na Portland ya fitar da bincike na ciki game da mutuwar Chasse. Binciken ya hada da abubuwa shida, "littafin bincike" <ref>{{Cite web |title=Detective Notebook |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File%3ADetective_Notebook.pdf |access-date=2014-11-23 |publisher=Portland Police Bureau |via=[[Wikimedia Commons]]}}</ref> tare da hotuna shida daga shaidar Jamie Marquez, wasiƙu biyu daban-daban na horo <ref>{{Cite web |title=Disciplinary |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Discipline_Letters.pdf |access-date=2014-11-23 |publisher=Portland Police Bureau |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> ga jami'an 'yan sanda na Portland Kyle Nice da Christopher Humphreys, suna dakatar da su na awanni 80 ba tare da biyan kuɗi ba. Dukansu biyu an horar da su saboda halin da ba a yarda da shi ba da kuma keta manufofin taser na sashen. Bayan sasantawa a watan Yulin a shekara ta 2012 tare da ƙungiyar 'yan sanda, an soke wasikun biyu kuma an biya Nice da Humphreys saboda lokacin da ya ɓace.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Maxine |date=July 12, 2012 |title=Arbitrator reverses discipline against Chris Humphreys, Sgt. Kyle Nice in the Chasse case |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/portland/index.ssf/2012/07/arbitrator_reverses_discipline.html |access-date=November 23, 2014}}</ref> IAD ko Sashen Harkokin Cikin Gida" rahoto ne mai shafi 389 wanda ya haɗa da shaidu, gwani da tambayoyin jami'ai, jerin lokuta da nune-nunen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2006 |title=Internal Affairs Division |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Internal_Affairs_Division_-_James_Chasse_2006-B-0016.pdf |access-date=2014-11-23 |publisher=Portland Police Bureau |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> Masu bincike sun haɗa da littafin horar da Portland game da rashin lafiya na hankali, da kuma labarin shafi 623 (an adana shi a nan a sassa uku) sake dubawa game da kisan Chasse tare da kayan horo.<ref>{{Cite web |date=November 2006 |title=Mental Health Training Materials |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Mental_Health_Training_Materials.pdf |access-date=2014-11-23 |publisher=Portland Police Bureau |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2008 |title=Review of PPB Case 06-84962 James Chasse 1 of 3 |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Review_of_PPB_Case_06-84962_James_Chasse_1_of_3.pdf |access-date=2014-11-23 |publisher=Portland Police Bureau |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2008 |title=Review of PPB Case 06-84962 James Chasse 2 of 3 |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Review_of_PPB_Case_06-84962_James_Chasse_2_of_3.pdf |access-date=2014-11-23 |publisher=Portland Police Bureau |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=October 2008 |title=Review of PPB Case 06-84962 James Chasse 3 of 3 |url=http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Review_of_PPB_Case_06-84962_James_Chasse_3_of_3.pdf |access-date=2014-11-23 |publisher=Portland Police Bureau |via=Wikimedia Commons}}</ref> Mai binciken birni ya ba da umarnin bincike <ref>{{Cite web |title=Report to the City of Portland Concerning the In-Custody Death of James Chasse |url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:OIR_Group_Review_of_Chasse_Investigations.pdf |access-date=2014-11-23 |publisher=OIR Group}}</ref> kan binciken mutuwar Chasse a watan Yulin a shekara ta 2010. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bernstein |first=Maxine |date=2 October 2009 |title=Portland auditor launching review of investigation into Chasse death |url=http://www.oregonlive.com/news/index.ssf/2009/10/city_auditor_will_hire_outside.html |access-date=2014-11-23}}</ref> == Rashin jama'a == Mutuwar Chasse ta haifar da kuka a cikin kafofin watsa labarai na Oregon, tare da daruruwan labaran labarai, editoci da labaran shafi na gaba bayan shari'ar, da kuma daga masu kare hakkin bil'adama da masu ba da shawara kan lafiyar kwakwalwa. Kodayake Lauyan Gundumar Multnomah County Michael Schrunk ya kasa kawo tuhuma a kan jami'an, ya saki duk shaidar da aka gabatar wa babban juri. Magajin garin Portland Tom Potter ya nemi gafara ga dangin Chasse, ya tara rundunar kula da lafiyar kwakwalwa don sake duba manufofin birnin, kuma ya aiwatar da shirin horar da rikice-rikice don inganta hanyar da 'yan sanda na gari da na gundumar ke amsawa ga yanayin da ya shafi rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa, amma sun kasa horar da jami'an da suka doke Chasse: Kyle Nice, Christopher Humphreys da Bret Barton. Fim din fim game da Chasse, Alien Boy: The Life and Death of James Chasse, wanda mai shirya fina-finai na Oregon Brian Lindstrom ya yi, an fara shi ne a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu, a shekarar 2013, a Portland. Chasse ya kasance abokai da membobin ƙungiyar Portland punk band the Wipers, kuma wannan abota ita ce wahayi ga waƙar ƙungiyar "Alien Boy", daga inda aka ɗauki sunan fim ɗin. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2006]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1964]] hkn9ozy7kghayyiptc6909jhvs5jraz Agave havardiana 0 171638 962170 937245 2026-10-03T07:03:35Z BnHamid 12586 962170 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Agave havardiana''''' wani nau'in shuka ne na asalin yankin Big Bend na yammacin [[Texas]] da Chihuahua da Coahuila . Ya fi son ciyawa zuwa gangaren dutse ko gandun daji a tsaunuka na 1200-2000 m. ''Agave havardiana'' wani nau'in acaulescent ne wanda ke samar da Rosettes a ƙasa, wani lokacin yana haifar da masu shayarwa amma ba ya samar da manyan yankuna kamar wasu nau'o'in. Bishiyoyi suna da tsawon 70 cm (28 inci), tare da hakora a gefen da kuma a ƙarshen. &nbsp;Fure-fure na iya kaiwa 7 m (23 feet) tsawo, tare da rawaya zuwa rawaya-kore furanni. 'Ya'yan itace sun bushe, suna da tsayi, har zuwa 6 cm (2.4 inci) tsawo.&nbsp; Wannan nau'in yana cikin barazana daga asarar mazaunin, galibi don kiwon shanu. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7pjntg5ydtv9eo1663m5jaubrk0y03w Apantesis complicata 0 171679 962191 937384 2026-10-03T07:13:47Z BnHamid 12586 962191 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Apantesis complicata''''' asu ne na dangin Erebidae . Francis Walker ne ya bayyana shi a 1865. Ana samunsa a kudu maso gabashin [[Vancouver Island|Tsibirin Vancouver]] da Tsibirin Gulf da yawa na [[British Columbia]] da [[Washington (jiha)|Washington]]. Gidan ya kunshi busassun Garry oak meadows da rairayin bakin teku. Tsawon fuka-fukan da ke gaba shine 15.7 mm. Manya suna kan fuka-fuka daga ƙarshen Mayu zuwa tsakiyar Yuni.&nbsp; Wannan nau'in ya kasance memba na jinsin Grammia, amma an tura shi zuwa ''Apantesis'' tare da sauran nau'in jinsin Grammie, ''Holarctia'', da Notarctia.<ref name="Rönkä2016"> {{Cite journal |last=Rönkä |first=Katja |last2=Mappes |first2=Johanna |last3=Kaila |first3=Lauri |last4=Wahlberg |first4=Niklas |date=2016 |title=Putting Parasemia in its phylogenetic place: a molecular analysis of the subtribe Arctiina (Lepidoptera) |journal=Systematic Entomology |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=844–853 |bibcode=2016SysEn..41..844R |doi=10.1111/syen.12194 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Schmidt2018"> {{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=B. Christian |last2=Lafontaine |first2=J. Donald |last3=Troubridge |first3=James T. |date=2018 |title=Additions and corrections to the check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico IV |journal=ZooKeys |issue=252 |pages=241–252 |bibcode=2018ZooK..788..241S |doi=10.3897/zookeys.252.28500 |pmc=6189224 |pmid=30337831 |doi-access=free}}</ref> == Manazarta == <references> <ref name="Rönkä2016"> {{Cite journal |last=Rönkä |first=Katja |last2=Mappes |first2=Johanna |last3=Kaila |first3=Lauri |last4=Wahlberg |first4=Niklas |date=2016 |title=Putting Parasemia in its phylogenetic place: a molecular analysis of the subtribe Arctiina (Lepidoptera) |journal=Systematic Entomology |volume=41 |issue=4 |pages=844–853 |bibcode=2016SysEn..41..844R |doi=10.1111/syen.12194 |doi-access=free |hdl-access=free}}</ref> <ref name="Schmidt2018"> {{Cite journal |last=Schmidt |first=B. Christian |last2=Lafontaine |first2=J. Donald |last3=Troubridge |first3=James T. |date=2018 |title=Additions and corrections to the check list of the Noctuoidea (Insecta, Lepidoptera) of North America north of Mexico IV |journal=ZooKeys |issue=252 |pages=241–252 |bibcode=2018ZooK..788..241S |doi=10.3897/zookeys.252.28500 |pmc=6189224 |pmid=30337831 |doi-access=free}}</ref> </references> * {{Cite journal |last=Pitkin |first=Brian |last2=Jenkins |first2=Paul |name-list-style=amp |date=2023 |title=Search results Family: Arctiidae |url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/our-science/data/butmoth/search/GenusList3.dsml?&FAMILY=Arctiidae&sort=GENUS |publisher=Natural History Museum, London |doi=10.5519/s93616qw}} qrfa9ay9wi0zqrj86lfl22o59eyetr8 Astragalus proimanthus 0 171704 962190 937436 2026-10-03T07:12:52Z BnHamid 12586 962190 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Astragalus proimanthus''''' wani nau'in shuka ne mai fure a cikin dangin legume da aka sani da sunan da ake kira precocious milkvetch . Yana da ƙarancin ƙwayoyin cuta, yana faruwa a cikin yanki na ƙasa da kadada 320 kusa da garin McKinnon a kudu maso yammacin Sweetwater County, Wyoming . <ref name="WNDD">{{Cite web |last=Fertig |first=Walter & Laura Welp |title=Status of Precocious Milkvetch (''Astragalus proimanthus'') in Southwest Wyoming |url=https://www.uwyo.edu/wyndd/_files/docs/reports/wynddreports/u01fer01wyus.pdf |access-date=9 June 2016 |website=Wyoming Natural Diversity Database |publisher=University of Wyoming}}</ref> Yana da sanannun mutane huɗu, ciki har da babban yawan mutane sama da 20,000, <ref name="WNDD" /> kuma NatureServe ta rarraba shi a matsayin G1 (mai haɗari sosai) <ref name="NatureServe">{{Cite web |last=Marriott |first=H. |title=''Astragalus proimanthus'' |url=http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=143090&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=143090&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=143090 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804022547/http://explorer.natureserve.org/servlet/NatureServe?sourceTemplate=tabular_report.wmt&loadTemplate=species_RptComprehensive.wmt&selectedReport=RptComprehensive.wmt&summaryView=tabular_report.wmt&elKey=143090&paging=home&save=true&startIndex=1&nextStartIndex=1&reset=false&offPageSelectedElKey=143090&offPageSelectedElType=species&offPageYesNo=true&post_processes=&radiobutton=radiobutton&selectedIndexes=143090 |archive-date=4 August 2016 |access-date=9 June 2016 |website=NatureServe}}</ref> "saboda matsanancin ƙarancin". == Bayyanawa == Astragalus proimanthus ita ce mai tsayi marar tsayi tare da ganye masu yawa waɗanda suka ƙunshi ƙananan ganye guda uku zuwa ga takardun elliptic. Yana girma a cikin ƙananan matattarar 20-30 cm a diamita. &nbsp;Fuka-fukan suna da launin azurfa-farin tare da hawa, karkatarwa ko yada gashi. Furen suna da rawaya ko fari, sessile, kamar wake kuma har zuwa 17 mm tsawo.<ref name="WNDD" />&nbsp; == Gida == Astragalus proimanthus yana girma a cikin yankunan da ba su da tsire-tsire a tsakanin al'ummomin shuke-shuke / shuke-tsire, a cikin busassun, m, dutse yumbu na [[Bench (geology)|benches]] da bluffs a tsawo na 6400-7200 feet <ref name="WNDD" /> == Matsayin kiyayewa == Astragalus proimanthus a baya ya kasance dan takara na 2 (C2) don yin lissafi a ƙarƙashin Dokar Dabbobi Masu Hadari, amma bayan kawar da shirin C2, a halin yanzu ba shi da matsayin kariya a ƙarƙashin Dokar. NatureServe ya rarraba nau'in a matsayin G1, yana nuna cewa "yana cikin haɗari sosai saboda matsanancin ƙarancin".<ref name="WNDD" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} gkoqyyvfhtsdismehnnxelc7vf04s6r Irv Williams 0 171899 962241 955146 2026-10-03T08:47:50Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962241 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" /> {{Databox}} '''Irvin Williams''' (17 ga Agusta, 1919 - 14 ga Disamba, 2019) <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bream |first=Jon |date=December 15, 2019 |title=Jazz saxophonist Irv Williams, who chose family over stardom, dies at 100 |url=http://www.startribune.com/jazz-saxophonist-irv-williams-who-chose-family-over-stardom-dies-at-100/566224642/ |access-date=December 17, 2019 |website=[[Star Tribune]] |archive-date=December 16, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191216230717/http://www.startribune.com/jazz-saxophonist-irv-williams-who-chose-family-over-stardom-dies-at-100/566224642/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Irv Williams |url=https://www.discogs.com/artist/3487373-Irv-Williams |access-date=August 30, 2019 |website=[[Discogs]]}}</ref> ya kasance ɗan wasan jazz na Amurka kuma mawaƙi. A cikin shekaru tara da ya yi, Williams ya mai da hankali kan Babban Littafin Waƙoƙin Amurka da sax din tenor a matsayin abin hawa. == Tarihin kiɗa == Kayan aikinsa na farko shi ne violin kafin ya sauya zuwa clarinet sannan zuwa saxophone.<ref name="stpaulpeople">{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Irv Williams: A Life in Music |url=http://saintpaulalmanac.org/saint-paul-stories/people/irv-williams/ |access-date=July 3, 2013 |publisher=Saint Paul Almanac}}</ref> A cikin 1942 Williams ya koma [[Minnesota]]" id="mwFw" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Saint Paul, Minnesota">Saint Paul (Minnesota). A farkon aikinsa, ya taka leda a cikin ƙungiyoyi a bayan [[Ella Fitzgerald]], Fletcher Henderson, Mary Lou Williams, da Billy Eckstine a wuraren da kamar Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Apollo ko Gidan wasan kwaikwayo na Howard . Da yake ƙin gayyatar zuwa yawon shakatawa tare da Duke Ellington, Count Basie, ko [[Louis Armstrong]], ya zaɓi ya zauna ya zama wani ɓangare na [[Minneapolis–Saint Paul|Minneapolis-Saint Paul]] (Twin Cities), tarihi.<ref name="stpaulpeople" /> Yayinda yake koyarwa a makarantu daban-daban na jama'a a St. Paul, ya yi wasa tare da marigayi Reginald Buckner . A cikin Twin Cities, Williams ya yi wasa a kowane wurin jazz, da ya gabata da na yanzu, gami da tsohuwar Flame Bar inda yake sau da yawa tare da irin waɗannan taurari kamar [[Sarah Vaughan]], Dizzy Gillespie, da Johnny Hodges. Tun lokacin da ya cika shekaru 84, Williams ya fito da rafi na saki: That's All (2004), Dedicated to You (2005), wanda ya biyo bayan daya daga cikin shahararrunsa, Duo (2006) tare da abokin aikin piano Peter Schimke, da Finality (2008). A cikin 2011, Williams ya rubuta Duke's Mixture, quintet tare da Peter Schimke, Steve Blons, Billy Peterson da Jay Epstein; jerin sunayen sun hada da waƙoƙi na asali guda biyar daga Williams da kuma muryarsa ta farko a kan "Har sai Real Thing Comes Along", tare da ka'idojin Irving Berlin guda biyu da waƙoƙin blues. Irv Williams yana da wasan kwaikwayo na yau da kullun a Dakota Jazz Club a cikin garin Minneapolis . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Bream |first=Jon |date=August 10, 2015 |title=Irv Williams blows his horn and 96 birthday candles at the Dakota |url=http://www.startribune.com/irv-williams-blows-his-horn-and-96-birthday-candles-at-the-dakota/321222091/ |access-date=June 1, 2017 |website=[[Star Tribune]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150814024432/http://www.startribune.com/irv-williams-blows-his-horn-and-96-birthday-candles-at-the-dakota/321222091/ |archive-date=August 14, 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Williams tana da 'ya'ya tara daga aure biyu.<ref name="stpaulpeople" /> == Daraja da kyaututtuka == * 1984 - Mawallafin jazz na farko da Jihar [[Minnesota]] ta girmama shi tare da nasa "Irv Williams Day". * 1990 - Hoton ya bayyana a taswirar jihar "Celebrate Minnesota" * 1995 - An kira shi Arts Midwest Jazz Master * 2005 - A bikin Jazz na KBEM na hunturu, Irv na ɗaya daga cikin masu karɓar lambar yabo ta Lifetime Achievement Awards guda uku.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Canter |first=Andrea |date=May 9, 2012 |title=Irv Williams Annual Retirement Party at the Dakota |url=http://www.jazzpolice.com/content/view/10164/115/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624171321/http://jazzpolice.com/content/view/10164/115/ |archive-date=June 24, 2012 |access-date=July 3, 2013 |publisher=Jazz Police}}</ref> * 2010 - Ya bayyana a kan murfin Saint Paul Almanac <ref>{{Cite web |title=Book Media Kit {{!}} Saint Paul Almanac |url=http://saintpaulalmanac.org/about/media-kit/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102120912/http://saintpaulalmanac.org/about/media-kit/ |archive-date=November 2, 2016 |access-date=August 30, 2019 |website=Saint Paul Almanac}}</ref> * An shigar da shi cikin Minnesota Jazz Hall of Fame * An haɗa tsohon saxophone dinsa a cikin baje kolin "Minnesota's Greatest Generation" a Cibiyar Tarihin Minnesota == Bayanan da aka yi == * ''Ci gaba da Kiɗa'' (1994) * ''Zaman Lafiya, tare da igiyoyi'' (1996) * ''STOP Dubi da Sauraro'' (2000) * ''Har ila yau'' (2001) * ''Wannan shi ne Dukkanin'' (2004) * ''An keɓe maka'' CD (2005) * ''Duo'' - Irv Williams da Peter Schimke (2006) * ''Ƙarshen'' (2008) * ''Haɗin Duke'' (2011) * ''Sa'an nan kuma, Yanzu'' Yanzu (2014) * Pinnacle - Irv Williams Trio (2015) <ref>{{Cite web |year=2015 |title=Release of PINNACLE by Irv Williams Trio |url=http://www.megabien.net/index.php/news/30-news-2015/112-release-of-pinnacle-by-irv-williams-trio |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304055825/http://www.megabien.net/index.php/news/30-news-2015/112-release-of-pinnacle-by-irv-williams-trio |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |website=Megabien Entertainment}}</ref> == Hotunan fina-finai == * 2012 - an nuna shi a cikin Arts and the Mind, wani shirin a kan [[PBS]] <ref>{{Cite web |date=September 5, 2012 |title=KAIROS dancing heart featured in new PBS Documentary, "Arts & The Mind" |url=http://insightnews.com/community/9528-kairos-dancing-heart-featured-in-new-pbs-documentary-arts-a-the-mind |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140903094334/https://www.insightnews.com/community/9528-kairos-dancing-heart-featured-in-new-pbs-documentary-arts-a-the-mind/ |archive-date=September 3, 2014 |access-date=June 2, 2013 |website=Insight News}}</ref> * 2012 - ''Fim din Funkytown'', fim din kiɗa na Megabien Entertainment <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Funkytown Movie, music documentary (2012) |url=http://www.funkytown.us/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130604161751/http://www.funkytown.us/ |archive-date=June 4, 2013 |access-date=May 24, 2013 |website=Megabien Entertainment}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2019]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1919]] 887r58frxcc5iud4vszuyn38a4odt8j Herb Jeffries 0 171960 962112 938391 2026-10-03T02:22:56Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962112 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Herb Jeffries''' (an haife shi '''Umberto Alexander Valentino'''; 24 ga Satumba, 1913 - 25 ga Mayu, 2014) ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na fim da talabijin na Amurka kuma sanannen mawaƙi da mawaƙin jazz, wanda aka sani da muryarsa ta baritone. Ya fito a cikin fina-finai masu yawa na Yammacin Turai da aka tsara don masu sauraro baƙar fata, Harlem on the Prairie (1937), Two-Gun Man from Harlem (1938), Rhythm Rodeo (1938), The Bronze Buckaroo (1939) da Harlem Rides the Range (1939). Ya kuma yi aiki a wasu fina-finai da shirye-shiryen talabijin da yawa. A lokacin aikinsa na wasan kwaikwayo yawanci ana kiransa '''Herbert Jeffrey''' (wani lokacin "'''Herbert Jeffries'''" ko "Herbert Jefferson, Sensational Singing Cowboy"). <ref name="legacy" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Chuck Anderson |title=Herb Jeffrey/Jeffries - Western Movie Hero |url=http://www.b-westerns.com/herbj.htm |access-date=2020-04-19 |website=B-westerns.com}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A cikin 1940s da 1950s Jeffries ya yi rikodin ga alamomi da yawa, gami da RCA Victor, Exclusive, Coral, Decca, Bethlehem, Columbia, Mercury da Trend. Kundin sa na ''Jamaica'', wanda RKO ta rubuta, kundin ra'ayi ne na waƙoƙin calypso da aka rubuta da kansa. == Rayuwa ta farko da kabilanci == An haifi Jeffries Umberto Alexander Valentino a [[Detroit]] ga wata mace mai suna Irish wacce ke gudanar da gidan zama. Mahaifinsa, wanda bai taba sani ba, ya fito ne daga asalin Faransanci na Kanada, Italiyanci da [[Moors|Moorish]]. Ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa kakarsa ta uba 'yar Habasha ce mai suna Carey. Tabbacin tseren Jeffries da shekaru yana da wuyar samu, amma takardun ƙidayar daga 1920 sun bayyana shi a matsayin Mulatto kuma sun lissafa mahaifinsa a matsayin baƙar fata mai suna Howard Jeffrey. Jeffries da kansa, marigayi a rayuwa, ya ce Howard Jeffrey shi ne mahaifinsa, kuma mahaifinsa na halitta shi ne Domenico Balentino, Sicilian wanda ya mutu a [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. Jeffries ya taɓa bayyana kansa a cikin wata hira a matsayin "Negro uku da takwas", yana da'awar alfahari da al'adun Afirka ta Amirka a lokacin da yawancin masu baƙar fata masu fata ke ƙoƙarin "shiga" a matsayin fari a ƙoƙarin fadada roƙonsu na kasuwanci. A cikin bambanci, Jeffries ya yi amfani da [[Kwalliya|kayan shafawa]] don ya yi duhu da fata don ya bi aiki a cikin jazz kuma a gan shi a matsayin mai aiki ta manyan rukunin mawaƙa na yau. Daga baya a cikin aikinsa, Jeffries ya bayyana a matsayin fari saboda dalilai na tattalin arziki ko na sirri. Jet ya ba da rahoton cewa Jeffries ya bayyana a matsayin White kuma ya bayyana sunansa na "gaskiya" a matsayin "Herbert Jeffrey Ball" a kan aikace-aikacen don ya auri Tempest Storm a shekarar 1959. Jeffries ya gaya wa mai ba da rahoto ga Jet: An haife shi a Detroit, Jeffries ya girma "ɗan ghetto" [1] a cikin unguwar da aka haɗu ba tare da fuskantar tsananin wariyar launin fata ba tun yana yaro. Bayan Wall Street Crash na 1929, ya bar makarantar sakandare don samun rayuwa a matsayin mawaƙi.[1] Ya nuna babban sha'awar raira waƙa a lokacin da yake matashi kuma ana samun sa sau da yawa yana rataye tare da ƙungiyar Howard Buntz Orchestra a ɗakunan wasan Detroit daban-daban.[2] Mai yawan kiɗa tun yana yaro, ya fara yin wasan kwaikwayo a cikin gidan wasan kwaikwayo na gida, inda ya ja hankalin Louis Armstrong, wanda ya ba da bayanin shawarwari ga Erskine Tate a Savoy Ballroom a Chicago. Sanin cewa Tate ya kasance a gaban ƙungiyar baki, Jeffries ya yi iƙirarin zama Creole kuma an ba shi matsayi a matsayin mawaƙi mai ban sha'awa dare uku a mako. Daga baya ya yi tafiya tare da Orchestra na Earl "Fatha" Hines a cikin Kudancin Kudancin . [1] Wani ɗan gajeren fim na 2007 ya bayyana Jeffries a matsayin "yana ɗaukar asalin mutum mai launi" a farkon aikinsa.<ref name="Bailey">{{Cite web |last=Bailey |first=Betty |last2=Lynde |first2=Carol |year=2007 |title=Black/White & All That Jazz |url=http://myhero.com/go/films/view_quicktime.asp?film=Herb%20Jeffries |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927214545/http://myhero.com/go/films/view_quicktime.asp?film=Herb%20Jeffries |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |access-date=22 March 2013 |publisher=Tall Paul Productions}}</ref> An nuna shi a cikin ''Black / White & All That Jazz'' yana bayanin cewa mawaƙin da aka haifa a [[New Orleans]] [[Louis Armstrong]] ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya ce ƙarya, a wata hira da aiki a Birnin Chicago, cewa shi "Creole ne daga Louisiana" lokacin da yake na al'adun Irish da Sicilian, da sauran kabilun.<ref name="Bailey" /> == Ayyukan kiɗa == Daga Detroit, a kan shawarar [[Louis Armstrong]], Jeffries ya koma [[Chicago]] inda ya yi wasa a kungiyoyi daban-daban. Ɗaya daga cikin wasansa na farko ya kasance a cikin kulob din da ake zargin mallakar Al Capone. Jeffries ya fara aikinsa yana aiki tare da Erskine Tate da ƙungiyar Vendome Orchestra . Tate ya sanya hannu kan Jeffries mai shekaru 19 zuwa kwangila tare da Orchestra a Savoy Ballroom a Chicago.<ref name="IMDB" /> Fitowarsa ta zo ne a lokacin baje kolin duniya na Chicago na 1933 A Century of Progress International Exposition yana raira waƙa tare da Earl Hines Orchestra a watsa shirye-shiryen Hines na kasa kai tsaye daga Grand Terrace Cafe. Rubuce-rubucensa na farko sun kasance tare da Hines a 1934, ciki har da "Just to be in Carolina". A shekara ta 1940, yana raira waƙa tare da Duke Ellington Orchestra sannan ya yi rikodin tare da shi daga 1940 zuwa 1942. Rubuce-rubucensa na 1940 na "Flamingo" tare da Ellington, wanda aka saki a 1941, ya sayar da fiye da miliyan 14 a zamaninsa. Sunansa Herbert Jeffrey ne, amma ƙididdigar da ke cikin rikodin sun kira shi Jeffries, don haka ya sake masa suna don ya dace da rubutun. A lokacin da yake tare da Duke Ellington Orchestra a matsayin jagora mai ba da gudummawa, Jeffries ya tabbatar da baiwarsa a matsayin mai raira waƙa, yana nuna yawan muryarsa a cikin waƙoƙi kamar "Ban san wane irin Blues da nake da shi ba, "The Brownskin Gal, " da "Jump for Joy" (duk 1941). Waƙar 1944 "My Little Brown Book" ta Ellington da Famous Orchestra, wanda Jeffries ya ba da murya, ya kai No. 4 a kan jadawalin R & B na ''Billboard''.<ref name="whitburnr&b">{{Cite book|last3=Joel Whitburn}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta mutum == Auren da ya yi guda huɗu (ciki har da daya ga mai rawa mai suna Tempest Storm) ya haifi 'ya'ya biyar. A shekara ta 2007, yayin da yake tattara kayan ga masu shirya fim game da shi (A Colored Life), Jeffries ya sami takardar shaidar haihuwarsa; wannan ya tunatar da shi cewa an haife shi a shekara ta 1913 kuma ya yi kuskuren nuna shekarunsa bayan ya bar gida don neman aiki. A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, ya zauna a [[Kansas]]" id="mwAXI" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Wichita, Kansas">Wichita, Kansas da [[California]]" id="mwAXg" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Idyllwild–Pine Cove, California">Idyllwild, California. Ya mutu daga gazawar zuciya a asibitin West Hills da Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya a ranar 25 ga Mayu, 2014, yana da shekaru 100. Ya bar matarsa ta biyar, Savannah, 'ya'ya mata uku, da' ya'ya maza biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=1 Jun 2014, B10 - Citizens' Voice at Newspapers.com |url=http://www.newspapers.com/image/522729952/?article=83fee1c9-7cee-4f37-b581-6b2a193fcea8 |access-date=September 17, 2021 |website=Newspapers.com}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1913]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n49uczmekythir4xm355sreoklc1f8z Irma Dryden 0 172119 962238 939101 2026-10-03T08:44:26Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962238 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Irma Cameron Dryden''' (Mayu 28, 1920 - Satumba 17, 2020) wata ma'aikaciyar jinya ce ta Amurka, wacce aka fi sani da aikinta tare da Tuskegee Airmen a lokacin WWII . Ta shiga cikin bikin auren soja na farko a Tuskegee . Ta ci gaba da kasancewa mafi tsufa a Tuskegee Aircorps kafin mutuwarta a shekarar 2020 tana da shekaru 100. == Rayuwa ta farko == An haifi Dryden a [[New York (birni)|Birnin New York]] a shekarar 1920.<ref name=":1" /> Mahaifinta masanin ilimin hakora ne kuma mahaifiyarta malamar makaranta ce. Iyayen Dryden duka biyu Jamaican ne.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Tuskegee Army Nurses Project – Irma Cameron |url=http://www.tuskegeearmynurses.info/2019/06/25/irma-cameron-dryden/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> Muradin Dryden shine ya zama likita, duk da haka, ta yanke shawarar neman aikin jinya saboda tana da wahalar samun ilimi da ake bukata. Ta kammala karatu daga Makarantar Nursing ta Asibitin Harlem a shekarar 1942. == Ayyukan soja == A cikin 1942, Dryden ta shiga aikin jinya na soja kuma ta yi tafiya zuwa Alabama tare da abokan karatunta biyu, Alice M. Dunkley da Mary Rickards . [1] Da yake ta fito ne daga New York, Dryden ta firgita da nuna bambanci da ita da sauran ma'aikatan jinya baƙar fata suka fuskanta a kudancin da aka raba.[2] Ta ba da labarin a wata hira da Jami'ar Tuskegee cewa "ba ta ci dukan tafiyar ba" saboda ka'idojin da ke buƙatar fasinjojin baki su ci a bayan labule bayan fararen fasinjoji sun gama.[2] Ta auri Tuskegee Airman Charles W. Dryden a shekara ta 1943. Bikin aurensu shine bikin auren soja na farko a Tuskegee . <ref name=":0" /> Su biyun za su sake aure bayan shekaru 32 na aure amma za su kasance abokai har zuwa mutuwar Charles Dryden a shekara ta 2008. An ambaci labarin Irma da Charles Dryden a cikin Tom Brokaw's An Album of Memories: Personal Histories from the Greatest Generation da kuma tarihin Charles Dryden, A-Train: Memoirs of a Tuskegee Airman . <ref name=":0" /> == Rayuwa da mutuwa daga baya == Dryden ya bar soja a shekarar 1944. <ref name=":0" /> Ta ci gaba da fara dakin gwaje-gwaje na likita a New Jersey wanda ta kula da shi sama da shekaru 20. A shekara ta 2013, ta zama memba na farko na girmamawa na reshen [[Atlanta]] na National Black Nurses Association . <ref>{{Cite journal |date=2013 |title=Atlanta Black Nurses Association (ABNA) |url=https://www.nbna.org/files/NBNA%20News%20WINTER%202013.pdf |journal=NBNA News: Continuing the Legacy |pages=18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220107234949/https://www.nbna.org/files/NBNA%20News%20WINTER%202013.pdf |archive-date=2022-01-07 |access-date=2026-09-15 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A shekara ta 2014, Dryden ta sami lambar yabo ta zinare ta majalisa saboda aikin soja.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2014-11-12 |title=94-year-old Tuskegee Airman honored for her service |url=https://thegrio.com/2014/11/12/94-year-old-tuskegee-airman/ |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=TheGrio |language=en-US}}</ref> Dryden ya mutu yana da shekaru 100 a watan Satumbar 2020. Ita ce mafi tsufa a Tuskegee Aircorps a lokacin mutuwarta. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |title=Obituary for Irma "Pete" Dryden {{!}} Hanley-Shelton Funeral Directors |url=https://www.hanley-shelton.com/obituary/IrmaPete-Dryden |access-date=2024-02-07 |website=Hanley-Shelton Funeral Directors |language=en}}</ref> == Dubu kuma == * Dokar zartarwa 9981 * Jerin 'yan jirgin saman Tuskegee * Tarihin Soja na 'yan Afirka na Amurka * Tuskegee Airmen (fim) == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutattun 2020]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1920]] 6sc8n7cgn0hjk9hxmecmeeggbdji89l Boechera falcatoria 0 172176 962173 939194 2026-10-03T07:05:03Z BnHamid 12586 962173 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Boechera falcatoria''''' (tsohon Arabis falcatoria) wani nau'in fure ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin dangin Brassicaceae da aka sani da sunan '''Grouse Creek rockcress''' . Yana da iyaka a [[Utah]] a Amurka, inda aka sani ne kawai daga Box Elder County. An bayar da rahoton daga makwabciyar [[Nevada]], amma waɗannan rahotanni na iya dogara ne akan kuskuren ganewa. == Bayyanawa == Wannan ciyawa mai ɗorewa yana samar da rassa da yawa har zuwa 20 zuwa 30 centimeters tsawo daga caudex. Ƙananan ɓangaren tushe da ganye masu tushe suna da gashi. Inflorescence shine raceme na furanni 6 zuwa 15 fure da fararen ko lavender petals. 'Ya'yan itace suna da siffar siliki mai laushi har zuwa 6.5 centimeters a tsawon. Wannan shuka tana girma a kan dutsen da ke buɗewa a cikin yashi da dutse. Wannan nau'in an san shi daga 'yan tarin kuma ba a san komai game da yalwar sa ba. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} prkckwzne4ts2nif4ro47wb30kqo5qy Ingrid Schulerud 0 172185 962221 939211 2026-10-03T08:18:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962221 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Ingrid Schulerud''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga Yuli 1959) jami'ar diflomasiyya ce [[Norway|ta ƙasar Norway]] . <ref name="ingrid">{{Cite web |date=17 April 2015 |title=Schulerud Becomes Ambassador to Belgium |url=https://www.vg.no/nyheter/innenriks/utenriks/schulerud-blir-ambassadoer-ud-avviser-saerbehandling/a/23436563/ |access-date=20 May 2017 |website=VG News, Norway}}</ref> <ref name="jens">{{Cite web |date=20 May 2017 |title=World Biography for Jens Stoltenberg of Norway |url=http://www.notablebiographies.com/newsmakers2/2006-Ra-Z/Stoltenberg-Jens.html |access-date=20 May 2017 |website=NotableBiographies.com |publisher=Encyclopedia of World Biography}}</ref> Ta yi aiki a matsayin jakadar Norway a [[Beljik|Belgium]] daga 2015 zuwa 2019. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 April 2015 |title=Ingrid Schulerud Becomes Ambassador in Brussels, Belgium |url=http://e24.no/jobb/ingrid-schulerud-blir-ambassadoer-i-brussel/23436556 |access-date=20 May 2017 |website=E24, Oslo, Norway}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == === Rayuwar farko === Schulerud 'yar Mentz Schulerud ce, marubuci kuma mai hazaka a rediyo, wanda aka san shi da iliminsa na ilimin birninsu na [[Oslo]] . Goggon ta &#x2014; 'yar'uwar Mentz &#x2014; ita ce marubucin littafin yara Anne-Cath. Vestly . <ref name="ingrid" /> === Ilimi === Schulerud ta halarci [[Makarantar Cathedral ta Oslo]], inda ta haɗu da Jens lokacin da suke 'yan shekara 17. A nan, ta kayar da mijinta na gaba a zaɓen Wakilin Ƙungiyar Ɗaliban Ƙasa, inda ta tsaya takarar Jam'iyyar Socialist Left Party . <ref name="jens" /> === Rayuwar iyali === Schulerud yana auren Jens Stoltenberg, tsohon Sakatare Janar na NATO, kuma tsohon Firayim Ministan Norway. Kasancewarta matar Firayim Ministan Norway a cikin lokatai biyu daban-daban, (2000 &#x2013; 2001 da 2005 &#x2013; 2013), ta zaɓi wani matsayi na zamantakewa da aka ɗan janye. A lokacin farko, ba ta raka mijinta zuwa wata ziyara ta hukuma ba tsawon sama da shekara guda, har sai da suka ziyarci [[Indiya]] tare a watan Afrilun 2001. Gabaɗaya dai, ta zaɓi ta guji shiga cikin binciken kafofin watsa labarai musamman don kare 'ya'yanta. Ma'auratan suna da ɗa ɗaya da mace ɗaya. <ref name="jens" /> == Sana'a == Bayan tafiye-tafiye a Latin Amurka, Schulerud ta so yin aiki a ƙungiyoyin ci gaba; duk da haka, Ma'aikatar Raya Ƙasashen Duniya ta ɗauke ta aiki don yin nazarin tasirin ayyukan [[Bankin Duniya]] a muhalli. Wannan ya sa ta kammala karatun digiri na biyu a fannin ma'aikatar harkokin waje, sannan ta yi horo na asali a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje, wanda ta kammala a shekarar 1988. A shekarar 1990, yayin da take aiki a ofishin jakadancin Norway da ke Budapest, Hungary, an naɗa mijinta Sakataren Jiha a Ma'aikatar Muhalli, kuma hakan ya sa ta koma gida Norway. Daga baya, ta riƙe mukamai daban-daban a Ma'aikatar, galibi dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi ƙasashen Baltic da Tsakiyar Turai. Ta kasance Mataimakiyar Darakta Janar ta Tsakiyar Turai da EEA - tana ba da kuɗi a Ma'aikatar Harkokin Waje a Norway har zuwa lokacin da ta zama Jakadar Norway a Belgium a watan Afrilun 2015. <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2014 |title=Inauguration Speech by Ambassador Schulerud, Norway |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tNgeJC1Na0 |url-status=bot: unknown |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230704142924/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tNgeJC1Na0 |archive-date=4 July 2023 |access-date=20 May 2017 |website=YouTube.com |publisher=CVAR/Severis Foundation, Norway}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=15 September 2014 |title=Transcript of Inauguration Speech by Ambassador Schulerud, Norway |url=https://www.facebook.com/notes/cvarseveris-foundation/inauguration-speech-by-ambassador-schulerud-norway-15-sep-2014/1487335754853447 |access-date=20 May 2017 |website=CVAR/Severis Foundation, Norway}}</ref> Ta kasance mai himma a cikin Ƙungiyar Ma'aikatan Gwamnati ta Norway, kuma ta halarci Kwalejin Tsaron Ƙasa ta Norway; wata cibiya ta ilimi kan harkokin soja da dabaru ga ma'aikatan soja da fararen hula. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1959]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 311x2prj8e4kus5b6bw816ez3kutq9y Haagen Krog Steffens 0 172367 962026 954817 2026-10-02T20:54:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962026 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Haagen Krog Steffens''' (30 Afrilu 1873 &#x2013; 9 Mayu 1917) masanin tarihi ne na ƙasar Norway, mai adana kayan tarihi da kuma masanin tarihin iyali. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Haagen Krog Steffens |url=http://www.genealogi.no/mediawiki/index.php/Haagen_Krog_Steffens |access-date=January 1, 2017 |publisher=Slektshistoriewiki |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118053057/http://www.genealogi.no/mediawiki/index.php/Haagen_Krog_Steffens |url-status=dead}}</ref> An haifi Haagen Krog Steffens a Christiania (yanzu Oslo), Norway. Shi ɗan likita ne Henrich Steffens (1841-1984) da Asta Falch. Steffens ya fito ne daga dangin Holstein . Mahaifinsa da kakansa likitoci ne kuma iyalansa sun yi renon wasu fitattun mutane. Steffens ya halarci Makarantar Katolika ta Christiania (wanda yanzu ake kira Makarantar Cathedral ta Oslo ). Steffens ya kammala karatunsa da digirin ɗan takarar shari'a a shekarar 1897. Daga baya ya yi jerin bincike a rumbun adana kayan tarihi a Sweden, Denmark, Jamus da Belgium. An ɗauke shi aiki a matsayin mai kula da adana kayan tarihi a Hukumar Kula da Taskar Tarihi ta Ƙasa ta Norway kuma yana da tasiri mai mahimmanci akan tsarin adana kayan tarihi. Ayyukansa mafi mahimmanci sune ''Norske slægter'', wanda aka saki a cikin littattafai biyu a 1912 da 1915; ''Den norske Centraladministrasjons Historie 1814-1914'', saki a 1914; da ''tarihin tarihin Kragerø'', wanda aka saki a cikin 1916. An buga shi a cikin ''Morgenbladet'' da ''Aftenposten'' . An fi saninsa da mai himma sosai a fannin tarihin zuri'a. Ya rubuta tarihin zuri'ar iyalai da dama, ciki har da iyalan Mogensen, Mathiesen, [[Rod (Norwegian family)|Rod]] da Aall . Ya mutu a Oslo kuma an binne shi a Vår Frelsers gravlund . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Arkivar Haagen Krog Steffens |url=http://www.begravdeioslo.no/maler/grav/grave_id/2075 |access-date=January 1, 2017 |publisher=Gravferdsetaten i Oslo kommune |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170118052928/http://www.begravdeioslo.no/maler/grav/grave_id/2075 |archive-date=January 18, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Zaɓaɓɓun ayyuka == * ''Hvitebjørn og Stubljan - En Norsk Gaards da Slægts Tarihi'' (1898) * ''Linderud da slegterne Mogensen da Mathiesen'' (1899) * ''Selvig i Hurum – Et stykke Norsk Gards og Slægts Tarihi'' (1902) * ''Slegten Wiel'' (1903) * ''Herrebø Fayancefabrik og dens grundlægger Peter Hofnagel'' (1904) * ''Slegten Stang - Bidrag har zuwa Tarihin Fredrikshalds'' (1905) * ''Fru Emerentze Munch, f. Barclays Optegnelser'' (1907) * ''Slegnen Aall'' (1908) * ''Fru Conradine Dunkers Erindringer'' (1909) * ''Norske Slægter 1912'' (1912) * ''Tarihin Gudanarwa na Den Norske 1814-1914'' (1914) * ''Norske Slægter 1915'' (1915) * ''Kragerø Bys Tarihi 1666-1916'' (1916) == Manazarta == 7g6nyyenjtdudkcr6rmrybv7egmzljq Glenbranter 0 172714 961958 950265 2026-10-02T17:53:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961958 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Glenbranter''' ƙauye ne kuma tsohon gida, mallakar Sir Harry Lauder a da, a bakin tekun arewa maso yamma na Loch Eck a cikin Argyll Forest Park, a kan Cowal Peninsula, a Argyll da Bute, Yammacin [[Scotland|kasar Scotland]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Leave the world behind at Glenbranter |url=http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/forest-parks/argyll-forest-park/glenbranter |website=Scotland Forestry Commission |access-date=2026-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223100128/http://scotland.forestry.gov.uk/forest-parks/argyll-forest-park/glenbranter |archive-date=2018-02-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Website Temporarily Unavailable |url=https://strachurdlhs.org.uk/cgi-sys/suspendedpage.cgi |website=strachurdlhs.org.uk}}</ref> The River Cur passes the main entrance to the hamlet, it flows under the two arch bridge called ''Bridend''. Built around 1806, as part of the road reconstruction between Strachur and Ardentinny. The bridge has been designated since August 1980 (LB18186).<ref>{{Cite web |title=GLENBRANTER, BRIDGEND, BRIDGE OVER THE RIVER CUR (LB18186) |url=https://portal.historicenvironment.scot/designation/LB18186 |website=portal.historicenvironment.scot}}</ref> == Harry Lauder == [[File:Glenbranter.jpg|thumb| Glenbranter Mansion House, wurin zama na Sir Harry Lauder]] Lauder ya sayi [[Glenbranter Estate]] a ranar 13 ga Oktoba 1916; ya sayar da shi ga Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji a shekarar 1921 kuma ya zama wani ɓangare na Argyll Forest Park a shekarar 1935. An rushe Gidan Gidaje a shekarar 1956. <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 January 2023 |title=Lauder Monument, Invernoaden, Argyll Forest — See Loch Lomond :: What to do in Loch Lomond and Trossachs |url=https://www.seelochlomond.co.uk/discover/lauder-monument |website=See Loch Lomond}}</ref> === Abin tunawa na Lauder === Akwai wani abin tunawa ga ɗan Harry Lauder, [[Captain John Currie Lauder|Kyaftin John Currie Lauder]], na rundunar sojojin Argyll &amp;amp; Sutherland Highlanders ta 8, wanda ya mutu a Pozières a ranar 28 ga Disamba, 1916, a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na Ɗaya]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Manchester |first=Reading Room |title=Casualty Details |url=https://www.cwgc.org/find-war-dead/casualty/545969 |website=Cwgc.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Stories |first=CWGC |title=Captain John Currie Lauder - Soldier Son of "Scotland's greatest ever ambassador" &#124; CWGC |url=https://www.cwgc.org/stories/stories/captain-john-currie-lauder-soldier-son-of-scotlands-greatest-ever-ambassador/ |website=CWGC Stories}}</ref> Wannan abin tunawa yana da ɗan gajeren tafiya daga titin A815.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Invernoaden, Lauder Memorial &#124; Canmore |url=https://canmore.org.uk/site/40802/invernoaden-lauder-memorial |website=canmore.org.uk}}</ref> == Sansanin aiki == Gidan yana wurin sansanin aiki ne a shekarun 1930, wani ɓangare na [[Instructional Centres scheme, 1930s|tsarin Cibiyoyin Koyarwa]] na Gwamnatin MacDonald ta Ƙasa . An bai wa maza "horo" na tsawon watanni uku kan wani tsari mai kama da na aikin yi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 July 2012 |title=How Britain built work camps for the unemployed in the 1930s |url=https://socialistworker.co.uk/features/how-britain-built-work-camps-for-the-unemployed-in-the-1930s/ |website=Socialist Worker}}</ref> == Hotuna == <gallery mode="packed" class="center"> File:Glenbranter_Bridge_-_geograph.org.uk_-_85392.jpg|alt=Glenbranter Bridge| Gadar Glenbranter File:Loch_Eck,_Benmore-Glenbranter_Forestry_Road_-_geograph.org.uk_-_159892.jpg|alt=Loch Eck, Benmore-Glenbranter Forestry Road| Loch Eck, Titin Gandun Daji na Benmore-Glenbranter File:Glenbranter_Cottages_-_geograph.org.uk_-_85390.jpg|alt=Glenbranter Cottages| Gidajen Glenbranter File:Old_Bridge_at_Glenshellish_Farm,_Glenbranter,_Cowal_-_geograph.org.uk_-_662141.jpg|alt=Old Bridge at Glenshellish Farm, Glenbranter, Cowal| Tsohon Gada a Glenshellish Farm, Glenbranter, Cowal File:Argyll_and_Bute_-_Lauder_Memorial,_Invernoaden_-_20230616152724.jpg|alt=Argyll and Bute - Lauder Memorial, Invernoaden - 20230616152724| Argyll da Bute - Lauder Memorial, Invernoaden - 20230616152724 </gallery> == Manazarta == pubdusgn9h9mao7ghe4ptq57drz12ih Itacen beech na halitta 0 172809 962265 955163 2026-10-03T09:29:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962265 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Itacen beech na halitta''' itace ne na beech, wanda ke iya cikawa da kuma ci gaba da kansa. Beech itace ne mai daraja, amma yawancin bishiyoyin beech suna buƙatar sa hannun mutum don maye gurbin tsofaffin bishiyoyi, tunda ƙananan bishiyoyi ba sa iya rayuwa kwata-kwata, ko kuma a cikin adadin da ke kiyaye yawan beech a tsawon lokaci. Akwai dalilai daban-daban na wannan yanayin. Rashin gandun daji mai nauyi na wasu tsire-tsire a cikin bazara, inuwa ga ƙananan bishiyoyi, sanadiyar sanarwa ce. Yawancin ƙasa mai wadataccen abinci zai zama da wahala a kula da itace a cikin dogon lokaci. Itacen beech na halitta yana da itatuwan beech na kowane zamani, gami da itatuwan da suka fadi da wadanda suka mutu. Sauran nau'ikan bishiyoyi na iya haɗuwa, amma ba zuwa matakin da ke barazana ga mafi rinjaye ba. Ana amfani da kalmar kuma ga wasu nau'ikan bishiyoyi, kamar 'itace na oak na halitta', 'itace-itace na birch na halitta', da dai sauransu. == dazuzzuka na halitta na itace == Daga cikin misalai na gandun daji na itace na halitta sune: * Cwm Clydach National Nature Reserve a kudu maso gabashin Wales * dazuzzuka na Marselisborg a Denmark * Serrahn Hills a arewa maso gabashin Jamus * Tuddan tsaunukan [[Harz]] a arewacin Jamus * Gidan shakatawa na Hainich a tsakiyar Jamus * Voděradské bučiny National Nature Reserve a Jamhuriyar Czech * Stužica a Slovakia, daya daga cikin gandun daji na farko na Turai * Carpathian Biosphere Reserve a kudu maso yammacin Ukraine == Barazanar == [[File:Jablanik_-_zapadna_Srbija_-_mesto_Debelo_brdo_-_Na_putu_ka_vrhu_Jablanika_-_Bukova_šuma_u_jesen_1.jpg|thumb|213x213px|Beech wood in [[Serbiya|Serbia]]]] Ayyukan noma na iya sauya asalin ƙasa sosai, cewa takamaiman nau'in gandun daji na halitta da aka taɓa haɗa da yankin, zai canza ma. Wannan canjin kusan ba za a iya juyawa ba. Wannan yanayin yanzu ya shafi mafi yawan Turai. [[Sauyin yanayi|Canjin yanayi]] na cikin gida ko na duniya na iya samun tasiri mai zurfi a kan irin gandun daji na halitta wanda zai iya girma da rayuwa a takamaiman yanki. Beech na Turai yawanci yana da saukin kamuwa da sauye-sauyen yanayi fiye da yanayin ƙasa kuma ana samun [[Sauyin yanayi|Canjin yanayi na duniya]] na yanzu don shafar rarraba yanayin ƙasa na wuraren zama na itacen beech. == Rashin fahimta da rikice-rikice == Kalmar "al'ada" sau da yawa ana amfani da ita a matsayin ma'anar "na farko". Duk da yake gandun daji na farko da har yanzu suna nan, hakika na halitta ne, gandun daji ba lallai bane su kasance na farko da kansu. Yankunan da aka sake kafawa ko kuma na sake zama na halitta; lamari ne kawai na ko wani nau'in gandun daji da aka ba shi yana iya kiyayewa da maye gurbin kansa da kansa - watau idan yanayin yanayi da yanayin ƙasa don wani nau'i na gandun daji sun kasance ko a'a. Wadannan yanayi za a iya ƙayyade su da ma'ana, kuma ba su dogara da "gwajin lokaci" kawai ba. Ana amfani da kalmar "semi-natural" a wasu lokuta don bayyana duk wani gandun daji na halitta, wanda ba ainihin asalinsa ba ne. == Dubi kuma == * [[Silva Carbonaria]], da 'Kudancin Charcoal'. * Tsohon da na Farko na Beech Forests na Carpathians da Sauran Yankuna na Turai * Yankin daji na dā == Tushen == * Edward P. Mountford da Peter S. Savill; Sabuntawa ta halitta na gandun daji na Beech a Turai - Burtaniya: Hanyoyi, Matsala, Ci gaban kwanan nan da Shawarwari Cibiyar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Oxford, Maris 2003, aikin Nat-Man (D22) * Standovár & Kenderes; Bincike kan yanayin halitta a cikin bishiyoyi na gabashin tsakiyar Turai An adana shi 2013-10-20 a Ma'aikatar na Shuka da Muhalli, Jami'ar Eötvös Loránd (Mayu 2003). * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131020173113/http://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/en/why-woods-matter/what-are-they/types/ancient-woodland/planted-ancient-woodland-sites/Pages/semi-natural.aspx#.UmMCEhCZhqU Tsohon gandun daji na halitta] An adana shi 2013-10-20 a Woodland Trust * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131022213429/http://societyofirishforesters.ie/policyposition.php?pid=3 Takardar Manufofin: Semi-natural Woodland] The Society of Irish Foresters * Tsohon & rabin halitta Royal Forestry Society * Tsohon Semi-Natural Woodland (ciki har da PAWS da RNWAS) Ma'anar Ma'anar Durham Biodiversity Action Plan * Woodland JNCC o8l77yybg9byyirvnxjkmtgdfhiaf58 Lee Metcalf Wilderness 0 172823 962171 941466 2026-10-03T07:03:59Z BnHamid 12586 962171 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lee Metcalf Wilderness''' yana cikin arewacin Rocky Mountains a cikin jihar [[Montana]] ta Amurka. An kirkireshi ne ta hanyar wani aiki na Majalisa a cikin shekara ta 1983, wannan hamada mai tsawo ya kasu kashi huɗu da aka raba ta hanyar tsaunuka masu rikitarwa: sashin Bear Trap Canyon, sashin Mutanen Espanya Peaks, sashin Taylor-Hilgard, da sashin Monument Mountains. Ofishin Gudanar da Kasa (wani hukuma a cikin Ma'aikatar Cikin Gida) ne ke kula da sashin Bear Trap Canyon kuma ya ƙunshi yankin canyonlands kusa da Kogin Madison. Sauran sassan uku na jeji suna sarrafawa tare da Beaverhead-Deerlodge da Gallatin National Forests, dukansu biyu suna cikin Ma'aikatar Aikin Gona. An sanya wa jejin suna ne bayan marigayi dan majalisa na Montana Lee Metcalf . Yankin jeji a cikin gandun daji na Gallatin yana cikin Babban Yanayin Yanayi na Yellowstone kuma yana kan iyaka da Gidan shakatawa na Yellowstone. Yankunan hamada na Amurka sun haramta motoci da motoci, gami da [[Keke|kekuna]]. Kodayake an ba da izinin sansani da kamun kifi tare da izini mai kyau, babu hanyoyi ko gine-gine, kuma babu wani [[Gandun -Daji|katako]] ko [[hakar ma'adinai]], bisa ga Dokar Wilderness ta 1964. Saboda haka, Metcalf Wilderness yana aiki ne a matsayin mafaka mai mahimmanci ga yawancin jinsunan da ke fuskantar barazana da haɗari na [[Amurka ta Arewa|Arewacin Amurka]] kuma yana da gida ga mafi yawan yawan yawan jama'a na grizzly bear a cikin Amurka mai kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=White, Gunther, & van Manen |title=Yellowstone Grizzly Bears: Ecology & Conservation |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/learn/nature/upload/Yellowstone_Grizzlies_Web.pdf |access-date=13 August 2020 |website=US National Park Service |publisher=Yellowstone National Park, USGS}}</ref> Sauran manyan dabbobi na Arewacin Amurka suma suna zaune a wannan yanayin halittu na alpine, kamar su Moose, elk, baƙar fata, awaki na dutse, tumaki na bighorn, wolverines, Cougars, Lynx na Kanada, da wolves, da kuma bald eagles, osprey, pelicans, da swans.<ref>{{Cite web |last=US National Park Service |title=Report: The Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem |url=https://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/RI_2016_FINAL_Ecosystem_web.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827141925/https://www.nps.gov/yell/planyourvisit/upload/RI_2016_FINAL_Ecosystem_web.pdf |archive-date=August 27, 2016 |access-date=14 August 2020 |publisher=USNPS}}</ref> == Yanayi == Tashar yanayi ta Beaver Creek SNOTEL tana a kudancin Lee Metcalf Wilderness, a kwarin gabashin Echo Peak (Montana) . Beaver Creek yana da yanayi mai zurfi (Köppen Dfc).{{Weather box}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mkglgg7a9favqncu5tuhpsiw3li0j00 Gonar Novar Wind 0 172985 961961 941793 2026-10-02T18:14:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961961 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Novar Wind Farm gona''' ce mai injin turbine mai karfin 50, mai karfin megawatt 53.8 wacce ke cikin tsaunukan Scotland. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Novar |url=https://www.ventientenergy.com/our-portfolio/novar/ |access-date=2019-01-17 |website=Ventient Energy |language=en-GB}}</ref> An gina Novar a shekarar 1997, kuma tana ɗaya daga cikin sabbin abubuwan da suka faru a baya na samar da iska a bakin teku a Scotland. Ta bayar da gudummawa mai yawa ga tattalin arzikin yankin a lokacin gini da kuma ta Asusun Fa'idodin Al'umma. A shekarar 2010 an gina ƙarin injinan turbines guda 16, wanda ya kai ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki na shekara zuwa megawatts 53.8. == Wuri == An gina gonar Novar Wind Farm ne daga wurare biyu da ke kan gidan Novar, {{Convert|5|mi|km}} arewa maso yamma da ƙauyen Evanton da {{Convert|5.5|mi|km}} yamma da garin Alness . {{Convert|6|mi|km}} kudu maso yamma akwai Munro Ben Wyvis wanda ke da wurin ajiyar namun daji na ƙasa kuma tsayinsa ya kai {{Convert|1046|m|ft}} . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ross and Cromarty Heritage - Windfarms in Ross-shire |url=http://www.rossandcromartyheritage.org/Community/Pan-Ross/Work/Utilities-Windfarms.aspx}}</ref> Kasar galibi ƙasa ce mai kyau da aka rufe da ciyawar heather amma kuma ana amfani da ita wajen kiwon tumaki. An gina hanyoyin shiga tsakuwa domin a gina da kuma kula da wurin. == Gine-gine == Npower (Ƙasar Ingila) ce ta gina Novar A kuma ta ba da umarnin a shekarar 1997 da x34 500&nbsp;Ana haɗa injinan injinan Bonus (Siemens) da tashar wutar lantarki ta ƙasa (Birtaniya) . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Novar |url=https://www.ventientenergy.com/our-portfolio/novar/ |access-date=2019-01-21 |website=Ventient Energy |language=en-GB}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Novar (United-Kingdom) - Wind farms - Online access - The Wind Power |url=https://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_1436_novar.php |access-date=2019-01-21 |website=www.thewindpower.net}}</ref> Tsakanin 1997 da 2010, mallakar kamfanin ya sauya sau da yawa har sai da Ventient Energy ta karɓe shi. A shekarar 2010, RWE ta fara ginawa don faɗaɗa wurin tare da ƙara manyan gidaje 16, 2,300.&nbsp;injinan injinan Enercon na kW. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Novar Extension (United-Kingdom) - Wind farms - Online access - The Wind Power |url=https://www.thewindpower.net/windfarm_en_19284_novar-extension.php |access-date=2019-01-21 |website=www.thewindpower.net}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2012, Ministan Makamashi na Gwamnatin Scotland, Fergus Ewing ya buɗe sabon wurin a hukumance. <ref>{{Cite web |date=17 September 2012 |title=New Ross wind farm is |url=https://www.ross-shirejournal.co.uk/News/New-Ross-wind-farm-is-step-change-for-renewables-17092012.htm |access-date=2019-01-21 |website=www.ross-shirejournal.co.uk}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Wannan ya ƙara ƙarfin samar da wutar lantarki daga megawatts 17 zuwa megawatts 53.8. == Asusun Fa'idodin Al'umma == Kamar yadda yake a gonakin iska da yawa a Scotland, an kafa Asusun Fa'idodin Al'umma. Asusun kwangila ne da mai aiki ya yarda ya biya wani adadi mai ƙayyadadden adadin ga al'ummomin yankin kowace MWh da aka samar. A wannan yanayin, kamfanin RWE Innogy wanda a halin yanzu ke gudanar da Novar Wind Farms ya amince ya biya £2000 ga kowace megawatt da Novar ke samarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Developer Details - Local Energy Scotland |url=https://www.localenergy.scot/projects-and-case-studies/searchable-register-of-community-benefits/developer-details/?id=655&developerId=118 |access-date=2019-01-21 |website=www.localenergy.scot}}</ref> An raba kuɗin tsakanin majalisun al'umma na Kiltearn, Ardross, da Alness, waɗanda daga nan ne za su yanke shawara kan yadda za a kashe kuɗin. <ref name=":0" /> Sau da yawa kuɗin yana zuwa makarantun yankin don abubuwa kamar littattafai da kayan wasan yara, ko kuma don taimaka wa ƙungiyoyin al'umma da kuɗaɗen tallafi. == Manazarta == mxpvq5m4et2gqoufimli7ua73s9sdf9 Hanyar Tahoe Rim 0 173066 962094 942073 2026-10-02T23:06:20Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962094 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hanyar Tahoe Rim''' Trail (TRT) hanya ce mai nisan kilomita 274 mai nisan tafiya wanda ke kewaye da Tafkin Tahoe Basin a cikin [[Nevada]]_(U.S.) Sierra Nevada (U.S.)">Sierra Nevada da kewayon Nevada da [[California]] a Amurka.<ref name="TIM">Hauserman, Tim ''The Tahoe Rim Trail'' {{ISBN|0-89997-288-8}}</ref> &nbsp;Hanyar tana da tsawo daga ƙafa 6,223 (1,897 m) a tashar Tafkin Tahoe zuwa ƙafa 10,338 (3,151 m) a Relay Peak a Nevada. Kimanin kilomita 50 (kilomita 80) na hanyar da ke sama da gabar yammacin tafkin kuma suna cikin ɓangaren hanyar Pacific Crest Trail.<ref name="TIM" /> &nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, kilomita 96 na hanyar tare da gefen gabas da kudu na tafkin Tahoe an sanya su a matsayin hanyar Nishaɗi ta Kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Lake Tahoe Rim Trail, Nevada California, National Recreation Trails |url=http://www.americantrails.org/nationalrecreationtrails/trailNRT/TahoeRim-NVCA.html |access-date=2016-04-06 |website=www.americantrails.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160502021508/http://www.americantrails.org/nationalrecreationtrails/trailNRT/TahoeRim-NVCA.html |archive-date=2016-05-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tunanin hanyar da ke kewaye da Tafkin Tahoe an fara gabatar da shi ne a shekarar 1978 ta hanyar Glenn Hampton, jami'in nishaɗi na Lake Tahoe Basin Management Unit (LTBMU) na Hukumar Kula da dazuzzuka ta Amurka. An kammala hanyar a watan Satumbar shekara ta 2001, kusan gaba ɗaya ta hanyar aikin sa kai. Hanyar a halin yanzu ta wanzu mafi yawa a ƙasar da LTBMU da Lake Tahoe-Nevada State Park ke sarrafawa, tare da gajerun sassan a cikin Tahoe National Forest da Carson Ranger District na Humboldt-Toiyabe National Forest. Babban lokacin tafiya yawanci daga Yuli zuwa Satumba, kodayake ana iya samun dusar ƙanƙara a wasu lokuta zuwa watan Agusta na shekaru masu dusar ƙara. Hanyar tana buɗewa duk shekara, amma ba a yi alama don amfani da hunturu ba. Yanayin yanayi na Sierra Nevada ne, tare da guguwa mai tsanani a lokacin hunturu kuma kusan babu ruwan sama da ke fadowa a lokacin rani. Ana ba da izinin kekunan dutse a kusan rabin hanyar, kuma duk hanyar tana buɗewa ga mahayan, ban da ɗan gajeren ɓangaren a arewa, da masu tsere. An haramta nishaɗin Motar a duk tsawonta. Masu tafiya dole ne su sami izini kafin su shiga cikin sanannen yankin Desolation Wilderness kudu maso yammacin tafkin. Hanyar kuma ta ratsa Dutsen Rose da Babban Dutsen Granite. Wani bangare na hanyar kuma yana wucewa ta ko kusa da Freel Roadless Area. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] lpdj2nocg30n0lbrsrfskntrub6cp6n Cryptantha crinita 0 173112 962163 942178 2026-10-03T06:56:56Z BnHamid 12586 962163 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Cryptantha crinita''''' wani nau'in shuke-shuke ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin Iyalin borage da aka sani da sunayen '''Sacramento cryptantha''' da siliki cryptantha . Yana da iyaka ga [[California]] a Amurka, inda yake faruwa a arewacin Kwarin Sacramento da gefen da ke kusa da tuddai na Cascade Range . Wannan ciyawa na shekara-shekara yana girma har zuwa 30 ko 40 centimeters a tsawo. An rufe rassan rassan da ganye da gashi. Siffar lance zuwa ganye masu tsawo suna da tsawon 1 zuwa 3 centimeters. Inflorescence yana da yawa, Cyme mai laushi na furanni da yawa fure da sepals masu laushi da fararen corollas. Fure yana faruwa a watan Afrilu da Mayu. Wannan shuka tana girma a cikin mazaunin kogi tare da koguna na ɗan lokaci a arewacin kwarin Sacramento. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya nuna cewa wani lokacin yana faruwa a gindin tsaunuka a gefen Dutsen Cascade. Wannan mazaunin shine chaparral da gandun daji a kan ƙasa mai fitattun wuta. Binciken da aka yi kwanan nan ya fadada sanannen rarraba shuka kuma ya nuna cewa yana girma a tsaunuka mafi girma fiye da yadda aka yi tunani a baya. Har yanzu ana ɗaukarsa nau'in da ba a saba gani ba. Barazanar rayuwa na jinsin sun hada da hakar dutse, amfani da motoci, kiwo, da ci gaba. Kwayoyin tsire-tsire da aka gabatar a yankin suma barazana ne, gami da ja brome (''Bromus madritensis'' ssp. ''rubens''), yellow starthistle (''Centaurea solstitialis''), da [[Taeniatherum caput-medusae|Taeniatherum caput-medusae">Medusahead]] (Taeniatherum caput-medusae). == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Cryptantha+crinita Hotunan CalPhotos] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hmfk22rbutozrny3j75irv4cgml3qp8 Geraldin Moreno 0 173177 961872 942402 2026-10-02T13:23:10Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961872 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Geraldin Moreno Orozco''' ({{Circa}} 1990-22 Fabrairu 2014) ya kasance mai zanga-zangar Venezuelan wanda aka kashe a lokacin zanga-zambe na Venezuela na 2014. == Kisan kai == A ranar 19 ga watan Fabrairu shekara ta 2014, da karfe takwas na safe, an kira cacerolazo a Naguanagua, a Jihar Carabobo. Motoci shida daga Tsaro na Kasa sun isa harbi kuma Moreno ya gudu tare da sauran masu zanga-zangar. Sergeant na biyu Francisco Caridad Barroso ya harbe harbi, wanda ya buge Geraldin a cikin jiki; Wani sajan, Albin Bonilla, ya harbe shi harbi wanda ya buge ta a fuska, ya sa ta fadi a bayanta, kuma nan da nan bayan haka ta harbe ta a karo na uku kai tsaye a fuskar Geraldin, wanda wani abokin aiki ya bukaci shi wanda, a cewar shaidu, ya yi ihu yi, yi<ref name=":02">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> Dan uwanta, Liseth Madía, ya bayyana cewa ba a yi filastik ba kamar yadda ake tsammani, amma na baƙin ƙarfe. Direban babur din, Alexander López Vargas, ya gaya wa Ma'aikatar Jama'a cewa Alvín Rojas ya yarda da harbe wannan mace mai lahani.Moreno ya mutu bayan kwana uku a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu. Dalilin mutuwar shi ne Herniation of Cerebellar tonsils and cardio-respiratory arrest saboda zubar da jini, ƙwaƙwalwa da raunin ido da ƙwaƙwalwa saboda karyewar ƙashin kai saboda raunin fuska da yawa.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last3=}}</ref> == Bincike == Ya zuwa watan Fabrairun 2015, daga cikin mutuwar 43, ana binciken hudu ne kawai: na [[Bassil Da Costa]], na José Alejandro Márquez, na Geraldin Moreno da Adriana Urquiola, kuma babu wanda aka warware.<ref>{{Cite web |date=19 February 2015 |title=Muerte de Génesis Carmona sigue impune |url=http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/02/19/muerte-de-genesis-carmona-sigue-impune/ |access-date=2 December 2015 |website=www.lapatilla.com |publisher=[[La Patilla]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208161301/http://www.lapatilla.com/site/2015/02/19/muerte-de-genesis-carmona-sigue-impune/ |archive-date=8 December 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Akalla 'yan tsaron kasa 25 ne ke da hannu a kisan Geraldin, amma an gabatar da hudu ne kawai a cikin shari'ar, daga cikinsu an tsare biyu kuma sauran biyu suna karkashin tsarin gabatarwar. Shekara guda bayan mutuwarta, ba a fara shari'ar ba kuma an jinkirta ta sau takwas. A cikin 2016 an yanke wa Albin Bonilla Rojas hukuncin shekaru talatin a kurkuku saboda mutuwar Geraldin Moreno, mafi girman hukunci a Venezuela, yayin da aka yanke wa Sergeant Francisco Caridad hukuncin shekaru 16 da watanni 6 a kurkuku. Sauran mambobin dakarun, wadanda ke da alaƙa da abubuwan da suka faru, ciki har da Lieutenant Colonel Frank Osura, sun sami ci gaba da kayan ado bayan kisan.<ref name=":02" /> == Kyauta == Magajin garin Naguanagua {{Interlanguage link|Alejandro Feo La Cruz|es}} ya ba da gudummawa ga waɗanda suka mutu a lokacin zanga-zangar a Carabobo, ya ba da sunan wurin shakatawa "Geraldin Moreno Park" kuma ya ba da suna ga wata hanya bayan wani mai zanga-zambe, Génesis Carmona . [es] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] 45nzgurtj3mmuvkwgge8zdxabi4b3b0 IFEX (ƙungiya) 0 173568 962142 943751 2026-10-03T05:42:07Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962142 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''IFEX''', tsohon Kasuwancin 'Yancin Magana na Duniya, cibiyar sadarwa ce ta duniya ta fiye da 119 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-07-21 |title=A UN body is keeping NGOs locked out – states are pushing for reform - Geneva Solutions |url=https://genevasolutions.news/human-rights/a-un-body-is-keeping-ngos-locked-out-states-are-pushing-for-reform |access-date=2024-07-23 |website=genevasolutions.news |language=en}}</ref> masu zaman kansu masu zaman kansu <ref name="IFEXON">{{Cite web |title=Our Network |url=https://ifex.org/members/ |access-date=8 August 2022 |website=IFEX |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The safety of journalists: Why should you care? |url=http://www.unesco.org/new/en/communication-and-information/resources/news-and-in-focus-articles/in-focus-articles/2012/the-safety-of-journalists-why-should-you-care/ |access-date=12 November 2012 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> waɗanda ke aiki a matakin gida, ƙasa, yanki, ko na duniya don karewa da inganta' [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki]] a matsayin [[Haƙƙoƙin ɗan'adam|Hakkin ɗan adam]]. <ref name="What We Do">{{Cite web |title=What We Do |url=http://www.ifex.org/what_we_do/ |access-date=12 November 2012 |publisher=IFEX}}</ref> == Tarihi == IFEX an fara gabatar da ita ne a shekarar 1992 a [[Montréal|Montreal]], Quebec, Kanada, ta ƙungiyar kungiyoyi 12 masu zaman kansu waɗanda suka haɗu don tattauna yadda za su iya yin aiki tare don amsawa ga cin zarafin 'yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a duniya. Kwamitin Kanada ne ya shirya taron don kare 'yan jarida (yanzu' 'Yan Jarida na Kanada don Magana kyauta). A cikin shekaru hudu masu zuwa, IFEX ta karfafa tsarin ta, ta gina shirye-shiryen fadakarwa, kuma ta kafa kasancewar yanar gizo. A shekara ta 2007 IFEX ta kafa kamfen da shirye-shiryen nunawa kyauta na dabarun, kuma tun daga shekarar 2021 IFEX tana da mambobi sama da 120 na cibiyar sadarwa a kasashe 62 a duk duniya.<ref name="IFEXON" /> == Ayyuka == Ayyukan yau da kullun na kungiyar suna gudana ne daga Sakatariyar IFEX da ke Toronto, Ontario, Kanada. Manufar IFEX ita ce ta wayar da kan jama'a ta hanyar raba bayanai a kan layi da kuma tattara ayyuka kan batutuwa kamar 'yancin yada labarai, tantance Intanet,' yancin bayanai, laifuka da dokokin Zagi, mayar da hankali ga kafofin watsa labarai da hare-hare kan' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki na dukkan mutane, gami da' yan jarida, marubuta, masu zane-zane, masu shirya fina-finai, masana kimiyya, [[Mai kare ƴancin ɗan'adam|Masu kare haƙƙin ɗan adam]] da masu amfani da Intanet.<ref name="What We Do" /> == Kamfen da shawarwari == IFEX tana aiki tare da membobinta ta hanyar ƙirƙirar da shiga cikin hadin gwiwar bayar da shawarwari da ƙungiyoyin aiki da kuma sakin sanarwa na hadin gwiwa da korafe-korafe. A cikin 2011, IFEX ta ƙaddamar da yakin neman zaɓe na Ranar Duniya don Ƙarshen Rashin Hukunci. A cikin 2013, Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta sanya 2 ga Nuwamba a matsayin Ranar Kasa da Kasa don Ƙarshen Rashin Hukunci ga Laifukan da suka shafi 'Yan Jarida. Ƙungiyar Kula da Tunisiya (IFEX-TMG), wacce membobin IFEX 21 suka ƙaddamar a shekara ta 2004 don wayar da kan jama'a game da tantancewa da sauran take hakkin dan adam a Tunisia, ita ce kamfen mafi girma na IFEX har zuwa yau. An rushe IFEX-TMG a watan Janairun 2013 don mayar da martani ga ingantaccen yanayi ga kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na gida, 'Yancin kai na kafofin watsa labarai da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki. A cikin 2015, Francisco Medina, ɗan'uwan 'yan jarida biyu da aka kashe a Paraguay a cikin 1997, ya tafi gaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya (UN) don yin magana game da "ƙazantar da' yancin faɗar albarkacin baki a ƙasarsa".<ref>{{Cite web |date=11 November 2015 |title=Brother of murdered journalist reports on situation in Paraguay before United Nations |url=http://panorama.ridh.org/brother-of-murdered-journalist-reports-on-situation-in-paraguay-before-united-nations/ |access-date=4 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170816200449/http://panorama.ridh.org/brother-of-murdered-journalist-reports-on-situation-in-paraguay-before-united-nations/ |archive-date=16 August 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Mataimakin darektan zartarwa na IFEX, Rachael Kay, shi ma ya halarci goyon bayan Madina. Don yin bikin Ranar Kasa da Kasa ta 2020 don Ƙarshen Rashin Hukunci a ranar 2 ga Nuwamba 2020, IFEX ta ƙaddamar da jerin zane-zane na Fuskokin Bayyanawa kyauta, wanda ke ba da shawara kan masu faɗakarwa sama da 90 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archives: Faces of Free Expression |url=https://ifex.org/faces/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=IFEX |language=en-US}}</ref> da ke aiki a ƙasashe a duk faɗin duniya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Facing up to Impunity |url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/facing-up-to-impunity/ar-BB1aCtwN |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=msn.com}}</ref> Pittsburgh, kungiyar ba da riba ta kasa da kasa ta Amurka ta kirkiro nune-nunen jiki na jerin a Pittsburgh don bikin Ranar 'Yancin' Yan Jarida ta Duniya ta 2021 a ranar 3 ga Mayu 2021.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Unshuttered voices: A collaboration, an exhibit and a call to action |url=https://theshiftnews.com/2021/05/18/unshuttered-voices-a-collaboration-an-exhibit-and-a-call-to-action/ |access-date=2021-07-15 |website=theshiftnews.com |language=en}}</ref> Nunin ya gudana har zuwa 4 ga Yuli 2021. == Bayani na kan layi == IFEX yana kawo hankali ga labarun magana da abubuwan da suka faru ta hanyar shafin yanar gizon, e-newsletters da rahotanni na musamman. Ana samun abun ciki a cikin harsuna da yawa (Turanci, Faransanci, Mutanen Espanya da Larabci), kuma yana magana da labaran da ke ba da kyauta.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFEX - The global network defending and promoting free expression |url=https://ifex.org/fr/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=IFEX |language=fr-FR}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IFEX - The global network defending and promoting free expression |url=https://ifex.org/es/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=IFEX |language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=IFEX - The global network defending and promoting free expression |url=https://ifex.org/ar/ |access-date=2024-01-09 |website=IFEX |language=ar}}</ref> Gidan yanar gizon yana da tarihin yanar gizo na cin zarafin maganganun kyauta wanda ya koma 1995.<ref>{{Cite web |title=IFEX programme for freedom of expression training and communication support |url=http://www.unesco-ci.org/ipdcprojects/content/ifex-programme-freedom-expression-training-and-communication-support |access-date=13 November 2012 |publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> == Dubi kuma == * [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'Yanci na magana]] * [[Hakkin samun 'yan jarida kyauta|'Yanci na' yan jarida]] * Tsarkakewar Intanet == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] c3xgpduukdjuscyvyc4phfdtpfelr1t Hydrogen Energy California 0 173570 962141 955046 2026-10-03T05:36:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962141 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Fayil:Hydrogen_Energy_California_Process_Graphic.jpg|thumb|Tsarin samar da wutar lantarki na California]]{{Databox}} '''Hydrogen Energy California''' (HECA) wani shiri ne na [[Makamashi mai sabuntawa|madadin makamashi]] na hydrogen wanda ke tasowa tare da tallafi daga [[Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka]] a Kern County, California wanda ba a amince da shi ba don ginawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fleming, Robin |date=Sep 15, 2010 |title=Jobs now, jobs in future, clean energy: Kern should lead the way |url=http://www.bakersfield.com/opinion/community/x649815102/Jobs-now-jobs-in-future-clean-energy-Kern-should-lead-the-way |access-date=May 18, 2012 |publisher=Bakersfield.com |archive-date=September 22, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922033635/http://www.bakersfield.com/opinion/community/x649815102/Jobs-now-jobs-in-future-clean-energy-Kern-should-lead-the-way |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ginin zai canza kwal da sharar gida zuwa man fetur na hydrogen don amfani da shi don samar da wutar lantarki da taki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 31, 2011 |title=Applicant's Status Report No. 9 |url=http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/hydrogen_energy/documents/08-AFC-8/applicant/2011-10-31_Applicants_Status_Report_09_TN-62734.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2012 |publisher=Latham & Watkins LLP |archive-date=June 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610221405/http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/hydrogen_energy/documents/08-AFC-8/applicant/2011-10-31_Applicants_Status_Report_09_TN-62734.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> Idan ya zama cikakke aiki, zai samar da kusan 300MW na wutar lantarki mai tsabta kuma ya samar da tan miliyan daya na kayan aiki na gida, mai ƙarancin carbon.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 28, 2013 |title=Preliminary Staff Assessment |url=http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/Delta/Delta/TN%2071444%2006-28-13%20Preliminary%20Staff%20Assessment%20-%20Draft%20Environmental%20Impact%20Statement.pdf |access-date=September 12, 2013 |publisher=California Energy Commission |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170131143910/http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/Delta/Delta/TN%2071444%2006-28-13%20Preliminary%20Staff%20Assessment%20-%20Draft%20Environmental%20Impact%20Statement.pdf |archive-date=January 31, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Koyaya, manyan matsaloli da tsada sun kawar da goyon baya ga tayin. Ginin zai kasance a kan {{Convert|542|acres}} na gonar gona a yammacin Kern County, kimanin kilomita 7 (11 yammacin Bakersfield da mil 1.5 (2.4 arewa maso yammacin al'ummar da ba a kafa ta ba na Tupman. Shafin yana kusa da filin man fetur na Elk Hills inda za a yi amfani da CO<sub>2</sub> da aka kama don inganta dawo da mai fetur ta Occidental na Elkills, Inc.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 26, 2009 |title=Energy Commission Begins Hydrogen Power Plant Review |url=http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2009_releases/2009-08-26_hydrogen_main.html |access-date=May 18, 2012 |publisher=California Energy Commission |archive-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001091625/http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2009_releases/2009-08-26_hydrogen_main.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ana sa ran zai dauki ma'aikatan ƙungiyar 2,000 a cikin ayyukan gine-gine na wucin gadi kuma zai haifar da kusan ayyuka 200 na dindindin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox, John |date=May 31, 2012 |title=Hydrogen plant agrees to union labor |url=http://www.bakersfieldcalifornian.com/business/x243435291/Hydrogen-plant-agrees-to-union-labor |access-date=Sep 5, 2012 |publisher=Bakersfield.com |archive-date=February 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130212073215/http://www.bakersfieldcalifornian.com/business/x243435291/Hydrogen-plant-agrees-to-union-labor |url-status=dead}}</ref> Shirin SCS Energy LLC ne, mai haɓaka mai zaman kansa na wutar lantarki mai tsabta, <ref>{{Cite web |date=Sep 28, 2011 |title=SCS Energy Closes Deal to Acquire HECA Project in Kern County |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/28/idUS144900+28-Sep-2011+BW20110928 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130223091005/http://www.reuters.com/article/2011/09/28/idUS144900+28-Sep-2011+BW20110928 |archive-date=February 23, 2013 |access-date=May 18, 2012 |publisher=Reuters}}</ref> Ofishin Ma'aikatar Makamashi na Amurka ne ya ba da gudummawa, kuma Laboratory na Fasaha na Makamashi ya gudanar da shi. Ma'aikatar Makamashi ta Amurka ta ba da kyautar dala miliyan 408 ga aikin a karkashin Clean Coal Power Initiative Round 3.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Major Demonstrations: Clean Coal Power Initiative (CCPI) |url=http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/cctc/ccpi/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060924181707/http://www.netl.doe.gov/technologies/coalpower/cctc/ccpi/index.html |archive-date=September 24, 2006 |access-date=Sep 5, 2012 |publisher=NETL}}</ref> == Tsarin == Aikin HECA zai kasance kayan aiki na Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle (IGCC) ta amfani da fasahar gas mai dauke da iskar oxygen ta Mitsubishi ta<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2012 |title=MHI Performing Front-End Engineering and Design Order for CCS-Capable IGCC Power Generation and Fertilizer Production Project |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/mhi-performing-front-end-engineering-and-design-order-for-ccs-capable-igcc-power-generation-and-fertilizer-production-project-2012-06-01 |access-date=Sep 5, 2012 |publisher=Market Watch}}</ref> wanda ke samar da wutar lantarki sosai da inganci tare da ƙananan hayaki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2012 |title=MHI Performing Front-End Engineering and Design Order for CCS-Capable IGCC Power Generation and Fertilizer Production Project |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/mhi-performing-front-end-engineering-and-design-order-for-ccs-capable-igcc-power-generation-and-fertilizer-production-project-2012-06-01 |access-date=Sep 5, 2012 |publisher=Market Watch}}</ref> Gidajen IGGC sun bambanta da masana'antun samar da wutar lantarki na burbushin burbushin halittu na al'ada a cikin wannan burbushin man fetur ba ya ƙonewa. Maimakon haka, an canza cakuda man fetur da kwal ta hanyar gasification don ƙera man fetur.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 7, 2012 |title=California's Hydrogen Energy project moves forward |url=http://www.carboncapturejournal.com/displaynews.php?NewsID=940&PHPSESSID=6s98pcj1o3lejdt5g5n36eibr6 |access-date=May 18, 2012 |publisher=Carbon Capture Journal}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Tsarin cire iskar gas na Rectisol acid ya rabu kuma ya kama fiye da kashi casa'in cikin dari na carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) da aka samar a lokacin aikin masana'antar hydrogen.<ref>{{Cite web |date=Nov 2011 |title=Hydrogen Energy California Project: Commercial Demonstration of Advanced IGCC with Full Carbon Capture |url=http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/factsheets/project/FE0000663.pdf |access-date=Sep 5, 2012 |publisher=NETL |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110175826/http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/factsheets/project/FE0000663.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2010 |title=Hydrogen Energy California Project (HECA) |url=http://www.socalcarb.org/heca.html |access-date=May 18, 2012 |publisher=Southern California Carbon Sequestration Research Consortium |archive-date=June 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610204802/http://www.socalcarb.org/heca.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Yawancin CO<sub>2</sub> da aka kama za a yi amfani da su don inganta dawo da mai a filin mai na Elk Hills da ke kusa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bierman, Brian |date=Aug 11, 2010 |title=Alternative Energy Projects Near Home- Part 2 |url=http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2009_releases/2009-08-26_hydrogen_main.html |access-date=May 18, 2012 |publisher=The Mountain Daily News |archive-date=October 1, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111001091625/http://www.energy.ca.gov/releases/2009_releases/2009-08-26_hydrogen_main.html |url-status=dead}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin CO<sub>2</sub> za a yi amfani da su don ƙera taki.<ref>{{Cite web |date=June 1, 2012 |title=MHI Performing Front-End Engineering and Design Order for CCS-Capable IGCC Power Generation and Fertilizer Production Project |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/mhi-performing-front-end-engineering-and-design-order-for-ccs-capable-igcc-power-generation-and-fertilizer-production-project-2012-06-01 |access-date=Sep 5, 2012 |publisher=Market Watch}}</ref> Ruwan ƙasa mai laushi zai yi amfani da bukatun ruwa a cikin tsarin Zero Liquid Discharge (ZLD) don karewa da kiyaye hanyoyin ruwa mai laushi na gida. <ref>{{Cite web |date=Nov 2011 |title=Hydrogen Energy California Project: Commercial Demonstration of Advanced IGCC with Full Carbon Capture |url=http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/factsheets/project/FE0000663.pdf |access-date=Sep 5, 2012 |publisher=NETL |archive-date=November 10, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110175826/http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/factsheets/project/FE0000663.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lidji, Eric |date=Feb 20, 2010 |title=Oil at each end, clean power in the middle |url=http://www.greeningofoil.com/post/Oil-at-each-end-clean-power-in-the-middle.aspx |access-date=May 18, 2012 |publisher=Greening of Oil}}</ref> == Rashin daidaituwa == Koyaya, yawancin wutar lantarki mai tsabta da HECA ta samar za a cinye ta hanyar tsarin masana'antar kanta a lokaci guda za ta samar da sama da tan 500 na ka'idojin gurɓata iska a yankin da ya riga ya sami mafi munin gurɓataccen iska a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=September 10, 2013 |title=HECA Air Quality |url=http://hecainfo.com/air-quality/ |access-date=September 12, 2013 |publisher=California Energy Commission |archive-date=November 4, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104151308/http://hecainfo.com/air-quality/ |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=State of the Air |url=http://www.lung.org/associations/states/california/assets/pdfs/sota-2013/sota-2013-full-report.pdf |access-date=September 12, 2013 |publisher=American Lung Association}}</ref> == Shirin == Aikin ya ci gaba ta hanyar tsarin amincewa da tsari tare da tsammanin cewa za a kammala shi kuma ya fara aiki a shekarar 2017. <ref>{{Cite web |date=Oct 31, 2011 |title=Applicant's Status Report No. 9 |url=http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/hydrogen_energy/documents/08-AFC-8/applicant/2011-10-31_Applicants_Status_Report_09_TN-62734.pdf |access-date=May 18, 2012 |publisher=Latham & Watkins LLP |archive-date=June 10, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150610221405/http://www.energy.ca.gov/sitingcases/hydrogen_energy/documents/08-AFC-8/applicant/2011-10-31_Applicants_Status_Report_09_TN-62734.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga Maris, 2016, Hukumar Makamashi ta California ta ba da umarnin dakatar da aikace-aikacen HECA saboda rashin ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ECRMS |url=http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/08-AFC-08A/TN210605_20160303T170227_Order_Terminating_Application_for_Certification_Proceeding_and.pdf}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=ECRMS |url=http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/08-AFC-08A/TN210605_20160303T170227_Order_Terminating_Application_for_Certification_Proceeding_and.pdf |access-date=2026-09-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170429004232/http://docketpublic.energy.ca.gov/PublicDocuments/08-AFC-08A/TN210605_20160303T170227_Order_Terminating_Application_for_Certification_Proceeding_and.pdf |archive-date=2017-04-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> lnbmp7z9dy2btiwj0d0uo87r7h1lijy Jacquemontia reclinata 0 173624 962199 943861 2026-10-03T07:24:35Z BnHamid 12586 962199 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Jacquemontia reclinata''''' wani nau'in shuke-shuke ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin dangin ɗaukaka na safe wanda aka sani da sunayen '''rairayin bakin teku''' clustervine, clustervine mai kwanciyar hankali, da jacquemontia na rairayin rairayin osimiri. Yana da iyaka a kudu maso gabashin gabar [[Florida]], galibi a cikin Yankin Kudancin Florida, a Amurka, inda kaɗan daga cikin mazauninta na asali ya rage. Yana da nau'in da ke cikin haɗari na tarayya. Wannan itacen inabi ne mai tsalle-tsalle wanda ke da tushe mai laushi da kuma tsokoki waɗanda ke girma har zuwa mita ɗaya. Tushen na iya hawa kan wasu tsire-tsire. Itacen inabi yana samar da ganyayyaki masu nama har zuwa 3 centimeters tsawo da fararen furanni masu kama da tauraro. <ref name="fed" /> Shuka tana girma a kan tsibirai masu shinge, inda za'a iya samun ta a cikin nau'ikan mazaunin da yawa, kamar dunes na yashi da hammocks na katako na wurare masu zafi.<ref name="cpc" /> Yana girma a wuraren da ke da rana da kuma wuraren da aka damu, wuraren da [[Guguwar Atlantika|guguwa]] ta kirkira a tarihi kuma a yau wani lokacin ayyukan ɗan adam ne suka kirkira.<ref name="fed" /> Sauran tsire-tsire da ke girma a cikin wannan nau'in mazaunin sun haɗa da seagrape (''Coccoloba uvifera'') da [[Catharanthus roseus|Catharanthus roseus">Madagascar periwinkle]] (Catharanthus roseus). <ref name="fed" /> A shekara ta 2001 akwai sanannun mutane goma na wannan shuka don jimlar kimanin mutane 733. A shekara ta 2007 an kiyasta cewa yawan jama'a ya ragu da kashi 13% tun daga shekara ta 2000. Ana samun nau'in a cikin Broward, Palm Beach, da Dade Counties. An san shi daga Martin County amma ana zaton An cire shi a can.<ref name="tnc" /> Yankunan bakin teku na waɗannan yankuna suna da yawan jama'a kuma suna fadada koyaushe, wanda ke haifar da amfani da mazaunin halitta don zama, kasuwanci, da sauran amfani. Sauran abubuwan da suka faru na shuka suna kan ƙasar da ta ragargaje kuma ta lalace.<ref name="five" /> An gabatar da nau'ikan shuke-shuke kamar [[Schinus terebinthifolius|Schinus terebinthifolius">Albasa ta Brazil]] (Schinus terebinthifolius) sun mamayewa shi.<ref name="fed" /> Nishaɗi da Rushewar rairayin bakin teku suna barazana ga shuka.<ref name="cpc" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Haɗin waje == * [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=JARE Bayanan shuke-shuke na USDA] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3cj5jqdqt3t960diilmdglaie4ouhqc Euphorbia herbstii 0 173679 962167 943995 2026-10-03T07:00:01Z BnHamid 12586 962167 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Euphorbia herbstii''''' (syn. ''Chamaesyce herbstii'') wani nau'in fure ne mai ban sha'awa a cikin iyalin Euphorbiaceae da aka sani da sunan Herbst's sandmat . Yana da iyaka a O'ahu, [[Hawaii]], inda yake ɓacewa cikin sauri. Kamar sauran euphorbs na Hawaiian, wannan shuka an san shi a cikin gida kamar '''''<nowiki/>'akoko'''''' . Yana da nau'in da ke cikin haɗari na Amurka da aka lissafa a cikin tarayya. Wannan shuka yawanci [[Bishiya|itace]] ne wanda zai iya girma har zuwa mita 8 tsawo. Yankin ganye suna da tsawo kuma suna da kunkuntar, kuma rassan suna zubar da jini mai laushi. Inflorescence wani rukuni ne na cyathia . Wannan nau'in an san shi daga watakila mutane huɗu a cikin gandun daji a kan Wai'anae Range. Tun daga shekara ta 2000 shuka ta sami mummunar raguwa, tare da yawan jama'a da aka kawar kuma sauran sun zama karami.<ref name="five" /> Ba a san ainihin adadin sauran tsire-tsire ba saboda kowane binciken ya ƙidaya mutane kaɗan, yayin da aka dasa wasu a cikin mazaunin da ya dace.<ref name="five" /> Barazanar ga jinsunan sun hada da aladu na daji, wanda ke cirewa da kuma tattake ciyayi, wanda ke haifar da asarar murfin shuke-shuke da hanyoyin sadarwar tushen, wanda ke kaiwa ga [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]]. Suna karɓar tsaba na nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu mamayewa kuma suna jigilar su zuwa sababbin wuraren zama.<ref name="five" /> An gina shinge a wurare masu mahimmanci don cire aladu.<ref name="five" /> Tsire-tsire marasa asali da ke shafar euphorb sun haɗa da itacen oak (''Grevillea robusta''), [[Passiflora suberosa|Passiflora suberosa">corky-stem passionflower]] (Passiflora suberosa), da strawberry guava (Psidium littorale). <ref name="five" /> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] oz0321flg9dkkca8nzj8mnvo676s93a Jackie Cruz 0 174242 962271 958757 2026-10-03T09:59:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962271 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jackie Cruz''' (an haife ta a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, shekara ta 1986) 'yar wasan kwaikwayo ce ta Dominican-Amurka, mawaƙa kuma tsohuwar samfurin.<ref name="thr">{{Cite web |date=November 22, 2013 |title='Orange Is the New Black's' Latinas – The Hollywood Reporter |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/orange-is-new-blacks-latinas-658905 |access-date=June 17, 2015 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]] |publisher=[[Prometheus Global Media]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705092924/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/orange-is-new-blacks-latinas-658905 |archive-date=July 5, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref> An san ta da rawar da ta taka a matsayin Marisol "Flaca" Gonzales a cikin jerin shirye-shiryen [[Netflix]] na asali Orange Is the New Black . == Tarihin Rayuwar ta == An haife ta Jacqueline Chavez a Queens, New York, a ranar 8 ga watan Agusta, 1986, Cruz ta girma tsakanin [[Los Angeles|Los Angeles, California]], da Santiago, [[Jamhuriyar Dominika|Jamhuriyar Dominica]]. <ref name="latintimes" /><ref name="remezcla">{{Cite web |last=Erazo |first=Vanessa |date=June 24, 2014 |title=Jackie Cruz of 'Orange is the New Black' on Songwriting and Surviving a Crash {{!}} Film {{!}} Remezcla |url=http://remezcla.com/features/jackie-cruz-of-orange-is-the-new-black-on-songwriting-surviving-a-car-crash-hollywood-stereotypes-film |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150919082206/http://remezcla.com/features/jackie-cruz-of-orange-is-the-new-black-on-songwriting-surviving-a-car-crash-hollywood-stereotypes-film/ |archive-date=September 19, 2015 |access-date=June 20, 2015 |website=Remezcla}}</ref> Mahaifiyar da ba ta da aure ce ta haife ta, kuma tana magana da Turanci da Mutanen Espanya sosai. <ref name="official">{{Cite web |title=Jackie Cruz American Singer and Songwriter Bio |url=http://www.jackiecruz.com/bio.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304225946/http://www.jackiecruz.com/bio.html |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |access-date=June 19, 2015 |website=JackieCruz.com}}</ref><ref name="latintimes2">{{Cite web |last=Roterman |first=Natalie |date=June 18, 2015 |title='OITNB' Actress Jackie Cruz Opens Up About Diversity, Dating in Hollywood And Her Character 'Flaca' [PHOTOS] |url=http://www.latintimes.com/oitnb-actress-jackie-cruz-opens-about-diversity-dating-hollywood-and-her-character-323552 |access-date=June 20, 2015 |website=Latin Times |publisher=IBT Media}}</ref><ref name="remezcla" /> Cruz ya yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ya zama mai nishadantarwa yana da shekaru bakwai bayan ya kalli [[Whitney Houston]] a cikin The Bodyguard .<ref name="latintimes" /><ref name="remezcla" /> Ta halarci Makarantar Sakandare ta Alexander Hamilton a Los Angeles, inda ta kasance memba na makarantar kiɗa.<ref name="latintimes">{{Cite web |last=Valdez, Maria G. |date=October 24, 2013 |title=Latinos In The US: Jackie Cruz, 'Orange Is The New Black' Star, On Her Background, Work In NYC And Being Latina |url=https://www.latintimes.com/latinos-us-jackie-cruz-orange-new-blac |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180702180441/https://www.latintimes.com/latinos-us-jackie-cruz-orange-new-black-star-her-background-work-nyc-and-being-latina-132271 |archive-date=July 2, 2018 |website=[[Latin Times]] |publisher=[[Newsweek Media Group]]}}</ref> A lokacin da take da shekaru 16, Cruz ta fita daga gidan mahaifiyarta kuma ta zama marasa gida.<ref name="remezcla" /> Lokacin da take da shekaru 17, ta kamu da hatsarin mota inda ta sha wahala daga huhu, ta fada cikin coma kuma ta buƙaci tiyata ta kwakwalwa.<ref name="official" /><ref name="bitchin">{{Cite web |last=Angelique |date=June 17, 2011 |title=Hollywood Gypsy: Jackie Cruz {{!}} Bitchin' Kitchen |url=http://bitchinlifestyle.tv/hollywood-gypsy-jackie-cruz |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306114728/http://bitchinlifestyle.tv/hollywood-gypsy-jackie-cruz/ |archive-date=March 6, 2019 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |website=[[Nadia G's Bitchin' Kitchen]] |publisher=[[Scripps Networks Interactive]]}}</ref><ref name="latintimes" /><ref name="remezcla" /> Waƙarta "Sweet Sixteen" ta dogara ne akan abin da ya faru.<ref name="remezcla" /> == Ayyukan kiɗa == Lokacin da Cruz ke makarantar sakandare, ta yi aiki tare da masu samar da will.i.am [waɗanda?] a cikin [[Girl group|ƙungiyar 'yan mata]] da ake kira Krush Velvet, kodayake ƙungiyar ba ta taɓa sanya hannu kan lakabin rikodin ba.<ref name="remezcla" />  An saki wasan kwaikwayo na farko, Hollywood Gypsy, da kansa a cikin 2010. <ref name="itunes">{{Cite web |date=June 20, 2015 |title=iTunes – Music – Hollywood Gypsy EP by Jackie Cruz |url=https://music.apple.com/us/album/hollywood-gypsy-ep/372594177 |website=[[iTunes]] |publisher=[[Apple Inc.|Apple Inc]]}}</ref> Cruz wani bangare ne na ƙungiyar da ake kira "The Family Portrait".<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 19, 2016 |title=BYT Interviews: Jackie Cruz - Brightest Young Things |url=https://brightestyoungthings.com/articles/byt-interviews-jackie-cruz}}</ref> == Ayyukan wasan kwaikwayo == A shekara ta 2009, Cruz ya fara fitowa a kan E! jerin shirye-shiryen talabijin Kourtney da Khloé Take Miami . Ita da Kourtney Kardashian sun zama abokai bayan sun hadu a cikin wani aji na fasaha, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin bayyanuwa a cikin jerin.<ref name="bitchin" /><ref name="us">{{Cite web |last=Webber |first=Stephanie |date=June 17, 2014 |title=Kourtney Kardashian Once Kissed Orange Is the New Black's Jackie Cruz |url=http://www.usmagazine.com/celebrity-news/news/kourtney-kardashian-once-kissed-orange-is-the-new-blacks-jackie-cruz--2014176 |access-date=June 18, 2015 |website=[[Us Weekly]] |publisher=[[Jann Wenner|Wenner Media]]}}</ref> A cikin wani labari, an yi fim din Cruz da Kardashian suna sumba, wani abin da ya faru wanda Kardashian daga baya ya bayyana cewa ta "jin kunya sosai".<ref name="us" /> Kodayake Cruz da farko ta bayyana cewa ita da Kardashian sun kasance abokai bayan lamarin, <ref name="bitchin" /> Kardashian daga baya ta bayyana cewa "ba za ta iya magana da [Cruz] ba". <ref name="us" /> Cruz ya ambaci [[Rita Moreno]] a matsayin mai tasiri.<ref name="remezcla" /> == Rayuwa ta mutum == A cikin Shekaran 2016, Cruz ya gaya wa AfterEllen: "Ina son mutumin ko mace ce - ba mu so a lakafta shi. Ina cikin dangantaka da namiji a yanzu, amma ina son mata a baya. Don haka ina tsammanin ba mu so mu lakafta shi da gaske. Ba mu magana da gaske game da shi, amma ayyukan suna magana da ƙarfi fiye da kalmomi, ina da kyau? <ref>{{Cite web |date=January 27, 2016 |title=Jackie Cruz on bisexuality on "Orange is the New Black" and her friendship with Ruby Rose - AfterEllen |url=http://www.afterellen.com/celebs/471441-jackie-cruz-bisexuality-orange-new-black-friendship-ruby-rose}}</ref> Don haka kuna ganin shi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=July 21, 2016 |title=These 9 Rad Queer Women of Color Prove Representation Matters |url=http://www.pride.com/women/2016/7/21/these-9-rad-queer-women-color-prove-representation-matters#slide-5}}</ref> A watan Agustan 2020, Cruz ta auri mai zane Fernando Garcia . [1] A watan Disamba na 2021, Cruz da Garcia sun ba da sanarwar cewa suna jiran tagwaye.[2] A watan Maris na shekara ta 2022, Cruz ta sanar a Instagram cewa ta yi maraba da tagwaye (yarinya da yaro). [3] A watan Fabrairun 2025, Cruz ta ba da sanarwar cewa ita da Garcia suna jiran ɗansu na uku tare.[4] A watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2025, sun yi maraba da ɗansu na uku.[5] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1986]] njqvuuoqexgw2zk5alaxnt9p0ayn8ew Green Machine / Blue Space 0 174480 961989 946421 2026-10-02T18:42:53Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961989 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Green Machine / Blue Space''' shine gidan hydrogen na farko na hasken rana.<ref name="Solardecathlon">{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=DOE Solar Decathlon: New York Institute of Technology: Instituting Technology |url=https://www.solardecathlon.gov/past/2005/where_is_nyit_now.html |access-date=September 12, 2021 |publisher=U.S. Department of Energy}}</ref> NYIT da US Merchant Marine Academy ne suka kirkireshi.<ref name="Solardecathlon" /> A halin yanzu ana ajiye shi a Kwalejin Marine ta Amurka.<ref name="Solardecathlon" /> An gina shi ta amfani da akwati na jigilar kaya. Ya sanya na biyar a cikin Solar Decathlon . <ref>{{Cite web |last=<!--Not stated--> |title=Solar Decathlon |url=http://www.aforarchitecture.com/work/architecture/portfolio/archres/solar-decathlon |access-date=September 12, 2021 |website=A For Architecture |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211022104103/http://www.aforarchitecture.com/work/architecture/portfolio/archres/solar-decathlon |archive-date=October 22, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == ck0iy2gn0fl3gp3w2qgwc0qy43p4a8a Hofmann Voltaeter 0 174485 962116 946432 2026-10-03T03:07:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962116 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hofmann_voltameter_fr.svg|thumb|Hofmann Voltaeter]]{{Databox}} A '''Hofmann Voltaeter''' ne na'urar lantarki ruwa, wanda Agusta Wilhelm von Hofmann (1818-1892) ya kirkira a 1866. Ya ƙunshi cylinders uku da aka haɗa daidai, yawanci gilashi. Silinda na ciki yana buɗewa a saman don ba da damar ƙara [[ruwa]] wanda ya ƙunshi ƙananan maida hankali na fili kamar sulfuric acid don inganta gudanarwa da kammala da'irar. An sanya wutar lantarki ta platinum a cikin kasa na kowane bangare biyu, wanda aka haɗa da tashoshin da ba su da kyau na tushen wutar lantarki. Lokacin da ake gudanar da halin yanzu ta hanyar voltameter na Hofmann, iskar oxygen a cikin anode da iskar Hydrogen a cikin cathode. Kowane iskar gas tana fitar da ruwa kuma tana tattarawa a saman bututun biyu na waje. Ana yawan karatun bututun da ke tattara iskar gas, don a auna yawan iskar gas. == Sunan == Daniell ne ya kirkiro sunan 'Voltaeter', wanda ya taƙaita sunan Faraday na asali na "volta-electrometer".<ref>Frank A. J. L. James, (1991), ''The correspondence of Michael Faraday'', IET, {{ISBN|0-86341-249-1}}, letter 872, 9/1/1836</ref> Ba a sake amfani da voltameters na Hofmann a matsayin na'urorin auna lantarki. Koyaya, kafin kirkirar ammeter, ana amfani da voltameters sau da yawa don auna halin yanzu kai tsaye, tunda halin yanzu ta hanyar voltameter tare da baƙin ƙarfe ko jan ƙarfe yana amfani da cathode tare da adadin ƙarfe daga anode kai tsaye daidai da jimlar coulombs na cajin da aka canja (dokar Faraday ta electrolysis). Sunan zamani shine "coulometer na electrochemical". Kodayake rubutun Hofmann daidai ya ƙunshi 'f' ɗaya kawai, sau da yawa ana nuna shi ba daidai ba a matsayin Hoffmann. == Amfani da shi == Za'a iya ƙayyade adadin wutar lantarki da ta wuce ta hanyar tsarin daga girman gas. [[Thomas Edison]] ya yi amfani da voltameters a matsayin mita na wutar lantarki. Ana amfani da Hofmann voltameter sau da yawa a matsayin nuni na ka'idodin stoichiometric, kamar yadda rabo biyu zuwa ɗaya na ƙarar Hydrogen da iskar oxygen da na'urar ta samar ya kwatanta tsarin sinadarai na ruwa, H<sub>2</sub>. Koyaya, wannan gaskiya ne kawai idan iskar oxygen da iskar hydrogen sun ɗauka cewa diatomic ne. Idan iskar hydrogen ta kasance monatomic da oxygen diatomic, yawan iskar gas zai zama 4:1. Abubuwan da ke cikin ruwa shine rabo ta hanyar girman hydrogen zuwa iskar oxygen. Wannan darajar ita ce 2:1 ta hanyar gwaji; an ƙayyade wannan darajar ta amfani da Voltameter na ruwa na Hofmann.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electrolysis Of Water |url=https://water.lsbu.ac.uk/water/electrolysis.html |access-date=15 March 2022 |website=Water structure and science |publisher=Martin Chaplin}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> == Manazarta == aez5rmkq07i13upvj6dqnqlkw84iac4 Gidan shakatawa na Braulio Carrillo 0 174585 961908 946676 2026-10-02T15:35:09Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961908 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan shakatawa na Braulio Carrillo''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na kasa a Lardin Heredia, Lardin Cartago, Lardin Limón da Lardin San José, a tsakiyar [[Costa Rica]] . Yana daga cikin Yankin Tsakiya na Tsakiya. == Yanayin ƙasa == Gidan shakatawa yana kan dutsen Cordillera Central (Tsakiyar tsaunuka) tsakanin [[San José|Birnin San Jose]] da Puerto Limón a kan Caribbean. Ana iya isa daga babbar hanyar Limon, wanda ke raba wurin shakatawa (arewa maso yamma zuwa kudu maso gabas), kuma daga [[Barva canton]] a arewa. An raba wurin shakatawa zuwa manyan bangarori uku - Zurquí, Quebrada Gonzales, da Barva . == Tarihi == An kafa wurin shakatawa a shekara ta 1978, an kafa shi ne a matsayin yarjejeniya tare da masu fafutukar muhalli don iyakancewa da hana ci gaban yankin bayan gina babbar hanyar Limon, babbar hanyar da ke haɗa babban birnin zuwa tashar jiragen ruwa ta Caribbean ta Puerto Limón. An sanya sunan wurin shakatawa ne bayan tsohon shugaban Costa Rican Braulio Carrillo, wanda gwamnatinsa ta taimaka wajen bunkasa tattalin arzikin noma na farko kuma ta gina hanyar farko da ta haɗa San José zuwa gabar tekun [[Karibiyan|Caribbean]]. == Tarihin halitta == Gidan shakatawa ya ƙunshi sanannun siffofi na yanayin ƙasa, kamar Dutsen Barva; da kuma tsaunuka masu yawa da suka hada da Cerro Chompipe, Cerro Cacho Negro, da Cerros las Tres Marias. Yankin Barva yana da tabkuna uku - Barva, Danta, da Copey. Har ila yau, wurin shakatawa yana kare yankunan Kogin Sarapiquí, gami da girgije mai yawa da gandun daji, da tsire-tsire da dabbobi da suka sa ya zama gidansu. Sauran a cikin wurin shakatawa sun haɗa da Kogin Hondura, Kogin Patria, da Kogin Súcio mai launin ma'adinai. === Biodiversity === Dukansu babban girman (108,970 acres) na Braulio Carrillo National Park, da kuma bambancin tsawo na mita 3,000 (9,800 tsakanin mafi girma da mafi ƙasƙanci, sun sa ya zama gida ga yankuna da yawa na WWF.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stater |first=Adam |title=Size of Braulio Carrillio National Park |url=http://www.anywherecostarica.com/attractions/national-park/braulio-carrillo |website=}}</ref> Ya fito ne daga gandun daji masu tsawo zuwa gandun daji mai zafi, yana da ɗaya daga cikin matakan mafi girma na [[bambancin halittu]] a Costa Rica. Fiye da kashi 90% na wurin shakatawa an rufe shi da gandun daji na farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Volcán Barva |url=http://www.teamnetwork.org/en/network/sites/volc%C3%A1n-barva |access-date=2008-12-27 |website= |publisher=Tropical Ecology Assessment and Monitoring Network |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204111256/http://teamnetwork.org/en/network/sites/volc%C3%A1n-barva |archive-date=2008-12-04 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gidan shakatawa ya ƙunshi shimfidar wurare da ke wakiltar yankunan WWF na gandun daji na Talamancan a tsaunuka masu tsawo da kuma gandun daji masu laushi na Isthmian-Atlantic a ƙananan tsaunuka. Yana da mahimmanci ga bambancin halittu tare da nau'ikan bishiyoyi 600 da aka gano, fiye da nau'in tsuntsaye 530, da nau'o'in dabbobi masu shayarwa 135 da aka tsara. Yankin da ke kusa da Barva shine gida ga [[Kwaɗo|kwaya]] ''Pristimantis altae'', <sup class="mw-ref reference" cx-link="" data-linkid="126" href="./IUCN_Red_List" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="IUCN Red List">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species]]<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;volume<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;2010<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;page<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;e.T56406A11470632<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;year<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;2008<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;doi<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T56406A11470632.en<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;doi-access<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:{<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;wt<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;free<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;}},<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;i<nowiki>&</nowiki>quot;:0}}]}\" data-ve-no-generated-contents=\"true\" id=\"mwfA\"><nowiki>&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki><nowiki><cite about=\"#mwt18\" class=\"citation journal cs1\" id=\"CITEREFPounds,_J.Bolaños,_F.Solís,_F.Ibáñez,_R.2008\" data-ve-ignore=\"\">Pounds, J.; Bolaños, F.; Solís, F.; Ibáñez, R.; Chaves, G.; Savage, J.; Jaramillo, C.; Fuenmayor, Q. (2008). <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T56406A11470632.en\" id=\"mwfQ\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">\"<i id=\"mwfg\">Pristimantis altae</i></nowiki>\"<nowiki></a></nowiki>. <nowiki><i id=\"mwfw\"><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"155\" href=\"./IUCN_Red_List_of_Threatened_Species\" id=\"mwgA\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species\">IUCN Red List of Threatened Species</a></nowiki><nowiki></i></nowiki>. <nowiki><b id=\"mwgQ\">2010</b></nowiki>: e.T56406A11470632. <nowiki><a class=\"mw-redirect cx-link\" data-linkid=\"156\" href=\"./Doi_(identifier)\" id=\"mwgg\" rel=\"mw:WikiLink\" title=\"Doi (identifier)\">doi</a></nowiki>:<nowiki><span class=\"id-lock-free\" id=\"mwgw\" title=\"Freely accessible\"><a class=\"external text\" href=\"https://doi.org/10.2305%2FIUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T56406A11470632.en\" id=\"mwhA\" rel=\"mw:ExtLink nofollow\">10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T56406A11470632.en</a></nowiki><nowiki></span></nowiki>.<nowiki></cite></nowiki>"}}" id="cite_ref-IUCN2008a_3-0" rel="dc:references" typeof="mw:Extension/ref">[./Braulio_Carrillo_National_Park#cite_note-IUCN2008a-3 <span class="mw-reflink-text"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket"><nowiki>]</nowiki></span></span>]</sup> da kuma maciji mai guba, wanda aka rarraba shi a matsayin Kusan Barazana a kan IUCN Red List. Misalan tsuntsaye da aka samu sun haɗa da gaggafa mai zaman kanta, tsuntsaye mai laushi, da kuma nau'ikan tsuntsaye masu yawa. == Wasanni == Ba kamar shahararrun wuraren shakatawa na Costa Rican ba, irin su Poás Volcano National Park da Manuel Antonio National Park, Braulio Carrillo National Park ba a kula da shi ba kuma ba a kula shi ba. Manyan tashoshin ranger guda uku suna aiki da wurin shakatawa. Biyu daga cikinsu, Quebrada Gonzales da Barva, suna ba da kayan tsabta da ruwan sha ga baƙi. === Gudun tafiya === Akwai hanyoyi masu yawa na tafiya a cikin Braulio Carrillo National Park, wanda zai iya zama kunkuntar kuma masu kula da wurin shakatawa ba sa sa ido akai-akai. Hanyar daga Puesto Barva zuwa Yankin Kare La Selva a arewacin wurin shakatawa hanya ce mai wahala kuma mai tsawo. Zai iya ɗaukar fiye da kwanaki 4 don ratsa dukan tsawon. Sauran gajerun hanyoyi sun haɗa da Los Botarramas da El Ciebo, duka tsakanin kilomita 1-2 (0.62-1.24 tsawo. Suna da sassan da ke da tsawo tare da ra'ayoyi masu kyau. == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] bhrphflkw1piv45on08l7ghgsv0o1hb Laurie Ackermann 0 174720 962202 947122 2026-10-03T07:26:00Z BnHamid 12586 962202 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Lourens''' '''Wepener Hugo "Laurie" Ackermann''' (14 ga Janairun 1934 - 25 ga Mayu 2024) ya kasance alƙali ne na Afirka ta Kudu wanda ya yi aiki a Kotun Tsarin Mulki na Afirka ta Tsakiya daga 1994 zuwa 2004. [[Nelson Mandela]] ne ya nada shi a kotun farko, an fi saninsa da shari'arsa game da [[mutunci]]. Ya kasance masanin kimiyya, mai ba da shawara, kuma alƙali na Kotun Koli ta Afirka ta Kudu. An haife shi a [[Pretoria]], Ackermann ya yi aiki a Pretoria Bar tsakanin 1958 da 1980, ya sami matsayin siliki a 1975. Ya yi aiki a matsayin alƙali a cikin Sashen Lardin Transvaal na Kotun Koli tsakanin 1980 zuwa 1987, lokacin da ya yi murabus saboda adawa da dokar wariyar launin fata. Bayan shekaru biyar a matsayin farfesa a fannin shari'ar kare hakkin dan adam a [[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]], ya koma Kotun Koli a 1993, yana zaune a cikin Sashen Lardin Cape har sai da aka ɗaga shi zuwa Kotun Tsarin Mulki a watan Agustan 1994. Ya yi ritaya daga aikin shari'a a watan Janairun shekara ta 2004. == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Ackermann a ranar 14 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 1934 a [[Pretoria]] a tsohuwar Transvaal . <ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |date=April 1981 |title=Professional news: Mr Justice L W H Ackermann |url=https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA02500329_3891 |journal=De Rebus |pages=161}}</ref> Iyayensa biyu Afrikaners ne, amma ya girma cikin harsuna biyu. Ya yi karatu daga Makarantar Sakandare ta Pretoria Boys a 1950 kuma ya halarci [[Jami'ar Stellenbosch]], inda ya kammala digiri na farko a fannin shari'a a 1953. <ref name=":5" /> A shekara ta 1954, ya tafi [[Jami'ar Oxford]] a matsayin Cape [[Tallafin karatu na Rhodes|Rhodes Scholar]], yana karatu don digiri na farko a fannin shari'a. Bayan haka ya koma Jami'ar Stellenbosch don kammala LLB a shekara ta 1957. <ref name=":5" /> <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date= |title=Justice Laurie Ackermann |url=http://www.constitutionalcourt.org.za/site/judges/justicelwhackermann/index1.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060107144228/http://www.constitutionalcourt.org.za/site/judges/justicelwhackermann/index1.html |archive-date=2006-01-07 |access-date=2023-12-16 |website=Constitutional Court of South Africa}}</ref> == Ayyukan wariyar launin fata == A farkon rabin shekara ta 1958, Ackermann ya yi aiki a matsayin magatakarda ga Mai Shari'a [[Faure Williamson]] na Kotun Koli ta Afirka ta Kudu.<ref name=":5" /> Sa'an nan, tsakanin 1958 da 1980, ya yi aiki a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Pretoria Bar . <ref name=":0" /> Ya sami matsayin siliki a shekara ta 1975 kuma ya yi aiki a Majalisar Lauyan Pretoria da Babban Majalisar Lauyan. Ya fara aiki a matsayin alƙali a watan Agustan 1976, kuma a watan Oktoba 1980 an nada shi har abada a benci na sashen lardin Transvaal na Kotun Koli na Afirka ta Kudu . <ref name=":5" /><ref name=":0" /> A wannan lokacin, ya kuma kasance mataimakin shugaban kasa na Cibiyar Kula da Laifuka ta Kasa da kuma Maido da Masu Laifi. <ref name=":0" /> A watan Satumbar 1987, ya yi ritaya daga benci don ya dauki alƙawari na ilimi a alma mater, ya zama Harry Oppenheimer Chair a Dokar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Jami'ar Stellenbosch . <ref name=":0" /> An kafa kujera ne da sabon tallafi daga Gidauniyar Oppenheimer, kuma ɗalibansa sun haɗa da masanin shari'a na gaba Pierre de Vos . <ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=De Vos |first=Pierre |author-link=Pierre de Vos |date=2008 |title=From Heteronormativity to Full Sexual Citizenship: Equality and Sexual Freedom in Laurie Ackermann's Constitutional Jurisprudence |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/actj2008&id=268&div=&collection= |journal=Acta Juridica |volume=2008 |pages=254}}</ref> Ackermann daga baya ya ce ya bar benci lokacin da, wani bangare saboda tasirin masanin dokar kare hakkin dan adam Louis Henkin, ya zo ya goyi bayan "cikakken kin amincewa da wariyar launin fata" da kuma ikon mallaka Majalisar dokoki zamanin wariyar launinariya. A cewar Ackermann, an tilasta masa ya yi murabus saboda Shugaban Jihar [[P. W. Botha]] ba zai ba shi izinin yin ritaya da wuri ba.<ref name=":1" /> Ya rike mukaminsa a Stellenbosch har zuwa karshen shekara ta 1992, kuma a wannan lokacin ya kasance masanin ziyara a Jami'ar Columbia da Cibiyar Max Planck don Shari'ar Jama'a.[1] Ya kuma yi aiki a kotuna mafi girma na kasashe makwabta biyu: ya kasance alƙali na Kotun daukaka kara ta Lesotho daga 1988 zuwa 1992 kuma mukaddashin alƙali a Kotun Koli ta Namibia daga 1991 zuwa 1992. [2] A watan Janairun 1993, a lokacin tattaunawar kawo karshen wariyar launin fata, Ackermann ya yarda da sake nada shi a Kotun Koli ta Afirka ta Kudu, yanzu a cikin Sashen Lardin Cape. Ya jagoranci Kotun daukaka kara ta Cape Electoral a lokacin Zaben farko bayan wariyar launin fata na watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1994. <ref name=":0" /> === Mutuwa === Ackermann ya mutu a Cape Town a ranar 25 ga Mayu 2024, yana da shekaru 90. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-05-27 |title=Freedom Under Law statement on the passing of Justice Laurie Ackermann (13 January 1934 – 25 May 2024) |url=https://www.freedomunderlaw.org/2024/05/27/freedom-under-law-statement-on-the-passing-of-justice-laurie-ackermann-13-january-1934-25-may-2024/ |access-date=2024-05-27 |website=Freedom Under Law |language=en-ZA}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2024]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1934]] hyc3y03ewtw8wfrcl5hesxpytk8d6cm Hanyar 24 (Bolivia) 0 175101 962093 948430 2026-10-02T22:52:00Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962093 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Hanyar Villa Tunari - San Ignacio na Moxos''', wanda aka fi sani da '''Hanyar Cochabamba-Beni''', aikin hanya ne a Bolivia wanda ke haɗa garuruwan Villa Tunari (a cikin Sashen Cochabamb) da San Ignacia de Moxos (a cikin Sashe na Beni). Zai samar da hanyar farko ta kai tsaye tsakanin sassan biyu. Aikin yana da farashin da ake tsamma na dala miliyan 415 kuma ya kai kilomita 306 (190 , an raba shi zuwa kashi uku: Sashe na I daga Villa Tunari zuwa Isinuta ({{Convert|47|km|mi}} mi), Sashe na II daga Isinuta zuwa Monte Grande ({{Convert|177|km|mi}} mi), da Sashe na III daga Monte Grande zuwa San Ignacio de Moxos ({{Convert|82|km|mi}} mi). Hamayya da babbar hanyar da al'ummomin 'yan asalin yankin, masu kula da muhalli, da kuma sauya dangantakar da ke tsakanin gwamnatin Bolivia da masu ginin aikin da masu ba da kuɗi sun katse gina Sashe na I daga Oktoba 2011 har zuwa Oktoba 2013, sun jinkirta Sashe na II har abada, kuma sun jinkirta gina Sashe ya III har zuwa Yuni 2015. Sashe na II zai ci gaba bayan gwamnati ta yi alkawarin inganta yanayin rayuwa a yankin. Duk da yake an tattauna babbar hanyar shekaru da yawa, rancen dala miliyan 332 daga Bankin Kasa na [[Brazil]] don Ci gaban Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a (BNDES), wanda Bolivia ta amince da shi a cikin 2011, ya sauƙaƙa fara aikin. A karkashin sharuddan rancen, kamfanin gine-gine na Brazil OAS ya gina hanyar. A watan Yunin 2011, Shugaba Evo Morales ya kaddamar da aikin tare da bikin a Villa Tunari . Koyaya, ba a saki ƙirar ƙarshe ko amincewar muhalli don Sashe na II ba. Hamayya daga mazauna asalin Isiboro Sécure National Park da Indigenous Territory (TIPNIS) da masu kula da muhalli sun haifar da rikici na jama'a game da babbar hanyar, wanda ya ƙare tare da haramtacciyar hanyar da ke wucewa ta wurin shakatawa. Shugaba Morales ya bayyana cewa jayayya game da babbar hanyar ta "tsayar da tsoro" a cikin masu tallafawa kudi na wasu ayyukan babbar hanyar a kasar. Gwamnati ta ci gaba da kasancewa a fili ga aikin yayin da take sake fasalin jadawalin sa. An gina ɓangaren hanyar daga Villa Tunari zuwa Insinuta tsakanin 2013 da 2016; ɓangaren arewa daga Monte Grande da San Ignacio de Moxos ana ginawa. Duk da yake Sashe na II a cikin TIPNIS ya kasance an haramta shi, an fara aikin gini na farko a kan babbar hanyar a cikin 2017. Dokar Agusta 2017 ta soke kariya ta musamman ga wurin shakatawa kuma ta ba da izinin tsara shirin sufuri don TIPNIS. == Shawarwari == An gabatar da shawarwari don babbar hanyar da ke haɗa yankin San Ignacio na Moxos da Cochabamba a cikin tarihin yankin. Ignacio Flores, gwamnan Mutanen Espanya na Mojos ya ba da shawarar buɗe hanya daga Cochabamba zuwa Mojos ta hanyar Chapare a cikin 1780. Manufar shawarar ta kasance uku: don ƙarfafa sake zama na Cochabambinos a yankin, inda za su iya shuka coca, sukari da sauran amfanin gona; don taimakawa wajen wayewar mutanen Yuracaré, mafi yawansu sun ci gaba da tsayayya da tasirin mishan; da kuma kawo Mojos cikin yanayin tattalin arziki na Coch abamba, ta hanyar kula da Santa Cruz de la Sierra . == Hanyar da Sashe == Hanyar da aka tsara ta kilomita 306 (190 an raba ta zuwa kashi uku, an ƙidaya ta daga kudu zuwa Arewa. Sashe na I daga Villa Tunari zuwa Isinuta ({{Convert|47|km|mi}} mi), Sashe na II daga Isinuta zuwa Santo Domingo ({{Convert|177|km|mi}} mi), da Sashe na III daga Santo Domingo zuwa San Ignacio de Moxos ({{Convert|82|km|mi}} mi). Aikin yanzu a kan Sashe na III ya fara ne a Monte Grande, yana rufe arewacin kilomita 76 na wannan ɓangaren.&nbsp; == Gine-gine da 'yan kwangila == OAS, wani kamfani na ababen more rayuwa na Brazil, ya lashe kwangilar don gina babbar hanyar a cikin 2008. Bolivia da Bankin Ci Gaban Brazil (BNDES) sun sanya hannu kan Yarjejeniyar Haɗin Kai ta Kudi N° 10219991 a ranar 15 ga watan Fabrairu, 2011, inda bankin ya ba da rancen dala miliyan 332 don tallafawa gini. Ayyukan OAS a kan hanya sun kasance daga Yuni 2011 zuwa Afrilu 2012, kodayake an dakatar da Sashe na II a watan Oktoba 2011. A ranar 10 ga watan Afrilu, 2012, Shugaba Morales ya ba da sanarwar soke kwangilar, yana mai ambaton jinkirin gini da sauran gazawar fasaha daga OAS. Bankin ci gaban Brazil, wanda ya amince da rance wanda ke ba da kuɗin yawancin aikin da ya dogara da amfani da OAS, nan da nan ya janye kudadensa kuma ya bayyana cewa ba a ba da dala ɗaya na rance ba. A ranar 6 ga watan Oktoba, 2012, sabon kwangila ya ba da dala miliyan 32.5 don gina Sashe na 47-kilomita daga Villa Tunari da Insinuta. Sabon Kamfanin Kasuwancin Bolivia na Kasuwanci (Spanish: Empresa Boliviana de Construcción, EBC) da kuma Kungiyar Kula da Hanyar (Asociación de Mantenimiento Vial; AMVI) an ba su kwangilar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-10-06 |title=Contrato para la construcción del tramo Villa Tunari-Isinuta |url=http://www.ebc.gob.bo/index.php?ID=NoticiaPortada&resp=154 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140116131206/http://www.ebc.gob.bo/index.php?ID=NoticiaPortada&resp=154 |archive-date=2014-01-16 |access-date=2014-01-15 |website=Empresa Estrategica Boliviana de Construccion}}</ref> Sun ci gaba da ginawa a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, 2013, kuma an tilasta su kammala aikinsu a ranar 9 ga watan Satumba, 2015. Ya zuwa watan Disamba na shekara ta 2013, kamfanonin sun ba da rahoton kammala aikin su a kashi 30% a bangaren. Sashe na ƙarshe an kammala shi a cikin 2016, kuma an buɗe shi a hukumance a ranar 11 ga watan Satumba.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2016-09-11 |title=Morales entregó tramo Villa Tunari – Isinuta de 47 km |url=http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/regional/11092016/morales_entrego_tramo_villa_tunari_isinuta_de_47_km |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170307203821/http://www.erbol.com.bo/noticia/regional/11092016/morales_entrego_tramo_villa_tunari_isinuta_de_47_km |archive-date=2017-03-07 |access-date=2017-03-06 |website=Erbol Digital |language=es}}</ref> A ranar 27 ga watan Yuni, 2015, rundunar sojan Bolivia da Venezuela ta fara gina Sashe na III daga San Ignacio de Moxos zuwa Santo Domingo. Gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za a saka dala miliyan 144 wajen gina wannan ɓangaren arewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Inician la construcción de plataforma en vía al TIPNIS - La Razón |url=http://la-razon.com/seguridad_nacional/Gobierno-inician-construccion-plataforma-via-TIPNIS_0_2297770226.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150803014440/http://la-razon.com/seguridad_nacional/Gobierno-inician-construccion-plataforma-via-TIPNIS_0_2297770226.html |archive-date=2015-08-03 |access-date=2015-06-29}}</ref> A ranar 29 ga watan Mayu, 2016, Shugaba Morales ya ba da sanarwar saka hannun jari na gwamnati miliyan 20 ta hanyar Hukumar Raya Macroregions da Yankin Yankin (Agencia para el Desarrollo de las Macrorregiones y Zonas Fronterizas; ADEMAF) don gina dandalin ƙasa da kuma gefen wannan hanya a arewacin kilomita 76 na wannan hanya, daga Monte Grande zuwa San Ignacio de Moxos. Ginin ya wuce ga ''Daraktan Injiniyanci na Jama'a'' (Dirección de Ingeniería Social) na ADEMAF. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2017, ADEMAF ta bayyana dandalin a matsayin 60 zuwa 80% cikakke, "duk da ruwan sama da guguwa wanda ya shafe "; aikin ya ci gaba a ƙarshen Mayu.[it]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=ADEMAF |date=2017-04-18 |title=DIS DE ADEMAF REALIZA LEVANTAMIENTO DE LA PLATAFORMA DE LA CARRETERA SAN IGNACIO DE MOXOS – MONTEGRANDE |url=http://www.ademaf.gob.bo/ntc.php?id=1080 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117065546/http://www.ademaf.gob.bo/ntc.php?id=1080 |archive-date=2018-01-17 |access-date=2017-07-05 |website=www.ademaf.gob.bo |language=es}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ADEMAF |date=2017-05-31 |title=ADEMAF Y COMUNARIOS DE MONTE GRANDE DEL APERE ANUNCIARON REINICIO DE LOS TRABAJOS DE REHABILITACIÓN Y MANTENIMIENTO DE CARRETERA |url=http://www.ademaf.gob.bo/ntc.php?id=110 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141002083559/http://www.ademaf.gob.bo/ntc.php?id=110 |archive-date=2014-10-02 |access-date=2017-07-05 |website=www.ademaf.gob.bo |language=es}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2017, mambobin al'ummar TIPNIS sun ba da rahoton cewa ana ci gaba da gini a kan gadoji biyu don Sashe na II na babbar hanyar a cikin wurin shakatawa, kuma sun ba da shaidar daukar hoto game da shi. Jaridar El Deber ta tabbatar da cewa ana ci gaba da gini a gada mai nisan kilomita 6.7 a arewacin Insinuta kuma kamfanonin gini Sergut da Incotec suna ''Hakki'' a kan aikin a karkashin kwangila tare da Hukumar Kula da Hanyar Bolivia. &nbsp;Shugaban zartarwa na Incotec ya gaya wa takarda cewa kwangilar tana da sashi na sirri. Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a, Milton Claros, ya shaida a watan Satumbar 2017 cewa waɗannan gadoji an ba da izini ta Babban Dokar 1146 (na 24 ga Fabrairu, 2012) da kuma ƙudurin Ma'aikatar Muhalli da Ruwa na 4 ga Fabrairun, 2014 . (Ya musanta, a watan da ya gabata, cewa akwai wani aikin babbar hanya mai aiki a cikin TIPNIS . ) A cewar Ministan Claros, <ref name=":4" /> gadoji uku sune: A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Fernando Vargas, tsohon shugaban kungiyar TIPNIS, ya kiyasta cewa gadoji biyu sun cika kusan kashi 60%. A watan Agustan 2018, Los Tiempos sun ba da rahoton cewa an kammala ginin su. A watan Fabrairun 2019, Hukumar Kula da Hanyar Bolivia ta ba da sanarwar cewa an dakatar da gina hanyar kanta kuma aikin ya kasance a "mataki mara kyau", amma shugabannin 'yan asalin TIPNIS sun ce sun yi shakkar wannan rahoton. == Rikici game da yankin Isiboro-Sécure Indigenous Territory da National Park == A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2010, wani taron TIPNIS Subcentral da corregidores a duk faɗin yankin sun bayyana "matsananciyar adawa" ga aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Crespo Flores |first=Carlos |last2=Tania Ricaldi |last3=Teresa Hosse |last4=Luis Rojas |last5=Severo Villarroel |date=2011-06-06 |title=La carretera del TIPNIS vulnera la Constitución |url=http://www.ftierra.org/ft/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6272:rair&catid=98:noticias&Itemid=175 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828181914/http://www.ftierra.org/ft/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=6272:rair&catid=98:noticias&Itemid=175 |archive-date=2011-08-28 |access-date=2011-10-03 |website=Fundación Tierra |quote=El XXIX Encuentro Extraordinario de Corregidores del Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure Autónomo de los Pueblos Indígenas Moxeño, Yuracaré y Chimán -18/V/2010, decidieron "Rechazar contundente e innegociablemente la construcción de la carretera Villa Tunari – San Ignacio de Moxos o todo trazo carretero que afecte nuestro territorio, nuestra casa grande" (punto 1 de la Resolución Nº 0001/2010).}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, bayan fara gina Subcentral TIPNIS (ma'aikatar wakilan 'yan asalin ƙasar a yankin), Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia, da kuma ƙungiyar' yan asalin ƙasar CONAMAQ sun sanar da cewa za su shiga cikin wata tafiya ta ƙasa da ke adawa da aikin. A major concern about the impact of the road is its contribution to [[deforestation]]: "Empirical evidence has shown that highways are motors for deforestation" concluded a study of the project by the Program for Strategic Investigation in Bolivia (PIEB).<ref>"La evidencia empírica ha mostrado que las carreteras son motores de deforestación" {{Cite web |last=PIEB |date=2011-07-18 |title=Investigación: Con o sin carretera, el TIPNIS está expuesto a la deforestación |url=http://www.pieb.com.bo/sipieb_nota.php?idn=5541 |access-date=2011-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120401225049/http://www.pieb.com.bo/sipieb_nota.php?idn=5541 |archive-date=2012-04-01 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The study projected that the road would markedly accelerate deforestation in the park, leaving up to 64% of TIPNIS deforested by 2030.<ref name="PIEBDefo">{{Cite web |last=PIEB |date=2011-07-18 |title=Investigación: Con o sin carretera, el TIPNIS está expuesto a la deforestación |url=http://www.pieb.com.bo/sipieb_nota.php?idn=5963 |access-date=2011-08-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240102150325/http://www.pieb.com.bo/sipieb_nota.php?idn=5963 |archive-date=2024-01-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A technical report submitted by the Bolivian Highway Administration (ABC) established that the direct deforestation caused by the road itself would only be 0.03%;{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=November 2020}} similarly, President Morales has spoken of a 180-hectare deforestation, an area equivalent to a rectangle 180&nbsp;km long and 10 m wide. According to the last government survey 49 of 64 communities in TIPNIS are in favour of the construction of the road.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gobierno envía séptima comisión de diálogo con marchistas y sugiere implementar consulta del Tipnis |url=http://www.cambio.bo/noticia.php?fecha=2011-09-13&idn=54359 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120329230759/http://www.cambio.bo/noticia.php?fecha=2011-09-13&idn=54359 |archive-date=2012-03-29 |quote=En la actualidad, 15 de 64 comunidades indígenas se mantienen movilizadas en contra de la carretera, luego de que ocho organizaciones abandonaron esa medida de presión, según dijo Romero el domingo.}}</ref> Subcentral, Confederation of Indigenous Peoples of Bolivia (CIDOB), da kuma CONAMAQ na 'yan asalin ƙasar sun gudanar da tafiya ta ƙasa daga Trinidad, Beni zuwa La Paz don adawa da aikin, tun daga ranar 15 ga Agusta, 2011. A ranar 25 ga watan Satumba, wani hari na 'yan sanda a kan tafiyar ya haifar da tsare daruruwan masu zanga-zangar, wadanda daga baya aka sake su. Wannan tafiya ta sake haɗuwa kuma ta isa La Paz a ranar 19 ga Oktoba zuwa maraba da jama'a. A lokacin tafiyar, wasu ƙungiyoyi kamar Cochabamba campesino confederation da kuma ƙungiyar masu mulkin mallaka a Yucumo sun taru don tallafawa aikin. A farkon watan Oktoba, Majalisar Dokoki ta Ƙungiya ta zartar da dokar da MAS ta rubuta wanda ya ba da izinin hanyar bayan tsarin shawarwari, amma wakilai na 'yan asalin da ƙungiyar' yan asalin sun yi adawa da lissafin. A lokacin bude tattaunawar tare da masu zanga-zangar a ranar 21 ga Oktoba, Morales ya sanar da cewa zai soke dokar kuma ya goyi bayan rubutun da wakilan 'yan asalin suka gabatar. Majalisar ta zartar da wannan rubutun kuma ta sanya hannu a cikin doka a ranar 24 ga Oktoba, yadda ya kamata ya kawo karshen rikici. Dokar 180 ta 2011 ta ayyana TIPNIS wani yanki mai ban sha'awa kuma ta haramta gina manyan hanyoyi da ke tsallaka shi. Farawa a watan Disamba na shekara ta 2011, gwamnatin Bolivia ta tara magoya bayan babbar hanyar, a Cochabamba, San Ignacio de Moxos, da kuma tashar jiragen ruwa ta kudu ta TIPNIS, a cikin kamfen don juyar da Dokar 180. Conisur, ƙungiyar al'ummomin da ke zaune a Polygon 7 a kudancin TIPNIS, ta jagoranci tafiyarta ta hanyar babbar hanya daga ranar 19 ga Disamba a yankin zuwa Janairu 2012 a La Paz. Duk da yake Conisur ya bukaci a soke Dokar 180 kawai, gwamnati ta ba da shawarar a maimakon haka don gudanar da "bincike na farko" na al'ummomin asalin TIPNIS kan batun babbar hanyar da kuma sanarwar Dokar 180 game da babbar hanyar a matsayin yanki mai ban mamaki. An zartar da wannan shawarar a matsayin Dokar 222 a ranar 10 ga Fabrairu, 2012. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-02-10 |title=Ley de Consulta a los Pueblos Indígenas del Territorio Indígena y Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure - TIPNIS - Ley 222 |url=http://bolivia.infoleyes.com/shownorm.php?id=3617 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140117033441/http://bolivia.infoleyes.com/shownorm.php?id=3617 |archive-date=2014-01-17 |access-date=2014-01-16 |website=Infoleyes}}</ref> Al'ummomin TIPNIS da ba CONISUR ba da shugabanninsu na gargajiya sun ki amincewa da shawarwarin da aka gabatar suna bayyana cewa "ba 'yanci ba ne, amma ana tilasta shi da karfi; ba a sanar da shi ba, muddin akwai magudi na bayanai game da isa da tasirin wannan dokar, wanda jihar ta ɓoye ... kuma ba ta yi aiki da aminci ba". TIPNIs da CIDOB sun shirya sabon tafiya na kwanaki 62 da ke adawa da shawarwar da ta isa La Paz a watan Yuni, amma ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=TIPNIS Corregidors plan national march, local resistance |url=http://woborders.wordpress.com/2012/03/22/tipnis-corregidors-plan/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140121041840/http://woborders.wordpress.com/2012/03/22/tipnis-corregidors-plan/ |archive-date=2014-01-21 |access-date=2014-01-16 |website=Carwil without Borders}}</ref> Hukumar Zabe ta Ƙasa ta ɗauki aikin gudanar da shawarwarin al'umma, ta ziyarci al'ummomi a yankin daga 29 ga Yuli zuwa 3 ga Disamba, 2012. Dangane da ƙididdigar hukuma, al'ummomi 58 daga cikin 69 a cikin TIPNIS sun shiga kuma 55 daga cikinsu sun goyi bayan hanyar, yayin da 57 suka ki amincewa da "rashin fahimta" na yankin da Dokar 180 ta sanya. Koyaya, aikin lura da haƙƙin ɗan adam wanda Majalisar Dindindin ta 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Bolivia (APDHB), Tarayyar Inter-American don' Yancin Dan Adam (FIDH), da Cocin Katolika daga Nuwamba 29 zuwa Disamba 14 sun kai ga ƙarshe daban. Sun gano cewa "daga cikin al'ummomi 36 da FIDH da APDHB suka ziyarta, 19 ne kawai suka bayyana cewa an tuntube su, kuma al'ummomin 30 sun ki gina hanyar".Masu lura sun kuma bayyana "rashin daidaito da yawa a cikin tsarin shawarwari" kuma sun yi tir da cewa "al'ummomin da aka tuntuba sun ba da rahoton cewa sun sami kyauta, an matsa musu ko kuma an sanya su ƙuntatawa don musayar karɓar shawarwarin; an tilasta wasu ta hanyar dakatar da ayyukan ci gaba idan sun ƙi".<ref>{{Cite web |date=2013-07-16 |title=FIDH and APDHB call for the respect of the right of the TIPNIS indigenous communities to a prior, free, informed, concerted and good faith consultation |url=http://www.fidh.org/en/americas/bolivia/fidh-and-apdhb-call-for-the-respect-of-the-right-of-the-tipnis-indigenous-13238 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140907194133/http://www.fidh.org/en/americas/bolivia/fidh-and-apdhb-call-for-the-respect-of-the-right-of-the-tipnis-indigenous-13238 |archive-date=2014-09-07 |access-date=2014-01-16 |website=FIDH}}</ref> Daidai da buga sakamakon shawarwarin a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2013, an tsara dokoki uku don magance makomar yankin da aikin hanya: daya ya soke Dokar 180, na biyu ya kafa kariya ta muhalli, kuma na uku ya hana ci gaba da zama a yankin ta masu shuka coca. Koyaya, shugabannin majalisa da Ministan Ayyukan Jama'a Vladimir Sánchez sun ba da sanarwar cewa gwamnati za ta ba da fifiko ga kawar da matsanancin talauci a TIPNIS har zuwa ƙarshen 2014, kuma ta jinkirta duk wani mataki a kan aikin babbar hanya da dokokin da aka ba da shawarar. Alex Ferrier, gwamnan Beni bayan zaben 2015, ya yi alkawarin ci gaba da aikin. A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2015, Conisur ta ba da sanarwar cewa ta gudanar da taron al'ummomin da ke goyon bayan hanya wadanda suka yi kira da a gina Sashe na II. Daga baya a wannan watan, Emilio Noza na Subcentral Isiboro Sécure-Tipnis da Fernando Vargas shugaban Subcentral Tipnis sun bayyana cewa al'ummomin membobinsu suna ci gaba da adawa da hanya kuma suna bayyana cewa wakilin Subcentral tipnis ya tabbatar da cewa ba a gudanar da irin wannan taron ba, kamar yadda aka yi iƙirarin, a Santa Trinidad. A cikin 2017, jam'iyyar MAS mai mulki ta gabatar da dokoki don soke kariya ta Dokar 180 da kuma ba da izinin tsara shirin sufuri. Wannan dokar, Dokar Karewa, Ci gaba da Ci gaba mai dorewa na TIPNIS (Spanish: Ley de Protección, Desarrollo Integral y Sustentable del Territorio Indígena Parque Nacional Isiboro Sécure (TIPNIS)), an kafa ta a matsayin Dokar 266 a ranar 13 ga Agusta, 2017. A cikin Zaben yanki na 2021, Alejandro Unzueta, dan takarar gwamna na sashen Beni, ya ba da shawarar cewa duk wata babbar hanyar zuwa Villa Tunari ya kamata ta gudana a waje da TIPNIS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 15, 2021 |title=Alejandro Unzueta Gobernador |url=https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2FBeniUnSoloCorazon%2Fposts%2F114972897235448 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625213558/https://www.facebook.com/login/?next=https://www.facebook.com/BeniUnSoloCorazon/posts/114972897235448 |archive-date=2022-06-25 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Facebook |language=en}}</ref> A halin yanzu, tsohon shugaban kasar Evo Morales da aka tsige ya yi kira da a sake farfado da aikin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tancara Castillo |first=Cándido |date=20 February 2021 |title=Evo pide votos para terminar vía por el Tipnis y le dicen que es "un crimen" |url=https://www.paginasiete.bo/nacional/evo-pide-votos-para-terminar-via-por-el-tipnis-y-le-dicen-que-es-un-crimen-GJPS284983 |access-date=2022-06-25 |website=Página Siete |language=es-ES}} {{Dead link|date=October 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> A watan Yunin 2022, a karkashin matsin lamba daga Kwamitin Jama'a na San Ignacio de Moxos, Unzueta ya sake tayar da yiwuwar babbar hanya, yana ba da shawarar cewa za a iya gina ta cikin yanayin muhalli ba tare da ƙauyuka ko sare daji ba. Ministan ayyukan jama'a Edgar Montaño ya amsa cewa gina babbar hanyar zai buƙaci shawarwari da suka gabata tare da al'ummomin 'yan asalin da abin ya shafa. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] mq5lhu0indkhc1ggbt6cc4qj8joqg8w Rotundaria aurea 0 175207 962162 948657 2026-10-03T06:56:24Z BnHamid 12586 962162 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} {{Gyara mukala}} '''''Rotundaria aurea''''', the '''golden orb''', is a species of freshwater mussel.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ITIS Standard Report Page: ''Quadrula aurea'' |url=https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=80066 |access-date=2008-07-17 |publisher=[[Integrated Taxonomic Information System]]}}</ref> It is native to the [[Tarayyar Amurka|United States]], where it is found only in [[Texas]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=[[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]] |date=6 October 2011 |title=Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-Month Finding on a Petition To List Texas Fatmucket, Golden Orb, Smooth Pimpleback, Texas Pimpleback, and Texas Fawnsfoot as Threatened or Endangered |url=https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2011/10/06/2011-25471/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-12-month-finding-on-a-petition-to-list-texas-fatmucket#p-50 |publisher=[[Office of the Federal Register]]}}</ref> An ƙaura da wannan nau'in daga ''Quadrula'' zuwa ''Rotundaria'' bisa ga shaidar kwayoyin halitta a shekarar 2012. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Campbell |first=David |last2=Lydeard |first2=Charles |date=2012 |title=The Genera of Pleurobemini (Bivalvia: Unionidae: Ambleminae) |journal=American Malacological Bulletin |volume=30 |issue=1 |pages=19–38 |bibcode=2012AMalB..30...19C |doi=10.4003/006.030.0102 |s2cid=84056130}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [https://www.federalregister.gov/articles/2011/10/06/2011-25471/endangered-and-threatened-wildlife-and-plants-12-month-finding-on-a-petition-to-list-texas-fatmucket#p-46 federalregister.gov: Texas-fatmucket/Golden orb — ''Quadrula aurea''] eqjiri1j5tcyilyit57k9turpkdulm6 Gidan shakatawa na Interstate 0 175210 961911 954431 2026-10-02T15:54:27Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 3 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961911 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Weather box}}<gallery class="center"> File:Breaks_Interstate_Park_sign.jpg File:Breaks_Canyon_Fall.jpg File:Breaks_Canyon;_February_2018.jpg File:Cliff_at_Breaks_Canyon.jpg File:Russell_Fork-_Breaks_Interstate_Park.jpg|A view of Russell Fork File:Breaks_Interstate_Park;_Russel_Fork;_February_2018.jpg|Russell Fork while flooded </gallery>{{Databox}} '''Breaks Interstate Park''', also known as "the Breaks," is a bi-state state park located partly in southeastern [[Kentucky]] and southwestern [[Virginia]] in the Jefferson National Forest, at the northeastern terminus of Pine Mountain. The land is managed by an interstate compact between the states of Virginia<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 June 2013 |title=Virginia State Park Locations |url=http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/state_parks/state_park.shtml |access-date=September 24, 2013 |publisher=Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation}}</ref> and Kentucky.<ref>{{Cite web |title=About |url=http://parks.ky.gov/parks/resortparks/breaks-interstate.aspx/default.aspx |access-date=September 24, 2013 |website=Breaks Interstate Park |publisher=Kentucky Department of Parks |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926230337/http://parks.ky.gov/parks/resortparks/breaks-interstate.aspx/default.aspx |url-status=dead}}</ref> It is one of two interstate parks in the United States operated jointly under a compact rather than as two separate state park units.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2024}} The [[Ma'aikatar Karewa da Nishaɗi ta Virginia|Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation]] and the Kentucky Department of Parks are still major partner organizations.  An kira Breaks Interstate Park "Grand Canyon of the South".<ref>{{Cite web |title=Breaks Interstate Park |url=https://dickensonva.org/312/Breaks-Interstate-Park |access-date=February 5, 2024 |publisher=Dickenson County Board of Supervisors |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205113443/https://dickensonva.org/312/Breaks-Interstate-Park |archive-date=February 5, 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kogin Russell Fork da Clinchfield Railroad (yanzu CSX Transportation Kingsport Subdivision) dukansu suna wucewa ta ciki. Ana samun damar ta hanyar Virginia 80 da Kentucky 80 tsakanin Haysi, Virginia, da Elkhorn City, Kentucky, kuma yana wucewa ta hanyar al'ummar Breaks, Virginia, gabashin wurin shakatawa. == Tarihi == Wannan yanki a baya an rufe shi da babbar teku a cikin ƙasa kusan shekaru miliyan 180 da suka gabata.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History &#124; Breaks Park |url=http://www.breakspark.com/park-information-hours/our-history/ |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-date=2022-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121195021/http://www.breakspark.com/park-information-hours/our-history/ |url-status=dead}}</ref> A cikin dubban shekaru masu zuwa, Russell Fork a hankali ya sassaka ta cikin dutse don samar da kwari masu ban mamaki. Ayyukan ɗan adam na farko sun ga yankin ya zama wurin farauta ga mutanen Shawnee da Cherokee. A shekara ta 1767, dan kasar Amurka Daniel Boone ya ratsa yankin neman sauƙin wucewa zuwa yamma ta hanyar Pine Mountain.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Our History |url=http://www.breakspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=5 |access-date=September 24, 2013 |publisher=Breaks Interstate Park Commission |archive-date=September 27, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927105558/http://www.breakspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=4&Itemid=5 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Boone daga baya ya ba yankin sunan sa na yanzu, The Breaks . An yi shirye-shirye don samar da wuraren kallon elk. An ga Elk a kusa da wurin shakatawa a 2023 a karo na farko tun daga shekarun 1800.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lee |first=Murry |date=2023-02-10 |title=Elk spotted in Breaks Interstate Park for first time in more than a century |url=https://www.wjhl.com/outdoors-appalachia/elk-spotted-in-breaks-interstate-park-for-first-time-in-more-than-a-century/ |access-date=2023-02-12 |website=WJHL {{!}} Tri-Cities News & Weather |language=en-US |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212052931/https://www.wjhl.com/outdoors-appalachia/elk-spotted-in-breaks-interstate-park-for-first-time-in-more-than-a-century/ |archive-date=2023-02-12 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Breaks Interstate Park yana kusa da kilomita 5 (8 gabashin Elkhorn City, [[Kentucky]]. Gidan shakatawa ya rufe kadada 4,500 (1,800 . Babban fasalin wurin shakatawa, Breaks Canyon, yana da tsawon mil biyar kuma yana daga 830 zuwa 1,600 feet (250 zuwa 490 zurfi. Kogin Russell Fork ne ya kafa kogin ta hanyar miliyoyin shekaru na [[Zaizayar Kasa|rushewa]].<ref name="virginia">{{Cite web |date=June 27, 2012 |title=Breaks Interstate Park |url=http://www.virginia.org/Listings/OutdoorsAndSports/BreaksInterstatePark/ |access-date=September 24, 2013 |publisher=Virginia Tourism Corporation}}</ref> === Yanayi === Yanayin yanayi a wannan yanki yana da zafi, lokacin rani mai zafi da kuma sanyi zuwa sanyi. Dangane da tsarin rarraba yanayi na Köppen, Birnin Elkhorn da ke kusa da shi yana da yanayi mai zafi, wanda aka taƙaita "Cfa" a kan taswirar yanayi. == Ayyuka == Gidan shakatawa yana ba da hanyoyin tafiya, da kamun kifi, jirgin ruwa, jirgin ruwa na ruwa, da keken ruwa a kan Tafkin Laurel, da kuma rafting na ruwa mai farin a kan Russell Fork . <ref name="todo">{{Cite web |title=Things to do |url=http://parks.ky.gov/parks/recreationparks/breaks-interstate/things_to_do.aspx |access-date=September 23, 2013 |website=Breaks Interstate Park |publisher=Kentucky Department of Parks |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926230334/http://parks.ky.gov/parks/recreationparks/breaks-interstate/things_to_do.aspx |archive-date=September 26, 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Masu hawan dutse sun haɗu da dutse mai kama da New River Gorge da ke kusa. Akwai masauki, gidaje, da kuma sansani.<ref name="todo" /> Gidan shakatawa yana da Cibiyar baƙi tare da nune-nunen a kan abubuwan tarihi da na halitta na yankin, cibiyar taro tare da gidan cin abinci, da kuma gidan wasan kwaikwayo.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amphitheater Music Events |url=http://www.breakspark.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=29&Itemid=32 |access-date=September 24, 2013 |publisher=Breaks Interstate Park Commission}} {{Dead link|date=September 2026 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> Ana samun damar kallon Elk ta hanyar yawon shakatawa na bas na yanayi na yankunan da aka gabatar da Rocky Mountain elk a matsayin maye gurbin tsohuwar tsohuwar tsohuwa ta Gabas.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Elk Tours |url=https://www.breakspark.com/elk-tours |access-date=2025-03-29 |website=Breaks Interstate Park |language=en-US}}</ref> == Gidan wasan kwaikwayo == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Webarchive template wayback links]] 2kraqb9pwbdp1zcf6nbamm5t26yhz4t Rhynchospora californica 0 175230 962172 948697 2026-10-03T07:04:37Z BnHamid 12586 962172 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''''Rhynchospora californica''''' nau'in sedge ne da aka sani da sunaye da aka fi sani da '''California beaked-rush''' da '''California beaksedge''' . Tana da yawa a California inda galibi take yaɗuwa a kusurwar arewa maso yammacin jihar kudu zuwa yankin San Francisco Bay . Tana da dogayen tushe masu siriri waɗanda aka lulluɓe su da furanni masu launin ruwan kasa masu duhu waɗanda suka lulluɓe 'ya'yan itatuwa masu kama da hatsi waɗanda ke da ƙananan furanni masu launin fari. Shuke ne mai dausayi da fadama. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * [http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_JM_treatment.pl?7928,8138,8140 Maganin Jepson da Manual] * [https://plants.usda.gov/java/profile?symbol=RHCA10 Bayanin Shuke-shuke na USDA] * [http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=242357861 Flora na Arewacin Amurka] * [http://calphotos.berkeley.edu/cgi/img_query?query_src=photos_index&where-taxon=Rhynchospora+californica Hotunan hoto] d32cnlookgoxi88w9p836yhhe9p0k4x Quitabaquito tryonia 0 175255 962188 948740 2026-10-03T07:12:18Z BnHamid 12586 962188 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Quitabaquito tryonia''', [[Nomenclature na binomial|sunan kimiyya]] '''''Tryonia quitobaquitae''''', nau'in ƙaramin katantanwa ne mai ruwan sha mai kama da gill da operculum . Mollusc ne na ruwa mai kama da gastropod a cikin dangin Cochliopidae. Wannan nau'in yana da yawa a Amurka. Sunan da aka fi sani da shi yana nufin [[Quitabaquito Springs]] Oasis, a cikin Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument, [[Arizona]]. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 79iwze9s6a7g6gnhz31eaas1uh2frw3 Gidan shakatawa na Jihar Machicomoco 0 175257 961912 948748 2026-10-02T15:57:58Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961912 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan shakatawa na jihar Machicomoco''' wani wurin shakatawa ne na jihar mai girman kadada 645 (261 wanda ke cikin Gundumar Gloucester, Virginia . <ref name="MSP">{{Cite web |title=Machicomoco State Park |url=https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/state-parks/machicomoco}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Machicomoco State Park (U.S. National Park Service) |url=https://www.nps.gov/places/machicomoco-state-park.htm}}</ref> Gidan shakatawa shine gidan tarihi na Timberneck House, wanda aka gina a shekara ta 1793. <ref>{{Cite web |title=5 things to do at Machicomoco State Park |url=https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/state-parks/blog/5-things-to-do-at-machicomoco-state-park}}</ref> Har ila yau, wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi gidan fassarar Indiyawan Virginia a sararin samaniya, da kuma wasu nune-nunen da yawa akan tarihin asali kamar na Powhatan Confederacy . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 November 2023 |title=Machicomoco State Park dedicated to Virginia's Native American heritage |url=https://www.wtkr.com/positivelyhr/machicomoco-state-park-dedicated-to-virginias-native-american-heritage}}</ref> Ya ƙunshi [[Catlett Islands|Tsibirin Catlett]] da ke kusa kuma ana gudanar da shi tare da Middle Peninsula State Park . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Jenkins |first=Taylor |last2=McMillan |first2=Lauren |last3=Bryan |first3=David |title=Machicomoco State Park 10-Year Master Plan Public Information Meeting |url=https://www.dcr.virginia.gov/recreational-planning/document/MA-Public-Information-Meeting-Presentation.pdf |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation}}</ref> Sunan "Machicomoco" ya fito ne daga kalmar yaren Algonquin wanda ke nufin "wurin taro na musamman".<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Holmes |first=Damian |date=2025-09-11 |title=Machicomoco State Park |url=https://worldlandscapearchitect.com/machicomoco-state-park-nelson-byrd-woltz-landscape-architects/ |access-date=2026-06-02 |website=World Landscape Architecture |language=en-US}}</ref>Yana kusa da Werewocomoco, ƙauyen shine hedkwatar Cif Powhatan. == Tarihi == Wataƙila 'yan asalin ƙasar ne suka yi amfani da yankin tun daga akalla 2000 BC, bisa ga shaidar archaeological da aka samu a cikin shell middens. Yankin wurin shakatawa mallakar iyalin Catlett ne wanda gidansa, Timberneck, har yanzu yana tsaye a kan dukiyar. An sayar da dukiyar a cikin 2007 ga mai haɓaka ƙasa, wanda ya gina hanyoyi, hanyar keke, da gidan ƙofar kafin Babban Mawuyacin ya dakatar da shirye-shiryen farko.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cox |first=Jeremy |date=June 14, 2021 |title=Machicomoco State Park puts Virginia Indians at center of story |url=https://www.bayjournal.com/news/people/machicomoco-state-park-puts-virginia-indians-at-center-of-story/article_63ccd47c-cd14-11eb-b74e-b75f45e736ad.html |access-date=29 August 2024 |website=Bay Journal |publisher=Bay Journal Media}}</ref> Lokacin da ƙasar ta sake kaiwa kasuwa a cikin 2017, Asusun Kula da Tsaro ba tare da riba ba ya sayi ƙasar, yana ba da damar jihar ta gina tsare-tsare. Dominion Energy ne ke da alhakin wani bangare na kudaden.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Richards |first=Heather |title=Virginia's Machicomoco State Park—A "Special Meeting Place" |url=https://www.conservationfund.org/projects/virginia-s-machicomoco-state-park-a-special-meeting-place |access-date=28 August 2024 |website=The Conservation Fund |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240828233511/https://www.conservationfund.org/projects/virginia-s-machicomoco-state-park-a-special-meeting-place |archive-date=28 August 2024 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Kamfanin gine-ginen shimfidar wuri Nelson Byrd Woltz ya tsara wurin shakatawa tare da shawarwari tare da 'yan kabilar Virginia Algonquian don nuna muhimmancin muhalli da al'adu na ƙasar.<ref name=":0" /> Kodayake ya kamata a buɗe shi a cikin 2020, amma saboda annobar COVID-19 an mayar da keɓewar zuwa Afrilu 2021. == Manazarta == azkafhbj1igsnu8ytsq353epu1pq3jc Ivan Selin 0 175317 962267 948962 2026-10-03T09:32:19Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962267 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Ivan Selin''' (an haife shi a ranar 11 ga watan Maris, shekara ta 1937) ɗan kasuwa ne na Amurka, kuma tsohon shugaban Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya kuma Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Gudanarwa. Selin masanin Fulbright ne kuma ya kammala karatu a Jami'ar Yale (PhD, Injiniyan Lantarki, a shekarar 1960) da Jami'ar Paris (Doctor of Science, Mathematics, a shekarar 1962). An haife shi a Birnin New York . == Farkon aiki == Daga shekarar 1960 zuwa shekara ta 1965, Selin ya kasance injiniya mai bincike a Kamfanin RAND, yana aiki a kan batutuwan tsaro na ƙasa da ka'idar sadarwa ta kididdiga. A shekara ta 1965, Selin ya tafi aiki ga Ofishin Sakataren Tsaro, ɗaya daga cikin Whiz Kids na Robert S. McNamara. Daga shekarar 1965 zuwa shekara ta 1970, Selin ya yi aiki ga McNamara, ya zama Mataimakin Sakataren Tsaro na Nazarin Tsarin a ƙarshen wannan lokacin. Yayinda yake aiki a wannan matsayin, Selin ya wakilci Ofishin Sakataren Tsaro a lokacin da aka ba da umarnin USS Knox (FF-1052). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Knox Statistics |url=http://www.ussknox.org/knox_statistics.htm |website=Ussknox.org |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525050737/http://www.ussknox.org/knox_statistics.htm |archive-date=2015-05-25 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ya sami lambar yabo ta Ma'aikatar Tsaro ta Ma'aikata a shekarar 1970.<ref name="eng.yale.edu">{{Cite web |title=Yale Science and Engineering Association Hall of Fame: Ivan Selin |url=http://www.seas.yale.edu/alumni-hall-detail.php?id=67 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625085330/http://www.seas.yale.edu/alumni-hall-detail.php?id=67 |archive-date=25 June 2010}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 1970, Selin da abokan aiki da yawa na DOD sun kafa American Management Systems, kamfanin ba da shawara kan fasaha da gudanarwa. Selin ya yi aiki a matsayin babban jami'in zartarwa daga kafuwar kamfanin zuwa ƙarshen shekarar 1980. Selin ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kwamitin ba da shawara kan tattalin arzikin soja ga Darakta na Tsakiya (1978-1989); memba a cikin shekarun (1979-1989) da shugaban a cikin shekarun (1988-1989) na kwamitin gwamnoni na Ƙungiyar Majalisar Ɗinkin Duniya-Amurka; memba na kwamitin ba tare da shawara a kan [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|USSR]] da Gabashin Turai a Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Kasa (1986-88); kuma memba na Majalisar kan Harkokin Waje daga shekarar (1979-yanzu). == Ayyukan jama'a daga baya == Selin ta kasance Mataimakin Sakataren Gwamnati na Gudanarwa daga ranar 23 ga Mayun shekara ta 1989, zuwa ranar 30 ga Yunin shekarar 1991. Ya sami lambar yabo ta Sakataren Gwamnati a shekarar 1991.<ref name="eng.yale.edu" /> A ranar 1 ga Yulin shekarar 1991, Selin ya zama shugaban Hukumar Kula da Nukiliya, yana aiki a wannan matsayin har sai da ya yi murabus a ranar 30 ga Yunin shekarar 1995. Selin ta rantsar da shugaban NRC mai barin gado Kenneth Monroe Carr kuma tana da bikin rantsuwa wanda Mataimakin Shugaban Dan Quayle ya jagoranci kuma Mai Shari'a na Kotun Koli [[Sandra Day O'Connor]] ya gudanar da rantsuwa. Selin ta kasance shugabar kafa kwamitin Gidan Tarihi na Tarihin Amurka na Smithsonian Institution. Don hidimarsa ta gwamnati, ya sami lambar yabo ta Pentagon ta Distinguished Civilian Service a cikin shekarar 1970. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} == Hanyoyin Haɗin waje == # {{Cite web |title=Knox Statistics |url=http://www.ussknox.org/knox_statistics.htm |access-date=29 July 2019 |website=Ussknox.org |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525050737/http://www.ussknox.org/knox_statistics.htm |archive-date=25 May 2015 |url-status=dead}} [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1937]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 3qljle725lbezzyrl9067oabhvslw9y Hanyar wucewa ta Longdendale 0 175319 962095 948967 2026-10-02T23:19:57Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962095 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Longdendale Bypass (wanda aka fi sani da '''A57/A628 Mottram-in-Longdendale, Hollingworth & Tintwistle Bypass''') wani tsari ne na hanyoyi na kasa da aka tsara tun da daɗewa a cikin gundumomin Tameside da High Peak a Ingila, wani ɓangare na shi a halin yanzu ana ginawa. Manufarta ita ce ta rage tarwatsa zirga-zirga a kan hanyoyin A57, A628, da A616 da ke wucewa ta ƙauyuka a halin yanzu. Akwai goyon baya da adawa ga wannan shirin da aka tsara na dogon lokaci, wanda zai wuce ta kwarin Longdendale da kuma wani ɓangare na Gundumar Peak. Bayan kusan shekaru hamsin, wani ɓangare na tsarin hanya - Mottram Bypass da Glossop Spur - Hukumar Hanyar ta amince da shi a ranar 2 ga Disamba 2014; amma kusan shekaru goma bayan haka, har yanzu ana ganin cokali a ƙasa. An yi niyyar fara ginin ne a cikin bazara na 2023, amma daukaka kara ga Babban Kotun ya nuna cewa ginin bai fara ba. Babban Kotun ta yi watsi da roko game da hanyar wucewa a watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2023. Wani kalubale na karshe na shari'a ga hanyar wucewa ya gaza a watan Afrilu na 2024, ya bar National Highways kyauta don fara gina hanyar. Ginin ya fara ne a shekara ta 2025. == Tarihi == Hanyar A628 ta yanzu ta haɗa M67 daga [[Manchester]] zuwa M1 a Kudancin Yorkshire. Hanyar mota guda ɗaya ta ƙauyukan Mottram a Longdendale, Hollingworth da Tintwistle kuma ta hanyar Gundumar Peak National Park, yawancin Motocin kaya masu nauyi suna amfani da ita. Magoya bayan shirin sun ce A628 yana daya daga cikin hanyoyin A-hanya mafi yawa a cikin kasar, tare da babbar zirga-zirga (gami da HGVs) ta amfani da hanyar da ba ta dace da girma da yanayin zirga-zarge da yake ɗauka ba <ref>{{Cite web |title=Introduction |url=http://www.mjpatch.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080109101323/http://www.mjpatch.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/ |archive-date=9 January 2008 |access-date=2008-01-20 |publisher=Longdendale Siege Committee website}}</ref> kuma babu wani zaɓi mai yiwuwa ga hanyar wucewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Suggested Alternative Solutions? |url=http://www.mjpatch.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Suggested_alternatives_Nov_05.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080820071500/http://www.mjpatch.pwp.blueyonder.co.uk/Suggested_alternatives_Nov_05.htm |archive-date=20 August 2008 |access-date=2008-01-20 |publisher=Longdendale Siege Committee website}}</ref> Wani bincike a shekara ta 2010 ya gano cewa mahaɗar A57 da M67 ita ce mafi yawan jama'a a Manchester. An nuna damuwa cewa shirin ba zai inganta aminci a kan Woodhead Pass ba, inda yawancin manyan hatsarori ke faruwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Britain's Most Dangerous Roads |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/reports/archive/features/dangerous_roads.shtml |website=Radio 4}}</ref> == Hanyar da za a yi amfani da ita == Shirin ya yi la'akari da sabon titin mota guda biyu wanda zai tafi arewa maso gabas daga ƙarshen gabashin M67, ya wuce a ƙarƙashin A6018 Roe Cross Road, Old Road da Old Hall Lane a cikin ramin mita 170 (558 kusan mita 120 (394 arewacin inda waɗannan hanyoyin suka haɗu. A gabashin wannan yanki hanyar za ta ci gaba a kan wani zagaye wanda ke ba da hanyar haɗi zuwa A57 a Mottram Moor. A gabashin zagaye, hanyar da aka fi so za ta ci gaba da arewa maso gabas ta hanyar ajiyar yanayi na Swallows Wood, sannan ta karkata kudu maso gabas don shiga A628 na yanzu a gabashin Tintwistle kusa da Townhead Farm. Wata hanyar hukuma ta gari da aka tsara, 'Glossop Spur', za ta haɗa da A57 a Woolley Bridge.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2005-10-26 |title=Exhibition on spur takes to the road |url=http://www.glossopadvertiser.co.uk/news/s/505464_exhibition_on_spur_takes_to_the_road |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090107121721/http://www.glossopadvertiser.co.uk/news/s/505464_exhibition_on_spur_takes_to_the_road |archive-date=7 January 2009 |access-date=2008-01-22 |website=Glossop Advertiser}}</ref> Ma'aikatar Sufuri ta buga taswirar yankin da ke kusa <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Preferred Route of the bypass |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/images/5515_map.gif |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120217180737/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/images/5515_map.gif |archive-date=17 February 2012 |access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> da kuma wata hanyar da ke nuna hanyoyin da ke fadin Gundumar Peak da kuma wurin Flouch, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Flouch location map |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/images/flouch_location.gif |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090322014307/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/images/flouch_location.gif |archive-date=2009-03-22 |access-date=19 February 2016 |website=Highways Agency}}</ref> waɗanda aka tsara don samun ayyukan zirga-zirga. == Tarihi == Tun daga shekara ta 1971 mazaunan Tameside suna aiki da lobbying, tare da 'yan siyasa na cikin gida, don mafita mafi kyau don haɗin A57/A628 na Manchester da Sheffield zuwa M67 - ta hanyar ƙauyukan Mottram da Hollingworth, da kuma shafar waɗanda ke kewaye da shi. An mayar da tsare-tsaren a cikin takardar farar fata ta gwamnatin Conservative a cikin 1989 biyo bayan tsarin shawarwarin jama'a. An zaɓi hanyar da aka fi so a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 1993 amma an dakatar da aikin a shekara ta 1996 biyo bayan ƙarin sake dubawa na gwamnati game da aikin aikin aikin gine-ginen hanya na kasa. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014 an amince da shirin. A watan Yulin 1998 gwamnatin Labour mai ci gaba ta buga sakamakon bincikenta a Aiki takardar A New Deal for Trunk Roads in England <ref>{{Cite web |title=A new deal for trunk roads in England: Understanding the new approach |url=http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/economics/rdg/multimodal/anewdealfortrunkroadsinengla5492 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070717023950/http://www.dft.gov.uk/pgr/economics/rdg/multimodal/anewdealfortrunkroadsinengla5492 |archive-date=17 July 2007 |publisher=Department for Transport}}</ref> kuma ta haɗa da bypass a matsayin makirci da za a ci gaba ta hanyar matakan shirye-shirye. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2002, Hukumar Hanyar ta gabatar da rahoto ga hukumomin tsara yanki (North West, East Midlands, Yorkshire da Humber). Shirin ya sami tallafi daga al'ummomin da ke fama da hanyar wucewa ta hanyar takarda tare da sa hannu 9,000 wanda aka isar da shi zuwa Downing Street a watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2003.<ref name="petition">{{Cite web |last=Salter |first=Alan |date=1 April 2003 |title=Mottram bypass to go ahead |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/55/55236_mottram_bypass_to_go_ahead.html |website=[[Manchester Evening News]]}} Retrieved on 6&nbsp;September 2008.</ref> A cikin wannan gabatarwar, sun kammala cewa babu wani zaɓi na gaskiya ga ƙauyuka don magance matsalolin da ke akwai. A watan Afrilu na shekara ta 2003 hanyar ta shiga Shirin Ingantawa, ta fahimci yiwuwar karuwar zirga-zirga tare da hanyar da kuma hada da shawarwari don hana masu amfani da hanya daga sauyawa daga wasu hanyoyin ƙetare-Pennine.<ref name="HA_Mott">{{Cite web |title=A57/A628 Mottram in Longdendale, Hollingworth and Tintwistle Bypass |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5515.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071026033235/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/5515.aspx |archive-date=26 October 2007 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Department for Transport}}</ref> A karkashin shirin Early Contractor Involvement (ECI) Hukumar Hanyar ta nada Mowlem don ci gaba da shirin. ECI tana ba da damar aiwatar da cikakken aikin tsarawa yayin da makircin ke motsawa ta hanyar hanyoyin doka.<ref name="HA_next">{{Cite web |title=What happens next? |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/16360.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081201143041/http://www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/16360.aspx |archive-date=1 December 2008 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Department for Transport}}</ref> A ranar 31 ga watan Janairun shekara ta 2006 Sakataren Harkokin Sufuri ya wallafa shawarwari na yau da kullun a cikin nau'ikan Dokokin Tsarin Mulki don gina hanyar wucewa, inganta tsofaffin hanyoyi, da kuma gabatar da 'matakan hana hanya'. An ba da izinin jama'a da sauran kungiyoyi masu sha'awar makonni 13 har zuwa 5 ga Mayu 2006 don bayyana ra'ayoyinsu game da shawarwarin.<ref name="HA_next" /> A watan Mayu na shekara ta 2006 Hukumar Hanyar ta fitar da bayanai a karkashin [[Dokar ƴancin bayani ta 2000|Dokar 'Yancin Bayanai]] na duk kadarorin da suka saya dangane da makircin a cikin shekaru 30 da suka gabata, kuma an sake fitar da kwafin sabuntawa a watan Agustan shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-05-31 |title=Mottram Tintwistle Bypass – Properties Purchased by the HA |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/documents/crs_496535.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201343/http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/documents/crs_496535.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2007 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Highways Agency}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=14 August 2006 |title=A57/A628 Mottram Tintwistle Bypass – Properties Purchased by the HA |url=http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/documents/crs_496535(update).pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930201658/http://www.highways.gov.uk/aboutus/documents/crs_496535%28update%29.pdf |archive-date=30 September 2007 |publisher=Highways Agency}}</ref> By the end of the consultation period 1,400&nbsp;people had written letters expressing their objection to the scheme, with a further 1,000&nbsp;in favour. Stephen Ladyman, then Minister of State for Transport, stated that "life for people in Mottram, Tintwistle and Hollingworth should be greatly improved by this bypass. Getting traffic out of the villages will make them a safer and healthier place to live". Objections were also received from the [[Hukumar Kula da Karkara|Countryside Agency]], [[Yanayin Ingilishi|English Nature]], the Peak District National Park Authority and the [[Amincewa ta Kasa|National Trust]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2006-06-06 |title=Response to the Highways Agency's Announcement Regarding the A628 Bypass |url=http://www.saveswallowswood.org.uk/news/2006-06-06.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017192530/http://www.saveswallowswood.org.uk/news/2006-06-06.htm |archive-date=17 October 2007 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Save Swallow Wood}}</ref> The North West Regional Assembly had presented advice to ministers in January 2006 and then in June 2006 provided a revised sequencing of priority schemes.{{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2008}} A ranar 6 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2006 Sakataren Harkokin Sufuri ya amsa wadannan jerin abubuwan da aka sake sabuntawa kuma ya tabbatar da cewa za a iya samar da kudade don hanyar wucewa ta Longdendale bayan 2010/11. A watan Disamba na shekara ta 2006 Rebecca Lush, mai zanga-zangar hanya mai tsawo kuma wanda ya kafa Road Block, ya yi iƙirarin cewa shirin "musamman bai dace ba kuma yana da lahani".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lush |first=Rebecca |year=2006 |title=The rise and rise of the movement against road building |url=http://www.peacenews.info/issues/2480-81/2480082.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203184007/http://www.peacenews.info/issues/2480-81/2480082.html |archive-date=3 December 2008 |access-date=2008-01-23 |website=[[Peace News]]}}</ref> {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}A watan Janairun 2007 Stephen Ladyman ya bayyana cewa ana sa ran aikin gini zai fara a cikin bazara na 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Written answers Thursday 25 January 2007, Transport: Road Building and Improvements |url=https://www.theyworkforyou.com/wrans/?id=2007-01-25c.110625.h |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=They work for you}}</ref> Canjin zuwa lokacin da aka gabatar da kuma farashin ya buƙaci sake dubawa game da bayanin muhalli, wanda aka sake bugawa tare da umarnin da ke tattare da shi a ranar 8 ga Fabrairu 2007. An bi lokacin shawarwari na makonni shida a lokacin da hukumomin Peak District suka amsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-03-09 |title=Briefing on revised Draft Orders for the A628 Tintwistle – Mottram Bypass (A811/ED) |url=http://resources.peakdistrict.gov.uk/ctte/authority/reports/2007/070309Item6-1.pdf |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Peak District}}</ref> Bayan an kiyasta shi a £ 90 miliyan a shekara ta 2003, farashin tayin an kiyasta ya tashi zuwa £ 240m-£ 315m a shekara ta 2008. <ref name="petition" /><ref name="costs080716">{{Cite web |date=16 July 2008 |title=Highways Agency Major Roads Programme:Updated Scheme Cost Estimates |url=http://child.of.lewin.googlepages.com/costestimates.pdf |access-date=2 November 2008 |publisher=Highways Agency}}</ref>&nbsp; A ranar 2 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2014, gwamnati ta ba da sanarwar cewa za ta saka hannun jari na £ 170 m a kan hanyar A57, A628 da A628 ta hanyar wucewa ta ƙauyen Mottram.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2014 |title=Mottram bypass announced in roadwork scheme |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-england-30286736 |access-date=9 December 2014 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> Shugaban kasa na Exchequer a lokacin, George Osborne, ya ba da izini don shirin farko na akalla fam miliyan 170 don warware matsalar zirga-zirga ta hanyar Mottram da kuma gina hanyar haɗi zuwa Glossop. Gwamnati za ta kuma tuntubi ko za a tsawaita shirin da aka tsara don sauƙaƙa matsin lamba a kan Tintwistle. Baya ga ayyukan da aka sanar, akwai kuma karatu da shawarwari game da yiwuwar rami a ƙarƙashin Gundumar Peak don haɗa Manchester da Sheffield, tare da wasu hanyoyin da aka tsara ta amfani da hanyar M67 da ke akwai don haɗa manyan hanyoyi na M60 da M1.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 December 2014 |title=Major roads investment in the north east and Yorkshire |url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/major-roads-investment-in-the-north-east-and-yorkshire |access-date=9 December 2014 |publisher=Department for Transport, HM Treasury}}</ref> An nuna shirye-shiryen hanyar wucewa ta biyu da ke ɗaukar hanya daban a cikin 2020. A wannan lokacin, an bayyana cewa aikin zai fara a 2023. An tsara shirye-shiryen a £ 228 miliyan.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Industry |first=Highways |date=2020-11-13 |title=How Mottram's new £228m bypass could look |url=https://www.highwaysindustry.com/how-mottrams-new-228m-bypass-could-look/ |access-date=2021-04-03 |website=Highways Industry |language=en-US}}</ref> == Binciken jama'a == An sanar da cikakkun bayanai game da binciken jama'a a watan Afrilun shekara ta 2007. <ref name="INQ_news">{{Cite web |title=The Mottram/Tintwistle Bypass and Glossop Spur Public Inquiry – News |url=http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/news.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622120537/http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/news.htm |archive-date=22 June 2007 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Persona}}</ref> Persona Associates ne za su gudanar da shi tare da John Watson a matsayin Sufeto.<ref name="INQ_news" /> An ƙaddamar da shafin yanar gizon bincike na jama'a yana ba da labarai, rubuce-rubuce da takardu don saukewa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Mottram/Tintwistle Bypass and Glossop Spur Public Inquiry |url=http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090518000102/http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/ |archive-date=18 May 2009 |access-date=19 February 2016}}</ref> An buɗe binciken ne a ranar 26 ga Yuni 2007. <ref name="INQ_news" /> A ranar 16 ga watan Yulin shekara ta 2007 an dakatar da binciken har zuwa 4 ga watan Satumba tare da lokacin ƙarshe don gabatar da shaidu na ranar 14 ga watan Agusta shekara ta 2007. <ref name="INQ_news" /> A ranar 11 ga watan Satumbar shekara ta 2007 an sake dakatar da binciken har zuwa 19 ga watan Satumba don ba da damar Hukumar Hanyar ta sake duba shaidar zirga-zirga, <ref name="INQ_news" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-08-12 |title=Inquiry into bypass halted |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1016108_inquiry_into_bypass_halted |access-date=2008-01-21 |website=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> tare da ƙarin jinkiri har zuwa 18 ga watan Disamba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2007-11-07 |title=By-pass hearing delayed, again |url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1016108_inquiry_into_bypass_haltedhttp://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/s/1023141_bypass_hearing_delayed_again |access-date=2008-01-22 |website=Manchester Evening News}}</ref> A ranar 4 ga watan Disamba na shekara ta 2007 Hukumar Hanyar Hanyar Halitta ta buga Matakan Hanyar Hadin Gizo - Bayani na Canjin Canji a cikin Hasashen Hanyar Hoto kuma ta ba da shawarar cewa ba za a sami wannan bayanan ba har sai Easter 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=HA Document Reference: HA/73 – Explanation of the Further Change in the Traffic Forecasts |url=http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Additional_docs/HA-73.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530183643/http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Additional_docs/HA-73.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2009 |access-date=2008-01-21 |publisher=Highways Agency}}</ref> Binciken ya sake nazarin wannan sabon bayani a ranar 18 ga Disamba 2007 a lokacin da aka dakatar da shi don ba da damar Hukumar Hanyar don gyara tsarin zirga-zirgar su. Mai binciken ya yi sharhi cewa "shi ne karo na biyar na tsarin zirga-zirga tun lokacin da aka sanar da shi a watan Fabrairun 2006". Binciken ya kasance "An dakatar da shi ba tare da iyaka ba don jiran bugawa na Shaidar da aka sake dubawa ta Hukumar Hanyar da Tameside MBC".<ref name="INQ_news" /> A ranar 3 ga watan Maris na shekara ta 2008 Hukumar Hanyar ta amsa tambayoyin daga mai binciken da ke nuna cewa tana sa ran sake duba shaidar da ke akwai a watan Oktoba na shekara ta 2008. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Response to Inspector's Questions of Clarification of the Highways Agency 3rd March 2008 Ref X/7/5 |url=http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Responses/Inspector/HA-CLA-18-INSP.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090219004836/http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Responses/Inspector/HA-CLA-18-INSP.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-19 |access-date=2008-03-26}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2008 Hukumar Hanyar ta nuna cewa bayanan da aka sake sabuntawa za su kasance don tuntubar jama'a a watan Mayu 2009 kuma binciken jama'a na iya sake farawa a cikin kaka na 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |title=HA Document Reference: HA/80 – Communication Plan September 2008 |url=http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Additional_docs/HA-80.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530183526/http://www.persona.uk.com/mottram/HA_docs/Additional_docs/HA-80.pdf |archive-date=30 May 2009 |access-date=2008-11-10 |publisher=Persona}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun shekara ta 2009 Kamfen don Mafi Kyawun Sufuri ya ba da rahoton cewa ba za a sami kudade don shirin hanya ba kafin shekara ta 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |title=National Park saved from damaging road |url=http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/node/1736 |access-date=2009-02-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090310064247/http://www.bettertransport.org.uk/node/1736 |archive-date=2009-03-10 |url-status=dead}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2009 Hukumar Hanyar ta ba da sanarwar cewa tana janyewa daga binciken jama'a, tana mai da hankali ga shawarar Taron Shugabannin Yankin, 4NW, don jinkirta fara shirin da akalla shekaru hudu. Sanarwar manema labarai da ta biyo baya ta bayyana cewa "tsawon lokaci tsakanin bugawa da shawarwarin da aka gabatar don makircin a cikin 2007 da kuma ranar da za a iya sake kiran binciken" wani abu ne na yanke shawara don janyewa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-03-24 |title=Highways Agency to withdraw from current A57/A628 bypass public inquiry |url=http://nds.coi.gov.uk/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=396374&NewsAreaID=2 |url-status=dead |archive-url=http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20090326125753/http://nds.coi.gov.uk/Content/Detail.asp?ReleaseID=396374&NewsAreaID=2 |archive-date=2009-03-26 |publisher=Highways Agency}}</ref> == Masu goyon baya da masu adawa == === Masu ba da shawara === * Hukumomi: Gwamnatin Burtaniya, Hanyoyi na Kasa da Ma'aikatar Sufuri, AGMA (Ƙungiyar Hukumomin Manchester) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the GMCA & AGMA Web Site : AGMA Policy and Research Unit<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.agma.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=1149007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725174423/http://www.agma.gov.uk/ccm/cms-service/stream/asset/?asset_id=1149007 |archive-date=25 July 2011 |access-date=13 October 2006}}</ref> * Kungiyar kamfen: Kwamitin Siege na Longdendale * Mutanen: <nowiki>''</nowiki>Yan majalisa: na Aiki gida: Andrew Bingham da Robert Largan (High Peak, Conservative), da Jonathan Reynolds (Stalybridge da Hyde, Labour), Tom Levitt da James Purnell (tsoffin' yan majalisa na Labour don mazabar da aka ambata a sama), Roy Oldham (Majalisar Tameside), Hukumomin yankin Tameside da Longdendale, Chris Webster (Old Glossop Ward Councillor) <ref>{{Cite web |date=1 July 2010 |title=Bypass needed for Longendale and Glossop |url=http://www.andrewbingham.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:bypass-needed-for-longendale-and-glossop&catid=3:local-news&Itemid=4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130103033259/http://www.andrewbingham.org.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=20:bypass-needed-for-longendale-and-glossop&catid=3:local-news&Itemid=4 |archive-date=3 January 2013 |access-date=4 December 2013 |publisher=Andrew Bingham MP}}</ref> === Masu adawa === * Hukumomi: Yunkurin Kare Karkara Ingila, [[Hukumar Kula da Karkara]], Ingilishi Yanayi, Hukumar Kulawa ta Muhalli, [[Amincewa ta Kasa]], Hukumar Kulawar Gundumar Kasa, Ƙungiyar Ramblers * Ƙungiyoyin kamfen: Sauran shawarwari don Sufuri, Ceton Swallows Itace da Woodhead akan Ƙarin Traffic (WAIT) * Kowane mutum: Michael Clapham (tsohon dan majalisa na Barnsley West da Penistone), Daraktocin Kiwon Lafiyar Jama'a na Greater Manchester == Sauran matakai == Masu adawa da shirin suna tallafawa shirin Way to Go daga Kamfen don Kare Karkara ta Ingila (CPRE), wanda ke kira ga 'yan majalisa, 'yan majalisun, da kuma Hukumar Kula da Gundumar Peak da su ƙi shirin wucewa. Kungiyar kamfen ɗin tana tallafawa wasu matakan da ta ɗauka za su inganta sufuri na cikin gida ba tare da haifar da lalacewar muhalli ba. Wannan madadin tsarin yana buƙatar: * Ƙuntatawa na nauyi a kan A57/628, yana tilasta zirga-zirgar kayayyaki masu nauyi a kan hanyar sadarwa ta M1/M62 da ke akwai kuma daga filin shakatawa na Peak District. (Wannan yana da matsala cewa hanyar M1/M62 ta hanyar West Yorkshire ta riga ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan hanyoyi a Burtaniya, ban da sakamakon muhalli na kusan ninka nisan Sheffield zuwa Manchester. ) * Ƙuntatawa na nauyi a kan A57/628 amma kawai a lokacin rush-hour lokutan. (A ƙarƙashin irin wannan la'akari kamar yadda yake a sama.) * Kudin haraji a kan hanyar A57/628. * Rashin kwanciyar hankali a cikin ƙauyuka a kan A628 da A57 don hana 'tsuntsu gudu'. * Shirin 'Streets for People' a duk wuraren zama don ƙarfafa tafiya da keke. * Hanyoyi masu aminci na nahiyar zuwa makaranta. * Shirye-shiryen tafiye-tafiye zuwa aiki. * Haɗin sabis na bas da jirgin ƙasa a duk faɗin Gundumar Peak da ingantaccen wurare don masu tafiya da masu keke. * Tafiya ta ragi ta hanyar sufuri na jama'a. * Inganta hanyoyin sufuri na jama'a da hanyoyin keke masu aminci zuwa tashoshin jirgin ƙasa na gida. * Sabuwar tashar jirgin kasa a Gamesley da inganta ayyukan a tashoshin da ke akwai. Wasu masu adawa da shirin sun kuma ba da shawarar 'Translink' a matsayin madadin shawara, wanda ke la'akari da ba da damar (ta hanyar sake buɗe Woodhead Tunnel) haɗin dogo kai tsaye tsakanin Glossop da [[Sheffield]] da bayan. Translink ya yi iƙirarin cewa "hanya mai juyawa" zai zama hanya mai sauri, mai aminci da tsada don ɗaukar kaya a fadin Pennines, wani zaɓi mai inganci don amfani da hanyar A616 / A628. Motocin HGV za su mirgine kuma su mirgine motocin ƙasa. == Adadin zirga-zirga == Yayinda magoya bayan shirin ke jayayya game da hanyar wucewa bisa ga cewa za ta sauƙaƙa ƙauyuka uku daga tarwatsa zirga-zirga, adadi na Hukumar Hanyar ba su goyi bayan wannan gardama ba. A cikin sanarwar muhalli da Hukumar Hanyar ta samar, ƙididdigar zirga-zirga da aka yi hasashen suna tallafawa raguwar wucin gadi a cikin zirga-girke ta 2010: * raguwa na dindindin '''100%''' tare da ɓangaren yammacin A57 bayan haɗuwa da A6018 - wannan saboda wannan ɓangaren hanya za a toshe shi kuma a sanya shi cikin titin hanya ɗaya, yana sa ba zai yiwu a isa A628. * raguwar '''13%''' a cikin zirga-zirga tare da titin Kasuwanci (A628), Hollingworth (ƙara zuwa '''5%''' ta 2025). * raguwar '''8%''' a cikin zirga-zirga tare da Mottram Moor (A57) (ƙasa zuwa '''4%''' ta 2025). Duk sauran hanyoyin suna nuna karuwar zirga-zirga, nan da nan kuma a tsawon lokaci: * Brookfield (A57) - '''Ƙaruwar kashi 18%'''% a shekara ta 2010 (ya tashi zuwa kashi 21% a shekara ta 2025). * M67 - '''Ƙaruwar kashi 17%'''% a shekara ta 2010 (ya tashi zuwa 24% a shekara ta 2025). * Back Moor (A6018) - karuwar 9% ta 2010 (ya tashi zuwa 23% ta 2025). * Ashworth Lane (B6174) - karuwar kashi 6% ta 2010 (ya tashi zuwa kashi 36% ta 2025). * Roe Cross Road (A6018) - karuwar kashi 6% ta 2010 (ya tashi zuwa kashi 36% ta 2025). Manufar hanyar wucewa ita ce rage yawan zirga-zirga tare da (aƙalla) A57 da kuma bayanin muhalli da aka sake dubawa na Fabrairu 2007 ya ba da tsinkayen zirga-zane daban-daban ga asalin da aka taƙaita a sama. Musamman, sabon hasashen ya nuna cewa za a sami motoci sama da 26,000 a kowace rana da ke tafiya tare da Back Moor. &nbsp;Dangane da bayanan da Hukumar Hanyar ta gabatar, wannan adadin zirga-zirga ya fi na yanzu ta amfani da babbar hanyar A57 Hyde ta Mottram. == Tasirin canjin yanayi == Binciken da gwamnati ta gudanar ta hanyar Ingilishi Nature ya gano cewa shirin da aka tsara zai kara gurɓataccen iskar [[Carbon dioxide|CO<sub>2</sub>]] a yankin da tan 15,840 a kowace shekara. &nbsp;Bugu da ƙari, farashin gurɓataccen CO<sub>2</sub> ba a haɗa shi a cikin binciken farashin riba na Hukumar Hanyar ba. A cikin taƙaitaccen Bayanan Muhalli da aka sake bugawa, Hukumar Hanyar ta yarda cewa shirin zai haifar da "ƙarin karuwa na 9% a cikin hayaki na iskar gas mai guba". {{Ana bukatan hujja|date=January 2021}}Koyaya, a cikin Sanarwar Adireshin Yankin a ranar <sub>2</sub> ga Nuwamba 2006, Shugaban Majalisar Tameside ya ba da sanarwar cewa an riga an dasa bishiyoyi 4,500, suna ƙaruwa zuwa 10,000 don rama asarar bishiyoyi lokacin da aka gina hanyar wucewa da kuma taimakawa rage karuwar hayakin CO2. &nbsp;Shugaban majalisa ya kuma yi iƙirarin cewa kowane itace da aka dasa zai rage kilo 75 na CO<sub>2</sub> a kowace shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=State of the Area Address 2006<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.tameside.tv/textonly/state06text.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303191024/http://www.tameside.tv/textonly/state06text.htm |archive-date=3 March 2016 |access-date=17 March 2020}}</ref> &nbsp;Wannan adadi - don itatuwan da za a dasa a arewacin Ingila - ya ninka sau 3.5 fiye da na itatuwan da aka dasa a cikin gandun daji na wurare masu zafi.&nbsp; A cikin wani madadin tsari ga hanyar wucewa, Translink ya yi iƙirarin cewa cire HGVs daga A6<sub>2</sub> zuwa layin jirgin kasa na ƙetare-Peak zai adana kusan tan 100,000 na CO2 a kowace shekara.&nbsp; == Dubi kuma == == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sv4b7paaxjpzpnssutt0mw9pwt52exf Ikon Wayar Wayar Way 0 175387 962160 949072 2026-10-03T06:54:35Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962160 wikitext text/x-wiki   Phone Power kamfani ne na kasuwanci mai zaman kansa na Amurka akan IP (VoIP), wanda ke zaune a Winnetka, California wanda ke ba da sabis na tarho akan Intanet ta hanyar haɗin band. == Tarihi == Kamfanin mai zaman kansa wanda aka kafa a shekara ta 2005, Phone Power yana ba da sabis na sadarwa a cikin jihohi 48 a cikin Amurka. Sabis ɗin abokin ciniki na Phone Power yana cikin Amurka. Abokan ciniki na Phone Power sun bambanta daga sabis na zama guda ɗaya zuwa cibiyoyin kira na kamfanoni da SIP Trunking. Kamfanin yana inganta kansa tare da taken "sadarwa ta samo asali" a Amurka. An kafa shi a Canoga Park, CA, Phone Power yanzu yana cikin Winnetka, CA. Kamfanin a halin yanzu yana ba da sabis a duk faɗin Amurka da Kanada. A Amurka yana daya daga cikin shahararrun masu samarwa, mafi girman mai ba da VoIP mai zaman kansa da kuma gasa kai tsaye ga masu aiki. A Kanada Phone Power yana da ƙaruwa mai biyan kuɗi, tare da ƙaruwa a cikin shahararren Phone Power. == A cikin labarai == A watan Satumbar 2009, Phone Power ta ba da sanarwar sayen duk abokan cinikin Broadvox Direct VoIP. Tare da wannan saye, Phone Power ya fadada ɗaukar hoto zuwa Kanada. A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2009 Best Buy da Phone Power sun ba da sanarwar samun Phone Power Retail Combo Pack a duk shagunan Best Buy a Amurka.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2009-11-23 |title=Phone Power Expands Brand into Best Buy Stores Nationwide |url=http://www.voipmonitor.net/2009/11/23/Phone+Power+Expands+Brand+Into+Best+Buy+Stores+Nationwide.aspx |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=VoIP Monitor}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2010 Phone Power da Fry's Electronics sun ba da sanarwar yarjejeniyar rarrabawa don rarraba samfuran Phone Power a cikin shagunan Fry a duk faɗin ƙasar <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Phone Power Expands Coast-to-Coast by Partnering with Fry's Electronics |url=http://www.telephonyworld.com/news/phone-power-expands-coast-to-coast-by-partnering-with-frys-electronics |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=Telephony World}}</ref> Acme Packet ya ambaci Phone Power a matsayin daya daga cikin abokan ciniki na gaba da ke amfani da masu kula da iyakar Net-Net 4250 a cikin Q4 2009 Earnings Call tare da masu saka hannun jari.<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Acme Packet Inc. Q4 2009 Earnings Call Transcript |url=http://seekingalpha.com/article/186170-acme-packet-inc-q4-2009-earnings-call-transcript |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=Seeking Alpha}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2010, Acme Packet ta ba da rahoton cewa Phone Power ta tura manyan masu kula da iyakar Net-Net 4500 don kauce wa sauyawar Class 4 na gargajiya. A watan Agustan 2010, Metaswitch ya nuna Phone Power a matsayin daya daga cikin abokan cinikin IP na farko <ref>{{Cite web |title=Phone Power Energizes Broadband Voice Revolution |url=http://www.metaswitch.com/news/phone-power-energizes-broadband-voice-revolution.aspx |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723061815/http://www.metaswitch.com/news/phone-power-energizes-broadband-voice-revolution.aspx |archive-date=2011-07-23 |access-date=2011-06-13 |publisher=Metaswitch.com}}</ref> kuma ya nuna su a daya daga cikin bidiyon talla na farko na "Built On Metaswitcher". A watan Oktoban 2010, kamfanin Phone Power ya sanar da karɓar kwastomomin VOIP.com. Alamar kasuwanci ta VOIP.com tana ci gaba da aiki a matsayin mai zaman kanta tare da alamar Phone Power. A watan Agustan 2011, Innomedia ta ba da sanarwar babban sayan kayan aikin VoIP daga Phone Power . <ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-08-16 |title=Innomedia Announces Large Purchase Order |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/InnoMedia-Announces-Large-bw-110507337.html |access-date=2011-08-16 |publisher=Finance.yahoo.com}}</ref> A ranar 2 ga Mayu, 2012, Phone Power ta faɗakar da abokan ciniki cewa suna fuskantar wani hari na Denial-of-service a shafin yanar gizon su. An katse sabis ɗin na ɗan lokaci ga abokan ciniki, amma an dawo da shi gaba ɗaya a wannan rana. Sun bayar da rahoton a shafin su na [[Twitter]] cewa matsalar ta ruwaito wa FBI. A watan Maris na shekara ta 2014, Fasahar Obihai ta shawarci abokan ciniki ta amfani da masu daidaita tarho na Obihai analog tare da Google Voice cewa ya kamata su sauya zuwa masu siyar da wayar waya ko [[Anveo]] a karkashin OBiTALK da aka amince da shi <ref>{{Cite web |title=Obihai Announces OBiTALK Approved Service Provider Program |url=http://blog.obihai.com/2014/03/obihai-announces-obitalk-approved_18.html |access-date=2026-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141029192849/http://blog.obihai.com/2014/03/obihai-announces-obitalk-approved_18.html |archive-date=2014-10-29 |url-status=dead}}</ref> kamar yadda cire Google na tallafin XMPP zai rushe amfani da ATA tare da wannan sabis ɗin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Obihai Offers New Low-Cost Home Phone Options as Technology Change at Google Ends Free Service |url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/03/18/obihai-offers-new-low-cost-home-phone-options-as-technology-change-at-google-ends-free-service/}}</ref> Tallafin hukuma na Obihai don Google Voice ya dawo Satumba 11, 2014.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Google Voice and Obihai Update |url=http://blog.obihai.com/2014/09/google-voice-and-obihai-update.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140914003651/http://blog.obihai.com/2014/09/google-voice-and-obihai-update.html |archive-date=2014-09-14 |access-date=2014-11-03}}</ref> == Kayayyakin == A cikin shekara ta 2009, Phone Power ta gabatar da "minti 60 na kira na kasa da kasa kyauta" don zaɓar wuraren da ke cikin kowane shirin da ya ba da minti 3,000 ko fiye. A cikin shekara ta 2010, Phone Power ta gabatar da shirin Global Plus Add On don kiran kasa da kasa. Wannan ya ba da damar ƙarin minti 1200 ga waɗannan ƙasashe. A watan Janairun 2011, Phone Power ta ƙaddamar da aikace-aikacen iPhone kyauta, <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=PCWorld AppGuide |url=http://www.pcworld.com/appguide/app.html?id=805538 |access-date=2011-06-14 |publisher=PC World}}</ref> yana bawa kwastomomi damar amfani da kiran da aka haɗa na duniya akan wayoyin hannu. Har ila yau, kamfanin ya ba da "Zippy" USB adapter wanda za'a iya amfani dashi ban da na gida, yana ba da damar amfani da sabis ɗin yayin tafiya (An dakatar da "Zeppy" USB adaftan). An maye gurbin mai daidaita USB na "Zippy" tare da Softphone mai zaman kansa wanda za'a iya amfani dashi daga kowane kwamfuta na Windows ko Apple tare da makirufo da masu magana. Wayar taushi kyauta ce. == Bukatar VoIP == Don amfani da gida, abokan ciniki suna amfani da "Phone Power" "VoIP router" (ko kayan aikin da suka bayar) wanda ke haɗawa da babban mai ba da hanya ko modem mai zurfi. Saurin lodawa na 128 kbps da saurin saukewa na 768 kbit / s shine mafi ƙarancin buƙata don ingancin sabis ba tare da ingancin kira ba.&nbsp;&nbsp; == Samun lambar tarho da ɗaukar hoto == Masu biyan kuɗi suna zaɓar lamba a Amurka don layin farko, a cikin lambar yanki da ba ta da alaƙa da ainihin wurin zama. Masu biyan kuɗi na iya samun ƙarin "lambobin kama-da-wane" don kuɗin wata-wata. Duk da cewa kamfanin yana goyon bayan jigilar lambar wayar Amurka ta hanyar ɗaukar lambar gida ta Hukumar Sadarwa ta Tarayya ta Amurka, ba kowace lambar waya ake samu a kowace lambar yanki ba. Mazauna Amurka da Kanada na iya yin rajista don Wayar Salula ta katin kiredit, katin zare kuɗi, ko katin kiredit da aka riga aka biya. == Kira na gaggawa == Bambanci ɗaya tsakanin Sabis ɗin Wayar Salula na Tsohon Zamani (POTS), da kuma Voice Over IP shine yadda ake yin rijistar su don Ayyukan Gaggawa na 9-1-1. Tare da POTS, lambar wayar tana da alaƙa da adireshi ɗaya har abada kuma wannan adireshin an yi masa rijista da rumbun adana bayanai na yanki mai dacewa na 9-1-1. Voice Over IP yana ba da damar motsi fiye da POTS, tunda lambar ku za a iya haɗa ta da ƙaramin kayan aiki ko software wanda zai iya tafiya daga wuri zuwa wuri. Ana magance wannan motsi tare da E911, ko Enhanced 9-1-1. Wutar Lantarki tana ba abokin ciniki damar canza adireshin su don 9-1-1 ta intanet, wanda ke ba da damar kusan sabunta rumbun adana bayanai na yanki na 9-1-1 nan take. Ikon Wayar yana da fasalin Lambar Rashin Tsaro wanda zai tura kira mai shigowa zuwa lambar Wayar Wayar Wayara zuwa wani lamari na daban a yayin da tsarin su ba zai iya aika waɗannan kiran zuwa na'urar Wayar Wayarta ba. (misali, kashe Intanet na abokin ciniki, kashe wutar lantarki, da dai sauransu) == Dubi kuma == * SIP Trunking * Wayar hannu * Wayar IP * G711 * G.722 * T.38 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5cunfm0h9hv4jmcc8mq4dmna9d48h2d Gidan shakatawa na Khibiny 0 175397 961915 949092 2026-10-02T16:03:32Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961915 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} na Khibiny a ƙasar Russian yana kare yankin tsaunuka na taiga da tundra a kan tsaunukan Khibiny da Lovozero Massif na yammacin Kola Peninsula a arewa maso yammacin Rasha.<ref name="wwf-ru">{{Cite web |title=Khibiny (Republic of Karelia) |url=https://wwf.ru/resources/news/barents/v-murmanskoy-oblasti-sozdan-natsionalnyy-park-khibiny/ |access-date=December 9, 2021 |publisher=World Wildlife Federation (Russia) |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211212051026/https://wwf.ru/resources/news/barents/v-murmanskoy-oblasti-sozdan-natsionalnyy-park-khibiny/ |archive-date=December 12, 2021 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Duwatsun suna dauke da ma'adanai masu mahimmanci na kasuwanci, kuma iyakokin wurin shakatawa suna nuna buƙatar daidaita amfani uku - kariya ga yanayin halitta na musamman, nishaɗi tafiya a lokacin rani, tseren kankara a cikin hunturu, da hakar ma'adinai na masana'antu. An kirkiro wurin shakatawa a hukumance a cikin Shekara ta 2018, kuma yana cikin gundumomin [[Murmansk Oblast]] Kirovsk da Olenegorsk a Murmansk Oblast.<ref name="established">{{Cite web |title=On the creation of the Khibiny National Park |url=http://government.ru/docs/31338/ |access-date=December 9, 2021 |publisher=Russian Federation}}</ref> <ref name="dopa">{{Cite web |title=Hibiny National Park |url=https://dopa-explorer.jrc.ec.europa.eu/wdpa/555711890 |access-date=December 9, 2021 |publisher=Digital Observatory for Protected Areas |language=en}}</ref><ref name="ecopeterburg">{{Cite web |title=Khibiny National Park |url=https://ecopeterburg.ru/2019/10/15/%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9-%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA-%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8B/ |access-date=December 18, 2021 |publisher=ecopetersburg |language=ru}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == An kewaye shi da filayen ƙasa, yanayin tsaunuka daban-daban yana tallafawa yawancin halittu. Dutsen da kansa yana da'irar kimanin kilomita 40 a fadin, tare da Tafkin Imandra a kan iyakar yamma, da Tafkin Umbozero a gabas. Gidan shakatawa yana da sassan biyu - ɓangaren yamma da ɓangaren gabas na kusan daidai girman da kuma hanyar kwarin tsakiya ba a cikin yankin kariya ba.<ref name="naturerussia">{{Cite web |title=Khibiny National Park |url=https://naturerussia.travel/oopt/natsionalnyy-park-khibiny/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211220064407/https://naturerussia.travel/oopt/natsionalnyy-park-khibiny/ |archive-date=2021-12-20 |access-date=2021-12-22 |publisher=Nature Russia}}</ref> A fadin Tafkin Imandra zuwa yamma shine Lapland Biosphere Reserve. Hawan da ke cikin wurin shakatawa ya kasance daga mita 130 zuwa 1,196.<ref name="dopa" /> == Yankin da yanayi == Gidan shakatawa yana a gefen arewacin yankin Scandinavia da Rasha, 'yan kilomita ne kawai a kudancin canjin hukuma zuwa Yankin Kola Peninsula tundra.<ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref> Yanayin yanayi na yankin shine ''[[Yanayi na Subarctic|Yanayin Subarctic, ba tare da lokacin fari ba]]'' (Köppen climate classification Subarctic climate (Dfc)). Wannan yanayin yana da yanayi mai sauƙi (watanni 1-3 kawai sama da {{Convert|10|°C|1}} ° C (50.0 ° F)) da sanyi, hunturu mai dusar ƙanƙara (watan sanyi a ƙasa da -3 ° C (26.6 ° F)).<ref name="kop">{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}</ref><ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref>{{Climate chart|Kandalaksha, Russia|3|16|0.0|5|17|0.1|13|26|0.2|24|36|0.6|35|47|1.8|45|58|2.7|51|64|2.9|48|60|2.4|41|50|1.9|30|37|1.3|16|26|0.5|7|19|0.1}} == Shuke-shuke da dabbobi == Rufin ƙasa a cikin wurin shakatawa shine kashi 62% ciyawa, kashi 27% gandun daji, kashi 8% dutse mara kyau, kuma sauran kashi 3% shrub cover ko ruwa.<ref name="dopa" /> Bambancin jinsuna yana da yawa, saboda akwai yankuna daban-daban na tsawo, nau'ikan ƙasa daban-daban, da haɗuwa da jinsuna a cikin yankin canji tsakanin yankunan Arctic da taiga flora.<ref name="naturerussia" /> == Manazarta == bf1pg9x3katlruqzzouuxdok7sclsny Glen Affric 0 175526 961956 954573 2026-10-02T17:48:14Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961956 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Glen Affric''' <ref>{{Cite web |date=2013 |title=Forestry Commission 2013 |url=https://www.ainmean-aite.scot/wp-content/uploads/2016/09/Forestry.pdf |access-date=1 March 2019 |publisher=Ainmean-Àite na h-Alba}}</ref> wani [[Glen|yanki]] ne da ke kudu maso yammacin ƙauyen Cannich a yankin [[Highland (yanki na majalisa)|Highland]] na [[Scotland]], kimanin {{Convert|15|mi|km}} yamma da Loch Ness . Kogin Affric yana tafiya tare da tsawonsa, yana wucewa ta Loch Affric da Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin. Wata ƙaramar hanyar jama'a ta isa har zuwa ƙarshen Loch Beinn a' Mheadhoin, amma bayan wannan lokacin sai kawai hanyoyin da ba su da kyau da hanyoyin tafiya a ƙasa suna ci gaba da tafiya a gefen hanya. Glen Affric, wanda galibi ake kwatanta shi da mafi kyawun [[glen]] a Scotland, ya ƙunshi yanki na uku mafi girma na tsoffin [[Dajin Caledonia|bishiyoyin pine na Caledonian]] a Scotland, da kuma [[Loch|lochs]], [[Ƙasar Moorland|moorland]] da tsaunuka. <ref name="qualities">{{Cite web |date=2010 |title=The special qualities of the National Scenic Areas |url=https://www.nature.scot/sites/default/files/2017-07/Publication%202010%20-%20SNH%20Commissioned%20Report%20374%20-%20The%20Special%20Qualities%20of%20the%20National%20Scenic%20Areas.pdf |access-date=6 March 2018 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage}}</ref> Yankin yana cikin gandun [[Dajin Caledonia|daji na Caledonian]], <ref name="pinewood">{{Cite web |date=24 June 2016 |title=Caledonian Pinewood Inventory |url=https://data.gov.uk/dataset/caledonian-pinewood-inventory |access-date=28 February 2018 |publisher=Forestry Commission Scotland}}</ref> yanki ne mai ban sha'awa na ƙasa da kuma wurin adana namun daji na ƙasa, haka kuma yana da wasu wurare da dama da ake kira da wuraren kiyaye namun daji.<ref name="sitelink">{{Cite web |title=Sitelink – Map Search |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/map |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> Dazuzzuka da wuraren da aka buɗe na glen, da kuma tsaunukan da ke gefe biyu, wuri ne da masu yawon buɗe ido, masu hawa dutse da masu keken hawa ke sha'awa. == Tsirrai da dabbobi == [[File:Glen_affric_loch_affric.jpg|left|thumb| Duba kan titin Glen Afric]] An saka Glen Affric a cikin Kayayyakin Kayayyakin Pinewood na Caledonian, <ref name="pinewood" /> kuma ya ƙunshi yanki na uku mafi girma na [[Dajin Caledonia|tsoffin bishiyoyin Pine na Caledonian]] a Scotland. <ref name="qualities" /> Saboda muhimmancin wannan dajin, an sanya shi a matsayin wurin adana namun daji na ƙasa tun daga shekarar 2002, kuma yana da wasu wurare da dama da aka keɓe don kiyayewa. <ref name="sitelink" /> Itacen pine ya ƙunshi galibin pine na Scots, amma kuma ya haɗa da nau'ikan bishiyoyi masu faɗi kamar birch, rowan, aspen, willows da alder . Dajin yana ɗauke da nau'ikan tsire-tsire da yawa waɗanda galibi ake samu a cikin dazuzzukan Pine na Scotland, gami da tresses na mata masu rarrafe, ƙananan twayblade, twinflower, da nau'ikan hunturu-kore guda huɗu. Nau'o'in lichen da yawa da ba kasafai ake samun su a ƙasa ba ko kuma waɗanda ba su da yawa suna girma a kan bishiyoyin Glen Affric. <ref name="citation">{{Cite web |title=Glen Affric SSSI Citation |url=https://apps.snh.gov.uk/sitelink-api/v1/sites/697/documents/1 |access-date=4 February 2019 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204231238/https://apps.snh.gov.uk/sitelink-api/v1/sites/697/documents/1 |archive-date=4 February 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Bishiyoyin pine na Scotland sun fara mamaye yankin ne bayan zamanin kankara na ƙarshe, shekaru 10,000 zuwa 8,000 da suka wuce. Binciken ƙurar ƙasa ya nuna farfaɗowar dajin fen a Camban daga tsakiyar ƙarni na farko, wanda ke nuna raguwar matsin lamba a kiwo a yammacin Glen Affric a farkon ƙarni na farko. A halin yanzu, tsoffin bishiyoyi a yankin sune bishiyoyin "kaka" masu ƙyalli waɗanda suka tsira daga sarewa daga tsararraki da yawa. Duk da cewa an daina sare bishiyoyi shekaru da yawa da suka gabata, sake girma ya samu cikas sakamakon yawan tumaki da barewa da ba su da kyau, kuma a farkon shekarun 1950, Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji ta gano cewa kaɗan ne daga cikin sauran bishiyoyin Pine da suka rage ba su kai shekaru 100 ba. <ref name="nnr-ages">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2014 |title=Glen Affric – Wood of Ages |url=http://www.nnr-scotland.org.uk/glen-affric/nature-and-culture/the-wood-of-ages/ |access-date=6 March 2018 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage}}</ref> Da farko, Hukumar, wacce aka ɗora wa alhakin ƙara yawan rufin bishiyoyi ba tare da la'akari da nau'in da aka yi amfani da shi ba, ta sake dasa dazuzzuka a yankin da nau'ikan da ba na asali ba kamar Sitka spruce da lodgepole pine, da kuma Scots pine daga ribar iri na gida. Tun daga shekarun 1980, fifikon da ake da shi a fannin gudanarwa ya canza, kuma an yanke kuma an cire bishiyoyin conifers da ba na asali ba daga glen, tare da cire wasu bishiyoyin da ba na asali ba kamar rhododendron . Ana ci gaba da wasu ayyukan gandun daji na kasuwanci domin kiyaye gandun daji da kuma amfanar da mutanen yankin ta hanyar kuɗi, kuma ana sa ran za a ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin dajin a cikin shekaru masu zuwa. <ref name="LMP">{{Cite web |date=July 2019 |title=Glen Affric Land Management Plan Vision and Summary |url=https://forestryandland.gov.scot/images/corporate/design-plans/irs/glen-affric/Glen-Affric-LMP-summary.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200103101308/https://forestryandland.gov.scot/images/corporate/design-plans/irs/glen-affric/Glen-Affric-LMP-summary.pdf |archive-date=3 January 2020 |access-date=3 January 2020 |publisher=Forestry and Land Scotland}}</ref> <ref name="nnr-native">{{Cite web |date=17 November 2014 |title=Glen Affric – Return of the native |url=http://www.nnr-scotland.org.uk/glen-affric/management/return-of-the-native/ |access-date=6 March 2018 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage}}</ref> [[Forestry and Land Scotland|Ƙungiyar gandun daji da ƙasa ta Scotland]] (wadda ta maye gurbin Hukumar gandun daji ) tana da nufin ƙarfafa sake girma da itacen pine ta hanyar rage yawan barewa, don haka rage amfani da shinge, wanda zai iya cutar da baƙar fata grouse da capercaillie waɗanda suka yi karo da wayoyi. <ref name="diversity">{{Cite web |date=18 November 2014 |title=Glen Affric – Managing for diversity |url=http://www.nnr-scotland.org.uk/glen-affric/management/managing-for-diversity/ |access-date=6 March 2018 |publisher=Scottish Natural Heritage}}</ref> Manufar dogon lokaci ita ce samar da hanyar sadarwa ta wuraren zama na dazuzzuka, tare da hanyoyin sabbin dazuzzuka da ke haɗa dazuzzukan da ke akwai, waɗanda ke haɗe da wuraren buɗe ido. Gudanar da wurin ajiyar yana kuma neman kafa 'yankin canjin bishiyoyi', wanda a ciki akwai sauyi a hankali tsakanin dazuzzuka da tsaunuka tare da matsakaicin yanki na bishiyoyi masu gajeru, masu karkace da kuma bishiyoyi masu ƙarancin girma. <ref name="nnr-native" /> A ƙarshen yammacin glen, National Trust for Scotland tana da niyyar ƙarfafa haɓakar wasu nau'ikan bishiyoyi kamar birch da rowan don ƙara wa itacen pine ƙasa da glen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=West Affric Estate |url=https://www.nts.org.uk/visit/places/west-affric |access-date=6 March 2018 |publisher=National Trust for Scotland}}</ref> Ƙungiyar agaji ta [[Trees for Life (Scotland)|Trees for Life]] ta kuma yi shuka sosai a Glen Affric, a yankunan da barewa ke kiwo a da. Suna da wani gida a Athnamulloch, kusa da Loch Affric, wanda ake amfani da shi don ɗaukar masu aikin sa kai. <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=Planting a vision |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/27/planting-a-vision-why-the-secret-to-rewilding-success-is-about-people-not-trees-aoe |access-date=17 December 2021 |website=The Guardian}}</ref> Bayan kusan shekaru saba'in na gudanarwa don ƙarfafa maido da yankin, bambancin halittu ya inganta kuma Glen Affric yanzu yana tallafawa tsuntsaye kamar black grouse, capercaillie, crested tit da Scottish crossbill, da kuma nau'ikan raptor kamar ospreys da golden eagle . Glen Affric kuma gida ne ga kuliyoyi da damisa na Scotland. Dazuzzuka da wuraren da ke cikin glen suna samar da wurin zama ga nau'ikan dodon ruwa da yawa, gami da Emerald mai haske mai ban mamaki. <ref name="nnr-ages" /> <ref name="citation" /> <ref name="sac">{{Cite web |title=Strathglass Complex SAC |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/8385 |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> A watan Oktoban 2025, an saki wani iyali mai dabbobin beavers guda biyar da kuma dabbobin beaver guda biyu a wurare biyu da ke Loch Beinn a'Mheadhoin. An ƙaura da dabbobin beavers daga mutanen da ke zaune a Tayside, kuma an gabatar da su ne da nufin kafa al'umma mai 'yanci a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Phillip Murray |date=27 October 2025 |title=Beavers return to Glen Affric following release at Loch Beinn a’Mheadhoin by Forestry and Land Scotland (FLS), Trees for Life and Beaver Trust |url=https://www.ross-shirejournal.co.uk/news/beavers-return-to-glen-affric-following-release-417730/ |access-date=27 October 2025 |publisher=Ross-shire Journal}}</ref> An sake fitar da wasu dabbobin beavers guda huɗu a watan Fabrairun 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Beth Templeton |date=26 February 2026 |title=Beavers returned to Highland glen 400 years after extinction |url=https://www.thenational.scot/news/25889398.beavers-released-highland-wildlife-success-four-centuries-extinction/ |access-date=26 February 2026 |publisher=The National}}</ref> A shekarar 2019, wani bishiyar almond a Glen Affric, wanda aka yi wa lakabi da " Ƙarshen Gabar Afirka " an sanya masa suna Itacen Shekara na Scotland ta Woodland Trust . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2019 |title=The 'Last Ent of Affric' is Scotland's Tree of the Year 2019 |url=https://forestryandland.gov.scot/blog/tree-of-the-year |access-date=5 December 2019 |publisher=Forestry and Land Scotland}}</ref> == Tarihi == [[File:Lady_Glen_Affric,_nee_Fanny_Spencer-Churchill.jpg|thumb| 1876—Lady Glen Affric (Fanny, Baroness Tweedmouth) ta mutu a shekara ta 1904 a Glen Affric Lodge a yankin da aka haifi Golden Retriever, Crocus <ref>{{Cite web |date=6 August 1904 |title=DEATH OF LADY TWEEDMOUTH Lady Tweedmouth died last night at Lord Tweedmouth's shooting lodge in Strathglass, Inverness-shire. |url=http://www.genesreunited.co.uk/searchbna/results?memberlastsubclass=none&searchhistorykey=0&keywords=lady%20tweedmouth%20glen%20affric%20lodge%20shooting&from=1875&to=1949 |access-date=13 January 2014 |publisher=Edinburgh Evening News Midlothian, Scotland |quote=DEATH OF LADY TWEEDMOUTH Lady Tweedmouth died last night at Lord Tweedmouth's [Glen Affric] shooting lodge in Strathglass, Inverness-shire. Lady Fanny Occavia Louisa Spencer-Churchill was married to Lord Tweedmouth in 1873. She was the third daughter of the seventh Duke of.....}}</ref>]] Glen Affric, wanda aka rubuta shi da Glenaffric, <ref name="tartanregister.gov.uk">{{Cite web |title=Scottish Register of Tartans – Glenaffric Fragment |url=https://www.tartanregister.gov.uk/tartanDetails.aspx?ref=1402 |access-date=23 July 2016 |publisher=The Scottish Government – National Records of Scotland, H.M. General Register House}}</ref> wani ɓangare ne na ƙasashen Clan Chisholm da Clan Fraser na Lovat daga ƙarni na 15 zuwa tsakiyar ƙarni na 19. A farkon ƙarni na 15, Lord Lovat ya miƙa ƙasar ga ɗansa Thomas wanda shi ma ya miƙa ta ga ɗansa, William, wanda aka rubuta a cikin littafin ''Burke's Landed Gentry Scotland'' a matsayin William Fraser, Laird na farko na Guisachan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Burke's Landed Gentry Scotland |url=http://www.burkespeerage.com/search_results.php?results=1 |access-date=13 August 2014 |publisher=Burke’s Peerage}}</ref> A shekara ta 1579, an daure Thomas Chisholm, Laird na Strathglass, saboda kasancewarsa Katolika. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Lady and St Bean's Church, Marydale – Strathglass 'Pestered With Popery' & Knockfin |url=http://www.stmarysbeauly.org/-history.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151220060842/http://www.stmarysbeauly.org/-history.html |archive-date=20 December 2015 |access-date=26 January 2014 |publisher=Parish of St Mary, Beauly}}</ref> A ƙarni na 18, takardun mallakar Glen Affric sun zama tushen jayayya, inda aka yi Yaƙin Glen Affric a shekarar 1721. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Macrae |first=A. |date=1976 |title=History of the Clan Macrae |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ydRrAAAAMAAJ&q=title++deeds++for++affric |access-date=20 November 2018 |publisher=Gateway Press |page=93 |quote=..... Duncan had valuable papers on his person at the time, and among them the title deeds of Affric.}}</ref> Dudley Marjoribanks, daga baya Lord Tweedmouth, ɗan majalisar Liberal ne mai kuɗi wanda ya ɗauki dogon lokaci yana da haƙƙin harbi a kan yawancin Glen Affric a 1846, kuma, a 1856, ya mallaki Glen Affric Estate daga "Laird Fraser" wanda iyalinsa suka gina ainihin gidan Guisachan Georgian a kusa da 1755. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glen Affric Map Guide |url=https://forestryandland.gov.scot/images/pdf/rec_pdfs/glenaffricmapguide.pdf |access-date=1 September 2019 |publisher=Forestry Commission Scotland |pages=2 |quote=Lord Tweedmouth, a rich brewer and Liberal Member of Parliament bought this area from Laird Fraser in 1856... |archive-date=30 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200930214120/https://forestryandland.gov.scot/images/pdf/rec_pdfs/glenaffricmapguide.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |year=1987 |title=Transactions of the Gaelic Society of Inverness, Volume 54 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=izEtAAAAIAAJ&q=Glen+Affric++Estate++Lord++Tweedmouth++bought |access-date=1 September 2018 |publisher=Inverness Gaelic Society – 1987 |quote=.. (he) first rented and then, as Lord Tweedmouth, bought Guisachan and the whole of Knockfin and Glenaffric.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gray |first=Bob |date=February 2013 |title=Glen Affric Weekend, 9–10th June 2012 |url=https://www.glasgownaturalhistory.org.uk/newsletter/GNHS%20Newsletter%201%20Feb%202013.pdf |journal=Glasgow Natural History Society Newsletter |page=6 |access-date=1 September 2018}}</ref> Gidan ya mallaki sama da {{Convert|32,000|acres|ha}} a lokacin da aka mayar da shi daga Clan Chisholm zuwa Lord Tweedmouth. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glen Affric |url=https://forestryandland.gov.scot/visit/glen-affric |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830004319/https://forestryandland.gov.scot/visit/glen-affric |archive-date=30 August 2019 |access-date=30 August 2019 |publisher=2019 Forestry and Land Scotland |quote=Sir Dudley Coutts Marjoribanks, the first Lord Tweedmouth, was a rich Liberal MP who took a long lease on shooting rights over much of Glen Affric in 1846, paying £3,000 per year for the privilege: about £130,000 in today's money}}</ref> A shekarun 1860, Lord Tweedmouth, a matsayin sabon ma'aikacin gidan, ya faɗaɗa gidan sosai, <ref name="DSA">{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=DSA Building/Design Report – Guisachan House |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=213774 |access-date=28 August 2013 |publisher=Dictionary of Scottish Architects}}</ref> ta amfani da mai ginin gine-gine na Scotland Alexander Reid, wanda ya tsara gine-gine da yawa a babban gidan Glen Affric na Tweedmouth, gami da ƙauye gaba ɗaya— Tomich —da kuma Glen Affric Hunting Lodge, <ref>{{Cite web |year=2016 |title=DSA Building/Design Report – Glen Affric Lodge – (1860-c1871) Architects – A & W Reid |url=http://www.scottisharchitects.org.uk/building_full.php?id=231251 |access-date=24 June 2019 |publisher=Dictionary of Scottish Architects}}</ref> wanda aka kwatanta a cikin kamanninsa a matsayin "mai kama da gidan sarauta" . Tweedmouth ya kasance yana da ikon harbi a kan yawancin Glen Affric tun daga 1846, kuma, bayan ya sayi kadarorin, ya fara nau'in farko na masu ɗaukar zinare a gidajen kekunan kusa da Guisachan House. Ya yi amfani da na'urorin daukar hoto sosai a wuraren da ake harbin mutane lokacin da yake Glen Affric Lodge. An aika da kayan da aka dawo da su zuwa wasu gidaje lokacin da, na tsawon wasu watanni na shekarun 1870-71, ya ba da hayar Glen Affric Estate ga Lord Grosvenor. <ref>{{Cite web |date=8 January 2012 |title=Highlands' own little piece of Eden |url=http://www.scotsman.com/news/highlands-own-little-piece-of-eden-1-2043319 |access-date=26 January 2016}}</ref> <ref name="Strathglass">{{Cite web |year=2011 |title=Strathglass |url=http://www.glenaffric.info/strathglass.html |access-date=26 January 2016 |website=Strathglass Marketing |publisher=Strathglass Marketing Group}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Morphet |first=M. N. |date=2011 |title=Golden Retrievers ~ Research Into the First Century in the Show Ring |url=http://goldenretrieversthefirstcentury.com/Assets/book/Section%2002_Breed%20Development_%20Part%20%20A%20(3).pdf |access-date=17 July 2017 |publisher=Tweedsmouth Publishing |pages=62–3}}</ref> A shekarar 1894, Edward Marjoribanks, Baron Tweedmouth na 2, ya gaji kadarori na Glenaffric da Guisachan daga mahaifinsa. Matarsa, Baroness Tweedmouth, an haife ta ne a matsayin Lady Fanny Spencer-Churchill, 'yar Duke na 7 na Marlborough, kuma ta mutu a Glen Affric Lodge a shekarar 1904. An san ta a tsaunuka a matsayin Lady of Glenaffric da Guisachan, an ruwaito cewa ita "mai son karen Golden Retriever ". <ref name="npg">{{Cite web |last=Melhuish |first=A. |year=1876 |title=Fanny Octavia Louisa (née Spencer-Churchill) |url=https://www.npg.org.uk/collections/search/portrait/mw115448/Fanny-Octavia-Louisa-ne-Spencer-Churchill-Lady-Tweedmouth-with-her-golden-retriever-Crocus#sitter |access-date=6 August 2019 |website=London National Portrait Gallery |publisher=A.J. (Arthur James) Melhuish}}</ref> An ''ruwaito'' cewa [[George V|Duke da Duchess na York]] sun ziyarci Guisachan Estate da ke Strathglass a ranar 25 ga Satumba, 1897, ciki har da Glen Affric Lodge. Ɗan wan Lady Tweedmouth, [[Winston Churchill|Winston Churchill,]] shi ma ya zo ya ziyarci gidan a shekarar 1901, kuma ya yi wa kansa dariya wajen koyon yadda ake tuƙa mota a filin. Mallakar ƙabilar Marjoribanks ta ƙare da ɗan Edward, Dudley Churchill Marjoribanks, wanda ya zama Lord Tweedmouth na uku a shekarar 1909. Shi da matarsa suna da 'ya'ya mata biyu, amma babu wani magaji namiji. Tsawon shekaru kaɗan da suka biyo baya, har zuwa 1918, dangin Newton Wallop, Earl na 6th na Portsmouth (1856–1917) ne suka mallaki kadarorin. Kamfanin Marmaduke Furness, na 1st Viscount Furness ne ya mallaki kadarorin a tsawon shekarun 1920 da 30. Duk gidan, wanda a lokacin ya ƙunshi {{Convert|22,000|acre}}, an sayar da shi a shekarar 1936 ga wani Mr Hunter. Shi ne ya sake sayar da dajin barewa na Glen Affric zuwa yamma da kuma babban yanki na kiwo ga Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Rutland |first=Tom |last2=Rutland |first2=Sarah |title=Breed History – The Day We Met Dileas |url=https://www.grca.org/about-the-breed/breed-history/the-day-we-met-dileas/ |access-date=3 February 2015 |publisher=Golden Retriever Club of America}}</ref> Lady Islington ta mallaki yankin Guisachan na kadarorin a shekarar 1939 amma ta bar kadarorin sun lalace. A shekarar 1962, wani zuriyar Frasers na Gortuleg ya sayi gidan Guisachan. A shekarar 1990, wannan tsara ta baya ta rubuta wani littafi game da kakanninsa Fraser waɗanda suka taɓa mallakar Guisachan— ''Guisachan, A History na Donald Fraser'' . <ref name="Strathglass" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Frasers of Guisachan |url=http://www.clanfraser.ca/guisacha.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204225647/http://www.clanfraser.ca/guisacha.htm |archive-date=4 February 2016 |access-date=26 January 2016 |publisher=Bernard Poulin & Bernard Poulin}}</ref> <ref name="Glen Affric">{{Cite web |title=Glen Affric, In a Nutshell |url=http://www.glenaffricestate.com/ |access-date=26 January 2016 |publisher=böetic}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Welcome to the Friends of Guisachan |url=https://friendsofguisachan.org/main/what-is-guisachan-2/ |access-date=4 August 2015 |publisher=Friends of Guisachan}}</ref> An yi rikodin cewa Farfesa Robert Wotherspoon ya mallaki Glen Affric Estate a shekarar 1951, bayan ya saya a shekarar 1944 kuma ya sayar da "mafi yawan filayensa ga Hukumar Kula da Gandun Daji" a shekarar 1948. <ref>{{Cite journal |date=1984 |title=Is Forestry a Growing Investment? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rmXnAAAAMAAJ&q=glen+affric+estate+wotherspoon |journal=Country Life |page=160 |access-date=29 August 2019 |quote=The recent sale of the 25,000-acre Glen Affric Estate, near Inverness, is by far the largest by the [Forestry] Commission. ... a solicitor, Ian Wotherspoon, whose father [Provost Robert Wotherspoon] owned it until 1951.}}</ref> An saka sunan ɗansa, Iain Wotherspoon a cikin jerin sunayen waɗanda ke zaune a Glen Affric Lodge a shekarar 1958. == Tsarin kiyayewa == Baya ga kasancewarsa wurin adana namun daji na ƙasa, Glen Affric yanki ne na [[Dajin Caledonia|gandun daji na Caledonian]], <ref name="pinewood" /> yanki ne na yanayin ƙasa, <ref name="nsa">{{Cite web |title=Glen Affric NSA |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/9126 |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> da kuma wurin da ke da sha'awar kimiyya ta musamman (SSSI). <ref name="sssi">{{Cite web |title=Glen Affric SSSI |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/697 |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> An rarraba NNR a matsayin [[Yankin kariya|yanki mai kariya]] [[Yankin kariya|daga Rukunin II]] ta Ƙungiyar Kare Yanayi ta Duniya . <ref name="planet">{{Cite web |title=Glen Affric |url=https://www.protectedplanet.net/174637 |access-date=14 February 2021 |publisher=Protected Planet}}</ref> Yawancin yankin yana cikin wani ɓangare na Yankin Kariya na Musamman na Tarayyar Turai don gaggafa masu launin zinare, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Glen Affric to Strathconon SPA |url=https://sitelink.nature.scot/site/10233 |access-date=16 September 2020 |publisher=NatureScot}}</ref> kuma an sanya shi a matsayin Yankin Musamman na Kariya na Tarayyar Turai. <ref name="sac" /> Kwamitin Ramsay ya gabatar da shawarar sanya Glen Affric a cikin wani wurin shakatawa na ƙasa, wanda aka kafa bayan Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu don la'akari da batun wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a Scotland, <ref>{{Cite web |title=History Leading to the Cairngorms National Park |url=http://cairngormslearningzone.co.uk/managing-the-park/the-national-park-family/history-leading-to-the-cairngorms-national-park/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180115185119/http://cairngormslearningzone.co.uk/managing-the-park/the-national-park-family/history-leading-to-the-cairngorms-national-park/ |archive-date=15 January 2018 |access-date=15 January 2018 |publisher=Cairngorms National Park Authority}}</ref> kuma a cikin 2013 ƙungiyar Scottish Campaign for National Parks ta lissafa yankin a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin bakwai da aka ɗauka sun dace da matsayin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa, <ref>{{Cite web |date=March 2013 |title=Unfinished Business a national parks strategy for scotland |url=http://www.scnp.org.uk/News/Docs/2013/Unfinished-Business-a-national-parks-strategy-for-scotland.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909034924/http://scnp.org.uk/News/Docs/2013/Unfinished-Business-a-national-parks-strategy-for-scotland.pdf |archive-date=9 September 2016 |access-date=13 January 2018 |publisher=Scottish Campaign for National Parks}}</ref> A watan Satumba na 2016, Roseanna Cunningham, Sakatariyar Majalisar Ministoci ta Muhalli, Sauyin Yanayi da Gyaran Ƙasa, ta shaida wa Majalisar Dokokin Scotland cewa Gwamnatin Scotland ba ta da shirin tsara sabbin wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa a Scotland, kuma a maimakon haka tana shirin mai da hankali kan wuraren shakatawa na ƙasa guda biyu da ake da su. <ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2016 |title=Scottish Government "short sighted" over snub to national park for Galloway |url=https://www.dgwgo.com/dumfries-galloway-news/scottish-government-short-sighted-over-snub-to-national-park-for-galloway/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180114021350/https://www.dgwgo.com/dumfries-galloway-news/scottish-government-short-sighted-over-snub-to-national-park-for-galloway/ |archive-date=14 January 2018 |access-date=13 January 2018 |publisher=Dumfries and Galloway – What's Going On}}</ref> A watan Janairun 2024, Majalisar Al'umma ta Strathglass, [[Trees for Life (Scotland)|Trees for Life]], Kwalejin UHI Inverness, tare da Cibiyar Kula da Bambancin Halittu da Ruwan Dare ta UHI, da sauransu, sun yi nadin wanda aka rufe a ranar 29 ga Fabrairun 2024. Gwamnati ta yi alƙawarin ƙirƙirar sabon wurin shakatawa na ƙasa nan da shekarar 2026. <ref>{{Cite web |date=12 January 2024 |title=Bid for Affric & Loch Ness National Park launched |url=https://treesforlife.org.uk/bid-for-affric-loch-ness-national-park-launched/#:~:text=12th%20January%2C%202024&text=Strathglass%20Community%20Council%2C%20supported%20by,and%20Beauly%20to%20the%20east |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=6 June 2025 |publisher=}}</ref> Duk da haka, wani rahoto [[BBC|na BBC]] a shekarar 2025 ya sanar da cewa gwamnati ta janye shirin. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Giancarlo Rinaldi |date=29 May 2025 |title=Scottish government scraps plan for new national park |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyz48yypdgo |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=6 June 2025 |publisher=BBC News}}</ref> An kuma yi la'akari da Lochaber, Loch Awe, Scottish Borders da Tay Forest Park . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ellen McNally |date=22 July 2024 |title=Scottish government scraps plan for new national park |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/clyz48yypdgo |url-status= |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=6 June 2025 |publisher=}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ipqpvghz3pcf44nrh6sy4v2id9s0n71 Hakkin EuroMed 0 175652 962083 954821 2026-10-02T21:37:52Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962083 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} EuroMed Rights, tsohuwar Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean cibiyar sadarwa ce ta [[Jerin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam|Kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam]] 68 zuwa 80, cibiyoyi da mutane da ke zaune a kasashe 30 a [[Turai]] da yankin Bahar Rum. An kafa shi a cikin 1997 (ko 1995) don mayar da martani ga Sanarwar Barcelona, wanda ya haifar da kafa Haɗin gwiwar Euromediterranean . <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2023-07-24 |title=EuroMed Rights |url=https://ngo-monitor.org/ngos/euro_mediterranean_human_rights_network_emhrn_/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=[[NGO Monitor]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Euro-Med Rights |url=http://hrdn.eu/euro-med-rights/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231201204402/https://www.hrdn.eu/euro-med-rights/ |archive-date=2023-12-01 |access-date=1 July 2021 |website=Human Rights Defense Network}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2011-10-27 |title=Lobbying by Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network (EMHRN) |url=https://ngo-monitor.org/reports/lobbying_by_euro_mediterranean_human_rights_network_emhrn_/,%20https://ngo-monitor.org/reports/lobbying_by_euro_mediterranean_human_rights_network_emhrn_/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=[[NGO Monitor]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mambobin 'Yancin EuroMed sun yarda da ka'idodin haƙƙin ɗan adam na duniya kuma sun gamsu da darajar hadin kai da tattaunawa a fadin da kuma cikin iyakoki. 'Yancin EuroMed suna inganta sadarwar, hadin kai da ci gaban haɗin gwiwa tsakanin kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam, masu gwagwarmaya da kuma jama'a da yawa. == Manufofin da nasarorin == An kirkiro 'yancin EuroMed dangane da kasancewar Haɗin gwiwar Euromediterranean (EMP), kuma musamman, Tsarin Barcelona da EMP ta gabatar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=25th Anniversary of the Barcelona Process: Has the Mediterranean Vision Come True? |url=https://www.inss.org.il/publication/barcelona-process/ |access-date=2025-09-15 |website=INSS |language=en-US}}</ref> Matsayin EuroMed Rights shine da farko a matsayin matsakaici tsakanin cibiyoyin gwamnati da kungiyoyin kare hakkin dan adam. Ya sami mafi yawan kudadensa a cikin shekaru na farko daga tushen gwamnati kuma yana da alaƙa da Taron Jama'a na EuroMed wanda ya zama madadin da ke da alaƙa ta gwamnati ga Taron Bahar Rum na Ƙasa wanda aka shirya a 1995. Ya zuwa shekara ta 2008, 'Yancin EuroMed sun zama sanannun cibiyoyin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) da kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu. Ayyukanta sun fito ne daga sadarwa tsakanin mambobin kungiyar ba da agaji da masu fafutuka har zuwa lobbying na cibiyoyin.<ref name=":0" /> A watan Agustan 2026, kungiyar ta soki hanyoyin dawo da baƙi marasa takardun shaida daga ƙasashen Tarayyar Turai, a ƙarƙashin abin da aka shirya kafa cibiyoyin dawowa a kasashe da yawa na Afirka, tare da Uganda da Rwanda da aka ruwaito a matsayin wuraren da za a iya samu. Daraktan Advocacy na EuroMed, Sara Prestianni, ya bayyana cewa an rubuta take hakkin dan adam a cikin kasashen da ake la'akari da su. A watan Yunin 2026, Yarjejeniyar Shige da Fice ta EU ta shiga aikace-aikace, a karkashin abin da alhakin bincika aikace-aikacen mafaka gabaɗaya yana da ƙasar EU ta hanyar da mai neman mafaka ya fara shiga. Firayim Ministan Italiya Giorgia Meloni ya goyi bayan sabon yarjejeniyar yayin da yake inganta ƙa'idodin ƙaura masu tsauri, wanda ya jawo zargi daga Sara Prestianni, wanda ya yi jayayya cewa baƙi da ke neman isa wata ƙasa ta EU na iya fuskantar rashin tabbas na doka mai tsawo daga watanni da yawa zuwa shekaru.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-08-24 |title=Meloni made migrant 'returns' popular in the EU. Now it's backfiring |url=https://www.euronews.com/my-europe/2026/08/24/meloni-made-migrant-returns-popular-in-the-eu-now-the-policy-is-backfiring-on-her |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=euronews |language=en}}</ref> EuroMed Rights ya bayyana kansa a matsayin taron yanki na kungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na kare hakkin dan adam da kuma kwararru kan ingantawa, kariya da karfafa haƙƙin ɗan adam. Laburaren yanar gizo yana da muhimmiyar tarin sakonnin manema labarai, maganganu, wasikun budewa da rahotanni game da yankin Yuro-Mediterranean. Ya bayyana cewa yana kawo mutane tare a cikin saitunan al'adu don inganta tattaunawa da fahimta, tare da damuwa a kan batutuwa masu zuwa: <ref name="emhrn_aims">{{Cite web |title=17 Avril: La journée internationale des prisonniers palestiniens marquée par l'augmentation de torture, mauvais traitements et de détention administrative |url=https://euromedrights.org/fr/publication/17-avril-la-journee-internationale-des-prisonniers-palestiniens-marquee-par-laugmentation-de-torture-mauvais-traitements-et-de-detention-administrative/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=EuroMed Rights |language=fr-FR}}</ref> * fafutukar '''Hanyoyin kare hakkin dan adam''' a cikin [[Tarayyar Turai]] (EU) da kuma Haɗin gwiwar Euromediterranean, musamman game da Yarjejeniyar haɗin gwiwa tare da hadin gwiwoyin Bahar Rum da Manufofin Makwabta na Turai * tallafawa tsarin sake fasalin a Duniyar Larabawa ta hanyar karfafa tsarin Dimokuradiyya wanda ya samo asali daga al'ummar farar hulajama'a * aiki don canza yankin Bahar Rum wanda ba na Turai ba zuwa '''jihohin doka''', musamman ta hanyar tallafawa ƙungiyoyi don aiwatar da [[Ƴancin Faɗar Albarkacin Baki|'yancin magana]] da [[Yancin taro|taron]] * kawo dabi'u da ka'idojin haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma haƙƙin mata da ra'ayin ilimin jama'a ga jama'a don cimma babban sa hannun jama'a wajen canza yanayin rayuwa inda ake cin zarafin haƙƙin ɗan'uwa ko hana shi * aikawa da '''wakilan da masu kallo''', da kuma buga gargadi na gaggawa a lokuta na lalacewar haƙƙin ɗan adam da kuma lokacin da membobin ke cikin haɗari ko a kurkuku * sa ido na kusa da mahimmanci na '''kokarin EU''' EU ke yi * '''bayani''' game da take hakkin dan adam a [[Arewacin Afirka]] da [[Gabas ta Tsakiya]] ta hanyar buga rahotanni, takardun manufofi da jaridu * '''bincike da horo''' ta hanyar horo da bita == Tarihi == * '''Disamba 1997''': An kafa Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean a lokacin wani taro a Cibiyar Kare Kare Hakkin dan Adam ta Denmark (DHRC) a [[Kwapanhagan|Copenhagen]] ta ƙungiyar masu fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam daga Arewa da Kudancin Bahar Rum. Mutanen da suka kafa su ne darektan DHRC, Morten Kjærum, da Said Essoulami daga kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta Morocco ''[[Centre for Media Freedom in the Middle East and North Africa|CMF-MENA]]'' . <ref>{{Citation|journal=Aron}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Strategy 2012-2018 |url=https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Strategy2012_FINAL_EN.pdf |website=EuroMed Rights}}</ref> Ƙarin mahalarta taron kafa (amma babu membobin EMHRN) sune [[Dutch Council for Refugees|Majalisar 'Yan Gudun Hijira ta Dutch]], [[Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta kasar Masar.|Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Masar]], da Majalisar Turai kan 'Yan Gudanarwa da Masu Furewa. * '''1999''': Cibiyar sadarwa ta shirya taron EuroMed Civil Forum a [[Stuttgart]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Verifying your browser |url=https://collections.fes.de/publikationen/content/titleinfo/443650 |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=collections.fes.de}}</ref> * '''2000''': EMHRN ta sami kwangilar tallafin Tarayyar Turai. A Babban Taronsa na huɗu a [[Marseille]], an karɓi sabon shirin aiki, wanda ya ga cibiyar sadarwa ta ninka ayyukanta.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=Who we are |url=https://euromedrights.org/who-we-are/ |access-date=2025-10-15 |website=EuroMed Rights |language=en-US}}</ref> A cikin shekaru masu zuwa, an buɗe ofishi a Brussels kuma an shirya shirye-shiryen ofisoshi a [[Rabat]] da [[Amman]]. An dauki karin ma'aikata ban da Babban Darakta.<ref name="vanhullen_general">{{Cite web |last=van Hüllen |first=Vera |date=November 2008 |title=Transnationalising Euromediterranean Relations: The Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network as an Intermediary Actor |url=https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/18610/2008-9_vanHuellen.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230124901/https://refubium.fu-berlin.de/bitstream/handle/fub188/18610/2008-9_vanHuellen.pdf |archive-date=2019-12-30 |access-date=2010-06-28}} ([http://www.euromedalex.org/node/11270 cover page])</ref> * '''2004''': An kafa Gidauniyar Yuro-Mediterranean don Kare Hakkin Dan Adam (EMHRF). <ref name=":1" /> * '''2006''': A lokacin [[European Ministerial Conference|Taron Ministocin Turai]] a [[Istanbul]] an karɓi shirin shekaru biyar don inganta rawar mata a cikin al'umma, wanda ya haɗa da shawarwarin da EMHRN ta yi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=European Parliament |url=https://www.europarl.europa.eu/doceo/document/CRE-6-2006-11-15_EN.html |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=www.europarl.europa.eu}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Appendix 4: Annual Report of Activities 2006-2007 (and first half of 2008) |url=https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Annual_Report_of_Activities_2006_2007_EN.pdf |website=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights}}</ref> * '''2015''': Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean (EMHRN) ta zama Hakkin YuroMed.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Work Programme 2015-2017 |url=https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/07/REMDH-WorkProgram-EN-Final.pdf |website=Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Network}}</ref> * '''2017''': Yankin YuroMed ya yi bikin cika [https://euromedrights.org/publication/euromed-rights-20-years-anniversary/ Shekaru ashirin da haihuwa] * '''2018''': Babban Taron 11 na 'Yancin EuroMed ya zabi Wadih Al-Asmar, Shugaban Cibiyar' Yancin Dan Adam ta Lebanon, a matsayin [https://euromedrights.org/publication/wadih-al-asmar-elected-new-president-of-euromed-rights/ sabon shugabanta]. * '''2024''': Mai fafutukar kare hakkin dan adam na Tunisia Monia EL Jemia, tsohon shugaban kungiyar mata ta Tunisia (ATFD), ya zama shugaban cibiyar sadarwa.<ref>{{Cite web |title=EuroMed Rights Annual Report 2024 |url=https://euromedrights.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/09/EuroMed-Rights-2024-Annual-Report-EN.pdf |website=EuroMed Rights}}</ref> * A watan Agustan 2026, Moataz El Fegiery, masanin kimiyya da mai fafutuka na Masar wanda ya taba aiki a matsayin mataimakin shugaban kasa, ya hau gadon shugaban kasa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-18 |title=The Triumph of Politics over Professionalism in the Arab World |url=https://carnegieendowment.org/sada/2008/08/the-triumph-of-politics-over-professionalism-in-the-arab-world |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Moataz El Fegiery, New President of EuroMed Rights |url=https://euromedrights.org/publication/moataz-el-fegiery-new-president-of-euromed-rights/ |access-date=2026-09-13 |website=EuroMed Rights |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tsarinsa == EuroMed Rights (wanda aka fi sani da Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Yuro-Mediterranean) tana da mambobi masu zuwa: <ref name="emhrn_members">{{Cite web |title=Members Archive |url=https://euromedrights.org/members/ |access-date=2019-06-28 |website=EuroMed Rights |language=en-US}}</ref> {| class="wikitable collapsible" style="font-size: 100%; width:85% align" |+ |- bgcolor="lightgrey" ! width="20%" |Kasar ! class="unsortable" width="40%" |Shirye-shiryen |- |{{Flag|Algeria}} |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090430121125/http://www.algerie-disparus.org/cfda/index.php Haɗin gwiwar iyalai na waɗanda suka ɓace a Aljeriya (CFDA)] [https://web.archive.org/web/20100602185843/http://www.algerie-laddh.org/ Kungiyar Aljeriya don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (LADDH)] Kungiyar ma'aikatan gwamnati mai cin gashin kanta (SNAPAP) <br /><br />[http://www.world-psi.org/fr/syndicat-national-autonome-des-personnels-de-ladministration-publique-snapap Ƙungiyar masu cin gashin kansu ta ƙasa ta ma'aikatan gwamnati (SNAPAP)] |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |Gidauniyar Bruno Kreisky don 'Yancin Dan Adam |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708134900/http://centerforlegalaid.com/index.html Cibiyar taimakon shari'a - murya a Bulgaria] An adana shi 2017-07-08 a |- |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |[http://www.medinstgenderstudies.org/ Cibiyar Nazarin Jima'i ta Bahar Rum] a Jami'ar Nicosia Aiki don daidaito, tallafi, adawa da wariyar launin fata (KISA) <br />[http://kisa.org.cy/ Ayyuka don daidaito, tallafi, adawa da wariyar launin fata (KISA)] |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |[https://www.clovekvtisni.cz/en Mutanen da ke Bukata] |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} |Cibiyar Danish don 'Yancin Dan Adam Darajar Cibiyar Dansh don bincike da bayanai game da jinsi, daidaito da bambancin (KVINFO) <br /><br />[http://kvinfo.org/frontpage Cibiyar Danish don bincike da bayanai game da jinsi, daidaito da bambancin (KVINFO)] |- |{{Flag|Egypt}} |[http://www.andalusitas.net/ Cibiyar Andalus don haƙuri da nazarin rigakafin tashin hankali (AITAS)] |- |{{Flag|Finland}} |[http://www.uta.fi/yky/en/research/tapri/index.html Cibiyar Binciken Zaman Lafiya ta Tampere] a Jami'ar Tampere |- |{{Flag|France}} |Tarayyar Tunisiya don bankuna biyu 'yan kasa Human Rights League (Faransa) Tarayyar kasa hadin kai tare da mata (FNSF) Ilimi League<br /><br /><br />[http://www.laligue.org/ Kungiyar Ilimi] |- |{{Flag|Greece}} |Kwamitin Girka na Ƙungiyar Demokradiyya ta Duniya Majalisar Girka ta 'yan gudun hijira (GCR) <br />[http://www.gcr.gr/index.php/en/ Majalisar Girka don 'yan gudun hijira (GCR)] |- |{{Flag|Ireland}} |[http://www.8020.ie/ 80:20 Ilimi da Ayyuka don Duniya Mai Kyau] |- | {{Flag|Israel}}<br />{{Flag|Occupied Palestinian Territories}} |Cibiyar Shari'a ta 'Yancin Ƙananan Larabawa a Isra'ila (ADALAH) Ƙungiyar Larabawa ta 'YanYancin Dan Adam B'Tselem Kwamitin Jama'a na Kan azabtarwa a Isra'ilawa Cibiyar Al Mezan ta 'Yanci Dan Adam Cibiyar Falasdinawa ta 'Yan Adam Cibiyar Taimako da Ba da Shawara (WCLAC) An adana 2017-07-10 a <br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |{{Flag|Italy}} |ARCI Association [https://web.archive.org/web/20090526232719/http://cir-onlus.org/index.htm Majalisar 'yan gudun hijira ta Italiya]<br /> |- |{{Flag|Jordan}} |Cibiyar Amman don Nazarin 'Yancin Dan Adam Sisterhood ita ce Cibiyar Nazarin Duniya ARDD - kungiyar taimakon shari'a Mizan ta 'Yancin dan Adam<br /><br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20170708003544/http://www.mizangroup.jo/index_en.php Kungiyar shari'a ta Mizan don 'Yancin Dan Adam] |- |{{Flag|Lebanon}} |Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Falasdinawa a Lebanon Cibiyar 'Yancin dan Adam (IHR) - Beirut Bar Association Cibiyar 'Yanci ta Lebanon (CLDH) <br /><br />[http://www.rightsobserver.org/ Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam ta Lebanon (CLDH)] |- |{{Flag|Malta}} |[http://www.um.edu.mt/medac Kwalejin Nazarin diflomasiyya ta Bahar Rum] a Jami'ar Malta |- | {{Flag|Morocco}}<br />{{Flag|Western Sahara}} |Kungiyar Demokradiyya ta mata daga Maroko (ADFM) Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Maroko Kungiyar 'Yanci ta Maroko [http://www.justicemaroc.org Adala]<br /><br /><br /><br /> |- |{{Flag|Portugal}} |[http://direitoshumanos.pt/ Ƙungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam ta Portugal - civitas (LPDHC)] |- |{{Flag|Spain}} |[https://www.cear.es/ CEAR - kwamiti na Mutanen Espanya don 'yan gudun hijira] Cibiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam a Catalonia Tarayyar ƙungiyoyi don karewa da inganta' yancin ɗan adam (FADPHR) SUDS - internationalisme solidaritat feminismes<br /><br /><br />[https://web.archive.org/web/20171023071900/https://suds.cat/es/ SUDS - kasa da kasa hadin kai mata] |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090401052630/http://www.kvinnatillkvinna.se/english/index.html Kvinna har zuwa Kvinna] |- |{{Flag|Syria}} |[http://www.cdf-sy.org/statement/statement2008/en.pdf Kwamitocin Tsaro na Dimokuradiyya 'Yanci da' Yancin Dan Adam a Siriya] Cibiyar Nazarin' Yancin Adam Damascus Cibiyar Nazari da' Yanayin Dan Adam Ƙungiyar Siriya don' Yancin 'Yancin Dan Adam (SWASIAH) Cibiyar Siriya don Media da' Yanci na Magana (SCM) <br /><br /><br /><br />[https://scm.bz/en/ Cibiyar Suriya don Media da 'Yancin Magana (SCM)] |- |{{Flag|Tunisia}} |Kungiyar Mata ta Tunisiya ta Jam'iyyar Dan Adam ta Tunisiya Kwamitin Kungiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam a Tunisiya Forum for Economic and Social Rights (FTDES) <br /><br /><br />[http://ftdes.net/ Taron Tunisiya na 'Yancin Tattalin Arziki da Jama'a (FTDES)] |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |Kungiyar 'Yancin Dan Adam (Turkey) Majalisar Jama'a<br />[http://www.hyd.org.tr/?sid=17 Taron Jama'a] |- |{{Flag|United Kingdom}} |[http://www.barhumanrights.org.uk/ Kwamitin Kare Hakkin Dan Adam na Ingila da Wales (BHRCEW)] [http://www2.essex.ac.uk/human_rights_centre/ Cibiyar Kare Hakkin Dan Adam] a Jami'ar Essex Solicitors kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta duniya (SIHRG) <br /><br />[http://www.sihrg.org Kungiyar kare hakkin dan adam ta kasa da kasa (SIHRG)] |- |Mambobin Yankin |[https://web.archive.org/web/20090727213651/http://www.aedh.eu/ Ƙungiyar Turai don kare haƙƙin ɗan adam (AEDH)] An adana shi 2009-07-27 a Arabic network for human rights information (ANHRI) Cibiyar Larabawa don haƙƙin ɗanɗano (AIHR) Collectif 95 - Maghreb Egalité Cibiyar Alkahira don nazarin haƙƙin ɗan ƙasa (CIHRS) Taimako ga 'yan gudun hijira ta Afirka da Gabas ta Tsakiya (AMERA) <br /><br /><br /><br /><br />African and Middle East refugee assistance (AMERA) |- |Abokan hulɗa |[[Amnesty International]] (Offic of the EU) Ƙungiyar Ƙasashen Duniya don 'Yancin Dan Adam Watch Ƙungiyar Duniya ta Kan Torture Ƙungiyar Mata ta Duniya don Zaman Lafiya da' Yanci (WILPF) Ƙungiyar lauyoyin ɗan adam ta Duniya (IBAHRI) Kwamitin Helsinki na Norway [www.apt.ch Ƙungiyar don hana azabtarwa (APT) ]<br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /><br /> |} == Dubi kuma == * Mai Kula da 'Yancin Dan Adam na Yuro da Bahar Rum == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 7yuze0og6aqbwazfjwdz7f3ln2cpacc Gidan shakatawa na Zov Tigra 0 175701 961922 949976 2026-10-02T16:21:51Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961922 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Zov Tigra National Park''' a ƙasar Rashanci: ''park'' a Turanci, Kira na Tiger National Park", ko "Roar of the Tiger mafaka ce mai tsaunuka ga Amur Tiger da ke cikin hatsari. Wurin shakatawa ya ƙunshi faɗin {{Convert|83384|ha|acres km2 sqmi|0}}a bakin tekun kudu maso gabashin Rasha a gundumar tarayya ta Primorsky Krai a Turanci, Yankin Ruwa. Wurin shakatawa yana da kimanin 100&nbsp;kilomita arewa maso gabashin [[Vladivostok]], a kan gangaren gabas da yamma na kudancin Sikhote-Alin tsaunin, wani yanki da ke gudana arewa-kudu ta cikin Primorsky Krai. Ruwan Tekun Japan mai dumi yana gabas, yankin Koriya yana kudu, China kuma yana yamma. Ƙasa tana cikin yanayi mai tsauri kuma mai wahalar shiga, tare da taiga mai yawan dazuzzuka da ke rayuwa tare da nau'ikan dabbobi da tsuntsaye masu yanayin zafi. <ref name="parksite">{{Cite web |title=Call of the Tiger Park, Official Park Web Site |url=http://zov-tigra.lazovzap.ru/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151205152412/http://zov-tigra.lazovzap.ru/ |archive-date=2015-12-05 |access-date=2015-12-05 |publisher=MNRE of the Russian Federation}}</ref> Wurin shakatawa yana da ɗan bambanci da ci gaban ɗan adam, kuma yana aiki a matsayin wurin adanawa. Masu yawon bude ido na iya ziyartar sassan wurin shakatawa da aka yiwa alama don nishaɗi, amma shiga wuraren da aka kare yana yiwuwa ne kawai tare da rakiyar masu gadi na wurin shakatawa.{{Image frame}} == Tsarin ƙasa == Ƙarshen kudancin lardin Primorsky na ruwa bai yi ƙanƙara ba a zamanin kankara na baya-bayan nan, wanda ya haifar da yanayi na yawan bambancin halittu. Zov Tigra yana mamaye tsaunukan da ke ƙarshen kudancin yankin, a kan tudun Sikhote-Alin. Kogin Milogradovik yana kwarara daga yankin kudu zuwa Tekun Japan, kimanin mil 50 zuwa kudu. Suna kwarara zuwa arewa, magudanar ruwa ta Kogin Ussuri suna kan hanyarsu ta zuwa kwarin Kogin Amur . Waɗannan koguna suna faɗuwa da sauri a cikin ƙananan kwaruruka tare da ruwan sama da aka sani da ambaliyar ruwa kwatsam a lokacin damina na bazara. Duwatsu suna da ƙarfi kuma suna keɓewa. Wasu tsoffin hanyoyin katako ne kawai ke zuwa wurin shakatawar, kuma shiga wurin yana da wahala ko da a lokacin bazara. Shafin yanar gizon wurin shakatawa ya lura cewa hanyar da aka yi wa katako da ke bayyana a taswira zuwa arewa ba ta da yawa, koda kuwa da motocin da ba a kan hanya ba. Duwatsun suna da tsayin matsakaici, inda mafi girman wurin shine Dutsen Gajimare mai tsayin mita 1,854 sama da matakin teku, kuma mafi ƙasƙanci a kwarin kogin mita 155. Akwai kololuwa 56 sama da mita 1,000 a tsayi. <ref name="parksite" /> A saman Ussuri/Milogradovka akwai babban yanki mai siffar peat wanda girmansa ya kai 4-6.&nbsp;km ta 1.5–2&nbsp;km, <ref name="mon">{{Cite web |last=P Ya Yaklanov, and Belyaev EA, Bersenev YI, Kachur AP, Curley L. Klyuyev PA, skating ALO, Kryukov VH, Pannchev AM, Romanov MT, Skrylnikov TP, Sleptsov IY, Stepanko, AA Tiunov MP, Harlamenco, PO Sharov, Shokhrin EP |title=Monograph: Zov Tigra National Park |url=http://zov-tigra.lazovzap.ru/engine/monografiy_zov_tigra_2014.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208111100/http://zov-tigra.lazovzap.ru/engine/monografiy_zov_tigra_2014.pdf |archive-date=2015-12-08 |access-date=2015-12-05 |publisher=Ministry of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation}}</ref> Mafi girman bugu na Primorye. <ref name="pacific">{{Cite web |last=A. Panichev |title=Central Sikhote Alin on the Balance of Ecological and Economic Policy |url=http://www.fegi.ru/prim/geografy/panich3.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208132545/http://www.fegi.ru/prim/geografy/panich3.htm |archive-date=8 December 2015 |access-date=4 December 2015 |publisher=Pacific Institute of Geography, Far East Sciences Branch, Russian Academy of Sciences}}</ref> == Yanayi == Yanayin Zov Tigra yana da ''yanayi mai zafi na nahiyar, kuma yanayin zafi na lokacin rani'' yana da zafi (tsarin Koppen Dwb ). Wannan yanayi yana da alaƙa da manyan canjin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun da na shekara-shekara, da kuma ruwan sama da ke yaɗuwa a duk shekara tare da dusar ƙanƙara a lokacin hunturu. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Kottek |first=M. |last2=Grieser |first2=J. |last3=Beck |first3=C. |last4=Rudolf |first4=B. |last5=Rubel |first5=F. |date=2006 |title=World Map of Koppen-Geiger Climate Classification Updated |url=http://koeppen-geiger.vu-wien.ac.at/pdf/Paper_2006.pdf |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger 2006 |language=en}}</ref> <ref name="kop-data">{{Cite web |title=Dataset - Koppen climate classifications |url=https://datacatalog.worldbank.org/dataset/world-maps-k%C3%B6ppen-geiger-climate-classification |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=World Bank |language=en}}</ref> Matsakaicin zafin jiki shine digiri -17 (C) a lokacin hunturu kuma yana dumama zuwa digiri 30 a watan Yuli na watan Agusta. Yankin arewacin wurin shakatawa, wanda ya haɗa da farkon Kogin Ussuri) ya fi sanyi sosai fiye da yankin kudu - digiri 0.4 (C) a matsakaici, idan aka kwatanta da digiri 2.4 (C) mai sauƙi na kudu. Sassan arewa kuma suna da ƙarancin ruwan sama na shekara-shekara (539)&nbsp;mm) fiye da kudu (764)&nbsp;mm). A kan gangaren dazuzzuka, yawan dusar ƙanƙara da ake samu a lokacin hunturu ya kai kusan shekaru 50.&nbsp;cm. <ref name="parksite" /> Kaka a yankin tana da haske, dumi, bushewa kuma yanayin zafi yana raguwa a hankali. An kira wannan "zinaren kaka na Gabas Mai Nisa". <ref name="phoenix">{{Cite web |title=Primorsky Region |url=https://fundphoenix.org/en/category/mainmenu/info-mainmenu/maritime-territory/ |publisher=Phoenix Fund |access-date=2026-09-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151208145800/https://fundphoenix.org/en/category/mainmenu/info-mainmenu/maritime-territory/ |archive-date=2015-12-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Yankin Ecoregion == Zov Tigra yana cikin yankin ''Ussuri mai faɗi da kuma gandun daji masu gauraye'', wanda ya mamaye yankunan tsaunuka da ke sama da ƙananan Kogin Amur da Kogin Ussuri . <ref name="wwf_1">{{Cite web |title=Terrestrial Ecoregions |url=http://www.worldwildlife.org/biomes/temperate-broadleaf-and-mixed-forests |publisher=World Wildlife Fund (WWF)}}</ref> Irin waɗannan yankuna na muhalli suna da bambancin yanayin zafi na yau da kullun da na shekara-shekara, da kuma rufin daji. <ref name="ecomap">{{Cite web |title=Map of Ecoregions 2017 |url=https://ecoregions2017.appspot.com/ |access-date=September 14, 2019 |publisher=Resolve, using WWF data |language=en}}</ref> [[File:Zov_Tigra_NP_and_Lazovsky_ZP.svg|left|thumb| Zov Tigra NP zuwa Arewa maso Gabas, Lazovsky Nature Reserve zuwa Kudu maso Yamma]] Wurin shakatawa yana cikin hanyar da za ta haɓaka bambancin tsirrai da dabbobi. Yana nan a wurare da yawa na haɗuwa: haɗuwar yankunan nahiyar da na teku (Eurasia da Tekun Pacific) da haɗuwar nau'ikan halittu masu zafi da sanyi daga yankuna masu zafi da kuma waɗanda ke ƙarƙashin yanayin zafi (kasancewarsu a kan layin latitude na digiri 45, wurin shakatawa yana tsakiyar tsakanin Arewacin da Kudancin Pole). Haka kuma yanki ne na hulɗar ƙasa tsakanin tsoffin duwatsun tushe masu ƙarfi (Achean-Proterozoic) a yamma, da kuma ƙarin tsarin tectonic masu aiki a gabas a Tekun Japan. Bugu da ƙari, tana kan manyan hanyoyin ƙaura na tsuntsaye da sauran dabbobi, kuma tana da yanayin ƙasa wanda ya tsere wa yanayin sanyi na baya-bayan nan da kuma ci gaban ɗan adam. <ref name="mon" /> Bambancin muhalli da keɓancewa da aka samu ya ba yankin Primorsky mafi girman matakin bambancin halittu a Rasha. == Shuke-shuke == Bambancin tsayi tsakanin tsaunin dutse da ƙasan kwarin na iya wuce mita 1,200, wanda ke nuna yankunan tsayin da suka dogara da ciyayi. Yankin mafi ƙasƙanci, ƙasa da mita 600 a cikin kwaruruka da ƙananan gangara, daji ne gauraye na bishiyoyi masu ganyen coniferous da faffadan ganye. A kudancin yankin, yankunan da ba su da laushi a wurin shakatawa akwai bel na dazuzzukan itacen oak, da kuma shuke-shuken da ke da alaƙa da su, waɗanda ke nuna tasirin tsoffin bishiyoyin da aka sare (wanda aka yi da ƙafafu) da gobarar daji. Babu itatuwan oak a arewacin ƙasar da suka fi sanyi. Daga mita 600 zuwa mita 1100 akwai bel na dazuzzukan fir-spruce, tare da bishiyoyin da galibi ke rufe da mosses na coniferous epiphytic da lichens. Sama da mita 1100 akwai yankin bishiyoyin subalpine da fir. <ref name="mon" /> Yankin filayen ciyayi da furanni na tsaunukan Alpine yana kaiwa ga wuraren da babu kowa a saman tsaunukan. <ref name="parksite" /> Baya ga waɗannan manyan yankuna, akwai ƙananan ƙungiyoyi na al'ummomin shuke-shuke, gami da wuraren dajin larch inda aka share wuraren pine-spruce ko cedar-broadleaf ta hanyar wuta ko kuma bishiyoyin da suka gabata; waɗannan al'ummomin larch na wucin gadi za su maye gurbinsu da pine-deduous da pine-spruce.<gallery widths="220"> File:Quercus_mongolica_in_June_and_October.jpg|alt=Mongolian oak in June and October| Itacen oak na Mongolian a watan Yuni da Oktoba File:Геоботаническое_описание_высокогорий_Сихотэ-Алинь.JPG|alt=Highland areas of Zov Tigra are rugged.| Yankunan tsaunuka na Zov Tigra suna da ƙarfi. </gallery>Baya ga yankunan tsayi, a kowane wuri dazuzzukan da ke da yanayin zafi galibi suna da matakai huɗu a sama da ƙasa: rufin nau'in bishiyoyi masu rinjaye, ƙaramin ƙaramin ƙaramin bishiyoyi masu girma, ƙaramin ƙaramin yanki na bishiyoyi, da kuma ƙaramin yanki na ciyawa. <ref name="mon" /> An samu nau'ikan tsirrai sama da 2,500 daban-daban a yankin Primorsky, inda da yawa daga cikinsu ke samuwa a Zov Tigra. A cikin Littafin Ja na nau'ikan halittu masu wuya da marasa galihu na yankin Primorsky, akwai nau'ikan shuke-shuke masu rauni guda 343 da nau'ikan fungi guda 55. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aaihelbjoywzydlbkhe9je0vz1mq083 Gidan shakatawa na Jihar Westmoreland 0 175890 961913 950618 2026-10-02T16:01:12Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961913 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan shakatawa na Jihar Westmoreland''' yana cikin Westmoreland County, Virginia . Gidan shakatawa ya kai kimanin mil daya da rabi tare da Kogin Potomac kuma ya rufe kadada 1,321 . Dutsen Horsehead yana ba da baƙi ra'ayi mai kyau na Kogin Potomac, kuma ƙananan matakan suna da burbushin halittu da damar rairayin bakin teku. Gidan shakatawa yana ba da yawo, sansani, gidaje, kamun kifi, jirgin ruwa da iyo, kodayake batutuwan inji sun rufe tafkin iyo tun daga 2021.<ref name="Westmoreland State Park">{{Cite web |title=Westmoreland State Park |url=http://www.dcr.virginia.gov/state_parks/wes.shtml |access-date=28 August 2021 |publisher=Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation}}</ref> Da yake a kan Arewacin Neck Peninsula, wurin shakatawa yana kusa da wuraren tarihi da ke nuna zamanin da suka gabata: wurin haihuwar George Washington da Stratford Hall, wurin haihuwar Robert E. Lee. == Tarihi == Westmoreland State Park, the sixth of Virginia's six original state parks, opened in June 1936 after the Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) constructed trails and amenities. Although some of the formerly unemployed workers were recruited in Virginia, most came from Pennsylvania and the Fort Dix, New Jersey recruiting office. Workers originally hand dug most of the roads and trails, and cabins were constructed from local timber and designed to reflect the area's pioneer heritage.<ref name="Westmoreland State Park" /> Further land was acquired later in the century, and a gatehouse and swimming facilities built in the 1970s. Tayloe da Helen Murphy Hall cibiyar taro ce da aka gyara kwanan nan daga gidan cin abinci da aka gina a CCC wanda aka buɗe a 1936. Yana da siffofi na katako da aka fallasa, kayan aikin ƙarfe da kuma babban wuta. Gidan da aka gyara har yanzu ya haɗa da gidan cin abinci, kuma yanzu yana karɓar bakuncin tarurruka, abubuwan da suka faru na musamman da shirye-shiryen ilimi. Dukansu tsohon dan majalisa W. Tayloe Murphy Jr. (mutumin da ke wakiltar Westmoreland County da Sakataren albarkatun kasa na farko na Virginia), da matarsa, Helen, an haife su kuma sun girma a Westmoreland county. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Harper |first=Jean |title=Westmoreland State Park |url=http://www.ccclegacy.org/westmoreland.htm |access-date=20 February 2011 |publisher=CCC Legacy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110507071513/http://www.ccclegacy.org/westmoreland.htm |archive-date=7 May 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Westmoreland State Park an jera shi a cikin National Register of Historic Places a cikin 2005, a matsayin Gundumar tarihi ta ƙasa bisa ga ci gaban tsarin wurin shakatawa na jihar. Dukiyar ta haɗa da gine-gine masu ba da gudummawa 32, shafuka masu ba da taimako 6, da kuma tsarin ba da guddina 16.<ref name="VAnom">{{Cite web |last=Virginia Historic Landmarks Commission Staff |date=November 1969 |title=National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Westmoreland State Park Historic District |url=http://www.dhr.virginia.gov/historic-registers/096-0089/ |publisher=Virginia Department of Historic Resources}} </ref> == Abubuwan jan hankali == * Yin sansani * Gidajen kwana * Hanyoyin tafiya - Hanyoyi 7 da ke rufe mil 6 : Shahararren wurin shakatawa "Beach Trail" yana jagorantar daga Cibiyar Baƙi zuwa gabar Potomac, a ƙasa da Horsehead Cliffs. An saka shi a cikin waɗannan tsaunuka burbushin burbushin porpoises, whales, da sharks daga tsawon shekaru miliyan 15 da suka gabata. Rushewa a tsawon lokaci yana fallasa waɗannan ragowar kuma farautar haƙoran shark sanannen aiki ne ga baƙi. * Ruwa * Yankin bakin teku - a kan Kogin Potomac * Kifi * Jirgin ruwa - ramuka yana samuwa * Tarihi da Shirye-shiryen Yanayi * Shagon Kyauta * Cibiyar Baƙi == Gidaje == Gidan shakatawa na Jihar Westmoreland yana da gidaje 26 don hayar. Wadannan sun fito ne daga ɗakunan katako masu inganci guda ɗaya zuwa ɗakunan katunan dakuna biyu ko ɗakunan cinderblock. Gidan shakatawa yana da wuraren shakatawa 133 don alfarwa ko motocin nishaɗi. == Manazarta == 44tld2sv39yta6wllk8zhtfau2m2g1a Zubar da ciki a Amurka 0 176197 961991 953861 2026-10-02T18:46:15Z HK RIGASA2 28228 /* Manazarta */ 961991 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}A [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], [[zubar da ciki]] lamari ne mai rarrabuwa a cikin Siyasa da yaƙe-yaƙe na al'adu. Kafin tsakiyar karni na 19, dokar Ingila ta zama tushen dokar zubar da ciki a cikin yankuna da farkon Jamhuriyar. Connecticut ita ce jiha ta farko da ta tsara zubar da ciki a cikin 1821; ta haramta zubar da cikin ciki bayan hanzarta, lokacin da mace mai ciki ta fara jin motsi na tayin a cikin mahaifa, kuma ta haramta amfani da guba don haifar da mutum bayan zubar da jini. Jihohi da yawa daga baya sun zartar da dokoki daban-daban game da zubar da ciki har sai [[Babban kotun Koli na Amurka|Kotun Koli ta Amurka]] ta yanke shawara na Roe v. Wade da Doe v. Bolton sun haramta zubar da cikin gida a duk fadin kasar a 1973. Shawarwarin ''Roe'' ya sanya tsarin tufafi na tarayya don dokokin jihar akan batun. Har ila yau, ya kafa ƙaramin lokaci wanda zubar da ciki ya zama doka, tare da ƙarin ƙuntatawa a duk lokacin daukar ciki. Wannan tsarin na asali, wanda aka gyara a cikin Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992), ya kasance a cikin wuri, kodayake ingancin samun zubar da ciki ya bambanta sosai daga jiha zuwa jiha, kamar yadda yawancin yankuna ba su da masu samar da zubar da jini. Planned Parenthood v. Casey ya tabbatar da cewa doka ba za ta iya sanya takunkumin doka wanda ke sanya nauyi mara kyau don "ma'anar ko tasirin sanya cikas mai mahimmanci a hanyar mace da ke neman zubar da ciki na tayin da ba zai iya rayuwa ba.A watan Disamba shekara ta 2021, [[Hukumar Abinci da Magunguna|FDA]] ta halatta samar da magungunan zubar da ciki na telemedicine tare da isar da wasiku, amma jihohi da yawa suna da dokoki waɗanda ke ƙuntata wannan zaɓi. A cikin 2022, an soke ''Roe'' da ''Casey'' a cikin ''Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization'', wanda ya kawo karshen kariya ta tarayya game da haƙƙin zubar da ciki kuma ya ba da damar jihohi su tsara duk wani bangare na zubar da cikin ciki wanda dokar tarayya ba ta hana shi ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Mangan |first=Dan |last2=Breuninger |first2=Kevin |date=24 June 2022 |title=Supreme Court overturns Roe v. Wade, ending 50 years of federal abortion rights |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-by-supreme-court-ending-federal-abortion-rights.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220625000826/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/24/roe-v-wade-overturned-by-supreme-court-ending-federal-abortion-rights.html |archive-date=June 25, 2022 |access-date=24 June 2022 |website=[[CNBC]]}}</ref> Tun daga shekara ta 1976, [[Jam'iyyar Republican (Amurka)|Jam'iyyar Republican]] ta nemi ta hana zubar da ciki bisa ga matakin daukar ciki ko kuma ta haramta zubar da cikin ciki, yayin da Jam'iyyar Democrat ta kare damar zubar da jini kuma ta sauƙaƙa samun maganin hana daukar ciki.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Wilson |first=Joshua C. |year=2020 |title=Striving to Rollback or Protect Roe: State Legislation and the Trump-Era Politics of Abortion |journal=Publius: The Journal of Federalism |volume=50 |issue=3 |pages=370–397 |doi=10.1093/publius/pjaa015 |s2cid=225601579 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Yunkurin kare hakkin zubar da ciki yana ba da shawara ga zaɓin mai haƙuri da ikon cin gashin kansa na jiki, yayin da Yunkurin adawa da zubar da ciki ciki ke ba da shawarar cewa tayin yana da damar rayuwa. A tarihi an tsari shi azaman muhawara tsakanin alamun neman zaɓe da na kare rai, yawancin Amurkawa sun yarda da wasu matsayi na kowane gefe.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Saad |first=Lydia |date=August 8, 2011 |title=Plenty of Common Ground Found in Abortion Debate |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/148880/Plenty-Common-Ground-Found-Abortion-Debate.aspx |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170830133509/http://www.gallup.com/poll/148880/Plenty-Common-Ground-Found-Abortion-Debate.aspx |archive-date=August 30, 2017 |access-date=August 8, 2013 |publisher=Gallup.com}}</ref> Taimako don zubar da ciki a hankali ya karu a Amurka tun daga farkon shekarun 1970, kuma ya daidaita a cikin shekarun 2010.<ref name=":02">{{Cite journal |last=Osborne |first=Danny |last2=Huang |first2=Yanshu |last3=Overall |first3=Nickola C. |author-link3=Nickola Overall |last4=Sutton |first4=Robbie M. |last5=Petterson |first5=Aino |last6=Douglas |first6=Karen M. |last7=Davies |first7=Paul G. |last8=Sibley |first8=Chris G. |date=2022 |title=Abortion Attitudes: An Overview of Demographic and Ideological Differences |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pops.12803 |url-status=live |journal=Political Psychology |volume=43 |pages=29–76 |doi=10.1111/pops.12803 |issn=0162-895X |s2cid=247365991 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706203841/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/pops.12803 |archive-date=July 6, 2022 |access-date=May 3, 2022 |hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite web |last=Saad |first=Lydia |date=May 14, 2010 |title=The New Normal on Abortion: Americans More "Pro-Life" |url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/128036/New-Normal-Abortion-Americans-Pro-Life.aspx |access-date=August 8, 2013 |publisher=Gallup}}</ref><ref name="Gallup2018">{{Cite web |last=Jeffrey Jones |date=June 11, 2018 |title=U.S. Abortion Attitudes Remain Closely Divided |url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/235445/abortion-attitudes-remain-closely-divided.aspx?g_source=link_NEWSV9&g_medium=TOPIC&g_campaign=item_&g_content=U.S.%2520Abortion%2520Attitudes%2520Remain%2520Closely%2520Divided |publisher=Gallup}}</ref> Adadin zubar da ciki ya ci gaba da raguwa daga mafi girma a cikin shekara ta 1980 na mata 30 ga 1,000 masu shekaru (15-44) zuwa 11.3 ta Shekaran 2018.<ref name="Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2018">{{Cite journal |last=Kortsmit |first=K |last2=Jatlaoui |first2=TC |last3=Mandel |first3=MG |year=2020 |title=Abortion Surveillance – United States, 2018 |journal=Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |publisher=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention |volume=69 |issue=7 |pages=1–29 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.ss6907a1 |pmc=7713711 |pmid=33237897}}</ref> A cikin shekara ta 2018, an yi kashi 78% na zubar da ciki a makonni 9 ko ƙasa da juna biyu, kuma an yi kashi 92% na zubar ciki a makonnin 13 ko ƙasa da ciki.<ref name="Abortion Surveillance — United States, 2018" /> Ya zuwa 2023, zubar da ciki na magani ya kai kashi 63% na dukkan zubar da jini.<ref name="Guttmacher_2024-03-19">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Rachel K. |last2=Friedrich-Karnik |first2=Amy |date=2024-03-19 |title=Medication Abortion Accounted for 63% of All US Abortions in 2023—An Increase from 53% in 2020 |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/2024/03/medication-abortion-accounted-63-all-us-abortions-2023-increase-53-2020 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240319051529/https://www.guttmacher.org/2024/03/medication-abortion-accounted-63-all-us-abortions-2023-increase-53-2020 |archive-date=March 19, 2024 |access-date=March 19, 2024 |website=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref> Kusan kashi 25% na mata za su zubar da ciki a lokacin da suke da shekaru 45, tare da kashi 20% na yara masu shekaru 30 da suka haifi daya.<ref name="Guttmacher_2017-10-19">{{Cite web |last=Jones |first=Rachel K. |date=2017-10-19 |title=Abortion Is a Common Experience for U.S. Women, Despite Dramatic Declines in Rates |url=https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2017/abortion-common-experience-us-women-despite-dramatic-declines-rates |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220715225700/https://www.guttmacher.org/news-release/2017/abortion-common-experience-us-women-despite-dramatic-declines-rates |archive-date=July 15, 2022 |access-date=July 16, 2022 |website=[[Guttmacher Institute]]}}</ref> A cikin shekarar 2019, kashi 60% na matan da suka zubar da ciki sun riga sun zama uwaye, kuma kashi 50% sun riga sun haifi yara biyu ko fiye. {{R|NYT_2021-12-14|Parenting_2022-06-24}}Ƙarin damar [[Kulawar haihuwa|hana haihuwa]] an haɗa shi da ƙididdigar ƙididdiga zuwa raguwar zubar da ciki.{{R|ObGyn 2012 No-Cost Contraception|Guttmacher 2016 Drop in Unintended|Brookings 2019 Access to Contraception}}Jiha ta farko da ta haramta zubar da ciki kafin ''Roe'' ita ce Hawaii. <ref name="Abor HI">{{Cite journal |last=Buell |first=Samuel |date=1991-01-01 |title=Criminal Abortion Revisited |url=https://scholarship.law.duke.edu/faculty_scholarship/2174 |journal=New York University Law Review |volume=66 |issue=6 |pages=1774–1831 |pmid=11652642}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Tribune |first=Chicago |date=29 March 2001 |title=Timeline of abortion laws and events |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/sns-abortion-timeline-story.html |access-date=2019-05-23 |website=chicagotribune.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Diamond |first=M. |last2=Palmore |first2=J. A. |last3=Smith |first3=R. G. |last4=Steinhoff |first4=P. G. |date=1973 |title=Abortion in Hawaii |journal=Family Planning Perspectives |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=54–60 |doi=10.2307/2133802 |issn=0014-7354 |jstor=2133802 |pmid=4805720}}</ref> Ya zuwa 2025, Arizona, California, Colorado, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Montana, New York, Ohio, Vermont sun ba da haƙƙin zubar da ciki a cikin kundin tsarin mulkin jihar su, yayin da a Alaska, Illinois, Kansas, Minnesota da Wyoming hukunce-hukuncen kotun suka ba da irin wannan kariya.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |title=State Constitutions and Abortion Rights |url=https://reproductiverights.org/maps/state-constitutions-and-abortion-rights/ |access-date=2024-12-17 |website=Center for Reproductive Rights |language=en-US}}</ref> Sauran jihohi, kamar Massachusetts da Oregon, suna kare zubar da ciki a karkashin dokar jihar. Tsarin mulki na jihar Alabama, Arkansas, Louisiana, Tennessee, da West Virginia a bayyane ba su da haƙƙin zubar da ciki, yayin da tsarin mulki na jihar Nebraska ya haramta zubar da cikin ciki bayan farkon watanni uku.<ref name=":4" /> == Manazarta == == Tarihi == === Tarihin farko da tashiwar dokokin hana zubar da ciki === A tsakiyar karni na 18, [[Benjamin Franklin]] ya haɗa da girke-girke don zubar da ciki a cikin littafin lissafi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Feng |first=Emily |last2=Restrepo |first2=Manuela López |date=May 18, 2022 |title=Benjamin Franklin gave instructions on at-home abortions in a book in the 1700s |url=https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099542962/abortion-ben-franklin-roe-wade-supreme-court-leak |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230324040440/https://www.npr.org/2022/05/18/1099542962/abortion-ben-franklin-roe-wade-supreme-court-leak |archive-date=March 24, 2023 |access-date=2023-03-24 |website=NPR}}</ref> A cikin 1728, Franklin ya yi Allah wadai da mai bugawa Samuel Keimer saboda wallafa wani labarin game da zubar da ciki. A cewar mai ba da labari Walter Isaacson, Franklin ba shi da ra'ayi mai ƙarfi game da batun.<ref>{{Cite web |date=May 16, 2022 |title=Did Ben Franklin Publish a Recipe in a Math Textbook on How to Induce Abortion? |url=https://www.snopes.com/news/2022/05/16/ben-franklin-abortion-math-textbook/}}</ref> A cikin ''Magana ta Polly Baker'', Franklin ya sanya zargi don zubar da ciki da kisan jarirai a kan ma'auni biyu na jima'i akan mata. Ya ce: Duk da kamfen don kawo karshen aikin zubar da ciki, tallace-tallace na zubar da jini ya kasance mai tasiri sosai kuma ana yin zubar da cikin ciki, tare da taimakon mai juna biyu ko wasu mata, <ref name="Blackemore 2022">{{Cite web |last=Blakemore |first=Erin |date=May 22, 2022 |title=The complex early history of abortion in the United States |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-complex-early-history-of-abortion-in-the-united-states |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220517150742/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/article/the-complex-early-history-of-abortion-in-the-united-states |archive-date=May 17, 2022 |access-date=July 26, 2022 |website=National Geographic |quote=But that view of history is the subject of great dispute. Though interpretations differ, most scholars who have investigated the history of abortion argue that terminating a pregnancy wasn't always illegal—or even controversial. ... A pregnant woman might consult with a midwife, or head to her local drug store for an over-the-counter patent medicine or douching device. If she owned a book like the 1855 ''Hand-Book of Domestic Medicine'', she could have opened it to the section on 'emmenagogues,' substances that provoked uterine bleeding. Though the entry did not mention pregnancy or abortion by name, it did reference 'promoting the monthly discharge from the uterus.'}}</ref> a tsakiyar karni na 19, <ref name="Acevado 1979">{{Cite journal |last=Acevedo |first=Zachary P. V. |date=Summer 1979 |title=Abortion in early America |url=https://archive.org/details/women-health_summer-1979_4_2/page/159 |journal=Women Health |volume=4 |issue=2 |pages=159–167 |doi=10.1300/J013v04n02_05 |pmid=10297561 |quote=This piece describes abortion practices in use from the 1600s to the 19th century among the inhabitants of North America. The abortive techniques of women from different ethnic and racial groups as found in historical literature are revealed. Thus, the point is made that abortion is not simply a 'now issue' that effects select women. Instead, it is demonstrated that it is a widespread practice as solidly rooted in our past as it is in the present.}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Samuels |first=Alex |last2=Potts |first2=Monica |date=July 25, 2022 |title=How The Fight To Ban Abortion Is Rooted In The 'Great Replacement' Theory |url=https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-fight-to-ban-abortion-is-rooted-in-the-great-replacement-theory/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220725234312/https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/how-the-fight-to-ban-abortion-is-rooted-in-the-great-replacement-theory/ |archive-date=July 25, 2022 |access-date=July 26, 2022 |website=FiveThirtyEight |quote=Throughout colonial America and into the 19th century, abortions were fairly common with the help of a midwife or other women and could be obtained until the point that you could feel movement inside, according to Lauren MacIvor Thompson, a historian of early-20th-century women's rights and public health. Most abortions were induced through herbal or medicinal remedies and, like other medical interventions of the time, weren't always effective or safe.}}</ref> kodayake ba koyaushe suke da aminci ba. <ref name="Reagan 2022">{{Cite web |last=Reagan |first=Leslie J. |date=June 2, 2022 |title=What Alito Gets Wrong About the History of Abortion in America |url=https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/02/alitos-anti-roe-argument-wrong-00036174 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220623133238/https://www.politico.com/news/magazine/2022/06/02/alitos-anti-roe-argument-wrong-00036174 |archive-date=June 23, 2022 |access-date=July 26, 2022 |website=Politico}}</ref> Duk da yake ba a san ainihin adadin zubar da ciki ba, littafin James Mohr na 1978 Abortion in America ya rubuta ƙididdigar da aka rubuta da yawa daga likitocin ƙarni na 19, wanda ya nuna cewa tsakanin kusan 15% da 35% na duk ciki sun ƙare a cikin zubar da cikin ciki a wannan lokacin. <ref name="Hardin 1978">{{Cite journal |last=Hardin |first=Garrett |date=December 1978 |title=Abortion in America. The Origins and Evolution of National Policy, 1800–1900. James C. Mohr |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_quarterly-review-of-biology_1978-12_53_4/page/499 |journal=The Quarterly Review of Biology |volume=53 |issue=4 |page=499 |doi=10.1086/410954 |quote=The long silence had led us to assume that opposition to abortion had existed from time immemorial. Not so: most of the opposition to, and all of the laws against, abortion arose in the 19th century. Historian Mohr amply documents the earlier acceptance of abortion. ... In the 19th century even many of the feminists expressed horror at abortion, urging abstinence instead. Not so in the 20th century. In the 19th century the medical profession was fairly united against abortion; Mohr argues that this arose from the commercial competition between the 'regulars' (men with M.D.'s) and the irregulars (women without M.D.'s). ... A key role in generating prohibition laws was played by the press, ... . By 1900 the abortion-prohibition laws were immune to questioning, as they remained until the 1960's when feminists and a new breed of physicians combined to arouse the public to the injustice of the law.}}</ref> Wannan zamanin kuma ya ga canji mai mahimmanci a cikin mutanen da ke samun zubar da ciki. Kafin farkon karni na 19, yawancin zubar da ciki sun kasance ne daga mata marasa aure, waɗanda suka yi juna biyu ba tare da aure ba kuma waɗanda akwai ƙarancin tausayi idan aka kwatanta da matan da suka yi aure waɗanda suka zubar da zubar da cikin ciki; da yawa daga cikinsu suna da wadata kuma suna biyan kuɗi sosai.<ref name="Hardin 1978" /> Daga cikin shari'o'in zubar da ciki 54 da aka buga a cikin mujallu na kiwon lafiya na Amurka tsakanin 1839 da 1880, mata masu aure sun nemi sama da rabin, kuma sama da kashi 60% na matan da suka yi aure sun riga sun sami akalla ɗa ɗaya. 5vkf5w2wi40l7axm2ru3pkq3xlucfzp Houston, Renfrewshire 0 176579 962119 954147 2026-10-03T03:29:45Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962119 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Houston'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Wonderful vintage video of Paisley 'Discover Renfrewshire District' |url=https://www.facebook.com/PaisleyHeritage/videos/482885217750570/ |website=Facebook |publisher=Paisley Heritage [[Scottish charitable incorporated organisation|SCIO]]}}</ref><ref name="Kirk-2024">{{Cite web |date=12 June 2024 |title=Moving Forward: Houston & Killellan Kirk |url=https://www.facebook.com/houstonkillellankirk/videos/851918356824240/ |website=Facebook |publisher=Houston & Killellan Kirk}}</ref> [[ƙauye]] ne a yankin majalisar [[Renfrewshire]] kuma babban gundumar tarihi mai suna iri ɗaya a yammacin tsakiyar yankin Lowlands na [[Scotland]]. Houston tana cikin [[Strathgryffe|kwarin Gryffe]] a bakin Kogin Gryffe, {{Convert|6|mi|km|0}} arewa maso yamma da Paisley kuma ita ce mafi girman mazauni a cikin cocin farar hula na Houston da Killellan, wanda ya mamaye ƙauyen Crosslee da ke makwabtaka da wasu ƙananan matsugunai a cikin karkarar ƙauyuka. Ƙauyen ya girma ne a kusa da wani katafaren coci da cocin coci da aka keɓe wa Saint Peter a ƙarni na 16, wanda ya ba wa yankin sunan tsohon '''Kilpeter''' ( ''Cille Pheadair'' a cikin Gaelic na Scotland ). Tsohon ƙauyen na yanzu ya samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 18 kuma an tsara shi ne don maye gurbin gine-ginen da suka gabata. A tarihi, tattalin arzikin ya dogara ne akan noma, kuma, kamar sauran ƙauyukan Renfrewshire, saka auduga. An sanya tsohon ƙauyen a matsayin [[Yankin kariya|yankin kiyayewa]] a shekarar 1968. Daga tsakiyar ƙarni na 20, wani yanki mai girma na matsugunan zama ya faɗaɗa ƙauyen zuwa yankunan da ke kusa kamar Craigends masu tsada, wanda ya kawar da ƙasar da ke tsakanin Houston da Crosslee. Waɗannan ƙarin da aka samu a ƙauyen sun faɗaɗa yawan jama'arsa sosai, inda suka canza halayensa musamman zuwa matsugunin kwana na [[Glasgow]] da Paisley da ke kusa, waɗanda galibi ke da tattalin arziki bisa ga hidima. == Tarihi == === Sunan mai suna Toponym === [[File:Houston_House_in_Renfrewshire,_Scotland.jpg|thumb| Gidan Houston.]] Asalin sunan Houston shine Kilpeter. A tsakiyar karni na 12, Baldwin na Biggar, Sheriff na Lanark, ya ba Hugh na Pettinain kuɗin Kilpeter. Daga Hugh, daga ƙarshe filayen sun zama sanannun Houston (ma'ana " ''garin'' Hugh ko gidan sarauta"). A cikin bijimin Paparoma Honorius a cikin 1225-27, an ambaci majami'u na Kilmacolm da Houston a matsayin "ecclesiae de Kilmacolme et de Villa Hugonis". A cikin wani jawabi na Paparoma Clement na IV a shekara ta 1265, an lissafa majami'un Paisley Abbey, ciki har da cocin "Howston". === Tarihin farko === Houston ta daɗe tana zama wurin da mutane ke zama. A shekarun 1970, an gano wani kabari [[Zamanin Tagulla|a zamanin]] Tagulla a South Mound a gefen yamma na ƙauyen. A arewa maso gabas akwai Tudun Barochan, wurin da sansanin Romawa yake. <ref name="survey">{{Cite web |last=[[BAE Systems]] and Redrow Housing |date=2006-05-01 |title=Royal Ordnance Bishopton: Site Gazetteer |url=http://ilwwcm.renfrewshire.gov.uk/pdfs/pt/ROFApplication1/pt-SiteGazetter0606.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722011954/http://ilwwcm.renfrewshire.gov.uk/pdfs/pt/ROFApplication1/pt-SiteGazetter0606.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-22 |access-date=2009-06-30 |publisher=Renfrewshire Council}}</ref> An gano wani sansanin soja na zamanin Antonine daga baya a wata gona kusa da Bishopton, ƙasa da mil 2. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Bishopton Roman Fort |url=http://roman-britain.co.uk/places/bishopton.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812193754/http://roman-britain.co.uk/places/bishopton.htm |archive-date=12 August 2016 |access-date=11 November 2017 |website=Roman Britain}}</ref> An gina ƙauye na farko a Houston a kusa da Cocin cocin St Peter da Castle na Houston, yanzu haka cocin cocin da kuma Houston House - galibi gine-ginen ƙarni na 19. Gidan Houston da gidan sarautar da aka haɗa wani ɓangare a cikin gininsa sun samo asali ne tun zamanin Hugh na Pettinain kuma sun kasance a hannun iyalansa waɗanda daga baya suka zama ' yan Houston na Houston . <ref name="communitywebsite">{{Cite web |title=Renfrewshire Community Website – Houston |url=http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-els-Houston(OurHistoryandHeritage)Homepage |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070301035602/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-els-Houston%28OurHistoryandHeritage%29Homepage |archive-date=1 March 2007 |access-date=2009-06-30 |publisher=Renfrewshire Council}}</ref> Gidan sarautar ya ci gaba da kasancewa mallakar iyalin har zuwa 1740 lokacin da shugaban taba [[Glasgow|na Glasgow]] Alexander Speirs na Elderslie ya saya shi. <ref name="visionofbritain.org.uk">{{Cite web |title=Houston - As described in F.H. Groome's Ordnance Gazetteer of Scotland (1882-4) |url=http://www.visionofbritain.org.uk/descriptions/entry_page.jsp;jsessionid=39753DBEB127C8CF32E951C389579B8A?text_id=120230&word=NULL |website=www.visionofbritain.org.uk}}</ref> Bayan mallakar zuriya biyar na dangin Speirs, Houston House ya koma hannun Manjo David Crichton Maitland a shekarar 1959 sannan ya koma hannun ɗansa Mark Crichton Maitland a shekarar 1995 kafin a raba shi zuwa gidaje da dama. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Elderslie Estates &#124; About |url=http://www.elderslie.org/ee_about.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701094550/http://www.elderslie.org/ee_about.php |archive-date=2011-07-01 |access-date=2010-09-28}}</ref> [[File:NorthStreetHouston.JPG|thumb| Titin Arewa, a tsohon ƙauyen]] Abokin mahaifinsa, James MacRae, ne ya bai wa James McGuire MacRae kyautar kadarorin. Ya koma ga ɗansa, wanda ya rushe gidan sarautar ya kuma gina ɗakunan saka da duwatsu. Saboda haka, da wannan sauyi na mallakar ƙasar a ƙarni na 18, an share 'tsohon ƙauyen' daga kewayen gidan sarauta ta hanyar gidan sarauta . Sabon ƙauyen mai gidaje talatin da biyar da aka gina a yamma a shekarar 1781 daga dutsen Gidan Sarauta, wanda daga baya aka rikide zuwa gidan ƙauye . Wannan sabon ƙauyen - wanda shine tushen ƙauyen na zamani - al'umma ce da aka tsara wacce aka gina a kan manyan tituna biyu: Titin Arewa da Titin Kudu kuma misali ne na Motsin Kauye na Tsara a ƙarni na 18. Tsarin, wanda ya ratsa Houston [[Ƙonewa (ƙasa)|Burn]], ya samar da wuraren wanke-wanke ga mutanen yankin da kuma tallafawa ƙananan masana'antar [[Saƙa|saka]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/pt-as-Strathgryfe.pdf/$FILE/pt-as-Strathgryfe.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110919121604/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/AttachmentsByTitle/pt-as-Strathgryfe.pdf/$FILE/pt-as-Strathgryfe.pdf |archive-date=19 September 2011 |access-date=13 October 2010}}</ref> Hukumomin [[Renfrewshire]] sun sanya wannan 'sabon ƙauyen' a matsayin [[Yankin kariya|ƙauyen kiyayewa]] . <ref name="communitywebsite" /> <ref name="conservation">{{Cite web |title=Renfrewshire Community Website – Houston Conservation Area |url=http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/PT-AB-Houston-Conservation-Area |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120428025938/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/PT-AB-Houston-Conservation-Area |archive-date=28 April 2012 |access-date=2009-06-30 |publisher=Renfrewshire Council}}</ref> Wani abin lura da ya rage daga wannan motsi shine gicciyen ƙauyen na Mercat, wanda ya ƙunshi sassa tun ƙarni na 14. Saboda ƙaura daga wurin da aka saba gani a kan titin Kirk, da kuma kasancewar yana ɗauke da babban agogon rana, an sanya shi a wani kusurwa da ba a saba gani ba a tsakiyar ƙauyen 'sabon'. Gicciyen Mercat ya zama alama ga ƙauyen. === Tarihin zamani === Duk tashoshin jirgin ƙasa (a layuka daban-daban) da aka gina a cikin cocin a ƙarni na 19, Houston da Crosslee Station da kuma Georgetown Station (dukansu biyun an rufe su yanzu), sun kewaye ƙauyen da kanta. Sakamakon haka, Houston ba ta fuskanci karuwar layin dogo na ƙauyukan da ke kusa kamar Gadar Weir da Kilmacolm ba, wanda hakan ya faɗaɗa a hankali har zuwa ƙarshen rabin ƙarni na 20 lokacin da ya zama sanannen wurin zama na masu yawon buɗe ido . <ref name="communitywebsite" /> Babban masana'antar Houston tsakanin ƙarni na 17 da 19 ita ce [[Saƙa|saka]] . Daga baya Kogin Gryffe ya samar wa masana'antar jujjuya auduga tare da ƙirƙirar injin niƙa auduga na Crosslee tare da wasu ƙananan matsalolin masana'antu, kamar ɗinki, wanda daga baya aka buɗe shi a ƙauyen. <ref name="communitywebsite" /> A watan Yulin 2007, Houston ta shahara a rahotannin labarai a faɗin [[Birtaniya|Burtaniya]] bayan an gano cewa mazauna wani gida a ƙauyen suna da alaƙa da harin da aka kai a Filin Jirgin Sama na Glasgow na 2007 a ranar 30 ga Yuni. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Police Comb House Near Glasgow -Sky News-UK News<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://news.sky.com/skynews/article/0,,30100-1273143,00.html?f=rss}}</ref> Majalisar Al'umma ta Houston ta lura cewa "abin mamaki ne cewa irin wannan yanayi na iya faruwa a bakin ƙofarmu, kuma ko da a cikin yanayi mai natsuwa, kamar namu, za a iya samun mutane da ke da niyyar wargaza daidaiton yanayi ta hanyar tashin hankali." <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.houstoncommunitycouncil.co.uk/assets/literature/NOVEMBER%20AGM%202007.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006214106/http://www.houstoncommunitycouncil.co.uk/assets/literature/NOVEMBER%20AGM%202007.pdf |archive-date=6 October 2011 |access-date=20 October 2008}}</ref> == Shugabanci == [[File:Houston_Village_Hall.JPG|thumb| Zauren Ƙauyen Houston]] === Gwamnatin ƙananan hukumomi === Houston da cocin ta suna cikin yankin majalisar [[Renfrewshire]] . A zaɓen ƙananan hukumomi na 2007 a Scotland, an shigar da Houston cikin sabuwar [[Mazaba|gunduma]] mai kujeru huɗu, Ward 9, tare da Crosslee da garin Linwood ( [https://web.archive.org/web/20090321075553/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-cs-Ward9HomePage Ward 9] ). Iyakokin cocin farar hula na Houston da Kilellan sun biyo bayan ƙirƙirar cocin coci mai haɗin gwiwa wanda ya mayar da hankali kan Houston a ƙarni na 18. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Houston and Killellan Kirk<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.houstonscotland.org.uk/kirk/our%20church.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106124721/http://www.houstonscotland.org.uk/kirk/our%20church.htm |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=9 April 2008}}</ref> Ikklesiya ta bazu a cikin wani yanki mai faɗi na karkara, ciki har da wasu ƙauyuka da ke kusa, mafi mahimmanci sune Crosslee, Craigends da Barochan. Tare da raguwar mahimmancin cocin farar hula a cikin ƙananan hukumomi, wannan yanki ya zama ɓangare na yankin Majalisar Al'umma ta Houston [https://web.archive.org/web/20090523042737/http://www.houstoncommunitycouncil.co.uk/] . Majalisar al'umma galibi ƙungiya ce ta ba da shawara, wadda ke mai da hankali kan ra'ayoyin jama'a, kuma ba ta da ikon doka na kanta. === Gwamnatin tsakiya === Houston ta kasance wani ɓangare na mazabar Paisley da Renfrewshire ta Arewa don zaɓen ' yan majalisar tarayya a Majalisar Dokokin Burtaniya . Dan majalisar dokoki na yanzu (MP) na wannan yanki shine Gavin Newlands . An ƙirƙiri mazabar a shekarar 2005 bayan sauye-sauyen kan iyaka inda Houston ta kasance wani ɓangare na mazabar West Renfrewshire. Dangane da batutuwan da suka shafi raba iko, Houston wani ɓangare ne na mazabar Majalisar Dokokin Scotland ta Renfrewshire ta Arewa da Yamma, wadda ta ratsa iyakar da ke tsakanin yankunan majalisar Inverclyde da [[Renfrewshire]] . Tun daga shekarar 2011, Natalie Don MSP, 'yar majalisar mazabar Scotland ce. Mazabar Renfrewshire ta Arewa da Yamma ta ƙunshi yankin zaɓe na Majalisar Dokokin Scotland ta Yamma . An sake zaɓen wasu 'yan majalisar dokoki bakwai a wannan yanki ta hanyar tsarin zaɓen ƙarin membobin Majalisar Dokokin Scotland. == Alamomin ƙasa == [[File:Houston_mercat_cross.JPG|thumb| Gicciyen jirgin ruwan Houston, wanda aka yi amfani da shi azaman alamar ƙauyen.]] Cibiyar ƙauyen tarihi ta Houston, wacce ke gefen arewa maso yamma na ƙauyen, yanki ne da aka keɓe don kiyayewa. Yankin yana da manyan mashaya na ƙauyen, ƙananan shaguna da Ofishin Wasiƙa na ƙauyen. Titin North da titin South Street suna da gidajen gargajiya na fararen fata, wasu kuma sun samo asali ne tun ƙarni na 17. Tsohon ƙauyen wani yanki ne da aka tsara na gidaje da aka gina galibi a kusa da Houston Burn, wanda ke ba da damar yin amfani da wuraren wanke-wanke ga jama'a. Wasu ragowar ginin Houston Castle na ƙarni na 16 har yanzu suna nan a harabar gidan Houston na yanzu. Yankin yana kusa da Houston da Killellan Kirk, cocin cocin da aka kafa ( Cocin Scotland ). Yana yiwuwa Ubangiji Darnley, mijin Maryamu, Sarauniyar Scotland ya zauna a gidan sarauta na tsawon shekaru. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Craigends Yew-www.ourlocalhistory.co.uk<!-- Bot generated title --> |url=http://www.ourlocalhistory.co.uk/yew.html}}</ref> Giciyen Barochan, wani gini mai lamba 11&nbsp;Gicciyen Kirista na Celtic mai tsayi ƙafa (mita 3.4) wanda wataƙila ya samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 8, wanda a da yake kudu da Mill of Barochan a cikin cocin. A ƙarni na 19, an mayar da shi wani tudu da ke gaban Corsliehill kusa da ƙauyen kafin a ƙarshe a mayar da shi a ƙarni na 20 zuwa Paisley Abbey inda yanzu yake domin kare shi daga ƙarin yanayi. <ref name="survey" /> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archaeology in Renfrewshire |url=http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/els-jh-HistoricBuildingsArchaeology |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100310094522/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/els-jh-HistoricBuildingsArchaeology |archive-date=10 March 2010 |access-date=2009-06-30 |publisher=Renfrewshire Council}}</ref> Craigends Yew wani tsohon bishiyar yew ne a cikin cocin, wanda ake kyautata zaton shine mafi tsufa a cikin Renfrewshire, mai yuwuwar shekaru kusan dubu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Renfrewshire Community Website - Houston |url=http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-pt-Houston(VisitingRenfrewshire) |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120210003121/http://www.renfrewshire.gov.uk/ilwwcm/publishing.nsf/Content/Navigation-pt-Houston(VisitingRenfrewshire) |archive-date=10 February 2012 |access-date=19 July 2011}}</ref> Akwai tsoffin rijiyoyi guda biyu a Houston, waɗanda a da ake ɗauka a matsayin suna da ikon warkarwa. Rijiyar St Fillan tana cikin gonaki kusa da Kilallan Kirk da kuma Rijiyar St Peter, wanda kuma aka sanya masa suna ga wani giya da aka yi a yankin. Cocin cocin, wanda taron Cocin Scotland ne, yana gabashin tsohon ƙauyen. Cocin [[Cocin katolika|Katolika na Roman Katolika]] na ƙarni na 19, St Fillan's, yana kudu da Babban Titin. == Addini == [[File:Houston_Kirk.jpg|right|thumb| Houston da Killellan Kirk (cocin cocin), a filin Houston House. Dutsen ya ɓoye.]] [[File:St_Peter's_Well,_Houston_-_view_from_the_east_&_opening.jpg|thumb| Rijiyar St Peter, rijiya mai tsarki ta tarihi kusa da ƙauyen.]] Yankin Houston yana da dogon tarihi da St Peter, wanda hakan ya ba ƙauyen suna Kilpeter. Cocin cocin da take a yanzu, Houston da Killellan Church ko Kirk, yana cikin harabar Houston House. An gina Kirk a shekarun 1870, inda aka maye gurbin cocin da ke wurin da aka gina a shekarar 1775, kuma aka keɓe shi ga Archibald Alexander Speirs na Elderslie . Bayan rasuwarsa yana da shekaru 28 a lokacin da yake zama ɗan majalisar dokoki na West Renfrewshire, mahaifiyarsa ta samar da kuɗin ginin a matsayin abin tunawa. Ikklisiyar da ake da ita a yanzu ta samo asali ne daga shekarar 1771, lokacin da aka haɗa Ikklisiyar Houston da Killellan. An san tsohuwar cocin cocin da ke kusa da ƙauyen Killellan da Cocin St Fillan, wanda sunan mazaunin ya samo asali. An bar tsohon ginin cocin a wuri ɗaya saboda haɗin kai kuma an yi watsi da shi. Katangar, wacce aka yi ta a shekarar 1635 amma ana kyautata zaton ta samo asali ne daga ƙarni na 10 ko 11, <ref name="elderslie.org">{{Cite web |title=Kilallan Kirk &#124; About |url=http://www.elderslie.org/kilallankirk.php |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081119055900/http://www.elderslie.org/kilallankirk.php |archive-date=19 November 2008 |access-date=20 October 2008}}</ref> har yanzu tana da nisan {{Convert|4|mi|km|0}} yamma da tsakiyar Houston a kan Titin Barochan Cross . Kamfanin Kilallan Kirk Preservation Trust ne ke riƙe da wannan cocin yanzu bayan gudummawar da Elderslie Estates ta bayar a shekarar 2005 kuma wani abin tarihi ne da aka tsara zai kasance. <ref name="elderslie.org" /> Ana gudanar da hidimar dare ta shekara-shekara a tsakanin baraguzan ginin a watan Yuli ta ƙungiyar cocin da ke da haɗin kai. Gidan cocin, wanda ke kusa da shi, yana kuma samun ci gaba da amfani da shi a matsayin gidan zama na sirri kuma ana tsammanin shine gidan zama mafi tsufa da ke akwai a Renfrewshire. <ref name="communitywebsite" /> Rijiyar St Fillan da Kujerar St Fillan suna kusa da tsohon Kirk. Rijiyar St Peter tana tsaye a wani fili a ƙarƙashin Greenhill Farm a kan titin Chapel kusa da wurin da aka gina cocin kafin gyarawa kuma misali ne mai wuya na rijiyar tsarki da aka rufe ko kuma ta gida, wadda a da ake tunanin ruwanta zai tabbatar da dawowar matafiya lafiya kamar mahajjata. An gina zauren cocin Houston da Kilellan da ke kan titin Main nan take bayan wargajewar 1843 a matsayin coci daban da ta ƙunshi wani ɓangare na Free Church of Scotland, daga baya kuma aka san United Free Church of Scotland a wannan lokacin da West Kirk. Bayan sake hade cocin United Free da kuma cocin Scotland da aka kafa a shekarar 1929, West Kirk ta kasance a matsayin cocin Scotland na biyu a ƙauyen har sai da gobara ta lalata yawancin ginin a watan Maris na 1941. Rashin gini ya sa majami'u biyu suka sake yin ibada a cocin cocin guda. An gyara ginin West Kirk gaba ɗaya a shekarar 1953, inda ya zama zauren cocin da har yanzu yake a ciki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Houston and Killellan Kirk |url=http://www.houstonscotland.org.uk/kirk/our%20church.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106124721/http://www.houstonscotland.org.uk/kirk/our%20church.htm |archive-date=6 January 2009 |access-date=9 April 2008}}</ref> An kafa [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika]] na St. Fillan, wanda shi ma yake kan titin Main, a shekarar 1841 a wani fili mai suna "Four Windings" wanda yanzu ake tunawa da shi da sunan titin da ke makwabtaka da shi. == Tattalin Arziki == Babban aikin tattalin arzikin yankin Houston shine [[noma]], inda wasu kamfanoni na manyan kamfanoni kamar shagunan gida da gidajen jama'a ke yi wa mazauna da baƙi hidima. Akwai wasu shaguna da mashaya da yawa a tsohon ƙauyen, da kuma shaguna da dama da ke kan iyaka da [[Crosslee]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Crosslee from The Gazetteer for Scotland |url=https://www.scottish-places.info/towns/townfirst1158.html |website=www.scottish-places.info}}</ref> === Gidajen jama'a da kuma giya === Ikklesiyar tana da gidajen jama'a da dama, inda biyu ke cikin tsakiyar ƙauyen tarihi: Fox da Hounds da ke kan titin South da kuma Houston Inn da ke kan titin North, wanda aka kafa a 1779 da 1784 bi da bi. Har zuwa shekarar 2010, wani gini na uku, Cross Keys Inn, yana kan titin Main Street, tare da suna da aka samo daga alamar maɓallan da aka haɗa ta St Peter a matsayin ambaton sunan ƙauyen na asali, Kilpeter. Tun daga lokacin yake aiki a matsayin gidan cin abinci. Wani gidan cin abinci da gidan jama'a, River Inn, yana cikin Crosslee kuma a da shine Crosslee Inn da Pine Trees. <ref name="communitywebsite" /> Ƙauyen yana gudanar da bikin giya na yau da kullun/ <ref>{{Cite web |title=Beer Festival: Fox and Hounds Houston (Fox & Hounds Pub, Houston) {{!}} The List |url=http://www.list.co.uk/event/178765-beer-festival-fox-and-hounds-houston/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090724051255/http://www.list.co.uk/event/178765-beer-festival-fox-and-hounds-houston/ |archive-date=2009-07-24}}</ref> Wani kamfanin giya mai ƙananan giya, Kamfanin Houston Brewing, wanda kuma a da yake aiki daga wani gini kusa da Fox and Hounds. <ref name="communitywebsite" /> == Al'adu da al'umma == Akwai ƙungiyoyi da taruka da dama na al'umma da ke faruwa a ƙauyen. Babban wurin shakatawa na ƙauyen, Houston Public Park, yana kusa da tsohon ƙauyen, tare da wasu a titin South Street da Ardgryffe Park a cikin ci gaban gidaje na zamani. Filin shakatawa na jama'a na Houston shine wurin da za a gudanar da bikin baje kolin noma na shekara-shekara na ƙauyen, wanda za a gudanar a lokacin bazara kuma ƙungiyar manoma ta Houston da Killellan ta shirya. Wani muhimmin taron yankin shi ne Kirk Carnival, wanda cocin cocin ya shirya kuma ya mayar da hankali a zauren cocin da Cibiyar Carrick da ke kan titin Main, wanda ya ƙunshi faretin da kuma wasu rumfuna da nishaɗi da suka haɗa da makarantun firamare na yankin. A shekarar 1992, ƙungiyar Strathgryffe Tennis Squash and Fitness Club, wacce aka buɗe tare da tallafi daga Ƙungiyar Tennis ta Lawn da Asusun Wasannin Lottery na Ƙasa, ita ma tana cikin ƙauyen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Club History |url=https://www.strathgryffe.net/club/club-history |website=Strathgryffe Tennis, Squash and Fitness Club}}</ref> Ƙungiyar dawaki, Kilmacolm da Kilallan Riding Club, suna kan iyakar cocin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kilmacolm and Kilallan Riding Club |url=http://www.kilmacolmridingclub.org.uk/ |website=www.kilmacolmridingclub.org.uk}}</ref> Wani farautar tsuntsayen Foxhunt, Lanarkshire da Renfrewshire Foxhounds, yana aiki daga gidajen haya a ƙauyen tun daga shekarar 1850. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Lanarkshire & Renfrewshire Foxhounds |url=http://lanarkandrenfrew.com/ |website=lanarkandrenfrew.com |access-date=2026-09-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230923013114/http://lanarkandrenfrew.com/ |archive-date=2023-09-23 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Ƙauyen kuma yana ɗauke da ƙungiyar wasan kwano na ciyawa, John G. Fleming Bowling Club, wanda aka kafa mai filayen yankin wanda sunansa ke ɗauke da bikin cikar [[Sarauniya Victoria]] lu'u-lu'u. <ref>{{Cite web |title=J.G. Fleming Bowling Club – About Us |url=http://www.jgflemingbc.co.uk/aboutus.html |website=www.jgflemingbc.co.uk}}</ref> == Ilimi == Makarantar Sakandare ta Gryffe makarantar sakandare ce ta jiha wacce ba ta da alaƙa da addini, wadda ke kula da ƙauyukan da ke kewaye, musamman ma maƙwabtan [[Babbar gada ta Weir|Gadar Weir]] . <ref name="HMIE">{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.hmie.gov.uk/documents/inspection/8633436GryffeHS1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100325211205/http://www.hmie.gov.uk/documents/inspection/8633436GryffeHS1.html |archive-date=25 March 2010 |access-date=3 April 2010}}</ref> Makarantar tana da kyakkyawan suna a fannin ilimi, kuma a shekarar 2009 an sanya ta a matsayin makarantar sakandare ta bakwai mafi kyau a [[Scotland]] ta hanyar jadawalin gasar jaridar The Times . Haka kuma a shekarar 2009, an yaba wa makarantar a cikin wani rahoto da ƙungiyar Inspectorate of Education ta fitar. <ref name="HMIE" /> Akwai [[Makarantar Firamare|makarantun firamare]] guda biyu a Houston. Makarantar Firamare ta Houston makaranta ce da ba ta da addini, yayin da Makarantar Firamare ta St Fillan [[Makarantar Bangaskiya|makarantar addini]] ce [[Cocin katolika|ta Roman Katolika]] . Dukansu makarantun jiha ne masu ilimi tare. Kamar yadda aka ambata a sama, Makarantar Sakandare ta Gryffe ita ce makarantar sakandare ba ta addini ba ga ƙauyen yayin da Makarantar Sakandare ta St. Benedict ita ce makarantar sakandare ta Roman Katolika da ke hidima a Houston tare da Bridge of Weir (wanda St. Fillan's ma ke hidima). An mayar da 'tsohon gidan makaranta' da ke arewacin Babban Titin a tsohuwar cibiyar ƙauyen zuwa masaukin cin abinci na kansa, kuma tsohuwar makarantar da ke kudu da Babban Titin yanzu tana nan a matsayin ginin al'umma da aka sani da Cibiyar Carrick. == Ayyukan jama'a == Rundunar 'yan sandan yankin da ke kewaye da Houston ita ce Hukumar 'Yan Sanda ta Scotland . Yana cikin ɓangaren Renfrewshire da Inverclyde da kuma rundunar yankin Renfrew. Ofishin ' yan sanda mafi kusa yana Johnstone . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Houston, Crosslee and Linwood - Police Scotland |url=https://www.scotland.police.uk/your-community/renfrewshire-and-inverclyde/renfrew/houston-crosslee-and-linwood/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190115024738/http://www.scotland.police.uk/your-community/renfrewshire-and-inverclyde/renfrew/houston-crosslee-and-linwood/ |archive-date=15 January 2019 |access-date=21 April 2020}}</ref> Akwai ofishin 'yan sanda da gidan 'yan sanda a ƙauyen da aka buɗe a tsakiyar shekarun 1940, wanda aka rufe a shekarar 2001. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Opinion: Strathclyde Joint Police Board v the Elderslie Estates Limited and Others |url=http://www.lands-tribunal-scotland.org.uk/decisions/LTS.LO.2000.42.html}}</ref> Don dalilai na shari'a, Houston ta kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin shari'a na North Strathclyde kuma gurfanar da jama'a a gaban kuliya ne ke ƙarƙashin jagorancin Babban Mai Kula da Harkokin Shari'a na North Strathclyde. Hukumar Kashe Gobara da Ceto ta Scotland ita ce hukumar kashe gobara da ceto da ta shafi ƙauyen kuma tana kula da tashoshin kashe gobara guda uku a Renfrewshire tare da mafi kusa a Johnstone. <ref>{{Cite web |title=FourOhFour |url=https://www.firescotland.gov.uk/media/1239511/renfrewshire_local_fire_and_rescue_plan_2018.pdf}}</ref> Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa (NHS Greater Glasgow and Clyde) ita ce Hukumar Kula da Lafiya ta Ƙasa wadda ke ba da [[Kula da lafiyar jama'a|kulawar lafiyar jama'a]] . Manyan asibitoci mafi kusa da ke da wuraren haɗari da gaggawa sune Asibitin Royal Alexandra da ke Paisley. Akwai wata cibiyar likitanci a ƙauyen, wadda ke da alaƙa da wani tiyata a Bridge of Weir. <ref>{{Cite web |title=NHSGGC : Strathgryffe Medical Practice |url=https://www.nhsggc.org.uk/locations/gp-surgeries/strathgryffe-medical-practice/#}}</ref> Hukumar ruwa ta Scottish Water, wata hukuma ce ta gwamnati ke samar da ruwa da najasa, kuma ana karɓar kuɗin ruwa da najasa tare da harajin majalisar daga Majalisar Renfrewshire, hukumar yankin, a madadinta. Majalisar Renfrewshire ita ma tana da alhakin samar da [[Gudanar da sharar gida|sharar gida]] a yankin. Kamfanin samar da wutar lantarki na yankin, wanda aka ba shi lasisin watsa wutar lantarki daga National Grid ga masu amfani da wutar lantarki, shine Scottish Power.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2007 |title=Electricity Distribution Network Operators |url=http://www.energylinx.co.uk/distribution_network_operators.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080114055937/http://www.energylinx.co.uk/distribution_network_operators.htm |archive-date=14 January 2008 |access-date=5 February 2008 |publisher=energylinx.co.uk}}</ref> Akwai reshen Ofishin Wasiƙa a ƙauyen kuma garin gidan waya, wanda ke da babban cibiyar isar da kaya, shine Johnstone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Branch Finder &#124; Post Office |url=https://www.postoffice.co.uk/branch-finder/1178598/houston}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 81mbu374l1sjg5tcjalvy78mg4y9239 Hawan Duniya 0 176698 962107 954962 2026-10-03T01:10:33Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962107 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Hawan Duniya''' (wanda a da aka sani da '''Ƙungiyar Hawan Wasanni ta Duniya''' ko '''IFSC''' ) ita ce hukumar da ke kula da wasannin hawa gasa, wadda ta ƙunshi fannoni daban- daban na hawa, hawa dutse, da hawan gudu . Ƙungiyar ta ƙaddamar da sunan World Climbing a hukumance a ranar 10 ga Disamba 2025, bayan amincewar da Tarayyar Turai ta yi da kuma gyare-gyaren dokokinta a watan Oktoba 2023. <ref>{{Cite web |date=10 December 2025 |title=World Climbing launches new global identity |url=https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/news/world-climbing-launches-new-global-identity |access-date=10 December 2025 |website=ifsc-climbing.org |publisher=World Climbing}}</ref> == Yarjejeniya == Hawan Duniya ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "ƙungiyar ƙasa da ƙasa da ke da alhakin dukkan fannoni na hawan gasar ƙasa da ƙasa kuma ita ce hukumar ƙarshe ta duk wani abu da ya shafi hawan gasar ƙasa da ƙasa". Tana bayyana kanta a matsayin wacce ke da alhakin dukkan fannoni na fasaha na gasar hawa gasar, don amincewa da dukkan ƙungiyoyin membobi da gasannin da suka fafata, da kuma amincewa da kalanda da jadawalin abubuwan da aka gudanar a shekarar. <ref name="Charter" /> [[Kwamitin Wasannin Olympics na Duniya|Kwamitin Olympics]] na Duniya ya amince da hawan dutse a duniya. <ref name="Charter" /> <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2025 |title=STATUTES INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF SPORT CLIMBING |url=https://images.ifsc-climbing.org/ifsc/image/private/t_q_good/prd/yiz1otocwra9vwbvidh6.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250621020008/https://images.ifsc-climbing.org/ifsc/image/private/t_q_good/prd/yiz1otocwra9vwbvidh6.pdf |archive-date=21 June 2025 |access-date=23 December 2025 |website=ifsc-climbing.org |page=3}}</ref> == Tarihi == An kafa IFSC a Frankfurt a ranar 27 ga Janairun 2007 ta ƙungiyoyin mambobi 57 a matsayin ci gaba da '''{{Interlanguage link|International Council for Competition Climbing|de|International Council for Competition Climbing}}''', wanda ya kasance tun daga 1997 zuwa 2007 a ƙarƙashin mulkin Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA). <ref name="ifschistory">{{Cite web |title=Climbing Competitions' History |url=http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/about-ifsc/what-is-the-ifsc/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924033224/http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/about-ifsc/what-is-the-ifsc/history |archive-date=24 September 2015 |access-date=12 May 2013 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org}}</ref> <ref name="GrippedHistory">{{Cite web |date=15 July 2019 |title=A History of Competition Climbing Since 1985 |url=https://gripped.com/events/a-history-of-climbing-competitions-since-1985/ |access-date=25 March 2023}}</ref> Daga baya a wannan shekarar, IOC ta ba wa IFSC amincewa ta wucin gadi, kuma ta ƙunshi ƙungiyoyin mambobi 80. <ref name="GrippedHistory" /> A ranar 10 ga Fabrairu 2010, IOC ta ba da izinin IFSC a hukumance, kuma a ranar 4 ga Yuli 2011, IOC ta ƙara hawa cikin jerin sunayen sabbin wasanni da za a iya yi wa Gasar Olympics ta Tokyo ta 2020, wanda aka tabbatar a shekarar 2016. <ref name="GrippedHistory" /> Saboda mamayar da Rasha ta yi wa Ukraine a shekarar 2022, IFSC ta dakatar da tarayyar Rasha da Belarus sannan ta soke dukkan abubuwan da za su faru a Rasha a shekarar 2022. <ref name="gearjunkie.com">{{Cite web |date=23 March 2022 |title=Russian Climbing World Cup Rescheduled as IFSC Hands Out More Suspensions |url=https://gearjunkie.com/news/russia-climbing-world-cup-reschedule-ifsc-suspensions |website=gearjunkie.com}}</ref> == Gasassun gasa == Manyan gasannin da World Climbing ta shirya sune: === Jerin Hawan Duniya === Jerin Hawan Sama na Duniya jerin gasa ne da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara. 'Yan wasa suna fafatawa a fannoni uku: jagora, tsalle-tsalle, da kuma gudu. Adadin gasa da wuraren da ake yi ya bambanta daga shekara zuwa shekara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSC rules book 2013 |url=http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821145010/http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org |pages=61–66}}</ref> Kafin shekarar 2026, ana kiran gasar hawa dutse ta duniya da gasar cin kofin duniya, wacce aka fara gudanarwa a karkashin kulawar UIAA a shekarar 1989, wacce ta kunshi fannoni daban-daban na gudu da jagoranci. Ba a ƙara Bouldering a matsayin fanni ba sai a shekarar 1999. <ref name="ifschistory" /> An gudanar da gasar cin kofin duniya a ƙarƙashin jagorancin IFSC daga 2007 har zuwa 2026, lokacin da aka canza sunan zuwa World Climbing. === Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya === Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya gasa ce da ake gudanarwa duk shekara biyu. Wannan taron yana tantance zakarun duniya maza da mata a fannoni kamar jagoranci a hawa dutse, hawa dutse da gudu da kuma hawa para-hawa. An kafa Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya a matsayin Gasar Duniya a shekarar 1991 kuma an gudanar da bugu na farko a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt, Jamus]] . <ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSC rules book 2013 |url=http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821145010/http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org |pages=67–72}}</ref> === Gasar Hawan Sama ta Matasa ta Duniya === Gasar Matasan Hawan Sama ta Duniya gasa ce da ake gudanarwa kowace shekara. Wannan taron yana tantance zakaran matasan duniya maza da mata a fannoni uku: jagoranci, gudu, da kuma tsalle-tsalle. Ga kowane fanni, an raba 'yan wasa zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku na shekaru: Matasa B, Matasa A da Matasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=IFSC rules book 2013 |url=http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821145010/http://www.ifsc-climbing.org/images/World_competitions/Event_regulations/IFSC_Rules_2013_V1-2.pdf |archive-date=21 August 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org |pages=73–77}}</ref> An kafa Gasar Matasan Hawan Sama ta Duniya a matsayin Gasar Matasa ta Duniya a shekarar 1992, kuma an shirya bugu na farko a Basel, Switzerland . === Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya ta Turai === Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya gasa ce da ake gudanarwa duk shekara biyu a cikin shekaru da ba a gudanar da Gasar Hawan Sama ta Duniya ba. Wannan gasar tana tantance zakaru maza da mata na Turai a fannoni uku na hawa dutse, hawa dutse, da kuma gudu. === Jerin Matasan Hawan Duniya Turai === Jerin Gasar Matasa ta Duniya da ake gudanarwa duk shekara, wato World Climbing Europe Youth Series. 'Yan wasa suna fafatawa a fannoni uku: jagora, gudu, da kuma tsalle-tsalle, kuma an raba su zuwa ƙungiyoyi uku na shekaru: Matasa B, Matasa A, da Matasa. == Shugabanni == [[File:Marco_Scolaris_IFSC_2017-08-19_2340.jpg|thumb| Marco Scolaris, Shugaban IFSC, a shekarar 2017]] * 2007- : Marco Maria Scolaris == Membobi == A cikin waɗannan tebura an lissafa membobin ƙungiyoyin tarayya na ƙasa: <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Federations |url=http://egw.ifsc-climbing.org/?category_id=186 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131006005957/http://egw.ifsc-climbing.org/?category_id=186 |archive-date=6 October 2013 |access-date=20 May 2013 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Member Federations |url=https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/9-about-ifsc/41-honorary-members |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517190529/https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/9-about-ifsc/41-honorary-members |archive-date=17 May 2019 |access-date=26 May 2019 |publisher=ifsc-climbing.org}}</ref> === Cikakken membobi === {| class="wikitable" !Country !Federation !Acronym |- |{{Flag|Argentina}} |Federación Argentina de Ski y Andinismo |FASA |- |{{Flag|Australia}} |Sport Climbing Australia |SCA |- |{{Flag|Austria}} |Kletterverband Österreich |[https://www.austriaclimbing.com/ KVÖ] |- |{{Flag|Azerbaijan}} |Air and Extreme Sports Federation of Azerbaijan |FAIREX |- |{{Flag|Belgium}} |Climbing and Mountaineering Belgium |CMBEL |- |{{Flag|Bolivia}} |Federación Boliviana de Ski y Andinismo |FEBSA |- |{{Flag|Brazil}} |Associação Brasileira de Escalada Esportiva |ABEE |- |{{Flag|Bulgaria}} |Bulgarian Climbing and Mountaineering Federation |BCMF |- |{{Flag|Cameroon}} |Association des Sport de Montagne et d'Escalade |ASME |- |{{Flag|Canada}} |Climbing Escalade Canada |CEC |- |{{Flag|Chile}} |Federación de Andinismo de Chile |FEACH |- |{{Flag|China}} |Chinese Mountaineering Association |CMA |- |{{Flag|Chinese Taipei}} |Chinese Taipei Alpine Association |CTAA |- |{{Flag|Colombia}} |Federación Colombiana de Escalada Deportiva |FCED |- |{{Flag|Costa Rica}} |Federación costarricense de Deportes de Montaña |FECODEM |- |{{Flag|Croatia}} |Hrvatski Planinarski Savez (Croatian Mountaineering Association) |HPS |- |{{Flag|Cyprus}} |Cyprus Mountaineering and Climbing Federation |CMCF |- |{{Flag|Czech Republic}} |Cesky horolezecky svaz (Czech mountaineering association) |[http://horosvaz.cz CHS] |- |{{Flag|Denmark}} |Dansk Klatreforbund/Danish Climbing Federation |DKF/DCF |- |{{Flag|Ecuador}} |Federación Ecuatoriana de Andinismo y Escalada |FEDAN |- |{{Flag|El Salvador}} |Federación Salvadoreña de montañismo y escalada |FSME |- |{{Flag|Finland}} |Finnish Climbing association |FCA |- |{{Flag|France}} |Fédération française de la montagne et de l'escalade |FFME |- |{{Flag|Georgia}} |Georgian Climbing National Federation |GCNF |- |{{Flag|Germany}} |Deutscher Alpenverein |DAV |- |{{Flag|Great Britain}} |British Mountaineering Council |BMC |- |{{Flag|Greece}} |Hellenic Federation of Mountaineering and Climbing |HFMCU (EOOA) |- |{{Flag|Guatemala}} |Federación Nacional de Andinismo de Guatemala |FNAG |- |{{Flag|Honduras}} |Federación Hondurena de Deportes de Montana y Escalada |FEHDME |- |{{Flag|Hong Kong}} |Hong Kong Mountaineering Union |HKMU |- |{{Flag|Hungary}} |Hungarian Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Federation |[https://mhssz.hu/ MHSSz] |- |{{Flag|India}} |Indian Mountaineering Foundation |[https://www.indmount.org IMF] |- |{{Flag|Indonesia}} |Federasi Panjat Tebing Indonesia |[http://www.fpti.or.id/ FPTI] |- |{{Flag|Iran}} |Iran Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Federation |IRI MF |- |{{Flag|Ireland}} |Mountaineering Ireland |MI |- |{{Flag|Israel}} |Israel Climbers' Club |ILCC |- |{{Flag|Italy}} |Federazione Arrampicata Sportiva Italiana |FASI |- |{{Flag|Japan}} |Japan Mountaineering and Sport Climbing Association |JMSCA |- |{{Flag|Kazakhstan}} |Mountaineering and Climbing Federation of Republic of Kazakhstan |[http://mountain.kz/en/ MCFRK] |- |{{Flag|Latvia}} |Latvian Alpinist Association |LAA |- |{{Flag|Lithuania}} |Lithuania Federation of Sport Climbing |LFSC |- |{{Flag|Luxembourg}} |Fédération Luxembourgeoise d'Escalade, de Randonnée et d'Alpinisme |[https://flera.lu/ FLERA] |- |{{Flag|Malaysia}} |Persekutuan Mendaki Malaysia (Malaysia Mountaineering Federation) |PMM |- |{{Flag|Malta}} |Malta Sport for All |MSFA |- |{{Flag|Mauritius}} |Mauritius Sport Climbing Federation |MSCF |- |{{Flag|Mexico}} |Federación Mexicana de Deportes de Montana Y Escalada |FMDMYE |- |{{Flag|Mongolia}} |Mongolian National Climbing Federation |MNCF |- |{{Flag|Nepal}} |Nepal Mountaineering Association |NMA |- |{{Flag|Netherlands}} |Koninklijke Nederlandse Klim- en Bergsportvereniging |NKBV |- |{{Flag|New Zealand}} |Climbing New Zealand |[http://www.climbing.nz CNZ] |- |{{Flag|North Macedonia}} |Macedonian Sport Climbing Federation |MSCF |- |{{Flag|Norway}} |The Norwegian Climbing Federation |NCF |- |{{Flag|Pakistan}} |Alpine Club of Pakistan |ACP |- |{{Flag|Panama}} |Asociación Panameña de Escalada |APAES |- |{{Flag|Peru}} |Federación Deportiva Peruana de Escalada |FEDPE |- |{{Flag|Philippines}} |Pilipinas Climbing |PCI |- |{{Flag|Poland}} |Polski Zwiazek Alpinizmu (Polish Mountaineering Association) |PZA |- |{{Flag|Portugal}} |Federação Portuguesa de Montanhismo e Escalada / Portuguese Mountaineering and Climbing Federation |FPME |- |{{Flag|Romania}} |Federația Română de Alpinism și Escaladă |[http://www.frae.ro/ FRAE] |- |{{Flag|Russia}} |Climbing Federation of Russia (suspended)<ref name="gearjunkie.com" /> |CFR |- |{{Flag|Saudi Arabia}} |The Saudi Climbing and Hiking Federation |[https://web.archive.org/web/20220407230754/https://climbing.sa/ SCHF] |- |{{Flag|Serbia}} |United Sport Climbing Federation of Serbia |USCFS |- |{{Flag|Singapore}} |Singapore Mountaineering Federation |SMF |- |{{Flag|Slovakia}} |Slovak Mountaineering Union JAMES |SMU JAMES |- |{{Flag|Slovenia}} |Alpine Association of Slovenia |PZS |- |{{Flag|Republic of Korea}} |Korean Alpine Federation |KAF |- |{{Flag|Spain}} |Federación Española de Deportes de Montaña y Escalada |FEDME |- |{{Flag|South Africa}} |South African National Climbing Federation |SANCF |- |{{Flag|Sweden}} |Swedish Climbing Federation |SKF |- |{{Flag|Switzerland}} |Swiss Alpine Club |CAS |- |{{Flag|Thailand}} |The Sport Climbing Association of Thailand |SCAT |- |{{Flag|Turkey}} |Turkish Mountaineering Federation |TDF/TMF |- |{{Flag|Ukraine}} |Ukrainian Mountaineering and Climbing Federation |UMF |- |{{Flag|USA}} |USA Climbing |USAC |- |{{Flag|Venezuela}} |Federación Venezolana de Escalada Deportiva |FEVME |} === Membobin nahiya === {| class="wikitable" !Country !Federation !Acronym |- |{{Flag|Algeria}} |Fédération Algérienne de Ski et sports de Montagne |FASSM |- |{{Flag|Andorra}} |Federacio Andorrana de Muntanyisme |FAM |- |{{Flag|Armenia}} |Armenia Alpine Club |AAC |- |{{Flag|Belarus}} |Belarus Alpine Federation (suspended)<ref name="gearjunkie.com" /> |BAF |- |{{Flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}} |Mountaineering Union of Bosnia - Herzegovina |PSBIH |- |{{Flag|Cambodia}} |Cambodia Climbing Federation |CCD |- |{{Flag|Estonia}} |Estonian Climbing Association |ECA |- |{{Flag|Fiji}} |Sport Climbing Fiji |SCF |- |{{Flag|Jordan}} |Jordan Federation of Sport Climbing |JFSC |- |{{Flag|Kyrgyzstan}} |Federation of Mountaineering Rock and Ice Climbing of Kirgiz Republic |FMRICK |- |{{Flag|Macau}} |Mountaineering Federation Macau China |MFMC |- |{{Flag|Rwanda}} |Rwanda Sports Climbing Federation |RSCF |- |{{Flag|Sri Lanka}} |National Association for Climbing and Mountaineering in Sri Lanka |NACMSL |- |{{Flag|Uganda}} |Uganda Sport Climbing Federation |USCF |- |{{Flag|Uzbekistan}} |Federation of Mountaineering and Rock Climbing of Uzbekistan |FMCU |} === Na yanki === {| class="wikitable" !Ƙasa ! Tarayyar ! Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a jumla |- |{{Flag|New Caledonia}} | Comité Régional de la Montagne et de l'Escalade de la Nouvelle Calédonie | |} === Masu Lura === {| class="wikitable" !Ƙasa ! Tarayyar ! Kalmomin da aka yi amfani da su a jumla |- |{{Flag|Austria}} | Ƙungiyar Alpine ta Austria | ÖAV |- |{{Flag|Spain}} | Ƙungiyar Tsaunukan Basque (Eusko Mendizale Federazioa) | EMF |- |{{Flag|Spain}} | Federació d'Entitats Excursionites de Catalunya | FEEC |} == Nassoshi == {{reflist}} == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == * {{Official website|https://www.worldclimbing.com/}} * [https://www.worldclimbing.com/calendar/index Calendar of World Climbing competitions] * [https://www.ifsc-climbing.org/index.php/world-competition/rules IFSC Rules] Archived 2020-06-04 at the Wayback Machine ne40ye80p4c2nvg56uqia9yzwq1f20f Gundumar Kasiniki B 0 176938 962016 956160 2026-10-02T19:48:01Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962016 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Kaskazini B District''' (''Wilaya ya Kaskazini B'' a [[Harshen Swahili|Swahili]]) yana ɗaya daga cikin gundumomi biyu na gudanarwa na Yankin Arewa na Unguja a Tanzaniya.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaskazini B District |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/admin/kaskazini_unguja/5102__kaskazini_b/}}</ref> Gundumar ta ƙunshi faɗin murabba'in kilomita 234 (90 sq mi).<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Kaskazini B district Profile |url=https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/sites/unicef.org.tanzania/files/2018-10/Tanzania-2017-Kaskazini-B-District-Profile_0.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |publisher=Unicef}}</ref> Girman gundumar yayi daidai da girman ƙasar Tsibirin Cook.<ref>{{Convert|236|km2}} for Cook Islands at {{Cite web |year=2022 |title=Area size comparison |url=https://www.nationmaster.com/country-info/stats/Geography/Area/Land |access-date=23 July 2022 |publisher=Nation master}}</ref> Gundumar tana da iyaka ta ruwa a gabas da yamma da Tekun Indiya. Gundumar tana da iyaka da Kudu maso Yamma da Yankin Mjini Magharibi, kudu maso gabas da Yankin Kudu na Unguja, sannan a Arewa da Gundumar Kaskazini A. Babban birnin gundumar (babban birnin) shine ƙaramin garin Mahonda. A bisa ga ƙidayar jama'a ta 2022, gundumar tana da jimillar yawan jama'a 99,921.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaskazini B (District, Tanzania) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/tanzania/admin/kaskazini_unguja/5102__kaskazini_b/ |access-date=2024-02-10 |website=www.citypopulation.de}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=2012 Population and Housing Census General Report |url=http://tanzania.countrystat.org/fileadmin/user_upload/countrystat_fenix/congo/docs/Census%20General%20Report-2012PHC.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220326183741/http://tanzania.countrystat.org/fileadmin/user_upload/countrystat_fenix/congo/docs/Census%20General%20Report-2012PHC.pdf |archive-date=2022-03-26 |access-date=2022-06-10 |publisher=Government of [[Tanzania]]}}</ref> == Yanayin ƙasa == Yana cikin yankin lowland na tsibirin, wanda ya kai kusan 95% na ƙasar a kan Kasinka B, kuma ɗayan ɓangaren, wanda ya mamaye halaye na murjani, sune manyan abubuwan da ke cikin wuri mai faɗi. Yawancin gundumar suna rufe da ƙasa mai ƙasƙanci, tare da yankin bakin teku, musamman a yamma da gabas, inda za'a iya samun ƙasar murjani. Yankin yana fuskantar yanayin zafi, tare da tsawo na rana na digiri 20 zuwa 40 na Celsius. Bugu da ƙari, yana da tsarin ruwan sama na bimodal, tare da lokacin ruwan sama mai tsawo (wanda aka sani a Swahili kamar Masika) da kuma ɗan gajeren lokacin rigar (wanda aka fi sani da vuli a Swahili). Duk da yake gajeren lokacin ruwan sama yana faruwa a cikin watanni na Satumba ko Oktoba, tsawon lokacin ruwan sama ya kasance daga Maris ko Afrilu zuwa Mayu. A lokacin dogon lokacin rigar, gundumar tana karɓar tsakanin 900 mm da 1,200 mm na ruwan sama, yayin da a lokacin gajeren lokacin ruwa, 400 mm zuwa 500 mm. Yankin na iya samar da amfanin gona iri-iri da kiwon dabbobi saboda wannan tsarin ruwan sama.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Kaskazini B district geography |url=https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/sites/unicef.org.tanzania/files/2018-10/Tanzania-2017-Kaskazini-B-District-Profile_0.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |publisher=Unicef}}</ref>&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp; == Yawan jama'a == Gundumar Kasiniki B tana da yawan jama'a 81,675, ko 6.2% na yawan mutanen Zanzibar, bisa ga Ƙididdigar Jama'a ta 2012. Misufini shehia tana da mafi yawan jama'a a cikin gundumar a mutane 7,986. Tare da mutane 5,582, Kitope ya zo na biyu. Mafi ƙanƙanta shehia a cikin gundumar, Kiongwe Kidogo shehia, yana da mazauna 391 kawai.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Kaskazini B district Population |url=https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/sites/unicef.org.tanzania/files/2018-10/Tanzania-2017-Kaskazini-B-District-Profile_0.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |publisher=Unicef}}</ref> == Tattalin Arziki == Kamar yadda yake tare da mafi yawan yankin Unguja ta Arewa, tattalin arzikin gundumar ya mamaye masana'antar sabis. [[Yawon bude ido|Yawon shakatawa]] ya kasance mafi girman mai samun kudin shiga a cikin gundumar. Koyaya, noma [[Doya|yams]] cikin zuciyar gundumar, Paddy, [[Dankali|dankali mai zaki]], [[Rogo|cassava]], yam, [[Gero|millet]], kayan yaji, [[ayaba]], da nau'ikan 'ya'yan itace da kayan lambu sune manyan amfanin gona da aka shuka a gundumar. Lokacin da aka kwatanta gundumar da sauran yankuna masu samar da amfanin gona, adadi da ke akwai a halin yanzu suna nuna matakin ƙarancin aiki. Paddy shine babban misali na wannan. Gwamnati tana kallon paddy (shinkafa) a matsayin amfanin gona na farko saboda yanayin amfani da tsibirin. Ndia ya Mtoni Shehia yana da mafi girman ƙasar da aka ware don noma da ke yin amfani da mafi yawan cassava.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Kaskazini B District economy |url=https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/sites/unicef.org.tanzania/files/2018-10/Tanzania-2017-Kaskazini-B-District-Profile_0.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |publisher=Unicef}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Hukumomin karamar hukuma (LGA) da gwamnatin tsakiya sun samar da tsarin mulkin Kasin B na matakai biyu. Daraktan gundumar yana aiki a matsayin shugaban LGA, yayin da kwamishinan gundumar (DC), wanda sakataren gudanarwa na gundumar ke tallafawa, yana aiki a matsayinsa na shugaban gwamnatin tsakiya (DAS). Aikin noma, kiwon lafiya, ilimi, asalin ƙasa, sadarwa, albarkatun ɗan adam, matasa, hadin gwiwa, tsarawa, gandun daji, wasanni da al'adu, dabbobi, kamun kifi, yara da mata, shari'a, ruwa, wasanni, da daidaitawa suna cikin sassan 18 da suka hada da ofishin DC. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Kaskazini B District government |url=https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/sites/unicef.org.tanzania/files/2018-10/Tanzania-2017-Kaskazini-A-District-Profile_0.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |publisher=Unicef}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=2020 |title=Local Government in Tanzania |url=https://icld.se/app/uploads/2020/02/Tanzania-.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |publisher=Swedish International Center for Local Democracy |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220723074816/https://icld.se/app/uploads/2020/02/Tanzania-.pdf |archive-date=23 July 2022 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Rukunin gudanarwa == Ya zuwa shekara ta 2016, an raba Gundumar Kasin B zuwa unguwanni 10 da Shehias 44. <ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Kaskazini b District subdivisions |url=https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/sites/unicef.org.tanzania/files/2018-10/Tanzania-2017-Kaskazini-B-District-Profile_0.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |publisher=Unicef}}</ref> === Mazaɓu === # Misufini # Mafufuni # Vijibweni # Mkataleni # Kiwengwa # Mbaleni # Fujoni # Mahonda === Shehias === # Done Mchagani # Donge Karange # Donge Kipange # Donge Mbiji # Donge Mnyimbi # Donge Mtambile # Donge Vijibweni # Fujoni # kidazini # Kinduni # Kiombamvua # Kilombero # Kiongwe Kidogo # Kinduni # Kisongoni # Kitope # Kiwengwa # Kwagube # Mbaleni # Mafufuni # Mgambo # Misufini # Mkadini # Muwanda # Njia ya Mtoni # Pangeni # Upenja # Zingwezingwe # Mahonda # Mgambo # Majenzi # Makoba # Mkadini # Mkataleni # Mangapwani == Ilimi da Lafiya == Jimillar makarantun sakandare 12, makarantun firamare 20, da makarantun firaminare 19 suna cikin Kasin B. Akwai duka sassan kiwon lafiya na farko 15 a cikin gundumar Kasin B (PHCUs). Tare da Donge Mchangani da Donge Vijibweni, jerin sun hada da Fujoni, Kiombamvua, Kiongwe, Kitope (Mai zaman kansa), Kiwengwa, da Mahonda. Bugu da ƙari, Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Mahonda (mai zaman kansa), Makoba, Misufini, Upenja, Zingwezingwe, Kitope Dispensary RC. Biyu daga cikin wadannan PHCUs ana gudanar da su ne masu zaman kansu, kuma sauran takwas mallakar jama'a ne.<ref>{{Cite web |year=2017 |title=Kaskazini B District education and health |url=https://www.unicef.org/tanzania/sites/unicef.org.tanzania/files/2018-10/Tanzania-2017-Kaskazini-B-District-Profile_0.pdf |access-date=23 July 2022 |publisher=Unicef}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} d9xy7u6fxuwovl5d3jg3869u2sil59i Sanusi Gado/New articles 0 176997 962122 956571 2026-10-03T03:43:04Z EmausBot 1782 Fixing double redirect from [[Tattaunawar user:Sanusi Gado/New articles]] to [[User:Sanusi Gado/New articles]] 962122 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[User:Sanusi Gado/New articles]] 0gin7anbtlj7ht7uvrjttb1dpmed23m Gwandum 0 177062 962019 956863 2026-10-02T20:18:59Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962019 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=Gwadum|official_name=|native_name=|native_name_lang=|settlement_type=Town|pushpin_map=Nigeria|subdivision_name=State|subdivision_name1=[[Gombe State]]|leader_name=Zakari El-zee|unit_pref=Metric|population_as_of=|population_total=139,494|utc_offset=+1|timezone=[[West Africa Time|WAT]]|coordinates={{Coord|9|34|N|11|5|E}}|coordinates_footnotes=<ref name=":0"/>}}<templatestyles src="Infobox settlement/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox ib-settlement vcard" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" |<div class="fn org">Gwadum</div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" |<div class="category">Birni</div> |- class="mergedtoprow" | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |<templatestyles src="Module:Location map/styles.css"></templatestyles><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px">[[File:Nigeria_location_map.svg|class=notpageimage noviewer|250x250px|Gwadum is located in Nigeria]]<div class="od notheme" style="top:44.33%;left:69.869%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px">[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|class=notpageimage noviewer|8x8px|Gwadum]]</div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Gwadum</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Yanayi a cikin Najeriya</div></div></div></div> |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Ma'auni:<templatestyles src="Module:Coordinates/styles.css"></templatestyles><span class="geo-inline"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion">[https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Gwandum&params=9_34_N_11_5_E_type:city(139494) <span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">9°34′N</span> <span class="longitude">11°5′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct">/&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x5F;&#x68;&#x61;&#x75;&#x5F;&#x5F;</span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">9.567°N 11.083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">9.567; 11.083</span></span></span>]</span></span><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Where is Gwandum in Gombe, Nigeria located? |url=https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/gwandum-located.html |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724204325/https://www.gomapper.com/travel/where-is/gwandum-located.html |archive-date=2023-07-24 |access-date=2023-07-24 |website=www.gomapper.com}}</ref> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Gwamnati<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedtoprow" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-header" |Yawan jama'a<div class="ib-settlement-fn"></div> |- class="mergedrow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |<div style="white-space:nowrap;">• Jimillar&nbsp;&nbsp;</div> | class="infobox-data" |139,494 |- class="mergedtoprow" ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Yankin lokaci<nowiki><span typeof="mw:Entity">&</nowiki>nbsp;<nowiki></span></nowiki> | class="infobox-data" |UTC+1 ([[Lokacin Yammacin Afirka|WAT]]) |} '''Gwandum''' wani Karamin garine ne a [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]] . Yana da ƙarancin jama a jama'a.<ref name=":0" /> == Yanayi == [[yanayi]], yanayi a Gwandu yana da tsaka-tsaki. [[Climate|yanayi]]<nowiki/>n garin yana da dumi zuwa zafi a duk shekara, kuma fari yana hana bishiyoyi girma. [[Yashi]] ya mamaye wuri mai faɗi, tare da ciyawa da aka warwatsa ko kuma a wasu lokuta bishiyoyi. Gwandu yana karɓar kimanin {{Cvt|485|mm}} in) na hazo. Tare da matsakaicin zafi na 31% da UV-index na 8, ya bushe na kwanaki 273 daga cikin shekara.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Gwandu weather and climate ☀️ Best time to visit 🌡️ Temperature |url=https://www.besttimetovisit.com.pk/nigeria/gwandu-2903551/ |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=www.besttimetovisit.com.pk |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230724211754/https://www.besttimetovisit.com.pk/nigeria/gwandu-2903551/ |archive-date=2023-07-24 |url-status=dead}}</ref> == Manazarta == 988n0ljlj0vjakfkni48jztet3lc276 Gasar Formula 2 ta 2026 0 177214 961867 957890 2026-10-02T12:07:46Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961867 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gasar FIA Formula 2 ta 2026 gasar tseren motoci ce don motocin Formula 2 wanda Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) ta ba da izini. Gasar ita ce kakar wasa ta sittin ta tseren Formula 2 kuma ta goma a karkashin sunan FIA Formula 2 Championship. Formula 2 wani nau'i ne na tseren ƙafa wanda ke aiki a matsayin mataki na biyu na tseren tsari a cikin FIA Global Pathway . Ana gudanar da rukunin ne don tallafawa zagaye na zaɓaɓɓen gasar zakarun duniya ta Formula One ta 2026. Kamar yadda gasar ta kasance jerin takamaiman, duk kungiyoyi da direbobi da ke fafatawa a gasar suna gudanar da mota ɗaya, Dallara F2 2024. Invicta Racing ta shiga gasar a matsayin 'yan wasan da ke mulki, bayan sun sami lambar yabo a tseren karshe na kakar da ta gabata a Abu Dhabi. == Rubuce-rubuce == Kungiyoyi da direbobi masu zuwa suna kwangila don yin gasa a gasar zakarun Formula 2 ta 2026. Kamar yadda gasar ta kasance jerin takamaiman, duk kungiyoyi suna gasa tare da irin wannan Dallara F2 2024 chassis ta amfani da injin V6 turbo wanda Mecachrome ya kirkira.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=2023-08-31 |title=Formula 2 unveils its new-for-2024 car to be built by Dallara |url=https://formulascout.com/formula-2-unveils-its-new-for-2024-car/110697 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Dukkanin kungiyoyi suna gasa da tayoyin da Pirelli ya bayar.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The car and engine |url=https://www.fiaformula2.com/About/14LCsEEMG9yyx5DkhcN1J8/the-car-and-engine-f2 |access-date=2025-06-14 |website=FIA_F2® - The Official F2® Website |language=en}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="font-size: 85%" !Kungiyar !A'a. !Direban !Zagaye-zangar |- | rowspan="2" nowrap="" |[[Invicta Racing|Gasar Invicta]]{{Flagicon|GBR}} |1 |[[Rafael Câmara]]{{Flagicon|BRA}} |1–12 |- |2 |[[Joshua Dürksen]]{{Flagicon|PAR}} |1–12 |- | rowspan="2" nowrap="" |[[Hitech Grand Prix|Hitech]]{{Flagicon|GBR}} |3 | nowrap="" |[[Ritomo Miyata]]{{Flagicon|JPN}} |1–12 |- |4 |[[Colton Herta]]{{Flagicon|USA}} |1-12{{Efn|[[Colton Herta]] was entered into the [[2026 Madrid Formula 2 round|Madrid round]], but later withdrew after feeling unwell.<ref>{{cite web|date=13 September 2026 |title=Colton Herta withdraws from both Madring F2 races |url=https://www.motorsport.com/fia-f2/news/colton-herta-withdraws-from-both-madring-f2-races/10855308/ |access-date=18 September 2026 |website=motorsport.com}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" nowrap="" |[[Campos Racing|Gasar Gasar Gida]]{{Flagicon|ESP}} |5 |[[Noel León]]{{Flagicon|MEX}} |1–12 |- |6 |[[Nikola Tsolov]]{{Flagicon|BUL}} |1–12 |- | rowspan="2" nowrap="" |[[DAMS Lucas Oil]]{{Flagicon|FRA}} |7 |[[Dino Beganovic]]{{Flagicon|SWE}} |1–12 |- |8 |[[Roman Bilinski]]{{Flagicon|POL}} |1–12 |- | rowspan="2" nowrap="" |[[MP Motorsport]]{{Flagicon|NLD}} |9 |[[Gabriele Minì]]{{Flagicon|ITA}} |1–12 |- |10 |[[Oliver Goethe]]{{Flagicon|DEU}} |1–12 |- | rowspan="2" nowrap="" |[[Prema Racing|Rashin tseren Prema]]{{Flagicon|ITA}} |11 |[[Sebastian Montoya|Sebastián Montoya]]{{Flagicon|COL}} |1–12 |- |12 |[[Mari Boya]]{{Flagicon|ESP}} |1–12 |- | rowspan="2" nowrap="" |[[Rodin Motorsport]]{{Flagicon|NZL}} |14 |[[Martinius Stenshorne]]{{Flagicon|NOR}} |1–12 |- |15 |[[Alex Dunne]]{{Flagicon|IRE}} |1–12 |- | rowspan="2" nowrap="" |[[ART Grand Prix]]{{Flagicon|FRA}} |16 |[[Kush Maini]]{{Flagicon|IND}} |1–12 |- |17 | nowrap="" |[[Tasanapol Inthraphuvasak]]{{Flagicon|THA}} |1-12{{Efn|[[Tasanapol Inthraphuvasak]] was entered into the [[2026 Montreal Formula 2 round|Montreal round]], but later withdrew following a crash in qualifying.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 May 2026 |title=Inthraphuvasak withdraws from F2 round in Canada |url=https://www.insidef2.com/inthraphuvasak-withdraws-from-f2-round-in-canada/ |access-date=24 May 2026 |website=insideF2}}</ref>}} |- | rowspan="2" |[[AIX Racing|Gasar AIX]]{{Flagicon|ARE}} |20 | nowrap="" |[[Emerson Fittipaldi Jr.]]{{Flagicon|BRA}} |1–12 |- |21 |[[Cian Shields|Garkuwar Cian]]{{Flagicon|GBR}} |1–12 |- | rowspan="3" nowrap="" |[[Van Amersfoort Racing|Gasar Van Amersfoort]]{{Flagicon|NLD}} | rowspan="2" |22 |[[Nico Varrone]]{{Flagicon|ARG}} |1–11 |- |[[Hiyu Yamakoshi]]{{Flagicon|JPN}} |12 |- |23 |[[Rafael Villagómez]]{{Flagicon|MEX}} |1–12 |- | rowspan="2" |[[Trident Motorsport|Trident]]{{Flagicon|ITA}} |24 |[[Laurens van Hoepen]]{{Flagicon|NLD}} |1–12 |- |25 |[[John Bennett (racing driver)|John Bennett]]{{Flagicon|GBR}} |1–12 |- ! colspan="4" |Tushen: |} === Canjin ƙungiya === Hitech ya ƙare haɗin gwiwar su tare da Toyota Gazoo Racing bayan kakar wasa daya, ya watsar da sunan 'TGR' daga sunansa. === Canjin direba === Gasar Invicta Racing ta masu mulki suna da sabon tsarin direba yayin da Leonardo Fornaroli ya shiga McLaren F1 Team a matsayin direban ajiya kuma Roman Staněk ya bar Formula 2 don shiga Kondo Racing's Buzz MK Racing offshoot a Super Formula . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Murphy |first=Drew |date=2026-01-15 |title=McLaren confirm Leonardo Fornaroli as 2026 reserve driver in academy update |url=https://www.gpblog.com/en/news/mclaren-confirm-leonardo-fornaroli-as-2026-reserve-driver-in-academy-update |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=GPblog |language=en}}</ref> Invicta ya sanya hannu a shekarar 2025 FIA Formula 3 Champion da kuma direban Ferrari Driver Academy Rafael Câmara daga Trident, da Joshua Dürksen, wanda ya bar AIX Racing bayan ya gama kamfen din 2025 na tara don shiga tawagar don kakar wasa ta uku a gasar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=2025 Formula 3 Champion Rafael Câmara steps up to F2 with Invicta Racing |url=https://www.fiaformula2.com/Latest/5EqLKOLpgVAm8ujP8FNlGq/2025-formula-3-champion-rafael-camara-steps-up-to-f2-with-invicta-racing |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=FIA_F2® - The Official F2® Website |language=en}}</ref><ref name="DurksenInvicta">{{Cite web |title=Invicta Racing sign Joshua Duerksen for the 2026 Formula 2 season |url=https://www.fiaformula2.com/Latest/21FlttUecWTenudO2ynXx1/invicta-racing-sign-joshua-duerksen-for-the-2026-formula-2-season |access-date=2025-10-22 |website=FIA_F2® - The Official F2® Website |language=en}}</ref> Hitech ya ga Dino Beganovic ya koma DAMS Lucas Oil da Luke Browning sun bar jerin don yin gasa a Super Formula tare da Kondo Racing . <ref name="BeganovicDAMS">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2025 |title=DINO BEGANOVIC IS CONFIRMED FOR 2026! |url=https://damslucasoil.com/2025/10/22/dino-beganovic-is-confirmed-for-2026/ |access-date=22 October 2025 |website=[[DAMS]]}}</ref> Sun sanya hannu kan direban gwajin Cadillac F1 Colton Herta don farawarsa ta Formula 2. Ya koma daga IndyCar Series, inda ya lashe tseren tara a cikin shekaru takwas kuma ya ƙare kakar 2025 a karo na bakwai na Andretti Global . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Medland |first=Chris |date=2025-10-21 |title=Herta to race with Hitech in F2 {{!}} RACER |url=https://racer.com/2025/10/20/herta-to-race-with-hitech-in-f2 |access-date=2025-10-21 |website=racer.com |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251021133708/https://racer.com/2025/10/20/herta-to-race-with-hitech-in-f2 |archive-date=2025-10-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta sanya hannu kan tsohon zakaran Super Formula Ritomo Miyata, wanda ya fara kamfen dinsa na uku na F2 bayan ya zo na 17 tare da ART Grand Prix a shekarar 2025. <ref name="Miyata">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Hitech announces Ritomo Miyata for 2026 FIA Formula 2 campaign |url=https://www.hitechgp.co.uk/hitech-announces-ritomo-miyata-for-2026-fia-formula-2-campaign/ |access-date=8 December 2025 |website=[[Hitech GP]] |language=en}}</ref> Campos Racing ya ga Pepe Martí ya kammala karatu zuwa Formula E tare da Cupra Kiro a gaban zagaye na karshe na kakar 2025, kuma Arvid Lindblad ya kammala karatu a Formula One tare da Racing Bulls . <ref name="Marti">{{Cite web |date=21 October 2025 |title=Pepe Martí joins CUPRA KIRO for 2025/26 FIA Formula E season |url=https://kiroraceco.com/latest/pepe-mart-joins-cupra-kiro-for-202526-fia-formula-e-season |access-date=21 October 2025 |website=[[Kiro Race Co]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2 December 2025 |title=Our Driver Line-Up For 2026 |url=https://www.visacashapprb.com/int-en/2026-driver-live-up-announcement |access-date=2 December 2025 |website=[[Racing Bulls]] |language=en}}</ref> 2025 FIA F3 wanda ya zo na biyu kuma direban Red Bull Junior Team Nikola Tsolov, wanda ya riga ya maye gurbin Martí a zagaye biyu na karshe na kakar 2025, ya zauna tare da Campos don kammala karatunsa na cikakken kakar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 September 2025 |title=Nikola Tsolov Graduates to FIA Formula 2 with Campos Racing in 2026 |url=https://www.camposracing.com/en/noticias/fia-f2/nikola-tsolov-graduates-to-fia-formula-2-with-campos-racing-in-2026 |access-date=16 September 2025 |website=[[Campos Racing]]}}</ref> Noel León ne ya haɗu da shi, wanda kuma ya tashi daga FIA F3 bayan ya gama kakar 2025 a cikin 17th tuki na Prema Racing . <ref>{{Cite web |date=21 October 2025 |title=Noel León to Make FIA F2 Debut with Campos Racing in 2026 |url=https://www.camposracing.com/en/noticias/fia-f2/noel-leon-to-make-fia-f2-debut-with-campos-racing-in-2026 |access-date=21 October 2025 |website=[[Campos Racing]]}}</ref> DAMS Lucas Oil suna da sabon layi yayin da Kush Maini ya koma ART Grand Prix kuma Jak Crawford ya bar jerin don shiga Aston Martin F1 Team a matsayin direba na uku.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 October 2025 |title=Jak Crawford confirmed as Aston Martin Aramco Third Driver for 2026 |url=https://www.astonmartinf1.com/en-GB/news/announcement/jak-crawford-confirmed-as-aston-martin-aramco-third-driver-for-2026 |access-date=28 October 2025 |website=Aston Martin F1}}</ref> Dino Beganovic memba na Kwalejin Driver ta Ferrari ya koma tawagar inda ya fara F2 a 2024 yayin da ya bar Hitech, tare da wanda ya kammala na bakwai a 2025, kuma Roman Bilinski ya fara jerin sa na farko bayan ya kammala na goma sha ɗaya a FIA F3 tare da Rodin Motorsport.<ref name="BeganovicDAMS" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2025 |title=Roman Bilinski steps up to Formula 2 with DAMS Lucas Oil for 2026 |url=https://www.fiaformula2.com/Latest/3RurcrjQJx9BsvQSUWTnAV/roman-bilinski-steps-up-to-formula-2-with-dams-lucas-oil-for-2026 |access-date=25 November 2025 |website=FIA_F2® - The Official F2® Website}}</ref> Richard Verschoor ya bar MP Motorsport bayan ya kwashe yanayi biyar a cikin rukunin don shiga Duqueine Team a cikin rukunin LMP2 na Turai Le Mans Series.<ref>{{Cite web |date=8 July 2025 |title=F2 leader Verschoor confirms this season will be his last |url=https://formulascout.com/f2-leader-verschoor-confirms-this-season-will-be-his-last |access-date=8 July 2025 |website=Formula Scout}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Klein |first=Jamie |date=2025-12-17 |title=Record 47-Car Provisional Full-Season Entry List Revealed – Sportscar365 |url=https://sportscar365.com/lemans/elms/record-47-car-provisional-full-season-entry-list-revealed/ |access-date=2025-12-17 |language=en-US}}</ref> Wanda ya maye gurbinsa shine Gabriele Minì, wanda ya gama cikakken kakar wasa ta farko a F2 a cikin 13th tuki na Prema Racing . <ref name="Mini">{{Cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Minì picks MP Motorsport for second full-season attempt at FIA Formula 2 glory |url=https://www.mpmotorsport.com/news/mini-picks-mp-motorsport-for-second-full-season-attempt-at-fia-formula-2-glory |access-date=8 December 2025 |website=[[MP Motorsport]] |language=en}}</ref> Prema Racing ya maye gurbin Minì mai zaman kansa tare da matashiyar direba ta Aston Martin Mari Boya, wanda ya kammala karatu daga FIA F3 bayan ya gama kakar 2025 a karo na uku tare da Campos Racing . <ref>{{Cite web |date=24 November 2025 |title=Boya joins PREMA Racing for 2026 FIA Formula 2 season |url=https://premaracing.com/en/news/19658-promising-spaniard-step-up-to-rookie-f2-year |access-date=24 November 2025 |website=[[Prema Racing]] |language=en}}</ref> Direban Rodin Motorsport Amaury Cordeel ya bar Formula 2 a gaban zagaye biyu na karshe na kakar 2025 don shiga Team WRT a cikin GT World Challenge Turai.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Goodwin |first=Graham |date=2026-02-16 |title=Team WRT Complete 2026 GT World Challenge Europe Roster |url=https://www.dailysportscar.com/2026/02/16/team-wrt-complete-2026-gt-world-challenge-europe-roster.html |access-date=2026-02-16 |website=www.dailysportscar.com |language=en-GB}}</ref> Don maye gurbinsa, kungiyar ta sanya hannu kan Martinius Stenshorne don cikakken kakar wasa ta farko bayan ya riga ya shiga zagaye na Baku na kakar 2025 tare da Trident kafin ya zama mataimakin Cordeel a lokacin zagaye biyu na karshe na shekarar 2025. Ya tashi daga FIA F3, inda ya zo na biyar a 2025 tare da Hitech.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1 October 2025 |title=Martinius Stenshorne joins Rodin Motorsport for 2026 campaign |url=https://www.fiaformula2.com/Latest/5WORxKNqxNTSXTiGgxiEu0/martinius-stenshorne-joins-rodin-motorsport-for-2026-campaign |access-date=1 October 2025 |website=FIA Formula 2 Championship}}</ref> ART Grand Prix ya ga Ritomo Miyata ya koma Hitech, yayin da Victor Martins ya bar Formula 2 bayan yanayi uku don shiga Alpine don shirin su na WEC Hypercar da Williams F1 Team a matsayin direba na gwaji da ci gaba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Villemant |first=Thibaut |last2=Khorounzhiy |first2=Valentin |date=2026-01-12 |title=Long-time F1 hopeful joins Alpine WEC roster |url=https://www.the-race.com/endurance/wec-alpine-new-signing-2026-victor-martins-williams/ |access-date=2026-01-12 |website=The Race |language=en}}</ref> Kungiyar ta sanya hannu kan direban Thai Tasanapol Inthraphuvasak, wanda ya kammala na bakwai tare da Campos Racing a cikin kakar FIA F3 ta 2025 kuma ya riga ya fara F2 a cikin kakar karshe ta 2025 don Trident, da Kush Maini, wanda ya shiga ART don kakar F2 ta huɗu bayan ya kammala na 16 a shekara ta 2025 tare da DAMS.<ref>{{Cite web |date=18 November 2025 |title=Tasanapol Inthraphusak graduates to Formula 2 in 2026 |url=https://www.art-grandprix.com/en/tasanapol-inthraphusak-graduates-to-formula-2-in-2026/ |access-date=18 November 2025 |website=[[ART Grand Prix]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=9 December 2025 |title=ART Grand Prix sign Kush Maini for the 2026 Formula 2 season |url=https://www.fiaformula2.com/Latest/7SAyy3pFmIDFHfZOmSPzW/art-grand-prix-sign-kush-maini-for-the-2026-formula-2-season |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=FIA Formula 2 Championship}}</ref> Joshua Dürksen ya bar AIX Racing bayan shekaru biyu na tuki ga tawagar, don shiga Invicta Racing . <ref name="DurksenInvicta" /> Don maye gurbinsa, AIX ya sanya hannu kan Emerson Fittipaldi Jr., wanda ya tashi daga Eurocup-3, inda ya tuka MP Motorsport.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Wood |first=Ida |date=7 September 2025 |title=Emmo Fittipaldi to leap up to F2 with AIX Racing in 2026 |url=https://formulascout.com/emmo-fittipaldi-to-leap-up-to-f2-with-aix-racing-in-2026/132980 |access-date=7 September 2025 |website=Formula Scout |language=en-US}}</ref> Van Amersfoort Racing ya ga John Bennett ya koma Trident . <ref name="Bennett">{{Cite web |date=9 December 2025 |title=FIA F2, John Bennett to Contest the 2026 FIA F2 with Trident Motorsport |url=https://www.tridentmotorsport.com/en/news/fia-f2,-john-bennett-to-contest-the-2026-fia-f2-with-trident-motorsport.html |access-date=9 December 2025 |website=[[Trident Motorsport]] |language=en}}</ref> 2023 FIA WEC LMGTE Am Champion da 24 Hours of Le Mans wanda ya lashe Nico Varrone, wanda ya yi gasa a cikin kujeru guda a cikin 2020 BRDC British Formula 3 Championship, ya maye gurbinsa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=23 October 2025 |title=Van Amersfoort Racing welcomes Argentinian driver Nicolas Varrone to 2026 FIA Formula 2 campaign for 2026 |url=https://www.vanamersfoortracing.nl/news/2025/van-amersfoort-racing-welcomes-argentinian-driver-nicolas-varrone-to-2026-fia-formula-2-campaign/ |access-date=23 October 2025 |website=[[Van Amersfoort Racing]] |language=en}}</ref> Trident suna da sabon layi kamar yadda Max Esterson da Sami Meguetounif, waɗanda suka yi tsere don mafi yawan 2025, ba su koma cikin jerin ba, tare da Esterson ya shiga RLL Team McLaren a cikin ajin GTD na IMSA, kuma Meguetounf ya shiga TDS Racing a cikin ajin LMP2 na Turai Le Mans Series. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dagys |first=John |date=December 9, 2025 |title=61-Car Rolex 24 Entry List Released |url=https://sportscar365.com/imsa/iwsc/61-car-rolex-24-entry-list-released/ |access-date=December 9, 2025 |website=Sportscar365 |publisher=John Dagys Media}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 March 2026 |title=TDS Racing mise sur Meguetounif et Huffaker pour épauler Thomas en LMP2 Pro-Am |url=https://www.endurance-info.com/auto/article/119528-tds-racing-mise-sur-meguetounif-et-huffaker-pour-epauler-thomas-en-lmp2-pro-am |access-date=8 March 2026 |website=Endurance-Info |language=fr}}</ref> Kungiyar ta sanya hannu kan John Bennett, wanda ya gama kakar wasa ta farko ta F2 ta 22 tare da Van Amersfoort Racing, da kuma direban FIA F3 Laurens van Hoepen, wanda ya zo na 12 tare da ART Grand Prix kuma ya riga ya yi tsere tare da Trident don zagaye uku na ƙarshe na shekarar 2025 .<ref name="Bennett" /><ref>{{Cite web |date=8 December 2025 |title=Van Hoepen to compete in the 2026 FIA F2 Championship with Trident |url=https://www.tridentmotorsport.com/en/news/van-hoepen-to-compete-in-the-2026-fia-f2-championship-with-trident.html |access-date=8 December 2025 |website=[[Trident Motorsport]] |language=en}}</ref> ==== Canje-canje a cikin yanayi ==== Kafin zagaye a Baku City Circuit, Nico Varrone ya sanar da cewa ya rabu da Van Amersfoort Racing . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ramirez |first=Luis |date=2026-09-17 |title=Nico Varrone dejará de competir en la FIA F2 con el equipo VAR con efecto inmediato |trans-title=Nico Varrone will stop competing in FIA F2 with the VAR team, effective immediately. |url=https://lat.motorsport.com/fia-f2/news/nico-varrone-dejara-competir-fia-f2-efecto-inmediato/10856436/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=lat.motorsport.com |language=es}}</ref> An maye gurbinsa da Hiyu Yamakoshi, wanda ya tashi daga FIA Formula 3, inda ya gama na tara bayan ya yi ikirarin matsayi uku ga tawagar.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-09-17 |title=Van Amersfoort Racing welcomes Hiyu Yamakoshi for FIA Formula 2 debut in Baku |url=https://www.vanamersfoortracing.nl/news/2026/van-amersfoort-racing-welcomes-hiyu-yamakoshi-for-fia-formula-2-debut-in-baku/ |access-date=2026-09-17 |website=Van Amersfoort Racing}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] <references /> num6xk18m6kliirgka03kxf13qcxa2t Gidan Tarihin Magungunan Soja 0 177232 961896 957959 2026-10-02T14:37:06Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 961896 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gidan Tarihin Magungunan Soja''', wanda a da ake kira '''Gidan Tarihin Ayyukan Lafiya na Sojoji''' ( '''AMS Museum''' ), yana cikin Keogh Barracks, a kan titin Mytchett Place, Mytchett, Surrey, [[Ingila]] . Gidan tarihin yana tattara bayanai game da ayyukan kiwon lafiya a cikin sojoji a cikin shekaru 200 da suka gabata. == Tarihi == [[File:Diorama_at_Army_Medical_Services_Museum.jpg|left|thumb|Rashin nasarar [[Yaƙin Duniya na I|Yaƙin Duniya na farko]] a cikin wani diorama a Gidan Tarihi]] Gidan kayan gargajiya ya dogara ne akan "Mytchett Collection", tarin takardu da aka tara a Gidan Tarihi na Tarihi a Keogh Barracks daga 1952. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Royal Army Medical Corps Muniments Collection |url=https://aim25.com/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=10876&inst_id=20&nv1=search&nv2= |access-date=7 December 2019 |publisher=AIM 25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726095728/https://aim25.com/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=10876&inst_id=20&nv1=search&nv2= |archive-date=26 July 2020 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya ya koma cikin ginin da yake ciki a yanzu a 1981. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Hampshire |url=http://www.medicalheritage.co.uk/HAMPSHIRE.htm |access-date=7 December 2019 |publisher=Medical heritage}}</ref> Tarin Gidan Tarihin Sojojin Sarauniya Alexandra, wanda a baya ya kasance a Royal Pavilion, Aldershot, ya koma shafin a cikin 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |title=QA Museum |url=https://www.qaranc.co.uk/qarancmuseum.php |access-date=7 December 2019 |publisher=Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps}}</ref> Gidan kayan gargajiya ya canza sunansa daga Gidan Tarihin Kula da Lafiya na Sojoji zuwa Gidan Tarihi na Sojojin a cikin 2016. <ref>{{Cite web |date=26 August 2016 |title=AMS Museum Move |url=https://www.ramcassociation.org.uk/main-news/association-news/118-ams-museum-move |access-date=7 December 2019 |publisher=RAMC Association}}</ref> == Tarin == Gidan kayan gargajiya a halin yanzu yana da tarin Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) da Royal Army Nursing Corps (QARANC) da kuma Royal Army Veterinary Corps (RAVC) da Royal Navy Dental Corps (RADC). <ref>{{Cite web |title=Museum of Military Medicine |url=http://www.nationalarchives.gov.uk/archon/searches/locresult_details.asp?LR=1115 |access-date=31 December 2013 |website=ARCHON Directory |publisher=[[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|The National Archives]]}}</ref> Kayan da aka nuna sun hada da kayan aiki da alamomi, kayan aikin likita, na hakora da na dabbobi, motocin asibiti, kocin jirgin asibiti da babban tarin lambobin yabo ciki har da 23 daga cikin 29 Victoria Crosses da aka ba da sabis na kiwon lafiya na Sojoji. Har ila yau, tarin ya haɗa da motar [[Florence Nightingale]] wacce ta yi amfani da ita a Crimea, wanda aka daidaita don ɗaukar shimfiɗa. Gidan kayan gargajiya ya haɗa da shago.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Army Medical Services Museum Shop |url=http://www.ams-shop.org.uk/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140101163736/http://www.ams-shop.org.uk/ |archive-date=1 January 2014 |access-date=31 December 2013 |publisher=Army Medical Services Museum}}</ref> == Makomar nan gaba == A watan Disamba na 2020, an amince da tsare-tsaren don gina sabon gini a Cardiff, inda gidan kayan gargajiya zai koma.[1] An sanar da cewa gidan kayan gargajiya a Keogh Barracks zai rufe a ranar 2 ga watan Agusta 2025 kafin a koma sabon gini a Whittington Barracks.[2] == Manazarta == msyctap4k66ugik71oigf9sq4mr6elk Gasar Olympics ta 46 0 177492 962169 959786 2026-10-03T07:03:05Z BnHamid 12586 962169 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} Gasar [[Dara (Chess)|Chess]] ta 46 ta kasance gasar ƙwallon ƙafa ta kasa da kasa da aka gudanar a Samarkand, Uzbekistan, daga 15 zuwa 27 ga Satumba 2026. Ƙungiyar Chess ta Duniya (FIDE) ce ta shirya shi kuma ya ƙunshi manyan gasa guda biyu: taron buɗewa ga 'yan wasa na kowane jinsi, da kuma Taron mata ga' yan wasan mata kawai. An gudanar da gasar Chess Olympiad don mutanen da ke da nakasa da FIDE Congress a lokaci guda da kuma wurin. Har ila yau, akwai abubuwan da suka faru don inganta wasan ƙwallon ƙafa. Akwai jimlar mahalarta 1961: 1,024 a taron Open da 937 a taron mata. An shirya su cikin ƙungiyoyi 206 daga ƙasashe 204 a cikin sashin buɗewa, da ƙungiyoyi 189 daga ƙasashe 187 a cikin sashen Mata. Kowane sashi yana da zagaye 11; a kowane zagaye 'yan wasa huɗu daga kowace kungiya sun buga' yan wasa huɗu manipud wata kungiya. An ƙaddara masu adawa ta amfani da Tsarin Switzerland. Babban wurin shine Cibiyar Nunin Kasa da Kasa ta Silk Road . Babban Arbiter shi ne Arbiter na Duniya Ivan Syrovy daga Slovakia. An tsara ƙungiyoyi ta yawan zagaye da suka ci - maki biyu don cin nasara da maki ɗaya don zanawa. Kungiyar gida ta Uzbekistan ta lashe lambar zinare a taron Open, lambar yabo ta biyu (bayan 2022). Masu karewa Indiya sun lashe lambar azurfa kuma Jamus ta lashe tagulla. A gasar mata, kasar Sin ta lashe zinare, ta bakwai kuma ta farko tun 2018. Kazakhstan ta dauki azurfa kuma masu kare Indiya sun lashe tagulla. == Tarihi == Chess Olympiad gasa ce ta shekaru biyu inda kungiyoyin da ke wakiltar kasashe ke fafatawa a cikin wasan kwaikwayo na Olympics.<ref name="chessable">{{Cite web |last=Astle |first=Matthew |date=27 July 2022 |title=Chessable's Guide to the 44th FIDE Chess Olympiad |url=https://www.chessable.com/blog/chess-olympiad-2022/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425101837/https://www.chessable.com/blog/chess-olympiad-2022/ |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=Chessable}}</ref><ref name="regulations">{{Cite web |title=Chess Olympiad: Regulations for the Chess Olympiad |url=https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/chess_olympiad_regulations.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718121716/https://www.fide.com/FIDE/handbook/chess_olympiad_regulations.pdf |archive-date=18 July 2014 |access-date=14 February 2020 |publisher=[[FIDE]]}}</ref> An gudanar da fitowar farko ba bisa ka'ida ba, wanda aka lakafta shi a matsayin "Wasanni na Olympics na Chess", a birnin Paris a 1924, kuma ya dace da Wasannin Olympics na bazara da suka faru a birnin a wannan shekarar. Duk da gaskiyar cewa taron bai kasance wani ɓangare na wasannin Olympics ba kuma ba a ba masu nasara lambobin yabo na Olympics ba, dokokin wasannin Olympics sun shafi.<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 June 2022 |title=Chess Olympiad: Paris 1924 (unofficial) |url=https://chennai2022.fide.com/chess-olympiad-paris-1924-unofficial/#:~:text=Game%20system%3A,added%20to%20the%20final%20score. |access-date=9 January 2025 |publisher=Chennai 2022}}</ref> Masu shirya wasannin Olympics na bazara sun bayyana wasan ƙwallon ƙafa a matsayin wasanni, amma sun bukaci a ba da izinin masu son kawai su shiga, wanda ya haifar da matsala saboda yana da wahala a zana layi tsakanin masu son da masu sana'a.{{Efn|Chess was officially recognised as a sport by the [[International Olympic Committee]] in 1999. At the [[Chess at the 2000 Summer Olympics|2000 Summer Olympics]], a two-game exhibition match between grandmasters [[Vishwanathan Anand]] and [[Alexey Shirov]] took place, but no Olympic medals were awarded.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.chessjournal.com/is-chess-an-olympic-sport/ |title=Is Chess an Olympic Sport? (The Reality of Chess in Sports) |date=16 December 2021 |work=The Chess Journal |access-date=25 April 2023 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425113919/https://www.chessjournal.com/is-chess-an-olympic-sport/ |url-status=live }}</ref>}}<ref name="history">{{Cite web |date=30 July 2022 |title=A Brief History Of Chess Olympiad |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/a-brief-history-of-chess-olympiad-news-213032 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425100332/https://www.outlookindia.com/sports/a-brief-history-of-chess-olympiad-news-213032 |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |website=[[Outlook (Indian magazine)|Outlook]]}}</ref> An gudanar da bugu na farko na Chess Olympiad a London a 1927. <ref name="földeák" /> Har zuwa 1950 an shirya gasar ne a lokuta marasa kyau. Tun daga wannan lokacin ana gudanar da shi sau ɗaya a kowace shekara biyu.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Sprecher |first=Mary Helen |date=26 August 2022 |title=Inside Events: Chess Olympiad |url=https://www.sportsdestinations.com/sports/team-sports/inside-events-chess-olympiad-30771#:~:text=The%20Olympiads%20were%20occasionally%20held,of%20teams%20of%20four%20players. |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230425100335/https://www.sportsdestinations.com/sports/team-sports/inside-events-chess-olympiad-30771#:~:text=The%20Olympiads%20were%20occasionally%20held,of%20teams%20of%20four%20players. |archive-date=25 April 2023 |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=Sports Destination Management}}</ref><ref name="history" /> Gasar Olympics ta mata ta farko ta gudana ne a Emmen, Netherlands a shekara ta 1957; tun 1976, an gudanar da gasar mata a lokaci guda tare da gasar Open a gasar Chess Olympiads. {{Efn|The Open tournament enables participation of players from all genders.}}<ref>{{Cite web |date=10 August 2022 |title=FIDE Chess Olympiad 2022 highlights: India finish with nine medals, including historic women's team bronze |url=https://olympics.com/en/news/fide-chess-olympiad-2022-india-medal-tally-women-team-bronze |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221001232534/https://olympics.com/en/news/fide-chess-olympiad-2022-india-medal-tally-women-team-bronze |archive-date=1 October 2022 |access-date=25 April 2023 |publisher=[[International Olympic Committee]]}}</ref> Tsohuwar [[Tarayyar Sobiyet|Tarayyar Soviet]] a tarihi ita ce kasa mafi nasara tare da lambobin zinare 18 da aka samu.<ref name="chessable" /> An bude tsarin neman izini don shirya gasar Olympics ta 46 da kuma taron FIDE a watan Maris na shekara ta 2022. Kowace birni da ke sha'awar karbar bakuncin taron dole ne su gabatar da tayin su ga FIDE a ranar 31 ga Mayu 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |date=3 March 2022 |title=FIDE Chess Olympiad 2026 – Call for bids |url=https://www.fide.com/fide-chess-olympiad-2026-call-for-bids/ |access-date=4 September 2026 |publisher=FIDE}}</ref> Shirin ya tabbatar da cewa duk tanadin da ake bukata daidai da Dokokin Olympiad na Littafin FIDE za a rufe shi da mai shirya, gami da sassan 4.1, 4.2 da 4.3 da suka shafi kwamitin shirya, kudi, da samar da abubuwan more rayuwa da tallafi, bi da bi.<ref name="regulations" /> [[Uzbekistan]] ta gabatar da tayin kawai don karɓar bakuncin taron, wanda Babban Taron FIDE ya amince da shi a watan Agustan 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Askar Yakubov |date=8 August 2022 |title=The 46th World Chess Olympiad to be held in Uzbekistan in 2026 |url=https://www.uzdaily.uz/en/the-46th-world-chess-olympiad-to-be-held-in-uzbekistan-in-2026/ |access-date=4 September 2026 |publisher=UzDaily}}</ref> An yi maraba da shawarar a cikin duniyar chess. Shugaba na FIDE Emil Sutovsky ya rubuta a kafofin sada zumunta:<blockquote>An amince da Uzbekistan a matsayin mai karɓar bakuncin FIDE Olympiad-2026. Sanin karɓar baƙi na Uzbeks, na tabbata zai zama abin da ya faru na musamman. Abin da ya sa lokacin ya zama abin mamaki shine lokacin: An ba Uzbekistan kyautar gasar Olympics ta 2026 yayin da tawagarta ke samun zinare a gasar Olympics ta 2022. Kasar ta zama a lokaci guda ikon wasan ƙwallon ƙafa kuma an ba ta babban taron wasan ƙwallaye.<ref name="olympicchess">{{Cite web |date=10 May 2026 |title=Why Samarkand? Inside FIDE's Choice for the 46th Chess Olympiad |url=https://olympchess.com/blog/why-samarkand-inside-fides-choice-for-the-46th-chess-olympiad |access-date=4 September 2026}}</ref></blockquote>Da farko dai, ƙungiyar ƙwallon ƙafa ta Uzbekistan (CFU) ta nuna cewa za a gudanar da taron a Tashkent ko Samarkand, har sai an warware matsalar wurin taron da kuma wasu batutuwa na siyasa da na ƙungiya. A farkon shekarar 2024, an tabbatar da cewa Samarkand za ta karbi bakuncin gasar Olympics a Cibiyar Baje Kolin Kasa da Kasa ta Silk Road. [1] Wannan shine gasar Olympics ta farko ta wasan dara da za a yi a Tsakiyar Asiya. ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 1pu1e7xedkl5uwy9b4i9ioqgn5ihpat Hashimi II El-Kanemi 0 177691 962102 961184 2026-10-03T00:43:38Z InternetArchiveBot 13371 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9.6 962102 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox person | name = Hashimi II El-Kanemi | title = Shehun Damaturu | reign = 2004–yanzu | coronation = 15 Mayu 2004 | predecessor = Bukar Ibn Umar El-Kanemi | birth_name = Baba Shehu Hashimi II Ibn Umar El-Kanemi | dynasty = El-Kanemi | house = El-Kanemi | religion = Musulunci | occupation = Basaraken gargajiya; ma'aikacin gwamnati | }} '''Baba Shehu Hashimi II Ibn Umar El-Kanemi''' (wanda aka fi sani da '''Hashimi II El-Kanemi''') basaraken gargajiya ne ɗan Najeriya kuma [[Shehu]] na [[Masarautar Damaturu]] a [[Jihar Yobe]]. An amince da naɗinsa a matsayin Shehun Damaturu a watan Nuwamba 2003, sannan aka naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2004. Ya gaji ɗan'uwansa, Alhaji Bukar Ibn Umar El-Kanemi, wanda ya rasu a [[Makka]] a shekarar 2003.<ref name="DailyTrust">{{cite news |title=Yobe Governor appoints new Emir of Damaturu |date=12 November 2003 |work=Daily Trust }}</ref><ref name="Damaturu">{{cite web |title=Damaturu Emirate |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Damaturu_Emirate |website=Wikipedia |access-date=30 September 2026 }}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == Hashimi II El-Kanemi ya fito ne daga gidan sarautar [[El-Kanemi]], wanda ke da alaƙa da tarihin sarautun [[Kanem-Bornu Empire|Daular Kanem-Bornu]]. Sunan mahaifinsa shi ne Umar El-Kanemi.<ref name="Nigeria234">{{cite web |title=Alhaji Shehu Hashimi II Ibn Umar El-Kanemi: Emir of Damaturu |url=https://nigeria234.com/alhaji-shehu-hashimi-ii-ibn-umar-el-kanemi-emir-of-damaturu/ |website=Nigeria 234 |access-date=30 September 2026 }}</ref> An haife shi kuma ya taso a yankin da ke ƙarƙashin tasirin al'adun [[Kanuri]]. Matsayinsa a cikin gidan sarautar El-Kanemi ya ba shi damar shiga harkokin mulkin gargajiya tun kafin ya zama Shehun Damaturu.<ref name="Nigeria234"/> == Ilimi == Hashimi II ya yi karatun harkokin lissafin kuɗi da gudanarwa. A shekarar 1988 ya samu '''Diploma in Accounting and Auditing''' daga [[Ramat Polytechnic]], Maiduguri.<ref name="KanuriStudies">{{cite web |title=Emirs of Machina, Damaturu, Gujba and Gazargamu of Yobe State |url=http://www.kanuristudies.com/ |website=Kanuri Studies Association |access-date=30 September 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717000000/http://www.kanuristudies.com/ |archive-date=17 July 2011 |url-status=bot: unknown }}</ref> Daga baya ya samu Advanced Diploma daga [[Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University]], Bauchi, a shekarar 2002.<ref name="KanuriStudies"/> == Aikin gwamnati == Kafin ya zama basarake, Hashimi II ya yi aiki a bangaren gudanarwa da kuɗi. Daga shekarar 1983 zuwa 1987 ya yi aiki a matsayin ma'aikacin karɓar kuɗi (cashier) a wani kamfanin noma da ke [[Damaturu]]. Daga baya ya yi aiki a matsayin akawun a Damaturu Local Government.<ref name="KanuriStudies"/> Bayan ƙirƙirar [[Jihar Yobe]] a shekarar 1991, ya koma aikin gwamnatin jihar. A shekarar 1996 ya kai matsayin Director of Finance and Supply a Ofishin Gwamna.<ref name="KanuriStudies"/> == Harkar sarautar gargajiya == A shekarar 2000, ɗan'uwansa, Bukar Ibn Umar El-Kanemi, wanda shi ne Shehun Damaturu a lokacin, ya naɗa Hashimi II a matsayin '''Dagacin/Dagacin Gundumar Damaturu''' (District Head of Damaturu).<ref name="KanuriStudies"/> Bayan rasuwar Bukar Ibn Umar El-Kanemi a Makka a shekarar 2003, gwamnatin [[Jihar Yobe]] ƙarƙashin Gwamna [[Bukar Ibrahim]] ta amince da naɗin Hashimi II a matsayin sabon Shehun Damaturu a watan Nuwamba 2003.<ref name="DailyTrust"/> An naɗa shi a hukumance a ranar 15 ga Mayu 2004. Ya zama shugaban [[Masarautar Damaturu]], wadda take ɗaya daga cikin masarautun gargajiya na Jihar Yobe.<ref name="Damaturu"/> == Matsayinsa a Masarautar Damaturu == Damaturu Emirate masarauta ce ta gargajiya da ke [[Damaturu]], babban birnin Jihar Yobe. Masarautar tana cikin tsarin sarautun gargajiya na arewacin Najeriya kuma tana da alaka da al'ummar Kanuri.<ref name="Damaturu"/> A matsayinsa na Shehu, Hashimi II yana taka rawa wajen wakiltar al'umma a harkokin al'adu, zaman lafiya da hulɗa tsakanin sarautun gargajiya da hukumomin gwamnati. A shekarar 2021, ya bayyana goyon bayan Majalisar Sarakunan Gargajiya ta Yobe ga ayyukan sojojin Najeriya na yaki da [[Boko Haram]] da sauran kungiyoyin masu tayar da hankali a jihar. Ya kuma bayyana cewa cibiyoyin gargajiya za su ci gaba da bai wa jami'an tsaro hadin kai wajen wayar da kan jama'a da samar da bayanan tsaro.<ref name="VON">{{cite web |title=Troops will be guided by professional Code of Conduct – Gen. Nura |url=https://von.gov.ng/troops-will-be-guided-by-professional-code-of-conduct-gen-nura/ |website=Voice of Nigeria |date=10 March 2021 |access-date=30 September 2026 }}</ref> == Harkokin al'umma == Hashimi II ya kuma shiga cikin ayyukan da suka shafi ci gaban al'umma. A shekarun baya-bayan nan, an bayyana rawar da ya taka wajen tallafa wa ayyukan binciken kiwon lafiya da ake gudanarwa a yankin Yobe. A wani bincike kan cututtukan koda da dementia da [[Yobe State University]] ke tallafawa, masu binciken sun gode masa saboda taimakonsa wajen samun amincewar al'umma domin gudanar da bincike a yankin Damaturu da sauran sassan kwarin kogin Yobe.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite web |title=YSU’s BioTRC collects 1,000 samples to study kidney failure, dementia in Yobe |url=https://guardian.ng/features/health/ysus-biotrac-collects-1000-samples-to-study-kidney-failure-dementia-in-yobe/ |website=The Guardian Nigeria |access-date=30 September 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Masarautar Damaturu]] * [[Damaturu]] * [[Jihar Yobe]] * [[Kanuri]] * [[Daular Kanem-Bornu]] * [[El-Kanemi]] * [[Boko Haram]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Rukuni:Mutanen Jihar Yobe]] [[Rukuni:Sarakunan gargajiya na Najeriya]] [[Rukuni:Sarakunan Yobe]] [[Rukuni:Damaturu]] [[Rukuni:Kanuri]] [[Rukuni:El-Kanemi]] airpqcmcpwrsrv2gnbvbcmnsp66wsqm Wasannin Parapan na Amurka 0 177758 962211 961467 2026-10-03T07:34:48Z BnHamid 12586 962211 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wasannin Parapan American Games wani taron wasanni ne na kasa da kasa ga 'yan wasa masu nakasa da ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru hudu bayan kowace gasar Pan American Games . An gudanar da wasannin farko a shekarar 1999 a birnin Mexico, Mexico. Wasannin Parapan American na 2003 shine wasannin Parapan American na ƙarshe da ba a gudanar a birni ɗaya da Wasannin Pan American ba. An gudanar da wasannin Parapan American na baya-bayan nan tsakanin 17 zuwa 26 ga Nuwamba 2023, a Santiago, Chile. == Wasanni == {{Location map+|America}} {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 100%" width="align=&quot;center&quot;" ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Games ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Year ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Host country <br /><br />(as recognized by IPC) ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Host city ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Opened by ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Dates ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Nations ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Competitors ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Sports ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Events ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Top nation |- | align="center" |1 | align="center" |1999 | align="left" |{{MEX}} |[[Mexico (birni)|Mexico City]] | |4–11 November 1999 |18 |1,000 |4 |378 | Mexico |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2003 | align="left" | Argentina |Mar del Plata | |3–10 December 2003 |28 |1,500 |9 |303 | Mexico |- | align="center" |3 | align="center" |2007 | align="left" |{{BRA}} |[[Rio de Janeiro]] |Governor Sérgio Cabral Filho |12–19 August 2007 |25 |1,115 |10 |257 | Brazil |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |2011 | align="left" |{{MEX}} |[[Guadalalajara|Guadalajara]] |Secretary Bernardo de la Garza |12–20 November 2011 |24 |1,355 |13 |276 | Brazil |- | align="center" |5 | align="center" |2015 | align="left" | Canada |[[Toronto]] |Governor General [[David Johnston (gwamna janar)|David Johnston]] |7–15 August 2015 |28 |1,615 |15 |317 | Brazil |- | align="center" |6 | align="center" |2019 | align="left" |{{PER}} |[[Lima]] |President Martín Vizcarra |23 August – 1 September 2019 |30 |1,890 |'''17''' |370 | Brazil |- | align="center" |7 | align="center" |2023 | align="left" |{{CHL}} |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] |President Gabriel Boric |17–26 November 2023 |'''31''' |'''1,934''' |'''17''' |'''380''' | Brazil |- | align="center" |[[2027 Parapan American Games|8]] | align="center" |2027 | align="left" |{{PER}} |[[Lima]] | |13-22 August 2027 | | |'''17''' | |- | align="center" |[[2031 Parapan American Games|9]] | align="center" |2031 | align="left" |{{PRY}} |[[Asunción]] | | | | |'''17''' | |} == Wasanni == {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:1em auto;" | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni ! Shekaru |- | [[Archery at the Parapan American Games|harbin baka]] | 2011–2015, 2023 |- | [[Athletics at the Parapan American Games|Wasanni]] | Tun daga shekarar 1999 (wajibi) |- | [[Badminton at the Parapan American Games|Badminton]] | 2019 - yanzu |- | [[Boccia at the Parapan American Games|Boccia]] | {{Nowrap|2003, 2011–present (compulsory)}} |- | [[Cycling at the Parapan American Games|Keke]] | 2003, 2011 - yanzu |- | style="background: #D3D3D3;" | [[Equestrian at the Parapan American Games|Mai hawan doki]] | 2003 |- | {{Nowrap|[[Football 5-a-side at the Parapan American Games|Football 5-a-side]]}} | 2007–yanzu (na tilas) |- | [[Football 7-a-side at the Parapan American Games|Ƙwallon ƙafa 7-a-gefe]] | 2007, 2015–yanzu (na tilas) |- | [[Goalball at the Parapan American Games|Kwallon raga]] | 2011–yanzu (na tilas) |- | [[Judo at the Parapan American Games|Judo]] | 2007–yanzu (na tilas) |} | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni ! Shekaru |- | [[Powerlifting at the Parapan American Games|Ƙarfin wutar lantarki]] | 2007–yanzu |- | [[Shooting at the Parapan American Games|Harbi]] | 2019 - yanzu |- | [[Swimming at the Parapan American Games|iyo]] | 1999–yanzu (na tilas) |- | [[Table tennis at the Parapan American Games|Wasan tennis na tebur]] | {{Nowrap|1999, 2007–present (compulsory)}} |- | [[Taekwondo at the Parapan American Games|Taekwondo]] | 2019 - yanzu |- | style="background: #D3D3D3;" | [[Sitting volleyball at the Parapan American Games|Zama a wasan ƙwallon raga]] | 2003–2019 |- | {{Nowrap|[[Wheelchair basketball at the Parapan American Games|Wheelchair basketball]]}} | 1999–yanzu (na tilas) |- | style="background: #D3D3D3;" | [[Wheelchair fencing at the Parapan American Games|Shingen keken hannu]] | 2003 |- | [[Wheelchair tennis at the Parapan American Games|Wasan tennis na keken guragu]] | 2003–yanzu |- | [[Wheelchair rugby at the Parapan American Games|Rugby na keken guragu]] | 2015–yanzu (na tilas) |} |} == Teburin lambar yabo ta kowane lokaci == * An sabunta shi na ƙarshe bayan Wasannin Parapan American na 2023 .   == Wasannin Matasa == '''Wasannin Matasa na Parapan na Amurka''' wani taron wasanni ne na kasa da kasa ga 'yan wasa masu shekaru 12 zuwa 21 masu nakasa ta jiki. <ref name="IPCBarq">{{Cite web |title=Barquisimeto 2005 Youth Parapan American Games |url=https://www.paralympic.org/americas-paralympic-committee/barquisimeto-2005 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri wasannin ne bayan Wasannin Pan American na 2003 domin rage matsakaicin tazara tsakanin ƙasashe a nahiyar Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2017 |title=Bid process launched for 2021 Youth Parapan American Games |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1052318/bid-process-launched-for-2021-youth-parapan-american-games |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=Dunsar Media Company Limited}}</ref> Ana gudanar da wasannin duk bayan shekaru huɗu, tare da wasannin Pan American da Parapan American, inda aka fara gudanar da irin wannan a shekarar 2005 a Barquisimeto, [[Venezuela]] . === Jerin Wasannin Matasa na Parapan na Amurka === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" ! width="20" |Games ! width="20" |Year !{{Nowrap|Host city}} !{{Nowrap|Host nation}} !{{Nowrap|Opened by}} !{{Nowrap|Start Date}} !{{Nowrap|End Date}} !{{Nowrap|Nations}} !Competitors !Sports !Events !{{Nowrap|Top Placed Team}} !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |1 |2005 | align="left" |Barquisimeto | align="left" |{{Flag|Venezuela}} | align="left" | | align="left" |22 October | align="left" |30 October |10 | |8 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|VEN|2005 Youth Parapan American Games}} |<ref name="IPCBarq" /> |- |2 |2009 | align="left" |[[Bogotá]] | align="left" |{{Flag|Colombia}} | align="left" | | align="left" |17 October | align="left" |22 October |14 |700 |9 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|BRA|2009 Youth Parapan American Games}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2009 |title=Paralimpicos Panamericanos en acción |url=http://www.coldeportes.gov.co/montaje/index.php?idcategoria=5378 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120140733/http://www.coldeportes.gov.co/montaje/index.php?idcategoria=5378 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=19 January 2018 |publisher=Coldeportes |language=es}}</ref> |- |3 |2013 | align="left" |[[Buenos Aires]] | align="left" |{{Flag|Argentina}} | align="left" |Alicia Kirchner | align="left" |13 October | align="left" |20 October |16 |600 |10 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|BRA|2013 Youth Parapan American Games}} |<ref name="IPCBue">{{Cite web |title=Buenos Aires 2013 Youth Parapan American Games |url=https://www.paralympic.org/americas-paralympic-committee/buenos-aires-2013 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=International Paralympics Committee}}</ref> |- |4 |2017 | align="left" |[[São Paulo]] | align="left" |{{Flag|Brazil}} | align="left" | | align="left" |20 March | align="left" |25 March |19 |808 |12 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|BRA|2017 Youth Parapan American Games}} |<ref name="IPCSao">{{Cite web |title=São Paulo 2017 Youth Parapan American Games |url=https://www.paralympic.org/americas-paralympic-committee/sao-paulo-2017 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=International Paralympics Committee}}</ref> |- |5 |2023 | align="left" |[[Bogotá]] | align="left" |{{Flag|Colombia}} | align="left" | | align="left" |2 June | align="left" |12 June | | |12 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|COL|2021 Youth Parapan American Games}} | |- |6 |2025 | align="left" |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] | align="left" |{{Flag|Chile}} | align="left" | | align="left" |31 October | align="left" |9 November |27 | |14 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|BRA|2025 Youth Parapan American Games}} | |} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} 5bsckzri67547lfikkbrhb7vg6030oz 962212 962211 2026-10-03T07:35:19Z BnHamid 12586 962212 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} Wasannin Parapan American Games wani taron wasanni ne na kasa da kasa ga 'yan wasa masu nakasa da ake gudanarwa duk bayan shekaru hudu bayan kowace gasar Pan American Games . An gudanar da wasannin farko a shekarar 1999 a birnin Mexico, Mexico. Wasannin Parapan American na 2003 shine wasannin Parapan American na ƙarshe da ba a gudanar a birni ɗaya da Wasannin Pan American ba. An gudanar da wasannin Parapan American na baya-bayan nan tsakanin 17 zuwa 26 ga Nuwamba 2023, a Santiago, Chile. == Wasanni == {{Location map+|America}} {| class="sortable wikitable" style="font-size: 100%" width="align=&quot;center&quot;" ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Games ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Year ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Host country <br /><br />(as recognized by IPC) ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Host city ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Opened by ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Dates ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Nations ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Competitors ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Sports ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Events ! style="background:#2E2D88; color:white;" |Top nation |- | align="center" |1 | align="center" |1999 | align="left" |{{MEX}} |[[Mexico (birni)|Mexico City]] | |4–11 November 1999 |18 |1,000 |4 |378 | Mexico |- | align="center" |2 | align="center" |2003 | align="left" | Argentina |Mar del Plata | |3–10 December 2003 |28 |1,500 |9 |303 | Mexico |- | align="center" |3 | align="center" |2007 | align="left" |{{BRA}} |[[Rio de Janeiro]] |Governor Sérgio Cabral Filho |12–19 August 2007 |25 |1,115 |10 |257 | Brazil |- | align="center" |4 | align="center" |2011 | align="left" |{{MEX}} |[[Guadalalajara|Guadalajara]] |Secretary Bernardo de la Garza |12–20 November 2011 |24 |1,355 |13 |276 | Brazil |- | align="center" |5 | align="center" |2015 | align="left" | Canada |[[Toronto]] |Governor General [[David Johnston (gwamna janar)|David Johnston]] |7–15 August 2015 |28 |1,615 |15 |317 | Brazil |- | align="center" |6 | align="center" |2019 | align="left" |{{PER}} |[[Lima]] |President Martín Vizcarra |23 August – 1 September 2019 |30 |1,890 |'''17''' |370 | Brazil |- | align="center" |7 | align="center" |2023 | align="left" |{{CHL}} |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] |President Gabriel Boric |17–26 November 2023 |'''31''' |'''1,934''' |'''17''' |'''380''' | Brazil |- | align="center" |[[2027 Parapan American Games|8]] | align="center" |2027 | align="left" |{{PER}} |[[Lima]] | |13-22 August 2027 | | |'''17''' | |- | align="center" |[[2031 Parapan American Games|9]] | align="center" |2031 | align="left" |{{PRY}} |[[Asunción]] | | | | |'''17''' | |} == Wasanni == {| cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="margin:1em auto;" | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni ! Shekaru |- | [[Archery at the Parapan American Games|harbin baka]] | 2011–2015, 2023 |- | [[Athletics at the Parapan American Games|Wasanni]] | Tun daga shekarar 1999 (wajibi) |- | [[Badminton at the Parapan American Games|Badminton]] | 2019 - yanzu |- | [[Boccia at the Parapan American Games|Boccia]] | {{Nowrap|2003, 2011–present (compulsory)}} |- | [[Cycling at the Parapan American Games|Keke]] | 2003, 2011 - yanzu |- | style="background: #D3D3D3;" | [[Equestrian at the Parapan American Games|Mai hawan doki]] | 2003 |- | {{Nowrap|[[Football 5-a-side at the Parapan American Games|Football 5-a-side]]}} | 2007–yanzu (na tilas) |- | [[Football 7-a-side at the Parapan American Games|Ƙwallon ƙafa 7-a-gefe]] | 2007, 2015–yanzu (na tilas) |- | [[Goalball at the Parapan American Games|Kwallon raga]] | 2011–yanzu (na tilas) |- | [[Judo at the Parapan American Games|Judo]] | 2007–yanzu (na tilas) |} | valign="top" | {| class="wikitable" ! Wasanni ! Shekaru |- | [[Powerlifting at the Parapan American Games|Ƙarfin wutar lantarki]] | 2007–yanzu |- | [[Shooting at the Parapan American Games|Harbi]] | 2019 - yanzu |- | [[Swimming at the Parapan American Games|iyo]] | 1999–yanzu (na tilas) |- | [[Table tennis at the Parapan American Games|Wasan tennis na tebur]] | {{Nowrap|1999, 2007–present (compulsory)}} |- | [[Taekwondo at the Parapan American Games|Taekwondo]] | 2019 - yanzu |- | style="background: #D3D3D3;" | [[Sitting volleyball at the Parapan American Games|Zama a wasan ƙwallon raga]] | 2003–2019 |- | {{Nowrap|[[Wheelchair basketball at the Parapan American Games|Wheelchair basketball]]}} | 1999–yanzu (na tilas) |- | style="background: #D3D3D3;" | [[Wheelchair fencing at the Parapan American Games|Shingen keken hannu]] | 2003 |- | [[Wheelchair tennis at the Parapan American Games|Wasan tennis na keken guragu]] | 2003–yanzu |- | [[Wheelchair rugby at the Parapan American Games|Rugby na keken guragu]] | 2015–yanzu (na tilas) |} |} == Teburin lambar yabo ta kowane lokaci == * An sabunta shi na ƙarshe bayan Wasannin Parapan American na 2023 . == Wasannin Matasa == '''Wasannin Matasa na Parapan na Amurka''' wani taron wasanni ne na kasa da kasa ga 'yan wasa masu shekaru 12 zuwa 21 masu nakasa ta jiki. <ref name="IPCBarq">{{Cite web |title=Barquisimeto 2005 Youth Parapan American Games |url=https://www.paralympic.org/americas-paralympic-committee/barquisimeto-2005 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=International Paralympic Committee}}</ref> An ƙirƙiri wasannin ne bayan Wasannin Pan American na 2003 domin rage matsakaicin tazara tsakanin ƙasashe a nahiyar Amurka. <ref>{{Cite web |date=4 July 2017 |title=Bid process launched for 2021 Youth Parapan American Games |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1052318/bid-process-launched-for-2021-youth-parapan-american-games |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=Dunsar Media Company Limited}}</ref> Ana gudanar da wasannin duk bayan shekaru huɗu, tare da wasannin Pan American da Parapan American, inda aka fara gudanar da irin wannan a shekarar 2005 a Barquisimeto, [[Venezuela]] . === Jerin Wasannin Matasa na Parapan na Amurka === {| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; font-size:90%;" ! width="20" |Games ! width="20" |Year !{{Nowrap|Host city}} !{{Nowrap|Host nation}} !{{Nowrap|Opened by}} !{{Nowrap|Start Date}} !{{Nowrap|End Date}} !{{Nowrap|Nations}} !Competitors !Sports !Events !{{Nowrap|Top Placed Team}} !{{Abbr|Ref.|Reference}} |- |1 |2005 | align="left" |Barquisimeto | align="left" |{{Flag|Venezuela}} | align="left" | | align="left" |22 October | align="left" |30 October |10 | |8 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|VEN|2005 Youth Parapan American Games}} |<ref name="IPCBarq" /> |- |2 |2009 | align="left" |[[Bogotá]] | align="left" |{{Flag|Colombia}} | align="left" | | align="left" |17 October | align="left" |22 October |14 |700 |9 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|BRA|2009 Youth Parapan American Games}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=14 October 2009 |title=Paralimpicos Panamericanos en acción |url=http://www.coldeportes.gov.co/montaje/index.php?idcategoria=5378 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190120140733/http://www.coldeportes.gov.co/montaje/index.php?idcategoria=5378 |archive-date=20 January 2019 |access-date=19 January 2018 |publisher=Coldeportes |language=es}}</ref> |- |3 |2013 | align="left" |[[Buenos Aires]] | align="left" |{{Flag|Argentina}} | align="left" |Alicia Kirchner | align="left" |13 October | align="left" |20 October |16 |600 |10 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|BRA|2013 Youth Parapan American Games}} |<ref name="IPCBue">{{Cite web |title=Buenos Aires 2013 Youth Parapan American Games |url=https://www.paralympic.org/americas-paralympic-committee/buenos-aires-2013 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=International Paralympics Committee}}</ref> |- |4 |2017 | align="left" |[[São Paulo]] | align="left" |{{Flag|Brazil}} | align="left" | | align="left" |20 March | align="left" |25 March |19 |808 |12 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|BRA|2017 Youth Parapan American Games}} |<ref name="IPCSao">{{Cite web |title=São Paulo 2017 Youth Parapan American Games |url=https://www.paralympic.org/americas-paralympic-committee/sao-paulo-2017 |access-date=18 January 2019 |publisher=International Paralympics Committee}}</ref> |- |5 |2023 | align="left" |[[Bogotá]] | align="left" |{{Flag|Colombia}} | align="left" | | align="left" |2 June | align="left" |12 June | | |12 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|COL|2021 Youth Parapan American Games}} | |- |6 |2025 | align="left" |[[Santiago de Chile|Santiago]] | align="left" |{{Flag|Chile}} | align="left" | | align="left" |31 October | align="left" |9 November |27 | |14 | | align="left" |{{FlagIOC2team|BRA|2025 Youth Parapan American Games}} | |} == Nassoshi == {{Reflist}} m80zpgqdc8a9zso6r8y7i4ihlf4pq57 Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol 0 177816 962209 961665 2026-10-03T07:31:19Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 962209 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol''' (3 ga Fabrairu 1772 - 12 ga Disamba 1840) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne ɗan Faransa. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Toulouse]], Esquirol ya kammala karatunsa a [[Montpellier]] . Ya zo [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 1799 inda ya yi aiki a Asibitin Salpêtrière kuma ya zama ɗalibi da Philippe Pinel ya fi so. Domin baiwa Esquirol damar yin bincike mai zurfi kan hauka a wuri mai dacewa, an ruwaito cewa Pinel ya sanya tsaron gida da lambun a kan Rue de Buffon inda Esquirol ya kafa ''[[maison de santé]]'' ko [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|mafaka]] ta sirri a 1801 ko 1802. ''Gidan'' Esquirol ya yi nasara sosai, an sanya shi a cikin 1810, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun cibiyoyi uku a birnin Paris. A shekarar 1805 ya buga takardarsa ta ƙarshe '', wato "Sha'awa" da aka yi la'akari da su a matsayin sanadin, alamu da kuma hanyoyin magance matsalar hauka'' . Kamar Pinel, Esquirol ya yi imanin cewa asalin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa yana samuwa ne daga sha'awar rai kuma ya gamsu cewa hauka ba ya shafar dalilin majiyyaci gaba ɗaya kuma ba tare da wata matsala ba. == Sana'a == [[File:Esquirol.JPG|left|thumb|267x267px| Asibitin Esquirol a Saint-Maurice (Val de Marne)]] An sanya Esquirol ''médecin ordinaire'' a Salpêtrière a 1811, bayan mutuwar Jean-Baptiste Pussin, amintaccen wakilin Pinel. Pinel ya zaɓi Esquirol saboda, kamar yadda Pinel ya faɗa, "likita ne... wanda ya keɓe kansa ga nazarin hauka," yana jayayya cewa tare da shekaru masu yawa na ƙwarewar ''maison de santé'' shi kaɗai ne mutumin da ya dace da aikin. Esquirol ya ga batun hauka a matsayin tsari da kuma na ƙasa. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya musamman ga talakawa inda ya ga jihar, tare da taimakon likitoci, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ya kuma ga muhimmiyar rawa ga likitoci wajen kula da mutanen da ake zargi da laifuka waɗanda aka ayyana ba su da alhakinsu saboda hauka. A cikin takaddamar jama'a game da wannan tambayar, ya ƙarfafa amfani da ganewar asali na monomania . Ta hanyar ɗaukar irin wannan muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan al'amuran jama'a, shahararsa ta fi ta malaminsa Pinel. A shekara ta 1817, a ƙarƙashin masarautar Bourbon da aka maido, Esquirol ya fara wani kwas a kan ''cututtukan kwakwalwa'' a cikin ɗakunan cin abinci na Salpêtrière. Wannan wataƙila shine koyarwar farko ta ilimin tabin hankali a Faransa. A shekara ta 1817 ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar mafarki. A wannan lokacin ba farfesa ba ne a sashen koyarwa na birnin Paris ko kuma babban likita a wani asibiti a birnin Paris, sai dai kawai ''likitan gargajiya ne'' . Duk da haka, an ruwaito cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman asibiti waɗanda "ɗalibai ke taruwa da wani irin hauka." {{Rp|pages=129–130}}Yana da ɗalibai da yawa masu hazaka. A shekarun 1810, 1814 da 1817, Esquirol, da kuɗinsa, ya yi rangadin wuraren kula da mahaukata a faɗin [[Faransa]] . A shekara ta 1818 bayan waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen, ya rubuta ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwarsa da aka gabatar wa ministan harkokin cikin gida da kuma cikakken bayani game da bincikensa da aka buga a cikin ''Dictionnaire des sciences médicales'' . Waɗannan labaran sun bayyana, a cikin kalmomi masu kyau da ban tsoro, yanayin da mahaukata ke rayuwa a cikinsa a duk faɗin Faransa. Sun nuna cewa gyare-gyaren da aka yi a birnin Paris ba su shiga lardunan ba. Tare da waɗannan sharuɗɗan guda biyu, an yi wani shiri na gyara da aka tsara wa gwamnati da kuma aikin likitanci. Wannan shirin ya ƙunshi maki huɗu: * Da farko, ya kamata a yi wa wannan hauka magani a asibitoci na musamman ta hannun likitoci masu horo na musamman. * Na biyu, wannan gyaran ya ƙunshi fitar da ci gaban da aka samu a birnin Paris zuwa lardunan. * Na uku, cewa "asibitin mahaukaci kayan aiki ne na warkarwa". Da wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne a tsara tsarin zahiri na sabbin asibitocin tabin hankali don tallafawa aikin sabon ƙwarewa. * Na huɗu, Esquirol ya dage kan cewa dole [[Magunguna|ne a yi maganin]] mahaukata ta hanyar da ta dace. "Dole ne likita ya zama, a wani yanayi, babban jami'in asibiti mai fama da mahaukaci. Shi ne ya kamata ya fara aiki... Ya kamata a ba wa likitan iko wanda babu wanda aka keɓe daga gare shi." Bisa ga umarnin ministan harkokin cikin gida, Esquirol ya yi wani bincike a duk fadin kasar, inda ya ziyarci dukkan cibiyoyin da ke fadin Faransa inda ake killace masu tabin hankali. A shekara ta 1822 aka naɗa shi babban sufeto na sashen likitanci, kuma a shekara ta 1825 aka naɗa shi darektan asibitin Charenton . Ya zama babban mai tsara dokokin ƙasa na shekarar 1838 wanda ya kafa wuraren mafaka ga duk masu fama da tabin hankali na Faransa waɗanda ke buƙata kuma har yanzu yana aiki a yau. A shekara ta 1834, an zaɓe shi memba na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Royal Swedish . == Manazarta ==  * {{Cite journal |last=Ottaviani |first=R |last2=Vanni Paolo |last3=Guerin E |last4=Boddi V |last5=Vanni D |year=2002 |title=On Esquirol's historical and statistical study of the royal establishment at Charenton |journal=[[Vesalius: Acta Internationales Historiae Medicinae]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=23–33 |pmid=12422885}} * {{Cite journal |last=Caire |first=M |year=1997 |title=Esquirol in 1805: titles, publications, performed duties |journal=[[Histoire des Sciences Médicales]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |issn=0440-8888 |pmid=11625101}} * {{Cite journal |last=Weiner |first=D B |year=1989 |title=Esquirol's patient register: the first private psychiatric hospital in Paris, 1802–1808 |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=110–20 |issn=0007-5140 |pmid=2670011}} * {{Cite journal |last=Szapiro |first=E |year=1976 |title=Pinel and Esquirol: some comments on the beginning of a friendship |journal=[[Annales médico-psychologiques]] |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=59–61 |issn=0003-4487 |pmid=798504}} * {{Cite journal |last=Schrenk |first=M |year=1973 |title=Pathology of passions. In memoriam J.E.D. Esquirol, born 1772 |journal=[[Der Nervenarzt]] |location=[[West Germany]] |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=195–8 |issn=0028-2804 |pmid=4573586}} * {{Cite journal |last=Mora |first=G |year=1972 |title=On the bicentenary of the birth of Esquirol (1772–1840), the first complete psychiatrist |journal=[[The American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=562–7 |doi=10.1176/ajp.129.5.562 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=4562465}} * {{Cite journal |last=Grecu |first=G |year=1972 |title=200th anniversary of the birth of the great French psychiatrist, Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol |journal=[[Neurologia, Psihiatria, Neurochirurgia]] |location=[[Romania]] |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=553–7 |issn=0028-386X |pmid=4571250}} * {{Cite journal |last=Baruk |first=H |year=1971 |title=Work of Pinel and Esquirol in the light of "antipsychiatry" |journal=[[Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.]] |location=[[France]] |volume=155 |issue=9 |pages=205–15 |issn=0001-4079 |pmid=4934293}} * '''Goldstein, Jan'''. ''Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century,'' [Cambridge, Cambridge U.P., 1987]. * '''Weiner, Dora'''. ‘Le geste de Pinel: Psychiatric Myth,’ in Mark S. Micale and Roy Porter [eds.], ''Discovering the History of Psychiatry'' [Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994] 232–247. * '''Gauchet, Marcel''' & '''Swain, Gladys'''. [Translated by Catherine Porter], ''Madness and Democracy: the Modern Psychiatric Universe.'' [Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1999]. * Rafael Huertas, "Between doctrine and clinical practice: nosography and semiology in the work of Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol (1772—1840)," ''History of Psychiatry'', 19,2 (2008), 123–140. aaqzt68n83w85nbpb00ffrmn3lfi6hv 962210 962209 2026-10-03T07:32:55Z BnHamid 12586 962210 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol''' (3 ga Fabrairu 1772 - 12 ga Disamba 1840) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne ɗan Faransa. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Toulouse]], Esquirol ya kammala karatunsa a [[Montpellier]] . Ya zo [[Faris|birnin Paris]] a shekarar 1799 inda ya yi aiki a Asibitin Salpêtrière kuma ya zama ɗalibi da Philippe Pinel ya fi so. Domin baiwa Esquirol damar yin bincike mai zurfi kan hauka a wuri mai dacewa, an ruwaito cewa Pinel ya sanya tsaron gida da lambun a kan Rue de Buffon inda Esquirol ya kafa ''[[maison de santé]]'' ko [[Asibitin Cututtukan Zuciya|mafaka]] ta sirri a 1801 ko 1802. ''Gidan'' Esquirol ya yi nasara sosai, an sanya shi a cikin 1810, a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyawun cibiyoyi uku a birnin Paris. A shekarar 1805 ya buga takardarsa ta ƙarshe '', wato "Sha'awa" da aka yi la'akari da su a matsayin sanadin, alamu da kuma hanyoyin magance matsalar hauka'' . Kamar Pinel, Esquirol ya yi imanin cewa asalin rashin lafiyar kwakwalwa yana samuwa ne daga sha'awar rai kuma ya gamsu cewa hauka ba ya shafar dalilin majiyyaci gaba ɗaya kuma ba tare da wata matsala ba. == Sana'a == [[File:Esquirol.JPG|left|thumb|267x267px| Asibitin Esquirol a Saint-Maurice (Val de Marne)]] An sanya Esquirol ''médecin ordinaire'' a Salpêtrière a 1811, bayan mutuwar Jean-Baptiste Pussin, amintaccen wakilin Pinel. Pinel ya zaɓi Esquirol saboda, kamar yadda Pinel ya faɗa, "likita ne... wanda ya keɓe kansa ga nazarin hauka," yana jayayya cewa tare da shekaru masu yawa na ƙwarewar ''maison de santé'' shi kaɗai ne mutumin da ya dace da aikin. Esquirol ya ga batun hauka a matsayin tsari da kuma na ƙasa. Wannan ya kasance gaskiya musamman ga talakawa inda ya ga jihar, tare da taimakon likitoci, tana taka muhimmiyar rawa. Ya kuma ga muhimmiyar rawa ga likitoci wajen kula da mutanen da ake zargi da laifuka waɗanda aka ayyana ba su da alhakinsu saboda hauka. A cikin takaddamar jama'a game da wannan tambayar, ya ƙarfafa amfani da ganewar asali na monomania . Ta hanyar ɗaukar irin wannan muhimmiyar rawa a cikin waɗannan al'amuran jama'a, shahararsa ta fi ta malaminsa Pinel. A shekara ta 1817, a ƙarƙashin masarautar Bourbon da aka maido, Esquirol ya fara wani kwas a kan ''cututtukan kwakwalwa'' a cikin ɗakunan cin abinci na Salpêtrière. Wannan wataƙila shine koyarwar farko ta ilimin tabin hankali a Faransa. A shekara ta 1817 ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar mafarki. A wannan lokacin ba farfesa ba ne a sashen koyarwa na birnin Paris ko kuma babban likita a wani asibiti a birnin Paris, sai dai kawai ''likitan gargajiya ne'' . Duk da haka, an ruwaito cewa yana ɗaya daga cikin malaman asibiti waɗanda "ɗalibai ke taruwa da wani irin hauka." {{Rp|pages=129–130}}Yana da ɗalibai da yawa masu hazaka. A shekarun 1810, 1814 da 1817, Esquirol, da kuɗinsa, ya yi rangadin wuraren kula da mahaukata a faɗin [[Faransa]] . A shekara ta 1818 bayan waɗannan tafiye-tafiyen, ya rubuta ɗan gajeren tarihin rayuwarsa da aka gabatar wa ministan harkokin cikin gida da kuma cikakken bayani game da bincikensa da aka buga a cikin ''Dictionnaire des sciences médicales'' . Waɗannan labaran sun bayyana, a cikin kalmomi masu kyau da ban tsoro, yanayin da mahaukata ke rayuwa a cikinsa a duk faɗin Faransa. Sun nuna cewa gyare-gyaren da aka yi a birnin Paris ba su shiga lardunan ba. Tare da waɗannan sharuɗɗan guda biyu, an yi wani shiri na gyara da aka tsara wa gwamnati da kuma aikin likitanci. Wannan shirin ya ƙunshi maki huɗu: * Da farko, ya kamata a yi wa wannan hauka magani a asibitoci na musamman ta hannun likitoci masu horo na musamman. * Na biyu, wannan gyaran ya ƙunshi fitar da ci gaban da aka samu a birnin Paris zuwa lardunan. * Na uku, cewa "asibitin mahaukaci kayan aiki ne na warkarwa". Da wannan yana nufin cewa dole ne a tsara tsarin zahiri na sabbin asibitocin tabin hankali don tallafawa aikin sabon ƙwarewa. * Na huɗu, Esquirol ya dage kan cewa dole [[Magunguna|ne a yi maganin]] mahaukata ta hanyar da ta dace. "Dole ne likita ya zama, a wani yanayi, babban jami'in asibiti mai fama da mahaukaci. Shi ne ya kamata ya fara aiki... Ya kamata a ba wa likitan iko wanda babu wanda aka keɓe daga gare shi." Bisa ga umarnin ministan harkokin cikin gida, Esquirol ya yi wani bincike a duk fadin kasar, inda ya ziyarci dukkan cibiyoyin da ke fadin Faransa inda ake killace masu tabin hankali. A shekara ta 1822 aka naɗa shi babban sufeto na sashen likitanci, kuma a shekara ta 1825 aka naɗa shi darektan asibitin Charenton . Ya zama babban mai tsara dokokin ƙasa na shekarar 1838 wanda ya kafa wuraren mafaka ga duk masu fama da tabin hankali na Faransa waɗanda ke buƙata kuma har yanzu yana aiki a yau. A shekara ta 1834, an zaɓe shi memba na ƙasashen waje na Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Royal Swedish . ==Manazarta== * {{Cite journal |last=Ottaviani |first=R |last2=Vanni Paolo |last3=Guerin E |last4=Boddi V |last5=Vanni D |year=2002 |title=On Esquirol's historical and statistical study of the royal establishment at Charenton |journal=[[Vesalius: Acta Internationales Historiae Medicinae]] |volume=8 |issue=1 |pages=23–33 |pmid=12422885}} * {{Cite journal |last=Caire |first=M |year=1997 |title=Esquirol in 1805: titles, publications, performed duties |journal=[[Histoire des Sciences Médicales]] |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=45–52 |issn=0440-8888 |pmid=11625101}} * {{Cite journal |last=Weiner |first=D B |year=1989 |title=Esquirol's patient register: the first private psychiatric hospital in Paris, 1802–1808 |journal=[[Bulletin of the History of Medicine]] |volume=63 |issue=1 |pages=110–20 |issn=0007-5140 |pmid=2670011}} * {{Cite journal |last=Szapiro |first=E |year=1976 |title=Pinel and Esquirol: some comments on the beginning of a friendship |journal=[[Annales médico-psychologiques]] |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=59–61 |issn=0003-4487 |pmid=798504}} * {{Cite journal |last=Schrenk |first=M |year=1973 |title=Pathology of passions. In memoriam J.E.D. Esquirol, born 1772 |journal=[[Der Nervenarzt]] |location=[[West Germany]] |volume=44 |issue=4 |pages=195–8 |issn=0028-2804 |pmid=4573586}} * {{Cite journal |last=Mora |first=G |year=1972 |title=On the bicentenary of the birth of Esquirol (1772–1840), the first complete psychiatrist |journal=[[The American Journal of Psychiatry]] |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=562–7 |doi=10.1176/ajp.129.5.562 |issn=0002-953X |pmid=4562465}} * {{Cite journal |last=Grecu |first=G |year=1972 |title=200th anniversary of the birth of the great French psychiatrist, Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol |journal=[[Neurologia, Psihiatria, Neurochirurgia]] |location=[[Romania]] |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=553–7 |issn=0028-386X |pmid=4571250}} * {{Cite journal |last=Baruk |first=H |year=1971 |title=Work of Pinel and Esquirol in the light of "antipsychiatry" |journal=[[Bull. Acad. Natl. Med.]] |location=[[France]] |volume=155 |issue=9 |pages=205–15 |issn=0001-4079 |pmid=4934293}} * '''Goldstein, Jan'''. ''Console and Classify: The French Psychiatric Profession in the Nineteenth Century,'' [Cambridge, Cambridge U.P., 1987]. * '''Weiner, Dora'''. ‘Le geste de Pinel: Psychiatric Myth,’ in Mark S. Micale and Roy Porter [eds.], ''Discovering the History of Psychiatry'' [Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1994] 232–247. * '''Gauchet, Marcel''' & '''Swain, Gladys'''. [Translated by Catherine Porter], ''Madness and Democracy: the Modern Psychiatric Universe.'' [Princeton NJ, Princeton University Press, 1999]. * Rafael Huertas, "Between doctrine and clinical practice: nosography and semiology in the work of Jean-Etienne-Dominique Esquirol (1772—1840)," ''History of Psychiatry'', 19,2 (2008), 123–140. 7hq7s93qtouuf7uiq8w9kk7u28fb4wf Edinburgh Phrenological Society 0 177818 962208 961670 2026-10-03T07:30:31Z BnHamid 12586 962208 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} An kafa '''ƙungiyar likitocin Edinburgh Phrenological Society''' a shekarar 1820 ta hannun George Combe, lauya [[Edinburgh|a Edinburgh]], tare da ɗan'uwansa likita Andrew Combe . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Phrenology in Edinburgh |url=http://www.phrenology.mvm.ed.ac.uk/Phrenology/The_Rise.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032044/http://www.phrenology.mvm.ed.ac.uk/Phrenology/The_Rise.html |archive-date=4 March 2016 |access-date=2016-09-23 |website=phrenology.mvm.ed.ac.uk}}</ref> Ƙungiyar Edinburgh ita ce ƙungiyar farko kuma mafi girma a fannin ilimin phrenology a [[Hadaddiyar Masarautar Burtaniya Mai Girma da Ireland|Burtaniya]] ; fiye da ƙungiyoyi arba'in na ilimin phrenology sun biyo baya a wasu sassan Tsibirin Burtaniya . Tasirin Ƙungiyar ya fi yawa a cikin shekaru ashirin na farko kuma ya ragu a cikin shekarun 1840; an yi rikodin taron ƙarshe a cikin 1870. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Records of the Phrenological Society of Edinburgh – Archives Hub |url=https://archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk/data/gb237-coll-227 |access-date=2019-05-23 |website=archiveshub.jisc.ac.uk}}</ref> Babban manufar ilimin halittar kwakwalwa ita ce kwakwalwa ita ce sashin kwakwalwa kuma ana iya fahimtar halayen ɗan adam ta hanyar amfani da kalmomin neuropsychological (na zahiri) maimakon falsafa ko addini. Masana ilimin halittar jiki sun yi watsi da bayanin allahntaka kuma sun jaddada yanayin tunani . Masana ilimin halittar jini na Edinburgh sun kuma yi aiki a matsayin ungozoma ga ka'idar juyin halitta kuma sun sake haifar da sha'awar cutar tabin hankali da kuma maganinta na ɗabi'a . Ilimin Phrenology ya yi iƙirarin cewa kimiyya ce amma yanzu ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin kimiyyar ƙarya domin hanyoyinsa na yau da kullun ba su dace da ƙa'idodin kimiyya na yau da kullun ba. <ref name="UE-Fall">{{Cite web |title=The Fall of Phrenology in Edinburgh |url=http://www.phrenology.mvm.ed.ac.uk/Phrenology/The_Fall.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402125105/http://www.phrenology.mvm.ed.ac.uk/Phrenology/The_Fall.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |website=Anatomical Museum |publisher=School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh}}</ref> Masana ilimin halittar jiki na Edinburgh sun haɗa da George da Andrew Combe; likitan mafaka kuma mai gyara William AF Browne, mahaifin James Crichton-Browne ; Robert Chambers, marubucin littafin tarihi na Darwinian na 1844 ''Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation'' ; William Ballantyne Hodgson, masanin tattalin arziki kuma majagaba a ilimin mata; masanin ilmin taurari John Pringle Nichol ; da kuma masanin tsirrai da juyin halitta Hewett Cottrell Watson . [[Charles Darwin]], ɗalibin likitanci a Edinburgh a tsakanin shekarun 1825-7, ya shiga tattaunawa kan ilimin halittar jiki a ƙungiyar Plinian Society kuma ya koma Edinburgh a shekarar 1838 lokacin da yake tsara ra'ayoyinsa game da zaɓin yanayi . <ref>{{Cite web |title=The History of Phrenology: A Chronology |url=http://www.victorianweb.org/science/phrenology/chron.html |access-date=2017-01-20 |website=victorianweb.org}}</ref> == Bayani == Ilimin halittar jiki ya samo asali ne daga ra'ayin likitan likita kuma mai binciken kimiyya Franz Joseph Gall a Vienna a ƙarni na 18. Gall ya ba da shawarar cewa ɓangarorin [[Hankali|tunani]] sun yi daidai da sassan [[kwakwalwa]], kuma yana yiwuwa a tantance halayen mutum ta hanyar bincika siffar ƙoƙon kansa. Wannan ɓangaren "ƙwayar kwakwalwa" ya faɗaɗa sosai ta hanyar almajirinsa na farko, Johann Spurzheim, wanda ya ƙirƙiro kalmar ''phrenology'' kuma ya gan ta a matsayin hanyar gyara zamantakewa ta hanyar inganta yanayin rayuwar ɗan adam. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Van Wyhe |first=John |year=2004 |title=2004HisSc..42..313V Page 313 |journal=History of Science |volume=42 |page=313 |bibcode=2004HisSc..42..313V}}</ref>  A shekarar 1815, ''Edinburgh Review'' ta buga wani labari mai tayar da hankali na [[Anatomy|masanin ilmin halittar jiki]] John Gordon, wanda ya kira ilimin halittar jiki "cakuda kurakurai masu yawa" da "wasu abubuwan ban mamaki". A martanin da ya mayar, Spurzheim ya je Edinburgh don shiga cikin muhawarar jama'a da kuma yin nazarin kwakwalwa a bainar jama'a. Duk da cewa al'ummar kimiyya da likitanci a can sun karɓe shi da ladabi, mutane da yawa sun damu da falsafar jari-hujja da ke cikin ilimin falsafa. George Combe, wani lauya wanda a da yake da shakku a baya, ya zama mai bin diddigin ilimin halittar jiki bayan ya saurari sharhin Spurzheim yayin da yake binciken kwakwalwar ɗan adam. == Kafawa da aiki == [[File:George_Combe01.jpg|thumb| George Combe, wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar, lauya ne wanda ya sadaukar da rayuwarsa ta ƙarshe ga ci gaban ilimin halittar jiki a faɗin duniya.]] An kafa ƙungiyar ilimin halittar Edinburgh Phrenological Society a ranar 22 ga Fabrairu, 1820, ta hannun 'yan'uwan Combe tare da goyon bayan ministan Evangelical David Welsh . Ƙungiyar ta bunƙasa cikin sauri; a shekarar 1826, tana da membobi 120, waɗanda aka kiyasta kashi ɗaya bisa uku daga cikinsu suna da ilimin likitanci. Ƙungiyar ta sami adadi mai yawa na kayan tarihi na phrenological, kamar su kawunan porcelain masu alama waɗanda ke nuna wurin da gabobin kwakwalwa suke, da kuma ƙwanƙolin endocranial na mutane masu halaye na musamman. Gidan tarihinsu yana kan titin Chambers. <ref name="UE-Rise">{{Cite web |title=The Rise of Phrenology in Edinburgh |url=http://www.phrenology.mvm.ed.ac.uk/Phrenology/The_Rise.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402153511/http://www.phrenology.mvm.ed.ac.uk/Phrenology/The_Rise.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |website=Anatomical Museum |publisher=School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Edinburgh}}</ref> Membobi sun buga labarai, sun ba da laccoci, kuma sun kare ilimin halittar kwakwalwa. Masu suka sun haɗa da masanin falsafa Sir William Hamilton da editan ''Edinburgh Review'', Francis Jeffrey, Lord Jeffrey . <ref name="UE-Rise" /> Kiyayya daga wasu masu suka, ciki har da Alexander Monro tertius, farfesa a fannin ilmin halittar jiki a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Edinburgh, a zahiri ta ƙara wa kyawawan ra'ayoyin ilimin halittar jiki kwarin gwiwa. Wasu masu adawa da addini, ciki har da masanin ilmin halittar jiki Robert Knox da kuma masanin juyin halitta Robert Edmond Grant, duk da cewa sun tausaya wa tasirinsa na zahiri, sun yi watsi da yanayin ilimin halittar jiki wanda ba kimiyya ba kuma ba su rungumi fannoni na hasashe da masu kawo sauyi ba. A shekara ta 1823, Andrew Combe ya yi jawabi ga ƙungiyar likitocin Royal a wata muhawara, yana mai jayayya cewa ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ya bayyana ikon tunani da ɗabi'a na ɗan adam. <ref name="Kaufman-debate">{{Cite journal |last=Kaufman |first=Matthew H. |date=October 1998 |title=The Edinburgh phrenological debate of 1823 held in the Royal Medical Society |journal=Journal of Neurolinguistics |volume=11 |issue=4 |pages=377–389 |doi=10.1016/S0911-6044(98)00025-6 |s2cid=53203063}}</ref> Bangarorin biyu sun yi ikirarin samun nasara bayan dogon muhawarar, amma Kungiyar Likitoci ta ki wallafa wani labari. <ref name="Kaufman-debate" /> Wannan ya sa ƙungiyar Edinburgh Phrenological Society ta kafa mujallarta a shekarar 1824: ''The Phrenological Journal and Miscellany'', wadda daga baya aka sake mata suna ''Phrenological Journal and Magazine of Moral Science'' . A tsakiyar shekarun 1820, an samu rabuwar kai tsakanin masana kimiyyar phren na Kirista da kuma abokan hulɗa na Combe. Al'amura sun fara daidaita lokacin da Combe da magoya bayansa suka amince da kudirin hana tattaunawa kan tauhidi a cikin Al'umma, wanda hakan ya sa suka yi shiru. A martanin da ya mayar, David Welsh da sauran membobin cocin Evangelical sun bar ƙungiyar. [1] A watan Disamba na shekarar 1826, masanin ilimin halittar jiki William AF Browne ya haifar da wani abin mamaki a ƙungiyar Plinian Society ta jami'ar, inda ya yi suka ga ka'idojin Charles Bell da aka sake bugawa kwanan nan game da bayyana motsin zuciyar ɗan adam. Bell ya yi imanin cewa an tsara tsarin jikin ɗan adam ne don ya ba da damar bayyana halin ɗabi'ar ɗan adam yayin da Browne ya yi jayayya cewa babu wani bambanci mai zurfi tsakanin tsarin jikin ɗan adam da na dabba. Charles Darwin, wanda a lokacin yana ɗan shekara 17 a jami'a, yana nan don ya saurara. A ranar 27 ga Maris 1827, Browne ya ci gaba da ka'idojin ilimin halittar kwakwalwa game da tunanin dan adam dangane da juyin halittar kwakwalwa na Lamarck . Wannan ya jawo hankalin kusan dukkan membobin ƙungiyar Plinian Society, kuma, Darwin ya lura da fushin da ya biyo baya. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Walmsley |first=Tom |year=1993 |title=Psychiatry in descent: Darwin and the Brownes |journal=Psychiatric Bulletin |publisher=The Royal College of Psychiatrists |volume=17 |issue=12 |pages=748–751 |doi=10.1192/pb.17.12.748 |doi-access=free}}</ref> A cikin littattafansa na sirri, ciki har da ''littafin rubutu na M'' da aka rubuta shekaru goma bayan haka, Darwin ya yi tsokaci cikin tausayi game da ra'ayoyin masana kimiyyar phren. == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Kungiyoyi ]] 5ioihlducl465owmpkfr5dnyrrh94uu Jerin kyaututtuka da gabatarwa da Jordan Peele ya samu 0 177836 962204 961710 2026-10-03T07:27:12Z BnHamid 12586 /* Manazarta */ 962204 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} Fitaccen ɗan wasan kwaikwa na Amurka, marubuci, kuma darakta [[Jordan Peele]] ya sami kyaututtuka da naɗi iri-iri saboda aikinsa. An zaɓi Jordan Peele a cikin jerin 'yan wasan kwaikwayo takwas na Emmy Award na Primetime, ciki har da bakwai na shirin zane-zane na Comedy Central ''Key da Peele'' wanda ya gudana daga shekarar 2012 zuwa shekarar 2015. Shi da Keegan-Michael Key sun lashe kyautar Primetime Emmy Award don Outstanding Variety Sketch Series a shekarar 2016. Peele ya kuma sami yabo mai zafi saboda fim ɗinsa na farko da ya shirya, fim ɗin ban tsoro mai ban dariya, ''Get Out'' (2017) wanda ya sami zaɓen Oscar uku don Mafi Kyawun Fim, Mafi Kyawun Darakta, da Mafi Kyawun Rubutun Farko, wanda daga baya ya lashe shi. Ya kuma sami kyautar British Academy Film Award, Golden Globe Award, da kuma kyautar Screen Actors Guild Award . == Manyan ƙungiyoyi == === Kyaututtukan Kwalejin === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" |Shekara ! scope="col" style="width:26em;" | Nau'i ! scope="col" style="width:25em;" | Aikin da aka zaɓa ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Sakamako ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | rowspan="3" style="text-align:center;" | 2018 | Mafi Kyawun Hoto | rowspan="3" | ''Fita''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="3" |<ref name="Oscars 18">{{Cite web |last=Barnes |first=Brooks |date=January 23, 2018 |title=2018 Oscar Nominations: 'The Shape of Water' Leads With 13 Nominations |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/movies/oscar-nominations.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225033656/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/23/movies/oscar-nominations.html |archive-date=February 25, 2019 |access-date=January 23, 2018 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> |- | Mafi kyawun Darakta |{{Nom}} |- | Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Asali |{{Won}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2019 | Mafi Kyawun Hoto | ''BlackKkKlansman''| {{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Melas |first=Chloe |date=February 24, 2019 |title=Oscars winners 2019: See the full list of winners |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/24/entertainment/oscars-winners-2019-list/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190225033656/https://www.cnn.com/2019/02/24/entertainment/oscars-winners-2019-list/index.html |archive-date=February 25, 2019 |access-date=February 24, 2019 |website=[[CNN]]}}</ref> |- |} === Kyaututtukan Fina-finai na Kwalejin Burtaniya === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" |Shekara ! scope="col" style="width:26em;" | Nau'i ! scope="col" style="width:25em;" | Aikin da aka zaɓa ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Sakamako ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2018 | Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Asali | ''Fita''|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritman |first=Alex |date=January 8, 2018 |title=BAFTA Awards: 'Shape of Water,' 'Three Billboards,' 'Darkest Hour' Lead Pack of Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/bafta-2018-complete-list-nominations-1067881 |access-date=January 8, 2018 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2019 | Fim Mafi Kyau | ''BlackKkKlansman''|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Pond |first=Steve |date=10 February 2019 |title=BAFTA Awards 2019: 'The Favourite' Dominates, But 'Roma' Wins the Big One |url=https://www.thewrap.com/roma-wins-bafta-awards-winners-list/ |access-date=10 February 2019 |website=[[The Wrap]]}}</ref> |- |} === Kyaututtukan Britannia === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" |Shekara ! scope="col" style="width:26em;" | Nau'i ! scope="col" style="width:25em;" | Aikin da aka zaɓa ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Sakamako ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2019 | colspan="2" | Kyautar John Schlesinger ta Britannia don ƙwarewa a fannin jagoranci|{{Won}} | |} === Kyaututtukan Emmy na Farko === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" |Shekara ! scope="col" style="width:26em;" | Nau'i ! scope="col" style="width:25em;" | Aikin da aka zaɓa ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Sakamako ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2008 | Kiɗan Asali da Kalmomi | ''MADtv'' ("Sad Fitty Cent")|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 17, 2008 |title=Complete List of Nominees for 2008 Emmys |url=http://m.eonline.com/news/3139/complete-list-of-nominees-for-2008-emmys |access-date=September 27, 2014 |website=E!}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2014 | Rubuce-rubuce Masu Kyau Don Jerin Daban-daban | rowspan="3" | ''Maɓalli &amp;amp; Peele''|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 10, 2014 |title=2014 Emmy Nominations: 'Breaking Bad,' 'True Detective' Among the Honored |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/11/arts/television/2014-emmy-nominations-game-of-thrones-true-detective-among-the-honored.html?_r=0 |access-date=July 10, 2014 |website=The New York Times}}</ref> |- | rowspan="4" style="text-align:center;" | 2015 | Fitattun Zane-zane Iri-iri|{{Nom}} | rowspan="4" | <ref name="Emmys 15">{{Cite web |date=September 20, 2015 |title=Emmy Awards: The Complete Winners List |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lists/emmy-winners-2015-complete-results-825450/item/lead-actor-a-drama-series-825568 |access-date=September 23, 2015 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |- | Rubuce-rubuce Masu Kyau Don Jerin Daban-daban |{{Nom}} |- | Rubuce-rubuce Masu Kyau Don Musamman Na Musamman | ''Babban Kwano na Musamman na Key da Peele Super Bowl'' |{{Nom}} |- | Shirin Nishaɗi Kai Tsaye Mai Kyau Na Gajeren Tsarin Nishaɗi | ''Key da Peele Sun Gabatar: Hawan Sama'' |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" style="text-align:center;" | 2016 | Fitattun Zane-zane Iri-iri | rowspan="2" | ''Maɓalli &amp;amp; Peele''|{{Won}} | rowspan="2" | <ref name="Emmys 16">{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Dave |date=July 14, 2016 |title=Nominations for the 68th Primetime Emmy Awards |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/tv/la-et-st-emmys-2016-nominees-winners-list-20160714-snap-story.html |access-date=July 14, 2016 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> |- | Rubuce-rubuce Masu Kyau Don Jerin Daban-daban|{{Nom}} |- |} === Kyaututtukan Zinare na Duniya === {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" |Shekara ! scope="col" style="width:26em;" | Nau'i ! scope="col" style="width:25em;" | Aikin da aka zaɓa ! scope="col" style="width:5em;" | Sakamako ! class="unsortable" scope="col" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2018 | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim - Waƙa ko Barkwanci | ''Fita''|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=Get Out |url=https://www.goldenglobes.com/film/get-out |access-date=October 11, 2019 |website=goldenglobes.com |publisher=[[Hollywood Foreign Press Association]]}}</ref> |- | style="text-align:center;" | 2019 | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Fim - Wasan Kwaikwayo | ''BlackKkKlansman''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-01-09 |title=EE British Academy Film Awards Winners in 2019 |url=https://www.bafta.org/film/awards/ee-british-academy-film-awards-nominees-winners-2019 |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=www.bafta.org |language=en}}</ref> |- |} == Kyaututtukan Ƙungiya == === Kyautar Ƙungiyar Marubuta === {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Shekara ! Rukuni" ! Aiki ! Sakamako ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | 2013 | Mafi kyawun Barkwanci/Ire-iren Barkwanci (Har da Magana) – Jerin | rowspan="2" | ''Maɓalli &amp;amp; Peele''| {{Nom}} | |- | 2016 | Mafi kyawun Barkwanci/Ire-iren - Jerin Zane|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |date=February 13, 2016 |title='The Big Short' and 'Spotlight' Win Writers Guild Awards: Complete Winners List |url=https://www.thewrap.com/writers-guild-awards-the-winners-list-updating-live/ |access-date=February 27, 2016 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref> |- | 2018 | rowspan="2" | Mafi kyawun Wasan kwaikwayo na Asali | ''Fita''|{{Won}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lewis |first=Hilary |date=January 4, 2018 |title=WGA Awards: 'Get Out,' 'Logan,' 'The Big Sick' Among Film Nominations |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/2018-wga-awards-movies-doc-nominations-revealed-1071581 |access-date=January 4, 2018 |website=The Hollywood Reporter}}</ref> |- | 2023 | ''A'a''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |title=2023 Writers Guild Awards Winners & Nominees |url=https://awards.wga.org/awards/nominees-winners |access-date=2023-07-01 |website=awards.wga.org |language=en}}</ref> |} === Kyautar Ƙungiyar Daraktoci === {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Shekara ! Nau'i ! Aiki ! Sakamako ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | rowspan="2" | 2018 | Darakta Mai Kyau - Fim ɗin Fim | rowspan="2" | ''Fita''|{{Nom}} | rowspan="2" | <ref name="DGA">{{Cite web |last=Hammond |first=Pete |date=January 11, 2018 |title=DGA Awards Nominees: 'Shape Of Water', 'Lady Bird', 'Dunkirk', 'Three Billboards', 'Get Out' |url=https://deadline.com/2018/01/directors-guild-2018-nominees-list-dga-awards-1202240828/ |access-date=January 19, 2018 |website=Deadline Hollywood}}</ref> |- | Darakta Mai Kyau - Fim ɗin Fim Na Farko |{{Won}} |- |} === Kyautar Ƙungiyar Masu Shiryawa === {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Shekara ! Nau'i ! Aiki ! Sakamako ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | 2018 | rowspan="2" | Mafi kyawun Fim ɗin Wasan Kwaikwayo | ''Fita''|{{Nom}} |<ref>{{Cite web |last=Pedersen |first=Erik |date=January 5, 2018 |title=PGA Awards Film & TV Nominations Unveiled |url=https://deadline.com/2018/01/pga-awards-nominations-2018-1202236312/ |access-date=January 5, 2018 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |- | 2019 | ''BlackKkKlansman''|{{Nom}} | |- |} === Kyaututtukan Ƙungiyar 'Yan Wasan Kwaikwayo === {| class="wikitable unsortable" !Shekara ! Nau'i ! Aiki ! Sakamako ! class="unsortable" | {{Abbr|Ref.|References}} |- | 2016 | Fim ɗin da ya yi fice a cikin jerin barkwanci | ''Maɓalli &amp;amp; Peele''|{{Nom}} | <ref>{{Cite web |title=The 22nd Annual Screen Actors Guild Awards |url=http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222190025/http://www.sagawards.org/awards/nominees-and-recipients/22nd-annual-screen-actors-guild-awards |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=February 8, 2016 |publisher=[[Screen Actors Guild Awards]]}}</ref> |- |} == Sauran kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable sortable" !Year !Award !Category !Work !Result |- |2013 | colspan="2" |{{Center|[[Peabody Award]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peabodyawards.com/stories/story/2013-peabody-winners|title=The Peabody Awards|date=2 April 2014 |publisher=[[Peabody Award]]s|accessdate=May 9, 2016|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508204320/http://peabodyawards.com/stories/story/2013-peabody-winners|archivedate=May 8, 2016}}</ref>}} | rowspan="9" |''Key &amp;amp; Peele'' | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="4" |2014 |NAACP Image Award<ref name="THRNIA45">{{Cite web |last=Couch |first=Aaron |last2=Washington |first2=Arlene |date=February 22, 2014 |title=NAACP Image Awards: The Winners |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/naacp-image-awards-winners-682585 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160313195908/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/naacp-image-awards-winners-682585 |archive-date=March 13, 2016 |access-date=February 22, 2014 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |Outstanding Variety–Series or Special | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |American Comedy Award |Best Alternative Comedy Series | {{Won}} |- |Comedy Actor – TV | {{Nom}} |- |Best Comedy Writing – TV | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2015 |People's Choice Award<ref>{{Cite web |last=Toomey |first=Alyssa |date=November 4, 2014 |title=Jennifer Lawrence, Shailene Woodley and Robert Downey Jr. Among People's Choice Nominees, Plus Find Out Who's Hosting! |url=http://www.eonline.com/news/594634/jennifer-lawrence-shailene-woodley-and-robert-downey-jr-among-people-s-choice-nominees-plus-find-out-who-s-hosting |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114052433/http://www.eonline.com/news/594634/jennifer-lawrence-shailene-woodley-and-robert-downey-jr-among-people-s-choice-nominees-plus-find-out-who-s-hosting |archive-date=January 14, 2017 |access-date=November 8, 2014 |website=E! Online}}</ref> |Favorite Sketch Comedy TV Show | {{Nom}} |- |NAACP Image Award | rowspan="2" |Outstanding Comedy Series | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2016 | rowspan="2" |NAACP Image Awards | {{Nom}} |- |Outstanding Writing in a Comedy Series | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="55" |2017 | rowspan="2" |MTV Movie &amp;amp; TV Awards<ref>{{Cite web |last=Bell |first=Crystal |date=April 8, 2017 |title=HERE ARE YOUR 2017 MTV MOVIE & TV AWARDS NOMINATIONS: SEE THE FULL LIST |url=http://www.mtv.com/news/3000426/2017-mtv-movie-tv-awards-nominations/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170407052512/http://www.mtv.com/news/3000426/2017-mtv-movie-tv-awards-nominations/ |archive-date=April 7, 2017 |access-date=December 9, 2017 |publisher=[[MTV]]}}</ref> |Movie of the Year | rowspan="69" |''Get Out'' | {{Nom}} |- |Best Fight Against the System | {{Nom}} |- |Capri Hollywood International Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=2018-01-02 |title=Capri, Hollywood Festival Names ‘Get Out’ Its Best Picture |url=https://deadline.com/2018/01/capri-hollywood-film-festival-2017-winners-list-1202234443/ |access-date=2022-07-15 |website=Deadline |language=en-US}}</ref> |Best Picture | {{Won}} |- |Imagine Film Festival<ref>{{Cite web |date=2017-04-23 |title=Imagine 2017 Review: GET OUT |url=https://screenanarchy.com/2017/04/imagine-2017-get-out-review.html |access-date=2024-03-06 |website=ScreenAnarchy}}</ref> |Silver Scream Award | {{Won}} |- |BET Awards<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vulpo |first=Mike |date=June 25, 2017 |title=BET Awards 2017 Winners: The Complete List |url=http://www.eonline.com/uk/news/862023/bet-awards-2017-winners-the-complete-list |access-date=December 9, 2017 |website=[[E!]]}}</ref> |Best Movie | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |Gotham Independent Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web |last=D'Alessandro |first=Anthony |date=October 19, 2017 |title='Get Out' Tops IFP Gotham Awards Nominations; 'Mudbound' Voted Special Jury Award |url=https://deadline.com/2017/10/jordan-peele-get-out-the-florida-project-mudbound-ifp-gotham-awards-1202191145/ |access-date=December 9, 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |Best Feature | {{Won}} |- |Bingham Ray Breakthrough Director Award | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay | {{Won}} |- |Audience Awards | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="4" |Detroit Film Critics Society<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 4, 2017 |title=The 2017 Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Nominations |url=http://detroitfilmcritics.com/the-2017-detroit-film-critics-society-awards-nominations/ |access-date=December 9, 2017 |website=[[Detroit Film Critics Society]]}}</ref> |Best Film |{{Nom}} |- |Best Director |{{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay |{{Nom}} |- |Best Breakthrough | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 8, 2017 |title=The 2017 WAFCA Awards |url=http://www.wafca.com/awards/index.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230602090138/http://www.wafca.com/awards/index.htm |archive-date=June 2, 2023 |access-date=December 9, 2017 |website=[[Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association]]}}</ref> |Best Film | {{Won}} |- |Best Director | {{Nom}} |- |Best Original Screenplay | {{Won}} |- |Boston Society of Film Critics<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 10, 2017 |title=Boston Society of Film Critics Awards 2017 Winners |url=http://www.bostonfilmcritics.org/current-winners |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171213104846/http://www.bostonfilmcritics.org/current-winners |archive-date=December 13, 2017 |access-date=December 10, 2017 |website=[[Boston Society of Film Critics Awards]]}}</ref> |Best New Filmmaker | {{Won}} |- |British Independent Film Awards<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tartaglione |first=Nancy |date=November 1, 2017 |title='Lady Macbeth' Leads British Independent Film Awards Nominations – Full List |url=https://deadline.com/2017/11/british-independent-film-awards-nominations-2017-bifas-full-list-lady-macbeth-three-billboards-1202199080/ |access-date=December 9, 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |Best International Independent Film | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |New York Film Critics Online<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nordyke |first=Kimberly |date=December 10, 2017 |title='The Florida Project,' 'Mudbound' Voted Best Picture by New York Film Critics Online |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/florida-project-mudbound-voted-best-picture-by-new-york-film-critics-online-1066072 |access-date=December 12, 2017 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |Top Ten Films | {{Won}} |- |Best Debut as Director | {{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |San Francisco Film Critics Circle<ref>{{Cite web |last=Neglia |first=Matt |date=December 8, 2017 |title=The 2017 San Francisco Film Critics Circle (SFFCC) Nominations |url=https://nextbestpicture.com/the-2017-san-francisco-film-critics-circle-sffcc-nominations/ |access-date=December 9, 2017 |website=Next Best Picture}}</ref> |Best Film | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director | {{Nom}} |- |Best Original Screenplay | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="2" |Toronto Film Critics Association<ref>{{Cite web |last=Vlessing |first=Etan |date=December 10, 2017 |title='The Florida Project' Named Best Film by Toronto Film Critics |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/news/toronto-film-critics-association-winners-2017-1066056 |access-date=December 12, 2017 |website=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]}}</ref> |Best First Feature | {{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |San Diego Film Critics Society<ref>{{Cite web |last=Murray |first=Rebecca |date=December 9, 2017 |title=San Diego Film Critics 2017 Nominees: 'Three Billboards,' 'Shape of Water,' and 'Dunkirk' Top the List |url=https://www.showbizjunkies.com/news/san-diego-film-critics-2017-nominees/ |access-date=December 9, 2017 |website=Showbiz Junkies}}</ref> |Best Film | {{Won}} |- |Best Director | {{Nom}} |- |Best Original Screenplay | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="4" |African-American Film Critics Association |Best Picture | {{Won}} |- |Top Ten Films | {{Won}} |- |Best Director | {{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |Chicago Film Critics Association |Best Director | {{Nom}} |- |Best Original Screenplay | {{Won}} |- |Most Promising Filmmaker | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association<ref>{{Cite web |last=Jorgenson |first=Todd |date=December 13, 2017 |title=DFW Film Critics Name 'The Shape of Water' Best Picture of 2017 |url=http://dfwcritics.com/dfw-film-critics-name-the-shape-of-water-best-picture-of-2017/ |access-date=December 13, 2017 |website=[[Dallas–Fort Worth Film Critics Association]]}}</ref> |Best Film | {{draw|5th Place}} |- |Best Director | {{draw|5th Place}} |- | rowspan="4" |Dublin Film Critics' Circle<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 14, 2017 |title=The critics have spoken – Dublin Film Critics Circle Awards announced for 2017 |url=https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/movies/movie-news/the-critics-have-spoken-dublin-film-critics-circle-awards-announced-for-2017-36405841.html |access-date=December 14, 2017 |website=[[The Irish Independent]]}}</ref> |Best Film | {{draw|2nd Place}} |- |Best Director | {{draw|3rd Place}} |- |Best Screenplay | {{Won}} |- |Breakthrough Artist of the Year | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |St. Louis Film Critics Association<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2017 |title=2017 StLFCA Annual Award Nominees |url=http://www.stlfilmcritics.org/awards |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171212162611/http://www.stlfilmcritics.org/awards |archive-date=December 12, 2017 |access-date=December 12, 2017 |publisher=[[St. Louis Film Critics Association]]}}</ref> |Best Film | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director | {{Nom}} |- |Best Original Screenplay | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |Seattle Film Critics Society<ref>{{Cite web |date=December 11, 2017 |title='Blade Runner 2049' Leads the 2017 Seattle Film Critics Society Nominations |url=http://seattlefilmcritics.com/ |access-date=December 11, 2017 |website=[[Seattle Film Critics Society]]}}</ref> |Best Picture of the Year | {{Won}} |- |Best Director | {{Nom}} |- |Best Screenplay | {{Nom}} |- | rowspan="4" |Florida Film Critics Circle |Best Film | {{Nom}} |- |Best Director | {{Nom}} |- |Best Original Screenplay | {{Won}} |- |Best First Film | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |Online Film Critics Society<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hipes |first=Patrick |date=December 28, 2017 |title='Get Out' Named Best Picture By Online Film Critics Society |url=https://deadline.com/2017/12/online-film-critics-society-awards-2017-movies-get-out-1202233341/ |access-date=December 28, 2017 |website=[[Deadline Hollywood]]}}</ref> |Best Picture | {{Won}} |- |Best Director | {{draw|Runner-up}}{{efn|Tied with [[Guillermo del Toro]] for ''[[The Shape of Water]]''.}} |- |Best Original Screenplay | {{Won}} |- | rowspan="14" |2018 |AACTA International Awards<ref>{{Cite web |last=Donnelly |first=Matt |date=December 12, 2017 |title='Call Me by Your Name,' 'Lady Bird' Top Australian Academy Award Nominees |url=https://www.thewrap.com/call-name-lady-bird-top-australian-academy-award-nominees/ |access-date=December 12, 2017 |website=[[TheWrap]]}}</ref> |Best Screenplay |{{Nom}} |- |National Board of Review |Best Directorial Debut |{{Won}} |- | rowspan="3" |Critics' Choice Awards |Best Sci-Fi/Horror Movie |{{Won}} |- |Best Director |{{Nom}} |- |Best Original Screenplay |{{Won}} |- |Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards |Best Screenplay |{{Won}} |- |London Film Critics' Circle Awards |Screenwriter of the Year |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |Satellite Awards |Best Director |{{Won}} |- |Best Original Screenplay |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="3" |Independent Spirit Awards |Best Feature |{{Won}} |- |Best Director |{{Won}} |- |Best Screenplay |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="6" |Saturn Awards |Best Director |{{Nom}} |- |Best Writing |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2019 |Best Director | rowspan="2" |''Us'' |{{Won}} |- |Best Writing |{{Nom}} |- | rowspan="2" |2022 |Best Director | rowspan="2" |''Nope'' |{{Nom}} |- |Best Writing |{{Nom}} |- |} A cikin 2020, an ba shi suna Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards 'Monster Kid of the Year . <ref name="18th Annual Rondos">{{Cite web |last=Colton |first=David |date=April 6, 2020 |title=Here Are the Winners of the (Gasp!) 18th Annual Rondo Hatton Classic Horror Awards |url=https://rondoaward.com/rondoaward.com/blog/?p=1010 |website=RondoAward.com}}</ref> ==Bayanan Kula== {{Notelist}} ==Manazarta== {{Reflist}} 4kwwaqi9f0k2eestpv7l2qd5owm2c1n Ribadu 0 177865 961877 2026-10-02T14:03:54Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Ribadu | settlement_type = Town | official_name = Ribadu | pushpin_map = Nigeria | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nigeria | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Funakaye | postal_code = 762101 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Ribadu''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Funakaye|Karamar Hukumar Funakaye]]... 961877 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Ribadu | settlement_type = Town | official_name = Ribadu | pushpin_map = Nigeria | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nigeria | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Funakaye | postal_code = 762101 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Ribadu''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Funakaye|Karamar Hukumar Funakaye]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Garin yana cikin yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, kuma ana lissafa Ribadu a matsayin daya daga cikin garuruwan da ke karkashin yankin Bajoga na Karamar Hukumar Funakaye. Bayanai kan jerin kauyuka da garuruwan Jihar Gombe sun sanya Ribadu a karkashin Bajoga, tare da lambar gidan waya 762101. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Ribadu na cikin mazabar [[Ribadu (ward)|Ribadu Ward]] ta Karamar Hukumar Funakaye. Bayanai daga Hukumar Kula da Hijirar Jama'a ta Duniya (IOM) sun nuna cewa Ribadu na daga cikin yankunan da aka tantance a Funakaye, kuma a cikin zagayen tantancewar da aka gudanar, an rubuta gidaje 104 da mutane 818 a Ribadu Ward. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%2520OF%2520WARDS%2520ASSESSED.pdf |publisher=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A tarihi, Ribadu tana da muhimmiyar alaka da tarihin kafuwar da yaduwar mulkin Fulani a yankin Gombe. Wani kundin tarihi da aka adana a National Library of Nigeria ya bayyana cewa a farkon karni na 19, wani malami mai suna Malam Jibirilla, wanda aka fi sani da Malam Zai ko Modibbo Bormi, ya zauna a Gurbol/Ribadu a yankin Gongola Valley a shekarar 1814, inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru bakwai kafin ya koma Dukku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Victory Assurance Co. Ltd. |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/33425810-f48f-4d27-a0f3-9ee7fa3ec422/download |publisher=National Library of Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Tarihin Ribadu yana da alaka da ayyukan Buba Yero a lokacin jihadin Fulani a yankin Gombe. Bayan Buba Yero ya koma gabashin kogin Gongola, Ribadu ta zama daya daga cikin manyan sansanoninsa, inda ya yi amfani da yankin a matsayin tushe na ayyukansa na soja da siyasa a farkon karni na 19. Bayan umarnin Usman ɗan Fodio a shekarar 1804, Buba Yero ya fara fadada tasirinsa a yankunan da ke kewaye da Gongola. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buba Yero |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buba_Yero |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A yau, Ribadu na daga cikin yankunan da ke karkashin gudanarwar Karamar Hukumar Funakaye. Funakaye tana da hedikwata a Bajoga, kuma Ribadu na cikin jerin garuruwa da matsugunan da ake dangantawa da yankin Bajoga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Funakaye |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funakaye |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Ribadu kuma tana da muhimmiyar alaka da harkokin kiwon lafiya na matakin farko a Funakaye. Bayanan da aka wallafa game da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a jihar Gombe sun ambaci Guiwa Primary Health Centre da ke Ribadu a matsayin cibiyar da ke ba da wasu ayyukan kiwon lafiya na farko, ciki har da rigakafi da kula da lafiyar mata da yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Funakaye |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funakaye |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A fannin tsaro da harkokin al'umma, ana kuma amfani da sunan Ribadu wajen bayyana yankin da jami'an tsaro ke aiki. A watan Yunin 2026, rahoto ya bayyana cewa an kai rahoton wani farmaki kan wani manomi ta hanyar Ribadu Outstation, inda lamarin ya shafi Wuro Yolde Village da Ribadu Ward a Karamar Hukumar Funakaye. Rahoton ya ce 'yan sanda sun gudanar da bincike tare da kama wani da ake zargi da hannu a lamarin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe Police Arrest Suspect Over Alleged Farm Attack in Funakaye LGA |url=https://zagazola.org/index.php/breaking-news/gombe-police-arrest-suspect-over-alleged-farm-attack-in-funakaye-lga |publisher=Zagazola Makama |date=16 June 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Saboda matsayinta a yankin Funakaye da kuma alakar da take da tarihin Gongola Valley, Ribadu tana daga cikin wuraren da ke da muhimmanci wajen fahimtar tarihin yankin Gombe na arewa maso gabas. Tarihin yankin ya nuna cewa matsugunan da ke kusa da Gongola sun taka rawa wajen motsin jama'a, kafa matsugunai da kuma yaduwar tsarin mulkin Fulani a karni na 19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Victory Assurance Co. Ltd. |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/33425810-f48f-4d27-a0f3-9ee7fa3ec422/download |publisher=National Library of Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ribadu tana da dogon tarihi da ya danganci matsugunan da suka samo asali a kusa da kwarin kogin Gongola. Bayanai na tarihi sun nuna cewa Gurbol/Ribadu ta kasance wurin zama na Malam Jibirilla a shekarar 1814, kuma daga baya motsin mutane daga wannan yanki ya taimaka wajen samuwar wasu matsugunan da suka ci gaba da zama muhimman wurare a tarihin Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Victory Assurance Co. Ltd. |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/33425810-f48f-4d27-a0f3-9ee7fa3ec422/download |publisher=National Library of Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Ribadu tana karkashin [[Karamar Hukumar Funakaye]] ta Jihar Gombe. A tsarin yankunan gudanarwa da ake amfani da su a jihar, Ribadu tana cikin yankin Bajoga, yayin da Ribadu Ward kuma take daga cikin mazabun da ake gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati da na al'umma a Funakaye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%2520OF%2520WARDS%2520ASSESSED.pdf |publisher=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Kiwon lafiya == Akwai ayyukan kiwon lafiya na matakin farko da ake gudanarwa a yankin Ribadu. Daga cikin cibiyoyin da aka ambata akwai Guiwa Primary Health Centre, wadda aka bayyana a matsayin cibiyar da ke ba da ayyukan rigakafi da kula da lafiyar mata da yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Funakaye |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funakaye |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsaro == Ribadu Ward tana daga cikin yankunan Funakaye da hukumomin tsaro ke gudanar da ayyuka. A watan Yunin 2026, rahoton tsaro ya bayyana cewa an kai rahoton wani harin gona ta Ribadu Outstation, abin da ya kai ga fara bincike da kama wanda ake zargi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe Police Arrest Suspect Over Alleged Farm Attack in Funakaye LGA |url=https://zagazola.org/index.php/breaking-news/gombe-police-arrest-suspect-over-alleged-farm-attack-in-funakaye-lga |publisher=Zagazola Makama |date=16 June 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Funakaye]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Bajoga]] * [[Buba Yero]] * [[Gongola River]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ldfmyzg4umq904pvymnw2pqkezhs6zc Wawa 0 177866 961878 2026-10-02T14:05:34Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Ribadu | settlement_type = Town | official_name = Ribadu | pushpin_map = Nigeria | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nigeria | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Funakaye | postal_code = 762101 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Ribadu''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Funakaye|Karamar Hukumar Funakaye]]... 961878 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Ribadu | settlement_type = Town | official_name = Ribadu | pushpin_map = Nigeria | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Nigeria | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Funakaye | postal_code = 762101 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Ribadu''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Funakaye|Karamar Hukumar Funakaye]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Garin yana cikin yankin arewa maso gabashin Najeriya, kuma ana lissafa Ribadu a matsayin daya daga cikin garuruwan da ke karkashin yankin Bajoga na Karamar Hukumar Funakaye. Bayanai kan jerin kauyuka da garuruwan Jihar Gombe sun sanya Ribadu a karkashin Bajoga, tare da lambar gidan waya 762101. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Ribadu na cikin mazabar [[Ribadu (ward)|Ribadu Ward]] ta Karamar Hukumar Funakaye. Bayanai daga Hukumar Kula da Hijirar Jama'a ta Duniya (IOM) sun nuna cewa Ribadu na daga cikin yankunan da aka tantance a Funakaye, kuma a cikin zagayen tantancewar da aka gudanar, an rubuta gidaje 104 da mutane 818 a Ribadu Ward. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%2520OF%2520WARDS%2520ASSESSED.pdf |publisher=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A tarihi, Ribadu tana da muhimmiyar alaka da tarihin kafuwar da yaduwar mulkin Fulani a yankin Gombe. Wani kundin tarihi da aka adana a National Library of Nigeria ya bayyana cewa a farkon karni na 19, wani malami mai suna Malam Jibirilla, wanda aka fi sani da Malam Zai ko Modibbo Bormi, ya zauna a Gurbol/Ribadu a yankin Gongola Valley a shekarar 1814, inda ya zauna na tsawon shekaru bakwai kafin ya koma Dukku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Victory Assurance Co. Ltd. |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/33425810-f48f-4d27-a0f3-9ee7fa3ec422/download |publisher=National Library of Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Tarihin Ribadu yana da alaka da ayyukan Buba Yero a lokacin jihadin Fulani a yankin Gombe. Bayan Buba Yero ya koma gabashin kogin Gongola, Ribadu ta zama daya daga cikin manyan sansanoninsa, inda ya yi amfani da yankin a matsayin tushe na ayyukansa na soja da siyasa a farkon karni na 19. Bayan umarnin Usman ɗan Fodio a shekarar 1804, Buba Yero ya fara fadada tasirinsa a yankunan da ke kewaye da Gongola. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Buba Yero |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buba_Yero |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A yau, Ribadu na daga cikin yankunan da ke karkashin gudanarwar Karamar Hukumar Funakaye. Funakaye tana da hedikwata a Bajoga, kuma Ribadu na cikin jerin garuruwa da matsugunan da ake dangantawa da yankin Bajoga. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Funakaye |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funakaye |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Ribadu kuma tana da muhimmiyar alaka da harkokin kiwon lafiya na matakin farko a Funakaye. Bayanan da aka wallafa game da cibiyoyin kiwon lafiya a jihar Gombe sun ambaci Guiwa Primary Health Centre da ke Ribadu a matsayin cibiyar da ke ba da wasu ayyukan kiwon lafiya na farko, ciki har da rigakafi da kula da lafiyar mata da yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Funakaye |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funakaye |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A fannin tsaro da harkokin al'umma, ana kuma amfani da sunan Ribadu wajen bayyana yankin da jami'an tsaro ke aiki. A watan Yunin 2026, rahoto ya bayyana cewa an kai rahoton wani farmaki kan wani manomi ta hanyar Ribadu Outstation, inda lamarin ya shafi Wuro Yolde Village da Ribadu Ward a Karamar Hukumar Funakaye. Rahoton ya ce 'yan sanda sun gudanar da bincike tare da kama wani da ake zargi da hannu a lamarin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe Police Arrest Suspect Over Alleged Farm Attack in Funakaye LGA |url=https://zagazola.org/index.php/breaking-news/gombe-police-arrest-suspect-over-alleged-farm-attack-in-funakaye-lga |publisher=Zagazola Makama |date=16 June 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Saboda matsayinta a yankin Funakaye da kuma alakar da take da tarihin Gongola Valley, Ribadu tana daga cikin wuraren da ke da muhimmanci wajen fahimtar tarihin yankin Gombe na arewa maso gabas. Tarihin yankin ya nuna cewa matsugunan da ke kusa da Gongola sun taka rawa wajen motsin jama'a, kafa matsugunai da kuma yaduwar tsarin mulkin Fulani a karni na 19. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Victory Assurance Co. Ltd. |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/33425810-f48f-4d27-a0f3-9ee7fa3ec422/download |publisher=National Library of Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Ribadu tana da dogon tarihi da ya danganci matsugunan da suka samo asali a kusa da kwarin kogin Gongola. Bayanai na tarihi sun nuna cewa Gurbol/Ribadu ta kasance wurin zama na Malam Jibirilla a shekarar 1814, kuma daga baya motsin mutane daga wannan yanki ya taimaka wajen samuwar wasu matsugunan da suka ci gaba da zama muhimman wurare a tarihin Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigerian Victory Assurance Co. Ltd. |url=https://nigeriareposit.nln.gov.ng/bitstreams/33425810-f48f-4d27-a0f3-9ee7fa3ec422/download |publisher=National Library of Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Gudanarwa == Ribadu tana karkashin [[Karamar Hukumar Funakaye]] ta Jihar Gombe. A tsarin yankunan gudanarwa da ake amfani da su a jihar, Ribadu tana cikin yankin Bajoga, yayin da Ribadu Ward kuma take daga cikin mazabun da ake gudanar da ayyukan gwamnati da na al'umma a Funakaye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%2520OF%2520WARDS%2520ASSESSED.pdf |publisher=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Kiwon lafiya == Akwai ayyukan kiwon lafiya na matakin farko da ake gudanarwa a yankin Ribadu. Daga cikin cibiyoyin da aka ambata akwai Guiwa Primary Health Centre, wadda aka bayyana a matsayin cibiyar da ke ba da ayyukan rigakafi da kula da lafiyar mata da yara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Funakaye |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funakaye |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tsaro == Ribadu Ward tana daga cikin yankunan Funakaye da hukumomin tsaro ke gudanar da ayyuka. A watan Yunin 2026, rahoton tsaro ya bayyana cewa an kai rahoton wani harin gona ta Ribadu Outstation, abin da ya kai ga fara bincike da kama wanda ake zargi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe Police Arrest Suspect Over Alleged Farm Attack in Funakaye LGA |url=https://zagazola.org/index.php/breaking-news/gombe-police-arrest-suspect-over-alleged-farm-attack-in-funakaye-lga |publisher=Zagazola Makama |date=16 June 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Funakaye]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Bajoga]] * [[Buba Yero]] * [[Gongola River]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ldfmyzg4umq904pvymnw2pqkezhs6zc Tula 0 177867 961880 2026-10-02T14:10:43Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Tula | settlement_type = Traditional state | official_name = Tula Chiefdom | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kaltungo | headquarters = Wange | districts = Wange, Baule, Yiri | ethnic_group = Tula | language = Tula | traditional_ruler = Abubakar Buba Atare II | title = Mai Tula | established = 2001 | elevation_m = 528 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Tula''' yanki ne na al'ummar Tula da ke cikin Karamar H... 961880 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Tula | settlement_type = Traditional state | official_name = Tula Chiefdom | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kaltungo | headquarters = Wange | districts = Wange, Baule, Yiri | ethnic_group = Tula | language = Tula | traditional_ruler = Abubakar Buba Atare II | title = Mai Tula | established = 2001 | elevation_m = 528 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Tula''' yanki ne na al'ummar Tula da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Ana kuma amfani da sunan Tula wajen nufin yankin gargajiya na '''Tula Chiefdom''', wanda hedikwatarsa take a Wange kuma ya ƙunshi manyan gundumomi uku, wato Wange, Baule da Yiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |publisher=Vanguard News |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Tula tana cikin wani yanki mai tuddai da duwatsu a Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo. Bayanai na taswira sun nuna wani yanki mai suna Tula a Kaltungo, Jihar Gombe, a kusan latitude 9.84606° Arewa da longitude 11.47352° Gabas, tare da tsayin ƙasa kusan mita 528 sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tula Map - Locality - Kaltungo, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/16988806 |publisher=Mapcarta |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Tula na da alaƙa ta musamman da harshen Tula, wanda yana daga cikin harsunan Savanna na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Masana harsuna sun rarraba harshen Tula cikin rukunin Waja–Kam na dangin harsunan Niger-Congo, kuma ana magana da shi musamman a Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo ta Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tula language |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Al'ummar Tula tana da manyan rassa ko yankuna uku da aka fi ambata a bayanan tarihi da na harshe, wato Tula-Wange, Tula-Baule da Tula-Yiri. Bayanai kan ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe sun kuma jera ƙauyuka da dama a ƙarƙashin Tula Baule, Tula Wange da Tula-Yiri. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tula na daga cikin wuraren tarihi na kudancin Jihar Gombe, musamman saboda matsayinta a cikin tarihin al'ummomin Waja da kuma dangantakarta da abubuwan da suka faru kafin da lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya. A lokacin mulkin mallaka, Tula ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin yankunan da suka ci gaba da kiyaye tsarin shugabancinsu na gargajiya da al'adunsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |publisher=Vanguard News |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A tarihin Tula, akwai kuma labarin yaƙin da aka yi tsakanin mutanen Tula da sojojin da suka fito daga Masarautar Misau. Vanguard ta ruwaito cewa Emir na Misau, Mai Sale, ya mutu a wannan yaƙin, kuma an binne gawarsa a Sukube Baule a cikin yankin Tula. Rahoton ya danganta wannan lamari da tarihin yaƙe-yaƙe tsakanin Tula da wasu masarautun yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |publisher=Vanguard News |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> An kuma kafa Tula Chiefdom a matsayin sabon tsarin sarautar gargajiya a shekarar 2001 bayan an ware ta daga Kaltungo Chiefdom. Daga baya aka naɗa Dr Kokiya Atare Buba a matsayin Mai na farko na Tula, kuma aka gabatar masa da sandar mulki a shekarar 2003. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tula Chiefdom |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Chiefdom |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Bayan rasuwar Dr Kokiya Atare Buba a watan Disamba na shekarar 2009, an naɗa ɗansa Abubakar Buba Atare a matsayin sabon Mai Tula. Rahoton Daily Trust da aka adana ta AllAfrica ya bayyana cewa a lokacin naɗin nasa a shekarar 2009, Abubakar Buba Atare yana da shekaru 22. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Nigeria: 26 Year-Old Turbaned Emir of Tula |url=https://allafrica.com/stories/200912220117.html |publisher=Daily Trust via AllAfrica |date=21 December 2009 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tula Chiefdom == Tula Chiefdom wata masarauta ce ta gargajiya a Jihar Gombe wadda hedikwatarta take a Wange, Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo. Tsarin masarautar ya ƙunshi manyan yankuna uku, wato Wange, Baule da Yiri, waɗanda suke wakiltar manyan rassa na al'ummar Tula. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tula Chiefdom |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Chiefdom |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Mai Tula shi ne shugaban gargajiya na Tula Chiefdom. A shekarar 2018, Vanguard ta ruwaito cewa Mai Tula, Dr Abubakar Buba Atare II, ya yi kira ga mutanen Tula da sauran al'ummomin kudancin Gombe da su ƙara haɗin kai domin samun ci gaba da zaman lafiya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |publisher=Vanguard News |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A watan Satumban 2018, Vanguard ta sake ruwaito cewa Mai Tula ya bukaci shugabannin Tula Community Development Association su yi aiki tare da majalisar sarautar Tula domin inganta ci gaban yankin. Wannan ya nuna irin rawar da tsarin gargajiya da ƙungiyoyin ci gaban al'umma ke takawa a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tula monarch tasks devt union officials on synergy |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/tula-monarch-tasks-devt-union-officials-on-synergy/ |publisher=Vanguard News |date=3 September 2018 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Al'adu == Tula na da al'adun gargajiya masu ƙarfi, kuma ana gudanar da bukukuwan al'adu da ke haɗa al'ummar yankin da shugabannin gargajiya. Vanguard ta ruwaito cewa an gudanar da Tula Cultural Day a shekarar 2018, inda Mai Tula ya yi kira ga haɗin kan al'umma, yayin da Emir na Misau ya halarci bikin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |publisher=Vanguard News |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Harshen Tula yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke bayyana al'adun mutanen yankin. Binciken ilimin harsuna ya nuna cewa harshen yana da rassa ko dialects da suka haɗa da Tula-Wange, Tula-Baule da Tula-Yiri, kuma kowanne daga cikinsu yana da alakar sa da yankunan da mutanen Tula suke zaune. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tula language |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Noma da tattalin arziki == Mutanen Tula sun dade suna dogaro da noma a matsayin wani muhimmin ɓangare na tattalin arzikinsu. Rahoton The Nation ya bayyana cewa al'ummomin Tula sun kasance galibi manoma kafin kasuwancin gorontula ya ƙara samun muhimmanci a yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How sex-enhancing fruit turned Gombe communities into tourist attraction |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-sex-enhancing-fruit-turned-gombe-communities-into-tourist-attraction/ |publisher=The Nation |date=23 October 2021 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin kayayyakin da aka fi danganta da Tula shi ne '''gorontula''' (''Azanza garckeana''), wani 'ya'yan itace da ake samu a yankin Tula. The Nation ta ruwaito cewa ana samun gorontula a wasu al'ummomin Tula na Kaltungo da kuma Michika a Jihar Adamawa, kuma kasuwancinsa ya zama wani muhimmin ɓangare na tattalin arzikin wasu mutanen yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How sex-enhancing fruit turned Gombe communities into tourist attraction |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-sex-enhancing-fruit-turned-gombe-communities-into-tourist-attraction/ |publisher=The Nation |date=23 October 2021 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> The Nation ta kuma ruwaito cewa lokacin girbin gorontula ya fi kasancewa tsakanin Disamba da Janairu, kuma 'yan kasuwa daga wasu wurare kan zo Tula domin sayen 'ya'yan itacen. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa farashin gorontula yana canzawa gwargwadon lokaci da yawan amfanin gona. <ref>{{Cite web |title=How sex-enhancing fruit turned Gombe communities into tourist attraction |url=https://thenationonlineng.net/how-sex-enhancing-fruit-turned-gombe-communities-into-tourist-attraction/ |publisher=The Nation |date=23 October 2021 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Yawon buɗe ido == Yankin Tula yana da wuraren da ake kallonsu a matsayin masu muhimmancin yawon buɗe ido saboda yanayin tsaunuka, duwatsu da tarihin al'ummar yankin. Rahoton Vanguard na shekarar 2018 ya bayyana cewa Mai Tula ya yi kira ga masu zuba jari a fannin yawon buɗe ido da hakar ma'adinai da su duba damar da ke akwai a Tula domin samar da ayyukan yi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |publisher=Vanguard News |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Daga cikin wuraren da ake dangantawa da yawon buɗe ido a Tula akwai Tula Cave da kuma wuraren tsaunuka da duwatsu na yankin. Yanayin ƙasa mai tsaunuka da kuma tarihin al'ummar Tula sun taimaka wajen jawo hankalin masu sha'awar tarihi da yanayin ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tula Chiefdom |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Chiefdom |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Makarantu da ƙauyuka == Bayanan ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe sun nuna cewa akwai ƙauyuka da dama a ƙarƙashin Tula Wange, Tula Baule da Tula-Yiri. Daga cikin wuraren da aka jera akwai Mararraba, Bekwalume, Yoriyo, Fantami, Kunini, Kutube, Butami, Falang da Surkwam a Tula Wange; yayin da Tula Baule ke da wurare kamar Kwallam, Bwaitai, Yakwale, Biladira, Lungeri da Jalingo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A Tula Wange akwai kuma wuraren ilimi kamar Tula Primary School, yayin da bayanan ƙauyuka suka ambaci makarantu a wasu ƙananan matsugunan yankin. Wannan yana nuna yadda makarantu suke zama wani ɓangare na tsarin zamantakewar al'ummomin Tula. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Shugabanni == Dr Kokiya Atare Buba shi ne Mai na farko na Tula Chiefdom bayan kafa masarautar a shekarar 2001. Bayan rasuwarsa a shekarar 2009, Abubakar Buba Atare ya gaje shi a matsayin Mai Tula. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Tula Chiefdom |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tula_Chiefdom |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Abubakar Buba Atare II ya ci gaba da zama shugaban gargajiya na Tula kuma ya kasance yana magana kan batutuwan haɗin kai, ci gaban al'umma, yawon buɗe ido da zuba jari a yankin. Vanguard ta ruwaito irin waɗannan kiraye-kirayen nasa a lokuta daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Be more united, Mai Tula tasks subjects |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/01/united-mai-tula-tasks-subjects/ |publisher=Vanguard News |date=24 January 2018 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Tula monarch tasks devt union officials on synergy |url=https://www.vanguardngr.com/2018/09/tula-monarch-tasks-devt-union-officials-on-synergy/ |publisher=Vanguard News |date=3 September 2018 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Tula Chiefdom]] * [[Tula language]] * [[Waja people]] * [[Gorontula]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} mhat1kci7omdkvcd7nyobetsj463tbs Awak 0 177868 961881 2026-10-02T14:12:46Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Awak | settlement_type = District | official_name = Awak | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kaltungo | postal_code = 770113 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Awak''' yanki ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Awak na daga cikin yankunan gudanarwa na Kaltungo, kuma ana amfani da sunan wajen nufin yankin da ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka da dama a kudancin jihar Gombe. Jerin ƙauy... 961881 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Awak | settlement_type = District | official_name = Awak | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kaltungo | postal_code = 770113 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Awak''' yanki ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Awak na daga cikin yankunan gudanarwa na Kaltungo, kuma ana amfani da sunan wajen nufin yankin da ya ƙunshi ƙauyuka da dama a kudancin jihar Gombe. Jerin ƙauyuka na Jihar Gombe ya sanya Awak a Kaltungo tare da lambar gidan waya 770113. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Awak tana da ƙauyuka da matsugunai da dama waɗanda suka haɗa da Bagaruwa, Bwara, Daura, Dodonruwa, Dundaye, Garin Bako, Garin Barau, Garin Ilyasu, Garin Jauro Gambo, Garin Korau, Garin Nasara, Garkin Alhaji Mani, Jauro Gotel, Kausur, Kunge, Kuren, Kwabilake, Lankare, Lugayidi, Momidi, Sabon Layi Awak, Salifawa, Shelin Kuwe, Soblong, Tambirame, Tanga, Tore, Tudu, Unguwan Barebare da Yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A tsarin gudanarwar ƙaramar hukumar, Awak tana ƙarƙashin Kaltungo Local Government Area, wadda take cikin Gombe South Senatorial District. Kaltungo LGA tana da hedikwata a garin Kaltungo, kuma tana da faɗin fili kimanin kilomita murabba'i 881. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaltungo LGA, Gombe State |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=282 |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Awak tana da muhimmiyar alaƙa da al'ummar da ake kira '''Yebu'''. Masana harsuna sun bayyana cewa ''Awak'' ko ''Awok'' suna ne da wasu maƙwabtan wannan al'umma ke amfani da shi, yayin da mutanen kansu ke kiran kansu '''Yebu''', kuma harshensu ana kiransa '''Nii Yebu'''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awak – Nii Yebu |url=https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/2023/06/16/awak-nii-yebu/ |publisher=Adamawa Language Projects, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Binciken ilimin harsuna na Adamawa Language Projects ya nuna cewa Awak/Yebu na daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomin kudancin Jihar Gombe. Sunan Awak ya bayyana a wasu bayanan tarihi da rubuce-rubucen zamanin mulkin mallaka, yayin da ''Yebu'' shi ne sunan da al'ummar ke amfani da shi wajen bayyana kansu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awak – Nii Yebu |url=https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/2023/06/16/awak-nii-yebu/ |publisher=Adamawa Language Projects, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Harshen Yebu, wanda ake kuma kira Awak ko Awok, harshe ne na yankin Kaltungo a Jihar Gombe. An rarraba shi cikin rukunin harsunan Tula–Waja, kuma bayanan binciken harshe sun nuna cewa akwai bambance-bambancen yare da suka samo asali daga tsoffin matsugunan mutanen Awak. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yebu language |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yebu_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A cewar Adamawa Language Projects, mutanen Awak suna da alaƙa da wasu ƙabilu da harsunan yankin, kuma maƙwabtansu suna amfani da sunaye daban-daban wajen kiran su. Waja suna kiran su ''Awaa'', Kamo kuma suna kiran su ''Yia'', yayin da Tula na Wange suke amfani da sunan ''Mwaarɛ''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awak – Nii Yebu |url=https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/2023/06/16/awak-nii-yebu/ |publisher=Adamawa Language Projects, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Tarihin harshen Yebu ya nuna cewa akwai tsoffin bayanan bincike kan harshen tun lokacin mulkin mallaka. Adamawa Language Projects ta bayyana cewa wasu daga cikin farkon jerin kalmomin Yebu an tattara su a Kaltungo, ciki har da bayanan da aka danganta da Reverend John Hall da kuma binciken C. K. Meek. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awak – Nii Yebu |url=https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/2023/06/16/awak-nii-yebu/ |publisher=Adamawa Language Projects, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Yankin Awak yana da alaƙa da tarihin tsoffin matsugunan da ke kan tsaunin Awak. Binciken Yebu ya bayyana cewa akwai wasu tsoffin matsugunai guda biyar a kan Awak Hill waɗanda suka danganci bambance-bambancen harshen Yebu; daga baya masu magana da harshen suka koma filayen da ke ƙasa daga wuraren da kakanninsu suka zauna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yebu language |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yebu_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Daga cikin ƙauyukan Awak akwai '''Bwara''', '''Bagaruwa''', '''Dundaye''', '''Garin Bako''', '''Garin Barau''', '''Garin Korau''', '''Jauro Gotel''', '''Kunge''', '''Soblong''', '''Tanga''', '''Tore''' da '''Yari'''. Waɗannan ƙauyuka suna daga cikin wuraren da aka jera a ƙarƙashin Awak a bayanan ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A yankin Awak akwai kuma wuraren ilimi. Bayanan ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe sun ambaci makarantu kamar Kwalashine Primary School, Soblong Primary School, Tanga Annex Primary School da Yeri Bwara Primary School a cikin jerin wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin Awak. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Tattalin arzikin yankin Awak yana cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin karkara na Kaltungo, inda noma yake daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki. Bayanai kan Kaltungo sun nuna cewa noma, musamman noman wake, masara da gyada, yana daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arzikin yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaltungo LGA, Gombe State |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=282 |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Awak tana cikin kudancin Jihar Gombe, yankin da ke da al'ummomi masu yawan harsuna da al'adu. Alaƙar Awak da Yebu, Waja, Tula da Kamo na nuna irin bambancin harshe da al'adu da ake samu a wannan ɓangare na jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awak – Nii Yebu |url=https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/2023/06/16/awak-nii-yebu/ |publisher=Adamawa Language Projects, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tarihin Awak yana da alaƙa da tsoffin matsugunan Yebu da ke kan Awak Hill. Bayanai na ilimin harsuna sun nuna cewa mutanen da ake kira Awak a wasu majiyoyi suna da nasu suna na asali, wato Yebu, kuma tarihin matsugunansu ya haɗa da zama a yankunan tuddai kafin wasu daga cikinsu su koma filayen da ke ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awak – Nii Yebu |url=https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/2023/06/16/awak-nii-yebu/ |publisher=Adamawa Language Projects, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Geography == Awak tana cikin Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo ta Jihar Gombe. Yankin yana cikin kudancin jihar, inda ake samun tuddai da filayen da suka haɗa da wuraren da tsoffin al'ummomin Yebu suka zauna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Yebu language |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yebu_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Harshe == Harshen da ake danganta da Awak shi ne '''Yebu''' ko '''Nii Yebu'''. Ana kuma samun sunayen ''Awak'' da ''Awok'' a cikin bayanan tarihi da na binciken harshe. Masana sun sanya Yebu cikin rukunin harsunan Tula–Waja. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Awak – Nii Yebu |url=https://www.blogs.uni-mainz.de/fb07-adamawa/2023/06/16/awak-nii-yebu/ |publisher=Adamawa Language Projects, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Ƙauyuka == Daga cikin ƙauyukan da ke ƙarƙashin Awak akwai Bagaruwa, Bwara, Daura, Dodonruwa, Dundaye, Garin Bako, Garin Barau, Garin Ilyasu, Garin Jauro Gambo, Garin Korau, Garin Nasara, Jauro Gotel, Kunge, Lugayidi, Momidi, Sabon Layi Awak, Salifawa, Soblong, Tambirame, Tanga, Tore, Tudu da Yari. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi == Akwai makarantu a wasu daga cikin ƙauyukan Awak. Jerin ƙauyukan jihar ya ambaci Kwalashine Primary School, Soblong Primary School, Tanga Annex Primary School da Yeri Bwara Primary School a matsayin wasu daga cikin cibiyoyin ilimi da ke yankin Awak. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Yebu language]] * [[Tula people]] * [[Waja people]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} s27vzmfhtv16bs49jfbhmqfexya22e0 Kamo 0 177869 961882 2026-10-02T14:14:31Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Kamo | settlement_type = District | official_name = Kamo | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kaltungo | postal_code = 770111 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kamo''' yanki ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Kamo na daga cikin yankunan Kaltungo, kuma jerin ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe ya nuna cewa yankin Kamo yana da lambar gidan waya ta '''770111'''. <ref>{{Cite web |title... 961882 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kamo | settlement_type = District | official_name = Kamo | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kaltungo | postal_code = 770111 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kamo''' yanki ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Kamo na daga cikin yankunan Kaltungo, kuma jerin ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe ya nuna cewa yankin Kamo yana da lambar gidan waya ta '''770111'''. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Kamo ba sunan yanki kawai ba ne, har ila yau ana amfani da sunan wajen bayyana wata al'umma da harshenta a kudancin Jihar Gombe. Mutanen Kamo suna kiran harshensu '''Ma''' ko '''Nyii Ma''', yayin da harshen ake kira Kamo a wasu rubuce-rubucen ilimin harsuna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamo language |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamo_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Asalin matsugunin mutanen Kamo yana da alaƙa da wani tudu da ake kira '''Kamo Hill'''. Binciken ilimin harshe ya bayyana cewa Kamo Hill shi ne tsohon wurin zama na mutanen Kamo, amma a ƙarni na 20 mutane suka fara barin tudun a hankali zuwa filayen da ke ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamo language |url=https://a.osmarks.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2020-08/A/Kamo_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Yankin Kamo yana da ƙauyuka da matsugunai masu yawa. Daga cikin wuraren da aka jera ƙarƙashin Kamo akwai Aoldo Bayo, Ardo Doya, Baba N'ere, Babewa, Baka Nyaker, Bakli, Bayan Kori, Bekitang, Beyan, Birwai, Biti-Biti, Buwosow, Dabewa da Dwale. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran ƙauyuka da matsugunan da ke ƙarƙashin Kamo sun haɗa da Garin Alhaji Sani, Garin Modibbo, Garin Nagge, Garin Sarkin Yaki, Garin Zauro Garba, Gindin Kuka, Gujuba, Hadarawa, Jauro Adamu, Jauro Baibo, Jauro Gale, Jauro Gidado, Jauro Sheni, Jauro Tambai, Jauro Yahaya da Jauro Yayi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> A cikin yankin Kamo akwai kuma wurare kamar Jonga, Kalakorok, Kalikorko, Kam Sliee, Kamsila, Karsila, Kattar, Kelembeke, Kivege, Kobdong, Kuntulunge, Kur kure, Kurshumbur, Kwadda, Kwara, Labangle, Lafiya, Lah-Taramfadde, Laha, Latoddo da Lattarin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Akwai kuma ƙauyuka kamar Matun Suyu, Mosso, Nakange, Nyibir, Nyila Cheng, Nyine-Diyer, Nyiti, Nyne Miuare, Nyne Tara, Patuinana, Pokwakka, Shenge Shenge Bolkidiwo, Sher shere, Shunge Shenge, Shwa, Tari Yau, Teni, Tudun Ucada Singe, Tudun Wada, Unguwan Kolo, Yalnine, Yannakata, Zalingo da Zange a cikin jerin matsugunan yankin Kamo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi == Tarihin Kamo yana da alaƙa da Kamo Hill, wanda aka bayyana a matsayin tsohon matsugunin al'ummar Kamo. A hankali, musamman a ƙarni na 20, mutanen Kamo suka fara ƙaura daga wannan tudu zuwa filayen da ke ƙasa, abin da ya haifar da samuwar matsugunan Kamo na yanzu a yankin Kaltungo da kewaye. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamo language |url=https://a.osmarks.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2020-08/A/Kamo_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Bayanan ilimin harsuna sun nuna cewa Kamo na daga cikin harsunan da ake samu a gabashin Najeriya, musamman a Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo da kuma wasu sassan [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] ta Jihar Gombe. Wannan ya nuna cewa al'ummar Kamo tana da alaƙa da fiye da yanki guda a cikin jihar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamo language |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamo_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Al'ummar Kamo == Al'ummar Kamo na daga cikin ƙananan al'ummomin harsuna da ake samu a kudancin Jihar Gombe. A cikin bayanan harsunan Jihar Gombe, Kamo an jera shi tare da Awak, Tangale, Tula da Yuwar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin harsunan da ake samu a Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Bayanan binciken harshe sun danganta Kamo da rukunin harsunan '''Waja–Kam''' na dangin harsunan '''Niger-Congo'''. A cikin wannan rarrabawa, Kamo yana cikin reshen Waja, tare da wasu harsunan yankin Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamo language |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamo_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Wasu majiyoyin ilimin harshe sun bayar da kimanin masu magana da Kamo 20,000 bisa bayanan shekarar 1995. Wannan adadi tsohon ƙiyasin masu magana ne, ba sabon ƙidayar jama'ar Kamo ba, saboda haka bai kamata a gabatar da shi a matsayin yawan jama'ar Kamo na yanzu ba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamo language |url=https://a.osmarks.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2020-08/A/Kamo_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Harshen Kamo == Harshen Kamo, wanda ake kira '''Ma''' ko '''Nyii Ma''' daga masu magana da shi, harshe ne na Savanna da ake magana a Jihar Gombe. ISO 639-3 na harshen Kamo shi ne '''kcq''', yayin da Glottolog ke amfani da lambar '''kamo1254''' wajen tantance harshen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamo language |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamo_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Kamo yana cikin dangin harsunan Niger-Congo, sannan cikin Atlantic–Congo, Waja–Kam da Waja. Wannan rarrabawar ta nuna kusancinsa da sauran harsunan da ake magana a yankin kudancin Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamo language |url=https://a.osmarks.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2020-08/A/Kamo_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Geography == Kamo tana cikin kudancin Jihar Gombe, a yankin Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo. Yankin Kaltungo yana da yanayin ƙasa mai tuddai da kwaruruka, kuma Kamo Hill yana daga cikin wuraren da ke da alaƙa da tarihin matsugunin al'ummar Kamo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamo language |url=https://a.osmarks.net/content/wikipedia_en_all_maxi_2020-08/A/Kamo_language |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo tana da fadin fili kimanin kilomita murabba'i 881. Kaltungo tana da al'ummomi da dama masu harsuna da al'adu daban-daban, ciki har da Kamo, Tula, Tangale da Awak. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaltungo |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltungo |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Noma == Noma yana daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo. Yankin yana samar da amfanin gona kamar dawa, gero, masara, wake da shinkafa, tare da kiwo, kasuwanci da sana'o'in hannu a matsayin wasu daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaltungo |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltungo |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Al'adu == Kaltungo tana da bukukuwan al'adu daban-daban da suka shafi al'ummomin yankin. Daga cikin bukukuwan da aka danganta da yankin akwai '''Kamo Cultural Festival''', wanda ke nuna muhimmancin al'adun Kamo a cikin al'ummomin Kaltungo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaltungo |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltungo |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Bikin Kamo na daga cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen nuna al'adun gargajiya, tarihi da haɗin kan al'ummar Kamo. Cibiyar National Institute for Cultural Orientation (NICO) ta taba wallafa bayani kan gudanar da Kamo Cultural Festival a Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kamo Cultural Festival Hold In Kaltungo Local Government Area |url=https://nico.gov.ng/ |publisher=National Institute for Cultural Orientation |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Ƙauyuka == Kamo tana da ɗimbin ƙauyuka da matsugunai da aka jera a ƙarƙashin sunan Kamo. Daga cikin su akwai Aoldo Bayo, Ardo Doya, Baba N'ere, Babewa, Baka Nyaker, Bakli, Bayan Kori, Bekitang, Beyan, Birwai, Biti-Biti, Buwosow, Dabewa da Dwale. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin ƙauyukan sun haɗa da Gujuba, Hadarawa, Jauro Adamu, Jauro Baibo, Jauro Gale, Jauro Gidado, Jauro Sheni, Jauro Tambai, Jauro Yahaya, Jauro Yayi, Jonga, Kalakorok, Kalikorko, Kam Sliee da Kamsila. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kamo language]] * [[Tula]] * [[Awak]] * [[Tangale]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5zlo669zi8x69ontybzdbki3oq3hz2n Ture 0 177870 961883 2026-10-02T14:16:17Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Ture | settlement_type = District | official_name = Ture | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kaltungo | postal_code = 770110 | coordinates = 9°49′30″N 11°22′45″E | elevation_m = 444 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Ture''' yanki ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ture na daga cikin yankunan Kaltungo, kuma an ba yankin lambar gidan waya '''770110'''. Jerin... 961883 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Ture | settlement_type = District | official_name = Ture | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kaltungo | postal_code = 770110 | coordinates = 9°49′30″N 11°22′45″E | elevation_m = 444 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Ture''' yanki ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Ture na daga cikin yankunan Kaltungo, kuma an ba yankin lambar gidan waya '''770110'''. Jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe ya nuna cewa akwai ƙauyuka da dama da suke ƙarƙashin Ture. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Ture tana cikin kudancin Jihar Gombe, a yankin [[Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo]]. Bayanai na taswira sun nuna cewa Ture tana kusan latitude 9.82498° Arewa da longitude 11.37926° Gabas, kuma tana da tsayin ƙasa kusan mita 444 sama da matakin teku. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ture Map - Locality - Kaltungo, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/16988036 |publisher=Mapcarta |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin [[Jihar Gombe]], kuma hedikwatarta tana garin Kaltungo. Kaltungo tana da faɗin fili kusan kilomita murabba'i 881, kuma ƙidayar jama'ar shekarar 2006 ta bayar da jimillar mutane 149,805 a ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaltungo |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltungo |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Ture na daga cikin yankunan da ke nuna bambancin ƙabilu da harsuna na Kaltungo. Takardar Gombe State Education Sector Plan ta bayyana cewa Kaltungo tana da al'ummomin Tula, Kamo, Awak da Tangale, waɗanda suke da harsuna da al'adunsu daban-daban. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Geography == Ture tana cikin yankin da ke da tuddai da kwaruruka na kudancin Gombe. Wurin Ture da aka bayyana a bayanan taswira yana kusa da Awak, kuma yana cikin yankin Kaltungo na arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ture Map - Locality - Kaltungo, Gombe State, Nigeria |url=https://mapcarta.com/16988036 |publisher=Mapcarta |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Ƙauyuka da matsugunai == Ture tana da yawan ƙauyuka da matsugunai. Daga cikin waɗanda aka jera ƙarƙashin Ture akwai Akbalam, Amden, Bethbere, Boto, Campi, Donka, Dwane, Kalakorok, Kalara, Kalwa, Kamlueu, Kuluneule, Kwane, Kwari, Labau, Labwilinblin, Ladur, Lakana, Lakazur, Lakdak da Lakweme. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Sauran matsugunan Ture sun haɗa da Lalme, Lamfirpir, Lamlam, Lare, Lkolin, Lue Eaidi, Mararaba ko Bwinbin, Okkallo, Okmana, Pakk, Panda, Pandi, Panpidok, Panrandan, Pantun, Pidrim, Pii, Pipandi, Pobauli, Pokada, Pokandaneran, Pongwalam, Poshuuge, Potipo da Potuzi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Akwai kuma wasu wuraren da ke ɗauke da sunan Ture a cikin yankin, kamar Ture Balam, Ture Kwe, Ture Mai, Ture Okialdi da Ture Okra. Jerin bayanan ilimi na ƙauyukan jihar ya kuma ambaci makarantu da wuraren gudanarwa a wasu daga cikin waɗannan matsugunai. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Ilimi == Akwai cibiyoyin ilimi a wasu daga cikin matsugunan Ture. Bayanan ƙauyukan jihar sun ambaci '''Ture Pandi I Primary School''', '''Ture Pandi II Primary School''', '''Ture Mai Primary School''', '''Ture Balam I Primary School''' da '''Ture Balam II Primary School''' a cikin yankin Ture. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Bayanan sun kuma ambaci wuraren makaranta a Ture Okra da Ture Kwe, ciki har da K.M. Unguwa. Wannan yana nuna cewa ilimin firamare yana daga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da ake gudanarwa a wasu daga cikin matsugunan Ture. <ref>{{Cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Al'umma da al'adu == Ture tana cikin Kaltungo, wadda take da al'ummomi masu harsuna da al'adu daban-daban. Takardar gwamnati ta Jihar Gombe ta bayyana cewa a Kaltungo akwai Tula, Kamo, Awak da Tangale, kuma waɗannan al'ummomi suna zaune a kusa da juna tare da hulɗa a harkokin aure, tattalin arziki da zamantakewa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Kaltungo tana kuma da bukukuwan gargajiya daban-daban da suka haɗa da Kamo Cultural Festival, Pan-Mana Cultural Festival, Tangale Dog Festival, Eku Cultural Festival da Pid Tungo Cultural Festival. Waɗannan bukukuwa suna daga cikin abubuwan da ke bayyana bambancin al'adu na yankin Kaltungo. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaltungo |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltungo |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Noma == Noma yana daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a Karamar Hukumar Kaltungo. Saboda haka, al'ummomin karkara da ke cikin yankin, ciki har da Ture, suna cikin tsarin tattalin arzikin karkara na Kaltungo, wanda ya haɗa da noma, kiwo da sauran sana'o'in karkara. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaltungo |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltungo |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Sufuri == Ture tana cikin yankin Kaltungo da ke da alaƙa da manyan hanyoyin da suka haɗa garin Kaltungo da sauran sassan kudancin Jihar Gombe. Hedikwatar Kaltungo tana kan hanyar A345, wadda take ɗaya daga cikin hanyoyin da ke hidimar yankin. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaltungo |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaltungo |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Postal code == An ware lambar gidan waya '''770110''' ga Ture. Bayanai na lambar gidan waya sun jera Ture a matsayin district/area a Kaltungo, Gombe, tare da ƙauyuka irin su Akbalam da Amden a ƙarƙashinta. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Kaltungo, Gombe Postcode List |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/kaltungo/ |publisher=Nigeria Postcode |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kamo]] * [[Tula]] * [[Awak]] * [[Tangale]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 4ffij07q91dc97ta1hg171ng8qm3t03 Gadam 0 177871 961884 2026-10-02T14:18:34Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Gadam | settlement_type = District | official_name = Gadam | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kwami | postal_code = 760102 | coordinates = {{coord|10.47479|11.10164|type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 513 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Gadam''' wata al'umma ce da ke cikin [[Kwami Local Government Area]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Gadam tana cikin yankin yammacin Kwa... 961884 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Gadam | settlement_type = District | official_name = Gadam | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kwami | postal_code = 760102 | coordinates = {{coord|10.47479|11.10164|type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 513 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Gadam''' wata al'umma ce da ke cikin [[Kwami Local Government Area]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Gadam tana cikin yankin yammacin Kwami, kuma bayanan Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Najeriya (INEC) sun bayyana Gadam a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren rajista na Kwami Local Government Area. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |date=2015 |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> A bayanan taswirar GeoNames da OpenStreetMap, Gadam tana da kusan latitude 10.47479° arewa da longitude 11.10164° gabas, kuma tana da tsayin kusan mita 513 daga saman teku. Bayanai na taswira sun bayyana ta a matsayin ƙauye (village) a cikin Kwami, Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gadam Map - Village - Kwami, Gombe State, Nigeria |publisher=Mapcarta |url=https://mapcarta.com/17030466 |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Gadam tana cikin Kwami Local Government Area, wadda hedikwatarta take a [[Malam Sidi]]. Kundin INEC na Gombe ya lissafa Gadam a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba 05 a cikin Kwami LGA, tare da sauran yankunan rajista kamar Bojude, Daban Fulani, Doho, Dukul, Jurara, Komfulata, Kwami, Malam Sidi da Malleri. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Polling Unit Directory |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Bayanin Gwamnatin Tarayya ta Najeriya ya kuma tabbatar da kasancewar makarantar '''Government Secondary School Gadam''' a Kwami, Jihar Gombe. Makarantar tana cikin jerin makarantun sakandare da aka bayyana a shirin ilimi da fasahar sadarwa na yankin Arewa maso Gabas. <ref>{{cite web |title=North East Projects |publisher=Universal Service Provision Fund (USPF) |url=https://uspf.gov.ng/projects/north-east |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Haka kuma, takardar [[Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Tarayya ta Najeriya]] kan jerin makarantun gwamnati ta lissafa '''Government Day Secondary School, Gadam''' a ƙarƙashin Gombe/Kwami. Wannan ya nuna cewa Gadam na daga cikin al'ummomin Kwami da ke da makarantar sakandaren gwamnati. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of Public Secondary Schools in Nigeria |publisher=Federal Ministry of Education / National Senior Secondary Education Commission |url=https://nssec.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/06/List-of-Public-Secondary-Schools-in-Nigeria.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> A bangaren ilimin ƙasa da albarkatun ruwa, an gudanar da wani bincike na kimiyya a Gadam wanda ya mai da hankali kan ruwan ƙarƙashin ƙasa. Binciken ya bayyana Gadam a matsayin gari/al'umma da ke cikin Kwami Local Government Area, a kan Upper Benue Trough, kuma ya yi nazari kan tsarin ruwa ƙarƙashin ƙasa da nau'o'in aquifer da ake samu a yankin. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Groundwater Investigation of Gadam Town, Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria |journal=ResearchGate |year=2023 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367157425_Groundwater_Investigation_of_Gadam_town_Gombe_State_Northeastern_Nigeria |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa mazauna Gadam suna gudanar da ayyukan noma da farauta a matsayin wasu daga cikin hanyoyin samun abin rayuwa. Wannan ya dace da yanayin karkarar yankin Kwami, inda noma yake daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki na al'ummomin yankin. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Groundwater Investigation of Gadam Town, Gombe State, Northeastern Nigeria |journal=ResearchGate |year=2023 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/367157425_Groundwater_Investigation_of_Gadam_town_Gombe_State_Northeastern_Nigeria |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Gadam tana da wasu ƙananan ƙauyuka da wuraren zama da ke ƙarƙashin yankinta. Jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Gombe ya lissafa wurare kamar Kobozo, Bafuya, Gamadadi, Zangoma Gaji, Bamayi Birin, Bulama Dauda, Ganjuwa, Ngaji, Babadala, Yalwa Yame, Yelwa Tafida, Bomala da wasu wurare a ƙarƙashin yankin Gadam. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |publisher=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> A shekarar 2026, Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana aikin hanyar '''Gadam–Yame–Kyari zuwa Malam Sidi''', wadda aka bayyana a matsayin hanya mai tsawon kilomita 28 da ke haɗa yankin Kwami West da sauran sassan Kwami. Hanyar tana da muhimmanci wajen haɗa al'ummomin yankin da kuma sauƙaƙa zirga-zirga da harkokin tattalin arziki. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe Governor Boosts Rural Development in Kwami, Dukku |publisher=Voice of Nigeria |date=2026-02-27 |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-governor-boosts-rural-development-in-kwami-dukku/ |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Gadam kuma tana cikin yankin Kwami West. Wani rahoton binciken al'umma na UN Women ya bayyana cewa Kwami Local Government Area tana da sassa biyu, Kwami East da Kwami West, inda Gadam take cikin Kwami West tare da Kwami, Komfulata da Bojude. Rahoton ya kuma bayyana Kwami a matsayin yanki mai yawan kabilu daban-daban, ciki har da Bolawa, Tera, Kwami da Fulani. <ref>{{cite report |title=Report of Baseline Survey |publisher=UN Women |url=https://africa.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/Field%20Office%20Africa/Attachments/Publications/2016/10/REPORT%20OF%20BASELINE%20SURVEY.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> A fannin gudanarwa, Gadam tana da matsayi na musamman a tsarin zaɓe na Kwami, domin INEC ta ware ta a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Registration Areas na ƙaramar hukumar. A cikin kundin INEC, Gadam tana da lambar Registration Area 05, kuma an ware mata cibiyoyin kada kuri'a a makarantu da sauran wuraren da hukumar ta ayyana. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Polling Unit Directory |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Saboda matsayinta a Kwami West, makarantu da hanyoyin sufuri, Gadam na daga cikin muhimman ƙananan al'ummomin da ke haɗa yankunan karkarar Kwami da sauran sassan ƙaramar hukumar. Aikin hanyar Gadam–Yame–Kyari zuwa Malam Sidi da kuma kasancewar makarantar sakandaren gwamnati a Gadam na daga cikin abubuwan more rayuwa da ke da alaƙa da yankin. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gombe Governor Boosts Rural Development in Kwami, Dukku |publisher=Voice of Nigeria |date=2026-02-27 |url=https://von.gov.ng/gombe-governor-boosts-rural-development-in-kwami-dukku/ |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kwami]] * [[Malam Sidi]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kwami Local Government Area]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9xazl97kxjyurw20ep0pvmdch6vm730 Doho 0 177872 961886 2026-10-02T14:20:27Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Doho | settlement_type = Town | official_name = Doho | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kwami | postal_code = 760103 | coordinates = {{coord|10|24|30.348|N|11|15|36.889|E|display=inline,title}} | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Doho''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Kwami Local Government Area]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Doho na daga cikin yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin Kwami Local Government Area, kuma Hukumar Z... 961886 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Doho | settlement_type = Town | official_name = Doho | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kwami | postal_code = 760103 | coordinates = {{coord|10|24|30.348|N|11|15|36.889|E|display=inline,title}} | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Doho''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Kwami Local Government Area]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Doho na daga cikin yankunan da ke ƙarƙashin Kwami Local Government Area, kuma Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Najeriya (INEC) ta jera Doho a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Registration Areas na Kwami. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Registration Areas |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Doho yana cikin yankin Malam Sidi na Kwami. A bayanan taswirar Wikidata, Doho yana da wurin da yake kusan latitude 10°24′30.348″ arewa da longitude 11°15′36.889″ gabas. Haka kuma an danganta Doho da lambar gidan waya 760103. <ref>{{cite web |title=Doho |publisher=Wikidata |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121891477 |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta sanya Doho cikin tsarin gudanar da kuɗaɗen ƙananan hukumomi a matsayin wani yanki na Kwami Local Government Area. A cikin Harmonized Chart of Accounts na ƙananan hukumomin jihar, an ba Doho lambar 21520803 ƙarƙashin Kwami Local Government Area. <ref>{{cite web |title=Approved Harmonized Chart of Accounts for LGAs in Gombe State |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Finance |url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/APPROVED-HARMONIZED-CHART-OF-ACCOUNTS-FOR-LGAs-IN-GOMBE-STATE_Final.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Kwami Local Government Area tana da hedikwata a [[Malam Sidi]]. A cewar bayanan Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Najeriya, Kwami LGA tana da Registration Areas guda goma, waɗanda suka haɗa da Bojude, Daban Fulani, Doho, Dukul, Gadam, Jurara, Komfulata, Kwami, Malam Sidi da Malleri. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Registration Areas |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Doho yana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin gudanar da zaɓe a Kwami, domin INEC ta ware shi a matsayin Registration Area. Bayanan INEC na cibiyoyin tattara katin PVC na Kwami sun kuma nuna Doho a cikin jerin Registration Areas na ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State PVC Collection Centres |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> A cikin Doho akwai ƙananan wurare da matsugunai da dama. Jerin ƙauyuka da wuraren zama na Gombe ya lissafa Wuro Dole, Mai Unguwa Kofar Sarkin Dohe, Mai Unguwa Kofar Ajiya, Jauro Bello, Gerema, Unguwar Galadima, Unguwar Yerima, Jalingo, Malko, Sharifuri, Jauro Gabdo, Lantaiwa, Alagarno, Wuro Tara, Zangoma Abba da Jauro Ahmadu/Wuro Tann a ƙarƙashin Doho. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |publisher=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Harkar ilimi tana daga cikin ayyukan zamantakewa da ake samu a Doho. Bayanai sun nuna kasancewar Doho Primary School a Unguwar Galadima, yayin da Wuro Dole, Jalingo, Malko, Alagarno da Wuro Tara ma suke da wuraren da aka danganta da makarantun firamare. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |publisher=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Hukumar Universal Service Provision Fund (USPF) ta gwamnatin Najeriya ta kuma jera '''Community Secondary School, Doho''' a Kwami, Jihar Gombe, cikin cibiyoyin makarantu da aka haɗa cikin shirinta na North East. Bayanin USPF ya nuna cewa makarantar tana cikin cibiyoyin da aka shigar da su cikin shirin a shekarar 2009. <ref>{{cite web |title=North East Projects |publisher=Universal Service Provision Fund (USPF) |url=https://uspf.gov.ng/projects/north-east |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Wani shirin tallafin ilimi da aka gudanar a Kwami ya kuma nuna cewa Doho Primary School ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka yi amfani da su wajen aiwatar da shirin ilimi ga yara da mutanen da suka rasa matsugunansu. Rahoton ya ambaci Doho a matsayin wurin koyarwa a ƙarƙashin Kwami. <ref>{{cite web |title=Provision and possible sustainability of Quality Education for the displaced persons in Kwami LGA of Gombe State, Nigeria |publisher=Foundation for Youth Awakening and Empowerment (FOYAE) |url=https://foyae.org.ng/project-title-provision-and-possible-sustainability-of-quality-education-for-the-displaced-persons-in-kwami-lga-of-gombe-state-nigeria/ |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Bayanan Hukumar Kula da Hijira ta Duniya (IOM) sun kuma jera Doho a cikin yankunan da aka tantance a Kwami Local Government Area. A cikin jerin, Doho yana da wuraren da aka ƙididdige su domin aikin tantance al'umma, wanda ke nuna cewa yankin yana cikin tsarin bayanan jinƙai da gudanar da ayyukan al'umma na Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |publisher=International Organization for Migration (IOM) |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%20OF%20WARDS%20ASSESSED.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> A fannin tattalin arziki, Doho yana cikin Kwami LGA, yankin da tattalin arzikinsa ya dogara da ayyukan karkara musamman noma. Bayanai kan Kwami sun nuna cewa noma, kiwo, kasuwanci da sauran ayyukan yau da kullum suna daga cikin hanyoyin samun abin rayuwa a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kwami LGA, Gombe State |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=283 |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Doho yana amfani da lambar gidan waya 760103, wadda aka danganta da yankin Malam Sidi na Kwami. Jerin lambobin gidan waya na Kwami ya nuna Doho tare da Malam Sidi, Alagarno, Daban Fulani, Maleri, Dukku da sauran wuraren da ke cikin wannan yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kwami LGA Postal Code |publisher=Postalcode.ng |url=https://postalcode.ng/kwami-lga-postal-code/ |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Akwai kuma hanyoyin mota da ke haɗa Doho da sauran sassan Kwami. Bayanan Wikidata na Doho sun ƙunshi hoto mai suna "Green Atmosphere Along Doho Road", wanda ke nuna kasancewar hanyar Doho a matsayin wani ɓangare na mu'amalar zirga-zirga a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Doho |publisher=Wikidata |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121891477 |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> Doho yana cikin yankin Gombe da ke da al'ummomi masu bambancin harshe da al'ada. Saboda haka, rayuwar jama'ar Doho tana da alaƙa da tsarin zamantakewa da tattalin arziki na Kwami Local Government Area, musamman ayyukan noma, ilimi, kasuwanci da hulɗar al'umma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kwami LGA, Gombe State |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=283 |access-date=2026-10-02}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kwami]] * [[Malam Sidi]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kwami Local Government Area]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dp3w2nhgtfqhf13b8i0krtdzfbkbdgk Bojude 0 177873 961887 2026-10-02T14:21:57Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Bojude | settlement_type = Town | official_name = Bojude | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kwami | postal_code = 760102 | coordinates = {{coord|10|36|20.16|N|11|04|07.37|E|display=inline,title}} | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Bojude''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Kwami Local Government Area]] na [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Bojude na daga cikin muhimman yankunan Kwami West, kuma Hukumar... 961887 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Bojude | settlement_type = Town | official_name = Bojude | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Kwami | postal_code = 760102 | coordinates = {{coord|10|36|20.16|N|11|04|07.37|E|display=inline,title}} | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Bojude''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Kwami Local Government Area]] na [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Bojude na daga cikin muhimman yankunan Kwami West, kuma Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Najeriya (INEC) ta lissafa Bojude a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Registration Areas na Kwami. <ref>{{cite web |title=Information Kit for 2015 |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |date=2015 |url=https://wp1.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-INFO-KIT-.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Bojude yana cikin Kwami West. A kundin INEC na Gombe, an ware Kwami West da Registration Areas guda huɗu, wato Bojude, Gadam, Komfulata da Kwami. Kundin ya kuma nuna cewa Bojude yana da cibiyoyin zaɓe guda da dama, tare da ''Bojude Maternity'' a matsayin wurin da aka nuna a matsayin cibiyar tattara bayanan yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Information Kit for 2015 |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |date=2015 |url=https://wp1.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-INFO-KIT-.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Bayanan Wikidata sun nuna cewa Bojude yana da matsayin gari da kuma ward a Kwami Local Government Area. An rubuta wurin Bojude a kusan latitude 10°36′20.16″ arewa da longitude 11°04′07.37″ gabas, kuma GeoNames ya ba wurin lambar gano shi ta 2346895. <ref>{{cite web |title=Bojude |publisher=Wikidata |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q121892458 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Kwami Local Government Area, wadda Bojude yake cikinta, tana da hedikwata a Malam Sidi. Bayanai sun nuna cewa Kwami LGA an ƙirƙire ta ne a shekarar 1991, tana da faɗin kusan kilomita murabba'i 1,787, kuma ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2006 ta ba yankin yawan jama'a 195,298. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kwami LGA, Gombe State |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=283 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Bojude yana da ƙananan wurare da ƙauyuka da dama a ƙarƙashinsa. Jerin ƙauyuka na Jihar Gombe ya lissafa Babadala, Madaki, Sarki Jore, Jauro Sabo, Jauro Kawu, Malam Bappah, Gabanni, Bamayi I, Bamayi II, Tafida Musa, Durokono, Diri, Jauro Mauwada, Jauro Yaya, Bele da Zambe daga cikin wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin Bojude. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |publisher=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Wasu daga cikin waɗannan wuraren suna da cibiyoyin ilimi. Jerin wuraren Bojude ya nuna '''Durokono Primary School''' da '''Jauro Mauwada Primary School''' a matsayin wuraren makarantu da ke cikin yankin. Wannan yana nuna rawar da Bojude da ƙananan matsugunansa ke takawa wajen samar da ilimin firamare ga yara a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |publisher=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Harkar ilimi a Bojude ta haɗa da makarantar sakandaren gwamnati. Bayanan da aka tattara kan makarantun Kwami sun lissafa '''Government Day Secondary School, Bojude''' daga cikin makarantun sakandaren gwamnati da ke cikin ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kwami |publisher=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwami |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Bojude yana cikin yankin da tattalin arzikinsa ya fi karkata ga ayyukan noma. Bayanan Kwami Local Government Area sun bayyana noma a matsayin babban aikin tattalin arziki a yankin, tare da noman amfanin gona kamar masara, gero da wake, da kuma kiwo da kasuwanci. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kwami LGA, Gombe State |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=283 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Saboda kasancewarsa a Kwami West, Bojude yana cikin tsarin al'ummomin da ke haɗa yankunan karkarar Kwami da sauran sassan ƙaramar hukumar. Matsayinsa a matsayin Registration Area ya kuma sa sunan Bojude ya bayyana a cikin bayanan gudanar da zaɓe na INEC na Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Information Kit for 2015 |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |date=2015 |url=https://wp1.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-INFO-KIT-.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Bayanai na gwamnati da na ƙananan hukumomi sun nuna cewa Kwami na daga cikin yankunan Gombe da ake gudanar da ayyukan noma, kasuwanci da kiwon dabbobi. Wadannan ayyukan tattalin arziki suna samar da hanyoyin samun abin rayuwa ga mazauna ƙananan al'ummomin Kwami, ciki har da Bojude. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kwami LGA, Gombe State |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=283 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Bojude yana amfani da lambar gidan waya '''760102''', wadda aka danganta da yankin Kwami. Wannan lambar tana taimakawa wajen rarrabe wuraren aikawa da karɓar wasiƙu da sauran hidimomin gidan waya a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |publisher=Wikipedia |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> A fannin gudanarwa, Bojude yana ƙarƙashin Kwami Local Government Area ta Jihar Gombe, yayin da Kwami West yake matsayin yankin rajista da ya haɗa Bojude da Gadam, Komfulata da Kwami. Wannan tsarin yana bayyana matsayin Bojude a cikin tsarin gudanarwa da zaɓe na Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Information Kit for 2015 |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC) |date=2015 |url=https://wp1.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-INFO-KIT-.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kwami]] * [[Malam Sidi]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kwami Local Government Area]] * [[Gombe State]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} dqrutlbop9ezn31uw18e3dtzrh83fbg Yamaltudeba 0 177874 961889 2026-10-02T14:26:14Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Yamaltu/Deba | official_name = Yamaltu/Deba Local Government Area | settlement_type = Local Government Area | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | headquarters = Deba | area_total_km2 = 2181 | population_total = 255726 | population_as_of = 2006 census | postal_code = 761 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Yamaltu/Deba''' ƙaramar hukuma ce (Local Government Area) da ke cikin [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwata... 961889 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Yamaltu/Deba | official_name = Yamaltu/Deba Local Government Area | settlement_type = Local Government Area | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | headquarters = Deba | area_total_km2 = 2181 | population_total = 255726 | population_as_of = 2006 census | postal_code = 761 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Yamaltu/Deba''' ƙaramar hukuma ce (Local Government Area) da ke cikin [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar tana garin [[Deba, Gombe|Deba]], wanda kuma ake kira Deba Habe. Yamaltu/Deba na daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 11 da suka ƙunshi Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |publisher=Gombe State Government |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Yamaltu/Deba tana da muhimmiyar matsayi a tsarin gudanarwa na Jihar Gombe. Takardun Ma'aikatar Ilimi ta Jihar Gombe sun nuna cewa ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2006 ta ba Yamaltu/Deba yawan jama'a 255,248, wanda ya ƙunshi maza 144,746 da mata 110,502. <ref>{{cite report |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Bayanan National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) da aka wallafa a cikin Annual Abstract of Statistics sun ba Yamaltu/Deba jimillar jama'a 255,726 a ƙidayar shekarar 2006, wato maza 133,246 da mata 122,480. Bambancin wannan adadi da wasu takardun gwamnati ya samo asali ne daga bambancin kundin bayanan da aka yi amfani da su; saboda haka ya dace a bayyana tushen adadin a duk lokacin da aka ambace shi. <ref>{{cite report |title=Annual Abstract of Statistics 2011 |publisher=National Bureau of Statistics |url=https://www.nigerianstat.gov.ng/pdfuploads/Annual_Abstract_of_Statistics_2011.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Yamaltu/Deba tana da faɗin ƙasa mai girma idan aka kwatanta da wasu ƙananan hukumomin Gombe. Bayanai daban-daban na hukumomi da kundin bayanan ƙananan hukumomi sun ba da adadin yankin da ya bambanta; saboda haka bayanin faɗin ƙasa yana buƙatar a danganta shi da takamaiman majiya. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yamaltu/Deba LGA, Gombe State |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=286 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Babban garin ƙaramar hukumar shi ne '''Deba'''. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana Yamaltu/Deba a cikin taswirar ƙananan hukumomin jihar, inda aka danganta yankin da hedikwatar Deba. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |publisher=Gombe State Government |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Yamaltu/Deba tana da al'ummomi da ƙauyuka da dama. Daga cikin wuraren da ake dangantawa da yankin akwai Deba, [[Dadin Kowa]], Liji, Jagali da Kuri, tare da wasu ƙananan matsugunai da ke ƙarƙashin yankunan gudanarwa na ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yamaltu/Deba Local Government Area |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=286 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> A fannin albarkatun ruwa, Yamaltu/Deba tana da muhimmiyar madatsar ruwa ta '''[[Dadin Kowa Dam]]'''. Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority ta bayyana cewa madatsar tana kan [[Gongola River]], kusan kilomita 5 arewa da ƙauyen Dadin-Kowa, kuma tana cikin Yamaltu/Deba Local Government Area ta Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |publisher=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> An fara nazarin aikin Dadin-Kowa Dam ne domin samar da wutar lantarki da kuma tallafa wa ayyukan ban ruwa. Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority ta bayyana cewa tun shekarar 1957 aka fara gano yiwuwar amfani da wurin wajen samar da wutar lantarki, sannan a shekarar 1976 aka sake nazarin aikin domin gina madatsar ruwa mai amfani da fannoni da dama. <ref>{{cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |publisher=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Dadin-Kowa Dam tana da alaƙa da aikin ban ruwa a yankin. Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority ta lissafa Dadin-Kowa a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ayyukan ban ruwa da take gudanarwa, tare da sauran ayyukan madatsun ruwa da rijiyoyin ruwa a yankin Upper Benue. <ref>{{cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |publisher=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Noman amfanin gona yana daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a Yamaltu/Deba. Bayanai kan ƙaramar hukumar sun bayyana noma a matsayin babban ginshiƙin tattalin arzikinta, tare da noman hatsi da sauran amfanin gona da ake samarwa a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yamaltu/Deba LGA, Gombe State |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=286 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Kasuwanci ma yana daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arzikin yankin. Kasuwannin cikin gida suna samar da wuraren saye da sayar da amfanin gona da sauran kayayyaki, yayin da kasancewar Dadin-Kowa Dam da tsarin ban ruwa ke ƙara muhimmancin noma da kamun kifi a wasu sassan ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yamaltu/Deba LGA, Gombe State |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=286 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Yamaltu/Deba tana da alaƙa da tsarin kogin Gongola, wanda yake da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da ruwa da ayyukan noma a yankin. Dadin-Kowa Dam da tafkin da ya samar suna daga cikin manyan siffofin yanayin ƙasa da ake samu a ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Dadin Kowa Dam Project |publisher=Upper Benue River Basin Development Authority |url=https://ubrbda.gov.ng/dadinkowa.php |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> A fannin ilimi, Yamaltu/Deba tana cikin tsarin ilimi na Jihar Gombe. Tsarin dabarun ilimi na Jihar Gombe ya ware Yamaltu/Deba a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomin jihar, tare da bayanan yawan jama'a da ake amfani da su wajen tsara ayyukan ilimi da sauran hidimomin jama'a. <ref>{{cite report |title=Gombe State Education Sector Plan |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Education |url=https://moe.gm.gov.ng/images/GombeSESP2019.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> A fannin gudanar da ƙananan hukumomi, Yamaltu/Deba tana da nata ofishin sakatariyar ƙaramar hukuma a Deba. Bayanan wurin gudanarwa sun nuna cewa Yamaltu/Deba Local Government Secretariat tana Deba Habe, Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yamaltu/Deba Local Government Secretariat |publisher=Local business directory |url=https://www.google.com/maps |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Yamaltu/Deba tana da al'ummomi masu alaƙa da tarihi, noma, kasuwanci da al'adun yankin Gongola. Deba da Dadin-Kowa su ne daga cikin wuraren da aka fi danganta da ƙaramar hukumar, yayin da sauran ƙauyuka ke taka rawa wajen noma da sauran ayyukan yau da kullum. <ref>{{cite web |title=Yamaltu/Deba Local Government Area |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=286 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> A tsarin ƙananan hukumomin Jihar Gombe, Yamaltu/Deba tana ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 11 na jihar, tare da Akko, Balanga, Billiri, Dukku, Funakaye, Gombe, Kaltungo, Kwami, Nafada da Shongom. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |publisher=Gombe State Government |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/ |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Deba, Gombe]] * [[Dadin Kowa]] * [[Dadin Kowa Dam]] * [[Gongola River]] * [[Gombe State]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5rrc7sdus64tajek72i2nn3ve4qmjvc Boh 0 177875 961890 2026-10-02T14:28:23Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Boh | settlement_type = Town | official_name = Boh | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Shongom | postal_code = 770102 | coordinates = {{coord|9.78187|11.27882|type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 568 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Boh''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Boh ita ce hedikwatar [[Shongom Local Government Area]], kuma tana daga cikin manyan c... 961890 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Boh | settlement_type = Town | official_name = Boh | country = Nigeria | state = Gombe State | local_government_area = Shongom | postal_code = 770102 | coordinates = {{coord|9.78187|11.27882|type:city|display=inline,title}} | elevation_m = 568 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Boh''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Jihar Gombe]], a arewa maso gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Boh ita ce hedikwatar [[Shongom Local Government Area]], kuma tana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin gudanarwa na wannan ƙaramar hukuma. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana Boh a matsayin hedikwatar Shongom a cikin bayanan ƙananan hukumomin jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Local Government Areas |publisher=Gombe State Government |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/lgas.php |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Boh tana cikin yankin arewacin Shongom Local Government Area. Bayanan taswirar GeoNames da OpenStreetMap sun sanya Boh a kusan latitude 9.78187° arewa da longitude 11.27882° gabas, tare da tsayin kusan mita 568 daga saman teku. <ref>{{cite web |title=Boh Map - Locality - Shongom, Gombe State, Nigeria |publisher=Mapcarta |url=https://mapcarta.com/33019922 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Boh na daga cikin wuraren da ake gudanar da harkokin gwamnati a Shongom. Ofishin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Najeriya (INEC) na Shongom Local Government Area yana Boh, kusa da hedikwatar 'yan sanda ta Shongom. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin Boh a matsayin cibiyar gudanarwa da zaɓe ta ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite web |title=INEC Shongom LGA Office |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |url=https://cvr.inecnigeria.org/locator/viewCentre/1306 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Shongom Local Government Area tana da faɗin fili kusan kilomita murabba'i 922, kuma ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2006 ta ba ta yawan jama'a 151,520. Boh ce hedikwatar wannan ƙaramar hukuma, wadda ke ɗaya daga cikin ƙananan hukumomi 11 na Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Shongom |publisher=Gombe State Government |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/lgas.php |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Boh tana cikin yankin da al'ummar Tangale ke da muhimmiyar kasancewa. Wani binciken kimiyya da aka gudanar a Shongom Local Government Area ya bayyana Boh a matsayin hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar, kuma ya nuna cewa Tangale na daga cikin mutanen da ke zaune a garin. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Groundwater Potential Assessment of Boh Town, Shongom Local Government Area, Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=IRESPUB Journal of Natural & Applied Sciences |year=2024 |url=https://irespub.com/wp-content/uploads/2024/11/Volume2-Issue3-NA-N.01-P.1-15.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Harshen Tangale yana daga cikin harsunan da ake amfani da su a Shongom. Wani bincike kan manoman masara a Shongom Local Government Area ya bayyana Tangale a matsayin babban harshen da ake magana da shi a yankin, yayin da Hausa da Turanci su ma ake amfani da su. Binciken ya kuma haɗa Boh cikin ƙauyukan da aka zaɓa domin gudanar da binciken. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Assessing the Adoption of Practices Introduced to Maize Farmers by Gombe State Agricultural Development Programmes in Shongom Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development |year=2021 |url=https://www.ijsred.com/volume4/issue2/IJSRED-V4I2P158.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Noma yana daga cikin manyan ayyukan tattalin arzikin mutanen Boh da sauran sassan Shongom. Binciken manoman masara a yankin ya bayyana cewa yawancin mazauna Shongom manoma ne, yayin da a lokacin rani wasu ke shiga sana'o'i kamar kafinta, walda da aikin ƙarfe. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Assessing the Adoption of Practices Introduced to Maize Farmers by Gombe State Agricultural Development Programmes in Shongom Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development |year=2021 |url=https://www.ijsred.com/volume4/issue2/IJSRED-V4I2P158.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Boh tana da alaƙa da wasu garuruwa da ƙauyuka na Shongom da Kaltungo. Bayanai na taswira sun nuna cewa Kaltungo tana kusa da Boh, yayin da Chongwom yake kusan kilomita uku daga Boh. Wannan matsayi ya sa Boh take cikin yankin da ke da hulɗa da sauran al'ummomin kudancin Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Boh Map - Locality - Shongom, Gombe State, Nigeria |publisher=Mapcarta |url=https://mapcarta.com/33019922 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> A cikin tsarin zaɓe, Boh na daga cikin wards na Shongom Local Government Area. Bayanai kan ƙananan hukumomin Shongom sun nuna cewa akwai ward mai suna Boh Ward, tare da Bangunji, Burak, Filiya, Gwandum, Kalishen, Karel, Kulishin da Lalaipido. <ref>{{cite web |title=Shongom Local Government Area |publisher=Local Governance Accountability Portal |url=https://lgaportal.org/lgaDetails?lgaId=285 |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Jerin wuraren zaɓe na Jihar Gombe ya kuma nuna wurare da dama da ke ƙarƙashin Boh Ward. Daga cikinsu akwai Kalkuto, Layange, Kalbulak, Kinawe, Labeke, Agbun/Lataki, Pokata da Lawishi, tare da wuraren da aka danganta da makarantu, fadar hakimi da sakatariyar ƙaramar hukuma. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission data compiled in locality listings |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Sakatariyar Shongom Local Government Council tana Boh. Takardun binciken kuɗaɗen ƙaramar hukumar sun tabbatar da kasancewar Shongom Local Government Council a matsayin cibiyar gudanar da harkokin ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite report |title=Shongom Local Government Council Financial Statements |publisher=Auditor-General for Local Governments, Gombe State |year=2019 |url=https://audgenlg.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/SHONGOM-ACCOUNT-2019.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> A fannin wutar lantarki, Boh ta kasance cikin wuraren da aka ambata a Majalisar Wakilan Najeriya dangane da aikin layin wutar lantarki mai ƙarfin 33 kVA. Takardar Majalisar ta bayyana cewa an fara aikin gina layin daga Boh zuwa wasu garuruwa da ƙauyuka a shekarar 2013, amma daga baya iska mai ƙarfi da masu lalata kayayyakin more rayuwa suka lalata wasu sassan aikin. <ref>{{cite report |title=House of Representatives Order Paper, 1 December 2021 |publisher=House of Representatives of the Federal Republic of Nigeria |date=2021-12-01 |url=https://placng.org/i/wp-content/uploads/2021/12/House-of-Reps-order-paper1st-December-2021.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Boh tana cikin yankin da yanayinsa ya dace da aikin noma. Binciken noma na Shongom ya bayyana yankin a matsayin wani ɓangare na savanna, tare da yanayi mai zafi a mafi yawan lokutan shekara. Wannan yanayin ya kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ke shafar ayyukan noma da rayuwar manoma a yankin. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Assessing the Adoption of Practices Introduced to Maize Farmers by Gombe State Agricultural Development Programmes in Shongom Local Government Area of Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=International Journal of Scientific Research and Engineering Development |year=2021 |url=https://www.ijsred.com/volume4/issue2/IJSRED-V4I2P158.pdf |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> Boh tana da matsayi na musamman a Shongom saboda haɗuwar ayyukan gwamnati, ilimi, noma da harkokin al'umma a cikinta. Kasancewarta hedikwatar ƙaramar hukuma ya sanya ta zama cibiyar da ake gudanar da muhimman ayyukan gwamnati da na jama'a na Shongom. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Local Government Areas |publisher=Gombe State Government |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/pages/lgas.php |access-date=2026-10-02 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Shongom]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Tangale]] * [[Gombe State]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 8kl35h94qm9veijgt724zgyl2broprg User:Doc James/Ciwon Down 2 177876 961891 2026-10-02T14:28:32Z Doc James 4321 Created by translating the page [[:mdwiki:Special:Redirect/revision/1501670|Down syndrome]] to:ha #mdwikicx 961891 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Down syndrome |synonym =Down's syndrome, Down's, trisomy 21 |image =Down syndrome lg.jpg <!-- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pictures will be immediately reverted. --> |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome |caption =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome |pronounce = |specialty =[[Medical genetics]], [[pediatrics]] |symptoms =Delayed [[child development|physical growth]], characteristic [[dysmorphic feature|facial features]], mild to moderate [[intellectual disability]]<ref name=Wei2010/> |onset = |duration = |causes =Third copy of [[chromosome 21 (human)|chromosome 21]]<ref name=Patt2009/> |risks =[[Advanced maternal age|Older age of mother]], prior affected child<ref name=Mor2002>{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=JK|author2=Mutton, DE |author3=Alberman, E |title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome|journal=Journal of Medical Screening|year=2002|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2–6|pmid=11943789|doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Down syndrome - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=17 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308035402/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |url-status=live }}</ref> |diagnosis =[[Prenatal testing|Prenatal screening]], [[genetic testing]]<ref name=NIH2014Diag/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =Educational support, sheltered work environment<ref name=Roi2003/><ref name=NADS/> |medication = |prognosis =Life expectancy 50 to 60 years (developed world)<ref name=Malt2013/><ref name=Nelson2011/><ref name=Ts2020>{{cite journal |last1=Tsou |first1=Amy Y. |last2=Bulova |first2=Peter |last3=Capone |first3=George |last4=Chicoine |first4=Brian |last5=Gelaro |first5=Bryn |last6=Harville |first6=Terry Odell |last7=Martin |first7=Barry A. |last8=McGuire |first8=Dennis E. |last9=McKelvey |first9=Kent D. |last10=Peterson |first10=Moya |last11=Tyler |first11=Carl |last12=Wells |first12=Michael |last13=Whitten |first13=Michelle Sie |title=Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline |journal=JAMA |date=20 October 2020 |volume=324 |issue=15 |pages=1543 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.17024}}</ref> |frequency =0.1% of newborns (5.4 million)<ref name=Wei2010/><ref name=GBD2015Pre/> |deaths =26,500 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/> }}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Ciwon Down |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Ciwon Down, Down, trisomy 21 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Down_syndrome_lg.jpg|alt=Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hoton fasalin fuska na Down syndrome |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Medical genetics|Kwayoyin kiwon lafiya]], likitan yara[[Pediatrics|Likitocin yara]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Signs and symptoms|Alamomi]] | class="infobox-data" |jinkirin [[Child development|girma ta jiki]], halaye na fuska, rauni na hankali mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici <ref name="Wei2010">{{cite journal|last=Weijerman|first=ME|author2=de Winter, JP|title=Clinical practice. The care of children with Down syndrome.|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|date=Dec 2010|volume=169|issue=12|pages=1445–52|pmid=20632187|doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1253-0|pmc=2962780}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Cause (medicine)|Dalilan da suka haifar]] | class="infobox-data" |Kwafin na uku na [[Chromosome 21 (human)|chromosome 21]] <ref name="Patt2009">{{cite journal|last=Patterson|first=D|title=Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome.|journal=Human Genetics|date=Jul 2009|volume=126|issue=1|pages=195–214|pmid=19526251|doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0696-8}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Risk factor|Abubuwan haɗari]] | class="infobox-data" |Tsohon shekarun uwa, yaro da ya kamu da cutar <ref name="Mor2002"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite id="CITEREFMorrisMutton,_DEAlberman,_E2002" class="citation journal cs1">Morris, JK; Mutton, DE; Alberman, E (2002). [https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjms.9.1.2 "Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome"]. ''Journal of Medical Screening''. '''9''' (1): <span class="nowrap">2–</span>6. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible">[https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fjms.9.1.2 10.1136/jms.9.1.2]</span>. [[PMID (identifier)|PMID]]&nbsp;[https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11943789 11943789].</cite></ref><ref><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite class="citation web cs1">[https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 "Down syndrome - Symptoms and causes"]. ''Mayo Clinic''. [https://web.archive.org/web/20190308035402/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 Archived] from the original on 8 March 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2019</span>.</cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical diagnosis|Hanyar ganewa]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Prenatal testing|Binciken haihuwa]], [[Genetic testing|Gwajin kwayar halitta]] <ref name="NIH2014Diag">{{cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|website=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=4 March 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142500/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Magani | class="infobox-data" |Taimako na ilimi, yanayin aiki mai kariya <ref name="Roi2003">{{cite journal|author1=Roizen, NJ|author2=Patterson, D|title=Down's syndrome|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9365|pages=1281–89|date=April 2003|pmid=12699967|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12987-X|type=Review}}</ref><ref name="NADS">{{cite web|title=Facts About Down Syndrome|publisher=National Association for Down Syndrome|url=http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|access-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162637/http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|archive-date=3 April 2012|df=}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Prognosis|Hasashen da aka yi]] | class="infobox-data" |Rayuwa da ake tsammani shekaru 50 zuwa 60 (duniya mai tasowa) <ref name="Malt2013">{{cite journal|last=Malt|first=EA|author2=Dahl, RC|author3=Haugsand, TM|author4=Ulvestad, IH|author5=Emilsen, NM|author6=Hansen, B|author7=Cardenas, YE|author8=Skøld, RO|author9=Thorsen, AT|author10=Davidsen, EM|title=Health and disease in adults with Down syndrome|journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, NY Raekke|date=Feb 5, 2013|volume=133|issue=3|pages=290–94|pmid=23381164|doi=10.4045/tidsskr.12.0390|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Nelson2011">{{cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Kliegma|title=Nelson textbook of pediatrics|year=2011|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0755-7|pages=Chapter 76.2|edition=19th|chapter=Down Syndrome and Other Abnormalities of Chromosome Number}}</ref><ref name="Ts2020"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite id="CITEREFTsouBulovaCaponeChicoine2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tsou, Amy Y.; Bulova, Peter; Capone, George; Chicoine, Brian; Gelaro, Bryn; Harville, Terry Odell; Martin, Barry A.; McGuire, Dennis E.; McKelvey, Kent D.; Peterson, Moya; Tyler, Carl; Wells, Michael; Whitten, Michelle Sie (20 October 2020). "Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline". ''JAMA''. '''324''' (15): 1543. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2020.17024 10.1001/jama.2020.17024].</cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matsakaicin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |0.1% na jarirai (5.4 miliyan) <ref name="Wei2010" /><ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mutuwa | class="infobox-data" |26,500 (2015)<ref name="GBD2015De">{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> |} <templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Down syndrome, wanda aka fi sani da '''trisomy 21''', cuta ce ta kwayar halitta da ke haifar da kasancewar duka ko wani ɓangare na kwafin na uku na chromosome 21.<ref name="Patt2009" /> Yawancin lokaci ana danganta shi da jinkirin [[Ci gaban yara|girma ta jiki]], rauni na hankali mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici, da halaye na fuska.<ref name="Wei2010" /> Matsakaicin IQ na matashi mai fama da ciwon Down shine 50, daidai da ikon tunani na yaro mai shekaru 8 ko 9, amma wannan na iya bambanta sosai.<ref name="Malt2013" /> Iyayen mutumin da abin ya shafa yawanci suna da al'ada. Halin yana ƙaruwa daga ƙasa da 0.1% a cikin uwaye masu shekaru 20 zuwa 3% a cikin waɗanda suka kai shekaru 45. An yi imanin cewa ƙarin chromosome yana faruwa ne ta hanyar sa'a, ba tare da wani aikin halayyar da aka sani ba ko yanayin muhalli wanda ke canza yiwuwar.<ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{Cite web|title=What causes Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082310/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> Ana iya gano ciwon Down a lokacin daukar ciki ta hanyar tantancewa kafin haihuwa sannan gwajin bincike ko bayan haihuwa ta hanyar lura kai tsaye da Gwajin kwayar halitta.<ref name="NIH2014Diag" /> Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da tantancewa, ana dakatar da [[Juna biyu|ciki]] tare da ganewar asali.<ref name="Nat2012">{{Cite journal|last=Natoli|first=JL|last2=Ackerman, DL|last3=McDermott, S|last4=Edwards, JG|title=Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: a systematic review of termination rates (1995–2011)|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Feb 2012|volume=32|issue=2|pages=142–53|pmid=22418958|doi=10.1002/pd.2910}}</ref><ref name="Mans1999">{{Cite journal|last=Mansfield|first=C|last2=Hopfer, S|last3=Marteau, TM|title=Termination rates after prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly, and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a systematic literature review. European Concerted Action: DADA (Decision-making After the Diagnosis of a fetal Abnormality)|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Sep 1999|volume=19|issue=9|pages=808–12|pmid=10521836|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199909)19:9<808::aid-pd637>3.0.co;2-b}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar [[Bincike (magunguna)|tantancewa]] na yau da kullun don matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cikin ciwon Down a duk rayuwar mutum.<ref name="Malt2013" /> Babu magani ga ciwon Down.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Down Syndrome: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106221704/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Ilimi da kulawa mai kyau an nuna su don inganta ingancin rayuwa.<ref name="Roi2003" /> Wasu yara da ke fama da ciwon Down suna karatu a cikin aji na makaranta, yayin da wasu ke buƙatar ƙarin ilimi na musamman.<ref name="NADS" /> Wasu mutane da ke fama da cutar Down sun kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare, kuma wasu suna halartar karatun sakandare. A lokacin da ya girma, kusan kashi 20% a Amurka suna yin aiki a wasu halaye, tare da mutane da yawa suna buƙatar yanayin aiki mai kariya.<ref name="NADS" /> Sau da yawa ana buƙatar tallafi a cikin batutuwan kuɗi da shari'a.<ref name="Nelson2011" /> Rayuwa da ake tsammani kusan shekaru 50 zuwa 60 ne a cikin kasashe masu tasowa tare da kula da lafiya mai kyau.<ref name="Malt2013" />&nbsp; Ciwon Down yana daya daga cikin cututtukan chromosome da aka fi sani a cikin mutane.<ref name="Malt2013" /> Yana faruwa a cikin kimanin 1 cikin jarirai 1,000 da aka haifa a kowace shekara.<ref name="Wei2010" /> A cikin 2015, ciwon Down ya kasance a cikin mutane miliyan 5.4 a duniya kuma ya haifar da mutuwar 27,000, daga mutuwar 43,000 a cikin 1990.<ref name="GBD2015Pre" /><ref name="GBD2015De" /><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan likitan Burtaniya John Langdon Down, wanda ya bayyana cutar a 1866.<ref name="Hick2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hickey|first=F|last2=Hickey, E|last3=Summar, KL|title=Medical update for children with Down syndrome for the pediatrician and family practitioner.|journal=Advances in Pediatrics|year=2012|volume=59|issue=1|pages=137–57|pmid=22789577|doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.006}}</ref> Wasu fannoni na yanayin an bayyana su a baya daga likitan kwakwalwa na Faransa [[Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol]] a cikin 1838 da likitan Faransa Édouard Séguin a cikin 1844. An gano kwayar halitta ta Down syndrome a shekarar 1959.<ref name="Hick2012" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Translated from MDWiki]] is2ebjjzurlgyn54qhss15iq74r5le9 961893 961891 2026-10-02T14:31:44Z Doc James 4321 961893 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Down syndrome |synonym =Down's syndrome, Down's, trisomy 21 |image =Down syndrome lg.jpg <!-- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pictures will be immediately reverted. --> |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome |caption =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome |pronounce = |specialty =[[Medical genetics]], [[pediatrics]] |symptoms =Delayed [[child development|physical growth]], characteristic [[dysmorphic feature|facial features]], mild to moderate [[intellectual disability]]<ref name=Wei2010/> |onset = |duration = |causes =Third copy of [[chromosome 21 (human)|chromosome 21]]<ref name=Patt2009/> |risks =[[Advanced maternal age|Older age of mother]], prior affected child<ref name=Mor2002>{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=JK|author2=Mutton, DE |author3=Alberman, E |title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome|journal=Journal of Medical Screening|year=2002|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2–6|pmid=11943789|doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Down syndrome - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=17 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308035402/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |url-status=live }}</ref> |diagnosis =[[Prenatal testing|Prenatal screening]], [[genetic testing]]<ref name=NIH2014Diag/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =Educational support, sheltered work environment<ref name=Roi2003/><ref name=NADS/> |medication = |prognosis =Life expectancy 50 to 60 years (developed world)<ref name=Malt2013/><ref name=Nelson2011/><ref name=Ts2020>{{cite journal |last1=Tsou |first1=Amy Y. |last2=Bulova |first2=Peter |last3=Capone |first3=George |last4=Chicoine |first4=Brian |last5=Gelaro |first5=Bryn |last6=Harville |first6=Terry Odell |last7=Martin |first7=Barry A. |last8=McGuire |first8=Dennis E. |last9=McKelvey |first9=Kent D. |last10=Peterson |first10=Moya |last11=Tyler |first11=Carl |last12=Wells |first12=Michael |last13=Whitten |first13=Michelle Sie |title=Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline |journal=JAMA |date=20 October 2020 |volume=324 |issue=15 |pages=1543 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.17024}}</ref> |frequency =0.1% of newborns (5.4 million)<ref name=Wei2010/><ref name=GBD2015Pre/> |deaths =26,500 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/> }}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Ciwon Down |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Ciwon Down, Down, trisomy 21 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Down_syndrome_lg.jpg|alt=Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hoton fasalin fuska na Down syndrome |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Medical genetics|Kwayoyin kiwon lafiya]], likitan yara[[Pediatrics|Likitocin yara]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Signs and symptoms|Alamomi]] | class="infobox-data" |jinkirin [[Child development|girma ta jiki]], halaye na fuska, rauni na hankali mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici <ref name="Wei2010">{{cite journal|last=Weijerman|first=ME|author2=de Winter, JP|title=Clinical practice. The care of children with Down syndrome.|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|date=Dec 2010|volume=169|issue=12|pages=1445–52|pmid=20632187|doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1253-0|pmc=2962780}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Cause (medicine)|Dalilan da suka haifar]] | class="infobox-data" |Kwafin na uku na [[Chromosome 21 (human)|chromosome 21]] <ref name="Patt2009">{{cite journal|last=Patterson|first=D|title=Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome.|journal=Human Genetics|date=Jul 2009|volume=126|issue=1|pages=195–214|pmid=19526251|doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0696-8}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Risk factor|Abubuwan haɗari]] | class="infobox-data" |Tsohon shekarun uwa, yaro da ya kamu da cutar <ref name="Mor2002"/> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical diagnosis|Hanyar ganewa]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Prenatal testing|Binciken haihuwa]], [[Genetic testing|Gwajin kwayar halitta]] <ref name="NIH2014Diag">{{cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|website=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=4 March 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142500/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Magani | class="infobox-data" |Taimako na ilimi, yanayin aiki mai kariya <ref name="Roi2003">{{cite journal|author1=Roizen, NJ|author2=Patterson, D|title=Down's syndrome|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9365|pages=1281–89|date=April 2003|pmid=12699967|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12987-X|type=Review}}</ref><ref name="NADS">{{cite web|title=Facts About Down Syndrome|publisher=National Association for Down Syndrome|url=http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|access-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162637/http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|archive-date=3 April 2012|df=}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Prognosis|Hasashen da aka yi]] | class="infobox-data" |Rayuwa da ake tsammani shekaru 50 zuwa 60 (duniya mai tasowa) <ref name="Malt2013">{{cite journal|last=Malt|first=EA|author2=Dahl, RC|author3=Haugsand, TM|author4=Ulvestad, IH|author5=Emilsen, NM|author6=Hansen, B|author7=Cardenas, YE|author8=Skøld, RO|author9=Thorsen, AT|author10=Davidsen, EM|title=Health and disease in adults with Down syndrome|journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, NY Raekke|date=Feb 5, 2013|volume=133|issue=3|pages=290–94|pmid=23381164|doi=10.4045/tidsskr.12.0390|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Nelson2011">{{cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Kliegma|title=Nelson textbook of pediatrics|year=2011|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0755-7|pages=Chapter 76.2|edition=19th|chapter=Down Syndrome and Other Abnormalities of Chromosome Number}}</ref><ref name="Ts2020"><templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles><cite id="CITEREFTsouBulovaCaponeChicoine2020" class="citation journal cs1">Tsou, Amy Y.; Bulova, Peter; Capone, George; Chicoine, Brian; Gelaro, Bryn; Harville, Terry Odell; Martin, Barry A.; McGuire, Dennis E.; McKelvey, Kent D.; Peterson, Moya; Tyler, Carl; Wells, Michael; Whitten, Michelle Sie (20 October 2020). "Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline". ''JAMA''. '''324''' (15): 1543. [[Doi (identifier)|doi]]:[https://doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.2020.17024 10.1001/jama.2020.17024].</cite></ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matsakaicin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |0.1% na jarirai (5.4 miliyan) <ref name="Wei2010" /><ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mutuwa | class="infobox-data" |26,500 (2015)<ref name="GBD2015De">{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> |} <templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Down syndrome, wanda aka fi sani da '''trisomy 21''', cuta ce ta kwayar halitta da ke haifar da kasancewar duka ko wani ɓangare na kwafin na uku na chromosome 21.<ref name="Patt2009" /> Yawancin lokaci ana danganta shi da jinkirin [[Ci gaban yara|girma ta jiki]], rauni na hankali mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici, da halaye na fuska.<ref name="Wei2010" /> Matsakaicin IQ na matashi mai fama da ciwon Down shine 50, daidai da ikon tunani na yaro mai shekaru 8 ko 9, amma wannan na iya bambanta sosai.<ref name="Malt2013" /> Iyayen mutumin da abin ya shafa yawanci suna da al'ada. Halin yana ƙaruwa daga ƙasa da 0.1% a cikin uwaye masu shekaru 20 zuwa 3% a cikin waɗanda suka kai shekaru 45. An yi imanin cewa ƙarin chromosome yana faruwa ne ta hanyar sa'a, ba tare da wani aikin halayyar da aka sani ba ko yanayin muhalli wanda ke canza yiwuwar.<ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{Cite web|title=What causes Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082310/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> Ana iya gano ciwon Down a lokacin daukar ciki ta hanyar tantancewa kafin haihuwa sannan gwajin bincike ko bayan haihuwa ta hanyar lura kai tsaye da Gwajin kwayar halitta.<ref name="NIH2014Diag" /> Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da tantancewa, ana dakatar da [[Juna biyu|ciki]] tare da ganewar asali.<ref name="Nat2012">{{Cite journal|last=Natoli|first=JL|last2=Ackerman, DL|last3=McDermott, S|last4=Edwards, JG|title=Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: a systematic review of termination rates (1995–2011)|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Feb 2012|volume=32|issue=2|pages=142–53|pmid=22418958|doi=10.1002/pd.2910}}</ref><ref name="Mans1999">{{Cite journal|last=Mansfield|first=C|last2=Hopfer, S|last3=Marteau, TM|title=Termination rates after prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly, and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a systematic literature review. European Concerted Action: DADA (Decision-making After the Diagnosis of a fetal Abnormality)|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Sep 1999|volume=19|issue=9|pages=808–12|pmid=10521836|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199909)19:9<808::aid-pd637>3.0.co;2-b}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar [[Bincike (magunguna)|tantancewa]] na yau da kullun don matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cikin ciwon Down a duk rayuwar mutum.<ref name="Malt2013" /> Babu magani ga ciwon Down.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Down Syndrome: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106221704/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Ilimi da kulawa mai kyau an nuna su don inganta ingancin rayuwa.<ref name="Roi2003" /> Wasu yara da ke fama da ciwon Down suna karatu a cikin aji na makaranta, yayin da wasu ke buƙatar ƙarin ilimi na musamman.<ref name="NADS" /> Wasu mutane da ke fama da cutar Down sun kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare, kuma wasu suna halartar karatun sakandare. A lokacin da ya girma, kusan kashi 20% a Amurka suna yin aiki a wasu halaye, tare da mutane da yawa suna buƙatar yanayin aiki mai kariya.<ref name="NADS" /> Sau da yawa ana buƙatar tallafi a cikin batutuwan kuɗi da shari'a.<ref name="Nelson2011" /> Rayuwa da ake tsammani kusan shekaru 50 zuwa 60 ne a cikin kasashe masu tasowa tare da kula da lafiya mai kyau.<ref name="Malt2013" />&nbsp; Ciwon Down yana daya daga cikin cututtukan chromosome da aka fi sani a cikin mutane.<ref name="Malt2013" /> Yana faruwa a cikin kimanin 1 cikin jarirai 1,000 da aka haifa a kowace shekara.<ref name="Wei2010" /> A cikin 2015, ciwon Down ya kasance a cikin mutane miliyan 5.4 a duniya kuma ya haifar da mutuwar 27,000, daga mutuwar 43,000 a cikin 1990.<ref name="GBD2015Pre" /><ref name="GBD2015De" /><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan likitan Burtaniya John Langdon Down, wanda ya bayyana cutar a 1866.<ref name="Hick2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hickey|first=F|last2=Hickey, E|last3=Summar, KL|title=Medical update for children with Down syndrome for the pediatrician and family practitioner.|journal=Advances in Pediatrics|year=2012|volume=59|issue=1|pages=137–57|pmid=22789577|doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.006}}</ref> Wasu fannoni na yanayin an bayyana su a baya daga likitan kwakwalwa na Faransa [[Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol]] a cikin 1838 da likitan Faransa Édouard Séguin a cikin 1844. An gano kwayar halitta ta Down syndrome a shekarar 1959.<ref name="Hick2012" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Translated from MDWiki]] da3rhjg1uwuf3vl2mavc786pcowsp3a 961894 961893 2026-10-02T14:32:24Z Doc James 4321 961894 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox medical condition |name =Down syndrome |synonym =Down's syndrome, Down's, trisomy 21 |image =Down syndrome lg.jpg <!-- Do not change this picture without discussing it in the Down syndrome discussion page. Because of continued vandalism, pictures will be immediately reverted. --> |image_size = |image_thumbtime = |alt =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome |caption =Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome |pronounce = |specialty =[[Medical genetics]], [[pediatrics]] |symptoms =Delayed [[child development|physical growth]], characteristic [[dysmorphic feature|facial features]], mild to moderate [[intellectual disability]]<ref name=Wei2010/> |onset = |duration = |causes =Third copy of [[chromosome 21 (human)|chromosome 21]]<ref name=Patt2009/> |risks =[[Advanced maternal age|Older age of mother]], prior affected child<ref name=Mor2002>{{cite journal|last=Morris|first=JK|author2=Mutton, DE |author3=Alberman, E |title=Revised estimates of the maternal age specific live birth prevalence of Down's syndrome|journal=Journal of Medical Screening|year=2002|volume=9|issue=1|pages=2–6|pmid=11943789|doi=10.1136/jms.9.1.2|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Down syndrome - Symptoms and causes |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |website=Mayo Clinic |access-date=17 March 2019 |language=en |archive-date=8 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190308035402/https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/down-syndrome/symptoms-causes/syc-20355977 |url-status=live }}</ref> |diagnosis =[[Prenatal testing|Prenatal screening]], [[genetic testing]]<ref name=NIH2014Diag/> |differential = |prevention = |treatment =Educational support, sheltered work environment<ref name=Roi2003/><ref name=NADS/> |medication = |prognosis =Life expectancy 50 to 60 years (developed world)<ref name=Malt2013/><ref name=Nelson2011/><ref name=Ts2020>{{cite journal |last1=Tsou |first1=Amy Y. |last2=Bulova |first2=Peter |last3=Capone |first3=George |last4=Chicoine |first4=Brian |last5=Gelaro |first5=Bryn |last6=Harville |first6=Terry Odell |last7=Martin |first7=Barry A. |last8=McGuire |first8=Dennis E. |last9=McKelvey |first9=Kent D. |last10=Peterson |first10=Moya |last11=Tyler |first11=Carl |last12=Wells |first12=Michael |last13=Whitten |first13=Michelle Sie |title=Medical Care of Adults With Down Syndrome: A Clinical Guideline |journal=JAMA |date=20 October 2020 |volume=324 |issue=15 |pages=1543 |doi=10.1001/jama.2020.17024}}</ref> |frequency =0.1% of newborns (5.4 million)<ref name=Wei2010/><ref name=GBD2015Pre/> |deaths =26,500 (2015)<ref name=GBD2015De/> }}<templatestyles src="Module:Infobox/styles.css"></templatestyles> {| class="infobox infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds" ! colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc; color:inherit;" |Ciwon Down |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Sauran sunaye | class="infobox-data" |Ciwon Down, Down, trisomy 21 |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |[[File:Down_syndrome_lg.jpg|alt=Illustration of the facial features of Down syndrome|frameless]] |- | colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" |Hoton fasalin fuska na Down syndrome |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical specialty|Kyakkyawan]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Medical genetics|Kwayoyin kiwon lafiya]], likitan yara[[Pediatrics|Likitocin yara]] |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Signs and symptoms|Alamomi]] | class="infobox-data" |jinkirin [[Child development|girma ta jiki]], halaye na fuska, rauni na hankali mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici <ref name="Wei2010">{{cite journal|last=Weijerman|first=ME|author2=de Winter, JP|title=Clinical practice. The care of children with Down syndrome.|journal=European Journal of Pediatrics|date=Dec 2010|volume=169|issue=12|pages=1445–52|pmid=20632187|doi=10.1007/s00431-010-1253-0|pmc=2962780}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Cause (medicine)|Dalilan da suka haifar]] | class="infobox-data" |Kwafin na uku na [[Chromosome 21 (human)|chromosome 21]] <ref name="Patt2009">{{cite journal|last=Patterson|first=D|title=Molecular genetic analysis of Down syndrome.|journal=Human Genetics|date=Jul 2009|volume=126|issue=1|pages=195–214|pmid=19526251|doi=10.1007/s00439-009-0696-8}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Risk factor|Abubuwan haɗari]] | class="infobox-data" |Tsohon shekarun uwa, yaro da ya kamu da cutar <ref name="Mor2002"/> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Medical diagnosis|Hanyar ganewa]] | class="infobox-data" |[[Prenatal testing|Binciken haihuwa]], [[Genetic testing|Gwajin kwayar halitta]] <ref name="NIH2014Diag">{{cite web|title=How do health care providers diagnose Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|website=Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development|access-date=4 March 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307142500/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/diagnosed.aspx|archive-date=7 March 2016|df=}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Magani | class="infobox-data" |Taimako na ilimi, yanayin aiki mai kariya <ref name="Roi2003">{{cite journal|author1=Roizen, NJ|author2=Patterson, D|title=Down's syndrome|journal=Lancet|volume=361|issue=9365|pages=1281–89|date=April 2003|pmid=12699967|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12987-X|type=Review}}</ref><ref name="NADS">{{cite web|title=Facts About Down Syndrome|publisher=National Association for Down Syndrome|url=http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|access-date=20 March 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403162637/http://www.nads.org/pages_new/facts.html|archive-date=3 April 2012|df=}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |[[Prognosis|Hasashen da aka yi]] | class="infobox-data" |Rayuwa da ake tsammani shekaru 50 zuwa 60 (duniya mai tasowa) <ref name="Malt2013">{{cite journal|last=Malt|first=EA|author2=Dahl, RC|author3=Haugsand, TM|author4=Ulvestad, IH|author5=Emilsen, NM|author6=Hansen, B|author7=Cardenas, YE|author8=Skøld, RO|author9=Thorsen, AT|author10=Davidsen, EM|title=Health and disease in adults with Down syndrome|journal=Tidsskrift for den Norske Laegeforening: Tidsskrift for Praktisk Medicin, NY Raekke|date=Feb 5, 2013|volume=133|issue=3|pages=290–94|pmid=23381164|doi=10.4045/tidsskr.12.0390|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="Nelson2011">{{cite book|first=Robert M.|last=Kliegma|title=Nelson textbook of pediatrics|year=2011|publisher=Saunders|location=Philadelphia|isbn=978-1-4377-0755-7|pages=Chapter 76.2|edition=19th|chapter=Down Syndrome and Other Abnormalities of Chromosome Number}}</ref><ref name="Ts2020"/> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Matsakaicin lokaci | class="infobox-data" |0.1% na jarirai (5.4 miliyan) <ref name="Wei2010" /><ref name="GBD2015Pre">{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1545–1602|pmid=27733282|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6|pmc=5055577}}</ref> |- ! class="infobox-label" scope="row" |Mutuwa | class="infobox-data" |26,500 (2015)<ref name="GBD2015De">{{cite journal|last1=GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death|first1=Collaborators.|title=Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.|journal=Lancet|date=8 October 2016|volume=388|issue=10053|pages=1459–1544|pmid=27733281|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(16)31012-1|pmc=5388903}}</ref> |} <templatestyles src="Template:Infobox/styles-images.css" />Down syndrome, wanda aka fi sani da '''trisomy 21''', cuta ce ta kwayar halitta da ke haifar da kasancewar duka ko wani ɓangare na kwafin na uku na chromosome 21.<ref name="Patt2009" /> Yawancin lokaci ana danganta shi da jinkirin [[Ci gaban yara|girma ta jiki]], rauni na hankali mai sauƙi zuwa matsakaici, da halaye na fuska.<ref name="Wei2010" /> Matsakaicin IQ na matashi mai fama da ciwon Down shine 50, daidai da ikon tunani na yaro mai shekaru 8 ko 9, amma wannan na iya bambanta sosai.<ref name="Malt2013" /> Iyayen mutumin da abin ya shafa yawanci suna da al'ada. Halin yana ƙaruwa daga ƙasa da 0.1% a cikin uwaye masu shekaru 20 zuwa 3% a cikin waɗanda suka kai shekaru 45. An yi imanin cewa ƙarin chromosome yana faruwa ne ta hanyar sa'a, ba tare da wani aikin halayyar da aka sani ba ko yanayin muhalli wanda ke canza yiwuwar.<ref name="NIH2014Cause">{{Cite web|title=What causes Down syndrome?|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/causes.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160105082310/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/pages/causes.aspx|archive-date=5 January 2016}}</ref> Ana iya gano ciwon Down a lokacin daukar ciki ta hanyar tantancewa kafin haihuwa sannan gwajin bincike ko bayan haihuwa ta hanyar lura kai tsaye da Gwajin kwayar halitta.<ref name="NIH2014Diag" /> Tun lokacin da aka gabatar da tantancewa, ana dakatar da [[Juna biyu|ciki]] tare da ganewar asali.<ref name="Nat2012">{{Cite journal|last=Natoli|first=JL|last2=Ackerman, DL|last3=McDermott, S|last4=Edwards, JG|title=Prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome: a systematic review of termination rates (1995–2011)|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Feb 2012|volume=32|issue=2|pages=142–53|pmid=22418958|doi=10.1002/pd.2910}}</ref><ref name="Mans1999">{{Cite journal|last=Mansfield|first=C|last2=Hopfer, S|last3=Marteau, TM|title=Termination rates after prenatal diagnosis of Down syndrome, spina bifida, anencephaly, and Turner and Klinefelter syndromes: a systematic literature review. European Concerted Action: DADA (Decision-making After the Diagnosis of a fetal Abnormality)|journal=Prenatal Diagnosis|date=Sep 1999|volume=19|issue=9|pages=808–12|pmid=10521836|doi=10.1002/(sici)1097-0223(199909)19:9<808::aid-pd637>3.0.co;2-b}}</ref> Ana ba da shawarar [[Bincike (magunguna)|tantancewa]] na yau da kullun don matsalolin kiwon lafiya na yau da kullum a cikin ciwon Down a duk rayuwar mutum.<ref name="Malt2013" /> Babu magani ga ciwon Down.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Down Syndrome: Other FAQs|url=https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|access-date=6 January 2016|date=2014-01-17|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106221704/https://www.nichd.nih.gov/health/topics/down/conditioninfo/Pages/faqs.aspx|archive-date=6 January 2016}}</ref> Ilimi da kulawa mai kyau an nuna su don inganta ingancin rayuwa.<ref name="Roi2003" /> Wasu yara da ke fama da ciwon Down suna karatu a cikin aji na makaranta, yayin da wasu ke buƙatar ƙarin ilimi na musamman.<ref name="NADS" /> Wasu mutane da ke fama da cutar Down sun kammala karatu daga makarantar sakandare, kuma wasu suna halartar karatun sakandare. A lokacin da ya girma, kusan kashi 20% a Amurka suna yin aiki a wasu halaye, tare da mutane da yawa suna buƙatar yanayin aiki mai kariya.<ref name="NADS" /> Sau da yawa ana buƙatar tallafi a cikin batutuwan kuɗi da shari'a.<ref name="Nelson2011" /> Rayuwa da ake tsammani kusan shekaru 50 zuwa 60 ne a cikin kasashe masu tasowa tare da kula da lafiya mai kyau.<ref name="Malt2013" />&nbsp; Ciwon Down yana daya daga cikin cututtukan chromosome da aka fi sani a cikin mutane.<ref name="Malt2013" /> Yana faruwa a cikin kimanin 1 cikin jarirai 1,000 da aka haifa a kowace shekara.<ref name="Wei2010" /> A cikin 2015, ciwon Down ya kasance a cikin mutane miliyan 5.4 a duniya kuma ya haifar da mutuwar 27,000, daga mutuwar 43,000 a cikin 1990.<ref name="GBD2015Pre" /><ref name="GBD2015De" /><ref name="GDB2013">{{Cite journal|last=GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death|first=Collaborators|title=Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013|journal=Lancet|date=17 December 2014|pmid=25530442|doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2|volume=385|issue=9963|pages=117–71|pmc=4340604}}</ref> An sanya masa suna ne bayan likitan Burtaniya John Langdon Down, wanda ya bayyana cutar a 1866.<ref name="Hick2012">{{Cite journal|last=Hickey|first=F|last2=Hickey, E|last3=Summar, KL|title=Medical update for children with Down syndrome for the pediatrician and family practitioner.|journal=Advances in Pediatrics|year=2012|volume=59|issue=1|pages=137–57|pmid=22789577|doi=10.1016/j.yapd.2012.04.006}}</ref> Wasu fannoni na yanayin an bayyana su a baya daga likitan kwakwalwa na Faransa [[Jean-Étienne Dominique Esquirol]] a cikin 1838 da likitan Faransa Édouard Séguin a cikin 1844. An gano kwayar halitta ta Down syndrome a shekarar 1959.<ref name="Hick2012" /> == Bayanan da aka ambata == [[Rukuni:Translated from MDWiki]] 7wkkli9wq1eug3fccujpjlfdh9x69xr Samfuri:Infobox/styles-images.css 10 177877 961892 2026-10-02T14:30:33Z Doc James 4321 Sabon shafi: /* {{pp-template}} */ @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img { background: white; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img { background: white; } } 961892 sanitized-css text/css /* {{pp-template}} */ @media screen { html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img { background: white; } } @media screen and (prefers-color-scheme: dark) { html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img { background: white; } } pjojbxx5a40qdgq9on8w4p6f0elc881 Kumo Central 0 177878 961897 2026-10-02T14:37:29Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Kumo Central | settlement_type = Ward | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | established_title = Ward code | established_date = 05 | postal_code = 771102 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kumo Central''' wata [[ward]] ce da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]], a Jihar... 961897 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kumo Central | settlement_type = Ward | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | established_title = Ward code | established_date = 05 | postal_code = 771102 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kumo Central''' wata [[ward]] ce da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta sanya Kumo Central a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba 05 a Akko LGA. Kumo Central na daga cikin wards 11 na Akko LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: RA PVC Collection Centres |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri da matsayi == Kumo Central tana cikin garin [[Kumo]], wanda shi ne hedkwatar [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]] na Jihar Gombe. INEC ta bayyana Kumo Central a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Registration Areas na Akko LGA, tare da Akko, Garko, Kalshingi, Kashere, Kumo East, Kumo North, Kumo West, Pindiga, Tumu da Tukulma. <ref>{{cite web |title=PVC Collection Centres for Ward-level |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi da cibiyoyin jama'a == Daga cikin cibiyoyin da ke cikin Kumo Central akwai Central Primary School, Kumo, wadda INEC ta bayyana a matsayin cibiyar tattara katin PVC na wannan Registration Area. Wannan ya nuna kasancewar makarantar a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin muhimman cibiyoyin jama'a da ake amfani da su wajen ayyukan zaɓe a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=PVC Collection Centres for Ward-level |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ƙauyuka da wuraren zama == Bayanan da aka tattara kan polling units na Kumo Central sun nuna cewa yankin ya ƙunshi wurare da dama a cikin Kumo, ciki har da Kumo S. Yaki, Kumo Galadima, Kumo Sardauna, Kumo B. Kasuwa, Kumo Fuloti, Kumo Bakoshi, Kumo Fulani, Nayinawa, Chiroma Dawa, Gaudare, Dakkiti, Lergo da wasu wurare. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo Central Ward: Polling Units |url=https://nigeria2.com/ward/15-01-05/ |publisher=Nigeria 2.0 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Zaɓe == Kumo Central tana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin zaɓe saboda INEC ta ware mata lambar Registration Area '''15/01/05''', inda 15 ke wakiltar Jihar Gombe, 01 kuma Akko LGA, yayin da 05 ke wakiltar Kumo Central. Bayanan da aka wallafa kan ward ɗin sun nuna cewa tana da polling units da dama da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da zaɓe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo Central — Polling Units & Election Results |url=https://nigeria2.com/ward/15-01-05/ |publisher=Nigeria 2.0 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Yawan masu rajista == Bayanan da aka wallafa kan zaɓen shekarar 2023 sun nuna cewa Kumo Central tana da masu rajistar zaɓe 19,207 a cikin polling units 38. Wannan adadi na nuni da muhimmancin ward ɗin a tsarin zaɓe na Akko LGA, kodayake adadin masu rajista na iya sauyawa yayin da INEC ke gudanar da sabbin rajistar masu zaɓe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo Central — Polling Units & Election Results |url=https://nigeria2.com/ward/15-01-05/ |publisher=Nigeria 2.0 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Wards of Gombe State]] [[Category:Akko Local Government Area]] [[Category:Populated places in Gombe State]] q21tl18ijd2hlmg7s168hie58fqj608 Kumo ta Gabas 0 177879 961898 2026-10-02T14:42:30Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Kumo East | settlement_type = Ward | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | established_title = Registration Area code | established_date = 06 | postal_code = 771102 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kumo East''' wata [[ward]] ce da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]] (LGA... 961898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kumo East | settlement_type = Ward | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | established_title = Registration Area code | established_date = 06 | postal_code = 771102 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kumo East''' wata [[ward]] ce da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]] (LGA) ta [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta sanya Kumo East a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba '''06''' a Akko LGA. Kumo East na daga cikin Registration Areas 11 da ke cikin Akko LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: Registration Areas and PVC Collection Centres |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Matsayi da wuri == Kumo East tana cikin yankin [[Kumo]], wanda yake a Akko LGA na Jihar Gombe. Kumo shi ne hedkwatar Akko LGA, kuma yana daga cikin muhimman garuruwan jihar. Kumo yana kan hanyar Gombe zuwa Yola, kuma yana da nisan kusan kilomita 40 daga birnin Gombe, babban birnin jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo,_Nigeria |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Matsayin gudanarwa == A tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na Najeriya, Kumo East tana ƙarƙashin Akko LGA, kuma INEC ta ba ta lambar Registration Area '''15/01/06'''. Lambar '''15''' tana wakiltar Jihar Gombe, '''01''' kuma Akko LGA, yayin da '''06''' ke wakiltar Kumo East. <ref>{{cite web |title=Registration Areas and PVC Collection Centres in Gombe State |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Kumo East na daga cikin wards da ke cikin Kumo tare da [[Kumo Central]], [[Kumo North]] da [[Kumo West]]. A bayanan gwamnati na tsarin lissafin kuɗaɗen ƙananan hukumomi na Gombe, an jera Kumo East a ƙarƙashin Akko LGA da lambar '''21510106'''. <ref>{{cite web |title=Harmonized Chart of Accounts for Local Governments in Gombe State |url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/download/harmonized-chart-of-accounts-coa-for-local-governments-in-gombe-state/ |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Finance |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Makarantu da cibiyoyin jama'a == Daga cikin cibiyoyin da INEC ta danganta da Kumo East akwai **Akkoyel Primary School, Kumo East**. An ware makarantar a matsayin cibiyar tattara katin PVC ga masu zaɓe na Registration Area ɗin Kumo East. <ref>{{cite web |title=PVC Collection Centres for Ward-level |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Bayanan wuraren zaɓe da aka tattara a Kumo East sun nuna cewa yankin ya ƙunshi wurare da ƙauyuka da dama, ciki har da Buba Waziri, Kumo Tera, Akkoyel, Bangu Bantashi, Garkoyel, Garaza, Wuro Giye, Kumo Shadori, Kembu da wasu ƙananan wuraren zama. Waɗannan sunayen sun fito daga jerin wuraren zaɓe da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Kumo East. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages and settlements in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Zaɓe == Kumo East tana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin gudanar da zaɓe a Akko LGA, domin INEC ta ware mata Registration Area na musamman tare da cibiyoyin tattara PVC. Haka kuma, an rarraba wuraren zaɓe a ƙarƙashinta domin bai wa mazauna yankin damar shiga tsarin zaɓe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: Registration Areas and PVC Collection Centres |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tattalin arziki == Kumo, wanda Kumo East take cikinsa, yana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci da gudanarwa na Akko LGA. Matsayinsa a kan hanyar Gombe–Yola da kasancewarsa hedkwatar ƙaramar hukumar sun taimaka wajen muhimmancin garin wajen zirga-zirga, kasuwanci da hulɗar al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo,_Nigeria |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Wards of Gombe State]] [[Category:Akko Local Government Area]] [[Category:Populated places in Gombe State]] 1h8ajoeku43a8vhztdyv2u74gbidky1 961934 961898 2026-10-02T16:56:48Z Em-mustapha 6594 Em-mustapha moved page [[Kumo East]] to [[Kumo ta Gabas]] 961898 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kumo East | settlement_type = Ward | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | established_title = Registration Area code | established_date = 06 | postal_code = 771102 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kumo East''' wata [[ward]] ce da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]] (LGA) ta [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta sanya Kumo East a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba '''06''' a Akko LGA. Kumo East na daga cikin Registration Areas 11 da ke cikin Akko LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: Registration Areas and PVC Collection Centres |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Matsayi da wuri == Kumo East tana cikin yankin [[Kumo]], wanda yake a Akko LGA na Jihar Gombe. Kumo shi ne hedkwatar Akko LGA, kuma yana daga cikin muhimman garuruwan jihar. Kumo yana kan hanyar Gombe zuwa Yola, kuma yana da nisan kusan kilomita 40 daga birnin Gombe, babban birnin jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo,_Nigeria |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Matsayin gudanarwa == A tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na Najeriya, Kumo East tana ƙarƙashin Akko LGA, kuma INEC ta ba ta lambar Registration Area '''15/01/06'''. Lambar '''15''' tana wakiltar Jihar Gombe, '''01''' kuma Akko LGA, yayin da '''06''' ke wakiltar Kumo East. <ref>{{cite web |title=Registration Areas and PVC Collection Centres in Gombe State |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Kumo East na daga cikin wards da ke cikin Kumo tare da [[Kumo Central]], [[Kumo North]] da [[Kumo West]]. A bayanan gwamnati na tsarin lissafin kuɗaɗen ƙananan hukumomi na Gombe, an jera Kumo East a ƙarƙashin Akko LGA da lambar '''21510106'''. <ref>{{cite web |title=Harmonized Chart of Accounts for Local Governments in Gombe State |url=https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/download/harmonized-chart-of-accounts-coa-for-local-governments-in-gombe-state/ |publisher=Gombe State Ministry of Finance |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Makarantu da cibiyoyin jama'a == Daga cikin cibiyoyin da INEC ta danganta da Kumo East akwai **Akkoyel Primary School, Kumo East**. An ware makarantar a matsayin cibiyar tattara katin PVC ga masu zaɓe na Registration Area ɗin Kumo East. <ref>{{cite web |title=PVC Collection Centres for Ward-level |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Bayanan wuraren zaɓe da aka tattara a Kumo East sun nuna cewa yankin ya ƙunshi wurare da ƙauyuka da dama, ciki har da Buba Waziri, Kumo Tera, Akkoyel, Bangu Bantashi, Garkoyel, Garaza, Wuro Giye, Kumo Shadori, Kembu da wasu ƙananan wuraren zama. Waɗannan sunayen sun fito daga jerin wuraren zaɓe da aka tsara a ƙarƙashin Kumo East. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages and settlements in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Zaɓe == Kumo East tana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin gudanar da zaɓe a Akko LGA, domin INEC ta ware mata Registration Area na musamman tare da cibiyoyin tattara PVC. Haka kuma, an rarraba wuraren zaɓe a ƙarƙashinta domin bai wa mazauna yankin damar shiga tsarin zaɓe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: Registration Areas and PVC Collection Centres |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tattalin arziki == Kumo, wanda Kumo East take cikinsa, yana daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin kasuwanci da gudanarwa na Akko LGA. Matsayinsa a kan hanyar Gombe–Yola da kasancewarsa hedkwatar ƙaramar hukumar sun taimaka wajen muhimmancin garin wajen zirga-zirga, kasuwanci da hulɗar al'ummomin da ke kewaye da shi. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo,_Nigeria |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Wards of Gombe State]] [[Category:Akko Local Government Area]] [[Category:Populated places in Gombe State]] 1h8ajoeku43a8vhztdyv2u74gbidky1 Kumo North 0 177880 961899 2026-10-02T14:44:11Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Kumo North | settlement_type = Ward | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | established_title = Registration Area code | established_date = 07 | postal_code = 771102 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kumo North''' wata [[ward]] ce da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]] (L... 961899 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kumo North | settlement_type = Ward | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | established_title = Registration Area code | established_date = 07 | postal_code = 771102 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kumo North''' wata [[ward]] ce da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]] (LGA), a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta jera Kumo North a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba '''07''' a Akko LGA. Kumo North na daga cikin Registration Areas 11 na Akko LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of PVC Collection Centres for Ward Level Collection — Gombe State |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Kumo North tana cikin yankin [[Kumo]], hedkwatar Akko LGA ta Jihar Gombe. Kumo yana a kudancin birnin Gombe, kuma yana kan babbar hanyar Gombe–Yola. Kumo shi ne cibiyar gudanarwar Akko LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=Akko Local Government Area |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/ |publisher=Gombe State Government |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Kumo North tana daga cikin wards da suka shafi yankin Kumo, tare da [[Kumo Central]], [[Kumo East]] da [[Kumo West]]. INEC ta jera waɗannan Registration Areas huɗu a ƙarƙashin Akko LGA, tare da sauran Registration Areas na ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: Registration Areas and PVC Collection Centres |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Matsayin gudanarwa == A tsarin zaɓe na Najeriya, Kumo North tana ƙarƙashin Akko LGA kuma INEC ta ba ta lambar Registration Area '''15/01/07'''. Lamba '''15''' tana wakiltar Jihar Gombe, '''01''' kuma Akko LGA, yayin da '''07''' ke wakiltar Kumo North. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of PVC Collection Centres for Ward Level Collection |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Bayanan da INEC ta wallafa sun nuna cewa an ware **Lembi Primary School, Lembi** a matsayin cibiyar tattara katin zaɓe na dindindin (PVC) ga Kumo North. Wannan ya nuna cewa Lembi na daga cikin wuraren da aka danganta da tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na ward ɗin. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of PVC Collection Centres for Ward Level Collection — Gombe State |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/PVC-Collection-centers-for-Ward-level-1.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ƙauyuka da wuraren zama == Bayanan polling units da aka tattara kan Kumo North sun nuna cewa akwai wurare da dama a ƙarƙashin ward ɗin, ciki har da **Lembi, Lembe Weddare, Gamawa, Nahuta W/Yaya, Yelwa Mararraba, Wuro Sale Lembi, Wuro Yaya, Barambu I, Barambu II, Garin Garba, Wuro Baka, Maidugu, Tongo Sambo, Koroti, Hamma Shanu** da **Londo**. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State — Electoral Wards |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Daga cikin wuraren da aka bayyana a matsayin cibiyoyin polling unit akwai **Lembi Primary School**, **Barambu Primary School**, **Maidugu Primary School** da wasu wuraren taruwar jama'a da aka yi amfani da su wajen gudanar da ayyukan zaɓe. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State — Electoral Wards |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Zaɓe == Kumo North tana da matsayi a tsarin zaɓe na Akko LGA saboda INEC ta amince da ita a matsayin Registration Area mai zaman kanta tare da polling units da aka rarraba domin mazauna yankin su gudanar da zaɓe. INEC ta tabbatar da Kumo North a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin Registration Areas na Akko LGA a cikin jerin hukumarta. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: Registration Areas and PVC Collection Centres |url=https://inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> A cikin bayanan da aka tattara kan Kumo North, an nuna cewa ward ɗin tana da polling units da dama waɗanda aka rarraba tsakanin Lembi, Barambu, Garin Garba, Maidugu da sauran wuraren da ke ƙarƙashin ward ɗin. Wannan rabon polling units yana taimaka wa INEC wajen gudanar da zaɓe a matakin al'umma. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State — Electoral Wards |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Yawan jama'a == Ba a samu sahihin ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta hukuma wadda ta ware **Kumo North Ward** ita kaɗai ba. Saboda haka, ba a saka wani adadin jama'a a cikin wannan labarin domin guje wa amfani da ƙididdigar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba. <ref>{{cite web |title=National Population and Housing Census |url=https://nationalpopulation.gov.ng/ |publisher=National Population Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kumo Central]] * [[Kumo East]] * [[Kumo West]] * [[Akko (Nigeria)]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Wards of Gombe State]] [[Category:Akko Local Government Area]] [[Category:Kumo]] 5lzk48ijtomv1l8habahfsja5tuby5u Kumo West 0 177881 961900 2026-10-02T14:45:52Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Kumo West | settlement_type = Ward | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | established_title = Registration Area code | established_date = 15/01/08 | postal_code = 771102 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kumo West''' wata [[ward]] ce da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]... 961900 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Kumo West | settlement_type = Ward | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | established_title = Registration Area code | established_date = 15/01/08 | postal_code = 771102 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Kumo West''' wata [[ward]] ce da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]] (LGA), a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Hukumar Zabe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta ware Kumo West a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba '''15/01/08''' a Akko LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo West — Polling Units & Election Results |url=https://nigeria2.com/ward/15-01-08/ |publisher=Nigeria 2.0 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Kumo West tana cikin yankin [[Kumo]], wanda yake ƙarƙashin Akko LGA a Jihar Gombe. Kumo shi ne hedkwatar Akko LGA kuma yana daga cikin manyan garuruwan ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo, Nigeria |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kumo,_Nigeria |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Kumo West na daga cikin wards huɗu da ke ɗauke da sunan Kumo a tsarin zaɓe na Akko LGA, tare da [[Kumo Central]], [[Kumo East]] da [[Kumo North]]. Bayanai daga International Organization for Migration sun kuma jera Kumo West a matsayin ward ta Akko LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%2520OF%2520WARDS%2520ASSESSED.pdf |publisher=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuraren zama == Jerin polling units na Kumo West ya nuna cewa ward ɗin ta ƙunshi wurare da dama, ciki har da Tashar Magariya, Unguwar Jauro Bose, Jauroji, Garin Alkali, Jauro Boltongo, Kumo Sarkin Tangale, Kumo J/Mija, Kumo Bamrur, Tambe, Lawo Malum, Wurojada, Kobuwa Fulani, Kayel Baga, Tudun Kuka, Zange Bello, Lugge Rewo, Sabon Garin Bappa, Kobuwan Nadiya, Jauro Malam, Taliyaje, Baka Hashimu, Lafiya, Gadawo, Ardo Jobbo, Barri, da Wuro Yola. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Daga cikin wuraren da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin polling units a Kumo West akwai **Central Primary School**, **Jauroji Primary School**, **Junior Secondary School Tambe**, **Government Technical College Kumo**, **Kayel Baga Primary School**, **Adult Education Office Zange Bello**, **Bappa I Primary School**, **Gadawo Primary School** da **Wuro Yola Primary School**. <ref>{{cite web |title=Akko L.G.A Polling Units/Wards |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/akko-l-g-a-polling-units-wards/ |publisher=Media Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tsarin gudanarwa == A tsarin gudanar da zaɓe, Kumo West tana ƙarƙashin Akko LGA ta Jihar Gombe. Lambar Registration Area ɗinta ita ce '''15/01/08''', inda lambar ta bayyana matsayin ward ɗin a tsarin rarrabawar INEC na Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo West — Polling Units & Election Results |url=https://nigeria2.com/ward/15-01-08/ |publisher=Nigeria 2.0 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Zaɓe == Kumo West tana da yawan polling units da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da zaɓe. Bayanai na ward ɗin sun nuna cewa tana da **55 polling units**, kuma an rarraba waɗannan wuraren a sassa daban-daban na ward domin gudanar da ayyukan zaɓe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo West — Polling Units & Election Results |url=https://nigeria2.com/ward/15-01-08/ |publisher=Nigeria 2.0 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Bayanan International Organization for Migration na assessment na wards a Gombe sun kuma jera Kumo West tare da sauran wards na Akko, abin da ke ƙara tabbatar da matsayinta a matsayin ward ta daban a cikin ƙaramar hukumar. <ref>{{cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%2520OF%2520WARDS%2520ASSESSED.pdf |publisher=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Yawan masu rajistar zaɓe == Bayanan da aka wallafa kan Kumo West sun nuna cewa ward ɗin tana da masu rajistar zaɓe **30,125** a bayanan da suka shafi zaɓen shekarar 2023. Wannan adadi yana magana ne kan masu rajista da aka lissafa a tsarin polling units na ward, ba ƙidayar yawan jama'ar Kumo West baki ɗaya ba. <ref>{{cite web |title=Kumo West — Polling Units & Election Results |url=https://nigeria2.com/ward/15-01-08/ |publisher=Nigeria 2.0 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi == Makarantu da cibiyoyin ilimi suna daga cikin wuraren da aka yi amfani da su a matsayin polling units a Kumo West. Daga cikinsu akwai Central Primary School Kumo, Jauroji Primary School, Junior Secondary School Tambe, Government Technical College Kumo, Kayel Baga Primary School da Bappa I Primary School. <ref>{{cite web |title=Akko L.G.A Polling Units/Wards |url=https://www.medianigeria.com/akko-l-g-a-polling-units-wards/ |publisher=Media Nigeria |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Kumo Central]] * [[Kumo East]] * [[Kumo North]] * [[Akko (Nigeria)]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Wards of Gombe State]] [[Category:Akko Local Government Area]] [[Category:Kumo]] emrk5ehtf7ibc51zh99sbi1gaifnhdk Pindiga 0 177882 961901 2026-10-02T14:48:19Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Pindiga | settlement_type = Town | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | subdivision_type3 = Registration Area | subdivision_name3 = Pindiga | postal_code = 771103 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Pindiga''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]] ta Jihar Gombe... 961901 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Pindiga | settlement_type = Town | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Akko | subdivision_type3 = Registration Area | subdivision_name3 = Pindiga | postal_code = 771103 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Pindiga''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Akko (Nigeria)|Akko Local Government Area]] ta [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Haka kuma Pindiga na daga cikin Registration Areas 11 da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ta amince da su a Akko LGA, inda aka ba ta lambar '''09'''. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: RA PVC Collection Centres |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tarihi da tsarin gargajiya == Pindiga tana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin gargajiya na yankin Akko, domin ita ce cibiyar [[Pindiga Emirate]]. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun bayyana cewa masarautar Pindiga tana daga cikin masarautun gargajiya na Jihar Gombe, kuma masarautar tana da tarihi mai tsawo a tsarin shugabancin gargajiya na yankin. <ref>{{cite news |title=Dankwambo charges traditional rulers on peace, security |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/dankwambo-charges-traditional-rulers-on-peace-security/ |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=2018 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> A shekarar 2013, gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta sake naɗa Mohammed Seyoji Ahmed a matsayin Sarkin Pindiga bayan an dawo da shi kan gadon sarauta. Rahoton ya bayyana cewa Ahmed ya fara zama shugaban gundumar Pindiga a shekarar 1984, kuma a shekarar 2000 aka ɗaukaka yankin zuwa matsayin masarauta. <ref>{{cite news |title=Dankwambo charges traditional rulers on peace, security |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/dankwambo-charges-traditional-rulers-on-peace-security/ |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=2018 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Rahoton Daily Trust ya kuma bayyana cewa an sake naɗa Sarkin Pindiga bayan shawarwarin majalisar masu naɗa sarki, inda aka ambaci gidajen sarauta uku da suka taka rawa a tsarin gadon sarautar Pindiga. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin tsarin sarauta da majalisar masu naɗa sarki a harkokin gargajiyar Pindiga. <ref>{{cite news |title=Dankwambo reinstates emir deposed by Goje |url=https://dailytrust.com/dankwambo-reinstates-emir-deposed-by-goje/ |work=Daily Trust |date=2013 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Matsayin gudanarwa == A tsarin zaɓe, Pindiga tana ƙarƙashin Akko LGA ta Jihar Gombe kuma INEC ta ware ta a matsayin Registration Area mai lamba '''09'''. Jerin INEC na Registration Areas na Akko ya nuna Akko, Garko, Kalshingi, Kashere, Kumo Central, Kumo East, Kumo North, Kumo West, Pindiga, Tumu da Tukulma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: RA PVC Collection Centres |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> A cikin kundin INEC na polling units na Akko LGA, Pindiga tana da lambar Registration Area '''09''' kuma an jera mata **polling units 27** a kundin da aka sabunta a watan Janairun 2015. Wannan adadin yana nufin polling units da aka lissafa a wancan kundin, ba lallai ya zama adadin da ake amfani da shi a duk wani sabon rabon zaɓe ba. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units: Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Muhimmancin Pindiga a Akko == Pindiga na daga cikin manyan wuraren da aka ambata a tsarin gudanarwar Akko LGA. A bayanan zaɓe na ƙasa, an haɗa Pindiga da Kashere da Tumu a cikin Akko West State Constituency, yayin da Akko LGA kanta take da wakilcin tarayya na musamman a tsarin mazabun Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Information Kit for 2015 |url=https://wp1.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/2015-INFO-KIT-.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta kuma sanya Pindiga cikin garuruwan da aka ayyana a matsayin birane a ƙarƙashin wani tsarin dokar amfani da filaye na jihar. Wannan ya nuna cewa Pindiga tana daga cikin wuraren da gwamnatin jihar ta ɗauka a matsayin muhimman cibiyoyin zama da gudanarwa a Akko LGA. <ref>{{cite news |title=Governor Inuwa Yahaya signs Executive Order 4, designates urban areas in Gombe |url=https://tribuneonlineng.com/governor-inuwa-yahaya-signs-executive-order-4-designates-urban-areas-in-gombe/ |work=Nigerian Tribune |date=2020 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Noma da albarkatun ƙasa == Noma na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki a yankunan karkarar Akko. Rahoton The Guardian da ya shafi shirin noman masara na CBN ya bayyana cewa Pindiga na daga cikin al'ummomin Akko da aka gudanar da ayyukan shirin tallafawa manoman masara a lokacin noman damina da rani. <ref>{{cite news |title=CBN, maize farmers inaugurate loan repayment, dry season cultivation in Gombe |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/cbn-maize-farmers-inaugurate-loan-repayment-dry-season-cultivation-in-gombe/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 December 2021 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Baya ga noma, Pindiga tana da albarkatun ƙasa da dama. Shirin bunƙasa Jihar Gombe na shekarar 2021–2030 ya jera Pindiga a matsayin wurin da ake samun gypsum, limestone, petroleum, bentonite da wani nau'in ma'adini da aka rubuta a cikin shirin a matsayin “Ventaline”. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Development Plan 2021–2030 |url=https://media.premiumtimesng.com/wp-content/files/2021/12/MAIN-INNER-compressed.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Government |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ilimi == Pindiga tana da cibiyoyin ilimi da ake amfani da su a yankin. A cikin kasafin kuɗin gwamnatin Jihar Gombe, an ware kuɗaɗe don ayyukan gine-gine a **Government Secondary School Pindiga**, abin da ya nuna kasancewar makarantar sakandare ta gwamnati a garin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State Government 2022 Approved Budget Summary |url=https://www.gombestate.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2022/04/approved-gombe-state-goverment-2022-budget-ncoa.pdf |publisher=Gombe State Government |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Hukumar SUBEB ta Jihar Gombe kuma ta gudanar da shirin wayar da kan jama'a kan shigar da yara makaranta a Akko LGA a shekarar 2025/2026, tare da haɗin gwiwar UBEC da UNICEF. Shirin ya kasance wani ɓangare na ƙoƙarin rage yawan yaran da ba sa zuwa makaranta a jihar. <ref>{{cite news |title=Parents risk two-year jail term for failure to enrol children in school – Gombe govt |url=https://guardian.ng/education/parents-risk-two-year-jail-term-for-failure-to-enrol-children-in-school-gombe-govt/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=22 September 2025 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Zaɓe == INEC ta ware **Pindiga Primary School** a matsayin cibiyar tattara katin zaɓe na dindindin (PVC collection centre) ga Registration Area na Pindiga. Wannan ya sanya makarantar cikin muhimman wuraren jama'a da ake amfani da su wajen ayyukan zaɓe a yankin. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State: RA PVC Collection Centres |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/GOMBE.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Tsaro == A ranar 28 ga Disamba 2025, rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun ce wasu 'yan bindiga sun kai hari a Pindiga, inda mutane biyu suka mutu sannan aka sace wasu mazauna yankin. Rundunar 'yan sandan Jihar Gombe ta tabbatar da faruwar lamarin, kuma ta ce an ƙarfafa ayyukan bincike da tsaro bayan harin. <ref>{{cite news |title=Bloodshed in Pindiga: Two killed, four kidnapped |url=https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/846197-bloodshed-in-pindiga-two-killed-four-kidnapped.html |work=Premium Times |date=29 December 2025 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> The Guardian ma ta ruwaito cewa harin ya faru ne da misalin ƙarfe 3:30 na safe a wani gida da ke kan hanyar Pindiga–Kashere, inda aka kashe mutane biyu tare da yin garkuwa da wasu. Rahoton ya danganta bayanan ga Rundunar 'yan sandan Jihar Gombe. <ref>{{cite news |title=Gunmen kill 2 in Gombe, abduct housewife, others |url=https://guardian.ng/news/nigeria/metro/gunmen-kill-2-in-gombe-abduct-housewife-others/ |work=The Guardian Nigeria |date=28 December 2025 |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Akko (Nigeria)]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kumo]] * [[Kashere]] * [[Tumu]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Akko Local Government Area]] [[Category:Wards of Gombe State]] [[Category:Populated places in Gombe State]] [[Category:Cities and towns in Gombe State]] g03m5tco5o8blhwh7p9ggl8m9mx6zym Degre 0 177883 961903 2026-10-02T14:51:13Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox settlement | name = Degre | settlement_type = Village | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Balanga | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = Kulani/Degre/Sikkam | postal_code = 761119 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Degre''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Balanga Local Government Area]] ta Jiha... 961903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement | name = Degre | settlement_type = Village | subdivision_type = Country | subdivision_name = Nigeria | subdivision_type1 = State | subdivision_name1 = Gombe State | subdivision_type2 = Local Government Area | subdivision_name2 = Balanga | subdivision_type3 = Ward | subdivision_name3 = Kulani/Degre/Sikkam | postal_code = 761119 | timezone = WAT | utc_offset = +1 }} '''Degre''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Balanga Local Government Area]] ta [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Degre yana cikin yankin da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ta tsara a matsayin '''Kulani/Degre/Sikkam Registration Area''', wadda ke da lambar '''06''' a Balanga LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units: Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Matsayin gudanarwa == Degre tana ƙarƙashin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Balanga Local Government Area]] ta Jihar Gombe. A tsarin gudanar da zaɓe, Degre tana cikin Registration Area mai suna '''Kulani / Degre / Sikkam''', wadda INEC ta ba lambar '''06'''. IOM ma ta jera Kulani/Degre/Sikkam a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wards na Balanga LGA a bayanan tantance wards ɗinta na Gombe State. <ref>{{cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%2520OF%2520WARDS%2520ASSESSED.pdf |publisher=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Wuri == Degre tana cikin Balanga LGA, a yankin kudancin [[Jihar Gombe]]. Bayanai kan ƙauyuka da wuraren zama na Gombe sun jera Degri/Degre a matsayin wani yanki na Balanga, tare da wasu ƙananan wuraren zama da ke kewaye da ita. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Ƙauyuka da wuraren zama == Bayanan wuraren zama da aka tattara a ƙarƙashin Degri/Degre sun haɗa da '''Baginere, Birwe, Ching, Degri, Fulani, Gelengu, Kali, Kuki, Kwana, Lagulane, Luni, Putoki''' da '''Tudun Wada'''. Waɗannan sunayen suna cikin jerin wuraren zama da aka danganta da Degri a Balanga LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Sai dai a kundin INEC, wuraren zaɓe na wannan Registration Area ba su tsaya kan sunan Degre kaɗai ba; an haɗa su da Kulani da Sikkam saboda Registration Area ɗin tana wakiltar waɗannan yankuna tare. Wannan ya sa sunan hukuma na ward ɗin ya kasance '''Kulani/Degre/Sikkam'''. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units: Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Zaɓe == Kulani/Degre/Sikkam tana da muhimmiyar rawa a tsarin zaɓe na Balanga LGA. Kundin INEC na Janairu 2015 ya nuna cewa Registration Area ɗin tana da **polling units 24**, waɗanda aka rarraba a wurare daban-daban na Kulani, Degre da Sikkam. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units: Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> Daga cikin wuraren da INEC ta jera a wannan Registration Area akwai '''Jono Buta I, Kulani Primary School; Jono Buta II, Kulani Primary School; Chessi Chamciyo I da II; Kwande Tikire; Gurma I da II; Gubili; Kalami Village Open Space; Tihu; Kwande; Laman Buta; Ching Chillage; Ching Primary School; Fulani Kadi; Luki; Suri; Sikkam Jone; Sikkam Mayo; Kware Dadiyo; Taku Garu; Taku Garu Bwalu''' da '''Taku Garuk/Sarki'''. <ref>{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units: Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |publisher=Independent National Electoral Commission |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Yawan jama'a da gidaje == Ba a samu sahihiyar ƙidayar jama'a ta hukuma da ta ware Degre ita kaɗai ba. Saboda haka, ba a saka adadin yawan jama'a a cikin wannan labarin domin kauce wa amfani da ƙididdigar da ba a tabbatar da ita ba. Bayanai na IOM game da Kulani/Degre/Sikkam suna bayar da bayanan assessment na ward gaba ɗaya, ba ƙidayar jama'ar Degre kaɗai ba. <ref>{{cite web |title=DTM Round 38 List of Assessed Wards |url=https://nigeria.iom.int/sites/g/files/tmzbdl1856/files/documents/R38%2520LIST%2520OF%2520WARDS%2520ASSESSED.pdf |publisher=International Organization for Migration |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Lambobin gidan waya == An jera Degri a cikin bayanan wuraren zama na Gombe da lambar gidan waya '''761119'''. Wannan lambar tana da alaƙa da Degri/Degre a Balanga LGA. <ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |publisher=Wikipedia |access-date=2 October 2026 }}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Balanga (Gombe)]] * [[Jihar Gombe]] * [[Kulani]] * [[Sikkam]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Balanga Local Government Area]] [[Category:Villages in Gombe State]] [[Category:Wards of Gombe State]] rrqqhrou9gcvept0a67y07mfatu77wy Tattaunawar user:AMAN KUMAR 3 177884 961906 2026-10-02T15:14:52Z Max 22313 Max moved page [[Tattaunawar user:AMAN KUMAR]] to [[Tattaunawar user:विक्रम प्रताप]]: Automatically moved page while renaming the user "[[Special:CentralAuth/AMAN KUMAR|AMAN KUMAR]]" to "[[Special:CentralAuth/विक्रम प्रताप|विक्रम प्रताप]]" 961906 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Tattaunawar user:विक्रम प्रताप]] ifg8yg03aqramwdjkc667ybal612yzp Ilitha Labantu 0 177885 961907 2026-10-02T15:32:43Z Ibjaja055 17793 Sabon shafi 961907 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilitha Labantu''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]] wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1989, tare da hedikwatar ta a [[Gugulethu]], Cape Town . Kungiyar tana ba da shawara, shawara ta shari'a, da sauran ayyukan tallafi ga waɗanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jinsi.<ref>https://southafrica.un.org/en/310010-ilitha-labantu-where-south-africa%E2%80%99s-gender-based-violence-crisis-stops-being-statistic-and</ref><ref>https://www.elmaphilanthropies.org/south-africa/investments/ilitha-labantu</ref> == Ayyuka == Kungiyar tana aiki da Gidan rikon kwarya na Dorothy Zihlangu a Langa, Cape Town, wanda ke ba da masauki na wucin gadi, tallafin zamantakewa, da kuma shawarar shari'a ga mata da yara suna barin yanayi mai cin zarafi; an gyara wurin tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Gidajen Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu<ref>https://iol.co.za/capeargus/news/2024-07-18-community-organisations-gear-up-for-mandela-day/</ref> == Gudanarwa == A cikin 2026, kungiyar ta shiga cikin wata tafiya da aka gudanar bayan kisan Nosiphiwo Sheila Dosi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cawe |first=Phiri |date=1989-10-03 |title=Gugulethu residents march for justice in memory of Nosiphiwo Sheila Dosi |url=https://vukaninews.co.za/news/2026-02-09-gugulethu-residents-march-for-justice-in-memory-of-nosiphiwo-sheila-dosi/ |access-date=2026-09-24 |website=Vukani |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta shiga cikin muhawara game da manufofin kasa game da tashin hankali na jinsi da kisan mata, kuma ta matsawa sabuwar majalisar GBVF ta Afirka ta Kudu a fili saboda rashin manufofi masu aunawa, kudade masu ɗorewa, da rahoto na jama'a.<ref>https://iol.co.za/capetimes/news/2026-09-02-new-gbvf-council-faces-pressure-to-deliver-funding-and-accountability/</ref> == Nasoshi == e0qm420a61xcg9ol3z0g43w38zo1laz 961932 961907 2026-10-02T16:53:18Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* Manazarta */ m 961932 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ilitha Labantu''' kungiya ce mai zaman kanta ta [[Afirka ta Kudu]] wacce aka kafa a shekarar 1989, tare da hedikwatar ta a [[Gugulethu]], Cape Town . Kungiyar tana ba da shawara, shawara ta shari'a, da sauran ayyukan tallafi ga waɗanda suka tsira daga tashin hankali na jinsi.<ref>https://southafrica.un.org/en/310010-ilitha-labantu-where-south-africa%E2%80%99s-gender-based-violence-crisis-stops-being-statistic-and</ref><ref>https://www.elmaphilanthropies.org/south-africa/investments/ilitha-labantu</ref> == Ayyuka == Kungiyar tana aiki da Gidan rikon kwarya na Dorothy Zihlangu a Langa, Cape Town, wanda ke ba da masauki na wucin gadi, tallafin zamantakewa, da kuma shawarar shari'a ga mata da yara suna barin yanayi mai cin zarafi; an gyara wurin tare da haɗin gwiwar Ma'aikatar Gidajen Dan Adam ta Afirka ta Kudu<ref>https://iol.co.za/capeargus/news/2024-07-18-community-organisations-gear-up-for-mandela-day/</ref> == Gudanarwa == A cikin 2026, kungiyar ta shiga cikin wata tafiya da aka gudanar bayan kisan Nosiphiwo Sheila Dosi . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Cawe |first=Phiri |date=1989-10-03 |title=Gugulethu residents march for justice in memory of Nosiphiwo Sheila Dosi |url=https://vukaninews.co.za/news/2026-02-09-gugulethu-residents-march-for-justice-in-memory-of-nosiphiwo-sheila-dosi/ |access-date=2026-09-24 |website=Vukani |language=en}}</ref> Har ila yau, kungiyar ta shiga cikin muhawara game da manufofin kasa game da tashin hankali na jinsi da kisan mata, kuma ta matsawa sabuwar majalisar GBVF ta Afirka ta Kudu a fili saboda rashin manufofi masu aunawa, kudade masu ɗorewa, da rahoto na jama'a.<ref>https://iol.co.za/capetimes/news/2026-09-02-new-gbvf-council-faces-pressure-to-deliver-funding-and-accountability/</ref> == Manazarta == {{reflist}} koqbs18re80siyy5k7vucwvf850li2c Palmer Luckey 0 177886 961920 2026-10-02T16:18:52Z Baffa ali 47435 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377999053|Palmer Luckey]]" 961920 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Palmer Freeman Luckey''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1992) ɗan kasuwa ne na Amurka kuma co-kafa kamfanin Fasahar tsaro Anduril Industries . Shi ne wanda ya kafa Oculus VR kuma mai tsara Oculus Rift, belin kunne na gaskiya wanda aka yaba da shi tare da farfado da masana'antar Gaskiya ta zahiri. A lokacin yakin Kickstarter, Luckey ya nuna Rift ga 'yan wasa da' yan jarida a tarurrukan wasanni da yawa, gami da PAX, Gamescom, da QuakeCon 2012. [1] Kamfen ɗin Kickstarter ya ci nasara, ya tara dala miliyan 2.4, ko 974% na ainihin burinsa.[1] Bayan tara fiye da dala miliyan 1, Luckey ya hayar da Brendan Iribe a watan Agustan 2012 don zama Shugaba na Oculus. Oculus VR ya fadada, yana ɗaukar ƙarin ma'aikata da kuma babban ofishin ofis. Luckey ya bayyana tsarinsa na yau da kullun kamar yadda bai "canja duk wannan abu ba," ya kasance "mai saurin aiki don yin wannan abu ya zama gaskiya".[1]Luckey ya ci gaba da aiki a kan dukkan fannoni na kasuwanci, yana cewa, "Ina da hannuna a cikin komai, daga injiniyan samfur zuwa ci gaban wasan zuwa tallace-tallace, Daga baya, ya mayar da hankali ga kayan aikin shigar da gaskiya, yana kiransa "aikin dabba" wanda daga ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin mai kula da sararin samaniya na Oculus Touch. [2][3]Mamdani mai sha'awar hip-hop ne kuma ya kirkiro, ya yi, kuma ya samar da kiɗa na rap.[1] A karkashin sunan Young Cardamom, ya yi aiki tare da abokinsa mafi kyau, rapper na Uganda HAB (Abdul Bar Hussein), wanda asalinsa ya kasance a Sudan ta Kudu, [2] [3] a matsayin Young Cardamamom & HAB . Waƙoƙinsu na farko, "Kanda [Chap Chap]", game da chapati ne, Gurasar Indiya.[4] Sun yi waƙoƙi daga 2016 EP Sidda Mukyaalo ("Ba za su koma ƙauyen") a bikin Nyege Nyege . [5][6] Ma'aurata sun yi rap a cikin harsuna ciki har da Nubi, LUganda, Swahili, da Ingilishi, a wani bangare don ƙirƙirar salon rap na musamman na Uganda maimakon yin koyi da rap na Amurka, kuma a wani bangere don isar da cewa mazaunan Uganda da ke da tushe a wasu ƙasashe duk Uganda ne. An zaɓi chapati a matsayin alama saboda ya samo asali ne daga Yankin Indiya amma ya zama abin da ake amfani da shi a Uganda.[3] A cikin kiɗan su, sun magance batutuwan zamantakewa a Uganda, kamar cin hanci da rashawa da "dangantaka da launin ruwan kasa", da kuma mulkin mallaka.[7] An zabi Young Cardamom & HAB don "Rookie of the Year" a gasar cinA cikin 2021, ya fito a cikin Collision Course, fim din Bolanle Austen-Peters wanda aka yi wahayi zuwa gare shi ta hanyar #EndSars. A wannan shekarar, ya sake taka rawar da ya taka a karo na biyu na jerin wasan kwaikwayo na shari'a na Netflix, Castle da Castle.12345Balogun ta yi karatun fim a Cibiyar Nazarin Cinematography . Shekaru bayan kammala karatunsa, ya rubuta takardar digirin digirinsa a kan fina-finai.[1]Bayan ya dawo Najeriya a shekararAn haifi Barack Hussein Obama II a ranar 4 ga watan Agusta, 1961, [1] [2] [3] a Cibiyar Kiwon Lafiya ta Kapiolani don Mata da Yara a Honolulu, Hawaii. [4] [5][6][7] Shi ne kawai shugaban da aka haifa a waje da Amurka.[8] An haife shi ne ga mahaifiyar Amurka mai shekaru 18 da mahaifin Kenya mai shekaru 27. Mahaifiyarsa, Ann Dunham (1942-1995), an haife ta ne a Wichita, Kansas, kuma ta fito ne daga Turanci, Welsh, Jamusanci, Swiss, da Irish. A shekara ta 2007 an gano kakanta Falmouth Kearney ya yi hijira daga ƙauyen Moneygall, Ireland zuwa Amurka a shekara ta 1850.[9] A watan Yulin 2012, Ancestry.com ya sami yiwuwar cewa Dunham ya fito ne daga John Punch, wani dan Afirka da ya zauna a yankin Virginia a cikin karni na sha bakwai.[10][11][12] Obama ya bayyana kakanninsa a matsayin Scotch-Irish mafi yawa.[13] Mahaifin Obama, Barack Hussein Obama (1934-1982), ya yi aure Luo Kenya daga Nyang'oma Kogelo [14][15][16][17][18] Sunan karshe, Obama, ya samo asali ne daga zuriyarsa ta Luo.[19] Iyayen Obama sun hadu a shekarar 1960 a cikin aji na yaren Rasha a Jami'ar Hawai'i a Mānoa, inda mahaifinsa dalibi ne na kasashen waje a kan tallafin karatu.[20][21] Ma'auratan sun yi aure a Wailuku, Hawaii, a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 1961, watanni shida kafin a haifi Obama.[22][23] A cikin 2017, Luckey ya kafa Anduril Industries, kamfanin fasahar soja wanda ke mai da hankali kan drones masu zaman kansu da na'urori masu auna sigina don aikace-aikacen soja. Luckey ya kasance lamba ta 22 a cikin ''Forbes''<nowiki/>' 2016 List of America's Richest Entrepreneurs Under 40. <ref name="Forbes2016">{{Cite web |title=2016 America's Richest Entrepreneurs Under 40: #22 Palmer Luckey |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/palmer-luckey |access-date=May 15, 2017 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2026, ''Forbes'' ya kimanta dukiyarsa a dala biliyan 6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmer Luckey |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/palmer-luckey/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edmonds |first=Lauren |title=Anduril's Palmer Luckey makes an ethical case for using AI in war: 'There is no moral high ground in using inferior technology' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/anduril-palmer-luckey-ai-war-conflict-defense-tech-startups-military-2025-12 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Luckey kuma ta girma a Long Beach, California, tare da 'yan'uwa mata uku.<ref name="latimes">{{Cite web |last=Martens |first=Todd |date=June 8, 2013 |title=Palmer Luckey's Oculus Rift could be a virtual reality breakthrough |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-palmer-luckey-s-oculus-rift-could-be-a-virtual-reality-breakthrough-20160326-story.html |access-date=June 15, 2014 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Madeline |last2=D'Onfro |first2=Jilian |date=September 15, 2015 |title=The spectacularly successful life of Palmer Luckey, the 22-year-old who sold his startup to Facebook for $2 billion |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-life-of-palmer-luckey-founder-of-oculus-2015-9 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a kantin sayar da motoci. Yayinda yake yaro mahaifiyarsa ce ta koya masa a gida, ya ɗauki darussan jirgin ruwa, kuma ya ci gaba da sha'awar lantarki da injiniya. Ya dauki darussan a Kwalejin Golden West da Kwalejin Long Beach City tun yana da shekaru 14 ko 15, sannan kuma a Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach a cikin 2010.<ref name="latimes" /> Daga baya ya yi fice a fannin aikin jarida a CSU Long Beach, inda ya kuma rubuta kuma ya kasance Edita na kan layi na jaridar dalibai ta jami'ar, sannan Daily Forty-Niner, wanda yanzu aka sani da Long Beach Current tun daga 2024. <ref name="Daily 49er">{{Cite web |title=Daily 49er |url=http://www.daily49er.com/staff/?writer=Palmer%20Luckey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022646/http://www.daily49er.com/staff/?writer=Palmer%20Luckey |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |website=Daily 49er}}</ref> A lokacin yarinta da shekarunsa na matasa, Luckey ya yi gwaji tare da ayyuka masu rikitarwa na lantarki ciki har da bindigogi, Tesla coils, da lasers, tare da wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan da suka haifar da mummunan rauni.<ref name="latimes" /> Ya gina wasan kwaikwayo na PC "rig" wanda ya kai dubban daloli na Amurka tare da tsari mai kula da shida. A shekara ta 2009, ya kafa ModRetro Forums tare da aboki, yana ƙirƙirar al'umma ta kan layi don "portabilization", wani abin sha'awa wanda ke ke juyawa game da juya tsoffin na'urorin kayan aiki (kamar na'urori masu wasan kwaikwayo da PCs) zuwa cikin raka'a masu ɗaukar hoto waɗanda ke haɗuwa da sabuwar da tsohuwar fasaha.<ref name="ForbesWang">{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Jennifer |date=November 18, 2015 |title=America's Richest Self-Made Entrepreneurs In Their 20s |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2015/11/18/americas-richest-self-made-entrepreneurs-in-their-20s/#13775b6567a5 |access-date=May 24, 2017 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Yayinda yake halartar kwaleji, ya kuma yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin injiniya a cikin Mixed Reality Lab (MxR) na Cibiyar Fasahar Fasaha (ICT) a Jami'ar Kudancin California da ke tsara tsarin gaskiya mai tsada don BRAVEMIND, ƙoƙarin Laboratory na Binciken Sojojin Amurka don magance tsoffin sojoji da ke fama da PTSD. <ref name="latimes" /> == Ayyuka == === Oculus VR === [[File:Oculus_Rift_-_Developer_Version_-_Front.jpg|right|thumb|Oculus Rift DK1, belun VR na farko da Oculus VR ya fitar]] [[File:Palmer_Luckey_at_SVVR_2014.jpg|thumb|Luckey yana magana a SVVR a cikin 2014]] A shekara ta 2009, lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, ya fara gina belin gaskiya na kansa. Nuni na yanzu da aka ɗora a kan kai sun sha wahala daga ƙananan bambanci da filin-na-gani, babban latitude da tsada, da matsanancin girma da nauyi. Ya kammala samfurinsa na farko, wanda ake kira PR1, yana da shekaru 17 a cikin garage na iyayensa. Ya ƙunshi filin kallo na digiri 90, ƙarancin jinkiri, da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka gina a ciki. Daga ƙarshe, ya gina fiye da nune-nunen da aka ɗora a kai 50. <ref name="eurogamer" /> <ref name="latimes" /> {{Refn|Headsets in his collection include the Vuzix iWear VR920, eMagin Z800 3DVisor,<ref name=wired /> Fakespace Push, [[Liquid Image|Liquid Image Corporation]] MRG2, Visionics LVES, and a heavily modified [[HMZ-T1|Sony HMZ-T1]].<ref name=roadtovr />}}Don tallafawa waɗannan ayyukan, ya sami akalla US $ 36,000 ta hanyar gyarawa da sake siyar da Iphone da suka lalace da kuma aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai kula da ƙasa, kocin jirgin ruwa na matasa, da kuma mai gyara kwamfuta. <ref name="latimes" /> Luckey ya haɓaka jerin samfurori da ke bincika fasalulluka kamar 3D stereoscopy, haɗin mara waya, da matsanancin filin kallo na digiri 270, yayin da yake rage girman da nauyin tsarinsa. Ya raba sabuntawa na yau da kullun game da ci gabansa a kan MTBS3D, wani dandalin tattaunawa na kan layi wanda masu sha'awar gaskiya na kama-da-wane ke yawan zuwa. Ya kira rukunin ƙarni na 6 "Oculus Rift", wanda aka yi niyyar sayar da shi azaman kayan aiki na yin-kai a kan Kickstarter ga abokan sha'awarsa.<ref name="wired" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luckey |first=Palmer |date=August 21, 2009 |title=Oculus "Rift" : An open-source HMD for Kickstarter |url=http://www.mtbs3d.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?f=140&t=14777 |access-date=June 19, 2014 |website=MTBS3D.com}}</ref> Ya kafa Oculus VR a watan Afrilun 2012 don sauƙaƙe ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Kickstarter. [[File:Oculus-Rift-CV1-Headset-Front.jpg|right|thumb|Oculus Rift CV1, mai amfani na farko na VR da Oculus VR ya fitar]] John Carmack na id Software ya nemi samfurin belun kunne daga Luckey, wanda ya ba da shi ga Carmack kyauta. Carmack ya yi amfani da shi don nuna ID Software's ''Doom 3: BFG Edition'' a kan na'urar a Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012. Tare da sakamakon hankalin dubban mutane da suka jawo zuwa Rift, Luckey ya fita daga jami'a don mayar da hankali a kai cikakken lokaci. Luckey ya kuma nuna naúrar ga Valve, kuma ya sami amincewar Kickstarter daga shugaban Valve Gabe Newell, wanda ya ce, "Yana da ban sha'awa sosai. Idan wani zai magance wannan matsala mai wuya, muna tunanin cewa Palmer zai yi hakan. Muna ƙarfafa ku sosai don tallafawa wannan Kickstarter".Lokacin da Luckey ya kaddamar da kamfen dinsa na Kickstarter don Oculus Rift, ya kuma ƙunshi bayanan da aka rubuta daga wasu fitattun mutane a masana'antar wasan, gami da Cliff Bleszinski da Michael Abrash. A lokacin yakin Kickstarter, Luckey ya nuna Rift ga 'yan wasa da' yan jarida a tarurrukan wasanni da yawa, gami da PAX, Gamescom, da QuakeCon 2012. Kamfen ɗin Kickstarter ya ci nasara, ya tara dala miliyan 2.4, ko 974% na ainihin burinsa.<ref name="eurogamer" /> Bayan tara fiye da dala miliyan 1, Luckey ya hayar da Brendan Iribe a watan Agustan 2012 don zama Shugaba na Oculus. Oculus VR ya fadada, yana ɗaukar ƙarin ma'aikata da kuma babban ofishin ofis. Luckey ya bayyana tsarinsa na yau da kullun kamar yadda bai "canja duk wannan abu ba," ya kasance "mai saurin aiki don yin wannan abu ya zama gaskiya".<ref name="eurogamer" />Luckey ya ci gaba da aiki a kan dukkan fannoni na kasuwanci, yana cewa, "Ina da hannuna a cikin komai, daga injiniyan samfur zuwa ci gaban wasan zuwa tallace-tallace, Daga baya, ya mayar da hankali ga kayan aikin shigar da gaskiya, yana kiransa "aikin dabba" wanda daga ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin mai kula da sararin samaniya na Oculus Touch. <ref name="ForbesWang" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Feltham |first=Jamie |date=May 6, 2015 |title=VR Input is Palmer Luckey's 'pet project' |url=http://www.vrfocus.com/2015/05/vr-input-palmer-luckeys-pet-project |website=VR Focus}}</ref> === Facebook === [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ta sayi Oculus VR a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014 don dala biliyan 2. Kodayake ba a bayyana rabon Luckey ba, mujallar ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta cewa darajarsa ta kai dala miliyan 700 a shekarar 2015. ==== ZeniMax karar ==== Ba da daɗewa ba bayan sayen Facebook, ZeniMax Media ta shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Arewacin Texas. Shari'ar ta yi jayayya cewa Luckey da Oculus sun yi amfani da "asirin kasuwanci, lambar kwamfuta mai haƙuri, da ƙwarewar fasaha da ta shafi fasahar gaskiya ta kama-da-wane", kuma sun nemi lalacewar kuɗi don karya kwangila, [[Keta Haƙƙin Mallaka|keta haƙƙin mallaka]], da gasa mara adalci.<ref name="engadget suit">{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |date=May 21, 2014 |title=Oculus VR and Palmer Luckey being sued by CTO's former employer |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/05/21/oculus-vr-lawsuit |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[Engadget]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lowensohn |first=Josh |date=May 21, 2014 |title=Oculus VR and its founder sued by ZeniMax and id Software |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/5/21/5739086/oculus-vr-and-its-founder-sued-by-zenimax-and-id-software |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> ZeniMax ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya saka hannun jari "miliyan daloli a cikin bincike da ci gaba" a cikin fasahar VR, kuma cewa "Oculus da Luckey ba su da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata da ƙwarewa ta fasaha don ƙirƙirar belun kunne mai inganci".<ref name="engadget suit" /> An kammala shari'ar juri a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2017. Kotun ta gano cewa Luckey ya keta Yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba da yake da ita tare da ZeniMax, amma ya ba da lalacewar komai a kan wannan cajin, yana hukunta cutar a matsayin de minimis.<ref name="jury_form">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2017 |title=Court's Charge to the Jury: Zenimax Media & ID Software v. Oculus Rift, Palmer Luckey et al. |url=https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/occverdict-1.pdf |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> Kodayake juriya ta gano cewa Oculus, Facebook, Palmer Luckey, Brendan Iribe, da John Carmack ba su dace ba ko sata asirin kasuwanci da fasaha, <ref name="jury_result" /> <ref name="jury_form" /> <ref name="polygon 500m">{{Cite web |last=Poon |first=Timothy |last2=Crecente |first2=Brian |date=February 1, 2017 |title=Oculus lawsuit ends with half billion dollar judgment awarded to ZeniMax |url=http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/1/14474198/oculus-lawsuit-verdict |access-date=February 2, 2017 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref> sun ba da jimlar dala miliyan 500 a cikin lalacewa don keta haƙƙin mallaka da ke da alaƙa da tallan Oculus Rift, tare da Luckey da ke da alhakin dala miliyan 50 na jimlar. A watan Yunin 2018, alƙalin da ke kula da shari'ar ya tabbatar da kyautar juriya ta dala miliyan 200 don karya kwangila da dala miliyan 50 don keta haƙƙin mallaka, amma ya kori ragowar dala miliyan 250 da Luckey da sauran bangarorin suka ci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korosec |first=Tom |date=June 27, 2018 |title=Facebook Payout in Oculus Copyright Spat Cut to $250 Million |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-27/facebook-oculus-virtual-reality-stolen-tech-damages-are-halved |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref> ==== Kashewa da jayayya ta siyasa ==== A watan Satumbar 2016, an ruwaito cewa Luckey ya ba da gudummawar $ 10,000 ga Nimble America, ƙungiyar da ke goyon bayan [[Donald Trump]] wacce ke gudanar da allon talla wanda ke nuna dan takarar shugaban kasa na 2016 [[Hillary Clinton]] tare da taken "Too Big to Jail". <ref name="dailybeast">{{Cite web |last=Resnick |first=Gideon |last2=Collins |first2=Ben |date=September 22, 2016 |title=Palmer Luckey: The Facebook Near-Billionaire Secretly Funding Trump's Meme Machine |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/22/palmer-luckey-the-facebook-billionaire-secretly-funding-trump-s-meme-machine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223014043/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/22/palmer-luckey-the-facebook-billionaire-secretly-funding-trump-s-meme-machine.html |archive-date=December 23, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2016 |website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |date=29 September 2016 |title=Facebook's $2 billion bet on the future is in jeopardy because of Palmer Luckey |url=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/heck-going-palmer-luckey-171958553.html |access-date=May 15, 2017 |website=Yahoo! Finance}}</ref><ref name="guardian2016sep23">{{Cite web |last=Hern |first=Alex |date=September 23, 2016 |title=Oculus Rift founder Palmer Luckey spends fortune backing pro-Trump 'shitposts' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/23/oculus-rift-vr-palmer-luckey-trump-shitposts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110080745/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/23/oculus-rift-vr-palmer-luckey-trump-shitposts |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |access-date=December 24, 2016 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2016 |title=Oculus founder admits he gave $10,000 to Nimble America |url=https://www.usatoday.com/videos/money/2016/09/27/91114136 |access-date=February 3, 2017 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masu haɓakawa su soke shirye-shiryen tallafawa Oculus na ɗan lokaci, gami da Wasannin Scruta, wanda ya sanar da cewa zai soke goyon bayan Oculus a wasanninsu sai dai idan Luckey ya sauka. Gobe Yau Labs sun ce ba za su goyi bayan Oculus Touch ba muddin Luckey ya yi aiki da Oculus.<ref name="theguardian.com" /> Gobe Yau Labs daga baya sun sauya wannan matsayi bayan Oculus ya fara nisanta kansu daga Luckey kuma ya sake mayar da hankali kan bambancin da hadawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomorrow Today Labs |date=2016-10-26 |title=Business and Politics |url=https://medium.com/@TTLabs/business-and-politics-f61c40a24e2e#.7oly6qcv9 |access-date=2017-02-05 |website=Medium.com}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Palmer Luckey ya bar Facebook, kuma ya dakatar da sa hannu tare da Oculus VR . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orland |first=Kyle |date=30 March 2017 |title=Oculus co-founder Palmer Luckey leaves Facebook |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/03/oculus-co-founder-palmer-luckey-leaves-facebook/ |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> Babu wani bayani game da tashi da kowanne bangare ya bayar. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shaidar a gaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a watan Afrilu na 2018, Sanata Ted Cruz ya tambayi Shugaba na Facebook [[Mark Zuckerberg]], "Me ya sa aka kori Palmer Luckey?"Zuckerberg ya ki shiga cikin "takamaiman al'amuran ma'aikata", yana mai cewa "ba saboda ra'ayi na siyasa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=April 10, 2018 |title=Mark Zuckerberg says he didn't fire Palmer Luckey out of anti-conservative bias |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/10/17221042/mark-zuckerberg-palmer-luckey-ted-cruz-senate-hearing-political-bias-firing |website=The Verge}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, ''Jaridar Wall Street'' ta sami damar yin amfani da imel na ciki na Facebook wanda ya ba da shawarar an tattauna batun a manyan matakan kamfanin. Shugabannin Facebook, ciki har da Zuckerberg, an ruwaito cewa sun matsa wa Luckey don nuna goyon baya ga dan takarar 'yanci Gary Johnson, duk da goyon bayansa ga dan takardar Republican Donald Trump na lokacin. Bayan korarsa, Luckey ya hayar da lauyan aiki, kuma tare suka tattauna biyan akalla dala miliyan 100, suna jayayya cewa kamfanin ya keta Dokar California saboda zargin matsawa zartarwa don nuna goyon baya ga Johnson da kuma azabtar da ma'aikaci saboda aikin siyasa.<ref name="Wall Street Journal emails" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Musil |first=Steven |date=November 11, 2018 |title=Facebook reportedly fired Palmer Luckey for political views |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-reportedly-fired-palmer-luckey-for-political-views/ |website=CNET.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fingas |first=Jon |date=November 11, 2018 |title=Facebook reportedly pressured Palmer Luckey to support a politician |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/11/11/facebook-pressured-palmer-luckey-to-support-politician/ |website=Engadget}}</ref> Meta CTO Andrew Bosworth, wanda ya tashi daga ƙungiyar talla don jagorantar ƙungiyar Oculus watanni huɗu bayan tashiwar Luckey, ya ba da jerin [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|tweets]] a watan Nuwamba 2018 (daga baya an share) yana musanta laifuffuka a ɓangaren Facebook, yana cewa " Siyasa ba ta da alaƙa da tashiwar Palmer. "<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=boztank|date=|title=Politics had nothing to do with Palmer's departure|access-date=2023-02-27}}</ref>Facebook kuma ya musanta cewa an kori Luckey saboda goyon bayan Trump, yana mai cewa "Za mu iya cewa tafiyar Palmer ba saboda ra'ayoyin siyasa ba ne".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lieu |first=Johnny |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Oculus co-founder was pressured by Facebook execs to support libertarian candidate: report |url=https://mashable.com/article/palmer-luckey-wsj-report |website=Mashable}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Shona |date=November 11, 2018 |title=Mark Zuckerberg reportedly pressured a top Facebook VR exec to drop his public support of Trump in favor of another candidate |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-denies-firing-oculus-founder-palmer-luckey-trump-2018-11 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>A wata hira da 60 Minutes a watan Mayu 2025, Luckey ya bayyana cewa, "To, ka sani, kowa yana da labarin daban, amma ya sauka zuwa na ba da $9,000 ga ƙungiyar siyasa da ke ga Donald Trump da Hillary Clinton". === Masana'antu na Anduril === [[File:A_close-up_image_of_the_top_portion_of_an_Anduril_Sentry_next_to_CA-98_in_Imperial_County,_CA.jpg|thumb|Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Anduril]] A watan Yunin 2017, Luckey ya kafa kamfanin fasahar soja mai zaman kansa Anduril Industries, tare da tsoffin shugabannin Palantir Technologies Matt Grimm, Trae Stephens, da Brian Schimpf, da kuma farkon Oculus VR Hardware Lead Joseph Chen . <ref name="leading to arrests">{{Cite web |last=Hatmaker |first=Taylor |date=June 11, 2018 |title=Palmer Luckey's defense company Anduril is already leading to arrests at the southern border |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/11/anduril-lattice-sentry-palmer-luckey/ |website=TechCrunch.com}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Anduril ya fara shirin gwaji ga gwamnatin Amurka don gano fataucin mutane da safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi a yankuna masu nisa na iyakar kudancin Amurka; shirin ya haifar da yunkurin shiga 55 da aka kama a cikin kwanaki 12 na farko.<ref name="leading to arrests" /> Anduril daga baya ya lashe Shirin Rubuce-rubuce Hasumiyar Kulawa mai zaman kanta, wanda ya haifar da tura daruruwan Hasumiyoyin Tsaro na Anduril a farashin "daruruwan miliyoyin daloli". <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2020 |title=CBP's Autonomous Surveillance Towers Declared a Program of Record along the Southwest Border |url=https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-s-autonomous-surveillance-towers-declared-program-record-along |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=cbp.gov |publisher=US Customs and Border Protection |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=I-Chun |date=2 July 2020 |title=Anduril Industries gets contract to install AI surveillance systems along the border |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2020/07/02/anduril-wins-cbp-deal-to-install-ai-surveillance.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=BizJournals.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2020, Luckey ya sanar ta hanyar Twitter cewa Anduril ya sami kwangila mai daraja $ 967M don Advanced Battle Management Systems (ABMS), aikin da ya fi dacewa da dala biliyan da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hatmaker |first=Taylor |date=September 24, 2020 |title=Anduril among companies tapped to build the Air Force's 'internet of things' for war |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/24/anduril-air-force-abms-jadc2/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=TechCrunch.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2022, Luckey ya ba da sanarwar cewa Anduril ya lashe kwangilar dala biliyan 1 don jagorantar aikin tsarin da ba a sarrafa shi ba ga Kwamandan Ayyuka na Musamman na Amurka (SOCOM). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Judson |first=Jen |date=2022-01-24 |title=US Special Operations Command picks Anduril to lead counter-drone integration work in $1B deal |url=https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2022/01/24/us-special-operations-command-picks-anduril-to-lead-counter-drone-integration-work-in-1b-deal/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracts for January 20, 2022 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2906241// |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120225553/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2906241// |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=United States Department of Defense |publisher=US Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, 2025, kasar Sin ta ba da izini ga Luckey saboda abin da ta ce rawar da ya taka wajen sayar da makamai ga Taiwan. Jaridar Wall Street ta ce takunkumin alama ce kamar yadda "masu kwangila na tsaro na Amurka galibi ba sa kasuwanci a China".<ref name="TheWallStreetJournalArticleOne" /> === "Kayan aikin kirji na VR wanda ke kashe mai amfani da shi" === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, an ba da sanarwar cewa a matsayin tunawa da wasan kwaikwayo na Sword Art Online, Luckey ya kirkiro wani fasahar belun VR wanda ke kashe mai amfani da shi a rayuwa ta ainihi lokacin da mai amfani ya mutu ta hanyar dijital a cikin wasan bidiyo, ta hanyar cajin fashewa da yawa da aka sanya a sama da allo, a kan abin da ya zama Meta Quest Pro mai canzawa, don yin niyya ga fashewar mai amfani.<ref name="vicevr">{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=Palmer Luckey Made a VR Headset That Kills the User If They Die in the Game |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/palmer-luckey-made-a-vr-headset-that-kills-the-user-if-they-die-in-the-game/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=vice.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Orland |first=Kyle |date=2022-11-07 |title=Oculus co-founder makes a VR headset that can literally kill you |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2022/11/oculus-co-founder-makes-a-vr-headset-that-can-literally-kill-you/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> Luckey ya wallafa a shafin yanar gizon, "Tunanin ɗaure ainihin rayuwarka ga avatarka mai kama-da-wane koyaushe yana sha'awar ni - nan take kuna ɗaga gungumen azaba zuwa matakin mafi girma kuma kuna tilasta mutane su sake tunani game da yadda suke hulɗa da duniyar kama-da'ura da 'yan wasan da ke ciki. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luckey |first=Palmer |date=2022-11-06 |title=If you die in the game, you die in real life. |url=http://palmerluckey.com/if-you-die-in-the-game-you-die-in-real-life/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=The Blog of Palmer Luckey |language=en-US}}</ref>Luckey ya kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "kawai wani yanki na zane-zane na ofis, tunatarwa mai tunatarwa game da hanyoyin da ba a bincika su ba a cikin ƙirar wasan". Ya kuma ambaci cewa yayin da yake "misali na farko wanda ba na almara ba ne na na'urar VR wanda zai iya kashe mai amfani, ba zai zama na ƙarshe ba".<ref name="vicevr" /> === ModRetro === A watan Yunin 2024, Luckey ya sake kafa ModRetro a matsayin kamfanin wasan bidiyo. Samfurinsa na farko, ModRetro Chromatic, na'urar retrogaming ce ta hannu wacce ke iya buga wasannin asali da aka tsara don Game Boy, wanda Nintendo ta haɓaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollister |first=Sean |date=June 3, 2024 |title=Palmer Luckey is now selling pixel-perfect ultrabright magnesium Game Boys for $199 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/3/24170572/modretro-chromatic-game-boy-color-palmer-luckey-price-release-date |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=The Future is Retro |url=https://modretro.com/blogs/blog/the-future-is-retro |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=ModRetro |language=en}}</ref> Samfurinsa na biyu shine M64, nishaɗin Nintendo 64 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-09 |title=After one month with the ModRetro M64, I'm convinced that this is going to be the best way to play your favorite N64 games in 2026 |url=https://www.techradar.com/gaming/i-spent-a-month-with-the-modretro-m64-and-i-think-theres-no-better-way-to-play-your-classic-nintendo-64-games |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-01 |title=I Dig the ModRetro 64's Nostalgic Fun, Even If It's a Few Updates Short of Greatness |url=https://uk.pcmag.com/gaming-systems/165278/i-dig-the-modretro-64s-nostalgic-fun-even-if-its-a-few-updates-short-of-greatness |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=PCMag UK |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Hoton jama'a == [[File:Palmer_Luckey.jpg|thumb|Palmer Luckey yana magana a TED, Afrilu 2025]] A cikin 2014, an bayyana Luckey a matsayin "fuskar gaskiyar kama-da-wane a cikin caca" kuma sananne ne tsakanin masu sha'awar gaskiyar kama-wane; duk da haka, ya bayyana cewa bai dauki kansa a matsayin sananne ba. <ref name="vrfocusinterview">{{Cite web |last=VRFocus |date=June 4, 2014 |title=Palmer Luckey on Palmer Luckey: A VRFocus Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srXavcUp30Y |access-date=June 19, 2014 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana riƙe da bayyanar yau da kullun, sau da yawa ba tare da kafafu ba, kuma ya fi son takalma fiye da takalma har ma a baje kolin kasuwanci da abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin 2015, Luckey ya fito ne a bangon mujallar Time a cikin labarin "The Surprising Joy of Virtual Reality", <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2015 |title=The Surprising Joy of Virtual Reality |url=https://time.com/3987059/in-the-latest-issue-41/}}</ref> a cikin hoton da aka yi wa ba'a a intanet, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2015 |title=Everyone is Mocking TIME's Latest Cover Photo |url=https://petapixel.com/2015/08/07/everyone-is-mocking-times-latest-cover-photo/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2015 |title=This Time Magazine Cover is So Bad I Feel Sad and Inspired at Once |url=https://fstoppers.com/originals/time-magazine-cover-so-bad-i-feel-sad-and-inspired-once-79917}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2015 |title=The Surprising Fun the Internet Had with Time Magazine's Virtual Reality Cover |url=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/the-surprising-fun-the-internet-had-with-time-magazines-virtual-reality-cover-1201558332/}}</ref> wanda ya tayar da tambayoyi game da ko duk filin VR ya lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2015 |title=Time Magazine's Virtual Reality Cover Spawns Hysterical New Meme |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/time-virtual-reality-cover_n_55c44a28e4b0d9b743dbb66c}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2015 |title=The best and brightest mockery of Time's abominable VR cover, in one video |url=https://www.polygon.com/2015/8/9/9123377/time-vr-cover-meme-palmer-luckey-video |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debate Rages over Whether or Not TIME's Oculus Cover Has Killed VR |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/08/06/debate-rages-over-whether-or-not-times-oculus-cover-has-killed-vr/ |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, wani labarin Forbes ya bayyana cewa Luckey yana zaune a cikin gidan da aka raba tare da wasu da yawa inda suke buga wasannin bidiyo masu yawa a kai a kai kuma yawanci suna sa tufafi na yau da kullun kamar gajeren wando, T-shirts, rigunan Hawaiian, da takalma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewalt |first=David |date=January 19, 2015 |title=Palmer Luckey: Defying Reality |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2015/01/05/palmer-luckey-oculus-rift-vr/2/#2715e4857a0b37649318eb34 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Halin Keenan Feldspar, wanda Haley Joel Osment ya buga, wanda ya bayyana a wasu abubuwan da suka faru na shirin HBO TV ''Silicon Valley'' a cikin 2017, wasu sun yi hasashen cewa ya dogara ne akan Luckey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Zara |date=June 12, 2017 |title=How HBO's 'Silicon Valley' Perfectly Skewers the VR Unicorn in the Form of Haley Joel Osment |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zarastone/2017/06/12/the-truth-of-hbos-silicon-valley-perfect-skewering-of-the-vr-unicorn/#1ef99be42050 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Kamar Luckey, Feldspar matashi ne wanda ya zama mai arziki bayan ya sayar da fasaharsa ta VR, kuma wanda ke yawan sa rigunan Hawaiian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's new, young VR genius feels kind of familiar |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/5/30/15711826/silicon-valley-vr-oculus |website=Polygon}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi da tara kuɗi == === Tattara kudade ga Donald Trump === A watan Satumbar 2016, Luckey ya ba da gudummawar $ 10,000 ga wata kungiya da ake kira "Nimble America" tare da manufar da aka bayyana na " ilimantar da al'umma game da manufofinmu na Amurka Farko, Kasuwanci Mai Hikima, Shige da Fice na Shari'a, da Halin Da'a".<ref name="dailybeast" />Luckey ya ba da gudummawa don daidaita ƙarin gudummawa daga masu amfani da r / r/The_Donald na awanni 48 bayan sanarwar.<ref name="guardian2016sep23" /> Luckey daga baya ya nemi gafara, yana mai cewa a shafinsa na Facebook, "Ina matukar nadama cewa ayyukansu suna da mummunar tasiri ga fahimtar Oculus da abokan hulɗarsa".Ya bayyana cewa ya yi aiki da kansa, ba a matsayin wakilin Oculus VR ba.<ref name="venturebeat23" /> ''Jaridar Wall Street'' daga baya ta ruwaito cewa an matsa wa Luckey yin wannan sanarwa a matsayin yanayin aiki. A watan Oktoba 2020, Luckey ya dauki bakuncin taron tara kudade ga Donald Trump a gidansa a Lido Isle, Newport Beach, tare da shugaban da ke halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Jennifer |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Salvador |date=2020-10-16 |title=Tech exec Palmer Luckey to host California fundraiser for President Trump this weekend |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/16/palmer-luckey-to-host-trump-fundraiser-in-southern-california.html |access-date=2020-10-18 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Mai tara kudade yana da tikiti daga $ 2,800 ga kowane mutum zuwa $ 150,000 ga kowane ma'aurata, kuma akwai tarurruka don da kuma adawa da Shugaba Trump a Newport Beach a waje yayin taron. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2020 |title=Trump to attend Newport Beach fundraiser hosted by Oculus Rift co-founder |url=https://ktla.com/news/local-news/trump-to-attend-newport-beach-fundraiser-hosted-by-oculus-rift-co-founder/ |website=[[KTLA]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newberry |first=Laura |last2=Lai |first2=Stephanie |last3=John |first3=Arit |name-list-style=amp |date=October 18, 2020 |title=Thousands of Trump supporters rally in Newport Beach as president arrives for fundraiser |url=https://news.yahoo.com/thousands-trump-supporters-descend-newport-185026188.html |website=Yahoo! News}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2024, Luckey ta dauki bakuncin wani taron tara kudade ga Trump a gidan kamfanin inshorar kiwon lafiya John Word, inda masu ba da gudummawa suka kashe har zuwa $ 100,000 ga kowane mutum don halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fry |first=Hannah |last2=Mehta |first2=Seema |last3=Pinho |first3=Faith E. |last4=Nelson |first4=Laura J. |name-list-style=amp |date=June 8, 2024 |title=Trump raises millions in Newport Beach and Beverly Hills in post-conviction appearances |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2024-06-08/trump-raises-millions-in-newport-beach-and-beverly-hills |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> === Gudummawar jam'iyyar Republican === Luckey ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin 'yan takarar siyasa na Jamhuriyar Republican, sanatocin Amurka, da membobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da jam'iyyar Republican da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa, gami da Kwamitin Majalisa na Jamhuriyar Republican, Kwamitin Inaugural na Shugaban kasa na 2017, Kwamitin Babban Amurka na [[Mike Pence]], da kuma surori da yawa na Jam'iyyar Republicano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmer Luckey |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/search?page=1&q=Palmer+Luckey&type=donors |website=[[OpenSecrets.org]]}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyin mutum === A cikin wata hira ta 2024, Luckey ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Zionist". == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[File:Palmer_Freeman_Luckey's_Newport_Beach_Home_and_boat_by_Don_Ramey_Logan_(cropped).png|thumb|Luckey's Mark V Special Operations CraftJirgin Ayyuka na Musamman na Mark V]] Luckey ya auri budurwarsa ta dogon lokaci Nicole Edelmann a shekarar 2019. Ma'auratan suna da ɗa. Suna zaune a Newport Beach, California . <ref name="deanjun2024">{{Cite web |last=Dean |first=Sam |date=June 30, 2024 |title=Palmer Luckey: Millennial slayer of U.S. defense giants |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-influential/story/2024-06-30/palmer-luckey-anduril |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> 'Yar'uwar Luckey, Ginger Luckey, ta auri tsohon Wakilin Amurka Matt Gaetz . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Kwan Wei Kevin |last2=Loh |first2=Matthew |date=November 14, 2024 |title=Palmer Luckey, Anduril's founder, will have an Attorney General for a brother-in-law if Matt Gaetz gets confirmed |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/palmer-luckey-anduril-attorney-general-brother-in-law-matt-gaetz-2024-11 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> Luckey mai tara motocin soja ne; ya mallaki Mark V Special Operations Craft wanda ya saya daga Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, jiragen ruwa biyu, da jirage masu saukar ungulu guda shida, gami da Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk, da sauran abubuwa.<ref name="deanjun2024" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o0fxwmfflgujlmgj7109iprxoe8efjk 961921 961920 2026-10-02T16:19:43Z Baffa ali 47435 961921 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Palmer Freeman Luckey''' (an haife shi a ranar 19 ga Satumba, 1992) ɗan kasuwa ne na Amurka kuma co-kafa kamfanin Fasahar tsaro Anduril Industries . Shi ne wanda ya kafa Oculus VR kuma mai tsara Oculus Rift, belin kunne na gaskiya wanda aka yaba da shi tare da farfado da masana'antar Gaskiya ta zahiri. A cikin 2017, Luckey ya kafa Anduril Industries, kamfanin fasahar soja wanda ke mai da hankali kan drones masu zaman kansu da na'urori masu auna sigina don aikace-aikacen soja. Luckey ya kasance lamba ta 22 a cikin ''Forbes''<nowiki/>' 2016 List of America's Richest Entrepreneurs Under 40. <ref name="Forbes2016">{{Cite web |title=2016 America's Richest Entrepreneurs Under 40: #22 Palmer Luckey |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/palmer-luckey |access-date=May 15, 2017 |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Satumbar 2026, ''Forbes'' ya kimanta dukiyarsa a dala biliyan 6.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmer Luckey |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/palmer-luckey/ |access-date=2025-11-23 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edmonds |first=Lauren |title=Anduril's Palmer Luckey makes an ethical case for using AI in war: 'There is no moral high ground in using inferior technology' |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/anduril-palmer-luckey-ai-war-conflict-defense-tech-startups-military-2025-12 |access-date=2026-05-26 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Luckey kuma ta girma a Long Beach, California, tare da 'yan'uwa mata uku.<ref name="latimes">{{Cite web |last=Martens |first=Todd |date=June 8, 2013 |title=Palmer Luckey's Oculus Rift could be a virtual reality breakthrough |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment/herocomplex/la-et-hc-palmer-luckey-s-oculus-rift-could-be-a-virtual-reality-breakthrough-20160326-story.html |access-date=June 15, 2014 |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Madeline |last2=D'Onfro |first2=Jilian |date=September 15, 2015 |title=The spectacularly successful life of Palmer Luckey, the 22-year-old who sold his startup to Facebook for $2 billion |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-life-of-palmer-luckey-founder-of-oculus-2015-9 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> Mahaifinsa ya yi aiki a kantin sayar da motoci. Yayinda yake yaro mahaifiyarsa ce ta koya masa a gida, ya ɗauki darussan jirgin ruwa, kuma ya ci gaba da sha'awar lantarki da injiniya. Ya dauki darussan a Kwalejin Golden West da Kwalejin Long Beach City tun yana da shekaru 14 ko 15, sannan kuma a Jami'ar Jihar California, Long Beach a cikin 2010.<ref name="latimes" /> Daga baya ya yi fice a fannin aikin jarida a CSU Long Beach, inda ya kuma rubuta kuma ya kasance Edita na kan layi na jaridar dalibai ta jami'ar, sannan Daily Forty-Niner, wanda yanzu aka sani da Long Beach Current tun daga 2024. <ref name="Daily 49er">{{Cite web |title=Daily 49er |url=http://www.daily49er.com/staff/?writer=Palmer%20Luckey |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141129022646/http://www.daily49er.com/staff/?writer=Palmer%20Luckey |archive-date=2014-11-29 |access-date=September 8, 2014 |website=Daily 49er}}</ref> A lokacin yarinta da shekarunsa na matasa, Luckey ya yi gwaji tare da ayyuka masu rikitarwa na lantarki ciki har da bindigogi, Tesla coils, da lasers, tare da wasu daga cikin waɗannan ayyukan da suka haifar da mummunan rauni.<ref name="latimes" /> Ya gina wasan kwaikwayo na PC "rig" wanda ya kai dubban daloli na Amurka tare da tsari mai kula da shida. A shekara ta 2009, ya kafa ModRetro Forums tare da aboki, yana ƙirƙirar al'umma ta kan layi don "portabilization", wani abin sha'awa wanda ke ke juyawa game da juya tsoffin na'urorin kayan aiki (kamar na'urori masu wasan kwaikwayo da PCs) zuwa cikin raka'a masu ɗaukar hoto waɗanda ke haɗuwa da sabuwar da tsohuwar fasaha.<ref name="ForbesWang">{{Cite web |last=Wang |first=Jennifer |date=November 18, 2015 |title=America's Richest Self-Made Entrepreneurs In Their 20s |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/jenniferwang/2015/11/18/americas-richest-self-made-entrepreneurs-in-their-20s/#13775b6567a5 |access-date=May 24, 2017 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Yayinda yake halartar kwaleji, ya kuma yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin injiniya a cikin Mixed Reality Lab (MxR) na Cibiyar Fasahar Fasaha (ICT) a Jami'ar Kudancin California da ke tsara tsarin gaskiya mai tsada don BRAVEMIND, ƙoƙarin Laboratory na Binciken Sojojin Amurka don magance tsoffin sojoji da ke fama da PTSD. <ref name="latimes" /> == Ayyuka == === Oculus VR === [[File:Oculus_Rift_-_Developer_Version_-_Front.jpg|right|thumb|Oculus Rift DK1, belun VR na farko da Oculus VR ya fitar]] [[File:Palmer_Luckey_at_SVVR_2014.jpg|thumb|Luckey yana magana a SVVR a cikin 2014]] A shekara ta 2009, lokacin da yake da shekaru 16, ya fara gina belin gaskiya na kansa. Nuni na yanzu da aka ɗora a kan kai sun sha wahala daga ƙananan bambanci da filin-na-gani, babban latitude da tsada, da matsanancin girma da nauyi. Ya kammala samfurinsa na farko, wanda ake kira PR1, yana da shekaru 17 a cikin garage na iyayensa. Ya ƙunshi filin kallo na digiri 90, ƙarancin jinkiri, da kuma ra'ayoyin da aka gina a ciki. Daga ƙarshe, ya gina fiye da nune-nunen da aka ɗora a kai 50. <ref name="eurogamer" /> <ref name="latimes" /> {{Refn|Headsets in his collection include the Vuzix iWear VR920, eMagin Z800 3DVisor,<ref name=wired /> Fakespace Push, [[Liquid Image|Liquid Image Corporation]] MRG2, Visionics LVES, and a heavily modified [[HMZ-T1|Sony HMZ-T1]].<ref name=roadtovr />}}Don tallafawa waɗannan ayyukan, ya sami akalla US $ 36,000 ta hanyar gyarawa da sake siyar da Iphone da suka lalace da kuma aiki na ɗan lokaci a matsayin mai kula da ƙasa, kocin jirgin ruwa na matasa, da kuma mai gyara kwamfuta. <ref name="latimes" /> Luckey ya haɓaka jerin samfurori da ke bincika fasalulluka kamar 3D stereoscopy, haɗin mara waya, da matsanancin filin kallo na digiri 270, yayin da yake rage girman da nauyin tsarinsa. Ya raba sabuntawa na yau da kullun game da ci gabansa a kan MTBS3D, wani dandalin tattaunawa na kan layi wanda masu sha'awar gaskiya na kama-da-wane ke yawan zuwa. Ya kira rukunin ƙarni na 6 "Oculus Rift", wanda aka yi niyyar sayar da shi azaman kayan aiki na yin-kai a kan Kickstarter ga abokan sha'awarsa.<ref name="wired" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Luckey |first=Palmer |date=August 21, 2009 |title=Oculus "Rift" : An open-source HMD for Kickstarter |url=http://www.mtbs3d.com/phpbb/viewtopic.php?f=140&t=14777 |access-date=June 19, 2014 |website=MTBS3D.com}}</ref> Ya kafa Oculus VR a watan Afrilun 2012 don sauƙaƙe ƙaddamar da kamfen ɗin Kickstarter. [[File:Oculus-Rift-CV1-Headset-Front.jpg|right|thumb|Oculus Rift CV1, mai amfani na farko na VR da Oculus VR ya fitar]] John Carmack na id Software ya nemi samfurin belun kunne daga Luckey, wanda ya ba da shi ga Carmack kyauta. Carmack ya yi amfani da shi don nuna ID Software's ''Doom 3: BFG Edition'' a kan na'urar a Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012. Tare da sakamakon hankalin dubban mutane da suka jawo zuwa Rift, Luckey ya fita daga jami'a don mayar da hankali a kai cikakken lokaci. Luckey ya kuma nuna naúrar ga Valve, kuma ya sami amincewar Kickstarter daga shugaban Valve Gabe Newell, wanda ya ce, "Yana da ban sha'awa sosai. Idan wani zai magance wannan matsala mai wuya, muna tunanin cewa Palmer zai yi hakan. Muna ƙarfafa ku sosai don tallafawa wannan Kickstarter".Lokacin da Luckey ya kaddamar da kamfen dinsa na Kickstarter don Oculus Rift, ya kuma ƙunshi bayanan da aka rubuta daga wasu fitattun mutane a masana'antar wasan, gami da Cliff Bleszinski da Michael Abrash. A lokacin yakin Kickstarter, Luckey ya nuna Rift ga 'yan wasa da' yan jarida a tarurrukan wasanni da yawa, gami da PAX, Gamescom, da QuakeCon 2012. Kamfen ɗin Kickstarter ya ci nasara, ya tara dala miliyan 2.4, ko 974% na ainihin burinsa.<ref name="eurogamer" /> Bayan tara fiye da dala miliyan 1, Luckey ya hayar da Brendan Iribe a watan Agustan 2012 don zama Shugaba na Oculus. Oculus VR ya fadada, yana ɗaukar ƙarin ma'aikata da kuma babban ofishin ofis. Luckey ya bayyana tsarinsa na yau da kullun kamar yadda bai "canja duk wannan abu ba," ya kasance "mai saurin aiki don yin wannan abu ya zama gaskiya".<ref name="eurogamer" />Luckey ya ci gaba da aiki a kan dukkan fannoni na kasuwanci, yana cewa, "Ina da hannuna a cikin komai, daga injiniyan samfur zuwa ci gaban wasan zuwa tallace-tallace, Daga baya, ya mayar da hankali ga kayan aikin shigar da gaskiya, yana kiransa "aikin dabba" wanda daga ƙarshe ya ƙare a cikin mai kula da sararin samaniya na Oculus Touch. <ref name="ForbesWang" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Feltham |first=Jamie |date=May 6, 2015 |title=VR Input is Palmer Luckey's 'pet project' |url=http://www.vrfocus.com/2015/05/vr-input-palmer-luckeys-pet-project |website=VR Focus}}</ref> === Facebook === [[Fezbuk|Facebook]] ta sayi Oculus VR a watan Maris na shekara ta 2014 don dala biliyan 2. Kodayake ba a bayyana rabon Luckey ba, mujallar ''Forbes'' ta kiyasta cewa darajarsa ta kai dala miliyan 700 a shekarar 2015. ==== ZeniMax karar ==== Ba da daɗewa ba bayan sayen Facebook, ZeniMax Media ta shigar da kara a Kotun Gundumar Amurka don Gundumar Arewacin Texas. Shari'ar ta yi jayayya cewa Luckey da Oculus sun yi amfani da "asirin kasuwanci, lambar kwamfuta mai haƙuri, da ƙwarewar fasaha da ta shafi fasahar gaskiya ta kama-da-wane", kuma sun nemi lalacewar kuɗi don karya kwangila, [[Keta Haƙƙin Mallaka|keta haƙƙin mallaka]], da gasa mara adalci.<ref name="engadget suit">{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |date=May 21, 2014 |title=Oculus VR and Palmer Luckey being sued by CTO's former employer |url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/05/21/oculus-vr-lawsuit |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[Engadget]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lowensohn |first=Josh |date=May 21, 2014 |title=Oculus VR and its founder sued by ZeniMax and id Software |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/5/21/5739086/oculus-vr-and-its-founder-sued-by-zenimax-and-id-software |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=[[The Verge]]}}</ref> ZeniMax ya yi iƙirarin cewa ya saka hannun jari "miliyan daloli a cikin bincike da ci gaba" a cikin fasahar VR, kuma cewa "Oculus da Luckey ba su da ƙwarewar da ake buƙata da ƙwarewa ta fasaha don ƙirƙirar belun kunne mai inganci".<ref name="engadget suit" /> An kammala shari'ar juri a ranar 2 ga Fabrairu, 2017. Kotun ta gano cewa Luckey ya keta Yarjejeniyar da ba a bayyana ba da yake da ita tare da ZeniMax, amma ya ba da lalacewar komai a kan wannan cajin, yana hukunta cutar a matsayin de minimis.<ref name="jury_form">{{Cite web |date=1 February 2017 |title=Court's Charge to the Jury: Zenimax Media & ID Software v. Oculus Rift, Palmer Luckey et al. |url=https://cdn.arstechnica.net/wp-content/uploads/2017/02/occverdict-1.pdf |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> Kodayake juriya ta gano cewa Oculus, Facebook, Palmer Luckey, Brendan Iribe, da John Carmack ba su dace ba ko sata asirin kasuwanci da fasaha, <ref name="jury_result" /> <ref name="jury_form" /> <ref name="polygon 500m">{{Cite web |last=Poon |first=Timothy |last2=Crecente |first2=Brian |date=February 1, 2017 |title=Oculus lawsuit ends with half billion dollar judgment awarded to ZeniMax |url=http://www.polygon.com/2017/2/1/14474198/oculus-lawsuit-verdict |access-date=February 2, 2017 |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref> sun ba da jimlar dala miliyan 500 a cikin lalacewa don keta haƙƙin mallaka da ke da alaƙa da tallan Oculus Rift, tare da Luckey da ke da alhakin dala miliyan 50 na jimlar. A watan Yunin 2018, alƙalin da ke kula da shari'ar ya tabbatar da kyautar juriya ta dala miliyan 200 don karya kwangila da dala miliyan 50 don keta haƙƙin mallaka, amma ya kori ragowar dala miliyan 250 da Luckey da sauran bangarorin suka ci.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Korosec |first=Tom |date=June 27, 2018 |title=Facebook Payout in Oculus Copyright Spat Cut to $250 Million |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-06-27/facebook-oculus-virtual-reality-stolen-tech-damages-are-halved |access-date=June 28, 2018 |website=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]}}</ref> ==== Kashewa da jayayya ta siyasa ==== A watan Satumbar 2016, an ruwaito cewa Luckey ya ba da gudummawar $ 10,000 ga Nimble America, ƙungiyar da ke goyon bayan [[Donald Trump]] wacce ke gudanar da allon talla wanda ke nuna dan takarar shugaban kasa na 2016 [[Hillary Clinton]] tare da taken "Too Big to Jail". <ref name="dailybeast">{{Cite web |last=Resnick |first=Gideon |last2=Collins |first2=Ben |date=September 22, 2016 |title=Palmer Luckey: The Facebook Near-Billionaire Secretly Funding Trump's Meme Machine |url=http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/22/palmer-luckey-the-facebook-billionaire-secretly-funding-trump-s-meme-machine.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161223014043/http://www.thedailybeast.com/articles/2016/09/22/palmer-luckey-the-facebook-billionaire-secretly-funding-trump-s-meme-machine.html |archive-date=December 23, 2016 |access-date=December 24, 2016 |website=The Daily Beast}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Gilbert |first=Ben |date=29 September 2016 |title=Facebook's $2 billion bet on the future is in jeopardy because of Palmer Luckey |url=https://uk.finance.yahoo.com/news/heck-going-palmer-luckey-171958553.html |access-date=May 15, 2017 |website=Yahoo! Finance}}</ref><ref name="guardian2016sep23">{{Cite web |last=Hern |first=Alex |date=September 23, 2016 |title=Oculus Rift founder Palmer Luckey spends fortune backing pro-Trump 'shitposts' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/23/oculus-rift-vr-palmer-luckey-trump-shitposts |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110080745/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/sep/23/oculus-rift-vr-palmer-luckey-trump-shitposts |archive-date=January 10, 2017 |access-date=December 24, 2016 |website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=September 27, 2016 |title=Oculus founder admits he gave $10,000 to Nimble America |url=https://www.usatoday.com/videos/money/2016/09/27/91114136 |access-date=February 3, 2017 |website=USA Today}}</ref> Wannan ya sa wasu masu haɓakawa su soke shirye-shiryen tallafawa Oculus na ɗan lokaci, gami da Wasannin Scruta, wanda ya sanar da cewa zai soke goyon bayan Oculus a wasanninsu sai dai idan Luckey ya sauka. Gobe Yau Labs sun ce ba za su goyi bayan Oculus Touch ba muddin Luckey ya yi aiki da Oculus.<ref name="theguardian.com" /> Gobe Yau Labs daga baya sun sauya wannan matsayi bayan Oculus ya fara nisanta kansu daga Luckey kuma ya sake mayar da hankali kan bambancin da hadawa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Tomorrow Today Labs |date=2016-10-26 |title=Business and Politics |url=https://medium.com/@TTLabs/business-and-politics-f61c40a24e2e#.7oly6qcv9 |access-date=2017-02-05 |website=Medium.com}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2017, Palmer Luckey ya bar Facebook, kuma ya dakatar da sa hannu tare da Oculus VR . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Orland |first=Kyle |date=30 March 2017 |title=Oculus co-founder Palmer Luckey leaves Facebook |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2017/03/oculus-co-founder-palmer-luckey-leaves-facebook/ |access-date=30 March 2017 |website=Ars Technica}}</ref> Babu wani bayani game da tashi da kowanne bangare ya bayar. A matsayin wani ɓangare na shaidar a gaban Majalisar Dattijai ta Amurka a watan Afrilu na 2018, Sanata Ted Cruz ya tambayi Shugaba na Facebook [[Mark Zuckerberg]], "Me ya sa aka kori Palmer Luckey?"Zuckerberg ya ki shiga cikin "takamaiman al'amuran ma'aikata", yana mai cewa "ba saboda ra'ayi na siyasa ba".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Robertson |first=Adi |date=April 10, 2018 |title=Mark Zuckerberg says he didn't fire Palmer Luckey out of anti-conservative bias |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/4/10/17221042/mark-zuckerberg-palmer-luckey-ted-cruz-senate-hearing-political-bias-firing |website=The Verge}}</ref> A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2018, ''Jaridar Wall Street'' ta sami damar yin amfani da imel na ciki na Facebook wanda ya ba da shawarar an tattauna batun a manyan matakan kamfanin. Shugabannin Facebook, ciki har da Zuckerberg, an ruwaito cewa sun matsa wa Luckey don nuna goyon baya ga dan takarar 'yanci Gary Johnson, duk da goyon bayansa ga dan takardar Republican Donald Trump na lokacin. Bayan korarsa, Luckey ya hayar da lauyan aiki, kuma tare suka tattauna biyan akalla dala miliyan 100, suna jayayya cewa kamfanin ya keta Dokar California saboda zargin matsawa zartarwa don nuna goyon baya ga Johnson da kuma azabtar da ma'aikaci saboda aikin siyasa.<ref name="Wall Street Journal emails" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Musil |first=Steven |date=November 11, 2018 |title=Facebook reportedly fired Palmer Luckey for political views |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/facebook-reportedly-fired-palmer-luckey-for-political-views/ |website=CNET.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Fingas |first=Jon |date=November 11, 2018 |title=Facebook reportedly pressured Palmer Luckey to support a politician |url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/11/11/facebook-pressured-palmer-luckey-to-support-politician/ |website=Engadget}}</ref> Meta CTO Andrew Bosworth, wanda ya tashi daga ƙungiyar talla don jagorantar ƙungiyar Oculus watanni huɗu bayan tashiwar Luckey, ya ba da jerin [[X (kafofin sada zumunta)|tweets]] a watan Nuwamba 2018 (daga baya an share) yana musanta laifuffuka a ɓangaren Facebook, yana cewa " Siyasa ba ta da alaƙa da tashiwar Palmer. "<ref>{{Cite tweet|user=boztank|date=|title=Politics had nothing to do with Palmer's departure|access-date=2023-02-27}}</ref>Facebook kuma ya musanta cewa an kori Luckey saboda goyon bayan Trump, yana mai cewa "Za mu iya cewa tafiyar Palmer ba saboda ra'ayoyin siyasa ba ne".<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lieu |first=Johnny |date=November 12, 2018 |title=Oculus co-founder was pressured by Facebook execs to support libertarian candidate: report |url=https://mashable.com/article/palmer-luckey-wsj-report |website=Mashable}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=Shona |date=November 11, 2018 |title=Mark Zuckerberg reportedly pressured a top Facebook VR exec to drop his public support of Trump in favor of another candidate |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/facebook-denies-firing-oculus-founder-palmer-luckey-trump-2018-11 |website=Business Insider}}</ref>A wata hira da 60 Minutes a watan Mayu 2025, Luckey ya bayyana cewa, "To, ka sani, kowa yana da labarin daban, amma ya sauka zuwa na ba da $9,000 ga ƙungiyar siyasa da ke ga Donald Trump da Hillary Clinton". === Masana'antu na Anduril === [[File:A_close-up_image_of_the_top_portion_of_an_Anduril_Sentry_next_to_CA-98_in_Imperial_County,_CA.jpg|thumb|Hasumiyar Tsaro ta Anduril]] A watan Yunin 2017, Luckey ya kafa kamfanin fasahar soja mai zaman kansa Anduril Industries, tare da tsoffin shugabannin Palantir Technologies Matt Grimm, Trae Stephens, da Brian Schimpf, da kuma farkon Oculus VR Hardware Lead Joseph Chen . <ref name="leading to arrests">{{Cite web |last=Hatmaker |first=Taylor |date=June 11, 2018 |title=Palmer Luckey's defense company Anduril is already leading to arrests at the southern border |url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/06/11/anduril-lattice-sentry-palmer-luckey/ |website=TechCrunch.com}}</ref> A watan Maris na shekara ta 2018, Anduril ya fara shirin gwaji ga gwamnatin Amurka don gano fataucin mutane da safarar miyagun ƙwayoyi a yankuna masu nisa na iyakar kudancin Amurka; shirin ya haifar da yunkurin shiga 55 da aka kama a cikin kwanaki 12 na farko.<ref name="leading to arrests" /> Anduril daga baya ya lashe Shirin Rubuce-rubuce Hasumiyar Kulawa mai zaman kanta, wanda ya haifar da tura daruruwan Hasumiyoyin Tsaro na Anduril a farashin "daruruwan miliyoyin daloli". <ref>{{Cite web |date=July 2, 2020 |title=CBP's Autonomous Surveillance Towers Declared a Program of Record along the Southwest Border |url=https://www.cbp.gov/newsroom/national-media-release/cbp-s-autonomous-surveillance-towers-declared-program-record-along |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=cbp.gov |publisher=US Customs and Border Protection |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Chen |first=I-Chun |date=2 July 2020 |title=Anduril Industries gets contract to install AI surveillance systems along the border |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/losangeles/news/2020/07/02/anduril-wins-cbp-deal-to-install-ai-surveillance.html |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=BizJournals.com}}</ref> A watan Satumbar 2020, Luckey ya sanar ta hanyar Twitter cewa Anduril ya sami kwangila mai daraja $ 967M don Advanced Battle Management Systems (ABMS), aikin da ya fi dacewa da dala biliyan da [[United States Air Force|Sojojin Sama na Amurka]] suka yi.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hatmaker |first=Taylor |date=September 24, 2020 |title=Anduril among companies tapped to build the Air Force's 'internet of things' for war |url=https://techcrunch.com/2020/09/24/anduril-air-force-abms-jadc2/ |access-date=2020-09-25 |website=TechCrunch.com |language=en-US}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2022, Luckey ya ba da sanarwar cewa Anduril ya lashe kwangilar dala biliyan 1 don jagorantar aikin tsarin da ba a sarrafa shi ba ga Kwamandan Ayyuka na Musamman na Amurka (SOCOM). <ref>{{Cite web |last=Judson |first=Jen |date=2022-01-24 |title=US Special Operations Command picks Anduril to lead counter-drone integration work in $1B deal |url=https://www.defensenews.com/unmanned/2022/01/24/us-special-operations-command-picks-anduril-to-lead-counter-drone-integration-work-in-1b-deal/ |access-date=2022-03-04 |website=Defense News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Contracts for January 20, 2022 |url=https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2906241// |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220120225553/https://www.defense.gov/News/Contracts/Contract/Article/2906241// |archive-date=January 20, 2022 |access-date=2022-04-26 |website=United States Department of Defense |publisher=US Department of Defense |language=en-US}}</ref>&nbsp; A ranar 26 ga watan Disamba, 2025, kasar Sin ta ba da izini ga Luckey saboda abin da ta ce rawar da ya taka wajen sayar da makamai ga Taiwan. Jaridar Wall Street ta ce takunkumin alama ce kamar yadda "masu kwangila na tsaro na Amurka galibi ba sa kasuwanci a China".<ref name="TheWallStreetJournalArticleOne" /> === "Kayan aikin kirji na VR wanda ke kashe mai amfani da shi" === A watan Nuwamba na shekara ta 2022, an ba da sanarwar cewa a matsayin tunawa da wasan kwaikwayo na Sword Art Online, Luckey ya kirkiro wani fasahar belun VR wanda ke kashe mai amfani da shi a rayuwa ta ainihi lokacin da mai amfani ya mutu ta hanyar dijital a cikin wasan bidiyo, ta hanyar cajin fashewa da yawa da aka sanya a sama da allo, a kan abin da ya zama Meta Quest Pro mai canzawa, don yin niyya ga fashewar mai amfani.<ref name="vicevr">{{Cite web |date=November 7, 2022 |title=Palmer Luckey Made a VR Headset That Kills the User If They Die in the Game |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/palmer-luckey-made-a-vr-headset-that-kills-the-user-if-they-die-in-the-game/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=vice.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Orland |first=Kyle |date=2022-11-07 |title=Oculus co-founder makes a VR headset that can literally kill you |url=https://arstechnica.com/gaming/2022/11/oculus-co-founder-makes-a-vr-headset-that-can-literally-kill-you/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref> Luckey ya wallafa a shafin yanar gizon, "Tunanin ɗaure ainihin rayuwarka ga avatarka mai kama-da-wane koyaushe yana sha'awar ni - nan take kuna ɗaga gungumen azaba zuwa matakin mafi girma kuma kuna tilasta mutane su sake tunani game da yadda suke hulɗa da duniyar kama-da'ura da 'yan wasan da ke ciki. "<ref>{{Cite web |last=Luckey |first=Palmer |date=2022-11-06 |title=If you die in the game, you die in real life. |url=http://palmerluckey.com/if-you-die-in-the-game-you-die-in-real-life/ |access-date=2022-11-10 |website=The Blog of Palmer Luckey |language=en-US}}</ref>Luckey ya kuma bayyana shi a matsayin "kawai wani yanki na zane-zane na ofis, tunatarwa mai tunatarwa game da hanyoyin da ba a bincika su ba a cikin ƙirar wasan". Ya kuma ambaci cewa yayin da yake "misali na farko wanda ba na almara ba ne na na'urar VR wanda zai iya kashe mai amfani, ba zai zama na ƙarshe ba".<ref name="vicevr" /> === ModRetro === A watan Yunin 2024, Luckey ya sake kafa ModRetro a matsayin kamfanin wasan bidiyo. Samfurinsa na farko, ModRetro Chromatic, na'urar retrogaming ce ta hannu wacce ke iya buga wasannin asali da aka tsara don Game Boy, wanda Nintendo ta haɓaka.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Hollister |first=Sean |date=June 3, 2024 |title=Palmer Luckey is now selling pixel-perfect ultrabright magnesium Game Boys for $199 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2024/6/3/24170572/modretro-chromatic-game-boy-color-palmer-luckey-price-release-date |access-date=2024-10-15 |website=The Verge |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2024-06-02 |title=The Future is Retro |url=https://modretro.com/blogs/blog/the-future-is-retro |access-date=2024-10-12 |website=ModRetro |language=en}}</ref> Samfurinsa na biyu shine M64, nishaɗin Nintendo 64 .<ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-09 |title=After one month with the ModRetro M64, I'm convinced that this is going to be the best way to play your favorite N64 games in 2026 |url=https://www.techradar.com/gaming/i-spent-a-month-with-the-modretro-m64-and-i-think-theres-no-better-way-to-play-your-classic-nintendo-64-games |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=TechRadar |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2026-06-01 |title=I Dig the ModRetro 64's Nostalgic Fun, Even If It's a Few Updates Short of Greatness |url=https://uk.pcmag.com/gaming-systems/165278/i-dig-the-modretro-64s-nostalgic-fun-even-if-its-a-few-updates-short-of-greatness |access-date=2026-07-06 |website=PCMag UK |language=en-gb}}</ref> == Hoton jama'a == [[File:Palmer_Luckey.jpg|thumb|Palmer Luckey yana magana a TED, Afrilu 2025]] A cikin 2014, an bayyana Luckey a matsayin "fuskar gaskiyar kama-da-wane a cikin caca" kuma sananne ne tsakanin masu sha'awar gaskiyar kama-wane; duk da haka, ya bayyana cewa bai dauki kansa a matsayin sananne ba. <ref name="vrfocusinterview">{{Cite web |last=VRFocus |date=June 4, 2014 |title=Palmer Luckey on Palmer Luckey: A VRFocus Interview |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=srXavcUp30Y |access-date=June 19, 2014 |via=YouTube}}</ref> Yana riƙe da bayyanar yau da kullun, sau da yawa ba tare da kafafu ba, kuma ya fi son takalma fiye da takalma har ma a baje kolin kasuwanci da abubuwan da suka faru. A cikin 2015, Luckey ya fito ne a bangon mujallar Time a cikin labarin "The Surprising Joy of Virtual Reality", <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2015 |title=The Surprising Joy of Virtual Reality |url=https://time.com/3987059/in-the-latest-issue-41/}}</ref> a cikin hoton da aka yi wa ba'a a intanet, <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2015 |title=Everyone is Mocking TIME's Latest Cover Photo |url=https://petapixel.com/2015/08/07/everyone-is-mocking-times-latest-cover-photo/}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2015 |title=This Time Magazine Cover is So Bad I Feel Sad and Inspired at Once |url=https://fstoppers.com/originals/time-magazine-cover-so-bad-i-feel-sad-and-inspired-once-79917}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=August 6, 2015 |title=The Surprising Fun the Internet Had with Time Magazine's Virtual Reality Cover |url=https://variety.com/2015/digital/news/the-surprising-fun-the-internet-had-with-time-magazines-virtual-reality-cover-1201558332/}}</ref> wanda ya tayar da tambayoyi game da ko duk filin VR ya lalace.<ref>{{Cite web |date=August 7, 2015 |title=Time Magazine's Virtual Reality Cover Spawns Hysterical New Meme |url=https://www.huffpost.com/entry/time-virtual-reality-cover_n_55c44a28e4b0d9b743dbb66c}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=August 9, 2015 |title=The best and brightest mockery of Time's abominable VR cover, in one video |url=https://www.polygon.com/2015/8/9/9123377/time-vr-cover-meme-palmer-luckey-video |website=[[Polygon (website)|Polygon]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Debate Rages over Whether or Not TIME's Oculus Cover Has Killed VR |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/insertcoin/2015/08/06/debate-rages-over-whether-or-not-times-oculus-cover-has-killed-vr/ |website=[[Forbes]]}}</ref> A cikin 2015, wani labarin Forbes ya bayyana cewa Luckey yana zaune a cikin gidan da aka raba tare da wasu da yawa inda suke buga wasannin bidiyo masu yawa a kai a kai kuma yawanci suna sa tufafi na yau da kullun kamar gajeren wando, T-shirts, rigunan Hawaiian, da takalma.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ewalt |first=David |date=January 19, 2015 |title=Palmer Luckey: Defying Reality |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidewalt/2015/01/05/palmer-luckey-oculus-rift-vr/2/#2715e4857a0b37649318eb34 |access-date=February 1, 2017 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Halin Keenan Feldspar, wanda Haley Joel Osment ya buga, wanda ya bayyana a wasu abubuwan da suka faru na shirin HBO TV ''Silicon Valley'' a cikin 2017, wasu sun yi hasashen cewa ya dogara ne akan Luckey.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Stone |first=Zara |date=June 12, 2017 |title=How HBO's 'Silicon Valley' Perfectly Skewers the VR Unicorn in the Form of Haley Joel Osment |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/zarastone/2017/06/12/the-truth-of-hbos-silicon-valley-perfect-skewering-of-the-vr-unicorn/#1ef99be42050 |website=Forbes}}</ref> Kamar Luckey, Feldspar matashi ne wanda ya zama mai arziki bayan ya sayar da fasaharsa ta VR, kuma wanda ke yawan sa rigunan Hawaiian.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Alexander |first=Julia |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Silicon Valley's new, young VR genius feels kind of familiar |url=https://www.polygon.com/2017/5/30/15711826/silicon-valley-vr-oculus |website=Polygon}}</ref> == Ra'ayoyi da tara kuɗi == === Tattara kudade ga Donald Trump === A watan Satumbar 2016, Luckey ya ba da gudummawar $ 10,000 ga wata kungiya da ake kira "Nimble America" tare da manufar da aka bayyana na " ilimantar da al'umma game da manufofinmu na Amurka Farko, Kasuwanci Mai Hikima, Shige da Fice na Shari'a, da Halin Da'a".<ref name="dailybeast" />Luckey ya ba da gudummawa don daidaita ƙarin gudummawa daga masu amfani da r / r/The_Donald na awanni 48 bayan sanarwar.<ref name="guardian2016sep23" /> Luckey daga baya ya nemi gafara, yana mai cewa a shafinsa na Facebook, "Ina matukar nadama cewa ayyukansu suna da mummunar tasiri ga fahimtar Oculus da abokan hulɗarsa".Ya bayyana cewa ya yi aiki da kansa, ba a matsayin wakilin Oculus VR ba.<ref name="venturebeat23" /> ''Jaridar Wall Street'' daga baya ta ruwaito cewa an matsa wa Luckey yin wannan sanarwa a matsayin yanayin aiki. A watan Oktoba 2020, Luckey ya dauki bakuncin taron tara kudade ga Donald Trump a gidansa a Lido Isle, Newport Beach, tare da shugaban da ke halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Elias |first=Jennifer |last2=Rodriguez |first2=Salvador |date=2020-10-16 |title=Tech exec Palmer Luckey to host California fundraiser for President Trump this weekend |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/16/palmer-luckey-to-host-trump-fundraiser-in-southern-california.html |access-date=2020-10-18 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref> Mai tara kudade yana da tikiti daga $ 2,800 ga kowane mutum zuwa $ 150,000 ga kowane ma'aurata, kuma akwai tarurruka don da kuma adawa da Shugaba Trump a Newport Beach a waje yayin taron. <ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2020 |title=Trump to attend Newport Beach fundraiser hosted by Oculus Rift co-founder |url=https://ktla.com/news/local-news/trump-to-attend-newport-beach-fundraiser-hosted-by-oculus-rift-co-founder/ |website=[[KTLA]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Newberry |first=Laura |last2=Lai |first2=Stephanie |last3=John |first3=Arit |name-list-style=amp |date=October 18, 2020 |title=Thousands of Trump supporters rally in Newport Beach as president arrives for fundraiser |url=https://news.yahoo.com/thousands-trump-supporters-descend-newport-185026188.html |website=Yahoo! News}}</ref> A ranar 8 ga Yuni, 2024, Luckey ta dauki bakuncin wani taron tara kudade ga Trump a gidan kamfanin inshorar kiwon lafiya John Word, inda masu ba da gudummawa suka kashe har zuwa $ 100,000 ga kowane mutum don halarta.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Fry |first=Hannah |last2=Mehta |first2=Seema |last3=Pinho |first3=Faith E. |last4=Nelson |first4=Laura J. |name-list-style=amp |date=June 8, 2024 |title=Trump raises millions in Newport Beach and Beverly Hills in post-conviction appearances |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2024-06-08/trump-raises-millions-in-newport-beach-and-beverly-hills |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> === Gudummawar jam'iyyar Republican === Luckey ya ba da gudummawa ga kamfen ɗin 'yan takarar siyasa na Jamhuriyar Republican, sanatocin Amurka, da membobin Majalisar Wakilai ta Amurka. Ya kuma ba da gudummawa ga kungiyoyi masu alaƙa da jam'iyyar Republican da masu ra'ayin mazan jiya da yawa, gami da Kwamitin Majalisa na Jamhuriyar Republican, Kwamitin Inaugural na Shugaban kasa na 2017, Kwamitin Babban Amurka na [[Mike Pence]], da kuma surori da yawa na Jam'iyyar Republicano.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Palmer Luckey |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/search?page=1&q=Palmer+Luckey&type=donors |website=[[OpenSecrets.org]]}}</ref> === Ra'ayoyin mutum === A cikin wata hira ta 2024, Luckey ya bayyana kansa a matsayin "mai tsattsauran ra'ayi na Zionist". == Rayuwa ta mutum == [[File:Palmer_Freeman_Luckey's_Newport_Beach_Home_and_boat_by_Don_Ramey_Logan_(cropped).png|thumb|Luckey's Mark V Special Operations CraftJirgin Ayyuka na Musamman na Mark V]] Luckey ya auri budurwarsa ta dogon lokaci Nicole Edelmann a shekarar 2019. Ma'auratan suna da ɗa. Suna zaune a Newport Beach, California . <ref name="deanjun2024">{{Cite web |last=Dean |first=Sam |date=June 30, 2024 |title=Palmer Luckey: Millennial slayer of U.S. defense giants |url=https://www.latimes.com/la-influential/story/2024-06-30/palmer-luckey-anduril |website=[[Los Angeles Times]]}}</ref> 'Yar'uwar Luckey, Ginger Luckey, ta auri tsohon Wakilin Amurka Matt Gaetz . <ref>{{Cite web |last=Tan |first=Kwan Wei Kevin |last2=Loh |first2=Matthew |date=November 14, 2024 |title=Palmer Luckey, Anduril's founder, will have an Attorney General for a brother-in-law if Matt Gaetz gets confirmed |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/palmer-luckey-anduril-attorney-general-brother-in-law-matt-gaetz-2024-11 |website=[[Business Insider]]}}</ref> Luckey mai tara motocin soja ne; ya mallaki Mark V Special Operations Craft wanda ya saya daga Sojojin Ruwa na Amurka, jiragen ruwa biyu, da jirage masu saukar ungulu guda shida, gami da Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk, da sauran abubuwa.<ref name="deanjun2024" /> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1992]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5sq4l5poy1ox5xh792dhxfuc1nryfw1 Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser 0 177887 961925 2026-10-02T16:43:59Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353665536|Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser]]" 961925 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser''' (24 Janairu 1853, Rhaunen, Lardin Rhine &#x2013; 4 Janairu 1931, [[Dresden]], Saxony ) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka haifa a Rhaunen . Ya sami digirinsa na likita a cikin 1876 daga Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München . Bayan haka ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a wani asibitin tabin hankali da ke [[Würzburg]], daga baya kuma ya zama mataimakin likitan kwakwalwa Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886) a [[München|Munich]] . A shekarar 1886, ya zama shugaban sashen kula da tabin hankali a Babban Asibitin [[Dresden]] . Daga cikin ɗalibansa akwai likitan jijiyoyi Hans Queckenstedt (1876-1918). Ana tuna Sigbert Ganser saboda wata cuta mai kama da ta ɓacin rai wadda ya fara bayyana a shekarar 1898. Ya gano matsalar a cikin fursunoni uku yayin da yake aiki a wani gidan yari da ke Halle . Siffofin sun haɗa da amsoshi na kimanin ko marasa ma'ana ga tambayoyi masu sauƙi, rashin daidaituwar fahimta, da kuma girgizar sani. Ganser ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan alamun wani abu ne da ke haifar da wani abu da ke da alaƙa da juna wanda wani majiyyaci ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga yanayin tunanin da ba za a iya jurewa ba. An san wannan cuta da Ganser Syndrome . == Ayyukan rubutu == * ''Über einen eigenartigen hysterischen Dämmerzustand'' Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Berlin, 1898, 30: 633–640. Fassarar Turanci daga CE Schorer: "Yanayin tashin hankali na musamman". Mujallar Nazarin Laifuka ta Burtaniya, 1965, 5: 120–126. Littafin bincike da kididdiga na matsalar tabin hankali. Bugu na 3, Washington, Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Amurka, DC, 1987, shafi na 77. == Manazarta == 9a5xyipyyai3typk7sw4zqfvuq7eps8 961926 961925 2026-10-02T16:45:58Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1353665536|Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser]]" 961926 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser''' (24 Janairu 1853, Rhaunen, Lardin Rhine &#x2013; 4 Janairu 1931, [[Dresden]], Saxony ) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka haifa a Rhaunen.<ref>Biography@Who Named It</ref> Ya sami digirinsa na likita a cikin 1876 daga Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München . Bayan haka ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a wani asibitin tabin hankali da ke [[Würzburg]], daga baya kuma ya zama mataimakin likitan kwakwalwa Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886) a [[München|Munich]] . A shekarar 1886, ya zama shugaban sashen kula da tabin hankali a Babban Asibitin [[Dresden]] . Daga cikin ɗalibansa akwai likitan jijiyoyi Hans Queckenstedt (1876-1918). Ana tuna Sigbert Ganser saboda wata cuta mai kama da ta ɓacin rai wadda ya fara bayyana a shekarar 1898. Ya gano matsalar a cikin fursunoni uku yayin da yake aiki a wani gidan yari da ke Halle . Siffofin sun haɗa da amsoshi na kimanin ko marasa ma'ana ga tambayoyi masu sauƙi, rashin daidaituwar fahimta, da kuma girgizar sani. Ganser ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan alamun wani abu ne da ke haifar da wani abu da ke da alaƙa da juna wanda wani majiyyaci ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga yanayin tunanin da ba za a iya jurewa ba. An san wannan cuta da Ganser Syndrome . == Ayyukan rubutu == * ''Über einen eigenartigen hysterischen Dämmerzustand'' Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Berlin, 1898, 30: 633–640. Fassarar Turanci daga CE Schorer: "Yanayin tashin hankali na musamman". Mujallar Nazarin Laifuka ta Burtaniya, 1965, 5: 120–126. Littafin bincike da kididdiga na matsalar tabin hankali. Bugu na 3, Washington, Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Amurka, DC, 1987, shafi na 77. == Manazarta == dhc7p6e910p66ol4bneyonnzrq3xaq9 961927 961926 2026-10-02T16:47:32Z Sardeeq 39275 961927 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser''' (24 Janairu 1853, Rhaunen, Lardin Rhine &#x2013; 4 Janairu 1931, [[Dresden]], Saxony ) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka haifa a Rhaunen.<ref>Biography@Who Named It</ref> Ya sami digirinsa na likita a cikin 1876 daga Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München . Bayan haka ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a wani asibitin tabin hankali da ke [[Würzburg]], daga baya kuma ya zama mataimakin likitan kwakwalwa Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886) a [[München|Munich]] . A shekarar 1886, ya zama shugaban sashen kula da tabin hankali a Babban Asibitin [[Dresden]] . Daga cikin ɗalibansa akwai likitan jijiyoyi Hans Queckenstedt (1876-1918). Ana tuna Sigbert Ganser saboda wata cuta mai kama da ta ɓacin rai wadda ya fara bayyana a shekarar 1898. Ya gano matsalar a cikin fursunoni uku yayin da yake aiki a wani gidan yari da ke Halle . Siffofin sun haɗa da amsoshi na kimanin ko marasa ma'ana ga tambayoyi masu sauƙi, rashin daidaituwar fahimta, da kuma girgizar sani. Ganser ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan alamun wani abu ne da ke haifar da wani abu da ke da alaƙa da juna wanda wani majiyyaci ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga yanayin tunanin da ba za a iya jurewa ba. An san wannan cuta da Ganser Syndrome . == Ayyukan rubutu == * ''Über einen eigenartigen hysterischen Dämmerzustand'' Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Berlin, 1898, 30: 633–640. Fassarar Turanci daga CE Schorer: "Yanayin tashin hankali na musamman". Mujallar Nazarin Laifuka ta Burtaniya, 1965, 5: 120–126. Littafin bincike da kididdiga na matsalar tabin hankali. Bugu na 3, Washington, Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Amurka, DC, 1987, shafi na 77. == Manazarta == lggzo5464m6az57u61xvthyw7r1oah7 961928 961927 2026-10-02T16:48:12Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* Manazarta */ + 961928 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sigbert Josef Maria Ganser''' (24 Janairu 1853, Rhaunen, Lardin Rhine &#x2013; 4 Janairu 1931, [[Dresden]], Saxony ) ƙwararren likitan tabin hankali ne na Jamus wanda aka haifa a Rhaunen.<ref>Biography@Who Named It</ref> Ya sami digirinsa na likita a cikin 1876 daga Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München . Bayan haka ya yi aiki na ɗan lokaci a wani asibitin tabin hankali da ke [[Würzburg]], daga baya kuma ya zama mataimakin likitan kwakwalwa Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886) a [[München|Munich]] . A shekarar 1886, ya zama shugaban sashen kula da tabin hankali a Babban Asibitin [[Dresden]] . Daga cikin ɗalibansa akwai likitan jijiyoyi Hans Queckenstedt (1876-1918). Ana tuna Sigbert Ganser saboda wata cuta mai kama da ta ɓacin rai wadda ya fara bayyana a shekarar 1898. Ya gano matsalar a cikin fursunoni uku yayin da yake aiki a wani gidan yari da ke Halle . Siffofin sun haɗa da amsoshi na kimanin ko marasa ma'ana ga tambayoyi masu sauƙi, rashin daidaituwar fahimta, da kuma girgizar sani. Ganser ya yi imanin cewa waɗannan alamun wani abu ne da ke haifar da wani abu da ke da alaƙa da juna wanda wani majiyyaci ya yi ƙoƙarin tserewa daga yanayin tunanin da ba za a iya jurewa ba. An san wannan cuta da Ganser Syndrome . == Ayyukan rubutu == * ''Über einen eigenartigen hysterischen Dämmerzustand'' Archiv für Psychiatrie und Nervenkrankheiten, Berlin, 1898, 30: 633–640. Fassarar Turanci daga CE Schorer: "Yanayin tashin hankali na musamman". Mujallar Nazarin Laifuka ta Burtaniya, 1965, 5: 120–126. Littafin bincike da kididdiga na matsalar tabin hankali. Bugu na 3, Washington, Ƙungiyar Masu tabin hankali ta Amurka, DC, 1987, shafi na 77. == Manazarta == {{reflist}} 4bs6fq9g27hfy9eb9hay5t0kjo81m3g Al'adun Waja 0 177888 961929 2026-10-02T16:50:40Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Waja | native_name = Waja | population = | languages = Waja languages, Hausa | religions = Christianity, Islam, Traditional religion | related = Tangale, Tera, Bolewa, Lunguda and other peoples of Gombe State | regions = [[Gombe State]], Nigeria }} '''Al'adun Waja''' ({{lang-en|Waja cultural traditions}}) su ne al'adu, bukukuwa, tsarin zamantakewa, sana'o'i, aure da sauran al'adun gargajiya da suka samo asali daga al'ummar Waja da ke Gombe S... 961929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Waja | native_name = Waja | population = | languages = Waja languages, Hausa | religions = Christianity, Islam, Traditional religion | related = Tangale, Tera, Bolewa, Lunguda and other peoples of Gombe State | regions = [[Gombe State]], Nigeria }} '''Al'adun Waja''' ({{lang-en|Waja cultural traditions}}) su ne al'adu, bukukuwa, tsarin zamantakewa, sana'o'i, aure da sauran al'adun gargajiya da suka samo asali daga al'ummar Waja da ke [[Gombe State]], musamman a [[Balanga Local Government Area]]. Waja na daga cikin manyan kabilun kudancin Gombe, kuma al'ummarsu tana da bambancin harshe da al'adu da sauran al'ummomin yankin. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana Waja a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙabilun jihar, yayin da bayanan ilimi na jihar suka nuna cewa Balanga na daga cikin wuraren da ake samun Waja. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/report/Gombe%20SESOP%202019.pdf |website=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi da asali == Waja suna daga cikin al'ummomin da suka daɗe suna zaune a yankin da yanzu yake cikin kudancin Jihar Gombe. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa yankin Tangale-Waja ya ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomin Balanga, Billiri, Kaltungo da Shongom. Masana tarihi sun kuma bayyana cewa akwai riwayoyi daban-daban game da asalin Waja da sauran ƙabilun yankin, saboda haka ba a kamata a ɗauki wata riwayar asali guda ɗaya a matsayin tabbataccen tarihi ba tare da ambaton tushenta ba. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maigari |first1=Ishaku Abba |last2=Kunga |first2=Shalom Andrew |title=Peopling of Tangale Waja Area: A Reinterpretation of Sources |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2021}}</ref> Wasu bayanan tarihi sun raba Waja zuwa al'ummomin da ake danganta su da yankunan tuddai da filayen ƙasa. Wannan bambancin muhalli ya shafi yadda wasu al'ummomin Waja suka kafa matsugunansu da kuma yadda suka tsara rayuwarsu. A tarihi, wasu daga cikin al'ummomin Waja sun zauna a wurare kamar Dala-Waja, Talasse, Dong, Reme, Gelengu da Bangu. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullahi Arawa |first1=Abubakar |title=The Eastern Origins of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017}}</ref> == Harshe == Harshen Waja yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke nuna asalin al'ummar Waja. A Jihar Gombe akwai harsuna da dama saboda yawan ƙabilun da ke zaune a jihar, kuma Waja na daga cikin ƙungiyoyin harshe na yankin. Hausa kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hulɗar jama'a, kasuwanci da sadarwa tsakanin ƙabilu daban-daban a Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/report/Gombe%20SESOP%202019.pdf |website=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The state of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |journal=Research in African Literatures |year=2023 |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0041-476X2023000300010&script=sci_arttext}}</ref> == Tsarin zamantakewa == A al'adance, tsarin zamantakewar Waja ya kasance yana da alaƙa da iyalai, zuriyoyi da ƙauyuka. Dangantakar iyali da al'umma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da bukukuwa, aure da sauran mu'amalolin zamantakewa. Binciken da aka gudanar kan yankin Tangale-Waja ya nuna cewa dogon zaman tare da hulɗa tsakanin ƙabilun yankin ya haifar da wasu kamanceceniya a al'adu da kuma ƙara yawan auratayya tsakanin al'ummomin. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ishiaku |first=Abdulrasheed |title=An Islamic Assessment of Inter-Marriage Between Tangale-Waja and Hausa-Fulani Communities in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Tahdzib Al-Akhlaq: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=366–377 |year=2024 |doi=10.34005/tahdzib.v6i2.3514 |url=https://journal-uia.ac.id/Tahdzib/article/view/3514}}</ref> == Aure == Aure na daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun Waja. Binciken ilimi kan Tangale-Waja ya bayyana cewa al'adun aure na Waja suna da nasu matakai da al'adu, kuma dangantakar aure tsakanin Waja da sauran ƙabilun Gombe ta kasance wani ɓangare na hulɗar zamantakewa a yankin. A zamanin yau, sauye-sauyen addini da zamantakewa sun kuma yi tasiri ga yadda ake gudanar da aure tsakanin al'ummomin. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ishiaku |first=Abdulrasheed |title=An Islamic Assessment of Inter-Marriage Between Tangale-Waja and Hausa-Fulani Communities in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Tahdzib Al-Akhlaq: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=366–377 |year=2024 |doi=10.34005/tahdzib.v6i2.3514 |url=https://journal-uia.ac.id/Tahdzib/article/view/3514}}</ref> Auren tsakanin Waja da Tangale, Hausa da Fulani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na hulɗar al'ummomin Gombe. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa akwai tarihin auratayya tsakanin Tangale-Waja da Hausa-Fulani, duk da cewa akwai bambance-bambancen al'adu da addini da kuma wasu ƙalubale da ke iya tasowa daga irin wannan aure. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ishiaku |first=Abdulrasheed |title=An Islamic Assessment of Inter-Marriage Between Tangale-Waja and Hausa-Fulani Communities in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Tahdzib Al-Akhlaq: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=366–377 |year=2024 |doi=10.34005/tahdzib.v6i2.3514 |url=https://journal-uia.ac.id/Tahdzib/article/view/3514}}</ref> == Bukukuwan gargajiya == Waja suna da tarihin bukukuwan gargajiya da suka danganci noma, girbi, tunawa da tarihi da kuma al'amuran addini na gargajiya. Wani bincike kan tarihin Waja ya ambaci bukukuwan '''Pokurau''' da '''Guyandi''' a matsayin wasu daga cikin bukukuwan da aka danganta da al'ummar Waja. An bayyana Pokurau a matsayin biki da ake yi kafin lokacin girbi, yayin da Guyandi yake da alaƙa da tunawa da mayaƙa da kuma neman albarkar amfanin gona. <ref>{{cite book |title=Gombe@25: Essays in Honor of Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo PhD OON |year=2022 |publisher=Gombe State}}</ref> Wasu bayanan tarihi kuma sun ambaci wani biki ko al'adar Waja da ake kira '''Giwiyendi''', wanda aka kuma kira '''Doki''' a Hausa. Wannan al'ada tana da alaƙa da tsoffin tsarin addini da zamantakewar wasu al'ummomin Waja, musamman a yankunan Plains Waja. Hanyoyin gudanar da irin waɗannan bukukuwa sun sauya a tsawon lokaci sakamakon sauye-sauyen addini da tsarin mulki. <ref>{{cite book |last=Judd |first=Steven C. |title=Religion and the Making of Nigeria |publisher=Library of Congress |year=2017 |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/52/36/2020715236/2020715236.pdf}}</ref> == Noma == Noma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar tattalin arzikin Waja. Bayanai kan tarihin yankin sun nuna cewa Waja sun yi aikin noma tun kafin zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, inda noman gyada da auduga suka kasance daga cikin amfanin gonar da ake nomawa. Ayyukan noma sun kuma kasance suna da alaƙa da wasu bukukuwa da al'adun gargajiya na al'umma. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higazi |first1=Adam |last2=Lar |first2=Jimam |title=Articulations of Belonging: The Politics of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism in Bauchi and Gombe States, North-East Nigeria |journal=Africa |volume=85 |pages=103–130 |year=2015 |doi=10.1017/S0001972014000795}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gombe@25: Essays in Honor of Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo PhD OON |year=2022 |publisher=Gombe State}}</ref> == Sana'o'in gargajiya == Waja suna da tarihi a sana'o'in hannu da suka haɗa da tukwane da aikin ƙera ƙarfe. Waɗannan sana'o'i sun kasance wani ɓangare na tattalin arzikin gargajiya kuma suna nuna yadda al'umma ke amfani da albarkatun da ke kewaye da ita wajen samar da kayan amfani. Binciken tarihi ya danganta sana'ar tukwane da ƙera ƙarfe da rayuwar tattalin arzikin Waja. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higazi |first1=Adam |last2=Lar |first2=Jimam |title=Articulations of Belonging: The Politics of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism in Bauchi and Gombe States, North-East Nigeria |journal=Africa |volume=85 |pages=103–130 |year=2015 |doi=10.1017/S0001972014000795}}</ref> == Tsarin shugabanci == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar Waja. A yau, cibiyar gargajiya ta Waja tana da alaƙa da Balanga, kuma Talasse na daga cikin muhimman wuraren da ake danganta da shugabancin Waja. A watan Agustan 2026, wani rahoto ya bayyana bikin cika shekaru 25 da hawan Alhaji Mohammad Danjuma Mohammad kan kujerar Balaa Waja a Talasse. <ref>{{cite news |title=Waja Nation Celebrates Peaceful Coexistence At Monarch's Silver Jubilee |url=https://dailymirror24.ng/waja-nation-celebrates-peaceful-coexistence-at-monarchs-silver-jubilee/ |work=Daily Mirror24 |date=3 August 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Shugabancin gargajiya yana taka rawa wajen wakiltar al'umma da kuma kiyaye wasu abubuwan tarihi da al'adu. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana cibiyoyin sarautun gargajiya a matsayin muhimman masu kula da al'adun jihar, tarihinta da haɗin kan al'umma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Addini da sauyin al'adu == A tarihi, wasu al'ummomin Waja suna da tsarin imani na gargajiya kafin yaduwar manyan addinan duniya a yankin. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa hulɗar Waja da masarautun Musulmi da kuma shigowar Kiristanci sun sauya wasu fannoni na rayuwar addini da al'adu. A wasu yankunan Waja, an samu haɗuwar tsoffin al'adun gargajiya da sababbin tsarin addini da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite book |last=Judd |first=Steven C. |title=Religion and the Making of Nigeria |publisher=Library of Congress |year=2017 |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/52/36/2020715236/2020715236.pdf}}</ref> == Al'adu a zamanin yau == Al'adun Waja na ci gaba da sauyawa sakamakon ilimi, addini, aure tsakanin ƙabilu, ƙaura da hulɗar tattalin arziki. Rahoton Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ya nuna cewa akwai yawan hulɗar ƙabilu musamman a aure, harkokin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, yayin da Hausa da Ingilishi suke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sadarwa a jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/report/Gombe%20SESOP%202019.pdf |website=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Waja]] * [[Balanga]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Tangale]] * [[Tera]] * [[Lunguda]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} oqhxzigcv5ppxewclryxkbvmd38dhu7 961933 961929 2026-10-02T16:54:49Z Em-mustapha 6594 Em-mustapha moved page [[Waja cultural traditions]] to [[Al'adun Waja]] without leaving a redirect: Misspelled title 961929 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Waja | native_name = Waja | population = | languages = Waja languages, Hausa | religions = Christianity, Islam, Traditional religion | related = Tangale, Tera, Bolewa, Lunguda and other peoples of Gombe State | regions = [[Gombe State]], Nigeria }} '''Al'adun Waja''' ({{lang-en|Waja cultural traditions}}) su ne al'adu, bukukuwa, tsarin zamantakewa, sana'o'i, aure da sauran al'adun gargajiya da suka samo asali daga al'ummar Waja da ke [[Gombe State]], musamman a [[Balanga Local Government Area]]. Waja na daga cikin manyan kabilun kudancin Gombe, kuma al'ummarsu tana da bambancin harshe da al'adu da sauran al'ummomin yankin. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana Waja a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin manyan ƙabilun jihar, yayin da bayanan ilimi na jihar suka nuna cewa Balanga na daga cikin wuraren da ake samun Waja. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/report/Gombe%20SESOP%202019.pdf |website=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Tarihi da asali == Waja suna daga cikin al'ummomin da suka daɗe suna zaune a yankin da yanzu yake cikin kudancin Jihar Gombe. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa yankin Tangale-Waja ya ƙunshi ƙananan hukumomin Balanga, Billiri, Kaltungo da Shongom. Masana tarihi sun kuma bayyana cewa akwai riwayoyi daban-daban game da asalin Waja da sauran ƙabilun yankin, saboda haka ba a kamata a ɗauki wata riwayar asali guda ɗaya a matsayin tabbataccen tarihi ba tare da ambaton tushenta ba. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Maigari |first1=Ishaku Abba |last2=Kunga |first2=Shalom Andrew |title=Peopling of Tangale Waja Area: A Reinterpretation of Sources |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2021}}</ref> Wasu bayanan tarihi sun raba Waja zuwa al'ummomin da ake danganta su da yankunan tuddai da filayen ƙasa. Wannan bambancin muhalli ya shafi yadda wasu al'ummomin Waja suka kafa matsugunansu da kuma yadda suka tsara rayuwarsu. A tarihi, wasu daga cikin al'ummomin Waja sun zauna a wurare kamar Dala-Waja, Talasse, Dong, Reme, Gelengu da Bangu. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullahi Arawa |first1=Abubakar |title=The Eastern Origins of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017}}</ref> == Harshe == Harshen Waja yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke nuna asalin al'ummar Waja. A Jihar Gombe akwai harsuna da dama saboda yawan ƙabilun da ke zaune a jihar, kuma Waja na daga cikin ƙungiyoyin harshe na yankin. Hausa kuma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen hulɗar jama'a, kasuwanci da sadarwa tsakanin ƙabilu daban-daban a Gombe. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/report/Gombe%20SESOP%202019.pdf |website=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=The state of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |journal=Research in African Literatures |year=2023 |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0041-476X2023000300010&script=sci_arttext}}</ref> == Tsarin zamantakewa == A al'adance, tsarin zamantakewar Waja ya kasance yana da alaƙa da iyalai, zuriyoyi da ƙauyuka. Dangantakar iyali da al'umma tana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen gudanar da bukukuwa, aure da sauran mu'amalolin zamantakewa. Binciken da aka gudanar kan yankin Tangale-Waja ya nuna cewa dogon zaman tare da hulɗa tsakanin ƙabilun yankin ya haifar da wasu kamanceceniya a al'adu da kuma ƙara yawan auratayya tsakanin al'ummomin. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ishiaku |first=Abdulrasheed |title=An Islamic Assessment of Inter-Marriage Between Tangale-Waja and Hausa-Fulani Communities in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Tahdzib Al-Akhlaq: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=366–377 |year=2024 |doi=10.34005/tahdzib.v6i2.3514 |url=https://journal-uia.ac.id/Tahdzib/article/view/3514}}</ref> == Aure == Aure na daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin al'adun Waja. Binciken ilimi kan Tangale-Waja ya bayyana cewa al'adun aure na Waja suna da nasu matakai da al'adu, kuma dangantakar aure tsakanin Waja da sauran ƙabilun Gombe ta kasance wani ɓangare na hulɗar zamantakewa a yankin. A zamanin yau, sauye-sauyen addini da zamantakewa sun kuma yi tasiri ga yadda ake gudanar da aure tsakanin al'ummomin. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ishiaku |first=Abdulrasheed |title=An Islamic Assessment of Inter-Marriage Between Tangale-Waja and Hausa-Fulani Communities in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Tahdzib Al-Akhlaq: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=366–377 |year=2024 |doi=10.34005/tahdzib.v6i2.3514 |url=https://journal-uia.ac.id/Tahdzib/article/view/3514}}</ref> Auren tsakanin Waja da Tangale, Hausa da Fulani ya kuma kasance wani ɓangare na hulɗar al'ummomin Gombe. Wani bincike ya nuna cewa akwai tarihin auratayya tsakanin Tangale-Waja da Hausa-Fulani, duk da cewa akwai bambance-bambancen al'adu da addini da kuma wasu ƙalubale da ke iya tasowa daga irin wannan aure. <ref>{{cite journal |last=Ishiaku |first=Abdulrasheed |title=An Islamic Assessment of Inter-Marriage Between Tangale-Waja and Hausa-Fulani Communities in Gombe State, Nigeria |journal=Tahdzib Al-Akhlaq: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam |volume=6 |issue=2 |pages=366–377 |year=2024 |doi=10.34005/tahdzib.v6i2.3514 |url=https://journal-uia.ac.id/Tahdzib/article/view/3514}}</ref> == Bukukuwan gargajiya == Waja suna da tarihin bukukuwan gargajiya da suka danganci noma, girbi, tunawa da tarihi da kuma al'amuran addini na gargajiya. Wani bincike kan tarihin Waja ya ambaci bukukuwan '''Pokurau''' da '''Guyandi''' a matsayin wasu daga cikin bukukuwan da aka danganta da al'ummar Waja. An bayyana Pokurau a matsayin biki da ake yi kafin lokacin girbi, yayin da Guyandi yake da alaƙa da tunawa da mayaƙa da kuma neman albarkar amfanin gona. <ref>{{cite book |title=Gombe@25: Essays in Honor of Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo PhD OON |year=2022 |publisher=Gombe State}}</ref> Wasu bayanan tarihi kuma sun ambaci wani biki ko al'adar Waja da ake kira '''Giwiyendi''', wanda aka kuma kira '''Doki''' a Hausa. Wannan al'ada tana da alaƙa da tsoffin tsarin addini da zamantakewar wasu al'ummomin Waja, musamman a yankunan Plains Waja. Hanyoyin gudanar da irin waɗannan bukukuwa sun sauya a tsawon lokaci sakamakon sauye-sauyen addini da tsarin mulki. <ref>{{cite book |last=Judd |first=Steven C. |title=Religion and the Making of Nigeria |publisher=Library of Congress |year=2017 |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/52/36/2020715236/2020715236.pdf}}</ref> == Noma == Noma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar tattalin arzikin Waja. Bayanai kan tarihin yankin sun nuna cewa Waja sun yi aikin noma tun kafin zamanin mulkin mallaka da kuma lokacin mulkin mallakar Birtaniya, inda noman gyada da auduga suka kasance daga cikin amfanin gonar da ake nomawa. Ayyukan noma sun kuma kasance suna da alaƙa da wasu bukukuwa da al'adun gargajiya na al'umma. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higazi |first1=Adam |last2=Lar |first2=Jimam |title=Articulations of Belonging: The Politics of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism in Bauchi and Gombe States, North-East Nigeria |journal=Africa |volume=85 |pages=103–130 |year=2015 |doi=10.1017/S0001972014000795}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Gombe@25: Essays in Honor of Ibrahim Hassan Dankwambo PhD OON |year=2022 |publisher=Gombe State}}</ref> == Sana'o'in gargajiya == Waja suna da tarihi a sana'o'in hannu da suka haɗa da tukwane da aikin ƙera ƙarfe. Waɗannan sana'o'i sun kasance wani ɓangare na tattalin arzikin gargajiya kuma suna nuna yadda al'umma ke amfani da albarkatun da ke kewaye da ita wajen samar da kayan amfani. Binciken tarihi ya danganta sana'ar tukwane da ƙera ƙarfe da rayuwar tattalin arzikin Waja. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Higazi |first1=Adam |last2=Lar |first2=Jimam |title=Articulations of Belonging: The Politics of Ethnic and Religious Pluralism in Bauchi and Gombe States, North-East Nigeria |journal=Africa |volume=85 |pages=103–130 |year=2015 |doi=10.1017/S0001972014000795}}</ref> == Tsarin shugabanci == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar Waja. A yau, cibiyar gargajiya ta Waja tana da alaƙa da Balanga, kuma Talasse na daga cikin muhimman wuraren da ake danganta da shugabancin Waja. A watan Agustan 2026, wani rahoto ya bayyana bikin cika shekaru 25 da hawan Alhaji Mohammad Danjuma Mohammad kan kujerar Balaa Waja a Talasse. <ref>{{cite news |title=Waja Nation Celebrates Peaceful Coexistence At Monarch's Silver Jubilee |url=https://dailymirror24.ng/waja-nation-celebrates-peaceful-coexistence-at-monarchs-silver-jubilee/ |work=Daily Mirror24 |date=3 August 2026 |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> Shugabancin gargajiya yana taka rawa wajen wakiltar al'umma da kuma kiyaye wasu abubuwan tarihi da al'adu. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta bayyana cibiyoyin sarautun gargajiya a matsayin muhimman masu kula da al'adun jihar, tarihinta da haɗin kan al'umma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://gombestate.gov.ng/ |website=Gombe State Government |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Addini da sauyin al'adu == A tarihi, wasu al'ummomin Waja suna da tsarin imani na gargajiya kafin yaduwar manyan addinan duniya a yankin. Binciken tarihi ya nuna cewa hulɗar Waja da masarautun Musulmi da kuma shigowar Kiristanci sun sauya wasu fannoni na rayuwar addini da al'adu. A wasu yankunan Waja, an samu haɗuwar tsoffin al'adun gargajiya da sababbin tsarin addini da zamantakewa. <ref>{{cite book |last=Judd |first=Steven C. |title=Religion and the Making of Nigeria |publisher=Library of Congress |year=2017 |url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/master/gdc/gdcebookspublic/20/20/71/52/36/2020715236/2020715236.pdf}}</ref> == Al'adu a zamanin yau == Al'adun Waja na ci gaba da sauyawa sakamakon ilimi, addini, aure tsakanin ƙabilu, ƙaura da hulɗar tattalin arziki. Rahoton Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ya nuna cewa akwai yawan hulɗar ƙabilu musamman a aure, harkokin tattalin arziki da zamantakewa, yayin da Hausa da Ingilishi suke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen sadarwa a jihar. <ref>{{cite web |title=Gombe State |url=https://www.moe.gm.gov.ng/report/Gombe%20SESOP%202019.pdf |website=Gombe State Ministry of Education |access-date=2 October 2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Waja]] * [[Balanga]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Tangale]] * [[Tera]] * [[Lunguda]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} oqhxzigcv5ppxewclryxkbvmd38dhu7 Kumo East 0 177889 961935 2026-10-02T16:56:48Z Em-mustapha 6594 Em-mustapha moved page [[Kumo East]] to [[Kumo ta Gabas]] 961935 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Kumo ta Gabas]] r7fy2eqc86gmb2c07dcgyv01rg1w2p1 Al'adun Tera 0 177890 961936 2026-10-02T17:00:28Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tera | native_name = Nyimatli | population = | regions = [[Gombe State]], [[Borno State]], [[Nigeria]] | languages = [[Tera language]] | religions = Musulunci, Kiristanci da addinan gargajiya | related_groups = Bolewa, Waja, Jukun da sauran al'ummomin Gombe }} '''Tera cultural practices''' (wanda kuma ake danganta shi da al'adun '''Nyimatli''') ya ƙunshi tsarin rayuwa, al'adun gargajiya, bukukuwa... 961936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tera | native_name = Nyimatli | population = | regions = [[Gombe State]], [[Borno State]], [[Nigeria]] | languages = [[Tera language]] | religions = Musulunci, Kiristanci da addinan gargajiya | related_groups = Bolewa, Waja, Jukun da sauran al'ummomin Gombe }} '''Tera cultural practices''' (wanda kuma ake danganta shi da al'adun '''Nyimatli''') ya ƙunshi tsarin rayuwa, al'adun gargajiya, bukukuwa, kiɗa, rawa, sana'o'i, noma, da wasu al'adun zamantakewa na al'ummar Tera da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Al'ummar Tera tana da muhimmiyar alaƙa da yankunan [[Yamaltu/Deba]], [[Akko]] da wasu sassan [[Gombe State]], yayin da ake samun masu magana da harshen Tera a wasu sassan [[Borno State]] ma. Binciken ilimi ya nuna cewa al'adun Tera sun haɗa da rawa, bukukuwan al'adu, abinci na gargajiya da alamomin gargajiya a jiki. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Arawa |title=The Eastern Origin of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Language and Cultural Extinction: A Case Study of Tera (Nymalti) Language of North-East, Nigeria |journal=American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education |year=2026}}</ref> == Tarihi da asalin al'adu == Tera na daga cikin al'ummomin da suka daɗe suna zaune a yankin da ake kira Gombe a yau. Tarihin asalin Tera yana da ruwayoyi daban-daban, musamman waɗanda suka samo asali daga al'adar baka. Wasu daga cikin ruwayoyin Tera suna danganta asalinsu da yankunan gabas, kafin ƙaura zuwa yankin tafkin Chadi da daga bisani zuwa yankunan Gombe na yanzu. Saboda yawancin bayanan farko sun dogara ne kan tatsuniyoyi da ruwayoyin baka, masana sun nuna cewa ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin abin da al'adar baka ta ruwaito da abin da rubuce-rubucen tarihi suka tabbatar. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Arawa |title=The Eastern Origin of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref> Tera sun zauna a wurare daban-daban da ke kusa da kogin Gongola, kuma Deba ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin tarihi da zamantakewar Tera. Wasu daga cikin sauran wuraren da aka danganta da zaman Tera sun haɗa da Gwani, Hinna, Liji, Kalshingi, Zambuk da Kurba. Wannan ya nuna yadda koguna da filayen noma suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da matsugunan Tera da ci gaban rayuwarsu. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marina Waziri |first1=Ibrahim |last2=Ibriszimow |first2=Dymitr |title=The Bole-Fika Political Institution and Its Structure: A Study of the Traditional Titles (Northern Nigeria) |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |volume=163 |issue=1 |year=2013 |pages=11–42}}</ref> == Noma da sana'o'in gargajiya == Noma na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki na al'ummar Tera. Yanayin ƙasar Yamaltu/Deba da sauran yankunan da Tera ke zaune ya ba da damar noma iri-iri. Binciken da aka gudanar kan harshen da al'adun Tera ya nuna cewa noma ya kasance muhimmiyar sana'a ga al'ummar, tare da kiwon dabbobi a matsayin wani ɓangare na rayuwar tattalin arzikinsu. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Language and Cultural Extinction: A Case Study of Tera (Nymalti) Language of North-East, Nigeria |journal=American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education |year=2026}}</ref> Baya ga noma, al'adun Tera sun haɗa da wasu sana'o'in gargajiya kamar farauta, kamun kifi, saƙa, ƙera ƙarfe da ciniki. Waɗannan sana'o'i sun taimaka wajen samar da abinci, kayan amfani da kuma hanyar samun kuɗin shiga. A wasu yankunan Tera, ciniki ya kasance yana da alaƙa da matsayin Deba a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci a tarihi. <ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=I submitted to all traditional rites to be king – Mohammed, Emir of Deba |work=Punch Newspapers |date=31 August 2019 |url=https://punchng.com/i-submitted-to-all-traditional-rites-to-be-king-mohammed-emir-of-deba/}}</ref> == Kiɗa da rawa == Kiɗa da rawa suna daga cikin abubuwan da ake dangantawa da rayuwar al'adun Tera. Binciken da aka wallafa kan al'adun Gombe ya bayyana Tera a matsayin al'ummar da ke da al'adar nishaɗi, waƙoƙi da kiɗa. Waƙoƙi da raye-raye suna iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na bukukuwa da tarukan jama'a, tare da taimakawa wajen koyar da tarihi da al'adun al'umma daga tsara zuwa tsara. <ref>{{cite journal |title=The state of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |journal=Tydskrif vir Letterkunde |year=2023 |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0041-476X2023000300010&script=sci_arttext}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin raye-rayen da ake dangantawa da Tera ko Nyimatli shi ne '''Ngwarda'''. Ana bayyana shi a matsayin rawa ta gargajiya wadda ake yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na nuna al'adu da nishaɗin jama'a. Rawa da kiɗa irin wannan suna taimakawa wajen bayyana salon rayuwa, zumunci da kuma abubuwan da al'umma ke darajawa. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Language and Cultural Extinction: A Case Study of Tera (Nymalti) Language of North-East, Nigeria |journal=American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education |year=2026}}</ref> == Bukukuwan gargajiya == Bukukuwan al'adu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa jama'a da kuma kiyaye al'adun Tera. Waƙa, kiɗa, rawa da tarukan jama'a na iya kasancewa cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da bukukuwan gargajiya. Binciken al'adun Gombe ya nuna cewa Tera na daga cikin al'ummomin da ke da al'adun nishaɗi, waƙoƙi da kiɗa waɗanda ake danganta su da rayuwar jama'a. <ref>{{cite journal |title=The state of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |journal=Tydskrif vir Letterkunde |year=2023 |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0041-476X2023000300010&script=sci_arttext}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin bukukuwan gargajiya suna da alaƙa da yanayi, noma da zamantakewar al'umma. A al'adun Tera na gargajiya, an kuma samu imani da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi ruwan sama da amfanin gona. Rubuce-rubucen da suka tattauna al'adun Tera sun ambaci imanin gargajiya da ake danganta shi da '''Gwando''', wanda aka bayyana a matsayin allahn ruwan sama a cikin wasu tsoffin imanin Tera. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Arawa |title=The Eastern Origin of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref> == Addini da al'adun gargajiya == A tarihi, Tera sun kasance da tsarin imanin gargajiya kafin zuwan manyan addinan da ake bi a yankin. Wasu bayanan bincike sun nuna cewa tarihin addinin Tera yana da alaƙa da ruwayoyin baka, kuma akwai bayanai daban-daban game da yadda Musulunci ya shiga cikin al'ummar Tera. A yau, Tera suna cikin al'ummomin Gombe masu bin addinai daban-daban, ciki har da Musulunci da Kiristanci, yayin da wasu abubuwan al'adun gargajiya suka ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin al'umma. <ref>{{cite journal |title=The Eastern Origin of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Gombe State Socio-Economic Development Strategy |publisher=Gombe State Government |year=2019}}</ref> == Alamar jiki da ado == Alamomin gargajiya a jiki sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake dangantawa da tsoffin al'adun Tera da sauran al'ummomin yankin Gombe. Waɗannan alamomi sun kasance wani nau'i na bayyana asali da bambancin al'umma. Binciken da ya shafi Tera ya ambaci tribal marks a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'adun gargajiya da suka shahara a tsakanin al'ummar. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Arawa |title=The Eastern Origin of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref> == Abinci na gargajiya == Abinci yana daga cikin hanyoyin da ake bayyana al'adar Tera. Wasu bayanan da suka shafi al'ummar Nyimatli sun ambaci abinci irin su '''Tundi marge''', wanda ake bayyana shi a matsayin wani nau'in kunun ko abincin da aka yi daga hatsi, da kuma '''Gin Shuba''', wani miya da aka danganta da amfani da ruwan toka maimakon gishiri tare da kayan lambu. Waɗannan misalan suna nuna yadda kayan amfanin gona da dabarun sarrafa abinci suka kasance cikin rayuwar gargajiyar al'umma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tera people: Nyimalti, Deba |publisher=Soluap |date=9 May 2023 |url=https://soluap.com/tera-people-nyimalti-deba/}}</ref> == Aure da zamantakewa == Aure, haihuwa, jana'iza da bukukuwan girbi suna daga cikin muhimman abubuwan zamantakewa a Gombe, kuma al'adu da addini suna taka rawa wajen tsara yadda ake gudanar da irin waɗannan al'amura. A cikin al'ummar Tera, dangantaka tsakanin iyalai da mutunta manya suna daga cikin abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen gina tsarin zamantakewa. Gwamnatin Gombe ta bayyana cewa aure, haihuwa, jana'iza da bukukuwan girbi a jihar suna da alaƙa da ƙa'idojin addini da na al'adu. <ref>{{cite report |title=Gombe State Socio-Economic Development Strategy |publisher=Gombe State Government |year=2019}}</ref> Tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya ma ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar Tera. Deba tana da masarautar gargajiya wadda aka danganta da tarihin Tera, kuma sarautar Kuji Jeba ta kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin shugabancin gargajiya na yankin. A wata hira da jaridar *Punch*, Sarkin Deba ya bayyana yadda ya bi wasu daga cikin bukukuwan gargajiya kafin hawansa karagar mulki, yana nuna muhimmancin al'adar sarauta a cikin al'ummar. <ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=I submitted to all traditional rites to be king – Mohammed, Emir of Deba |work=Punch Newspapers |date=31 August 2019 |url=https://punchng.com/i-submitted-to-all-traditional-rites-to-be-king-mohammed-emir-of-deba/}}</ref> == Harshen Tera da adana al'adu == Harshen Tera yana cikin harsunan Chadic na reshen Afro-Asiatic, kuma ana amfani da shi a sassan arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Masu magana da harshen ana kuma danganta su da sunan Nyimatli ko Terawa a wasu bayanai. Harshen yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙi, karin magana, sunayen wurare da sauran ilimin gargajiya. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Language and Cultural Extinction: A Case Study of Tera (Nymalti) Language of North-East, Nigeria |journal=American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education |year=2026}}</ref> A zamanin yau, sauye-sauyen zamantakewa, amfani da wasu manyan harsuna, ilimin zamani da canjin salon rayuwa suna iya shafar yadda ake amfani da harshen Tera da wasu al'adunsa. Binciken da aka gudanar kan Tera ya yi gargadi game da kalubalen kare harshen da al'adun Tera, tare da nuna muhimmancin adana harshe, waƙoƙi, raye-raye, abinci, bukukuwa da sauran abubuwan al'adun gargajiya domin kada su ɓace. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Language and Cultural Extinction: A Case Study of Tera (Nymalti) Language of North-East, Nigeria |journal=American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education |year=2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Tera people]] * [[Tera language]] * [[Yamaltu/Deba]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Deba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pnarx0k2iipgpsc9bd08gil6l4lnmj7 961942 961936 2026-10-02T17:21:41Z Em-mustapha 6594 Em-mustapha moved page [[Tera cultural practices]] to [[Al'adun Tera]] without leaving a redirect 961936 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tera | native_name = Nyimatli | population = | regions = [[Gombe State]], [[Borno State]], [[Nigeria]] | languages = [[Tera language]] | religions = Musulunci, Kiristanci da addinan gargajiya | related_groups = Bolewa, Waja, Jukun da sauran al'ummomin Gombe }} '''Tera cultural practices''' (wanda kuma ake danganta shi da al'adun '''Nyimatli''') ya ƙunshi tsarin rayuwa, al'adun gargajiya, bukukuwa, kiɗa, rawa, sana'o'i, noma, da wasu al'adun zamantakewa na al'ummar Tera da ke arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Al'ummar Tera tana da muhimmiyar alaƙa da yankunan [[Yamaltu/Deba]], [[Akko]] da wasu sassan [[Gombe State]], yayin da ake samun masu magana da harshen Tera a wasu sassan [[Borno State]] ma. Binciken ilimi ya nuna cewa al'adun Tera sun haɗa da rawa, bukukuwan al'adu, abinci na gargajiya da alamomin gargajiya a jiki. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Arawa |title=The Eastern Origin of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Language and Cultural Extinction: A Case Study of Tera (Nymalti) Language of North-East, Nigeria |journal=American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education |year=2026}}</ref> == Tarihi da asalin al'adu == Tera na daga cikin al'ummomin da suka daɗe suna zaune a yankin da ake kira Gombe a yau. Tarihin asalin Tera yana da ruwayoyi daban-daban, musamman waɗanda suka samo asali daga al'adar baka. Wasu daga cikin ruwayoyin Tera suna danganta asalinsu da yankunan gabas, kafin ƙaura zuwa yankin tafkin Chadi da daga bisani zuwa yankunan Gombe na yanzu. Saboda yawancin bayanan farko sun dogara ne kan tatsuniyoyi da ruwayoyin baka, masana sun nuna cewa ya kamata a bambanta tsakanin abin da al'adar baka ta ruwaito da abin da rubuce-rubucen tarihi suka tabbatar. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Arawa |title=The Eastern Origin of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref> Tera sun zauna a wurare daban-daban da ke kusa da kogin Gongola, kuma Deba ya zama ɗaya daga cikin manyan cibiyoyin tarihi da zamantakewar Tera. Wasu daga cikin sauran wuraren da aka danganta da zaman Tera sun haɗa da Gwani, Hinna, Liji, Kalshingi, Zambuk da Kurba. Wannan ya nuna yadda koguna da filayen noma suka taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da matsugunan Tera da ci gaban rayuwarsu. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Marina Waziri |first1=Ibrahim |last2=Ibriszimow |first2=Dymitr |title=The Bole-Fika Political Institution and Its Structure: A Study of the Traditional Titles (Northern Nigeria) |journal=Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft |volume=163 |issue=1 |year=2013 |pages=11–42}}</ref> == Noma da sana'o'in gargajiya == Noma na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziki na al'ummar Tera. Yanayin ƙasar Yamaltu/Deba da sauran yankunan da Tera ke zaune ya ba da damar noma iri-iri. Binciken da aka gudanar kan harshen da al'adun Tera ya nuna cewa noma ya kasance muhimmiyar sana'a ga al'ummar, tare da kiwon dabbobi a matsayin wani ɓangare na rayuwar tattalin arzikinsu. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Language and Cultural Extinction: A Case Study of Tera (Nymalti) Language of North-East, Nigeria |journal=American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education |year=2026}}</ref> Baya ga noma, al'adun Tera sun haɗa da wasu sana'o'in gargajiya kamar farauta, kamun kifi, saƙa, ƙera ƙarfe da ciniki. Waɗannan sana'o'i sun taimaka wajen samar da abinci, kayan amfani da kuma hanyar samun kuɗin shiga. A wasu yankunan Tera, ciniki ya kasance yana da alaƙa da matsayin Deba a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci a tarihi. <ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=I submitted to all traditional rites to be king – Mohammed, Emir of Deba |work=Punch Newspapers |date=31 August 2019 |url=https://punchng.com/i-submitted-to-all-traditional-rites-to-be-king-mohammed-emir-of-deba/}}</ref> == Kiɗa da rawa == Kiɗa da rawa suna daga cikin abubuwan da ake dangantawa da rayuwar al'adun Tera. Binciken da aka wallafa kan al'adun Gombe ya bayyana Tera a matsayin al'ummar da ke da al'adar nishaɗi, waƙoƙi da kiɗa. Waƙoƙi da raye-raye suna iya kasancewa wani ɓangare na bukukuwa da tarukan jama'a, tare da taimakawa wajen koyar da tarihi da al'adun al'umma daga tsara zuwa tsara. <ref>{{cite journal |title=The state of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |journal=Tydskrif vir Letterkunde |year=2023 |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0041-476X2023000300010&script=sci_arttext}}</ref> Ɗaya daga cikin raye-rayen da ake dangantawa da Tera ko Nyimatli shi ne '''Ngwarda'''. Ana bayyana shi a matsayin rawa ta gargajiya wadda ake yi a matsayin wani ɓangare na nuna al'adu da nishaɗin jama'a. Rawa da kiɗa irin wannan suna taimakawa wajen bayyana salon rayuwa, zumunci da kuma abubuwan da al'umma ke darajawa. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Language and Cultural Extinction: A Case Study of Tera (Nymalti) Language of North-East, Nigeria |journal=American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education |year=2026}}</ref> == Bukukuwan gargajiya == Bukukuwan al'adu suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen haɗa jama'a da kuma kiyaye al'adun Tera. Waƙa, kiɗa, rawa da tarukan jama'a na iya kasancewa cikin abubuwan da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da bukukuwan gargajiya. Binciken al'adun Gombe ya nuna cewa Tera na daga cikin al'ummomin da ke da al'adun nishaɗi, waƙoƙi da kiɗa waɗanda ake danganta su da rayuwar jama'a. <ref>{{cite journal |title=The state of Hausa children's folktales and play-songs in Gombe, Nigeria |journal=Tydskrif vir Letterkunde |year=2023 |url=https://scielo.org.za/scielo.php?pid=S0041-476X2023000300010&script=sci_arttext}}</ref> Wasu daga cikin bukukuwan gargajiya suna da alaƙa da yanayi, noma da zamantakewar al'umma. A al'adun Tera na gargajiya, an kuma samu imani da wasu abubuwan da suka shafi ruwan sama da amfanin gona. Rubuce-rubucen da suka tattauna al'adun Tera sun ambaci imanin gargajiya da ake danganta shi da '''Gwando''', wanda aka bayyana a matsayin allahn ruwan sama a cikin wasu tsoffin imanin Tera. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Arawa |title=The Eastern Origin of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref> == Addini da al'adun gargajiya == A tarihi, Tera sun kasance da tsarin imanin gargajiya kafin zuwan manyan addinan da ake bi a yankin. Wasu bayanan bincike sun nuna cewa tarihin addinin Tera yana da alaƙa da ruwayoyin baka, kuma akwai bayanai daban-daban game da yadda Musulunci ya shiga cikin al'ummar Tera. A yau, Tera suna cikin al'ummomin Gombe masu bin addinai daban-daban, ciki har da Musulunci da Kiristanci, yayin da wasu abubuwan al'adun gargajiya suka ci gaba da kasancewa a matsayin wani ɓangare na tarihin al'umma. <ref>{{cite journal |title=The Eastern Origin of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref><ref>{{cite report |title=Gombe State Socio-Economic Development Strategy |publisher=Gombe State Government |year=2019}}</ref> == Alamar jiki da ado == Alamomin gargajiya a jiki sun kasance ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan da ake dangantawa da tsoffin al'adun Tera da sauran al'ummomin yankin Gombe. Waɗannan alamomi sun kasance wani nau'i na bayyana asali da bambancin al'umma. Binciken da ya shafi Tera ya ambaci tribal marks a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin abubuwan al'adun gargajiya da suka shahara a tsakanin al'ummar. <ref>{{cite journal |last1=Abdullahi |first1=Arawa |title=The Eastern Origin of Tangale, Bolewa, Waja and Tera Groups of Gombe State: A Critique |journal=Gombe Journal of General Studies |year=2017 |volume=1 |issue=1}}</ref> == Abinci na gargajiya == Abinci yana daga cikin hanyoyin da ake bayyana al'adar Tera. Wasu bayanan da suka shafi al'ummar Nyimatli sun ambaci abinci irin su '''Tundi marge''', wanda ake bayyana shi a matsayin wani nau'in kunun ko abincin da aka yi daga hatsi, da kuma '''Gin Shuba''', wani miya da aka danganta da amfani da ruwan toka maimakon gishiri tare da kayan lambu. Waɗannan misalan suna nuna yadda kayan amfanin gona da dabarun sarrafa abinci suka kasance cikin rayuwar gargajiyar al'umma. <ref>{{cite web |title=Tera people: Nyimalti, Deba |publisher=Soluap |date=9 May 2023 |url=https://soluap.com/tera-people-nyimalti-deba/}}</ref> == Aure da zamantakewa == Aure, haihuwa, jana'iza da bukukuwan girbi suna daga cikin muhimman abubuwan zamantakewa a Gombe, kuma al'adu da addini suna taka rawa wajen tsara yadda ake gudanar da irin waɗannan al'amura. A cikin al'ummar Tera, dangantaka tsakanin iyalai da mutunta manya suna daga cikin abubuwan da suka taimaka wajen gina tsarin zamantakewa. Gwamnatin Gombe ta bayyana cewa aure, haihuwa, jana'iza da bukukuwan girbi a jihar suna da alaƙa da ƙa'idojin addini da na al'adu. <ref>{{cite report |title=Gombe State Socio-Economic Development Strategy |publisher=Gombe State Government |year=2019}}</ref> Tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya ma ya kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar Tera. Deba tana da masarautar gargajiya wadda aka danganta da tarihin Tera, kuma sarautar Kuji Jeba ta kasance wani ɓangare na tsarin shugabancin gargajiya na yankin. A wata hira da jaridar *Punch*, Sarkin Deba ya bayyana yadda ya bi wasu daga cikin bukukuwan gargajiya kafin hawansa karagar mulki, yana nuna muhimmancin al'adar sarauta a cikin al'ummar. <ref>{{cite news |last=Azubuike |first=Chima |title=I submitted to all traditional rites to be king – Mohammed, Emir of Deba |work=Punch Newspapers |date=31 August 2019 |url=https://punchng.com/i-submitted-to-all-traditional-rites-to-be-king-mohammed-emir-of-deba/}}</ref> == Harshen Tera da adana al'adu == Harshen Tera yana cikin harsunan Chadic na reshen Afro-Asiatic, kuma ana amfani da shi a sassan arewa maso gabashin Najeriya. Masu magana da harshen ana kuma danganta su da sunan Nyimatli ko Terawa a wasu bayanai. Harshen yana taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙi, karin magana, sunayen wurare da sauran ilimin gargajiya. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Language and Cultural Extinction: A Case Study of Tera (Nymalti) Language of North-East, Nigeria |journal=American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education |year=2026}}</ref> A zamanin yau, sauye-sauyen zamantakewa, amfani da wasu manyan harsuna, ilimin zamani da canjin salon rayuwa suna iya shafar yadda ake amfani da harshen Tera da wasu al'adunsa. Binciken da aka gudanar kan Tera ya yi gargadi game da kalubalen kare harshen da al'adun Tera, tare da nuna muhimmancin adana harshe, waƙoƙi, raye-raye, abinci, bukukuwa da sauran abubuwan al'adun gargajiya domin kada su ɓace. <ref>{{cite journal |title=Challenges of Language and Cultural Extinction: A Case Study of Tera (Nymalti) Language of North-East, Nigeria |journal=American Journal of Language, Literacy and Learning in STEM Education |year=2026}}</ref> == Duba kuma == * [[Tera people]] * [[Tera language]] * [[Yamaltu/Deba]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Deba]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} pnarx0k2iipgpsc9bd08gil6l4lnmj7 Al'adun Tangale 0 177891 961938 2026-10-02T17:08:59Z Ummu Ilham 45024 Sabon shafi: {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tangale | native_name = Tangale | native_name_lang = Tangale | population = | regions = [[Gombe State]], Nigeria | languages = [[Tangale language|Tangale]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], English | religions = Christianity, Islam, Traditional religion | related_groups = [[Waja people|Waja]], [[Tula people|Tula]], [[Kamo people|Kamo]], [[Tera people|Tera]] }} '''Al'adar Tangale''' tana nufin tsarin rayuwa, al'adu, harshe, bukukuwa, sana'o'i, abinci,... 961938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tangale | native_name = Tangale | native_name_lang = Tangale | population = | regions = [[Gombe State]], Nigeria | languages = [[Tangale language|Tangale]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], English | religions = Christianity, Islam, Traditional religion | related_groups = [[Waja people|Waja]], [[Tula people|Tula]], [[Kamo people|Kamo]], [[Tera people|Tera]] }} '''Al'adar Tangale''' tana nufin tsarin rayuwa, al'adu, harshe, bukukuwa, sana'o'i, abinci, rawa, kiɗa, aure, tsarin shugabanci da sauran al'adun mutanen [[Tangale people|Tangale]], waɗanda suke zaune musamman a kudancin [[Gombe State|Jihar Gombe]] a Najeriya. Tangale na daga cikin manyan ƙabilun yankin, kuma al'adunsu sun samo asali ne daga dogon tarihin zaman al'umma, noma, farauta, sana'o'in hannu da kuma tsarin zamantakewar gargajiya. 1 == Tarihi da asalin al'ada == Al'adar Tangale tana da alaƙa da tarihin ƙabilar Tangale da kuma wuraren da suka zauna a tsawon tarihi. Wasu bayanan tarihi da aka rubuta game da Tangale sun bayyana cewa al'ummar ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙabilu ko dangogin gargajiya da suka haɗu a ƙarƙashin tsarin zamantakewa da shugabanci na Tangale. Haka kuma, al'adar Tangale ta dogara sosai kan tarihin baka, tatsuniyoyi, karin magana da labaran da ake watsawa daga tsofaffi zuwa matasa. 2 A al'adar Tangale, tarihi ba kawai bayanin abubuwan da suka faru a baya ba ne, amma hanya ce ta koyar da matasa game da asalin iyali, dangantakar al'umma, jarumta, mutunta manya da kuma wajibcin kare al'adun ƙabila. Bincike kan al'adun Tangale ya nuna cewa harshe da maganganun gargajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana ilimin gargajiya da ƙa'idojin zamantakewa. 3 == Harshe == [[Tangale language|Harshen Tangale]] shi ne babban harshen gargajiya na mutanen Tangale. Ana kuma amfani da [[Hausa language|Hausa]] a matsayin harshen sadarwa tsakanin Tangale da sauran al'ummomin arewacin Najeriya, yayin da Turanci yake taka rawa a makarantu da harkokin hukuma. Harshe yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke ɗauke da tarihin Tangale, musamman ta hanyar karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙin gargajiya da sauran maganganun al'ada. 4 A cikin al'ummar Tangale, amfani da harshe wajen tatsuniya, gaisuwa, karin magana da waƙoƙin yabo yana taimakawa wajen isar da ilimin gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara. Wani bincike kan harshe da al'adun Tangale ya bayyana cewa harshen yana aiki a matsayin ma'ajiyar ilimin al'umma da tunanin tarihi, duk da tasirin Hausa da sauran harsunan zamani. 5 == Noma da sana'o'in gargajiya == Noma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar gargajiya ta Tangale. Al'ummar Tangale sun dogara da noma da kuma albarkatun ƙasa wajen samar da abinci da kuma samun abin dogaro. A wasu yankunan Tangale, al'adun noma suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan gargajiya da tarukan jama'a waɗanda ke nuna muhimmancin fara sabon zangon noma. 6 Tangale kuma an san su da sana'o'in hannu da suka haɗa da saƙa, sassaka, aikin ƙarfe, tukwane da aikin fata. Waɗannan sana'o'i ba kawai hanyoyin samun abin rayuwa ba ne, amma suna daga cikin hanyoyin da al'umma ke amfani da su wajen adana fasaha da ilimin gargajiya. 7 == Rawa da kiɗan gargajiya == Rawa da kiɗa suna da muhimmiyar rawa a bukukuwan Tangale. Ana gudanar da raye-raye a lokuta daban-daban na shekara da kuma yayin manyan bukukuwa da tarukan al'umma. Wasu daga cikin raye-raye suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan noma, addini ko kuma bikin al'adun ƙabila. 8 Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun raye-rayen Tangale shi ne '''Tangra''', wanda ake kuma kira '''Tenam'''. A wasu bayanan al'adu, an bayyana Tangra a matsayin rawa da aka danganta da neman albarka da yalwar amfanin gona kafin lokacin damina. Rawar tana haɗa maza da mata, tare da amfani da kayan ado da kaɗe-kaɗe na gargajiya. 9 A bukukuwan al'adun Tangale, raye-raye da kiɗa kuma suna zama hanyar haɗa matasa da tsofaffi. Misali, rahotannin bukukuwan al'adun Tangale sun nuna yadda masu rawa ke fitowa cikin kayan gargajiya tare da kiɗan gargajiya domin nuna tarihi da asalin al'ummar. 10 == Bukukuwan gargajiya == Tangale suna da bukukuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen adana al'adun ƙabila. Daga cikin bukukuwan da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Pissi Tangale Festival''', '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''', '''Eku''', '''Wula''', '''Pe Kodok''' da '''Pand Kungo'''. Waɗannan bukukuwa suna iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa wani kuma suna da alaƙa da tarihi, noma, zamantakewa ko addinin gargajiya. 11 '''Pissi Tangale''' yana daga cikin bukukuwan da suka samu kulawa a Billiri. Rahoton ''The Guardian'' ya bayyana bikin a matsayin bikin al'adun Tangale na shekara-shekara, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen nuna al'adun ƙabila da kuma ilmantar da matasa game da tarihinsu. Rahoton ya nuna cewa a shekarar 2015 an gudanar da bikin Pissi Tangale karo na goma. 12 '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''' wani tsohon bikin Tangale ne da aka yi ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da shi a Billiri a shekarar 2021. Rahoton ''Independent'' ya bayyana cewa kwamitin shirya bikin ya bayyana manufar farfaɗo da shi a matsayin wata hanya ta sake ƙarfafa watsa al'adun Tangale zuwa ga matasa. 13 A lokacin bikin Bai da aka gudanar a Billiri a shekarar 2021, an gudanar da jerin gwanon jama'a tare da kiɗa da raye-raye na Tangale. Masu shirya bikin sun bayyana shi a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna wasu abubuwan da suka shafi asalin al'ummar Tangale da kuma tunawa da al'adun kakanninsu. 14 == Aure == Aure yana daga cikin muhimman al'amuran zamantakewar Tangale. Al'adun aure suna haɗa iyalai da dangogi kuma suna ƙarfafa dangantakar al'umma. Wasu al'adun gargajiya na Tangale suna amfani da abinci da bukukuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin aure da kuma nuna karɓar sabon memba cikin iyali. 15 A yankunan gabashin Tangale, musamman Kaltungo da wasu yankunan Ture da Shongom, ana danganta '''Adau''' da bukukuwan aure na gargajiya. Adau abinci ne da ake yi daga ƙwayar sesame da aka soya aka nika sannan a haɗa da potash. Bayanan al'adu sun bayyana cewa cin Adau yana da matsayi na musamman a wasu al'adun aure na Tangale. 16 == Abinci == Abincin Tangale ya dogara da amfanin gona da ake samu a yankin, ciki har da masara, dawa, wake, gyada, bambara da sesame. Waɗannan amfanin gona suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci da kuma ci gaba da al'adun girke-girke na gargajiya. 17 Daga cikin abincin gargajiya da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Dipo''', '''Kumbam''', '''Shaka kodo''', '''Ronjo''', '''Kar bayo''', '''Ed mammu''', '''Kwaksak''' da '''Shinga'''. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abinci ana haɗa su da kayan ƙamshi na gargajiya kamar daddawa da sauran kayan da ake samu a yankin. 18 A wasu al'ummomin Tangale, musamman yankunan da ke noma, tarukan abinci na jama'a suna da alaƙa da fara lokacin noma. Rahoton NAN na shekarar 2026 game da Kalargo, wata al'ummar masu magana da Tangale, ya bayyana yadda aka farfaɗo da tsohuwar al'adar cin abinci tare kafin sabon zangon noma domin ƙarfafa haɗin kan al'umma. 19 == Addini da imani == Kafin zuwan addinan duniya, mutanen Tangale suna da tsarin addinin gargajiya wanda ya haɗa da imani da ruhohi, wuraren ibada da kuma wasu abubuwan da ake ɗauka masu tsarki. Bayan yaɗuwar Kiristanci da Musulunci, tsarin addini a Tangale ya sauya, kuma addinan zamani suka zama masu muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar yawancin al'ummar. 20 Duk da sauyin addini, wasu abubuwan al'adu na gargajiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin bukukuwa, raye-raye, tsarin iyali da kuma al'amuran zamantakewa. Wannan ya nuna cewa al'ada da addini ba lallai su kasance abu guda ba, domin wasu al'adun zamantakewa na iya ci gaba ko da bayan sauyin tsarin addini. 21 == Tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya yana daga cikin muhimman ginshiƙan al'ummar Tangale. Shugaban gargajiya na Tangale ana kiransa '''Mai Tangale''', kuma masarautar gargajiya tana da tarihi mai tsawo. Tsarin sarautar yana da alaƙa da gidajen sarauta, masu zaɓen sarki da kuma majalisar gargajiya. 22 A al'adar shugabancin Tangale, masu zaɓen sarki suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarin maye gurbin Mai. Rahoton ''PUNCH'' na shekarar 2021 ya bayyana cewa tsarin zaɓen sabon Mai ya ƙunshi masu zaɓe daga dangogin Tangale da kuma wasu manyan masu riƙe da mukaman gargajiya. 23 Sarautar Mai Tangale ta kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin siyasa da zamantakewar Tangale. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa tsarin sarautar ya haɗa al'umma ta hanyar harshe, tarihi da al'adun da suke da alaƙa da Tangale Chiefdom. 24 == Mutunta manya da zamantakewa == Mutunta manya yana daga cikin ƙa'idojin zamantakewa da ake samu a al'ummomin Gombe, ciki har da Tangale. Manyan iyalai da dattawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da tarihi, shawarwari da ilimin gargajiya ga matasa. 25 Tsarin zamantakewar Tangale ya kuma dogara da haɗin kai tsakanin iyalai da al'umma. Bukukuwa, tarukan jama'a, aure, noma da sauran ayyukan al'umma suna samar da dama ga mutane su haɗu, su tattauna matsalolin al'umma kuma su ƙarfafa dangantakarsu. 26 == Adana al'adu == A zamanin yau, ana ƙoƙarin adana al'adun Tangale ta hanyar bukukuwan gargajiya, koyar da harshe, raye-raye, rubuce-rubucen tarihi da tarukan al'umma. Rahotannin bukukuwan Pissi Tangale da Bai sun nuna cewa wasu daga cikin shugabannin al'umma suna kallon bukukuwan a matsayin hanyar isar da tarihi da al'adu ga matasa. 27 Haka kuma, amfani da harshen Tangale a cikin tatsuniyoyi, karin magana, waƙoƙi da sauran maganganun gargajiya yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ilimin da aka gada daga kakanni. Binciken ethnolinguistic ya nuna cewa harshen Tangale yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen watsa ilimin al'adu tsakanin tsararraki. 28 == Duba kuma == * [[Tangale people]] * [[Tangale language]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Billiri]] * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Shongom]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tangale | native_name = Tangale | native_name_lang = Tangale | population = | regions = [[Gombe State]], Nigeria | languages = [[Tangale language|Tangale]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], English | religions = Christianity, Islam, Traditional religion | related_groups = [[Waja people|Waja]], [[Tula people|Tula]], [[Kamo people|Kamo]], [[Tera people|Tera]] }} '''Al'adar Tangale''' tana nufin tsarin rayuwa, al'adu, harshe, bukukuwa, sana'o'i, abinci, rawa, kiɗa, aure, tsarin shugabanci da sauran al'adun mutanen [[Tangale people|Tangale]], waɗanda suke zaune musamman a kudancin [[Gombe State|Jihar Gombe]] a Najeriya. Tangale na daga cikin manyan ƙabilun yankin, kuma al'adunsu sun samo asali ne daga dogon tarihin zaman al'umma, noma, farauta, sana'o'in hannu da kuma tsarin zamantakewar gargajiya. 1 == Tarihi da asalin al'ada == Al'adar Tangale tana da alaƙa da tarihin ƙabilar Tangale da kuma wuraren da suka zauna a tsawon tarihi. Wasu bayanan tarihi da aka rubuta game da Tangale sun bayyana cewa al'ummar ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙabilu ko dangogin gargajiya da suka haɗu a ƙarƙashin tsarin zamantakewa da shugabanci na Tangale. Haka kuma, al'adar Tangale ta dogara sosai kan tarihin baka, tatsuniyoyi, karin magana da labaran da ake watsawa daga tsofaffi zuwa matasa. 2 A al'adar Tangale, tarihi ba kawai bayanin abubuwan da suka faru a baya ba ne, amma hanya ce ta koyar da matasa game da asalin iyali, dangantakar al'umma, jarumta, mutunta manya da kuma wajibcin kare al'adun ƙabila. Bincike kan al'adun Tangale ya nuna cewa harshe da maganganun gargajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana ilimin gargajiya da ƙa'idojin zamantakewa. 3 == Harshe == [[Tangale language|Harshen Tangale]] shi ne babban harshen gargajiya na mutanen Tangale. Ana kuma amfani da [[Hausa language|Hausa]] a matsayin harshen sadarwa tsakanin Tangale da sauran al'ummomin arewacin Najeriya, yayin da Turanci yake taka rawa a makarantu da harkokin hukuma. Harshe yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke ɗauke da tarihin Tangale, musamman ta hanyar karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙin gargajiya da sauran maganganun al'ada. 4 A cikin al'ummar Tangale, amfani da harshe wajen tatsuniya, gaisuwa, karin magana da waƙoƙin yabo yana taimakawa wajen isar da ilimin gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara. Wani bincike kan harshe da al'adun Tangale ya bayyana cewa harshen yana aiki a matsayin ma'ajiyar ilimin al'umma da tunanin tarihi, duk da tasirin Hausa da sauran harsunan zamani. 5 == Noma da sana'o'in gargajiya == Noma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar gargajiya ta Tangale. Al'ummar Tangale sun dogara da noma da kuma albarkatun ƙasa wajen samar da abinci da kuma samun abin dogaro. A wasu yankunan Tangale, al'adun noma suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan gargajiya da tarukan jama'a waɗanda ke nuna muhimmancin fara sabon zangon noma. 6 Tangale kuma an san su da sana'o'in hannu da suka haɗa da saƙa, sassaka, aikin ƙarfe, tukwane da aikin fata. Waɗannan sana'o'i ba kawai hanyoyin samun abin rayuwa ba ne, amma suna daga cikin hanyoyin da al'umma ke amfani da su wajen adana fasaha da ilimin gargajiya. 7 == Rawa da kiɗan gargajiya == Rawa da kiɗa suna da muhimmiyar rawa a bukukuwan Tangale. Ana gudanar da raye-raye a lokuta daban-daban na shekara da kuma yayin manyan bukukuwa da tarukan al'umma. Wasu daga cikin raye-raye suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan noma, addini ko kuma bikin al'adun ƙabila. 8 Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun raye-rayen Tangale shi ne '''Tangra''', wanda ake kuma kira '''Tenam'''. A wasu bayanan al'adu, an bayyana Tangra a matsayin rawa da aka danganta da neman albarka da yalwar amfanin gona kafin lokacin damina. Rawar tana haɗa maza da mata, tare da amfani da kayan ado da kaɗe-kaɗe na gargajiya. 9 A bukukuwan al'adun Tangale, raye-raye da kiɗa kuma suna zama hanyar haɗa matasa da tsofaffi. Misali, rahotannin bukukuwan al'adun Tangale sun nuna yadda masu rawa ke fitowa cikin kayan gargajiya tare da kiɗan gargajiya domin nuna tarihi da asalin al'ummar. 10 == Bukukuwan gargajiya == Tangale suna da bukukuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen adana al'adun ƙabila. Daga cikin bukukuwan da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Pissi Tangale Festival''', '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''', '''Eku''', '''Wula''', '''Pe Kodok''' da '''Pand Kungo'''. Waɗannan bukukuwa suna iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa wani kuma suna da alaƙa da tarihi, noma, zamantakewa ko addinin gargajiya. 11 '''Pissi Tangale''' yana daga cikin bukukuwan da suka samu kulawa a Billiri. Rahoton ''The Guardian'' ya bayyana bikin a matsayin bikin al'adun Tangale na shekara-shekara, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen nuna al'adun ƙabila da kuma ilmantar da matasa game da tarihinsu. Rahoton ya nuna cewa a shekarar 2015 an gudanar da bikin Pissi Tangale karo na goma. 12 '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''' wani tsohon bikin Tangale ne da aka yi ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da shi a Billiri a shekarar 2021. Rahoton ''Independent'' ya bayyana cewa kwamitin shirya bikin ya bayyana manufar farfaɗo da shi a matsayin wata hanya ta sake ƙarfafa watsa al'adun Tangale zuwa ga matasa. 13 A lokacin bikin Bai da aka gudanar a Billiri a shekarar 2021, an gudanar da jerin gwanon jama'a tare da kiɗa da raye-raye na Tangale. Masu shirya bikin sun bayyana shi a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna wasu abubuwan da suka shafi asalin al'ummar Tangale da kuma tunawa da al'adun kakanninsu. 14 == Aure == Aure yana daga cikin muhimman al'amuran zamantakewar Tangale. Al'adun aure suna haɗa iyalai da dangogi kuma suna ƙarfafa dangantakar al'umma. Wasu al'adun gargajiya na Tangale suna amfani da abinci da bukukuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin aure da kuma nuna karɓar sabon memba cikin iyali. 15 A yankunan gabashin Tangale, musamman Kaltungo da wasu yankunan Ture da Shongom, ana danganta '''Adau''' da bukukuwan aure na gargajiya. Adau abinci ne da ake yi daga ƙwayar sesame da aka soya aka nika sannan a haɗa da potash. Bayanan al'adu sun bayyana cewa cin Adau yana da matsayi na musamman a wasu al'adun aure na Tangale. 16 == Abinci == Abincin Tangale ya dogara da amfanin gona da ake samu a yankin, ciki har da masara, dawa, wake, gyada, bambara da sesame. Waɗannan amfanin gona suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci da kuma ci gaba da al'adun girke-girke na gargajiya. 17 Daga cikin abincin gargajiya da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Dipo''', '''Kumbam''', '''Shaka kodo''', '''Ronjo''', '''Kar bayo''', '''Ed mammu''', '''Kwaksak''' da '''Shinga'''. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abinci ana haɗa su da kayan ƙamshi na gargajiya kamar daddawa da sauran kayan da ake samu a yankin. 18 A wasu al'ummomin Tangale, musamman yankunan da ke noma, tarukan abinci na jama'a suna da alaƙa da fara lokacin noma. Rahoton NAN na shekarar 2026 game da Kalargo, wata al'ummar masu magana da Tangale, ya bayyana yadda aka farfaɗo da tsohuwar al'adar cin abinci tare kafin sabon zangon noma domin ƙarfafa haɗin kan al'umma. 19 == Addini da imani == Kafin zuwan addinan duniya, mutanen Tangale suna da tsarin addinin gargajiya wanda ya haɗa da imani da ruhohi, wuraren ibada da kuma wasu abubuwan da ake ɗauka masu tsarki. Bayan yaɗuwar Kiristanci da Musulunci, tsarin addini a Tangale ya sauya, kuma addinan zamani suka zama masu muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar yawancin al'ummar. 20 Duk da sauyin addini, wasu abubuwan al'adu na gargajiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin bukukuwa, raye-raye, tsarin iyali da kuma al'amuran zamantakewa. Wannan ya nuna cewa al'ada da addini ba lallai su kasance abu guda ba, domin wasu al'adun zamantakewa na iya ci gaba ko da bayan sauyin tsarin addini. 21 == Tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya yana daga cikin muhimman ginshiƙan al'ummar Tangale. Shugaban gargajiya na Tangale ana kiransa '''Mai Tangale''', kuma masarautar gargajiya tana da tarihi mai tsawo. Tsarin sarautar yana da alaƙa da gidajen sarauta, masu zaɓen sarki da kuma majalisar gargajiya. 22 A al'adar shugabancin Tangale, masu zaɓen sarki suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarin maye gurbin Mai. Rahoton ''PUNCH'' na shekarar 2021 ya bayyana cewa tsarin zaɓen sabon Mai ya ƙunshi masu zaɓe daga dangogin Tangale da kuma wasu manyan masu riƙe da mukaman gargajiya. 23 Sarautar Mai Tangale ta kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin siyasa da zamantakewar Tangale. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa tsarin sarautar ya haɗa al'umma ta hanyar harshe, tarihi da al'adun da suke da alaƙa da Tangale Chiefdom. 24 == Mutunta manya da zamantakewa == Mutunta manya yana daga cikin ƙa'idojin zamantakewa da ake samu a al'ummomin Gombe, ciki har da Tangale. Manyan iyalai da dattawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da tarihi, shawarwari da ilimin gargajiya ga matasa. 25 Tsarin zamantakewar Tangale ya kuma dogara da haɗin kai tsakanin iyalai da al'umma. Bukukuwa, tarukan jama'a, aure, noma da sauran ayyukan al'umma suna samar da dama ga mutane su haɗu, su tattauna matsalolin al'umma kuma su ƙarfafa dangantakarsu. 26 == Adana al'adu == A zamanin yau, ana ƙoƙarin adana al'adun Tangale ta hanyar bukukuwan gargajiya, koyar da harshe, raye-raye, rubuce-rubucen tarihi da tarukan al'umma. Rahotannin bukukuwan Pissi Tangale da Bai sun nuna cewa wasu daga cikin shugabannin al'umma suna kallon bukukuwan a matsayin hanyar isar da tarihi da al'adu ga matasa. 27 Haka kuma, amfani da harshen Tangale a cikin tatsuniyoyi, karin magana, waƙoƙi da sauran maganganun gargajiya yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ilimin da aka gada daga kakanni. Binciken ethnolinguistic ya nuna cewa harshen Tangale yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen watsa ilimin al'adu tsakanin tsararraki. 28 == Duba kuma == * [[Tangale people]] * [[Tangale language]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Billiri]] * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Shongom]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} = Pissi Tangale == '''Pissi Tangale''' wani babban bikin al'adun Tangale ne da ake gudanarwa a Billiri. Bikin yana haɗa al'ummar Tangale tare da nuna kayan amfanin gona, kayan gargajiya, abinci, tufafi, rawa da sauran abubuwan al'adun Tangale. Ana gudanar da bikin a ƙarshen watan Disamba na kowace shekara, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin wata hanya ta adana da nuna al'adun Tangale ga matasa da sauran jama'a. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Pissi Tangale festival unites Billiri Chiefdom |work=Trust Radio |date=12 October 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-pissi-tangale-festival-unites-billiri-chiefdom}}</ref> Bikin yana kuma da alaƙa da noma, domin ana nuna amfanin gonaki a lokacin taron. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin noma a rayuwar tattalin arzikin Tangale, yayin da kayan gargajiya da raye-raye ke taimakawa wajen nuna tarihin da asalin al'ummar. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Pissi Tangale festival unites Billiri Chiefdom |work=Trust Radio |date=12 October 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-pissi-tangale-festival-unites-billiri-chiefdom}}</ref> == Shag-bai == '''Shag-bai''' ko '''Bai''' wani biki ne da aka danganta da al'adun Tangale na Billiri. Bikin ya ƙunshi cin naman kare da kuma tarukan jama'a, kiɗa da raye-raye. A shekarar 2021, an gudanar da bikin na tsawon kwanaki uku a Billiri, inda mutane suka yi jerin gwano daga kasuwar Kalmai zuwa cikin garin Billiri tare da mawaka da masu rawa na gargajiya. <ref>{{cite news |title=Dog Meat ‘Shag-bai’ Carnival Lights Up Billiri Town |work=Independent Nigeria |date=30 December 2021 |url=https://independent.ng/dog-meat-shag-bai-carnival-lights-up-billiri-town/}}</ref> Masu shirya bikin sun bayyana cewa manufar Shag-bai ita ce nuna asalin Tangale da kuma farfaɗo da wani ɓangare na tsoffin al'adun da ake ganin suna raguwa. Bikin ya kuma ƙunshi nune-nunen wasu sana'o'in gargajiya da kayan tarihi. <ref>{{cite news |title=Tangale Community To Revive Bai 'Dog Meat' Eating Carnival |work=Independent Nigeria |date=3 December 2021 |url=https://independent.ng/tangale-community-to-revive-bai-dog-meat-eating-carnival/}}</ref> == Tsarin shugabanci == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya yana da muhimmiyar rawa a al'ummar Tangale. Shugaban masarautar Tangale ana kiransa '''Mai Tangale''', kuma tsarin zaɓensa ya haɗa da '''kingmakers''' daga sassan Tangale. Rahoton Punch ya bayyana cewa akwai kingmakers tara da ke da hannu wajen tsarin zaɓen Mai Tangale. <ref>{{cite news |title=Mai Tangale: How selection of traditional ruler shattered peace in Gombe community |work=Punch Newspapers |date=28 February 2021 |url=https://punchng.com/mai-tangale-how-selection-of-traditional-ruler-shattered-peace-in-gombe-community/}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} p6h80snqv2bzf7h0u1z3h72q9eb64wx 961943 961938 2026-10-02T17:22:24Z Em-mustapha 6594 Em-mustapha moved page [[Tangale traditional culture]] to [[Al'adun Tangale]] without leaving a redirect 961938 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tangale | native_name = Tangale | native_name_lang = Tangale | population = | regions = [[Gombe State]], Nigeria | languages = [[Tangale language|Tangale]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], English | religions = Christianity, Islam, Traditional religion | related_groups = [[Waja people|Waja]], [[Tula people|Tula]], [[Kamo people|Kamo]], [[Tera people|Tera]] }} '''Al'adar Tangale''' tana nufin tsarin rayuwa, al'adu, harshe, bukukuwa, sana'o'i, abinci, rawa, kiɗa, aure, tsarin shugabanci da sauran al'adun mutanen [[Tangale people|Tangale]], waɗanda suke zaune musamman a kudancin [[Gombe State|Jihar Gombe]] a Najeriya. Tangale na daga cikin manyan ƙabilun yankin, kuma al'adunsu sun samo asali ne daga dogon tarihin zaman al'umma, noma, farauta, sana'o'in hannu da kuma tsarin zamantakewar gargajiya. 1 == Tarihi da asalin al'ada == Al'adar Tangale tana da alaƙa da tarihin ƙabilar Tangale da kuma wuraren da suka zauna a tsawon tarihi. Wasu bayanan tarihi da aka rubuta game da Tangale sun bayyana cewa al'ummar ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙabilu ko dangogin gargajiya da suka haɗu a ƙarƙashin tsarin zamantakewa da shugabanci na Tangale. Haka kuma, al'adar Tangale ta dogara sosai kan tarihin baka, tatsuniyoyi, karin magana da labaran da ake watsawa daga tsofaffi zuwa matasa. 2 A al'adar Tangale, tarihi ba kawai bayanin abubuwan da suka faru a baya ba ne, amma hanya ce ta koyar da matasa game da asalin iyali, dangantakar al'umma, jarumta, mutunta manya da kuma wajibcin kare al'adun ƙabila. Bincike kan al'adun Tangale ya nuna cewa harshe da maganganun gargajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana ilimin gargajiya da ƙa'idojin zamantakewa. 3 == Harshe == [[Tangale language|Harshen Tangale]] shi ne babban harshen gargajiya na mutanen Tangale. Ana kuma amfani da [[Hausa language|Hausa]] a matsayin harshen sadarwa tsakanin Tangale da sauran al'ummomin arewacin Najeriya, yayin da Turanci yake taka rawa a makarantu da harkokin hukuma. Harshe yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke ɗauke da tarihin Tangale, musamman ta hanyar karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙin gargajiya da sauran maganganun al'ada. 4 A cikin al'ummar Tangale, amfani da harshe wajen tatsuniya, gaisuwa, karin magana da waƙoƙin yabo yana taimakawa wajen isar da ilimin gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara. Wani bincike kan harshe da al'adun Tangale ya bayyana cewa harshen yana aiki a matsayin ma'ajiyar ilimin al'umma da tunanin tarihi, duk da tasirin Hausa da sauran harsunan zamani. 5 == Noma da sana'o'in gargajiya == Noma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar gargajiya ta Tangale. Al'ummar Tangale sun dogara da noma da kuma albarkatun ƙasa wajen samar da abinci da kuma samun abin dogaro. A wasu yankunan Tangale, al'adun noma suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan gargajiya da tarukan jama'a waɗanda ke nuna muhimmancin fara sabon zangon noma. 6 Tangale kuma an san su da sana'o'in hannu da suka haɗa da saƙa, sassaka, aikin ƙarfe, tukwane da aikin fata. Waɗannan sana'o'i ba kawai hanyoyin samun abin rayuwa ba ne, amma suna daga cikin hanyoyin da al'umma ke amfani da su wajen adana fasaha da ilimin gargajiya. 7 == Rawa da kiɗan gargajiya == Rawa da kiɗa suna da muhimmiyar rawa a bukukuwan Tangale. Ana gudanar da raye-raye a lokuta daban-daban na shekara da kuma yayin manyan bukukuwa da tarukan al'umma. Wasu daga cikin raye-raye suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan noma, addini ko kuma bikin al'adun ƙabila. 8 Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun raye-rayen Tangale shi ne '''Tangra''', wanda ake kuma kira '''Tenam'''. A wasu bayanan al'adu, an bayyana Tangra a matsayin rawa da aka danganta da neman albarka da yalwar amfanin gona kafin lokacin damina. Rawar tana haɗa maza da mata, tare da amfani da kayan ado da kaɗe-kaɗe na gargajiya. 9 A bukukuwan al'adun Tangale, raye-raye da kiɗa kuma suna zama hanyar haɗa matasa da tsofaffi. Misali, rahotannin bukukuwan al'adun Tangale sun nuna yadda masu rawa ke fitowa cikin kayan gargajiya tare da kiɗan gargajiya domin nuna tarihi da asalin al'ummar. 10 == Bukukuwan gargajiya == Tangale suna da bukukuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen adana al'adun ƙabila. Daga cikin bukukuwan da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Pissi Tangale Festival''', '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''', '''Eku''', '''Wula''', '''Pe Kodok''' da '''Pand Kungo'''. Waɗannan bukukuwa suna iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa wani kuma suna da alaƙa da tarihi, noma, zamantakewa ko addinin gargajiya. 11 '''Pissi Tangale''' yana daga cikin bukukuwan da suka samu kulawa a Billiri. Rahoton ''The Guardian'' ya bayyana bikin a matsayin bikin al'adun Tangale na shekara-shekara, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen nuna al'adun ƙabila da kuma ilmantar da matasa game da tarihinsu. Rahoton ya nuna cewa a shekarar 2015 an gudanar da bikin Pissi Tangale karo na goma. 12 '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''' wani tsohon bikin Tangale ne da aka yi ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da shi a Billiri a shekarar 2021. Rahoton ''Independent'' ya bayyana cewa kwamitin shirya bikin ya bayyana manufar farfaɗo da shi a matsayin wata hanya ta sake ƙarfafa watsa al'adun Tangale zuwa ga matasa. 13 A lokacin bikin Bai da aka gudanar a Billiri a shekarar 2021, an gudanar da jerin gwanon jama'a tare da kiɗa da raye-raye na Tangale. Masu shirya bikin sun bayyana shi a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna wasu abubuwan da suka shafi asalin al'ummar Tangale da kuma tunawa da al'adun kakanninsu. 14 == Aure == Aure yana daga cikin muhimman al'amuran zamantakewar Tangale. Al'adun aure suna haɗa iyalai da dangogi kuma suna ƙarfafa dangantakar al'umma. Wasu al'adun gargajiya na Tangale suna amfani da abinci da bukukuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin aure da kuma nuna karɓar sabon memba cikin iyali. 15 A yankunan gabashin Tangale, musamman Kaltungo da wasu yankunan Ture da Shongom, ana danganta '''Adau''' da bukukuwan aure na gargajiya. Adau abinci ne da ake yi daga ƙwayar sesame da aka soya aka nika sannan a haɗa da potash. Bayanan al'adu sun bayyana cewa cin Adau yana da matsayi na musamman a wasu al'adun aure na Tangale. 16 == Abinci == Abincin Tangale ya dogara da amfanin gona da ake samu a yankin, ciki har da masara, dawa, wake, gyada, bambara da sesame. Waɗannan amfanin gona suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci da kuma ci gaba da al'adun girke-girke na gargajiya. 17 Daga cikin abincin gargajiya da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Dipo''', '''Kumbam''', '''Shaka kodo''', '''Ronjo''', '''Kar bayo''', '''Ed mammu''', '''Kwaksak''' da '''Shinga'''. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abinci ana haɗa su da kayan ƙamshi na gargajiya kamar daddawa da sauran kayan da ake samu a yankin. 18 A wasu al'ummomin Tangale, musamman yankunan da ke noma, tarukan abinci na jama'a suna da alaƙa da fara lokacin noma. Rahoton NAN na shekarar 2026 game da Kalargo, wata al'ummar masu magana da Tangale, ya bayyana yadda aka farfaɗo da tsohuwar al'adar cin abinci tare kafin sabon zangon noma domin ƙarfafa haɗin kan al'umma. 19 == Addini da imani == Kafin zuwan addinan duniya, mutanen Tangale suna da tsarin addinin gargajiya wanda ya haɗa da imani da ruhohi, wuraren ibada da kuma wasu abubuwan da ake ɗauka masu tsarki. Bayan yaɗuwar Kiristanci da Musulunci, tsarin addini a Tangale ya sauya, kuma addinan zamani suka zama masu muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar yawancin al'ummar. 20 Duk da sauyin addini, wasu abubuwan al'adu na gargajiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin bukukuwa, raye-raye, tsarin iyali da kuma al'amuran zamantakewa. Wannan ya nuna cewa al'ada da addini ba lallai su kasance abu guda ba, domin wasu al'adun zamantakewa na iya ci gaba ko da bayan sauyin tsarin addini. 21 == Tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya yana daga cikin muhimman ginshiƙan al'ummar Tangale. Shugaban gargajiya na Tangale ana kiransa '''Mai Tangale''', kuma masarautar gargajiya tana da tarihi mai tsawo. Tsarin sarautar yana da alaƙa da gidajen sarauta, masu zaɓen sarki da kuma majalisar gargajiya. 22 A al'adar shugabancin Tangale, masu zaɓen sarki suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarin maye gurbin Mai. Rahoton ''PUNCH'' na shekarar 2021 ya bayyana cewa tsarin zaɓen sabon Mai ya ƙunshi masu zaɓe daga dangogin Tangale da kuma wasu manyan masu riƙe da mukaman gargajiya. 23 Sarautar Mai Tangale ta kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin siyasa da zamantakewar Tangale. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa tsarin sarautar ya haɗa al'umma ta hanyar harshe, tarihi da al'adun da suke da alaƙa da Tangale Chiefdom. 24 == Mutunta manya da zamantakewa == Mutunta manya yana daga cikin ƙa'idojin zamantakewa da ake samu a al'ummomin Gombe, ciki har da Tangale. Manyan iyalai da dattawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da tarihi, shawarwari da ilimin gargajiya ga matasa. 25 Tsarin zamantakewar Tangale ya kuma dogara da haɗin kai tsakanin iyalai da al'umma. Bukukuwa, tarukan jama'a, aure, noma da sauran ayyukan al'umma suna samar da dama ga mutane su haɗu, su tattauna matsalolin al'umma kuma su ƙarfafa dangantakarsu. 26 == Adana al'adu == A zamanin yau, ana ƙoƙarin adana al'adun Tangale ta hanyar bukukuwan gargajiya, koyar da harshe, raye-raye, rubuce-rubucen tarihi da tarukan al'umma. Rahotannin bukukuwan Pissi Tangale da Bai sun nuna cewa wasu daga cikin shugabannin al'umma suna kallon bukukuwan a matsayin hanyar isar da tarihi da al'adu ga matasa. 27 Haka kuma, amfani da harshen Tangale a cikin tatsuniyoyi, karin magana, waƙoƙi da sauran maganganun gargajiya yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ilimin da aka gada daga kakanni. Binciken ethnolinguistic ya nuna cewa harshen Tangale yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen watsa ilimin al'adu tsakanin tsararraki. 28 == Duba kuma == * [[Tangale people]] * [[Tangale language]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Billiri]] * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Shongom]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tangale | native_name = Tangale | native_name_lang = Tangale | population = | regions = [[Gombe State]], Nigeria | languages = [[Tangale language|Tangale]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], English | religions = Christianity, Islam, Traditional religion | related_groups = [[Waja people|Waja]], [[Tula people|Tula]], [[Kamo people|Kamo]], [[Tera people|Tera]] }} '''Al'adar Tangale''' tana nufin tsarin rayuwa, al'adu, harshe, bukukuwa, sana'o'i, abinci, rawa, kiɗa, aure, tsarin shugabanci da sauran al'adun mutanen [[Tangale people|Tangale]], waɗanda suke zaune musamman a kudancin [[Gombe State|Jihar Gombe]] a Najeriya. Tangale na daga cikin manyan ƙabilun yankin, kuma al'adunsu sun samo asali ne daga dogon tarihin zaman al'umma, noma, farauta, sana'o'in hannu da kuma tsarin zamantakewar gargajiya. 1 == Tarihi da asalin al'ada == Al'adar Tangale tana da alaƙa da tarihin ƙabilar Tangale da kuma wuraren da suka zauna a tsawon tarihi. Wasu bayanan tarihi da aka rubuta game da Tangale sun bayyana cewa al'ummar ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙabilu ko dangogin gargajiya da suka haɗu a ƙarƙashin tsarin zamantakewa da shugabanci na Tangale. Haka kuma, al'adar Tangale ta dogara sosai kan tarihin baka, tatsuniyoyi, karin magana da labaran da ake watsawa daga tsofaffi zuwa matasa. 2 A al'adar Tangale, tarihi ba kawai bayanin abubuwan da suka faru a baya ba ne, amma hanya ce ta koyar da matasa game da asalin iyali, dangantakar al'umma, jarumta, mutunta manya da kuma wajibcin kare al'adun ƙabila. Bincike kan al'adun Tangale ya nuna cewa harshe da maganganun gargajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana ilimin gargajiya da ƙa'idojin zamantakewa. 3 == Harshe == [[Tangale language|Harshen Tangale]] shi ne babban harshen gargajiya na mutanen Tangale. Ana kuma amfani da [[Hausa language|Hausa]] a matsayin harshen sadarwa tsakanin Tangale da sauran al'ummomin arewacin Najeriya, yayin da Turanci yake taka rawa a makarantu da harkokin hukuma. Harshe yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke ɗauke da tarihin Tangale, musamman ta hanyar karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙin gargajiya da sauran maganganun al'ada. 4 A cikin al'ummar Tangale, amfani da harshe wajen tatsuniya, gaisuwa, karin magana da waƙoƙin yabo yana taimakawa wajen isar da ilimin gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara. Wani bincike kan harshe da al'adun Tangale ya bayyana cewa harshen yana aiki a matsayin ma'ajiyar ilimin al'umma da tunanin tarihi, duk da tasirin Hausa da sauran harsunan zamani. 5 == Noma da sana'o'in gargajiya == Noma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar gargajiya ta Tangale. Al'ummar Tangale sun dogara da noma da kuma albarkatun ƙasa wajen samar da abinci da kuma samun abin dogaro. A wasu yankunan Tangale, al'adun noma suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan gargajiya da tarukan jama'a waɗanda ke nuna muhimmancin fara sabon zangon noma. 6 Tangale kuma an san su da sana'o'in hannu da suka haɗa da saƙa, sassaka, aikin ƙarfe, tukwane da aikin fata. Waɗannan sana'o'i ba kawai hanyoyin samun abin rayuwa ba ne, amma suna daga cikin hanyoyin da al'umma ke amfani da su wajen adana fasaha da ilimin gargajiya. 7 == Rawa da kiɗan gargajiya == Rawa da kiɗa suna da muhimmiyar rawa a bukukuwan Tangale. Ana gudanar da raye-raye a lokuta daban-daban na shekara da kuma yayin manyan bukukuwa da tarukan al'umma. Wasu daga cikin raye-raye suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan noma, addini ko kuma bikin al'adun ƙabila. 8 Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun raye-rayen Tangale shi ne '''Tangra''', wanda ake kuma kira '''Tenam'''. A wasu bayanan al'adu, an bayyana Tangra a matsayin rawa da aka danganta da neman albarka da yalwar amfanin gona kafin lokacin damina. Rawar tana haɗa maza da mata, tare da amfani da kayan ado da kaɗe-kaɗe na gargajiya. 9 A bukukuwan al'adun Tangale, raye-raye da kiɗa kuma suna zama hanyar haɗa matasa da tsofaffi. Misali, rahotannin bukukuwan al'adun Tangale sun nuna yadda masu rawa ke fitowa cikin kayan gargajiya tare da kiɗan gargajiya domin nuna tarihi da asalin al'ummar. 10 == Bukukuwan gargajiya == Tangale suna da bukukuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen adana al'adun ƙabila. Daga cikin bukukuwan da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Pissi Tangale Festival''', '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''', '''Eku''', '''Wula''', '''Pe Kodok''' da '''Pand Kungo'''. Waɗannan bukukuwa suna iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa wani kuma suna da alaƙa da tarihi, noma, zamantakewa ko addinin gargajiya. 11 '''Pissi Tangale''' yana daga cikin bukukuwan da suka samu kulawa a Billiri. Rahoton ''The Guardian'' ya bayyana bikin a matsayin bikin al'adun Tangale na shekara-shekara, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen nuna al'adun ƙabila da kuma ilmantar da matasa game da tarihinsu. Rahoton ya nuna cewa a shekarar 2015 an gudanar da bikin Pissi Tangale karo na goma. 12 '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''' wani tsohon bikin Tangale ne da aka yi ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da shi a Billiri a shekarar 2021. Rahoton ''Independent'' ya bayyana cewa kwamitin shirya bikin ya bayyana manufar farfaɗo da shi a matsayin wata hanya ta sake ƙarfafa watsa al'adun Tangale zuwa ga matasa. 13 A lokacin bikin Bai da aka gudanar a Billiri a shekarar 2021, an gudanar da jerin gwanon jama'a tare da kiɗa da raye-raye na Tangale. Masu shirya bikin sun bayyana shi a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna wasu abubuwan da suka shafi asalin al'ummar Tangale da kuma tunawa da al'adun kakanninsu. 14 == Aure == Aure yana daga cikin muhimman al'amuran zamantakewar Tangale. Al'adun aure suna haɗa iyalai da dangogi kuma suna ƙarfafa dangantakar al'umma. Wasu al'adun gargajiya na Tangale suna amfani da abinci da bukukuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin aure da kuma nuna karɓar sabon memba cikin iyali. 15 A yankunan gabashin Tangale, musamman Kaltungo da wasu yankunan Ture da Shongom, ana danganta '''Adau''' da bukukuwan aure na gargajiya. Adau abinci ne da ake yi daga ƙwayar sesame da aka soya aka nika sannan a haɗa da potash. Bayanan al'adu sun bayyana cewa cin Adau yana da matsayi na musamman a wasu al'adun aure na Tangale. 16 == Abinci == Abincin Tangale ya dogara da amfanin gona da ake samu a yankin, ciki har da masara, dawa, wake, gyada, bambara da sesame. Waɗannan amfanin gona suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci da kuma ci gaba da al'adun girke-girke na gargajiya. 17 Daga cikin abincin gargajiya da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Dipo''', '''Kumbam''', '''Shaka kodo''', '''Ronjo''', '''Kar bayo''', '''Ed mammu''', '''Kwaksak''' da '''Shinga'''. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abinci ana haɗa su da kayan ƙamshi na gargajiya kamar daddawa da sauran kayan da ake samu a yankin. 18 A wasu al'ummomin Tangale, musamman yankunan da ke noma, tarukan abinci na jama'a suna da alaƙa da fara lokacin noma. Rahoton NAN na shekarar 2026 game da Kalargo, wata al'ummar masu magana da Tangale, ya bayyana yadda aka farfaɗo da tsohuwar al'adar cin abinci tare kafin sabon zangon noma domin ƙarfafa haɗin kan al'umma. 19 == Addini da imani == Kafin zuwan addinan duniya, mutanen Tangale suna da tsarin addinin gargajiya wanda ya haɗa da imani da ruhohi, wuraren ibada da kuma wasu abubuwan da ake ɗauka masu tsarki. Bayan yaɗuwar Kiristanci da Musulunci, tsarin addini a Tangale ya sauya, kuma addinan zamani suka zama masu muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar yawancin al'ummar. 20 Duk da sauyin addini, wasu abubuwan al'adu na gargajiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin bukukuwa, raye-raye, tsarin iyali da kuma al'amuran zamantakewa. Wannan ya nuna cewa al'ada da addini ba lallai su kasance abu guda ba, domin wasu al'adun zamantakewa na iya ci gaba ko da bayan sauyin tsarin addini. 21 == Tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya yana daga cikin muhimman ginshiƙan al'ummar Tangale. Shugaban gargajiya na Tangale ana kiransa '''Mai Tangale''', kuma masarautar gargajiya tana da tarihi mai tsawo. Tsarin sarautar yana da alaƙa da gidajen sarauta, masu zaɓen sarki da kuma majalisar gargajiya. 22 A al'adar shugabancin Tangale, masu zaɓen sarki suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarin maye gurbin Mai. Rahoton ''PUNCH'' na shekarar 2021 ya bayyana cewa tsarin zaɓen sabon Mai ya ƙunshi masu zaɓe daga dangogin Tangale da kuma wasu manyan masu riƙe da mukaman gargajiya. 23 Sarautar Mai Tangale ta kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin siyasa da zamantakewar Tangale. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa tsarin sarautar ya haɗa al'umma ta hanyar harshe, tarihi da al'adun da suke da alaƙa da Tangale Chiefdom. 24 == Mutunta manya da zamantakewa == Mutunta manya yana daga cikin ƙa'idojin zamantakewa da ake samu a al'ummomin Gombe, ciki har da Tangale. Manyan iyalai da dattawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da tarihi, shawarwari da ilimin gargajiya ga matasa. 25 Tsarin zamantakewar Tangale ya kuma dogara da haɗin kai tsakanin iyalai da al'umma. Bukukuwa, tarukan jama'a, aure, noma da sauran ayyukan al'umma suna samar da dama ga mutane su haɗu, su tattauna matsalolin al'umma kuma su ƙarfafa dangantakarsu. 26 == Adana al'adu == A zamanin yau, ana ƙoƙarin adana al'adun Tangale ta hanyar bukukuwan gargajiya, koyar da harshe, raye-raye, rubuce-rubucen tarihi da tarukan al'umma. Rahotannin bukukuwan Pissi Tangale da Bai sun nuna cewa wasu daga cikin shugabannin al'umma suna kallon bukukuwan a matsayin hanyar isar da tarihi da al'adu ga matasa. 27 Haka kuma, amfani da harshen Tangale a cikin tatsuniyoyi, karin magana, waƙoƙi da sauran maganganun gargajiya yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ilimin da aka gada daga kakanni. Binciken ethnolinguistic ya nuna cewa harshen Tangale yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen watsa ilimin al'adu tsakanin tsararraki. 28 == Duba kuma == * [[Tangale people]] * [[Tangale language]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Billiri]] * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Shongom]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} = Pissi Tangale == '''Pissi Tangale''' wani babban bikin al'adun Tangale ne da ake gudanarwa a Billiri. Bikin yana haɗa al'ummar Tangale tare da nuna kayan amfanin gona, kayan gargajiya, abinci, tufafi, rawa da sauran abubuwan al'adun Tangale. Ana gudanar da bikin a ƙarshen watan Disamba na kowace shekara, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin wata hanya ta adana da nuna al'adun Tangale ga matasa da sauran jama'a. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Pissi Tangale festival unites Billiri Chiefdom |work=Trust Radio |date=12 October 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-pissi-tangale-festival-unites-billiri-chiefdom}}</ref> Bikin yana kuma da alaƙa da noma, domin ana nuna amfanin gonaki a lokacin taron. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin noma a rayuwar tattalin arzikin Tangale, yayin da kayan gargajiya da raye-raye ke taimakawa wajen nuna tarihin da asalin al'ummar. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Pissi Tangale festival unites Billiri Chiefdom |work=Trust Radio |date=12 October 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-pissi-tangale-festival-unites-billiri-chiefdom}}</ref> == Shag-bai == '''Shag-bai''' ko '''Bai''' wani biki ne da aka danganta da al'adun Tangale na Billiri. Bikin ya ƙunshi cin naman kare da kuma tarukan jama'a, kiɗa da raye-raye. A shekarar 2021, an gudanar da bikin na tsawon kwanaki uku a Billiri, inda mutane suka yi jerin gwano daga kasuwar Kalmai zuwa cikin garin Billiri tare da mawaka da masu rawa na gargajiya. <ref>{{cite news |title=Dog Meat ‘Shag-bai’ Carnival Lights Up Billiri Town |work=Independent Nigeria |date=30 December 2021 |url=https://independent.ng/dog-meat-shag-bai-carnival-lights-up-billiri-town/}}</ref> Masu shirya bikin sun bayyana cewa manufar Shag-bai ita ce nuna asalin Tangale da kuma farfaɗo da wani ɓangare na tsoffin al'adun da ake ganin suna raguwa. Bikin ya kuma ƙunshi nune-nunen wasu sana'o'in gargajiya da kayan tarihi. <ref>{{cite news |title=Tangale Community To Revive Bai 'Dog Meat' Eating Carnival |work=Independent Nigeria |date=3 December 2021 |url=https://independent.ng/tangale-community-to-revive-bai-dog-meat-eating-carnival/}}</ref> == Tsarin shugabanci == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya yana da muhimmiyar rawa a al'ummar Tangale. Shugaban masarautar Tangale ana kiransa '''Mai Tangale''', kuma tsarin zaɓensa ya haɗa da '''kingmakers''' daga sassan Tangale. Rahoton Punch ya bayyana cewa akwai kingmakers tara da ke da hannu wajen tsarin zaɓen Mai Tangale. <ref>{{cite news |title=Mai Tangale: How selection of traditional ruler shattered peace in Gombe community |work=Punch Newspapers |date=28 February 2021 |url=https://punchng.com/mai-tangale-how-selection-of-traditional-ruler-shattered-peace-in-gombe-community/}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} p6h80snqv2bzf7h0u1z3h72q9eb64wx 961944 961943 2026-10-02T17:22:43Z Em-mustapha 6594 /* */ m 961944 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tangale | native_name = Tangale | native_name_lang = Tangale | population = | regions = [[Gombe State]], Nigeria | languages = [[Tangale language|Tangale]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], English | religions = Christianity, Islam, Traditional religion | related_groups = [[Waja people|Waja]], [[Tula people|Tula]], [[Kamo people|Kamo]], [[Tera people|Tera]] }} '''Al'adar Tangale''' na nufin tsarin rayuwa, al'adu, harshe, bukukuwa, sana'o'i, abinci, rawa, kiɗa, aure, tsarin shugabanci da sauran al'adun mutanen [[Tangale people|Tangale]], waɗanda suke zaune musamman a kudancin [[Gombe State|Jihar Gombe]] a Najeriya. Tangale na daga cikin manyan ƙabilun yankin, kuma al'adunsu sun samo asali ne daga dogon tarihin zaman al'umma, noma, farauta, sana'o'in hannu da kuma tsarin zamantakewar gargajiya. 1 == Tarihi da asalin al'ada == Al'adar Tangale tana da alaƙa da tarihin ƙabilar Tangale da kuma wuraren da suka zauna a tsawon tarihi. Wasu bayanan tarihi da aka rubuta game da Tangale sun bayyana cewa al'ummar ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙabilu ko dangogin gargajiya da suka haɗu a ƙarƙashin tsarin zamantakewa da shugabanci na Tangale. Haka kuma, al'adar Tangale ta dogara sosai kan tarihin baka, tatsuniyoyi, karin magana da labaran da ake watsawa daga tsofaffi zuwa matasa. 2 A al'adar Tangale, tarihi ba kawai bayanin abubuwan da suka faru a baya ba ne, amma hanya ce ta koyar da matasa game da asalin iyali, dangantakar al'umma, jarumta, mutunta manya da kuma wajibcin kare al'adun ƙabila. Bincike kan al'adun Tangale ya nuna cewa harshe da maganganun gargajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana ilimin gargajiya da ƙa'idojin zamantakewa. 3 == Harshe == [[Tangale language|Harshen Tangale]] shi ne babban harshen gargajiya na mutanen Tangale. Ana kuma amfani da [[Hausa language|Hausa]] a matsayin harshen sadarwa tsakanin Tangale da sauran al'ummomin arewacin Najeriya, yayin da Turanci yake taka rawa a makarantu da harkokin hukuma. Harshe yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke ɗauke da tarihin Tangale, musamman ta hanyar karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙin gargajiya da sauran maganganun al'ada. 4 A cikin al'ummar Tangale, amfani da harshe wajen tatsuniya, gaisuwa, karin magana da waƙoƙin yabo yana taimakawa wajen isar da ilimin gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara. Wani bincike kan harshe da al'adun Tangale ya bayyana cewa harshen yana aiki a matsayin ma'ajiyar ilimin al'umma da tunanin tarihi, duk da tasirin Hausa da sauran harsunan zamani. 5 == Noma da sana'o'in gargajiya == Noma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar gargajiya ta Tangale. Al'ummar Tangale sun dogara da noma da kuma albarkatun ƙasa wajen samar da abinci da kuma samun abin dogaro. A wasu yankunan Tangale, al'adun noma suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan gargajiya da tarukan jama'a waɗanda ke nuna muhimmancin fara sabon zangon noma. 6 Tangale kuma an san su da sana'o'in hannu da suka haɗa da saƙa, sassaka, aikin ƙarfe, tukwane da aikin fata. Waɗannan sana'o'i ba kawai hanyoyin samun abin rayuwa ba ne, amma suna daga cikin hanyoyin da al'umma ke amfani da su wajen adana fasaha da ilimin gargajiya. 7 == Rawa da kiɗan gargajiya == Rawa da kiɗa suna da muhimmiyar rawa a bukukuwan Tangale. Ana gudanar da raye-raye a lokuta daban-daban na shekara da kuma yayin manyan bukukuwa da tarukan al'umma. Wasu daga cikin raye-raye suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan noma, addini ko kuma bikin al'adun ƙabila. 8 Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun raye-rayen Tangale shi ne '''Tangra''', wanda ake kuma kira '''Tenam'''. A wasu bayanan al'adu, an bayyana Tangra a matsayin rawa da aka danganta da neman albarka da yalwar amfanin gona kafin lokacin damina. Rawar tana haɗa maza da mata, tare da amfani da kayan ado da kaɗe-kaɗe na gargajiya. 9 A bukukuwan al'adun Tangale, raye-raye da kiɗa kuma suna zama hanyar haɗa matasa da tsofaffi. Misali, rahotannin bukukuwan al'adun Tangale sun nuna yadda masu rawa ke fitowa cikin kayan gargajiya tare da kiɗan gargajiya domin nuna tarihi da asalin al'ummar. 10 == Bukukuwan gargajiya == Tangale suna da bukukuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen adana al'adun ƙabila. Daga cikin bukukuwan da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Pissi Tangale Festival''', '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''', '''Eku''', '''Wula''', '''Pe Kodok''' da '''Pand Kungo'''. Waɗannan bukukuwa suna iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa wani kuma suna da alaƙa da tarihi, noma, zamantakewa ko addinin gargajiya. 11 '''Pissi Tangale''' yana daga cikin bukukuwan da suka samu kulawa a Billiri. Rahoton ''The Guardian'' ya bayyana bikin a matsayin bikin al'adun Tangale na shekara-shekara, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen nuna al'adun ƙabila da kuma ilmantar da matasa game da tarihinsu. Rahoton ya nuna cewa a shekarar 2015 an gudanar da bikin Pissi Tangale karo na goma. 12 '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''' wani tsohon bikin Tangale ne da aka yi ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da shi a Billiri a shekarar 2021. Rahoton ''Independent'' ya bayyana cewa kwamitin shirya bikin ya bayyana manufar farfaɗo da shi a matsayin wata hanya ta sake ƙarfafa watsa al'adun Tangale zuwa ga matasa. 13 A lokacin bikin Bai da aka gudanar a Billiri a shekarar 2021, an gudanar da jerin gwanon jama'a tare da kiɗa da raye-raye na Tangale. Masu shirya bikin sun bayyana shi a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna wasu abubuwan da suka shafi asalin al'ummar Tangale da kuma tunawa da al'adun kakanninsu. 14 == Aure == Aure yana daga cikin muhimman al'amuran zamantakewar Tangale. Al'adun aure suna haɗa iyalai da dangogi kuma suna ƙarfafa dangantakar al'umma. Wasu al'adun gargajiya na Tangale suna amfani da abinci da bukukuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin aure da kuma nuna karɓar sabon memba cikin iyali. 15 A yankunan gabashin Tangale, musamman Kaltungo da wasu yankunan Ture da Shongom, ana danganta '''Adau''' da bukukuwan aure na gargajiya. Adau abinci ne da ake yi daga ƙwayar sesame da aka soya aka nika sannan a haɗa da potash. Bayanan al'adu sun bayyana cewa cin Adau yana da matsayi na musamman a wasu al'adun aure na Tangale. 16 == Abinci == Abincin Tangale ya dogara da amfanin gona da ake samu a yankin, ciki har da masara, dawa, wake, gyada, bambara da sesame. Waɗannan amfanin gona suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci da kuma ci gaba da al'adun girke-girke na gargajiya. 17 Daga cikin abincin gargajiya da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Dipo''', '''Kumbam''', '''Shaka kodo''', '''Ronjo''', '''Kar bayo''', '''Ed mammu''', '''Kwaksak''' da '''Shinga'''. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abinci ana haɗa su da kayan ƙamshi na gargajiya kamar daddawa da sauran kayan da ake samu a yankin. 18 A wasu al'ummomin Tangale, musamman yankunan da ke noma, tarukan abinci na jama'a suna da alaƙa da fara lokacin noma. Rahoton NAN na shekarar 2026 game da Kalargo, wata al'ummar masu magana da Tangale, ya bayyana yadda aka farfaɗo da tsohuwar al'adar cin abinci tare kafin sabon zangon noma domin ƙarfafa haɗin kan al'umma. 19 == Addini da imani == Kafin zuwan addinan duniya, mutanen Tangale suna da tsarin addinin gargajiya wanda ya haɗa da imani da ruhohi, wuraren ibada da kuma wasu abubuwan da ake ɗauka masu tsarki. Bayan yaɗuwar Kiristanci da Musulunci, tsarin addini a Tangale ya sauya, kuma addinan zamani suka zama masu muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar yawancin al'ummar. 20 Duk da sauyin addini, wasu abubuwan al'adu na gargajiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin bukukuwa, raye-raye, tsarin iyali da kuma al'amuran zamantakewa. Wannan ya nuna cewa al'ada da addini ba lallai su kasance abu guda ba, domin wasu al'adun zamantakewa na iya ci gaba ko da bayan sauyin tsarin addini. 21 == Tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya yana daga cikin muhimman ginshiƙan al'ummar Tangale. Shugaban gargajiya na Tangale ana kiransa '''Mai Tangale''', kuma masarautar gargajiya tana da tarihi mai tsawo. Tsarin sarautar yana da alaƙa da gidajen sarauta, masu zaɓen sarki da kuma majalisar gargajiya. 22 A al'adar shugabancin Tangale, masu zaɓen sarki suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarin maye gurbin Mai. Rahoton ''PUNCH'' na shekarar 2021 ya bayyana cewa tsarin zaɓen sabon Mai ya ƙunshi masu zaɓe daga dangogin Tangale da kuma wasu manyan masu riƙe da mukaman gargajiya. 23 Sarautar Mai Tangale ta kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin siyasa da zamantakewar Tangale. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa tsarin sarautar ya haɗa al'umma ta hanyar harshe, tarihi da al'adun da suke da alaƙa da Tangale Chiefdom. 24 == Mutunta manya da zamantakewa == Mutunta manya yana daga cikin ƙa'idojin zamantakewa da ake samu a al'ummomin Gombe, ciki har da Tangale. Manyan iyalai da dattawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da tarihi, shawarwari da ilimin gargajiya ga matasa. 25 Tsarin zamantakewar Tangale ya kuma dogara da haɗin kai tsakanin iyalai da al'umma. Bukukuwa, tarukan jama'a, aure, noma da sauran ayyukan al'umma suna samar da dama ga mutane su haɗu, su tattauna matsalolin al'umma kuma su ƙarfafa dangantakarsu. 26 == Adana al'adu == A zamanin yau, ana ƙoƙarin adana al'adun Tangale ta hanyar bukukuwan gargajiya, koyar da harshe, raye-raye, rubuce-rubucen tarihi da tarukan al'umma. Rahotannin bukukuwan Pissi Tangale da Bai sun nuna cewa wasu daga cikin shugabannin al'umma suna kallon bukukuwan a matsayin hanyar isar da tarihi da al'adu ga matasa. 27 Haka kuma, amfani da harshen Tangale a cikin tatsuniyoyi, karin magana, waƙoƙi da sauran maganganun gargajiya yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ilimin da aka gada daga kakanni. Binciken ethnolinguistic ya nuna cewa harshen Tangale yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen watsa ilimin al'adu tsakanin tsararraki. 28 == Duba kuma == * [[Tangale people]] * [[Tangale language]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Billiri]] * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Shongom]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}}{{Infobox ethnic group | group = Tangale | native_name = Tangale | native_name_lang = Tangale | population = | regions = [[Gombe State]], Nigeria | languages = [[Tangale language|Tangale]], [[Hausa language|Hausa]], English | religions = Christianity, Islam, Traditional religion | related_groups = [[Waja people|Waja]], [[Tula people|Tula]], [[Kamo people|Kamo]], [[Tera people|Tera]] }} '''Al'adar Tangale''' tana nufin tsarin rayuwa, al'adu, harshe, bukukuwa, sana'o'i, abinci, rawa, kiɗa, aure, tsarin shugabanci da sauran al'adun mutanen [[Tangale people|Tangale]], waɗanda suke zaune musamman a kudancin [[Gombe State|Jihar Gombe]] a Najeriya. Tangale na daga cikin manyan ƙabilun yankin, kuma al'adunsu sun samo asali ne daga dogon tarihin zaman al'umma, noma, farauta, sana'o'in hannu da kuma tsarin zamantakewar gargajiya. 1 == Tarihi da asalin al'ada == Al'adar Tangale tana da alaƙa da tarihin ƙabilar Tangale da kuma wuraren da suka zauna a tsawon tarihi. Wasu bayanan tarihi da aka rubuta game da Tangale sun bayyana cewa al'ummar ta ƙunshi ƙananan ƙabilu ko dangogin gargajiya da suka haɗu a ƙarƙashin tsarin zamantakewa da shugabanci na Tangale. Haka kuma, al'adar Tangale ta dogara sosai kan tarihin baka, tatsuniyoyi, karin magana da labaran da ake watsawa daga tsofaffi zuwa matasa. 2 A al'adar Tangale, tarihi ba kawai bayanin abubuwan da suka faru a baya ba ne, amma hanya ce ta koyar da matasa game da asalin iyali, dangantakar al'umma, jarumta, mutunta manya da kuma wajibcin kare al'adun ƙabila. Bincike kan al'adun Tangale ya nuna cewa harshe da maganganun gargajiya suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen adana ilimin gargajiya da ƙa'idojin zamantakewa. 3 == Harshe == [[Tangale language|Harshen Tangale]] shi ne babban harshen gargajiya na mutanen Tangale. Ana kuma amfani da [[Hausa language|Hausa]] a matsayin harshen sadarwa tsakanin Tangale da sauran al'ummomin arewacin Najeriya, yayin da Turanci yake taka rawa a makarantu da harkokin hukuma. Harshe yana daga cikin muhimman abubuwan da ke ɗauke da tarihin Tangale, musamman ta hanyar karin magana, tatsuniyoyi, waƙoƙin gargajiya da sauran maganganun al'ada. 4 A cikin al'ummar Tangale, amfani da harshe wajen tatsuniya, gaisuwa, karin magana da waƙoƙin yabo yana taimakawa wajen isar da ilimin gargajiya daga tsara zuwa tsara. Wani bincike kan harshe da al'adun Tangale ya bayyana cewa harshen yana aiki a matsayin ma'ajiyar ilimin al'umma da tunanin tarihi, duk da tasirin Hausa da sauran harsunan zamani. 5 == Noma da sana'o'in gargajiya == Noma ya kasance muhimmin ɓangare na rayuwar gargajiya ta Tangale. Al'ummar Tangale sun dogara da noma da kuma albarkatun ƙasa wajen samar da abinci da kuma samun abin dogaro. A wasu yankunan Tangale, al'adun noma suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan gargajiya da tarukan jama'a waɗanda ke nuna muhimmancin fara sabon zangon noma. 6 Tangale kuma an san su da sana'o'in hannu da suka haɗa da saƙa, sassaka, aikin ƙarfe, tukwane da aikin fata. Waɗannan sana'o'i ba kawai hanyoyin samun abin rayuwa ba ne, amma suna daga cikin hanyoyin da al'umma ke amfani da su wajen adana fasaha da ilimin gargajiya. 7 == Rawa da kiɗan gargajiya == Rawa da kiɗa suna da muhimmiyar rawa a bukukuwan Tangale. Ana gudanar da raye-raye a lokuta daban-daban na shekara da kuma yayin manyan bukukuwa da tarukan al'umma. Wasu daga cikin raye-raye suna da alaƙa da bukukuwan noma, addini ko kuma bikin al'adun ƙabila. 8 Ɗaya daga cikin shahararrun raye-rayen Tangale shi ne '''Tangra''', wanda ake kuma kira '''Tenam'''. A wasu bayanan al'adu, an bayyana Tangra a matsayin rawa da aka danganta da neman albarka da yalwar amfanin gona kafin lokacin damina. Rawar tana haɗa maza da mata, tare da amfani da kayan ado da kaɗe-kaɗe na gargajiya. 9 A bukukuwan al'adun Tangale, raye-raye da kiɗa kuma suna zama hanyar haɗa matasa da tsofaffi. Misali, rahotannin bukukuwan al'adun Tangale sun nuna yadda masu rawa ke fitowa cikin kayan gargajiya tare da kiɗan gargajiya domin nuna tarihi da asalin al'ummar. 10 == Bukukuwan gargajiya == Tangale suna da bukukuwa daban-daban waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen adana al'adun ƙabila. Daga cikin bukukuwan da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Pissi Tangale Festival''', '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''', '''Eku''', '''Wula''', '''Pe Kodok''' da '''Pand Kungo'''. Waɗannan bukukuwa suna iya bambanta daga yanki zuwa wani kuma suna da alaƙa da tarihi, noma, zamantakewa ko addinin gargajiya. 11 '''Pissi Tangale''' yana daga cikin bukukuwan da suka samu kulawa a Billiri. Rahoton ''The Guardian'' ya bayyana bikin a matsayin bikin al'adun Tangale na shekara-shekara, wanda ake amfani da shi wajen nuna al'adun ƙabila da kuma ilmantar da matasa game da tarihinsu. Rahoton ya nuna cewa a shekarar 2015 an gudanar da bikin Pissi Tangale karo na goma. 12 '''Bai''' ko '''Palam Tangle''' wani tsohon bikin Tangale ne da aka yi ƙoƙarin farfaɗo da shi a Billiri a shekarar 2021. Rahoton ''Independent'' ya bayyana cewa kwamitin shirya bikin ya bayyana manufar farfaɗo da shi a matsayin wata hanya ta sake ƙarfafa watsa al'adun Tangale zuwa ga matasa. 13 A lokacin bikin Bai da aka gudanar a Billiri a shekarar 2021, an gudanar da jerin gwanon jama'a tare da kiɗa da raye-raye na Tangale. Masu shirya bikin sun bayyana shi a matsayin wata hanya ta nuna wasu abubuwan da suka shafi asalin al'ummar Tangale da kuma tunawa da al'adun kakanninsu. 14 == Aure == Aure yana daga cikin muhimman al'amuran zamantakewar Tangale. Al'adun aure suna haɗa iyalai da dangogi kuma suna ƙarfafa dangantakar al'umma. Wasu al'adun gargajiya na Tangale suna amfani da abinci da bukukuwa a matsayin wani ɓangare na bikin aure da kuma nuna karɓar sabon memba cikin iyali. 15 A yankunan gabashin Tangale, musamman Kaltungo da wasu yankunan Ture da Shongom, ana danganta '''Adau''' da bukukuwan aure na gargajiya. Adau abinci ne da ake yi daga ƙwayar sesame da aka soya aka nika sannan a haɗa da potash. Bayanan al'adu sun bayyana cewa cin Adau yana da matsayi na musamman a wasu al'adun aure na Tangale. 16 == Abinci == Abincin Tangale ya dogara da amfanin gona da ake samu a yankin, ciki har da masara, dawa, wake, gyada, bambara da sesame. Waɗannan amfanin gona suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen samar da abinci da kuma ci gaba da al'adun girke-girke na gargajiya. 17 Daga cikin abincin gargajiya da ake dangantawa da Tangale akwai '''Dipo''', '''Kumbam''', '''Shaka kodo''', '''Ronjo''', '''Kar bayo''', '''Ed mammu''', '''Kwaksak''' da '''Shinga'''. Wasu daga cikin waɗannan abinci ana haɗa su da kayan ƙamshi na gargajiya kamar daddawa da sauran kayan da ake samu a yankin. 18 A wasu al'ummomin Tangale, musamman yankunan da ke noma, tarukan abinci na jama'a suna da alaƙa da fara lokacin noma. Rahoton NAN na shekarar 2026 game da Kalargo, wata al'ummar masu magana da Tangale, ya bayyana yadda aka farfaɗo da tsohuwar al'adar cin abinci tare kafin sabon zangon noma domin ƙarfafa haɗin kan al'umma. 19 == Addini da imani == Kafin zuwan addinan duniya, mutanen Tangale suna da tsarin addinin gargajiya wanda ya haɗa da imani da ruhohi, wuraren ibada da kuma wasu abubuwan da ake ɗauka masu tsarki. Bayan yaɗuwar Kiristanci da Musulunci, tsarin addini a Tangale ya sauya, kuma addinan zamani suka zama masu muhimmiyar rawa a rayuwar yawancin al'ummar. 20 Duk da sauyin addini, wasu abubuwan al'adu na gargajiya sun ci gaba da kasancewa a cikin bukukuwa, raye-raye, tsarin iyali da kuma al'amuran zamantakewa. Wannan ya nuna cewa al'ada da addini ba lallai su kasance abu guda ba, domin wasu al'adun zamantakewa na iya ci gaba ko da bayan sauyin tsarin addini. 21 == Tsarin shugabanci na gargajiya == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya yana daga cikin muhimman ginshiƙan al'ummar Tangale. Shugaban gargajiya na Tangale ana kiransa '''Mai Tangale''', kuma masarautar gargajiya tana da tarihi mai tsawo. Tsarin sarautar yana da alaƙa da gidajen sarauta, masu zaɓen sarki da kuma majalisar gargajiya. 22 A al'adar shugabancin Tangale, masu zaɓen sarki suna da muhimmiyar rawa wajen tsarin maye gurbin Mai. Rahoton ''PUNCH'' na shekarar 2021 ya bayyana cewa tsarin zaɓen sabon Mai ya ƙunshi masu zaɓe daga dangogin Tangale da kuma wasu manyan masu riƙe da mukaman gargajiya. 23 Sarautar Mai Tangale ta kasance wani muhimmin ɓangare na tarihin siyasa da zamantakewar Tangale. Rahotannin kafafen yaɗa labarai sun nuna cewa tsarin sarautar ya haɗa al'umma ta hanyar harshe, tarihi da al'adun da suke da alaƙa da Tangale Chiefdom. 24 == Mutunta manya da zamantakewa == Mutunta manya yana daga cikin ƙa'idojin zamantakewa da ake samu a al'ummomin Gombe, ciki har da Tangale. Manyan iyalai da dattawa suna taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen isar da tarihi, shawarwari da ilimin gargajiya ga matasa. 25 Tsarin zamantakewar Tangale ya kuma dogara da haɗin kai tsakanin iyalai da al'umma. Bukukuwa, tarukan jama'a, aure, noma da sauran ayyukan al'umma suna samar da dama ga mutane su haɗu, su tattauna matsalolin al'umma kuma su ƙarfafa dangantakarsu. 26 == Adana al'adu == A zamanin yau, ana ƙoƙarin adana al'adun Tangale ta hanyar bukukuwan gargajiya, koyar da harshe, raye-raye, rubuce-rubucen tarihi da tarukan al'umma. Rahotannin bukukuwan Pissi Tangale da Bai sun nuna cewa wasu daga cikin shugabannin al'umma suna kallon bukukuwan a matsayin hanyar isar da tarihi da al'adu ga matasa. 27 Haka kuma, amfani da harshen Tangale a cikin tatsuniyoyi, karin magana, waƙoƙi da sauran maganganun gargajiya yana taimakawa wajen kiyaye ilimin da aka gada daga kakanni. Binciken ethnolinguistic ya nuna cewa harshen Tangale yana ci gaba da taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen watsa ilimin al'adu tsakanin tsararraki. 28 == Duba kuma == * [[Tangale people]] * [[Tangale language]] * [[Gombe State]] * [[Billiri]] * [[Kaltungo]] * [[Shongom]] == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} = Pissi Tangale == '''Pissi Tangale''' wani babban bikin al'adun Tangale ne da ake gudanarwa a Billiri. Bikin yana haɗa al'ummar Tangale tare da nuna kayan amfanin gona, kayan gargajiya, abinci, tufafi, rawa da sauran abubuwan al'adun Tangale. Ana gudanar da bikin a ƙarshen watan Disamba na kowace shekara, kuma an bayyana shi a matsayin wata hanya ta adana da nuna al'adun Tangale ga matasa da sauran jama'a. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Pissi Tangale festival unites Billiri Chiefdom |work=Trust Radio |date=12 October 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-pissi-tangale-festival-unites-billiri-chiefdom}}</ref> Bikin yana kuma da alaƙa da noma, domin ana nuna amfanin gonaki a lokacin taron. Wannan ya nuna muhimmancin noma a rayuwar tattalin arzikin Tangale, yayin da kayan gargajiya da raye-raye ke taimakawa wajen nuna tarihin da asalin al'ummar. <ref>{{cite news |title=How Pissi Tangale festival unites Billiri Chiefdom |work=Trust Radio |date=12 October 2024 |url=https://trustradio.com.ng/en/how-pissi-tangale-festival-unites-billiri-chiefdom}}</ref> == Shag-bai == '''Shag-bai''' ko '''Bai''' wani biki ne da aka danganta da al'adun Tangale na Billiri. Bikin ya ƙunshi cin naman kare da kuma tarukan jama'a, kiɗa da raye-raye. A shekarar 2021, an gudanar da bikin na tsawon kwanaki uku a Billiri, inda mutane suka yi jerin gwano daga kasuwar Kalmai zuwa cikin garin Billiri tare da mawaka da masu rawa na gargajiya. <ref>{{cite news |title=Dog Meat ‘Shag-bai’ Carnival Lights Up Billiri Town |work=Independent Nigeria |date=30 December 2021 |url=https://independent.ng/dog-meat-shag-bai-carnival-lights-up-billiri-town/}}</ref> Masu shirya bikin sun bayyana cewa manufar Shag-bai ita ce nuna asalin Tangale da kuma farfaɗo da wani ɓangare na tsoffin al'adun da ake ganin suna raguwa. Bikin ya kuma ƙunshi nune-nunen wasu sana'o'in gargajiya da kayan tarihi. <ref>{{cite news |title=Tangale Community To Revive Bai 'Dog Meat' Eating Carnival |work=Independent Nigeria |date=3 December 2021 |url=https://independent.ng/tangale-community-to-revive-bai-dog-meat-eating-carnival/}}</ref> == Tsarin shugabanci == Tsarin shugabancin gargajiya yana da muhimmiyar rawa a al'ummar Tangale. Shugaban masarautar Tangale ana kiransa '''Mai Tangale''', kuma tsarin zaɓensa ya haɗa da '''kingmakers''' daga sassan Tangale. Rahoton Punch ya bayyana cewa akwai kingmakers tara da ke da hannu wajen tsarin zaɓen Mai Tangale. <ref>{{cite news |title=Mai Tangale: How selection of traditional ruler shattered peace in Gombe community |work=Punch Newspapers |date=28 February 2021 |url=https://punchng.com/mai-tangale-how-selection-of-traditional-ruler-shattered-peace-in-gombe-community/}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5u9irrbvb2dmeaz5ngw3477emv8vi3o Satveer Saini 0 177892 961954 2026-10-02T17:43:18Z ~2026-52908-53 49595 Sabon shafi: '''Satveer Saini''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Indiya daga Maonda, <nowiki>[[Neem Ka Thana]]</nowiki>, Rajasthan, India. An san shi da ayyukansa a ''Crime Patrol Dial 100'' da ''Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi''.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-written-update-february-01-dev-locks-sonakshi-in-the-office/articleshow/56928904.cms</ref> [[Fayil:Satveer_saini.jpg|right|thumb|Satveer Saini]] == Ayyukan talabijin == * 2017 — ''Crime Pat... 961954 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Satveer Saini''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Indiya daga Maonda, <nowiki>[[Neem Ka Thana]]</nowiki>, Rajasthan, India. An san shi da ayyukansa a ''Crime Patrol Dial 100'' da ''Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi''.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-written-update-february-01-dev-locks-sonakshi-in-the-office/articleshow/56928904.cms</ref> [[Fayil:Satveer_saini.jpg|right|thumb|Satveer Saini]] == Ayyukan talabijin == * 2017 — ''Crime Patrol Dial 100'' — ''Tirth Nagar Murder, Jaipur'' * 2017 — ''Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi'' — sassa 4 == Nassoshi == * [[imdbname:18861155|IMDb – Satveer Saini]] * [[imdbtitle:7079086/fullcredits|IMDb – Tirth Nagar Murder, Jaipur]] * [https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-7-year-leap-dev-sonakshi-shaheer-sheikh-erica-fernandes-4478543/ The Indian Express – Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi] * [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-written-update-february-01-dev-locks-sonakshi-in-the-office/articleshow/56928904.cms Times of India – Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi] sev3u80q23da5zbjjnkji7uqvr1dfwp 961955 961954 2026-10-02T17:47:40Z ~2026-52908-53 49595 /* */ 961955 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Satveer Saini''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Indiya daga Maonda, Neem Ka Thana, <nowiki>[[Rajasthan]]</nowiki>, India. An san shi da ayyukansa a ''Crime Patrol Dial 100'' da ''Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi''.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-written-update-february-01-dev-locks-sonakshi-in-the-office/articleshow/56928904.cms</ref> [[Fayil:Satveer_saini.jpg|right|thumb|Satveer Saini]] == Ayyukan talabijin == * 2017 — ''Crime Patrol Dial 100'' — ''Tirth Nagar Murder, Jaipur'' * 2017 — ''Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi'' — sassa 4 == Nassoshi == * [[imdbname:18861155|IMDb – Satveer Saini]] * [[imdbtitle:7079086/fullcredits|IMDb – Tirth Nagar Murder, Jaipur]] * [https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-7-year-leap-dev-sonakshi-shaheer-sheikh-erica-fernandes-4478543/ The Indian Express – Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi] * [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-written-update-february-01-dev-locks-sonakshi-in-the-office/articleshow/56928904.cms Times of India – Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi] nivu74dck6isup20oovj5yai0j4ewk4 961957 961955 2026-10-02T17:51:22Z ~2026-52908-53 49595 /* */ 961957 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Satveer Saini''' ɗan wasan kwaikwayo ne na Indiya daga Maonda, Neem Ka Thana, Rajasthan, India. An san shi da ayyukansa a ''Crime Patrol Dial 100'' da ''Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi''.<ref>https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-written-update-february-01-dev-locks-sonakshi-in-the-office/articleshow/56928904.cms</ref> [[Fayil:Satveer_saini.jpg|right|thumb|Satveer Saini]] == Ayyukan talabijin == * 2017 — ''Crime Patrol Dial 100'' — ''Tirth Nagar Murder, Jaipur'' * 2017 — ''Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi'' — sassa 4 == Nassoshi == * [[imdbname:18861155|IMDb – Satveer Saini]] * [[imdbtitle:7079086/fullcredits|IMDb – Tirth Nagar Murder, Jaipur]] * [https://indianexpress.com/article/entertainment/television/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-7-year-leap-dev-sonakshi-shaheer-sheikh-erica-fernandes-4478543/ The Indian Express – Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi] * [https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/tv/news/hindi/kuch-rang-pyar-ke-aise-bhi-written-update-february-01-dev-locks-sonakshi-in-the-office/articleshow/56928904.cms Times of India – Kuch Rang Pyar Ke Aise Bhi] mqidihneuusv6sdfy6jmo5963ypf36h Erich Fromm 0 177893 961959 2026-10-02T18:00:40Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376556967|Erich Fromm]]" 961959 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Erich Seligmann Fromm''' ( /f r ɒ m / ,{{IPA|de|ˈeːʁɪç ˈfʁɔm|lang}} ; Maris 23, 1900 - Maris 18, 1980) ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne na Jamus-Amurka, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, masanin [[Kimiyar al'umma|zamantakewa]], masanin [[Falsafa|falsafar]] [[Humanism|ɗan adam]], kuma ɗan gurguzu na dimokuraɗiyya . Bayahude ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus wanda ya tsere daga gwamnatin Nazi ya zauna a Amurka. Yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cibiyar William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology a birnin New York kuma yana da alaƙa da Makarantar Nazarin Ka'idar [[Makarantar Frankfurt|Frankfurt]] . <ref name="Funk">Funk, Rainer. ''Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas''. Translated by Ian Portman, Manuela Kunkel. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8264-1519-9|978-0-8264-1519-6}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9g_DMoBDpw8C&pg=PA13 p. 13].</ref> {{Refn|For a second name he was given that of his grandfather on his father's side, hence Seligmann Pinchas Fromm, although the registry office in Frankfurt does not record him as such, but as Erich Seligmann Fromm. Furthermore, his parents addressed his mail to "Erich S. Fromm".<ref name=Funk />}} == Rayuwa == An haifi Erich Fromm a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1900, a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], ɗa tilo ga Rosa ( née Krause ) da Naphtali Dagam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MSU Libraries |url=https://lib.msu.edu/branches/ua/ |website=lib.msu.edu}}</ref> Ya fara karatunsa na ilimi a shekarar 1918 a Jami'ar Frankfurt am Main da zangon karatu biyu na fannin shari'a . A lokacin zangon karatu na bazara na 1919, Fromm ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Heidelberg, inda ya fara nazarin [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] a ƙarƙashin Alfred Weber (ɗan'uwan masanin zamantakewa [[Max Weber]] ), masanin tabin hankali da masanin falsafa Karl Jaspers, da Heinrich Rickert . Fromm ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga Heidelberg a shekarar 1922 tare da takardar digirin digirgir a ƙarƙashin taken ''Das jüdische Gesetz.'' ''Ein Beitrag zur Soziologie des Diaspora-Judentums'' ( ''Dokar Yahudawa: Gudunmawa ga Ilimin zamantakewa na Yahudawa Diaspora'' ). A lokacin, Fromm ya shiga cikin addinin Zionism sosai, ƙarƙashin rinjayar malamin addinin Zionist Nehemia Anton Nobel. Ya kasance mai himma sosai a cikin Yahudawa ''Studentenverbindungen'' da sauran ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa. Amma ba da daɗewa ba ya juya baya ga addinin Zionism, yana cewa ya saɓa wa ra'ayinsa na "ra'ayin Almasihu da kuma ra'ayin ɗan adam na duniya". <ref>Alfred Lévy: ''Erich Fromm: Humanist zwischen Tradition und Utopie''. Königshausen & Neumann, 2002, {{ISBN|978-3-8260-2242-5}}, p.&nbsp;13.</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 1920, ya yi horo don zama likitan kwakwalwa ta hanyar asibitin Frieda Reichmann da ke Heidelberg . Sun yi aure a shekarar 1926, amma sun rabu jim kaɗan bayan haka suka sake a shekarar 1942. Ya fara aikin likitanci na kansa a shekarar 1927. A shekarar 1930 ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta Frankfurt kuma ya kammala karatunsa na nazarin halayyar ɗan adam. Bayan da Nazi suka kwace mulki a Jamus, Fromm ya fara ƙaura zuwa [[Geneva]] sannan, a shekarar 1934, zuwa Jami'ar Columbia da ke New York. Tare da [[Karen Horney]] da Harry Stack Sullivan, Fromm yana cikin wata makarantar nazarin tunanin kwakwalwa ta Neo-Freudian . Horney da Fromm kowannensu yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan tunanin ɗayan, inda Horney ya haskaka wasu fannoni na nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ga Fromm, sannan na biyu ya bayyana ilimin zamantakewa ga Horney. Alaƙarsu ta ƙare a ƙarshen shekarun 1930. Bayan ya bar Columbia, Fromm ya taimaka wajen kafa reshen New York na Makarantar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Washington a shekarar 1943, kuma a shekarar 1946 ya kafa tare da William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, da Psychology. Ya kasance a sashen koyar da karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Bennington daga 1941 zuwa 1949, kuma ya koyar da darussa a Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta New School for Social Research da ke New York daga 1941 zuwa 1959. Lokacin da Fromm ya koma [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] a shekarar 1949, ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Kasa Mai Zaman Kanta ta Mexico (UNAM) kuma ya kafa sashen nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a makarantar likitanci da ke can. A halin yanzu, ya koyar a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan daga 1957 zuwa 1961 da kuma a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a sashen digiri na biyu na Fasaha da Kimiyya a Jami'ar New York bayan 1962. Ya koyar a UNAM har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya, a shekarar 1965, da kuma a ƙungiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta Mexico (SMP) har zuwa shekarar 1974. A shekarar 1974, ya ƙaura daga birnin Mexico zuwa Muralto, Switzerland, kuma ya mutu a gidansa a shekarar 1980, kwana biyar kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta tamanin. Duk tsawon lokacin, Fromm ya ci gaba da gudanar da aikinsa na likitanci kuma ya buga jerin littattafai. A shekarar 1962, Fromm ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar [[International Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies]] (IFPS), wacce aka kafa a Amsterdam a wannan shekarar a matsayin madadin IPA . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huppke |first=Andrea |date=2021-10-02 |title=The inception of the International Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies (IFPS) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0803706X.2021.1986231 |journal=International Forum of Psychoanalysis |publisher=Routledge |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=212–222 |doi=10.1080/0803706X.2021.1986231 |issn=0803-706X}}</ref> Fromm was reportedly an atheist{{Refn|About the same time he stopped observing Jewish religious rituals and rejected a cause he had once embraced, Zionism. He "just didn't want to participate in any division of the human race, whether religious or political," he explained decades later (Wershba, p. 12), by which time he was a confirmed atheist.<ref name=Davidson />}} but described his position as "nontheistic mysticism". == Ka'idar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam == Tun daga farkon aikinsa na [[wiktionary:seminal|farko]] na shekarar 1941, ''"Ku tsere daga 'Yanci"'' (wanda aka sani a Birtaniya da ''"Tsoron 'Yanci'' "), rubuce-rubucen Fromm sun shahara sosai saboda sharhin zamantakewa da siyasa da kuma tushen falsafa da tunani. Hakika, ana kallon ''tserewa daga 'Yanci'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da aka kafa na ilimin halayyar siyasa . Muhimmin aikinsa na biyu, ''Man for Self: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1947, ya ci gaba kuma ya ƙara wa ra'ayoyin ' ''Escape from Freedom''' suna. Idan aka haɗa waɗannan littattafan, sun bayyana ka'idar Fromm game da halayen ɗan adam, wadda ta samo asali ne daga ka'idar Fromm game da yanayin ɗan adam. Littafin da Fromm ya fi shahara shi ne ''The Art of Love'', wani littafi da aka fi sayarwa a duniya wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1956, wanda ya sake fasalta kuma ya ƙara wa ka'idodin ka'idojin yanayin ɗan adam da aka samu a cikin ''Ɓace daga 'Yanci'' da ''Mutum don Kansa'' - ƙa'idodi waɗanda aka sake duba su a cikin sauran manyan ayyukan Fromm. Babban abin da Fromm ya fi mayar da hankali a kai a duniya shi ne fassararsa ta Talmud da Hasidism . Ya fara karatun Talmud tun yana saurayi a ƙarƙashin Rabbi J. Horowitz, daga baya kuma a ƙarƙashin Rabbi Salman Baruch Rabinkow, ɗan Chabad Hasid . A lokacin da yake neman digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Heidelberg, Fromm ya yi karatun Tanya a wurin wanda ya kafa Chabad, Rabbi Shneur Zalman na Liadi . Dagam ya kuma yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Nehemia Nobel da Ludwig Krause yayin da yake karatu a Frankfurt. Kakan Fromm da kakanni biyu a gefen mahaifinsa [[Rabbi|malamai]] ne, kuma wani babban kawu a gefen mahaifiyarsa sanannen malamin Talmud ne. Duk da haka, Fromm ya juya baya daga addinin Yahudanci na gargajiya a shekarar 1926, zuwa ga fassarar abubuwan da ba na addini ba na ƙa'idodin littafi mai tsarki. Babban ginshiƙin falsafar ɗan adam ta Fromm shine fassararsa ga labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki game da korar Adamu da Hauwa'u daga Lambun Adnin . Daga cikin iliminsa na Talmud, Fromm ya nuna cewa iya bambance tsakanin nagarta da mugunta gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nagarta, amma masana Littafi Mai Tsarki gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar Adamu da Hauwa'u a matsayin sun yi zunubi ta hanyar rashin biyayya ga Allah da cin daga Itacen Ilimi . Duk da haka, daga ra'ayin gargajiya na addini a kan wannan, Fromm ya yaba wa kyawawan halaye na mutane da ke ɗaukar mataki mai zaman kansa da amfani da hankali don kafa ɗabi'un ɗabi'a maimakon bin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a na kama-karya. Bayan wani hukunci mai sauƙi na tsarin ƙima na kama-karya, Fromm ya yi amfani da labarin Adamu da Hauwa'u a matsayin bayani na misali game da [[Juyin Halitta na Mutum|juyin halittar ɗan adam]] da kuma damuwa [[Imanin wanzuwa|ta rayuwa]], yana mai da'awar cewa lokacin da Adamu da Hauwa'u suka ci daga Bishiyar Ilimi, sun fahimci kansu a matsayin waɗanda suka bambanta da yanayi yayin da har yanzu suke cikinsa. Shi ya sa suka ji "tsirara" kuma suka "ji kunya": sun rikide zuwa [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]], suna sane da kansu, mutuwarsu, da rashin ƙarfinsu a gaban ƙarfin yanayi da al'umma, kuma ba su sake haɗuwa da duniya kamar yadda suke a cikin rayuwarsu ta zahiri, kafin ɗan adam a matsayin dabbobi ba. A cewar Fromm, sanin cewa wanzuwar ɗan adam da ba ta da haɗin kai tushen laifi ne da kunya, kuma mafita ga wannan bambancin rayuwa tana samuwa ne ta hanyar haɓaka ikon mutum na musamman na ƙauna da hankali. Duk da haka, Fromm ya bambanta ''ra'ayinsa'' na ƙauna daga ra'ayoyin da ba su da ''tushe'' da kuma ƙaunar ''Freudian mai rikitarwa'' (duba sukar da Marcuse ya yi a ƙasa ). Dagam ya ɗauki soyayya a matsayin ikon ƙirƙira tsakanin mutane maimakon [[Emotion|motsin rai]], kuma ya bambanta wannan ikon ƙirƙira daga abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin nau'ikan cututtukan narcissistic da halayen [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochistic]] waɗanda aka saba ɗauka a matsayin hujja ta "soyayya ta gaskiya". Hakika, Fromm ya ɗauki abin da ya faru na "faɗuwa cikin soyayya" a matsayin shaida na gazawar mutum wajen fahimtar ainihin yanayin soyayya, wanda ya yi imani koyaushe yana da abubuwan da suka zama ruwan dare gama gari kamar ''kulawa'', ''alhaki'', ''girmamawa'', da ''ilimi'' . Daga iliminsa na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, Fromm ya nuna labarin Yunana, wanda bai so ya ceci mazauna Nineveh daga sakamakon zunubinsu ba, a matsayin abin da ke nuna imaninsa cewa halayen ''kulawa'' da ''alhaki'' ba sa cikin yawancin dangantakar ɗan adam. Fromm ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa mutane kalilan ne a cikin al'ummar zamani ke ''girmama'' 'yancin cin gashin kansu, balle ma ''sanin'' abin da wasu mutane ke so da buƙata. Fromm ya yi imani da cewa 'yanci wani bangare ne na dabi'ar ɗan adam da muke runguma ko kuma mu tsere. Ya lura cewa rungumar 'yancinmu na son rai yana da kyau, yayin da tserewa 'yanci ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin tserewa shine tushen rikice-rikicen tunani. Dagam ya bayyana hanyoyi uku da aka fi amfani da su wajen tserewa: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] sky3zbg8uyrf1u4gnjmgx3i3pqlgtlq 961960 961959 2026-10-02T18:01:07Z Sardeeq 39275 961960 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Erich Seligmann Fromm''' ( /f r ɒ m / ,{{IPA|de|ˈeːʁɪç ˈfʁɔm|lang}} ; Maris 23, 1900 - Maris 18, 1980) ƙwararren masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam ne na Jamus-Amurka, masanin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam, masanin [[Kimiyar al'umma|zamantakewa]], masanin [[Falsafa|falsafar]] [[Humanism|ɗan adam]], kuma ɗan gurguzu na dimokuraɗiyya . Bayahude ne ɗan ƙasar Jamus wanda ya tsere daga gwamnatin Nazi ya zauna a Amurka. Yana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa Cibiyar William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis and Psychology a birnin New York kuma yana da alaƙa da Makarantar Nazarin Ka'idar [[Makarantar Frankfurt|Frankfurt]] . <ref name="Funk">Funk, Rainer. ''Erich Fromm: His Life and Ideas''. Translated by Ian Portman, Manuela Kunkel. New York: Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003. {{ISBN|0-8264-1519-9|978-0-8264-1519-6}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9g_DMoBDpw8C&pg=PA13 p. 13].</ref> {{Refn|For a second name he was given that of his grandfather on his father's side, hence Seligmann Pinchas Fromm, although the registry office in Frankfurt does not record him as such, but as Erich Seligmann Fromm. Furthermore, his parents addressed his mail to "Erich S. Fromm".<ref name=Funk />}} == Rayuwa == An haifi Erich Fromm a ranar 23 ga Maris, 1900, a [[Frankfurt|Frankfurt am Main]], ɗa tilo ga Rosa ( née Krause ) da Naphtali Dagam. <ref>{{Cite web |title=MSU Libraries |url=https://lib.msu.edu/branches/ua/ |website=lib.msu.edu}}</ref> Ya fara karatunsa na ilimi a shekarar 1918 a Jami'ar Frankfurt am Main da zangon karatu biyu na fannin shari'a . A lokacin zangon karatu na bazara na 1919, Fromm ya yi karatu a Jami'ar Heidelberg, inda ya fara nazarin [[Kimiyar al'umma|ilimin zamantakewa]] a ƙarƙashin Alfred Weber (ɗan'uwan masanin zamantakewa [[Max Weber]] ), masanin tabin hankali da masanin falsafa Karl Jaspers, da Heinrich Rickert . Fromm ya sami digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin zamantakewa daga Heidelberg a shekarar 1922 tare da takardar digirin digirgir a ƙarƙashin taken ''Das jüdische Gesetz.'' ''Ein Beitrag zur Soziologie des Diaspora-Judentums'' ( ''Dokar Yahudawa: Gudunmawa ga Ilimin zamantakewa na Yahudawa Diaspora'' ). A lokacin, Fromm ya shiga cikin addinin Zionism sosai, ƙarƙashin rinjayar malamin addinin Zionist Nehemia Anton Nobel. Ya kasance mai himma sosai a cikin Yahudawa ''Studentenverbindungen'' da sauran ƙungiyoyin Yahudawa. Amma ba da daɗewa ba ya juya baya ga addinin Zionism, yana cewa ya saɓa wa ra'ayinsa na "ra'ayin Almasihu da kuma ra'ayin ɗan adam na duniya". <ref>Alfred Lévy: ''Erich Fromm: Humanist zwischen Tradition und Utopie''. Königshausen & Neumann, 2002, {{ISBN|978-3-8260-2242-5}}, p.&nbsp;13.</ref> A tsakiyar shekarun 1920, ya yi horo don zama likitan kwakwalwa ta hanyar asibitin Frieda Reichmann da ke Heidelberg . Sun yi aure a shekarar 1926, amma sun rabu jim kaɗan bayan haka suka sake a shekarar 1942. Ya fara aikin likitanci na kansa a shekarar 1927. A shekarar 1930 ya shiga Cibiyar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta Frankfurt kuma ya kammala karatunsa na nazarin halayyar ɗan adam. Bayan da Nazi suka kwace mulki a Jamus, Fromm ya fara ƙaura zuwa [[Geneva]] sannan, a shekarar 1934, zuwa Jami'ar Columbia da ke New York. Tare da [[Karen Horney]] da Harry Stack Sullivan, Fromm yana cikin wata makarantar nazarin tunanin kwakwalwa ta Neo-Freudian . Horney da Fromm kowannensu yana da tasiri mai yawa a kan tunanin ɗayan, inda Horney ya haskaka wasu fannoni na nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ga Fromm, sannan na biyu ya bayyana ilimin zamantakewa ga Horney. Alaƙarsu ta ƙare a ƙarshen shekarun 1930. Bayan ya bar Columbia, Fromm ya taimaka wajen kafa reshen New York na Makarantar Ilimin Halayyar Dan Adam ta Washington a shekarar 1943, kuma a shekarar 1946 ya kafa tare da William Alanson White Institute of Psychiatry, Psychoanalysis, da Psychology. Ya kasance a sashen koyar da karatun digiri na biyu a Kwalejin Bennington daga 1941 zuwa 1949, kuma ya koyar da darussa a Makarantar Nazarin Zamantakewa ta New School for Social Research da ke New York daga 1941 zuwa 1959. Lokacin da Fromm ya koma [[Mexico (birni)|birnin Mexico]] a shekarar 1949, ya zama farfesa a Jami'ar Kasa Mai Zaman Kanta ta Mexico (UNAM) kuma ya kafa sashen nazarin halayyar ɗan adam a makarantar likitanci da ke can. A halin yanzu, ya koyar a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a Jami'ar Jihar Michigan daga 1957 zuwa 1961 da kuma a matsayin farfesa a fannin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam a sashen digiri na biyu na Fasaha da Kimiyya a Jami'ar New York bayan 1962. Ya koyar a UNAM har zuwa lokacin da ya yi ritaya, a shekarar 1965, da kuma a ƙungiyar nazarin halayyar ɗan adam ta Mexico (SMP) har zuwa shekarar 1974. A shekarar 1974, ya ƙaura daga birnin Mexico zuwa Muralto, Switzerland, kuma ya mutu a gidansa a shekarar 1980, kwana biyar kafin ranar haihuwarsa ta tamanin. Duk tsawon lokacin, Fromm ya ci gaba da gudanar da aikinsa na likitanci kuma ya buga jerin littattafai. A shekarar 1962, Fromm ya taimaka wajen kafa ƙungiyar [[International Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies]] (IFPS), wacce aka kafa a Amsterdam a wannan shekarar a matsayin madadin IPA . <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Huppke |first=Andrea |date=2021-10-02 |title=The inception of the International Federation of Psychoanalytic Societies (IFPS) |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/0803706X.2021.1986231 |journal=International Forum of Psychoanalysis |publisher=Routledge |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=212–222 |doi=10.1080/0803706X.2021.1986231 |issn=0803-706X}}</ref> Fromm was reportedly an atheist{{Refn|About the same time he stopped observing Jewish religious rituals and rejected a cause he had once embraced, Zionism. He "just didn't want to participate in any division of the human race, whether religious or political," he explained decades later (Wershba, p. 12), by which time he was a confirmed atheist.<ref name=Davidson />}} but described his position as "nontheistic mysticism". == Ka'idar ilimin halayyar ɗan adam == Tun daga farkon aikinsa na [[wiktionary:seminal|farko]] na shekarar 1941, ''"Ku tsere daga 'Yanci"'' (wanda aka sani a Birtaniya da ''"Tsoron 'Yanci'' "), rubuce-rubucen Fromm sun shahara sosai saboda sharhin zamantakewa da siyasa da kuma tushen falsafa da tunani. Hakika, ana kallon ''tserewa daga 'Yanci'' a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin ayyukan da aka kafa na ilimin halayyar siyasa . Muhimmin aikinsa na biyu, ''Man for Self: An Inquiry into the Psychology of Ethics'', wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1947, ya ci gaba kuma ya ƙara wa ra'ayoyin ' ''Escape from Freedom''' suna. Idan aka haɗa waɗannan littattafan, sun bayyana ka'idar Fromm game da halayen ɗan adam, wadda ta samo asali ne daga ka'idar Fromm game da yanayin ɗan adam. Littafin da Fromm ya fi shahara shi ne ''The Art of Love'', wani littafi da aka fi sayarwa a duniya wanda aka fara bugawa a shekarar 1956, wanda ya sake fasalta kuma ya ƙara wa ka'idodin ka'idojin yanayin ɗan adam da aka samu a cikin ''Ɓace daga 'Yanci'' da ''Mutum don Kansa'' - ƙa'idodi waɗanda aka sake duba su a cikin sauran manyan ayyukan Fromm. Babban abin da Fromm ya fi mayar da hankali a kai a duniya shi ne fassararsa ta Talmud da Hasidism . Ya fara karatun Talmud tun yana saurayi a ƙarƙashin Rabbi J. Horowitz, daga baya kuma a ƙarƙashin Rabbi Salman Baruch Rabinkow, ɗan Chabad Hasid . A lokacin da yake neman digirin digirgir a fannin ilimin zamantakewa a Jami'ar Heidelberg, Fromm ya yi karatun Tanya a wurin wanda ya kafa Chabad, Rabbi Shneur Zalman na Liadi . Dagam ya kuma yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Nehemia Nobel da Ludwig Krause yayin da yake karatu a Frankfurt. Kakan Fromm da kakanni biyu a gefen mahaifinsa [[Rabbi|malamai]] ne, kuma wani babban kawu a gefen mahaifiyarsa sanannen malamin Talmud ne. Duk da haka, Fromm ya juya baya daga addinin Yahudanci na gargajiya a shekarar 1926, zuwa ga fassarar abubuwan da ba na addini ba na ƙa'idodin littafi mai tsarki. Babban ginshiƙin falsafar ɗan adam ta Fromm shine fassararsa ga labarin Littafi Mai Tsarki game da korar Adamu da Hauwa'u daga Lambun Adnin . Daga cikin iliminsa na Talmud, Fromm ya nuna cewa iya bambance tsakanin nagarta da mugunta gabaɗaya ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin nagarta, amma masana Littafi Mai Tsarki gabaɗaya suna ɗaukar Adamu da Hauwa'u a matsayin sun yi zunubi ta hanyar rashin biyayya ga Allah da cin daga Itacen Ilimi . Duk da haka, daga ra'ayin gargajiya na addini a kan wannan, Fromm ya yaba wa kyawawan halaye na mutane da ke ɗaukar mataki mai zaman kansa da amfani da hankali don kafa ɗabi'un ɗabi'a maimakon bin ƙa'idodin ɗabi'a na kama-karya. Bayan wani hukunci mai sauƙi na tsarin ƙima na kama-karya, Fromm ya yi amfani da labarin Adamu da Hauwa'u a matsayin bayani na misali game da [[Juyin Halitta na Mutum|juyin halittar ɗan adam]] da kuma damuwa [[Imanin wanzuwa|ta rayuwa]], yana mai da'awar cewa lokacin da Adamu da Hauwa'u suka ci daga Bishiyar Ilimi, sun fahimci kansu a matsayin waɗanda suka bambanta da yanayi yayin da har yanzu suke cikinsa. Shi ya sa suka ji "tsirara" kuma suka "ji kunya": sun rikide zuwa [[Ɗan Adam|mutane]], suna sane da kansu, mutuwarsu, da rashin ƙarfinsu a gaban ƙarfin yanayi da al'umma, kuma ba su sake haɗuwa da duniya kamar yadda suke a cikin rayuwarsu ta zahiri, kafin ɗan adam a matsayin dabbobi ba. A cewar Fromm, sanin cewa wanzuwar ɗan adam da ba ta da haɗin kai tushen laifi ne da kunya, kuma mafita ga wannan bambancin rayuwa tana samuwa ne ta hanyar haɓaka ikon mutum na musamman na ƙauna da hankali. Duk da haka, Fromm ya bambanta ''ra'ayinsa'' na ƙauna daga ra'ayoyin da ba su da ''tushe'' da kuma ƙaunar ''Freudian mai rikitarwa'' (duba sukar da Marcuse ya yi a ƙasa ). Dagam ya ɗauki soyayya a matsayin ikon ƙirƙira tsakanin mutane maimakon [[Emotion|motsin rai]], kuma ya bambanta wannan ikon ƙirƙira daga abin da ya ɗauka a matsayin nau'ikan cututtukan narcissistic da halayen [[Sadomasochism|sado-masochistic]] waɗanda aka saba ɗauka a matsayin hujja ta "soyayya ta gaskiya". Hakika, Fromm ya ɗauki abin da ya faru na "faɗuwa cikin soyayya" a matsayin shaida na gazawar mutum wajen fahimtar ainihin yanayin soyayya, wanda ya yi imani koyaushe yana da abubuwan da suka zama ruwan dare gama gari kamar ''kulawa'', ''alhaki'', ''girmamawa'', da ''ilimi'' . Daga iliminsa na Littafi Mai Tsarki na Ibrananci, Fromm ya nuna labarin Yunana, wanda bai so ya ceci mazauna Nineveh daga sakamakon zunubinsu ba, a matsayin abin da ke nuna imaninsa cewa halayen ''kulawa'' da ''alhaki'' ba sa cikin yawancin dangantakar ɗan adam. Fromm ya kuma yi ikirarin cewa mutane kalilan ne a cikin al'ummar zamani ke ''girmama'' 'yancin cin gashin kansu, balle ma ''sanin'' abin da wasu mutane ke so da buƙata. Fromm ya yi imani da cewa 'yanci wani bangare ne na dabi'ar ɗan adam da muke runguma ko kuma mu tsere. Ya lura cewa rungumar 'yancinmu na son rai yana da kyau, yayin da tserewa 'yanci ta hanyar amfani da hanyoyin tserewa shine tushen rikice-rikicen tunani. Dagam ya bayyana hanyoyi uku da aka fi amfani da su wajen tserewa: == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 1980]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1900]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] n5p1wiyixhb0p2l99nil2zp70ms0l62 Jeroo Billimoria 0 177894 962009 2026-10-02T19:37:21Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372218734|Jeroo Billimoria]]" 962009 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist|32em}}'''Jeroo Billimoria''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1965) [[Kasuwancin zamantakewa|ɗan kasuwa ne na zamantakewa]] na Indiya kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyoyin agaji na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. An nuna ayyukanta a cikin littattafai da dama. Sabbin shirye-shiryenta sun haɗa da [[Child and Youth Finance International]] (CYFI), wanda Jeroo ya kafa a shekarar 2011, Aflatoun (Child Savings International), Childline India Foundation da Child Helpline International . Sabon shirinta shine [[Catalyst Now]], (wanda a da ake kira Catalyst 2030). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Billimoria a [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Indiya, ga akawu kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa. An rene ta a cikin iyali mai himma ga ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, mutuwar mahaifinta da wuri ta sa ta sadaukar da kanta ga ayyukan jin dadin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jeroo Billimoria &#124; Ashoka &#124; Everyone a Changemaker |url=https://www.ashoka.org/fellow/Jeroo-Billimoria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111013651/http://www.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=2017-10-18 |publisher=Ashoka}}</ref> Billimoria ya sami digirin farko na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Mumbai (wanda a da Jami'ar Bombay ce ) a shekarar 1986, digiri na biyu a fannin Aikin Jama'a daga Cibiyar Kimiyyar Zamani ta Tata ta Indiya a shekarar 1988 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Sa-kai daga Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamani ta [[New York (birni)|New York City]] a shekarar 1992. Daga 1991 zuwa 1999, ta kasance [[farfesa]] a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ta Tata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeroo Billimoria {{!}} Ashoka - India |url=http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053951/http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria |archive-date=9 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=india.ashoka.org |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Kasuwancin zamantakewa === A shekarar 1989, Billimoria ya yi tafiya na tsawon watanni shida kafin ya koma Cibiyar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ta Tata kuma ya zama malami a can. An sanya wasu ɗalibanta da suka kammala karatun digiri a matsayin ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a a matsugunan Bombay. Yayin da ta fahimci buƙatar wata ƙungiya da za ta iya haɗa hukumomin kula da yara da yawa a [[Mumbai|Bombay]] don tuntuɓar yaran cikin sauƙi da sauri, ta yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan waɗannan ayyukan su yi aiki tare da juna. Bayan yunƙurin da ta yi na rashin nasara sau da yawa, kuma bayan ta ga ba ta da sha'awar wannan ra'ayi, sai ta yanke shawarar daina aikinta mai gamsarwa. Madadin haka a shekarar 1991, ta kafa wata ƙungiya mai suna Meljol (Coming Together) don haɗa yara daga asali daban-daban don yin aiki tare, tare da haɗin gwiwa, kan ayyukan da ke da fa'idodi na zamantakewa. Wannan ƙungiya tana neman haɓaka ƙwarewar [[Children's citizenship|zama ɗan ƙasa]] ta hanyar mai da hankali kan haƙƙoƙinsu da nauyin da ke kansu da kuma ba su damar ba da gudummawa mai kyau ga muhallinsu. [[Equal Rights, Opportunities and Respect for all,|Daidaito Haƙƙoƙi, Damammaki da Girmamawa ga kowa,]] sune ginshiƙin falsafar Meljol. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meljol Website |url=http://meljol.net/india/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115151750/http://meljol.net/india/ |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=}}</ref> A shekarar 1996, Billimoria ta kafa gidauniyar Childline India, wata cibiyar wayar tarho ta gaggawa ta awanni 24 ga yara, bisa ga aikinta da yara da ke zaune a titunan Indiya. Daga ƙarshe duk wayoyin da ake da su don amfanin jama'a za su iya kiran Childline kyauta don taimaka wa yara su sami taimako a wuraren da ba a iya samun mafaka ta gaggawa ba. A watan Yunin 1998, Childline ta gudanar da wani taro, inda ta gayyaci gwamnati da sauran mutane daga birane 29 daban-daban a Indiya don taimakawa wajen yaɗa hidimar wayar Childline. [[Anand Bordia]], babban sakataren ma'aikatar shari'a da karfafa gwiwa ta Indiya, ya yi magana da Billimoria game da fadada Childline a fadin kasar. Bayan gabatar da wannan gabatarwa, Bordia, tare da AP Singh, mataimakin sakataren Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Ƙarfafawa Jama'a, sun yi tayin taimakawa wajen faɗaɗa Childline zuwa birane goma. Wata guda bayan haka, Maneka Gandhi, ministan shari'a da ƙarfafawa na Indiya, ta yi magana da Billimoria, tana mai cewa ya kamata a ƙara faɗaɗa Childline, tana ba da hidima ga yara a duk manyan biranen Indiya (jimillar mutane sama da miliyan 1). A shekara ta 2002, Childline ta faɗaɗa zuwa birane 43 a Indiya, tare da ƙarin 12 nan ba da jimawa ba. Billimoria ta kafa Child Helpline International, wata cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta masu samar da ayyukan gaggawa na wayar tarho ga yara. Zuwa yanzu wannan hanyar sadarwa ta amsa kira sama da miliyan 140 a cikin ƙasashe 133. Ta hanyar tattara bayanai kan nau'ikan gaggawa da yaran suka fuskanta, CHI tana iya gano da kuma isar da yanayin ga ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu, <ref name="Rippling" /> tana ba da damar daidaita taimakon gaggawa don dacewa da takamaiman buƙatun kowace al'umma. Bayan tattara bayanai ta hanyar layukan taimako, ya bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin kiran gaggawa ana iya gano su ne da talauci. Domin magance wannan damuwa, Billimoria ta ƙirƙiri Aflatoun, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan koyar da yara haƙƙoƙinsu na tattalin arziki da nauyin da ke kansu, da kuma haɓaka ƙwarewar gudanarwa da ɗabi'un gudanarwa na kuɗi. A yau ƙungiyarta ta kai ga yara miliyan 8 a ƙasashe 101. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Results to Date |url=http://aflatoun.org/story/story-selected/results-to-date |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309182447/http://aflatoun.org/story/story-selected/results-to-date |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=2013-03-02 |website=}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, Billimoria ta kafa [[Child and Youth Finance International|Asusun Kula da Yara da Matasa na Duniya]], wata cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya da ta ƙunshi jihohi, ƙungiyoyin kuɗi da cibiyoyin ilimi waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don haɓaka ƙwarewar kuɗi da haɗa kan yara da matasa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da raba albarkatu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=About us |url=http://www.childandyouthfinanceinternational.org/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708194358/http://www.childfinanceinternational.org/about-us |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=2013-03-02 |website=}}</ref> Kwanan nan, Billimoria ta shiga kwamitin ba da shawara na Deedmob, wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke sauya fannin aikin sa kai. Billimoria yanzu ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Iyali ta One, wata ƙaramar gidauniya mai zaman kanta, wadda ke haɓaka sabbin abubuwa na zamantakewa da kuma amfani da hanyoyin canza tsarin don taimakawa ƙungiyoyi su faɗaɗa. Tare da haɗin gwiwar babban gungun 'yan kasuwa na zamantakewa, tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Catalyst 2030 wacce ke da nufin hanzarta [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya nan da shekarar 2030 da kuma aiki don canza tsarin a dukkan matakai. Daga baya aka sake wa ƙungiyar suna Catalyst Now. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalyst Now MENA |url=https://micromentor.org/catalystnowmena |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Micromentor |language=en-US}}</ref> Za ku iya karanta ra'ayoyinta da ra'ayoyinta game da kirkire-kirkire a shafinta na yanar gizo: ''[https://www.onefamilyfoundation.one/blog Jeroo ba daidai ba ne a siyasance]'' === Layin Yara === Billimoria ita ce wadda ta kafa Childline, wata kafar sadarwa ta wayar tarho ga yara 'yan Indiya marasa gidaje. An yi nufin ƙungiyar ne don taimaka wa yara waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu, suka ɓace, ko kuma suka yi rashin lafiya. Daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2002 lokacin da Jeroo ya yi ritaya, Childline ta sami kira miliyan 2.7. Jeroo ya kuma sami damar yin hulɗa da rundunar 'yan sanda da asibitoci na yankin. Ta sami damar sanya rumfunan lafiya a yankunan da ake samun kiraye-kiraye da yawa wajen bayar da rahoton yara marasa lafiya, har ma ta horar da jami'an 'yan sanda don su ƙara sanin yara a kan tituna da ke kewaye da su. Wannan ɗabi'a galibi tana shafar dangi wanda ke da kyawawan ɗabi'u kuma yana yin tasiri ga rayuwar ɗan kasuwa a farkon rayuwarsa. Jeroo Billimoria ya fara Childline a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji mai riba. A matsayinta na ma'aikatanta, ta ɗauki matasa maza da mata waɗanda a da suka kasance yara kanana a kan titi aiki. Waɗannan ma'aikatan za su iya yaɗa labarin Childline ga yaran cikin sauƙi kuma su fahimci yadda za su yi musu hidima mafi kyau. Yawancin manufofinta sun samu tasiri ne sakamakon sauraron abin da yaran suka ga suna buƙata. Ta kuma nuna dokokin Indiya don samun goyon bayan gwamnati ga Childline. Billimoria ta kafa Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara da Matasa ta Duniya (CYFI) a matsayin ƙungiyoyin da ke canza tsarin da suka mayar da hankali kan haɓaka ilimin kuɗi da manufofi da shirye-shiryen haɗa kan kuɗi ga matasa. A shekarar 2019, an kammala aikin CYFI na CYFI bayan cimma burinta na zamantakewa, kuma ta yi aiki tare da abokan hulɗa 64,000 a ƙasashe 175. An miƙa manyan tsare-tsarensa ga cibiyoyin duniya. CYFI tana da manyan tsare-tsare guda huɗu, Makon Kuɗi na Duniya (GMW), Ye! ga Matasan 'Yan Kasuwa, SchoolBank da kuma Kyaututtukan Haɗaka na Duniya. An miƙa Makon Kuɗi na Duniya (GMW) ga Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba, Ye! zuwa Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, SchoolBank zuwa Aflatoun da kuma kyaututtukan Haɗaka na Duniya ga Ƙungiyar Haɗaka da Kuɗi . == Ganewa da kyaututtuka == A watan Afrilun 2018, Jeroo Billimoria ya sami lambar girmamawa ta sarauta daga Sarkin [[Holand|Netherlands]] ta hanyar naɗa shi Jami'in Order of Orange-Nassau . Order of Orange-Nassau ( Orde van Oranje-Nassau ) wani tsari ne na jarumtaka na farar hula na ƙasar Holland wanda aka bai wa mutanen da suka yi aiki mai kyau ga al'umma. A matsayinsa na Jami'in Order, Jeroo yanzu yana cikin fitattun 'yan siyasa, masu fasaha da masana kimiyya na ƙasar Holland. Wannan girmamawa ta yaba da gudummawar da Jeroo ya bayar ga al'ummar duniya, bayan kafa kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da dama da ke zaune a Netherlands. Billimoria mai jawabi ne kuma mai fafutukar ƙarfafa tattalin arziki ga yara. <ref name="skollfoundation.org">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-07 |title=Skoll &#124; Aflatoun |url=http://www.skollfoundation.org/entrepreneur/jeroo-billimoria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413110204/http://www.skollfoundation.org/entrepreneur/jeroo-billimoria/ |archive-date=13 April 2013 |access-date=2017-10-18 |publisher=Skollfoundation.org}}</ref> Ta kasance mai jawabi a taron tattalin arziki na duniya, taron duniya na Skoll don [[Kasuwancin zamantakewa|harkokin kasuwanci da zamantakewa]] da kuma wasu kamfanoni da jami'o'i na duniya. Ƙarin kyaututtuka sun haɗa da: * An jera Billimoria a matsayin lamba ta 4 a cikin littafin Jagorar Shekarar Taimako na "De Dikke Blauwe Top 100". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child & Youth Finance International |url=https://childfinanceinternational.org/8-homepage/2-child-youth-finance-international.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231945/https://childfinanceinternational.org/8-homepage/2-child-youth-finance-international.html |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=childfinanceinternational.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> * Billimoria tana matsayi na 3 a cikin rukunin agaji da ƙungiyoyin agaji na Opzij a cikin manyan mata 100 masu tasiri a shekarar 2015 * An sanya CYFI a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji 100 na Mujallar Duniya (2015) kuma an nuna ta a matsayin "Sabuwar ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji 100 mafi Alkawari" (2013) <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Most Promising NGOs |url=http://theglobaljournal.net/photo/view/1453/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601024744/http://theglobaljournal.net/photo/view/1453/ |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=2017-10-18 |publisher=The Global Journal}}</ref> * An sanya wa Aflatoun suna cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji guda 100 na Mujallar Duniya (2012 da 2013) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 NGOs &#124; the Global Journal |url=http://theglobaljournal.net/top100NGOs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326235426/http://theglobaljournal.net/top100NGOs/ |archive-date=26 March 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> * Masu ƙirƙira don Tallafin Jama'a wanda Ashoka ya bayar: Masu ƙirƙira don Jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka Fellows |url=http://www.ashoka.org/node/2835 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612071138/http://www.ashoka.org/node/2835 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=26 October 2009}}</ref> * Schwab Fellowship ga 'Yan Kasuwa na Zamantakewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schwab Social Entrepreneurs |url=http://www.schwabfound.org/sf/SocialEntrepreneurs/Profiles/index.htm?sname=117770&sorganization=0&sarea=0&ssector=0&stype=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926063411/http://www.schwabfound.org/sf/SocialEntrepreneurs/Profiles/index.htm?sname=117770&sorganization=0&sarea=0&ssector=0&stype=0 |archive-date=26 September 2010 |access-date=26 October 2009}}</ref> * Fitaccen ɗan kasuwan zamantakewa na 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.schwabfound.org/pdf/schwabfound/SchwabFoundation_ProfilesBrochure2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913103649/http://www.schwabfound.org/pdf/schwabfound/SchwabFoundation_ProfilesBrochure2012.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=2013-01-25}}</ref> * Kyautar Skoll don Kasuwancin Zamantakewa <ref name="skollfoundation.org" /> * Ɗaya daga cikin motocin Phoenix 50 saboda aikinta da Aflatoun <ref>{{Cite web |title=Volans / The Phoenix 50 |url=http://www.volans.com/lab/projects/phoenix/the-phoenix-50/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511025516/http://www.volans.com/lab/projects/phoenix/the-phoenix-50/ |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=2013-03-02}}</ref> * Kyautar Ƙungiyar Bankunan Larabawa saboda aikinta tare da CYFI <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honoring Ceremony |url=http://menaen.childfinanceinternational.org/index.php/session-summary-day-1/honoring-ceremony-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917003440/http://menaen.childfinanceinternational.org/index.php/session-summary-day-1/honoring-ceremony-2012 |archive-date=17 September 2014 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=menaen.childfinanceinternational.org}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi da aka kafa == * Ƙungiyar Layukan Taimakon Waya * Ƙungiyar Aminci * Meljol * Gidauniyar Childline ta Indiya * Layin Taimakon Yara na Duniya * Aflatoun International * Kuɗin Yara da Matasa na Duniya * Catalyst Now (wanda a da Catalyst ne 2030) <ref>{{Cite web |title=OUR GOVERNANCE |url=https://catalystnow.net/our-governance/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Catalyst Now |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == * Yara & Sauyi da Abokan Hulɗa don Sauyi (2009) * ''Twinkle Star (Std. I zuwa Std. IV)'' suna daraja littattafan ilimi. * ''Jerin Masu Bincike (Std. V zuwa Std. IV)'' suna da darajar littattafan ilimi. * Shirin ''Childline Across India'' : ** Sauraron yara: Bayani game da Childline ** Gina Tushen Gida: Farawa da Fara Aiki ** Childline at my finger tips: Littafin albarkatun ** Yaɗa labarin: Dabaru na wayar da kan yara ** Rikodin damuwar yara: Rubutawa da Rubutawa da Yara * ''Shirin Ƙasa don Kare Yara'' * ''Muryoyi daga tituna'' : Labaran rayuwar yara waɗanda suka kira Childline * Shafinta: [https://www.onefamilyfoundation.one/blog ''Jeroo ba daidai ba ne a siyasance''] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o3j7wwyd5x4mvjk2ec22y0ri11e1fil 962010 962009 2026-10-02T19:38:48Z Nnamadee 31123 962010 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Reflist|32em}}'''Jeroo Billimoria''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1965) [[Kasuwancin zamantakewa|ɗan kasuwa ne na zamantakewa]] na Indiya kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyoyin agaji na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. An nuna ayyukanta a cikin littattafai da dama. Sabbin shirye-shiryenta sun haɗa da [[Child and Youth Finance International]] (CYFI), wanda Jeroo ya kafa a shekarar 2011, Aflatoun (Child Savings International), Childline India Foundation da Child Helpline International . Sabon shirinta shine [[Catalyst Now]], (wanda a da ake kira Catalyst 2030). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Billimoria a [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Indiya, ga akawu kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa. An rene ta a cikin iyali mai himma ga ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, mutuwar mahaifinta da wuri ta sa ta sadaukar da kanta ga ayyukan jin dadin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jeroo Billimoria &#124; Ashoka &#124; Everyone a Changemaker |url=https://www.ashoka.org/fellow/Jeroo-Billimoria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111013651/http://www.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=2017-10-18 |publisher=Ashoka}}</ref> Billimoria ya sami digirin farko na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Mumbai (wanda a da Jami'ar Bombay ce ) a shekarar 1986, digiri na biyu a fannin Aikin Jama'a daga Cibiyar Kimiyyar Zamani ta Tata ta Indiya a shekarar 1988 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Sa-kai daga Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamani ta [[New York (birni)|New York City]] a shekarar 1992. Daga 1991 zuwa 1999, ta kasance [[farfesa]] a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ta Tata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeroo Billimoria {{!}} Ashoka - India |url=http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053951/http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria |archive-date=9 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=india.ashoka.org |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Kasuwancin zamantakewa === A shekarar 1989, Billimoria ya yi tafiya na tsawon watanni shida kafin ya koma Cibiyar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ta Tata kuma ya zama malami a can. An sanya wasu ɗalibanta da suka kammala karatun digiri a matsayin ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a a matsugunan Bombay. Yayin da ta fahimci buƙatar wata ƙungiya da za ta iya haɗa hukumomin kula da yara da yawa a [[Mumbai|Bombay]] don tuntuɓar yaran cikin sauƙi da sauri, ta yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan waɗannan ayyukan su yi aiki tare da juna. Bayan yunƙurin da ta yi na rashin nasara sau da yawa, kuma bayan ta ga ba ta da sha'awar wannan ra'ayi, sai ta yanke shawarar daina aikinta mai gamsarwa. Madadin haka a shekarar 1991, ta kafa wata ƙungiya mai suna Meljol (Coming Together) don haɗa yara daga asali daban-daban don yin aiki tare, tare da haɗin gwiwa, kan ayyukan da ke da fa'idodi na zamantakewa. Wannan ƙungiya tana neman haɓaka ƙwarewar [[Children's citizenship|zama ɗan ƙasa]] ta hanyar mai da hankali kan haƙƙoƙinsu da nauyin da ke kansu da kuma ba su damar ba da gudummawa mai kyau ga muhallinsu. [[Equal Rights, Opportunities and Respect for all,|Daidaito Haƙƙoƙi, Damammaki da Girmamawa ga kowa,]] sune ginshiƙin falsafar Meljol. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meljol Website |url=http://meljol.net/india/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115151750/http://meljol.net/india/ |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=}}</ref> A shekarar 1996, Billimoria ta kafa gidauniyar Childline India, wata cibiyar wayar tarho ta gaggawa ta awanni 24 ga yara, bisa ga aikinta da yara da ke zaune a titunan Indiya. Daga ƙarshe duk wayoyin da ake da su don amfanin jama'a za su iya kiran Childline kyauta don taimaka wa yara su sami taimako a wuraren da ba a iya samun mafaka ta gaggawa ba. A watan Yunin 1998, Childline ta gudanar da wani taro, inda ta gayyaci gwamnati da sauran mutane daga birane 29 daban-daban a Indiya don taimakawa wajen yaɗa hidimar wayar Childline. [[Anand Bordia]], babban sakataren ma'aikatar shari'a da karfafa gwiwa ta Indiya, ya yi magana da Billimoria game da fadada Childline a fadin kasar. Bayan gabatar da wannan gabatarwa, Bordia, tare da AP Singh, mataimakin sakataren Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Ƙarfafawa Jama'a, sun yi tayin taimakawa wajen faɗaɗa Childline zuwa birane goma. Wata guda bayan haka, Maneka Gandhi, ministan shari'a da ƙarfafawa na Indiya, ta yi magana da Billimoria, tana mai cewa ya kamata a ƙara faɗaɗa Childline, tana ba da hidima ga yara a duk manyan biranen Indiya (jimillar mutane sama da miliyan 1). A shekara ta 2002, Childline ta faɗaɗa zuwa birane 43 a Indiya, tare da ƙarin 12 nan ba da jimawa ba. Billimoria ta kafa Child Helpline International, wata cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta masu samar da ayyukan gaggawa na wayar tarho ga yara. Zuwa yanzu wannan hanyar sadarwa ta amsa kira sama da miliyan 140 a cikin ƙasashe 133. Ta hanyar tattara bayanai kan nau'ikan gaggawa da yaran suka fuskanta, CHI tana iya gano da kuma isar da yanayin ga ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu, <ref name="Rippling" /> tana ba da damar daidaita taimakon gaggawa don dacewa da takamaiman buƙatun kowace al'umma. Bayan tattara bayanai ta hanyar layukan taimako, ya bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin kiran gaggawa ana iya gano su ne da talauci. Domin magance wannan damuwa, Billimoria ta ƙirƙiri Aflatoun, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan koyar da yara haƙƙoƙinsu na tattalin arziki da nauyin da ke kansu, da kuma haɓaka ƙwarewar gudanarwa da ɗabi'un gudanarwa na kuɗi. A yau ƙungiyarta ta kai ga yara miliyan 8 a ƙasashe 101. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Results to Date |url=http://aflatoun.org/story/story-selected/results-to-date |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309182447/http://aflatoun.org/story/story-selected/results-to-date |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=2013-03-02 |website=}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, Billimoria ta kafa [[Child and Youth Finance International|Asusun Kula da Yara da Matasa na Duniya]], wata cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya da ta ƙunshi jihohi, ƙungiyoyin kuɗi da cibiyoyin ilimi waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don haɓaka ƙwarewar kuɗi da haɗa kan yara da matasa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da raba albarkatu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=About us |url=http://www.childandyouthfinanceinternational.org/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708194358/http://www.childfinanceinternational.org/about-us |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=2013-03-02 |website=}}</ref> Kwanan nan, Billimoria ta shiga kwamitin ba da shawara na Deedmob, wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke sauya fannin aikin sa kai. Billimoria yanzu ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Iyali ta One, wata ƙaramar gidauniya mai zaman kanta, wadda ke haɓaka sabbin abubuwa na zamantakewa da kuma amfani da hanyoyin canza tsarin don taimakawa ƙungiyoyi su faɗaɗa. Tare da haɗin gwiwar babban gungun 'yan kasuwa na zamantakewa, tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Catalyst 2030 wacce ke da nufin hanzarta [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya nan da shekarar 2030 da kuma aiki don canza tsarin a dukkan matakai. Daga baya aka sake wa ƙungiyar suna Catalyst Now. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalyst Now MENA |url=https://micromentor.org/catalystnowmena |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Micromentor |language=en-US}}</ref> Za ku iya karanta ra'ayoyinta da ra'ayoyinta game da kirkire-kirkire a shafinta na yanar gizo: ''[https://www.onefamilyfoundation.one/blog Jeroo ba daidai ba ne a siyasance]'' === Layin Yara === Billimoria ita ce wadda ta kafa Childline, wata kafar sadarwa ta wayar tarho ga yara 'yan Indiya marasa gidaje. An yi nufin ƙungiyar ne don taimaka wa yara waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu, suka ɓace, ko kuma suka yi rashin lafiya. Daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2002 lokacin da Jeroo ya yi ritaya, Childline ta sami kira miliyan 2.7. Jeroo ya kuma sami damar yin hulɗa da rundunar 'yan sanda da asibitoci na yankin. Ta sami damar sanya rumfunan lafiya a yankunan da ake samun kiraye-kiraye da yawa wajen bayar da rahoton yara marasa lafiya, har ma ta horar da jami'an 'yan sanda don su ƙara sanin yara a kan tituna da ke kewaye da su. Wannan ɗabi'a galibi tana shafar dangi wanda ke da kyawawan ɗabi'u kuma yana yin tasiri ga rayuwar ɗan kasuwa a farkon rayuwarsa. Jeroo Billimoria ya fara Childline a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji mai riba. A matsayinta na ma'aikatanta, ta ɗauki matasa maza da mata waɗanda a da suka kasance yara kanana a kan titi aiki. Waɗannan ma'aikatan za su iya yaɗa labarin Childline ga yaran cikin sauƙi kuma su fahimci yadda za su yi musu hidima mafi kyau. Yawancin manufofinta sun samu tasiri ne sakamakon sauraron abin da yaran suka ga suna buƙata. Ta kuma nuna dokokin Indiya don samun goyon bayan gwamnati ga Childline. Billimoria ta kafa Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara da Matasa ta Duniya (CYFI) a matsayin ƙungiyoyin da ke canza tsarin da suka mayar da hankali kan haɓaka ilimin kuɗi da manufofi da shirye-shiryen haɗa kan kuɗi ga matasa. A shekarar 2019, an kammala aikin CYFI na CYFI bayan cimma burinta na zamantakewa, kuma ta yi aiki tare da abokan hulɗa 64,000 a ƙasashe 175. An miƙa manyan tsare-tsarensa ga cibiyoyin duniya. CYFI tana da manyan tsare-tsare guda huɗu, Makon Kuɗi na Duniya (GMW), Ye! ga Matasan 'Yan Kasuwa, SchoolBank da kuma Kyaututtukan Haɗaka na Duniya. An miƙa Makon Kuɗi na Duniya (GMW) ga Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba, Ye! zuwa Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, SchoolBank zuwa Aflatoun da kuma kyaututtukan Haɗaka na Duniya ga Ƙungiyar Haɗaka da Kuɗi . == Ganewa da kyaututtuka == A watan Afrilun 2018, Jeroo Billimoria ya sami lambar girmamawa ta sarauta daga Sarkin [[Holand|Netherlands]] ta hanyar naɗa shi Jami'in Order of Orange-Nassau . Order of Orange-Nassau ( Orde van Oranje-Nassau ) wani tsari ne na jarumtaka na farar hula na ƙasar Holland wanda aka bai wa mutanen da suka yi aiki mai kyau ga al'umma. A matsayinsa na Jami'in Order, Jeroo yanzu yana cikin fitattun 'yan siyasa, masu fasaha da masana kimiyya na ƙasar Holland. Wannan girmamawa ta yaba da gudummawar da Jeroo ya bayar ga al'ummar duniya, bayan kafa kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da dama da ke zaune a Netherlands. Billimoria mai jawabi ne kuma mai fafutukar ƙarfafa tattalin arziki ga yara. <ref name="skollfoundation.org">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-07 |title=Skoll &#124; Aflatoun |url=http://www.skollfoundation.org/entrepreneur/jeroo-billimoria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413110204/http://www.skollfoundation.org/entrepreneur/jeroo-billimoria/ |archive-date=13 April 2013 |access-date=2017-10-18 |publisher=Skollfoundation.org}}</ref> Ta kasance mai jawabi a taron tattalin arziki na duniya, taron duniya na Skoll don [[Kasuwancin zamantakewa|harkokin kasuwanci da zamantakewa]] da kuma wasu kamfanoni da jami'o'i na duniya. Ƙarin kyaututtuka sun haɗa da: * An jera Billimoria a matsayin lamba ta 4 a cikin littafin Jagorar Shekarar Taimako na "De Dikke Blauwe Top 100". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child & Youth Finance International |url=https://childfinanceinternational.org/8-homepage/2-child-youth-finance-international.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231945/https://childfinanceinternational.org/8-homepage/2-child-youth-finance-international.html |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=childfinanceinternational.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> * Billimoria tana matsayi na 3 a cikin rukunin agaji da ƙungiyoyin agaji na Opzij a cikin manyan mata 100 masu tasiri a shekarar 2015 * An sanya CYFI a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji 100 na Mujallar Duniya (2015) kuma an nuna ta a matsayin "Sabuwar ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji 100 mafi Alkawari" (2013) <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Most Promising NGOs |url=http://theglobaljournal.net/photo/view/1453/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601024744/http://theglobaljournal.net/photo/view/1453/ |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=2017-10-18 |publisher=The Global Journal}}</ref> * An sanya wa Aflatoun suna cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji guda 100 na Mujallar Duniya (2012 da 2013) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 NGOs &#124; the Global Journal |url=http://theglobaljournal.net/top100NGOs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326235426/http://theglobaljournal.net/top100NGOs/ |archive-date=26 March 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> * Masu ƙirƙira don Tallafin Jama'a wanda Ashoka ya bayar: Masu ƙirƙira don Jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka Fellows |url=http://www.ashoka.org/node/2835 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612071138/http://www.ashoka.org/node/2835 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=26 October 2009}}</ref> * Schwab Fellowship ga 'Yan Kasuwa na Zamantakewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schwab Social Entrepreneurs |url=http://www.schwabfound.org/sf/SocialEntrepreneurs/Profiles/index.htm?sname=117770&sorganization=0&sarea=0&ssector=0&stype=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926063411/http://www.schwabfound.org/sf/SocialEntrepreneurs/Profiles/index.htm?sname=117770&sorganization=0&sarea=0&ssector=0&stype=0 |archive-date=26 September 2010 |access-date=26 October 2009}}</ref> * Fitaccen ɗan kasuwan zamantakewa na 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.schwabfound.org/pdf/schwabfound/SchwabFoundation_ProfilesBrochure2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913103649/http://www.schwabfound.org/pdf/schwabfound/SchwabFoundation_ProfilesBrochure2012.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=2013-01-25}}</ref> * Kyautar Skoll don Kasuwancin Zamantakewa <ref name="skollfoundation.org" /> * Ɗaya daga cikin motocin Phoenix 50 saboda aikinta da Aflatoun <ref>{{Cite web |title=Volans / The Phoenix 50 |url=http://www.volans.com/lab/projects/phoenix/the-phoenix-50/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511025516/http://www.volans.com/lab/projects/phoenix/the-phoenix-50/ |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=2013-03-02}}</ref> * Kyautar Ƙungiyar Bankunan Larabawa saboda aikinta tare da CYFI <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honoring Ceremony |url=http://menaen.childfinanceinternational.org/index.php/session-summary-day-1/honoring-ceremony-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917003440/http://menaen.childfinanceinternational.org/index.php/session-summary-day-1/honoring-ceremony-2012 |archive-date=17 September 2014 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=menaen.childfinanceinternational.org}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi da aka kafa == * Ƙungiyar Layukan Taimakon Waya * Ƙungiyar Aminci * Meljol * Gidauniyar Childline ta Indiya * Layin Taimakon Yara na Duniya * Aflatoun International * Kuɗin Yara da Matasa na Duniya * Catalyst Now (wanda a da Catalyst ne 2030) <ref>{{Cite web |title=OUR GOVERNANCE |url=https://catalystnow.net/our-governance/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Catalyst Now |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == * Yara & Sauyi da Abokan Hulɗa don Sauyi (2009) * ''Twinkle Star (Std. I zuwa Std. IV)'' suna daraja littattafan ilimi. * ''Jerin Masu Bincike (Std. V zuwa Std. IV)'' suna da darajar littattafan ilimi. * Shirin ''Childline Across India'' : ** Sauraron yara: Bayani game da Childline ** Gina Tushen Gida: Farawa da Fara Aiki ** Childline at my finger tips: Littafin albarkatun ** Yaɗa labarin: Dabaru na wayar da kan yara ** Rikodin damuwar yara: Rubutawa da Rubutawa da Yara * ''Shirin Ƙasa don Kare Yara'' * ''Muryoyi daga tituna'' : Labaran rayuwar yara waɗanda suka kira Childline * Shafinta: [https://www.onefamilyfoundation.one/blog ''Jeroo ba daidai ba ne a siyasance''] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] aidf89hm6vxs6o9fpek915i3i7d2258 962011 962010 2026-10-02T19:39:38Z Nnamadee 31123 962011 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Jeroo Billimoria''' (an haife shi a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1965) [[Kasuwancin zamantakewa|ɗan kasuwa ne na zamantakewa]] na Indiya kuma wanda ya kafa ƙungiyoyin agaji na ƙasa da ƙasa da dama. An nuna ayyukanta a cikin littattafai da dama. Sabbin shirye-shiryenta sun haɗa da [[Child and Youth Finance International]] (CYFI), wanda Jeroo ya kafa a shekarar 2011, Aflatoun (Child Savings International), Childline India Foundation da Child Helpline International . Sabon shirinta shine [[Catalyst Now]], (wanda a da ake kira Catalyst 2030). == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Billimoria a [[Mumbai|Bombay]], Indiya, ga akawu kuma ma'aikacin zamantakewa. An rene ta a cikin iyali mai himma ga ayyukan jin dadin jama'a, mutuwar mahaifinta da wuri ta sa ta sadaukar da kanta ga ayyukan jin dadin jama'a. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Jeroo Billimoria &#124; Ashoka &#124; Everyone a Changemaker |url=https://www.ashoka.org/fellow/Jeroo-Billimoria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111013651/http://www.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria |archive-date=11 November 2012 |access-date=2017-10-18 |publisher=Ashoka}}</ref> Billimoria ya sami digirin farko na kasuwanci daga Jami'ar Mumbai (wanda a da Jami'ar Bombay ce ) a shekarar 1986, digiri na biyu a fannin Aikin Jama'a daga Cibiyar Kimiyyar Zamani ta Tata ta Indiya a shekarar 1988 da kuma digiri na biyu a fannin Gudanar da Sa-kai daga Sabuwar Makarantar Nazarin Zamani ta [[New York (birni)|New York City]] a shekarar 1992. Daga 1991 zuwa 1999, ta kasance [[farfesa]] a Cibiyar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ta Tata . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Jeroo Billimoria {{!}} Ashoka - India |url=http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309053951/http://india.ashoka.org/fellow/jeroo-billimoria |archive-date=9 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=india.ashoka.org |language=en}}</ref> == Sana'a == === Kasuwancin zamantakewa === A shekarar 1989, Billimoria ya yi tafiya na tsawon watanni shida kafin ya koma Cibiyar Kimiyyar Zamantakewa ta Tata kuma ya zama malami a can. An sanya wasu ɗalibanta da suka kammala karatun digiri a matsayin ma'aikatan jin daɗin jama'a a matsugunan Bombay. Yayin da ta fahimci buƙatar wata ƙungiya da za ta iya haɗa hukumomin kula da yara da yawa a [[Mumbai|Bombay]] don tuntuɓar yaran cikin sauƙi da sauri, ta yi ƙoƙarin shawo kan waɗannan ayyukan su yi aiki tare da juna. Bayan yunƙurin da ta yi na rashin nasara sau da yawa, kuma bayan ta ga ba ta da sha'awar wannan ra'ayi, sai ta yanke shawarar daina aikinta mai gamsarwa. Madadin haka a shekarar 1991, ta kafa wata ƙungiya mai suna Meljol (Coming Together) don haɗa yara daga asali daban-daban don yin aiki tare, tare da haɗin gwiwa, kan ayyukan da ke da fa'idodi na zamantakewa. Wannan ƙungiya tana neman haɓaka ƙwarewar [[Children's citizenship|zama ɗan ƙasa]] ta hanyar mai da hankali kan haƙƙoƙinsu da nauyin da ke kansu da kuma ba su damar ba da gudummawa mai kyau ga muhallinsu. [[Equal Rights, Opportunities and Respect for all,|Daidaito Haƙƙoƙi, Damammaki da Girmamawa ga kowa,]] sune ginshiƙin falsafar Meljol. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Meljol Website |url=http://meljol.net/india/ |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115151750/http://meljol.net/india/ |archive-date=15 January 2013 |access-date=}}</ref> A shekarar 1996, Billimoria ta kafa gidauniyar Childline India, wata cibiyar wayar tarho ta gaggawa ta awanni 24 ga yara, bisa ga aikinta da yara da ke zaune a titunan Indiya. Daga ƙarshe duk wayoyin da ake da su don amfanin jama'a za su iya kiran Childline kyauta don taimaka wa yara su sami taimako a wuraren da ba a iya samun mafaka ta gaggawa ba. A watan Yunin 1998, Childline ta gudanar da wani taro, inda ta gayyaci gwamnati da sauran mutane daga birane 29 daban-daban a Indiya don taimakawa wajen yaɗa hidimar wayar Childline. [[Anand Bordia]], babban sakataren ma'aikatar shari'a da karfafa gwiwa ta Indiya, ya yi magana da Billimoria game da fadada Childline a fadin kasar. Bayan gabatar da wannan gabatarwa, Bordia, tare da AP Singh, mataimakin sakataren Ma'aikatar Shari'a da Ƙarfafawa Jama'a, sun yi tayin taimakawa wajen faɗaɗa Childline zuwa birane goma. Wata guda bayan haka, Maneka Gandhi, ministan shari'a da ƙarfafawa na Indiya, ta yi magana da Billimoria, tana mai cewa ya kamata a ƙara faɗaɗa Childline, tana ba da hidima ga yara a duk manyan biranen Indiya (jimillar mutane sama da miliyan 1). A shekara ta 2002, Childline ta faɗaɗa zuwa birane 43 a Indiya, tare da ƙarin 12 nan ba da jimawa ba. Billimoria ta kafa Child Helpline International, wata cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya ta masu samar da ayyukan gaggawa na wayar tarho ga yara. Zuwa yanzu wannan hanyar sadarwa ta amsa kira sama da miliyan 140 a cikin ƙasashe 133. Ta hanyar tattara bayanai kan nau'ikan gaggawa da yaran suka fuskanta, CHI tana iya gano da kuma isar da yanayin ga ƙungiyoyin gwamnati da na masu zaman kansu, <ref name="Rippling" /> tana ba da damar daidaita taimakon gaggawa don dacewa da takamaiman buƙatun kowace al'umma. Bayan tattara bayanai ta hanyar layukan taimako, ya bayyana cewa da yawa daga cikin kiran gaggawa ana iya gano su ne da talauci. Domin magance wannan damuwa, Billimoria ta ƙirƙiri Aflatoun, wata ƙungiya mai zaman kanta da ke mai da hankali kan koyar da yara haƙƙoƙinsu na tattalin arziki da nauyin da ke kansu, da kuma haɓaka ƙwarewar gudanarwa da ɗabi'un gudanarwa na kuɗi. A yau ƙungiyarta ta kai ga yara miliyan 8 a ƙasashe 101. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=Results to Date |url=http://aflatoun.org/story/story-selected/results-to-date |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309182447/http://aflatoun.org/story/story-selected/results-to-date |archive-date=9 March 2013 |access-date=2013-03-02 |website=}}</ref> A watan Yulin 2011, Billimoria ta kafa [[Child and Youth Finance International|Asusun Kula da Yara da Matasa na Duniya]], wata cibiyar sadarwa ta duniya da ta ƙunshi jihohi, ƙungiyoyin kuɗi da cibiyoyin ilimi waɗanda suka sadaukar da kansu don haɓaka ƙwarewar kuɗi da haɗa kan yara da matasa ta hanyar haɗin gwiwa da raba albarkatu. <ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date= |title=About us |url=http://www.childandyouthfinanceinternational.org/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130708194358/http://www.childfinanceinternational.org/about-us |archive-date=8 July 2013 |access-date=2013-03-02 |website=}}</ref> Kwanan nan, Billimoria ta shiga kwamitin ba da shawara na Deedmob, wani kamfani na zamantakewa wanda ke sauya fannin aikin sa kai. Billimoria yanzu ita ce ta kafa Gidauniyar Iyali ta One, wata ƙaramar gidauniya mai zaman kanta, wadda ke haɓaka sabbin abubuwa na zamantakewa da kuma amfani da hanyoyin canza tsarin don taimakawa ƙungiyoyi su faɗaɗa. Tare da haɗin gwiwar babban gungun 'yan kasuwa na zamantakewa, tana ɗaya daga cikin waɗanda suka kafa ƙungiyar Catalyst 2030 wacce ke da nufin hanzarta [[Manufofin Ci Gaban Ci Gaban|Manufofin Ci Gaba Mai Dorewa]] na Majalisar Dinkin Duniya nan da shekarar 2030 da kuma aiki don canza tsarin a dukkan matakai. Daga baya aka sake wa ƙungiyar suna Catalyst Now. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Catalyst Now MENA |url=https://micromentor.org/catalystnowmena |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=Micromentor |language=en-US}}</ref> Za ku iya karanta ra'ayoyinta da ra'ayoyinta game da kirkire-kirkire a shafinta na yanar gizo: ''[https://www.onefamilyfoundation.one/blog Jeroo ba daidai ba ne a siyasance]'' === Layin Yara === Billimoria ita ce wadda ta kafa Childline, wata kafar sadarwa ta wayar tarho ga yara 'yan Indiya marasa gidaje. An yi nufin ƙungiyar ne don taimaka wa yara waɗanda aka ci zarafinsu, suka ɓace, ko kuma suka yi rashin lafiya. Daga shekarar 1996 zuwa 2002 lokacin da Jeroo ya yi ritaya, Childline ta sami kira miliyan 2.7. Jeroo ya kuma sami damar yin hulɗa da rundunar 'yan sanda da asibitoci na yankin. Ta sami damar sanya rumfunan lafiya a yankunan da ake samun kiraye-kiraye da yawa wajen bayar da rahoton yara marasa lafiya, har ma ta horar da jami'an 'yan sanda don su ƙara sanin yara a kan tituna da ke kewaye da su. Wannan ɗabi'a galibi tana shafar dangi wanda ke da kyawawan ɗabi'u kuma yana yin tasiri ga rayuwar ɗan kasuwa a farkon rayuwarsa. Jeroo Billimoria ya fara Childline a matsayin ƙungiyar agaji mai riba. A matsayinta na ma'aikatanta, ta ɗauki matasa maza da mata waɗanda a da suka kasance yara kanana a kan titi aiki. Waɗannan ma'aikatan za su iya yaɗa labarin Childline ga yaran cikin sauƙi kuma su fahimci yadda za su yi musu hidima mafi kyau. Yawancin manufofinta sun samu tasiri ne sakamakon sauraron abin da yaran suka ga suna buƙata. Ta kuma nuna dokokin Indiya don samun goyon bayan gwamnati ga Childline. Billimoria ta kafa Ƙungiyar Kula da Yara da Matasa ta Duniya (CYFI) a matsayin ƙungiyoyin da ke canza tsarin da suka mayar da hankali kan haɓaka ilimin kuɗi da manufofi da shirye-shiryen haɗa kan kuɗi ga matasa. A shekarar 2019, an kammala aikin CYFI na CYFI bayan cimma burinta na zamantakewa, kuma ta yi aiki tare da abokan hulɗa 64,000 a ƙasashe 175. An miƙa manyan tsare-tsarensa ga cibiyoyin duniya. CYFI tana da manyan tsare-tsare guda huɗu, Makon Kuɗi na Duniya (GMW), Ye! ga Matasan 'Yan Kasuwa, SchoolBank da kuma Kyaututtukan Haɗaka na Duniya. An miƙa Makon Kuɗi na Duniya (GMW) ga Ƙungiyar Haɗin Kan Tattalin Arziki da Ci Gaba, Ye! zuwa Cibiyar Ciniki ta Duniya, SchoolBank zuwa Aflatoun da kuma kyaututtukan Haɗaka na Duniya ga Ƙungiyar Haɗaka da Kuɗi . == Ganewa da kyaututtuka == A watan Afrilun 2018, Jeroo Billimoria ya sami lambar girmamawa ta sarauta daga Sarkin [[Holand|Netherlands]] ta hanyar naɗa shi Jami'in Order of Orange-Nassau . Order of Orange-Nassau ( Orde van Oranje-Nassau ) wani tsari ne na jarumtaka na farar hula na ƙasar Holland wanda aka bai wa mutanen da suka yi aiki mai kyau ga al'umma. A matsayinsa na Jami'in Order, Jeroo yanzu yana cikin fitattun 'yan siyasa, masu fasaha da masana kimiyya na ƙasar Holland. Wannan girmamawa ta yaba da gudummawar da Jeroo ya bayar ga al'ummar duniya, bayan kafa kuma ya jagoranci ƙungiyoyi masu zaman kansu na duniya da dama da ke zaune a Netherlands. Billimoria mai jawabi ne kuma mai fafutukar ƙarfafa tattalin arziki ga yara. <ref name="skollfoundation.org">{{Cite web |date=2013-03-07 |title=Skoll &#124; Aflatoun |url=http://www.skollfoundation.org/entrepreneur/jeroo-billimoria/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413110204/http://www.skollfoundation.org/entrepreneur/jeroo-billimoria/ |archive-date=13 April 2013 |access-date=2017-10-18 |publisher=Skollfoundation.org}}</ref> Ta kasance mai jawabi a taron tattalin arziki na duniya, taron duniya na Skoll don [[Kasuwancin zamantakewa|harkokin kasuwanci da zamantakewa]] da kuma wasu kamfanoni da jami'o'i na duniya. Ƙarin kyaututtuka sun haɗa da: * An jera Billimoria a matsayin lamba ta 4 a cikin littafin Jagorar Shekarar Taimako na "De Dikke Blauwe Top 100". <ref>{{Cite web |title=Child & Youth Finance International |url=https://childfinanceinternational.org/8-homepage/2-child-youth-finance-international.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308231945/https://childfinanceinternational.org/8-homepage/2-child-youth-finance-international.html |archive-date=8 March 2018 |access-date=2018-03-08 |website=childfinanceinternational.org |language=en-gb}}</ref> * Billimoria tana matsayi na 3 a cikin rukunin agaji da ƙungiyoyin agaji na Opzij a cikin manyan mata 100 masu tasiri a shekarar 2015 * An sanya CYFI a cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji 100 na Mujallar Duniya (2015) kuma an nuna ta a matsayin "Sabuwar ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji 100 mafi Alkawari" (2013) <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Most Promising NGOs |url=http://theglobaljournal.net/photo/view/1453/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130601024744/http://theglobaljournal.net/photo/view/1453/ |archive-date=1 June 2013 |access-date=2017-10-18 |publisher=The Global Journal}}</ref> * An sanya wa Aflatoun suna cikin manyan ƙungiyoyin ba da agaji guda 100 na Mujallar Duniya (2012 da 2013) <ref>{{Cite web |title=Top 100 NGOs &#124; the Global Journal |url=http://theglobaljournal.net/top100NGOs/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130326235426/http://theglobaljournal.net/top100NGOs/ |archive-date=26 March 2013 |access-date=25 January 2013}}</ref> * Masu ƙirƙira don Tallafin Jama'a wanda Ashoka ya bayar: Masu ƙirƙira don Jama'a <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka Fellows |url=http://www.ashoka.org/node/2835 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090612071138/http://www.ashoka.org/node/2835 |archive-date=12 June 2009 |access-date=26 October 2009}}</ref> * Schwab Fellowship ga 'Yan Kasuwa na Zamantakewa <ref>{{Cite web |title=Schwab Social Entrepreneurs |url=http://www.schwabfound.org/sf/SocialEntrepreneurs/Profiles/index.htm?sname=117770&sorganization=0&sarea=0&ssector=0&stype=0 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100926063411/http://www.schwabfound.org/sf/SocialEntrepreneurs/Profiles/index.htm?sname=117770&sorganization=0&sarea=0&ssector=0&stype=0 |archive-date=26 September 2010 |access-date=26 October 2009}}</ref> * Fitaccen ɗan kasuwan zamantakewa na 2012 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Archived copy |url=http://www.schwabfound.org/pdf/schwabfound/SchwabFoundation_ProfilesBrochure2012.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913103649/http://www.schwabfound.org/pdf/schwabfound/SchwabFoundation_ProfilesBrochure2012.pdf |archive-date=13 September 2012 |access-date=2013-01-25}}</ref> * Kyautar Skoll don Kasuwancin Zamantakewa <ref name="skollfoundation.org" /> * Ɗaya daga cikin motocin Phoenix 50 saboda aikinta da Aflatoun <ref>{{Cite web |title=Volans / The Phoenix 50 |url=http://www.volans.com/lab/projects/phoenix/the-phoenix-50/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511025516/http://www.volans.com/lab/projects/phoenix/the-phoenix-50/ |archive-date=11 May 2012 |access-date=2013-03-02}}</ref> * Kyautar Ƙungiyar Bankunan Larabawa saboda aikinta tare da CYFI <ref>{{Cite web |title=Honoring Ceremony |url=http://menaen.childfinanceinternational.org/index.php/session-summary-day-1/honoring-ceremony-2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140917003440/http://menaen.childfinanceinternational.org/index.php/session-summary-day-1/honoring-ceremony-2012 |archive-date=17 September 2014 |access-date=14 January 2022 |website=menaen.childfinanceinternational.org}}</ref> == Ƙungiyoyi da aka kafa == * Ƙungiyar Layukan Taimakon Waya * Ƙungiyar Aminci * Meljol * Gidauniyar Childline ta Indiya * Layin Taimakon Yara na Duniya * Aflatoun International * Kuɗin Yara da Matasa na Duniya * Catalyst Now (wanda a da Catalyst ne 2030) <ref>{{Cite web |title=OUR GOVERNANCE |url=https://catalystnow.net/our-governance/ |access-date=2025-10-31 |website=Catalyst Now |language=en-US}}</ref> == Ayyukan da aka buga == * Yara & Sauyi da Abokan Hulɗa don Sauyi (2009) * ''Twinkle Star (Std. I zuwa Std. IV)'' suna daraja littattafan ilimi. * ''Jerin Masu Bincike (Std. V zuwa Std. IV)'' suna da darajar littattafan ilimi. * Shirin ''Childline Across India'' : ** Sauraron yara: Bayani game da Childline ** Gina Tushen Gida: Farawa da Fara Aiki ** Childline at my finger tips: Littafin albarkatun ** Yaɗa labarin: Dabaru na wayar da kan yara ** Rikodin damuwar yara: Rubutawa da Rubutawa da Yara * ''Shirin Ƙasa don Kare Yara'' * ''Muryoyi daga tituna'' : Labaran rayuwar yara waɗanda suka kira Childline * Shafinta: [https://www.onefamilyfoundation.one/blog ''Jeroo ba daidai ba ne a siyasance''] == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1965]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] a9psm0iwk9sgturn7w7nzmius4aj35q Brijmohan Lall Munjal 0 177895 962012 2026-10-02T19:40:23Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354813976|Brijmohan Lall Munjal]]" 962012 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brijmohan Lall Munjal''' (1 ga Yuli 1923 - 1 ga Nuwamba 2015) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya kuma wanda ya kafa Hero Group . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2015 |title=Brijmohan Lall Munjal |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/brijmohan-lall-munjal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006012520/http://www.forbes.com:80/profile/brijmohan-lall-munjal |archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Munjal a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1923 a Kamalia, ƙasar Indiya da ba a raba ba, wadda take cikin gundumar Toba Tek Singh da ke Punjab a yanzu, Pakistan. Ya zo Amritsar daga Kamalia a shekarar 1944 yana da shekaru 20 tare da 'yan uwansa uku, Dayanand, Satyanand da [[Om Prakash Munjal|Om Prakash]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Brijmohan Munjal, founder of Hero Group, passes away at 92 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/brijmohan-munjal-founder-of-hero-group-dies-at-92/ |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa yana aiki a Masana'antar Kayan Makamashi ta Indiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Offices: Where Biz Honchos Began Their Entrepreneurial Journey |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2014/first-offices-where-biz-honchos-began-their-entrepreneurial-journey/38773/1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Hero MotoCorp founder Brijmohan Lall Munjal dies at 92: Top 5 points to know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/hero-motocorp-founder-brijmohan-lall-munjal-dies-at-92-top-5-points-to-know/159783/}}</ref> == Ɗan kasuwa kuma mai masana'antu == Da zarar sun isa Amritsar, Munjal da 'yan uwansa suka fara kasuwancin gyaran kekuna. Daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa Ludhiana, inda a shekarar 1954 ya kafa Hero Cycles Limited kuma ya fara yin sassan kekuna, yana farawa da cokali mai yatsu sannan ya ƙara maƙallan hannu da sauran sassa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Munjal |first=Sunil Kant |author-link=Sunil Kant Munjal |date=10 January 2020 |title=How the Hero Cycles journey was started by the Munjal brothers (and where the brand came from) |url=https://scroll.in/article/949350/how-the-hero-cycles-journey-was-started-by-the-munjal-brothers-and-where-the-brand-came-from |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110065443/https://scroll.in/article/949350/how-the-hero-cycles-journey-was-started-by-the-munjal-brothers-and-where-the-brand-came-from |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 1956, gwamnatin Punjab ta ba da lasisin kekuna. Kamfaninsa ya sami wannan lasisin kuma daga nan duniyarsa ta canza. Tare da tallafin kuɗi na Rs 6 lakh daga gwamnati da kuma babban birninta, Hero Cycles ya shiga harkar kera kekuna ta hanyar samun matsayin "Babban Sashe". Kamfanin yana da ƙarfin samarwa na shekara-shekara na zagayowar 7,500 a wancan lokacin. Zuwa shekarar 1975, ta zama babbar kamfanin kekuna a Indiya, kuma a shekarar 1986, an shigar da Hero Cycles cikin [[Guinness World Records|Littafin Guinness]] a matsayin babbar kamfanin kekuna a duniya. <ref name="Mint bio">{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Amrit |date=1 November 2015 |title=Hero Group founder Brijmohan Lall Munjal dies at 92 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/9ZwfYcI6S5IC8c0aJFOGkM/Brijmohan-Lall-Munjal-founder-of-Hero-Group-dies-at-92.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104014057/http://www.livemint.com:80/Companies/9ZwfYcI6S5IC8c0aJFOGkM/Brijmohan-Lall-Munjal-founder-of-Hero-Group-dies-at-92.html |archive-date=4 November 2015 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=[[Livemint]] |language=en}}</ref> === Jarumi Honda === Bayan kamfanin kekuna, ya buɗe wani kamfanin kekuna mai ƙafa biyu mai suna Hero Majestic Company. A cikin wannan, ya fara yin babura da babura masu girman Majestic. A shekarar 1984, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da babban kamfanin kera motoci na kasar Japan Honda kuma daga nan duniyarsa ta sake canzawa. Tare da Honda, ya kafa masana'antar a Dharuhera, [[Haryana]] . A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1985, babur na farko na Hero Honda CD 100 ya bayyana a kasuwa. Ƙungiyar Jarumai ta samu ci gaba sosai har zuwa shekarar 2002, an sayar da babura miliyan 8.6 na Hero Honda kuma ana kera babura 16,000 kowace rana. <ref name="Mint bio" /> === Kamfanin Hero MotoCorp === A watan Agusta na shekarar 2011, bayan sun bar kamfanin hadaka da Honda Motors, an sake wa kamfanin suna Hero MotoCorp, kuma Hero Group ta yanke shawarar biyan kudin haya ga Kamfanin Honda domin amfani da alamar Hero Honda nan da shekarar 2013. Daga nan ƙungiyar jarumai ta sami damar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ƙasashen da Honda ta riga ta yi kasuwanci kuma ba a ba da izinin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hero da Honda don sayar da kayayyaki ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Amrit |date=16 December 2010 |title=Hero, Honda end 26-year partnership |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/olMPQv1Ygg1at49qOKPBRL/Hero-Honda-end-26year-partnership.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627000244/http://www.livemint.com:80/Home-Page/olMPQv1Ygg1at49qOKPBRL/Hero-Honda-end-26year-partnership.html |archive-date=27 June 2013 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Brijmohan ya auri Santosh kuma suna da 'ya'ya maza huɗu (ciki har da Pawan da Sunil ) da kuma 'ya mace ɗaya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2011 |title=The succession story of Munjal family |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/the-succession-story-of-munjal-family-42414 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923170008/https://www.ndtv.com/business/the-succession-story-of-munjal-family-42414 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2015. == Kyaututtuka == [[File:The_well-known_Industrialist_and_the_Chairman_Hero_Group_Dr._Brijmohan_Lall_Munjal_receives_the_Padma_Bhushan_award_from_the_President_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_in_New_Delhi_on_March_28,_2005.jpg|thumb| Brijmohan Lall Munjal ( ''a hagu'' ) yana karbar kyautar Padma Bhushan daga [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] a 2005]] Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba Brijmohan Lal Munjal kyautar Padma Bhushan a shekarar 2005 a fannin masana'antu da kasuwanci. Sauran manyan kyaututtukan da ya samu sun haɗa da: * Kyautar Gudummawar Rayuwa ta All India Management Association a 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Founder of Hero Group Brijmohan Lall Munjal passed away |url=https://www.india.com/education/founder-of-hero-group-brijmohan-lall-munjal-passed-away-1576326/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730122459/https://www.india.com/education/founder-of-hero-group-brijmohan-lall-munjal-passed-away-1576326/ |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Shugabancin Forbes ta Indiya don Nasarar Rayuwa a 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ashish K. |date=21 October 2013 |title=Brijmohan Lall Munjal: A Hero For Life |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2013/brijmohan-lall-munjal-a-hero-for-lifes/36351/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021151618/http://forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2013/brijmohan-lall-munjal-a-hero-for-lifes/36351/1 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] qpo5z26cw1j9jykzu6uuigvgd5o7xfe 962013 962012 2026-10-02T19:41:36Z Nnamadee 31123 962013 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Brijmohan Lall Munjal''' (1 ga Yuli 1923 - 1 ga Nuwamba 2015) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya kuma wanda ya kafa Hero Group . <ref>{{Cite web |date=23 September 2015 |title=Brijmohan Lall Munjal |url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/brijmohan-lall-munjal/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006012520/http://www.forbes.com:80/profile/brijmohan-lall-munjal |archive-date=6 October 2010 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Forbes |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Munjal a ranar 1 ga Yuli, 1923 a Kamalia, ƙasar Indiya da ba a raba ba, wadda take cikin gundumar Toba Tek Singh da ke Punjab a yanzu, Pakistan. Ya zo Amritsar daga Kamalia a shekarar 1944 yana da shekaru 20 tare da 'yan uwansa uku, Dayanand, Satyanand da [[Om Prakash Munjal|Om Prakash]].<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Brijmohan Munjal, founder of Hero Group, passes away at 92 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/business-others/brijmohan-munjal-founder-of-hero-group-dies-at-92/ |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ya fara aikinsa yana aiki a Masana'antar Kayan Makamashi ta Indiya . <ref>{{Cite web |title=First Offices: Where Biz Honchos Began Their Entrepreneurial Journey |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/india-rich-list-2014/first-offices-where-biz-honchos-began-their-entrepreneurial-journey/38773/1}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Hero MotoCorp founder Brijmohan Lall Munjal dies at 92: Top 5 points to know |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/industry/hero-motocorp-founder-brijmohan-lall-munjal-dies-at-92-top-5-points-to-know/159783/}}</ref> == Ɗan kasuwa kuma mai masana'antu == Da zarar sun isa Amritsar, Munjal da 'yan uwansa suka fara kasuwancin gyaran kekuna. Daga baya suka ƙaura zuwa Ludhiana, inda a shekarar 1954 ya kafa Hero Cycles Limited kuma ya fara yin sassan kekuna, yana farawa da cokali mai yatsu sannan ya ƙara maƙallan hannu da sauran sassa.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Munjal |first=Sunil Kant |author-link=Sunil Kant Munjal |date=10 January 2020 |title=How the Hero Cycles journey was started by the Munjal brothers (and where the brand came from) |url=https://scroll.in/article/949350/how-the-hero-cycles-journey-was-started-by-the-munjal-brothers-and-where-the-brand-came-from |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200110065443/https://scroll.in/article/949350/how-the-hero-cycles-journey-was-started-by-the-munjal-brothers-and-where-the-brand-came-from |archive-date=10 January 2020 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=Scroll.in |language=en-US}}</ref> A shekarar 1956, gwamnatin Punjab ta ba da lasisin kekuna. Kamfaninsa ya sami wannan lasisin kuma daga nan duniyarsa ta canza. Tare da tallafin kuɗi na Rs 6 lakh daga gwamnati da kuma babban birninta, Hero Cycles ya shiga harkar kera kekuna ta hanyar samun matsayin "Babban Sashe". Kamfanin yana da ƙarfin samarwa na shekara-shekara na zagayowar 7,500 a wancan lokacin. Zuwa shekarar 1975, ta zama babbar kamfanin kekuna a Indiya, kuma a shekarar 1986, an shigar da Hero Cycles cikin [[Guinness World Records|Littafin Guinness]] a matsayin babbar kamfanin kekuna a duniya. <ref name="Mint bio">{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Amrit |date=1 November 2015 |title=Hero Group founder Brijmohan Lall Munjal dies at 92 |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/9ZwfYcI6S5IC8c0aJFOGkM/Brijmohan-Lall-Munjal-founder-of-Hero-Group-dies-at-92.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151104014057/http://www.livemint.com:80/Companies/9ZwfYcI6S5IC8c0aJFOGkM/Brijmohan-Lall-Munjal-founder-of-Hero-Group-dies-at-92.html |archive-date=4 November 2015 |access-date=5 August 2021 |website=[[Livemint]] |language=en}}</ref> === Jarumi Honda === Bayan kamfanin kekuna, ya buɗe wani kamfanin kekuna mai ƙafa biyu mai suna Hero Majestic Company. A cikin wannan, ya fara yin babura da babura masu girman Majestic. A shekarar 1984, ya sanya hannu kan yarjejeniya da babban kamfanin kera motoci na kasar Japan Honda kuma daga nan duniyarsa ta sake canzawa. Tare da Honda, ya kafa masana'antar a Dharuhera, [[Haryana]] . A ranar 13 ga Afrilu 1985, babur na farko na Hero Honda CD 100 ya bayyana a kasuwa. Ƙungiyar Jarumai ta samu ci gaba sosai har zuwa shekarar 2002, an sayar da babura miliyan 8.6 na Hero Honda kuma ana kera babura 16,000 kowace rana. <ref name="Mint bio" /> === Kamfanin Hero MotoCorp === A watan Agusta na shekarar 2011, bayan sun bar kamfanin hadaka da Honda Motors, an sake wa kamfanin suna Hero MotoCorp, kuma Hero Group ta yanke shawarar biyan kudin haya ga Kamfanin Honda domin amfani da alamar Hero Honda nan da shekarar 2013. Daga nan ƙungiyar jarumai ta sami damar fitar da kayayyaki zuwa ƙasashen da Honda ta riga ta yi kasuwanci kuma ba a ba da izinin haɗin gwiwa tsakanin Hero da Honda don sayar da kayayyaki ba.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Raj |first=Amrit |date=16 December 2010 |title=Hero, Honda end 26-year partnership |url=https://www.livemint.com/Home-Page/olMPQv1Ygg1at49qOKPBRL/Hero-Honda-end-26year-partnership.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130627000244/http://www.livemint.com:80/Home-Page/olMPQv1Ygg1at49qOKPBRL/Hero-Honda-end-26year-partnership.html |archive-date=27 June 2013 |access-date=20 August 2021 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref> == Rayuwa ta sirri == Brijmohan ya auri Santosh kuma suna da 'ya'ya maza huɗu (ciki har da Pawan da Sunil ) da kuma 'ya mace ɗaya. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=23 November 2011 |title=The succession story of Munjal family |url=https://www.ndtv.com/business/the-succession-story-of-munjal-family-42414 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190923170008/https://www.ndtv.com/business/the-succession-story-of-munjal-family-42414 |archive-date=23 September 2019 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=NDTV.com}}</ref> Ya mutu a ranar 1 ga Nuwamba, 2015. == Kyaututtuka == [[File:The_well-known_Industrialist_and_the_Chairman_Hero_Group_Dr._Brijmohan_Lall_Munjal_receives_the_Padma_Bhushan_award_from_the_President_Dr._A.P.J._Abdul_Kalam_in_New_Delhi_on_March_28,_2005.jpg|thumb| Brijmohan Lall Munjal ( ''a hagu'' ) yana karbar kyautar Padma Bhushan daga [[A.P.J. Abdul Kalam|A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] a 2005]] Gwamnatin Indiya ta ba Brijmohan Lal Munjal kyautar Padma Bhushan a shekarar 2005 a fannin masana'antu da kasuwanci. Sauran manyan kyaututtukan da ya samu sun haɗa da: * Kyautar Gudummawar Rayuwa ta All India Management Association a 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |date=2 November 2015 |title=Founder of Hero Group Brijmohan Lall Munjal passed away |url=https://www.india.com/education/founder-of-hero-group-brijmohan-lall-munjal-passed-away-1576326/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210730122459/https://www.india.com/education/founder-of-hero-group-brijmohan-lall-munjal-passed-away-1576326/ |archive-date=30 July 2021 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=India.com |language=en}}</ref> * Kyautar Shugabancin Forbes ta Indiya don Nasarar Rayuwa a 2014 <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mishra |first=Ashish K. |date=21 October 2013 |title=Brijmohan Lall Munjal: A Hero For Life |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2013/brijmohan-lall-munjal-a-hero-for-lifes/36351/1 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131021151618/http://forbesindia.com/article/leaderhip-awards-2013/brijmohan-lall-munjal-a-hero-for-lifes/36351/1 |archive-date=21 October 2013 |access-date=30 July 2021 |website=Forbes India |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Matattun 2015]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1923]] lp68rluhg1ypi8d8qbj0u08geyl61bx Sairee Chahal 0 177896 962014 2026-10-02T19:41:59Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376889008|Sairee Chahal]]" 962014 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sairee Chahal''' ' yar kasuwa ce [[Fasaha|ta fasaha]] kuma wacce ta kafa kuma Shugabar SHEROES, wani dandali da ke tallafawa mata 'yan kasuwa. <ref name="founder">{{Cite web |title=This founder’s helping more women do their own thing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/people/this-founders-helping-more-women-turn-entrepreneur/articleshow/64416982.cms |access-date=2019-06-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=In Sairee Chahal’s Shoes: The SHEROES Story And Backing Women Entrepreneurs In India |url=https://inc42.com/features/sairee-chahal-the-sheroes-story-and-women-entrepreneurs-in-india/ |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.inc42.com |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal – Founder of Sheroes, the safe online social space that empowers women |url=http://globalindianstories.com/index.php/2020/06/16/sairee-chahal-founder-of-sheroes-the-safe-online-social-space-that-empowers-women/ |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=www.globalindianstories.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Chahal ta ƙaura zuwa Delhi daga garinsu, Muzaffarnagar, [[Uttar Pradesh]], don yin karatu. Ta kammala karatunta na M. Phil a fannin Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa daga [[Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru]] . Daga baya ta sami takardar shaidar PGDBM (Difloma ta gaba a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci) a Cibiyar Fasahar Gudanarwa da ke Ghaziabad . Chahal kuma tsohon ɗalibi ne a fannin bayar da kyaututtukan Cartier kuma ɗan ƙungiyar Aspen. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal has built an online world for women from all walks of life to help each other start a career |url=https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/sairee-chahal/ |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=Outlook Business |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref name="founder" /> == Sana'a == === Kwanakin farko === Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Chahal ta fara samun gogewa a wani kamfani da ke da ƙananan kamfanoni. A shekarar 1999, ta sami damar ƙaddamar da jaridar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa. Sairee ta fara aiki a kan kamfaninta mai suna Fleximoms, a shekarar 2012. Fleximoms ya taimaka wa mata su sami damar yin aiki daga nesa da kuma ofis. <ref name="founder" /> === SHEROES === An kafa SHEROES a shekarar 2014 a matsayin layin taimakon waya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Years In, Sheroes Helpline Aims For High Empathy, Deep Impact |url=http://www.healthcollective.in/2019/08/sheroes-helpline-empathy/ |access-date=2020-08-26 |website=www.healthcollective.in |language=en-US}}</ref> ta fito a matsayin hanyar sada zumunta da aka keɓe ga mata. Tana aiki a matsayin babban tsarin kasuwanci wanda ke aiki don inganta harkokin kasuwanci, aikin yi da kuma harkokin kuɗi ga mata. Masu amfani za su iya zuwa wannan dandali don cike gibin jinsi da kuma samun damar mu'amala, ganewa da ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal talks about Sheroes, an online community for women |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/sairee-chahal-talks-about-sheroes-an-online-community-for-women/articleshow/64434117.cms |access-date=2019-06-11 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal: A sense of identity |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-trailblazers/sairee-chahal-a-sense-of-identity/46167/1 |access-date=2018-03-11 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Kamfanin Mahila Money wanda Chahal ya kafa, yana ba da ƙananan lamuni ga ƙananan 'yan kasuwa mata. Ana bayar da tallafin kuɗi tsakanin Rs. 10,000 zuwa Rs. 2,00,000 a ƙarƙashin wannan shiri. Mutum zai iya neman rancen kuma a amince da shi cikin awanni 48. Waɗanda aka ƙi amincewa da aikace-aikacen za su iya zama a cikin al'umma don ƙarin koyo game da kuɗi da kuma inganta zaman lafiyar kuɗinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahila Money, Visa and Transcorp launch Mahila Money Prepaid Card for women entrepreneurs |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/mahila-money-visa-and-transcorp-launch-mahila-money-prepaid-card-for-women-entrepreneurs-details-here/2463545/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Dandalin dijital yana samar da ƙananan lamuni ga [[mata 'yan kasuwa]] don taimakawa wajen kafa kasuwanci, haɓaka kasuwanci da damar samun aiki. Yana mai da hankali kan tallafawa harkokin kasuwanci da kuma ilimin kuɗi na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahila Money to launch prepaid card to support women entrepreneurs |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/mahila-money-to-launch-prepaid-card-to-support-women-entrepreneurs-11647424248587.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahila Money ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi 60 da suka mayar da hankali kan mata don samun ƙarin amincewa a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: After six months of lending, Sheroes founder explains how tough it is |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/interview-after-six-months-of-lending-sheroes-founder-learns-it-is-tougher-than-it-looked/articleshow/88474677.cms |access-date=2022-01-18 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Bankin Paytm Payments Ltd === A shekarar 2019, Bankin Paytm Payments ya nada Chahal a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paytm Payments Bank appoints Sairee Chahal to board of directors |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/paytm-payments-bank-appoints-sairee-chahal-to-board-of-directors-1555740199641.html |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gidauniyar Milan === Chahal yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Milan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Day Special: How much do you know about the founder of SHEROES, SaireeChahal? |url=https://www.newscrab.com/lifestyle/Womens-Day-Special-How-much-do-you-know-about-the-founder/cid6683858.htm |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.newscrab.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Cartier <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women forum hosts Cartier awards finalist Sairee Chahal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others-do-not-use/women-forum-hosts-cartier-awards-finalist-sairee-chahal/ |access-date=2013-06-20 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mata Masu Nasara <ref name="award">{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal |url=https://www.fempower.in/media/sairee-chahal |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.fempower.in |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Devi <ref name="award" /> * Mata Mafi Ƙarfi a Kasuwancin Indiya <ref name="award" /> * Zaɓin edita don kyautar mata ta L'Oreal Femina <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal – Founder of Sheroes, the safe online social space that empowers women |url=http://globalindianstories.com/index.php/2020/06/16/sairee-chahal-founder-of-sheroes-the-safe-online-social-space-that-empowers-women/ |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=www.globalindianstories.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rgdy8lsuom03z6h62gq9678khf6erb5 962015 962014 2026-10-02T19:45:33Z Nnamadee 31123 962015 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Sairee Chahal''' ' yar kasuwa ce [[Fasaha|ta fasaha]] kuma wacce ta kafa kuma Shugabar SHEROES, wani dandali da ke tallafawa mata 'yan kasuwa.<ref name="founder">{{Cite web |title=This founder’s helping more women do their own thing |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/startups/people/this-founders-helping-more-women-turn-entrepreneur/articleshow/64416982.cms |access-date=2019-06-03 |website=[[The Times of India]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=In Sairee Chahal’s Shoes: The SHEROES Story And Backing Women Entrepreneurs In India |url=https://inc42.com/features/sairee-chahal-the-sheroes-story-and-women-entrepreneurs-in-india/ |access-date=2019-12-21 |website=www.inc42.com |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal – Founder of Sheroes, the safe online social space that empowers women |url=http://globalindianstories.com/index.php/2020/06/16/sairee-chahal-founder-of-sheroes-the-safe-online-social-space-that-empowers-women/ |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=www.globalindianstories.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == Chahal ta ƙaura zuwa Delhi daga garinsu, Muzaffarnagar, [[Uttar Pradesh]], don yin karatu. Ta kammala karatunta na M. Phil a fannin Nazarin Ƙasa da Ƙasa daga [[Jami'ar Jawaharlal Nehru]]. Daga baya ta sami takardar shaidar PGDBM (Difloma ta gaba a fannin Gudanar da Kasuwanci) a Cibiyar Fasahar Gudanarwa da ke Ghaziabad . Chahal kuma tsohon ɗalibi ne a fannin bayar da kyaututtukan Cartier kuma ɗan ƙungiyar Aspen.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal has built an online world for women from all walks of life to help each other start a career |url=https://wow.outlookbusiness.com/sairee-chahal/ |access-date=2021-06-21 |website=Outlook Business |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="founder" /> == Sana'a == === Kwanakin farko === Bayan kammala karatunta daga kwaleji, Chahal ta fara samun gogewa a wani kamfani da ke da ƙananan kamfanoni. A shekarar 1999, ta sami damar ƙaddamar da jaridar ma'aikatan jirgin ruwa. Sairee ta fara aiki a kan kamfaninta mai suna Fleximoms, a shekarar 2012. Fleximoms ya taimaka wa mata su sami damar yin aiki daga nesa da kuma ofis. <ref name="founder" /> === SHEROES === An kafa SHEROES a shekarar 2014 a matsayin layin taimakon waya, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Five Years In, Sheroes Helpline Aims For High Empathy, Deep Impact |url=http://www.healthcollective.in/2019/08/sheroes-helpline-empathy/ |access-date=2020-08-26 |website=www.healthcollective.in |language=en-US}}</ref> ta fito a matsayin hanyar sada zumunta da aka keɓe ga mata. Tana aiki a matsayin babban tsarin kasuwanci wanda ke aiki don inganta harkokin kasuwanci, aikin yi da kuma harkokin kuɗi ga mata. Masu amfani za su iya zuwa wannan dandali don cike gibin jinsi da kuma samun damar mu'amala, ganewa da ci gaba. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal talks about Sheroes, an online community for women |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/small-biz/startups/newsbuzz/sairee-chahal-talks-about-sheroes-an-online-community-for-women/articleshow/64434117.cms |access-date=2019-06-11 |website=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en-US}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal: A sense of identity |url=https://www.forbesindia.com/article/wpower-trailblazers/sairee-chahal-a-sense-of-identity/46167/1 |access-date=2018-03-11 |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Kamfanin Mahila Money wanda Chahal ya kafa, yana ba da ƙananan lamuni ga ƙananan 'yan kasuwa mata. Ana bayar da tallafin kuɗi tsakanin Rs. 10,000 zuwa Rs. 2,00,000 a ƙarƙashin wannan shiri. Mutum zai iya neman rancen kuma a amince da shi cikin awanni 48. Waɗanda aka ƙi amincewa da aikace-aikacen za su iya zama a cikin al'umma don ƙarin koyo game da kuɗi da kuma inganta zaman lafiyar kuɗinsu. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahila Money, Visa and Transcorp launch Mahila Money Prepaid Card for women entrepreneurs |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/money/mahila-money-visa-and-transcorp-launch-mahila-money-prepaid-card-for-women-entrepreneurs-details-here/2463545/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Dandalin dijital yana samar da ƙananan lamuni ga [[mata 'yan kasuwa]] don taimakawa wajen kafa kasuwanci, haɓaka kasuwanci da damar samun aiki. Yana mai da hankali kan tallafawa harkokin kasuwanci da kuma ilimin kuɗi na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Mahila Money to launch prepaid card to support women entrepreneurs |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/news/mahila-money-to-launch-prepaid-card-to-support-women-entrepreneurs-11647424248587.html |access-date=2022-06-18 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> Mahila Money ta kuma yi haɗin gwiwa da ƙungiyoyi 60 da suka mayar da hankali kan mata don samun ƙarin amincewa a cikin al'umma. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Interview: After six months of lending, Sheroes founder explains how tough it is |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/startups/news/interview-after-six-months-of-lending-sheroes-founder-learns-it-is-tougher-than-it-looked/articleshow/88474677.cms |access-date=2022-01-18 |website=[[Business Insider]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Bankin Paytm Payments Ltd === A shekarar 2019, Bankin Paytm Payments ya nada Chahal a matsayin memba na kwamitin gudanarwa. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Paytm Payments Bank appoints Sairee Chahal to board of directors |url=https://www.livemint.com/companies/people/paytm-payments-bank-appoints-sairee-chahal-to-board-of-directors-1555740199641.html |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]] |language=en-US}}</ref> === Gidauniyar Milan === Chahal yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na Gidauniyar Milan. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women's Day Special: How much do you know about the founder of SHEROES, SaireeChahal? |url=https://www.newscrab.com/lifestyle/Womens-Day-Special-How-much-do-you-know-about-the-founder/cid6683858.htm |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.newscrab.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Lambobin yabo da girmamawa == * Kyautar Cartier <ref>{{Cite web |title=Women forum hosts Cartier awards finalist Sairee Chahal |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others-do-not-use/women-forum-hosts-cartier-awards-finalist-sairee-chahal/ |access-date=2013-06-20 |website=[[The Indian Express]] |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Mata Masu Nasara <ref name="award">{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal |url=https://www.fempower.in/media/sairee-chahal |access-date=2022-06-20 |website=www.fempower.in |language=en-US}}</ref> * Kyautar Devi <ref name="award" /> * Mata Mafi Ƙarfi a Kasuwancin Indiya <ref name="award" /> * Zaɓin edita don kyautar mata ta L'Oreal Femina <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sairee Chahal – Founder of Sheroes, the safe online social space that empowers women |url=http://globalindianstories.com/index.php/2020/06/16/sairee-chahal-founder-of-sheroes-the-safe-online-social-space-that-empowers-women/ |access-date=2021-06-20 |website=www.globalindianstories.com |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 02xd3nsmsx7g96a7g97cswp0knjycba Masarauta 0 177897 962021 2026-10-02T20:24:41Z Halima Waziri 29451 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377016360|Monarch]]" 962021 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Politics series sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Politics series sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Sarki''' / / ˈmɒnərk / , / ˈmɒnɑːrk / ) shugaban ƙasa ne [ 1 [[Shugaban kasa|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=monarch |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/monarch?q=monarch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153238/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/monarch?q=monarch |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> <ref name="webster">Webster's II New College Dictionary. "Monarch". Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. {{ISBN|0-395-96214-5}}</ref> tsawon rai ko har sai ya sauka daga mulki, saboda haka shugaban ƙasa na [[Sarauta|masarauta]] . Sarki yawanci yana amfani da iko da iko mafi girma a jihar . Yawanci, sarki ko dai da kansa [[Gado a Musulunci|yana gadon]] haƙƙin halal na amfani da haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa (wanda galibi ake kira ''kursiyi'' ko ''kambi'' ) ko kuma an zaɓe shi ta hanyar tsari da aka kafa daga dangi ko ƙungiyar da ta cancanci samar da sarkin ƙasar. A madadin haka, mutum zai iya ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki, ko ma ya kwace mulki, kamar yadda azzaluman Girkawa na da suka yi. Idan aka naɗa ƙaramin yaro a matsayin sarki, to sau da yawa ana naɗa mai mulki don ya yi mulki har sai sarki ya kai shekarun girma da ake buƙata don yin mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2025 |title=Definition of REGENT |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/regent}}</ref> == Halaye == Sarakuna, a matsayin haka, suna da laƙabi iri-iri - [[sarki]] ko [[sarauniya]], yarima ko gimbiya (misali, Yarima Mai Girma na Monaco ), sarki ko sarauniya (misali, Sarkin China, Sarkin Habasha, Sarkin Japan, Sarkin Indiya ), archduke, duke ko babban duke (misali, Babban Duke na Luxembourg ), sarki (misali, Sarkin Qatar ), sultan (misali, [[Sarkin Oman|Sultan na Oman]] ), ko [[fir'auna]] . [[Sarauta|Mulkin mallaka]] yana da alaƙa da siyasa ko al'adu na zamantakewa, kuma gabaɗaya (amma ba koyaushe ba) yana da alaƙa da mulkin gado . Yawancin sarakuna, a tarihi da kuma a yau, an haife su kuma an rene su a cikin dangin sarauta (wanda mulkinsu na tsawon lokaci ana kiransa da [[daular]] ) kuma an horar da su don ayyukan da za su yi nan gaba. An yi amfani da tsarin [[Haƙƙin magada|gado]] daban-daban, kamar kusancin jini (fifikon namiji ko cikakken iko), primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, da sauransu. Duk da cewa a al'ada yawancin sarakuna maza ne, sarakuna mata suma suna mulki, kuma kalmar [[Sarauniya|sarauniya mai mulki]] tana nufin sarki mai mulki, wanda ya bambanta da matar sarauniya, matar sarki mai mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The role of the Monarchy |url=https://www.royal.uk/the-role-of-the-monarchy |website=The Royal Family}}</ref> A tsarin sarautar zaɓe, ana [[Zaɓe|zaɓen]] sarki amma a wani ɓangaren kuma yana aiki a matsayin wani sarki. Misalan tarihi na mulkin mallaka na zaɓe sun haɗa da Sarakunan Romawa Masu Tsarki <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Holy Roman Empire - Qualifications |url=https://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hre.htm#Qualifications |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229151544/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hre.htm#Qualifications |archive-date=2017-12-29 |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=Heraldica}}</ref> (wanda 'yan sarki-masu zaɓe suka zaɓa, amma galibi suna fitowa daga daular ɗaya) da kuma zaɓen 'yancin sarakunan Tarayyar Poland-Lithuania . Misalan zamani sun haɗa da Yang di-Pertuan Agong (wanda aka fassara shi da "Wanda aka yi wa Ubangiji") na [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], wanda taron masu mulki ke naɗawa duk bayan shekaru biyar ko bayan mutuwar sarki, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathe |first=Om |date=2019-08-03 |title=Explained: Malaysia is the world's only monarchy of its kind. Here's why |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-malaysia-is-the-worlds-only-monarchy-of-its-kind-heres-why-5874995/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423161942/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-malaysia-is-the-worlds-only-monarchy-of-its-kind-heres-why-5874995/ |archive-date=2021-04-23 |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> da kuma Paparoma na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika na Roman]], wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai mulkin [[Vatican|Jihar Vatican City]] kuma Kwalejin Cardinals ta zaɓe shi zuwa wa'adin rai da rai. A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, jihohi da yawa sun soke tsarin mulkin mallaka kuma sun zama jamhuriya . Ana kiran goyon bayan gwamnati ga jamhuriya a matsayin jamhuriya, yayin da ake kiran goyon bayan sarauta a matsayin mulkin mallaka . Babban fa'idar gadon sarauta ita ce ci gaba da jagorancin ƙasa nan take, [1] kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin jumlar gargajiya " Tsohon Sarki ya mutu. Raya sabon Sarki! ". A lokutan da sarki ke aiki a matsayin mutum na musamman a lokacin bukukuwa (misali, yawancin masarautun tsarin mulki na zamani), shugabanci na gaske ba ya dogara ne akan sarki. == Magaji == Gado a cikin iyali ɗaya na uba ya fi yawa (amma ga Sarauniyar Ruwan Sama ), inda ake fifita 'ya'ya akan 'yan'uwa, kuma maza fiye da 'ya'ya mata. A Turai, wasu mutane suna yin rabon ƙasa daidai gwargwado da haƙƙin sarauta tsakanin 'ya'ya maza ko 'yan'uwa, kamar yadda yake a jihohin Jamus na Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki, har zuwa bayan zamanin da, kuma wani lokacin (misali, Ernestine duchies ) har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Sauran ƙasashen Turai suna yin wani nau'i na asali, wanda babban ɗansa ya gaje shi, ko kuma, idan ba shi da shi, ɗan'uwansa, 'ya'yansa mata ko 'ya'yansa mata maza. Tsarin tanistry da ake yi a tsakanin ƙabilun Celtic ya kasance mai zaɓe kaɗan kuma ya ba da nauyi ga iyawa da cancanta. Dokar Salic, wadda aka yi a Faransa da kuma yankunan Italiya na Majalisar Savoy, ta tanadar da cewa maza ne kawai za su iya gadon sarautar. A mafi yawan fiefs, idan aka rasa dukkan mazan da suka yi daidai da uba, mace a cikin iyali za ta iya yin nasara (dokar rabin salic). A mafi yawan al'ummomi, 'ya'ya mata da 'yan'uwa mata sun cancanci su gaje wani dangi mai mulki kafin dangin maza masu nisa (maza-fifiko primogeniture), amma wani lokacin mijin magajin ya zama mai mulki, kuma galibi yana karɓar taken, jure uxoris . Spain a yau ta ci gaba da wannan tsarin dokar maye gurbi, a cikin nau'in primogeniture na cognatic . A cikin shari'o'in da suka fi rikitarwa a zamanin da, ƙa'idodin kusanci da na asali masu karo da juna sun yi faɗa, kuma sakamakon sau da yawa yana da ban mamaki. Yayin da matsakaicin tsawon rai ke ƙaruwa, babban ɗa ya fi kusantar shekaru masu yawa kafin mutuwar mahaifinsa, kuma an fi fifita primogeniture fiye da kusanci, salon rayuwa, girma, da zaɓe. A shekarar 1980, [[Sweden]] ta zama masarauta ta farko da ta ayyana ''daidaiton primogeniture'', ''cikakken primogeniture'' ko ''cikakken cognatic primogeniture'', ma'ana cewa babban ɗa na sarkin, ko mace ko namiji, zai hau karagar mulki. Wasu ƙasashe sun rungumi wannan tsarin tun daga lokacin: [[Holand|Netherlands]] a shekarar 1983, [[Norway]] a shekarar 1990, [[Beljik|Belgium]] a shekarar 1991, [[Denmark]] a shekarar 2009, da [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2017 |title=New Ducal succession rights for Grand Duchy |url=https://luxtimes.lu/archives/29500-new-ducal-succession-rights-for-grand-duchy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022256/https://luxtimes.lu/archives/29500-new-ducal-succession-rights-for-grand-duchy |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=luxtimes.lu}}</ref> [[Birtaniya]] ta amince da cikakken (daidai) na farko a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2013, bayan da firaministocin ƙasashen Commonwealth goma sha shida suka amince a taron shugabannin gwamnatocin Commonwealth karo na 22. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Emma.Goodey |date=2016-03-17 |title=Succession |url=https://www.royal.uk/succession |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513014456/https://www.royal.uk/succession |archive-date=2016-05-13 |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=The Royal Family |language=en}}</ref> A wasu masarautu, kamar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]], gadon sarauta yawanci yakan fara zuwa ga babban ɗan'uwan sarki na gaba, haka nan kuma ya ci gaba ta hanyar sauran 'yan'uwansa, kuma bayan haka sai 'ya'yan sarki ( ''ƙaramin matsayi'' ). A wasu masarautu (misali, [[Jodan|Jordan]] ), sarkin yana zaɓar wanda zai gaje shi a cikin dangin sarauta, wanda ba lallai bane ya zama ɗansa na fari. A ƙarshe, wasu masarautu na zaɓe ne ( [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]], [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], Holy See da Cambodia ), ma'ana ana zaɓen sarkin maimakon ya hau mulki saboda gadon kai tsaye. Dokoki da dokoki game da zaɓe sun bambanta ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Louis |first=chevalier de Jaucourt (biography) |date=2011-01-01 |title=Elective monarchy |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0001.691 |journal=Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project}}</ref> Ko menene dokokin gadon sarauta, an sha samun lokuta da dama na juyin mulki da wani mai kwace mulki wanda sau da yawa yakan naɗa iyalansa a kan karagar mulki. == Misalan sarakuna == Jerin [[Fir'auna]] [[Tsohuwar Masar|sun mulki Masar ta]] dā tsawon shekaru dubu uku ( {{Circa|3150 BC}} zuwa 31 BC) har sai da Daular Roma ta ci ta da yaƙi. A matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Kasa Afrika|yaƙin neman 'yancin Afirka]], ƙasashe bakwai na Turai sun mamaye mafi yawan nahiyar Afirka kuma sun mamaye ta. Tun kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka, manufar mulkin mallaka ta wanzu a Amurka. Lokacin da Turawa suka isa, sun kira waɗannan filaye a cikin yankunan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin masarautu, kuma Turawa galibi suna kiran shugabannin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da Sarakuna, musamman shugabannin gado. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Margaret Knight Sypniewska |title=Courtly Lives - Four Indian Kings |url=https://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/4Chiefs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809102218/http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/4Chiefs.html |archive-date=2019-08-09 |access-date=2007-01-30 |website=Angelfire}}</ref> Sarkin farko na yankin da ya fito a Arewacin Amurka bayan mulkin mallaka shine [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], wanda ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Haiti a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1804. <ref>{{Cite web |last=TiCam |date=27 September 2006 |title=17 October: Death of Dessalines. |url=haitiwebs.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928222734/http://www.haitiwebs.com/emagazine/content/view/318/155/1/0/lang%2Cen/ |archive-date=28 September 2007 |website=haitiwebs.com}}</ref> Haiti ta sake samun sarki, Faustin I daga 1849 zuwa 1859. A Kudancin Amurka, Brazil tana da gidan sarauta a matsayin sarki tsakanin 1822 da 1889, a ƙarƙashin sarakuna Pedro I da Pedro II . == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin Sarakuna {{Clear}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}'''Majiyoyi''' *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/odegard/titlefaq.htm Kamus na Lakabi na Sarauta na Turai, Yarima, Sarauta da kuma Sarauta] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071114075322/http://starnarcosis.net/obsidian/regindex.html Regnal Chronologies] King lists a duk duniya (an adana a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2007) * [http://www.archontology.org Archontology] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130229/http://imperialafrica.net/ Jagoranci da Naɗa Sarautar Masarautun Afirka] (an adana a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2018) {{Monarchies}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] qvpb8jlhsgcpaqsg586j03vfb352kz7 962022 962021 2026-10-02T20:25:15Z Halima Waziri 29451 Saka databox 962022 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} <templatestyles src="Module:Hatnote/styles.css"></templatestyles> <templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Politics series sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" /><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Plainlist/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Module:Sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Template:Politics series sidebar/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Hlist/styles.css" />'''Sarki''' / / ˈmɒnərk / , / ˈmɒnɑːrk / ) shugaban ƙasa ne [ 1 [[Shugaban kasa|<nowiki>]</nowiki>]] <ref>{{Cite web |year=2014 |title=monarch |url=http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/monarch?q=monarch |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140517153238/http://www.oxforddictionaries.com/us/definition/american_english/monarch?q=monarch |archive-date=May 17, 2014 |website=Oxford Dictionaries}}</ref> <ref name="webster">Webster's II New College Dictionary. "Monarch". Houghton Mifflin. Boston. 2001. p. 707. {{ISBN|0-395-96214-5}}</ref> tsawon rai ko har sai ya sauka daga mulki, saboda haka shugaban ƙasa na [[Sarauta|masarauta]] . Sarki yawanci yana amfani da iko da iko mafi girma a jihar . Yawanci, sarki ko dai da kansa [[Gado a Musulunci|yana gadon]] haƙƙin halal na amfani da haƙƙin mallakar ƙasa (wanda galibi ake kira ''kursiyi'' ko ''kambi'' ) ko kuma an zaɓe shi ta hanyar tsari da aka kafa daga dangi ko ƙungiyar da ta cancanci samar da sarkin ƙasar. A madadin haka, mutum zai iya ayyana kansa a matsayin sarki, ko ma ya kwace mulki, kamar yadda azzaluman Girkawa na da suka yi. Idan aka naɗa ƙaramin yaro a matsayin sarki, to sau da yawa ana naɗa mai mulki don ya yi mulki har sai sarki ya kai shekarun girma da ake buƙata don yin mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |date=25 October 2025 |title=Definition of REGENT |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/regent}}</ref> == Halaye == Sarakuna, a matsayin haka, suna da laƙabi iri-iri - [[sarki]] ko [[sarauniya]], yarima ko gimbiya (misali, Yarima Mai Girma na Monaco ), sarki ko sarauniya (misali, Sarkin China, Sarkin Habasha, Sarkin Japan, Sarkin Indiya ), archduke, duke ko babban duke (misali, Babban Duke na Luxembourg ), sarki (misali, Sarkin Qatar ), sultan (misali, [[Sarkin Oman|Sultan na Oman]] ), ko [[fir'auna]] . [[Sarauta|Mulkin mallaka]] yana da alaƙa da siyasa ko al'adu na zamantakewa, kuma gabaɗaya (amma ba koyaushe ba) yana da alaƙa da mulkin gado . Yawancin sarakuna, a tarihi da kuma a yau, an haife su kuma an rene su a cikin dangin sarauta (wanda mulkinsu na tsawon lokaci ana kiransa da [[daular]] ) kuma an horar da su don ayyukan da za su yi nan gaba. An yi amfani da tsarin [[Haƙƙin magada|gado]] daban-daban, kamar kusancin jini (fifikon namiji ko cikakken iko), primogeniture, agnatic seniority, Salic law, da sauransu. Duk da cewa a al'ada yawancin sarakuna maza ne, sarakuna mata suma suna mulki, kuma kalmar [[Sarauniya|sarauniya mai mulki]] tana nufin sarki mai mulki, wanda ya bambanta da matar sarauniya, matar sarki mai mulki. <ref>{{Cite web |title=The role of the Monarchy |url=https://www.royal.uk/the-role-of-the-monarchy |website=The Royal Family}}</ref> A tsarin sarautar zaɓe, ana [[Zaɓe|zaɓen]] sarki amma a wani ɓangaren kuma yana aiki a matsayin wani sarki. Misalan tarihi na mulkin mallaka na zaɓe sun haɗa da Sarakunan Romawa Masu Tsarki <ref>{{Cite web |title=The Holy Roman Empire - Qualifications |url=https://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hre.htm#Qualifications |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229151544/http://www.heraldica.org/topics/national/hre.htm#Qualifications |archive-date=2017-12-29 |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=Heraldica}}</ref> (wanda 'yan sarki-masu zaɓe suka zaɓa, amma galibi suna fitowa daga daular ɗaya) da kuma zaɓen 'yancin sarakunan Tarayyar Poland-Lithuania . Misalan zamani sun haɗa da Yang di-Pertuan Agong (wanda aka fassara shi da "Wanda aka yi wa Ubangiji") na [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], wanda taron masu mulki ke naɗawa duk bayan shekaru biyar ko bayan mutuwar sarki, <ref>{{Cite web |last=Marathe |first=Om |date=2019-08-03 |title=Explained: Malaysia is the world's only monarchy of its kind. Here's why |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-malaysia-is-the-worlds-only-monarchy-of-its-kind-heres-why-5874995/ |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423161942/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-malaysia-is-the-worlds-only-monarchy-of-its-kind-heres-why-5874995/ |archive-date=2021-04-23 |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> da kuma Paparoma na [[Cocin katolika|Cocin Katolika na Roman]], wanda ke aiki a matsayin mai mulkin [[Vatican|Jihar Vatican City]] kuma Kwalejin Cardinals ta zaɓe shi zuwa wa'adin rai da rai. A cikin ƙarni na baya-bayan nan, jihohi da yawa sun soke tsarin mulkin mallaka kuma sun zama jamhuriya . Ana kiran goyon bayan gwamnati ga jamhuriya a matsayin jamhuriya, yayin da ake kiran goyon bayan sarauta a matsayin mulkin mallaka . Babban fa'idar gadon sarauta ita ce ci gaba da jagorancin ƙasa nan take, [1] kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin jumlar gargajiya " Tsohon Sarki ya mutu. Raya sabon Sarki! ". A lokutan da sarki ke aiki a matsayin mutum na musamman a lokacin bukukuwa (misali, yawancin masarautun tsarin mulki na zamani), shugabanci na gaske ba ya dogara ne akan sarki. == Magaji == Gado a cikin iyali ɗaya na uba ya fi yawa (amma ga Sarauniyar Ruwan Sama ), inda ake fifita 'ya'ya akan 'yan'uwa, kuma maza fiye da 'ya'ya mata. A Turai, wasu mutane suna yin rabon ƙasa daidai gwargwado da haƙƙin sarauta tsakanin 'ya'ya maza ko 'yan'uwa, kamar yadda yake a jihohin Jamus na Daular Romawa Mai Tsarki, har zuwa bayan zamanin da, kuma wani lokacin (misali, Ernestine duchies ) har zuwa ƙarni na 19. Sauran ƙasashen Turai suna yin wani nau'i na asali, wanda babban ɗansa ya gaje shi, ko kuma, idan ba shi da shi, ɗan'uwansa, 'ya'yansa mata ko 'ya'yansa mata maza. Tsarin tanistry da ake yi a tsakanin ƙabilun Celtic ya kasance mai zaɓe kaɗan kuma ya ba da nauyi ga iyawa da cancanta. Dokar Salic, wadda aka yi a Faransa da kuma yankunan Italiya na Majalisar Savoy, ta tanadar da cewa maza ne kawai za su iya gadon sarautar. A mafi yawan fiefs, idan aka rasa dukkan mazan da suka yi daidai da uba, mace a cikin iyali za ta iya yin nasara (dokar rabin salic). A mafi yawan al'ummomi, 'ya'ya mata da 'yan'uwa mata sun cancanci su gaje wani dangi mai mulki kafin dangin maza masu nisa (maza-fifiko primogeniture), amma wani lokacin mijin magajin ya zama mai mulki, kuma galibi yana karɓar taken, jure uxoris . Spain a yau ta ci gaba da wannan tsarin dokar maye gurbi, a cikin nau'in primogeniture na cognatic . A cikin shari'o'in da suka fi rikitarwa a zamanin da, ƙa'idodin kusanci da na asali masu karo da juna sun yi faɗa, kuma sakamakon sau da yawa yana da ban mamaki. Yayin da matsakaicin tsawon rai ke ƙaruwa, babban ɗa ya fi kusantar shekaru masu yawa kafin mutuwar mahaifinsa, kuma an fi fifita primogeniture fiye da kusanci, salon rayuwa, girma, da zaɓe. A shekarar 1980, [[Sweden]] ta zama masarauta ta farko da ta ayyana ''daidaiton primogeniture'', ''cikakken primogeniture'' ko ''cikakken cognatic primogeniture'', ma'ana cewa babban ɗa na sarkin, ko mace ko namiji, zai hau karagar mulki. Wasu ƙasashe sun rungumi wannan tsarin tun daga lokacin: [[Holand|Netherlands]] a shekarar 1983, [[Norway]] a shekarar 1990, [[Beljik|Belgium]] a shekarar 1991, [[Denmark]] a shekarar 2009, da [[Luksamburg|Luxembourg]] a shekarar 2011. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 December 2017 |title=New Ducal succession rights for Grand Duchy |url=https://luxtimes.lu/archives/29500-new-ducal-succession-rights-for-grand-duchy |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215022256/https://luxtimes.lu/archives/29500-new-ducal-succession-rights-for-grand-duchy |archive-date=15 December 2018 |access-date=16 December 2018 |website=luxtimes.lu}}</ref> [[Birtaniya]] ta amince da cikakken (daidai) na farko a ranar 25 ga Afrilu, 2013, bayan da firaministocin ƙasashen Commonwealth goma sha shida suka amince a taron shugabannin gwamnatocin Commonwealth karo na 22. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Emma.Goodey |date=2016-03-17 |title=Succession |url=https://www.royal.uk/succession |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160513014456/https://www.royal.uk/succession |archive-date=2016-05-13 |access-date=2021-04-23 |website=The Royal Family |language=en}}</ref> A wasu masarautu, kamar [[Saudi Arebiya|Saudiyya]], gadon sarauta yawanci yakan fara zuwa ga babban ɗan'uwan sarki na gaba, haka nan kuma ya ci gaba ta hanyar sauran 'yan'uwansa, kuma bayan haka sai 'ya'yan sarki ( ''ƙaramin matsayi'' ). A wasu masarautu (misali, [[Jodan|Jordan]] ), sarkin yana zaɓar wanda zai gaje shi a cikin dangin sarauta, wanda ba lallai bane ya zama ɗansa na fari. A ƙarshe, wasu masarautu na zaɓe ne ( [[Haɗaɗɗiyar Daular Larabawa|UAE]], [[Maleshiya|Malaysia]], Holy See da Cambodia ), ma'ana ana zaɓen sarkin maimakon ya hau mulki saboda gadon kai tsaye. Dokoki da dokoki game da zaɓe sun bambanta ƙasa zuwa ƙasa. <ref>{{Cite journal |last=Louis |first=chevalier de Jaucourt (biography) |date=2011-01-01 |title=Elective monarchy |url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.did2222.0001.691 |journal=Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project}}</ref> Ko menene dokokin gadon sarauta, an sha samun lokuta da dama na juyin mulki da wani mai kwace mulki wanda sau da yawa yakan naɗa iyalansa a kan karagar mulki. == Misalan sarakuna == Jerin [[Fir'auna]] [[Tsohuwar Masar|sun mulki Masar ta]] dā tsawon shekaru dubu uku ( {{Circa|3150 BC}} zuwa 31 BC) har sai da Daular Roma ta ci ta da yaƙi. A matsayin wani ɓangare na [[Kasa Afrika|yaƙin neman 'yancin Afirka]], ƙasashe bakwai na Turai sun mamaye mafi yawan nahiyar Afirka kuma sun mamaye ta. Tun kafin zuwan Turawan mulkin mallaka, manufar mulkin mallaka ta wanzu a Amurka. Lokacin da Turawa suka isa, sun kira waɗannan filaye a cikin yankunan ƙungiyoyin 'yan asalin ƙasar a matsayin masarautu, kuma Turawa galibi suna kiran shugabannin waɗannan ƙungiyoyin da Sarakuna, musamman shugabannin gado. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Margaret Knight Sypniewska |title=Courtly Lives - Four Indian Kings |url=https://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/4Chiefs.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190809102218/http://www.angelfire.com/mi4/polcrt/4Chiefs.html |archive-date=2019-08-09 |access-date=2007-01-30 |website=Angelfire}}</ref> Sarkin farko na yankin da ya fito a Arewacin Amurka bayan mulkin mallaka shine [[Jean-Jacques Dessalines]], wanda ya ayyana kansa Sarkin Haiti a ranar 22 ga Satumba, 1804. <ref>{{Cite web |last=TiCam |date=27 September 2006 |title=17 October: Death of Dessalines. |url=haitiwebs.com |url-status=usurped |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928222734/http://www.haitiwebs.com/emagazine/content/view/318/155/1/0/lang%2Cen/ |archive-date=28 September 2007 |website=haitiwebs.com}}</ref> Haiti ta sake samun sarki, Faustin I daga 1849 zuwa 1859. A Kudancin Amurka, Brazil tana da gidan sarauta a matsayin sarki tsakanin 1822 da 1889, a ƙarƙashin sarakuna Pedro I da Pedro II . == Duba kuma ==   * Jerin Sarakuna {{Clear}} == Manazarta == <templatestyles src="Reflist/styles.css" />{{Reflist}}'''Majiyoyi''' *   *   == Hanyoyin haɗi na waje == <templatestyles src="Module:Side box/styles.css"></templatestyles><templatestyles src="Sister project/styles.css"></templatestyles>  * [http://www.heraldica.org/topics/odegard/titlefaq.htm Kamus na Lakabi na Sarauta na Turai, Yarima, Sarauta da kuma Sarauta] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071114075322/http://starnarcosis.net/obsidian/regindex.html Regnal Chronologies] King lists a duk duniya (an adana a ranar 14 ga Nuwamba, 2007) * [http://www.archontology.org Archontology] Archived * [https://web.archive.org/web/20181225130229/http://imperialafrica.net/ Jagoranci da Naɗa Sarautar Masarautun Afirka] (an adana a ranar 25 ga Disamba 2018) {{Monarchies}}{{Authority control}} [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] ckholf4nykg17skdclp6786opepxytk Shaili Chopra 0 177898 962031 2026-10-02T21:11:53Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1343587918|Shaili Chopra]]" 962031 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shaili Chopra''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1981) 'yar jaridar kasuwanci ce ta Indiya, marubuciya kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ita ce ta kafa ''SheThePeople.'' ''TV ,'' wani gidan yanar gizo na kafofin watsa labarai na dijital na Indiya wanda ke mai da hankali kan labarai da nishaɗin da suka shafi mata a tsarin bidiyo. A matsayinta na 'yar jarida ta kasuwanci, an san ta da aiki a <nowiki><i id="mwDg">NDTV-profit</i></nowiki> da <nowiki><i id="mwEA">ETNOW</i></nowiki> kuma ta lashe kyautar Ramnath Goenka Award ta 2012 don ƙwarewa a aikin jarida na kasuwanci tsakanin sauran kyaututtuka daban-daban. Daga nan ta koma zama 'yar kasuwa ta rubuta littattafai guda huɗu. Ayyukanta sun shafi tashar mata ta Indiya mai suna SheThePeople. TV da GolfingIndian.com. Littattafan ta sun haɗa da Feminist Rani ta Penguin, When I Was 25 ta Random House, Big Connect- Social Media da Indian Politics ta Random House, da kuma Birdies in Business ta Times Books. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chopra a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1981 a Jalandhar, Punjab ga Air Marshal Anil Chopra da Suman Chopra. Ta yi horo a fannin watsa labarai tare da BBC a makarantar koyon aikin jarida. Ta yi aiki a CNBC, NDTV da ETNOW . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawf.org |url=http://sawf.org/bin/tips.dll/getcontributions?user=Sawf&contributor=Shaili+Chopra&class=Poetry&subclass=Original&pn=Contributors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726030224/http://sawf.org/bin/tips.dll/getcontributions?user=Sawf&contributor=Shaili+Chopra&class=Poetry&subclass=Original&pn=Contributors |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Sawf.org}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == [[File:ShailiChopra.jpg|thumb| Shaili Chopra]] A shekarar 1998, Chopra ta kammala karatunta daga Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute da ke New Delhi. Chopra ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin watsa labarai da talabijin daga rukunin 2002, Kwalejin Aikin Jarida ta Asiya, Chennai | The Asian. Ta yi aiki da NDTV 24 x 7 a matsayin Editan Kasuwa & Harkokin Kamfanoni da kuma NDTV Profit a matsayin Babban Editan Labarai-Kamfani na tsawon sama da shekaru biyar sannan ta yi aiki da ET NOW na tsawon shekaru uku. Ta kuma yi ta tattaunawa kan abubuwan da suka faru a duniya kamar G-20, WEF@Davos, Taron Bretton Woods na 2011, Babban Taron Tattalin Arziki na Indiya da kuma Majalisar Dillalan Kaya ta Duniya. Mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwMw">Impact</i></nowiki> ta sanya mata suna ɗaya daga cikin mata 50 mafi tasiri a Indiya a fannin kafofin watsa labarai, tallatawa da talla. Chopra da mijinta Shivnath Thukral suma sun ba da rahoto kai tsaye daga wajen [[Fadar Otal Ɗin Taj Mahal|Otal ɗin Taj Mahal]] da ke [[Mumbai]] a lokacin hare-haren ta'addanci na 26/11 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2008 |title=TV's hits and misses of terror attacks |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-s-hits-and-misses-of-terror-attacks/story-c1ZYDSiKIq5M2q1Urj1ZGO.html |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Ita ce babbar mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen ''ETNOW'' kafin ta zama 'yar kasuwa. Ta kuma yi wani wasan golf mai suna "Tee Time With Shaili". Ta fara wani gidan yanar gizo na zamani mai suna 'SheThePeople' a shekarar 2015, wanda ke mai da hankali kan aikin jarida na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SheThePeople is India's First Platform For Stories of Women |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013054127/https://www.shethepeople.tv/about-us/ |archive-date=13 October 2018 |access-date=2018-07-16 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en-US}}</ref> Anand Mahindra ya saka hannun jari a cikin SheThePeople. Talabijin. Haka kuma ta kasance abokiyar hulɗa ta hukuma ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati kamar " [[Startup India, Standup India|Start-Up India, Stand Up India]] " da " Make in India ". <ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2016-05-23 |title=Anand Mahindra invests in SheThePeople.TV |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/1WOD6XteGQz4kgNmopZRKO/Anand-Mahindra-invests-in-SheThePeopleTV.html |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Ta lashe kyautar Labarai Television Award don Mafi kyawun Mai Ba da Labarai na Turanci a faɗin Indiya a 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN-IBN, NDTV India win 9 out of 47 at the Indian News Television Awards, CNN-IBN wins best English news channel, Rajdeep Sardesai Newsmaker of the year, Prannoy Roy lifetime achievement, Barkha Dutt best TV news anchor |url=http://www.dancewithshadows.com/media/cnn-ibn-ndtv.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726021557/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/media/cnn-ibn-ndtv.asp |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Dancewithshadows.com}}</ref> kuma daga baya a 2008, shirinta na kasuwanci da golf Business on Course, ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Nuni. A watan Maris na 2010, Chopra ta lashe kyautar Best Business Anchor kuma an karrama ta da kyautar Woman Achiever ta FICCI. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2013 |title=Nitesh Estates launches 'Nitesh Long Island' at Bangalore |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Young-FICCI-Ladies-Organisation-salutes-women-achievers-across-India/4818077033 |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Indiainfoline.com}}</ref> An ba Chopra kyautar Ramnath Goenka Award saboda ƙwarewa a fannin aikin jarida a gasar Indian Express RNG Awards ta 2012. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 20lbqzhmxm0ua1f53w5jye6sm02zw36 962032 962031 2026-10-02T21:12:32Z Nnamadee 31123 962032 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shaili Chopra''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1981) 'yar jaridar kasuwanci ce ta Indiya, marubuciya kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ita ce ta kafa ''SheThePeople.'' ''TV ,'' wani gidan yanar gizo na kafofin watsa labarai na dijital na Indiya wanda ke mai da hankali kan labarai da nishaɗin da suka shafi mata a tsarin bidiyo. A matsayinta na 'yar jarida ta kasuwanci, an san ta da aiki kuma ta lashe kyautar Ramnath Goenka Award ta 2012 don ƙwarewa a aikin jarida na kasuwanci tsakanin sauran kyaututtuka daban-daban. Daga nan ta koma zama 'yar kasuwa ta rubuta littattafai guda huɗu. Ayyukanta sun shafi tashar mata ta Indiya mai suna SheThePeople. TV da GolfingIndian.com. Littattafan ta sun haɗa da Feminist Rani ta Penguin, When I Was 25 ta Random House, Big Connect- Social Media da Indian Politics ta Random House, da kuma Birdies in Business ta Times Books. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chopra a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1981 a Jalandhar, Punjab ga Air Marshal Anil Chopra da Suman Chopra. Ta yi horo a fannin watsa labarai tare da BBC a makarantar koyon aikin jarida. Ta yi aiki a CNBC, NDTV da ETNOW . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawf.org |url=http://sawf.org/bin/tips.dll/getcontributions?user=Sawf&contributor=Shaili+Chopra&class=Poetry&subclass=Original&pn=Contributors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726030224/http://sawf.org/bin/tips.dll/getcontributions?user=Sawf&contributor=Shaili+Chopra&class=Poetry&subclass=Original&pn=Contributors |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Sawf.org}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == [[File:ShailiChopra.jpg|thumb| Shaili Chopra]] A shekarar 1998, Chopra ta kammala karatunta daga Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute da ke New Delhi. Chopra ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin watsa labarai da talabijin daga rukunin 2002, Kwalejin Aikin Jarida ta Asiya, Chennai | The Asian. Ta yi aiki da NDTV 24 x 7 a matsayin Editan Kasuwa & Harkokin Kamfanoni da kuma NDTV Profit a matsayin Babban Editan Labarai-Kamfani na tsawon sama da shekaru biyar sannan ta yi aiki da ET NOW na tsawon shekaru uku. Ta kuma yi ta tattaunawa kan abubuwan da suka faru a duniya kamar G-20, WEF@Davos, Taron Bretton Woods na 2011, Babban Taron Tattalin Arziki na Indiya da kuma Majalisar Dillalan Kaya ta Duniya. Mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwMw">Impact</i></nowiki> ta sanya mata suna ɗaya daga cikin mata 50 mafi tasiri a Indiya a fannin kafofin watsa labarai, tallatawa da talla. Chopra da mijinta Shivnath Thukral suma sun ba da rahoto kai tsaye daga wajen [[Fadar Otal Ɗin Taj Mahal|Otal ɗin Taj Mahal]] da ke [[Mumbai]] a lokacin hare-haren ta'addanci na 26/11 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2008 |title=TV's hits and misses of terror attacks |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-s-hits-and-misses-of-terror-attacks/story-c1ZYDSiKIq5M2q1Urj1ZGO.html |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Ita ce babbar mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen ''ETNOW'' kafin ta zama 'yar kasuwa. Ta kuma yi wani wasan golf mai suna "Tee Time With Shaili". Ta fara wani gidan yanar gizo na zamani mai suna 'SheThePeople' a shekarar 2015, wanda ke mai da hankali kan aikin jarida na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SheThePeople is India's First Platform For Stories of Women |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013054127/https://www.shethepeople.tv/about-us/ |archive-date=13 October 2018 |access-date=2018-07-16 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en-US}}</ref> Anand Mahindra ya saka hannun jari a cikin SheThePeople. Talabijin. Haka kuma ta kasance abokiyar hulɗa ta hukuma ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati kamar " [[Startup India, Standup India|Start-Up India, Stand Up India]] " da " Make in India ". <ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2016-05-23 |title=Anand Mahindra invests in SheThePeople.TV |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/1WOD6XteGQz4kgNmopZRKO/Anand-Mahindra-invests-in-SheThePeopleTV.html |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Ta lashe kyautar Labarai Television Award don Mafi kyawun Mai Ba da Labarai na Turanci a faɗin Indiya a 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN-IBN, NDTV India win 9 out of 47 at the Indian News Television Awards, CNN-IBN wins best English news channel, Rajdeep Sardesai Newsmaker of the year, Prannoy Roy lifetime achievement, Barkha Dutt best TV news anchor |url=http://www.dancewithshadows.com/media/cnn-ibn-ndtv.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726021557/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/media/cnn-ibn-ndtv.asp |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Dancewithshadows.com}}</ref> kuma daga baya a 2008, shirinta na kasuwanci da golf Business on Course, ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Nuni. A watan Maris na 2010, Chopra ta lashe kyautar Best Business Anchor kuma an karrama ta da kyautar Woman Achiever ta FICCI. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2013 |title=Nitesh Estates launches 'Nitesh Long Island' at Bangalore |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Young-FICCI-Ladies-Organisation-salutes-women-achievers-across-India/4818077033 |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Indiainfoline.com}}</ref> An ba Chopra kyautar Ramnath Goenka Award saboda ƙwarewa a fannin aikin jarida a gasar Indian Express RNG Awards ta 2012. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] clf44x7a2as2vm2ltyrslcuhrro9k04 962033 962032 2026-10-02T21:12:59Z Nnamadee 31123 962033 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Shaili Chopra''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1981) 'yar jaridar kasuwanci ce ta Indiya, marubuciya kuma 'yar kasuwa. Ita ce ta kafa ''SheThePeople.'' ''TV ,'' wani gidan yanar gizo na kafofin watsa labarai na dijital na Indiya wanda ke mai da hankali kan labarai da nishaɗin da suka shafi mata a tsarin bidiyo. A matsayinta na 'yar jarida ta kasuwanci, an san ta da aiki kuma ta lashe kyautar Ramnath Goenka Award ta 2012 don ƙwarewa a aikin jarida na kasuwanci tsakanin sauran kyaututtuka daban-daban. Daga nan ta koma zama 'yar kasuwa ta rubuta littattafai guda huɗu. Ayyukanta sun shafi tashar mata ta Indiya mai suna SheThePeople. TV da GolfingIndian.com. Littattafan ta sun haɗa da Feminist Rani ta Penguin, When I Was 25 ta Random House, Big Connect- Social Media da Indian Politics ta Random House, da kuma Birdies in Business ta Times Books. == Rayuwar farko == An haifi Chopra a ranar 21 ga Yuli 1981 a Jalandhar, Punjab ga Air Marshal Anil Chopra da Suman Chopra. Ta yi horo a fannin watsa labarai tare da BBC a makarantar koyon aikin jarida. Ta yi aiki a CNBC, NDTV da ETNOW . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Sawf.org |url=http://sawf.org/bin/tips.dll/getcontributions?user=Sawf&contributor=Shaili+Chopra&class=Poetry&subclass=Original&pn=Contributors |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726030224/http://sawf.org/bin/tips.dll/getcontributions?user=Sawf&contributor=Shaili+Chopra&class=Poetry&subclass=Original&pn=Contributors |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Sawf.org}}</ref> == Rayuwar sana'a == [[File:ShailiChopra.jpg|thumb| Shaili Chopra]] A shekarar 1998, Chopra ta kammala karatunta daga Air Force Golden Jubilee Institute da ke New Delhi. Chopra ta kammala digirinta na biyu a fannin watsa labarai da talabijin daga rukunin 2002, Kwalejin Aikin Jarida ta Asiya, Chennai | The Asian. Ta yi aiki da NDTV 24 x 7 a matsayin Editan Kasuwa & Harkokin Kamfanoni da kuma NDTV Profit a matsayin Babban Editan Labarai-Kamfani na tsawon sama da shekaru biyar sannan ta yi aiki da ET NOW na tsawon shekaru uku. Ta kuma yi ta tattaunawa kan abubuwan da suka faru a duniya kamar G-20, WEF@Davos, Taron Bretton Woods na 2011, Babban Taron Tattalin Arziki na Indiya da kuma Majalisar Dillalan Kaya ta Duniya. Mujallar <nowiki><i id="mwMw">Impact</i></nowiki> ta sanya mata suna ɗaya daga cikin mata 50 mafi tasiri a Indiya a fannin kafofin watsa labarai, tallatawa da talla. Chopra da mijinta Shivnath Thukral suma sun ba da rahoto kai tsaye daga wajen [[Fadar Otal Ɗin Taj Mahal|Otal ɗin Taj Mahal]] da ke [[Mumbai]] a lokacin hare-haren ta'addanci na 26/11 . <ref>{{Cite web |date=5 December 2008 |title=TV's hits and misses of terror attacks |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/tv/tv-s-hits-and-misses-of-terror-attacks/story-c1ZYDSiKIq5M2q1Urj1ZGO.html |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Hindustan Times}}</ref> Ita ce babbar mai gabatar da shirye-shiryen ''ETNOW'' kafin ta zama 'yar kasuwa. Ta kuma yi wani wasan golf mai suna "Tee Time With Shaili". Ta fara wani gidan yanar gizo na zamani mai suna 'SheThePeople' a shekarar 2015, wanda ke mai da hankali kan aikin jarida na mata. <ref>{{Cite web |title=SheThePeople is India's First Platform For Stories of Women |url=https://www.shethepeople.tv/about-us |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181013054127/https://www.shethepeople.tv/about-us/ |archive-date=13 October 2018 |access-date=2018-07-16 |website=www.shethepeople.tv |language=en-US}}</ref> Anand Mahindra ya saka hannun jari a cikin SheThePeople. Talabijin. Haka kuma ta kasance abokiyar hulɗa ta hukuma ga shirye-shiryen gwamnati kamar " [[Startup India, Standup India|Start-Up India, Stand Up India]] " da " Make in India ". <ref>{{Cite web |last=PTI |date=2016-05-23 |title=Anand Mahindra invests in SheThePeople.TV |url=https://www.livemint.com/Companies/1WOD6XteGQz4kgNmopZRKO/Anand-Mahindra-invests-in-SheThePeopleTV.html |access-date=2019-07-19 |website=Livemint |language=en}}</ref> == Kyaututtuka == Ta lashe kyautar Labarai Television Award don Mafi kyawun Mai Ba da Labarai na Turanci a faɗin Indiya a 2007 <ref>{{Cite web |title=CNN-IBN, NDTV India win 9 out of 47 at the Indian News Television Awards, CNN-IBN wins best English news channel, Rajdeep Sardesai Newsmaker of the year, Prannoy Roy lifetime achievement, Barkha Dutt best TV news anchor |url=http://www.dancewithshadows.com/media/cnn-ibn-ndtv.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130726021557/http://www.dancewithshadows.com/media/cnn-ibn-ndtv.asp |archive-date=26 July 2013 |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Dancewithshadows.com}}</ref> kuma daga baya a 2008, shirinta na kasuwanci da golf Business on Course, ya lashe kyautar Mafi kyawun Nuni. A watan Maris na 2010, Chopra ta lashe kyautar Best Business Anchor kuma an karrama ta da kyautar Woman Achiever ta FICCI. <ref>{{Cite web |date=11 April 2013 |title=Nitesh Estates launches 'Nitesh Long Island' at Bangalore |url=http://www.indiainfoline.com/Markets/News/Young-FICCI-Ladies-Organisation-salutes-women-achievers-across-India/4818077033 |access-date=5 September 2013 |publisher=Indiainfoline.com}}</ref> An ba Chopra kyautar Ramnath Goenka Award saboda ƙwarewa a fannin aikin jarida a gasar Indian Express RNG Awards ta 2012. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1981]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 1cktbqy1f4l9dqwy78xyew6oarixkgq Santosh Choubey 0 177899 962034 2026-10-02T21:13:14Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376883179|Santosh Choubey]]" 962034 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Santosh Choubey''' mawaƙiya ce, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa kuma masanin zamantakewa na Indiya. Ya kafa All India Electronics and Computer Technology (AISECT) a shekarar 1985. Shi ne shugaban AISECT kuma shugaban jami'ar Rabindranath Tagore . AISECT ta mai da hankali kan [[Karantarwa|ilimi]], horar da ƙwararru, ilimin sana'a, ayyukan kuɗi da na dijital a yankunan karkara da rabin birane na Indiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Santosh Kumar Choubey a 1955 a Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh. Choubey ya yi karatunsa ne daga Makarantar Gwamnati ta Khandwa kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digiri na farko a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki da Sadarwa daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa ta Maulana Azad (NIT, Bhopal) . Saboda haka, an zaɓe shi a cikin Ayyukan Injiniya na Indiya (1976) da Ayyukan Jama'a na Indiya (1981). Ya yanke shawarar barin ayyukan gwamnati da kuma neman sha'awarsa a fannonin Kimiyya da Fasaha sannan ya koma Bharat Electronics Limited (New Delhi). Daga baya, ya yi aiki tare da IDBI a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Bhopal. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Godbole |first=Pravda |date=12 April 2011 |title=Q&A: Santosh Choubey, Founder, AISECT |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/q-a-santosh-choubey-founder-aisect-111041200014_1.html |via=Business Standard}}</ref> === Shirye-shirye da aiki === AISECT ta ƙirƙiro wani tsari na cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da al'umma waɗanda 'yan kasuwa na gida ke gudanarwa. Waɗannan cibiyoyi suna ba da ilimin zamani, ilimin sana'a, da kuma ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da fasahar zamani. Shirin ya faɗaɗa damar samun horon ƙwarewa, ilimi, da damar samun aiki a ƙauyuka da ƙananan garuruwa. A tsawon lokaci, AISECT ta kuma shiga cikin manyan makarantu, shirye-shiryen haɓaka ƙwarewa, da shirye-shiryen gudanar da mulki ta hanyar lantarki. ==== Ci gaban ƙwarewa ==== AISECT ta himmatu wajen cike gibin ƙwarewa a Indiya. An gudanar da Kaushal Vikas Yatra a jihohi 22, gundumomi 300, da makarantu da kwalejoji sama da 500, wanda ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da bukatar samun ƙwarewa da damar aiki ga matasa. Bisa ga wannan ƙaruwar, an gudanar da bugu na 6 na Kaushal Charcha cikin nasara, wanda ya inganta tattaunawa a matakin ƙasa kan samar da aikin yi, kasuwanci, da kuma makomar aiki. ==== Hadakar kuɗi ==== BTare da hangen nesanta na kawo banki zuwa ga mile na ƙarshe, AISECT ta kasance ci gaba a fannin haɗa kuɗi . Tare da wuraren ajiyar kuɗi na banki sama da 7,000, rassan banki sama da 2,800 da ke da alaƙa da wuraren ajiyar kuɗi, da kuma asusun banki sama da crore 1.07 da aka buɗe, aikin ya samar da ayyukan kuɗi masu aminci da aminci ga yankunan karkara da kuma yankunan birane na Indiya, wanda hakan ya ba da damar miliyoyin mutane su zama ɓangare na tsarin banki na yau da kullun. ==== AAyyukan yi da kuma hanyoyin rayuwa ==== AISECT ta zama wani dandamali na samar da ayyukan yi tare da babban shirinta na Rojgar Mantra. A yau, cibiyar sadarwar tana da ƙwararru sama da lakh 20, ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyi sama da 1,500 da suka yi rijista, da kuma abokan ciniki sama da 200 na dindindin. Shirin ya fitar da sunayen 'yan takara sama da dubu biyu (2,000,000), ya shirya Rojgar Melas sama da 700, sannan ya rufe gundumomi sama da 85 a jihohi 18 na Indiya a cikin waɗannan shekarun, wanda hakan ya samar da damammaki masu ma'ana ga matasa a duk faɗin ƙasar. === Tasiri === AISECT ta kafa wata babbar hanyar sadarwa ta cibiyoyi a yankunan karkara na Indiya. An san ƙungiyar da bayar da gudummawa ga ilimin zamani da kuma ƙirƙirar abubuwan more rayuwa a yankunan da ba su da isasshen amfani. == Sana'a == Choubey ya kafa All India Society for Electronics and Computer Technology (AISECT) a shekarar 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Case study |url=https://www.undp.org/content/dam/istanbul/docs/Case%20Study%2006%20-%20AISECT%20-%20Training%20Rural%20Youth%20to%20Bridge%20the%20ICT%20Gap.pdf |access-date=2019-11-13 |publisher=www.undp.org}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta zama ƙungiya mai rijista a shekarar 1997. <ref name="auto" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Jeet |title=Winning Stroke: Interview With Santosh Kumar Choubey, Founder AISECT |url=https://businessworld.in/article/Winning-Stroke-Interview-With-Santosh-Kumar-Choubey-Founder-AISECT/19-03-2018-143903 |website=BW Businessworld}}</ref> == Zaɓi kyaututtuka == * [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/santosh-chaubey-honored-with--vishwa-hindi-shikhar-samman-2024-.html Vishwa Hindi Shikhar Samman 2024] * Kyautar Maghnad Saha ta 1987 * Kyautar Dushyant Kumar ta 1986 * Shankar Dayal Sharma Srijan Award 2005 * Rajbsha Prachar Samiti Award 2009 * Wanda ya zo na ƙarshe a gasar ɗan kasuwan zamantakewa ta shekarar 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award, India - 2010 |url=https://www.jubilantbhartiafoundation.com/cpage.aspx?mpgid=771&pgid=775&spgid=886 |publisher=Jubilant Bhartia Foundation}}</ref> * Kyautar Ashoka Senior Fellowship Award ta 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka Fellowship |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-in/story/new-report-technology-drives-change-how-does-social-innovation-drive-technology}}</ref> * Kyautar Nasara ta Rayuwa ta 2013 * Kyaututtukan SKOCH Renaissance na 2013 * Kyautar Kwarin Kalmomi (ALWADI) ta 2017 * Kyautar Nasara ta Rayuwa ta 2018 * Vaatayan International Shikhar Samman 2023 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] c0gqfq29mlhlb9fuvsszq00fbyhqxf3 962035 962034 2026-10-02T21:13:41Z Nnamadee 31123 962035 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Santosh Choubey''' mawaƙiya ce, marubuci, ɗan kasuwa kuma masanin zamantakewa na Indiya. Ya kafa All India Electronics and Computer Technology (AISECT) a shekarar 1985. Shi ne shugaban AISECT kuma shugaban jami'ar Rabindranath Tagore . AISECT ta mai da hankali kan [[Karantarwa|ilimi]], horar da ƙwararru, ilimin sana'a, ayyukan kuɗi da na dijital a yankunan karkara da rabin birane na Indiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Santosh Kumar Choubey a 1955 a Khandwa, Madhya Pradesh. Choubey ya yi karatunsa ne daga Makarantar Gwamnati ta Khandwa kuma ya kammala karatunsa da digiri na farko a fannin Injiniyan Lantarki da Sadarwa daga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Ƙasa ta Maulana Azad (NIT, Bhopal) . Saboda haka, an zaɓe shi a cikin Ayyukan Injiniya na Indiya (1976) da Ayyukan Jama'a na Indiya (1981). Ya yanke shawarar barin ayyukan gwamnati da kuma neman sha'awarsa a fannonin Kimiyya da Fasaha sannan ya koma Bharat Electronics Limited (New Delhi). Daga baya, ya yi aiki tare da IDBI a matsayin mai ba da shawara a Bhopal. <ref name="auto">{{Cite web |last=Godbole |first=Pravda |date=12 April 2011 |title=Q&A: Santosh Choubey, Founder, AISECT |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/sme/q-a-santosh-choubey-founder-aisect-111041200014_1.html |via=Business Standard}}</ref> === Shirye-shirye da aiki === AISECT ta ƙirƙiro wani tsari na cibiyoyin da ke da alaƙa da al'umma waɗanda 'yan kasuwa na gida ke gudanarwa. Waɗannan cibiyoyi suna ba da ilimin zamani, ilimin sana'a, da kuma ayyukan da ke da alaƙa da fasahar zamani. Shirin ya faɗaɗa damar samun horon ƙwarewa, ilimi, da damar samun aiki a ƙauyuka da ƙananan garuruwa. A tsawon lokaci, AISECT ta kuma shiga cikin manyan makarantu, shirye-shiryen haɓaka ƙwarewa, da shirye-shiryen gudanar da mulki ta hanyar lantarki. ==== Ci gaban ƙwarewa ==== AISECT ta himmatu wajen cike gibin ƙwarewa a Indiya. An gudanar da Kaushal Vikas Yatra a jihohi 22, gundumomi 300, da makarantu da kwalejoji sama da 500, wanda ya haifar da wayar da kan jama'a game da bukatar samun ƙwarewa da damar aiki ga matasa. Bisa ga wannan ƙaruwar, an gudanar da bugu na 6 na Kaushal Charcha cikin nasara, wanda ya inganta tattaunawa a matakin ƙasa kan samar da aikin yi, kasuwanci, da kuma makomar aiki. ==== Hadakar kuɗi ==== BTare da hangen nesanta na kawo banki zuwa ga mile na ƙarshe, AISECT ta kasance ci gaba a fannin haɗa kuɗi . Tare da wuraren ajiyar kuɗi na banki sama da 7,000, rassan banki sama da 2,800 da ke da alaƙa da wuraren ajiyar kuɗi, da kuma asusun banki sama da crore 1.07 da aka buɗe, aikin ya samar da ayyukan kuɗi masu aminci da aminci ga yankunan karkara da kuma yankunan birane na Indiya, wanda hakan ya ba da damar miliyoyin mutane su zama ɓangare na tsarin banki na yau da kullun. ==== AAyyukan yi da kuma hanyoyin rayuwa ==== AISECT ta zama wani dandamali na samar da ayyukan yi tare da babban shirinta na Rojgar Mantra. A yau, cibiyar sadarwar tana da ƙwararru sama da lakh 20, ma'aikata da ƙungiyoyi sama da 1,500 da suka yi rijista, da kuma abokan ciniki sama da 200 na dindindin. Shirin ya fitar da sunayen 'yan takara sama da dubu biyu (2,000,000), ya shirya Rojgar Melas sama da 700, sannan ya rufe gundumomi sama da 85 a jihohi 18 na Indiya a cikin waɗannan shekarun, wanda hakan ya samar da damammaki masu ma'ana ga matasa a duk faɗin ƙasar. === Tasiri === AISECT ta kafa wata babbar hanyar sadarwa ta cibiyoyi a yankunan karkara na Indiya. An san ƙungiyar da bayar da gudummawa ga ilimin zamani da kuma ƙirƙirar abubuwan more rayuwa a yankunan da ba su da isasshen amfani. == Sana'a == Choubey ya kafa All India Society for Electronics and Computer Technology (AISECT) a shekarar 1985. <ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Case study |url=https://www.undp.org/content/dam/istanbul/docs/Case%20Study%2006%20-%20AISECT%20-%20Training%20Rural%20Youth%20to%20Bridge%20the%20ICT%20Gap.pdf |access-date=2019-11-13 |publisher=www.undp.org}}</ref> Ƙungiyar ta zama ƙungiya mai rijista a shekarar 1997. <ref name="auto" /> <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sharma |first=Jeet |title=Winning Stroke: Interview With Santosh Kumar Choubey, Founder AISECT |url=https://businessworld.in/article/Winning-Stroke-Interview-With-Santosh-Kumar-Choubey-Founder-AISECT/19-03-2018-143903 |website=BW Businessworld}}</ref> == Zaɓi kyaututtuka == * [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2024/state-editions/santosh-chaubey-honored-with--vishwa-hindi-shikhar-samman-2024-.html Vishwa Hindi Shikhar Samman 2024] * Kyautar Maghnad Saha ta 1987 * Kyautar Dushyant Kumar ta 1986 * Shankar Dayal Sharma Srijan Award 2005 * Rajbsha Prachar Samiti Award 2009 * Wanda ya zo na ƙarshe a gasar ɗan kasuwan zamantakewa ta shekarar 2010 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Social Entrepreneur of the Year Award, India - 2010 |url=https://www.jubilantbhartiafoundation.com/cpage.aspx?mpgid=771&pgid=775&spgid=886 |publisher=Jubilant Bhartia Foundation}}</ref> * Kyautar Ashoka Senior Fellowship Award ta 2011 <ref>{{Cite web |title=Ashoka Fellowship |url=https://www.ashoka.org/en-in/story/new-report-technology-drives-change-how-does-social-innovation-drive-technology}}</ref> * Kyautar Nasara ta Rayuwa ta 2013 * Kyaututtukan SKOCH Renaissance na 2013 * Kyautar Kwarin Kalmomi (ALWADI) ta 2017 * Kyautar Nasara ta Rayuwa ta 2018 * Vaatayan International Shikhar Samman 2023 == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1955]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] 7dwpqqq7mftf4ihy73l1ch6j0ql2rz7 Rajkissore Dutt 0 177900 962036 2026-10-02T21:13:58Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1367035978|Rajkissore Dutt]]" 962036 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Rajkissore Dutt''' (madadin haruffa: '''Raj Kishore Dutt''') (ƙarni na 19) wani ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya na ƙarni na 19, wanda ya fi shahara saboda aikata babban zamba a kan Bankin Bengal, wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin magabata na Bankin Jiha na Indiya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === An haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Kolkata]]. An san shi da kasancewa ɗan addinin Hindu mai ibada kuma yana bauta wa allahiyar Hindu Kali akai-akai. <ref name="gutenberg.org">{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Hindoos as they Are, by Shib Chunder Bose. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37722/37722-h/37722-h.htm |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> === Sana'a === Ya kafa banki a [[Kolkata]] . Bankin ya rarraba takardun kuɗinsa kuma ya sami babban nasara.<ref name="gutenberg.org" /> == Zamba a kan Bankin Bengal == A shekarar 1826, ya haɗa kai da surukinsa Dwarkey Nath Mitter don ƙirƙirar takardar kamfani ko kuma takardar tsaron gwamnati. An yi amfani da takardun bogi kuma an mika su ga jama'a a matsayin na gaske. Waɗannan takardu sun ba shi damar samun rancen Rupees lakh uku da rabi daga Bankin Bengal, wanda ya gabaci Bankin Jiha na Indiya . <ref name="gutenberg.org" /> <ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |date=Jan 5, 2020 |title=A walk down history when India banked on Calcutta {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/a-walk-down-history-when-india-banked-on-calcutta/articleshow/73103013.cms |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency=TNN}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano munanan ayyukansa kuma aka yi masa shari'a, aka yanke masa hukunci aka kuma yanke masa hukuncin hawa zuwa yankunan hukunta masu laifi na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya, inda ya rayu har ƙarshen rayuwarsa. <ref name="gutenberg.org" /> A shekarar 1829, Mista JA Dorin shi ne sakataren baitulmalin Bankin Bengal . Lokacin da aka gabatar masa da takardun da Rajkissore Dutt ya ƙirƙira don tabbatarwa, ya ga wani abu na musamman a cikin buga su. Ya aika da takardun zuwa babban ofishin ma'aikatar kuɗi. A Ma'aikatar Baitulmali, Henry Prinsep, sakataren kuɗi na gwamnatin kamfanin ya duba takardun. Henry Prinsep ya kammala da cewa Rajkissore Dutt ne ya ƙirƙira sa hannun sa, don haka zamba ta bayyana. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1904 |title=THE HISTORY OF THE BANK OF BENGAL. |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/10200/GIPE-163956.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=dspace.gipe.ac.in}}</ref> Saboda haka aka fara shari'ar kuma Kotun Daraktocin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ta yanke hukunci na ƙarshe a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1834. <ref name=":0" /> === Tasirin Bankin === Wannan zamba ta yi babban tasiri ga Bankin Bengal, wanda ya gabaci Bankin Jiha na Indiya. Daga baya an rubuta adadin zamba zuwa asusun riba da asara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Shobha |date=7 July 2012 |title=SBI MUSEUM: A peek into the evolution of Indian banking |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/SBI-MUSEUM-A-peek-into-the-evolution-of-Indian-banking/article20468064.ece |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=@businessline |language=en}}</ref> Zamba da Rajkissore Dutt ya yi ya share babban ɓangare na ribar bankin na shekarar. Wannan zamba ta kuma shafi rabon riba da bankin ya biya har zuwa shekarar 1834.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Shobha |date=7 July 2012 |title=SBI MUSEUM: A peek into the evolution of Indian banking |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/SBI-MUSEUM-A-peek-into-the-evolution-of-Indian-banking/article20468064.ece |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=@businessline |language=en}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> == Rufe Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai == An riƙa bayar da rahotanni akai-akai game da zamba da shari'ar kotu da ke da alaƙa da ita a cikin Mujallar Calcutta da Rajistar Wata-wata da kuma Mujallar Asiyatic da Rajistar Wata-wata don Indiya ta Burtaniya da Abubuwan da suka Dogara da Ita.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1830 |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbdAAQAAIAAJ&q=Rajkissore+Dutt&pg=RA1-PA129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1830 |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaIIAAAAQAAJ&q=Rajkissore+Dutt&pg=RA1-PA127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1830 |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz89AQAAMAAJ&q=Rajkissore+Dutt&pg=RA1-PA129}}</ref> == Manazarta == jdbjhphs38kkp8skyrg7ql1tb6377yj 962037 962036 2026-10-02T21:14:26Z Nnamadee 31123 962037 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Rajkissore Dutt''' (madadin haruffa: '''Raj Kishore Dutt''') (ƙarni na 19) wani ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya na ƙarni na 19, wanda ya fi shahara saboda aikata babban zamba a kan Bankin Bengal, wanda yake ɗaya daga cikin magabata na Bankin Jiha na Indiya. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar farko === An haife shi kuma ya girma a [[Kolkata]]. An san shi da kasancewa ɗan addinin Hindu mai ibada kuma yana bauta wa allahiyar Hindu Kali akai-akai.<ref name="gutenberg.org">{{Cite web |title=The Project Gutenberg eBook of The Hindoos as they Are, by Shib Chunder Bose. |url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/37722/37722-h/37722-h.htm |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=www.gutenberg.org}}</ref> === Sana'a === Ya kafa banki a [[Kolkata]] . Bankin ya rarraba takardun kuɗinsa kuma ya sami babban nasara.<ref name="gutenberg.org" /> == Zamba a kan Bankin Bengal == A shekarar 1826, ya haɗa kai da surukinsa Dwarkey Nath Mitter don ƙirƙirar takardar kamfani ko kuma takardar tsaron gwamnati. An yi amfani da takardun bogi kuma an mika su ga jama'a a matsayin na gaske. Waɗannan takardu sun ba shi damar samun rancen Rupees lakh uku da rabi daga Bankin Bengal, wanda ya gabaci Bankin Jiha na Indiya . <ref name="gutenberg.org" /> <ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com">{{Cite web |date=Jan 5, 2020 |title=A walk down history when India banked on Calcutta {{!}} Kolkata News - Times of India |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/kolkata/a-walk-down-history-when-india-banked-on-calcutta/articleshow/73103013.cms |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=The Times of India |language=en |agency=TNN}}</ref> Duk da haka, ba da daɗewa ba aka gano munanan ayyukansa kuma aka yi masa shari'a, aka yanke masa hukunci aka kuma yanke masa hukuncin hawa zuwa yankunan hukunta masu laifi na Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya, inda ya rayu har ƙarshen rayuwarsa. <ref name="gutenberg.org" /> A shekarar 1829, Mista JA Dorin shi ne sakataren baitulmalin Bankin Bengal . Lokacin da aka gabatar masa da takardun da Rajkissore Dutt ya ƙirƙira don tabbatarwa, ya ga wani abu na musamman a cikin buga su. Ya aika da takardun zuwa babban ofishin ma'aikatar kuɗi. A Ma'aikatar Baitulmali, Henry Prinsep, sakataren kuɗi na gwamnatin kamfanin ya duba takardun. Henry Prinsep ya kammala da cewa Rajkissore Dutt ne ya ƙirƙira sa hannun sa, don haka zamba ta bayyana. <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=1904 |title=THE HISTORY OF THE BANK OF BENGAL. |url=https://dspace.gipe.ac.in/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10973/10200/GIPE-163956.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y |access-date=2021-05-14 |website=dspace.gipe.ac.in}}</ref> Saboda haka aka fara shari'ar kuma Kotun Daraktocin Kamfanin Gabashin Indiya ta yanke hukunci na ƙarshe a ranar 30 ga Yuni 1834. <ref name=":0" /> === Tasirin Bankin === Wannan zamba ta yi babban tasiri ga Bankin Bengal, wanda ya gabaci Bankin Jiha na Indiya. Daga baya an rubuta adadin zamba zuwa asusun riba da asara. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Shobha |date=7 July 2012 |title=SBI MUSEUM: A peek into the evolution of Indian banking |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/SBI-MUSEUM-A-peek-into-the-evolution-of-Indian-banking/article20468064.ece |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=@businessline |language=en}}</ref> Zamba da Rajkissore Dutt ya yi ya share babban ɓangare na ribar bankin na shekarar. Wannan zamba ta kuma shafi rabon riba da bankin ya biya har zuwa shekarar 1834.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Roy |first=Shobha |date=7 July 2012 |title=SBI MUSEUM: A peek into the evolution of Indian banking |url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/money-and-banking/SBI-MUSEUM-A-peek-into-the-evolution-of-Indian-banking/article20468064.ece |access-date=2021-05-15 |website=@businessline |language=en}}</ref><ref name="timesofindia.indiatimes.com" /> == Rufe Kafafen Yaɗa Labarai == An riƙa bayar da rahotanni akai-akai game da zamba da shari'ar kotu da ke da alaƙa da ita a cikin Mujallar Calcutta da Rajistar Wata-wata da kuma Mujallar Asiyatic da Rajistar Wata-wata don Indiya ta Burtaniya da Abubuwan da suka Dogara da Ita.<ref>{{Cite web |year=1830 |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Miscellany |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UbdAAQAAIAAJ&q=Rajkissore+Dutt&pg=RA1-PA129}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1830 |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British and Foreign India, China, and Australasia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xaIIAAAAQAAJ&q=Rajkissore+Dutt&pg=RA1-PA127}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |year=1830 |title=The Asiatic Journal and Monthly Register for British India and Its Dependencies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fz89AQAAMAAJ&q=Rajkissore+Dutt&pg=RA1-PA129}}</ref> == Manazarta == a4a4mlfxt5ahclyuk7uxbdqdiy11n2d Dajikaka Gadgil 0 177901 962038 2026-10-02T21:14:42Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1354722344|Dajikaka Gadgil]]" 962038 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Anant''' " '''Dajikaka''' " '''Gadgil''' (11 Satumba 1915 - 10 Janairu 2014) ƙwararren mai kayan ado ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya, mai masana'antu kuma marubuci. An fi saninsa da kafa Kamfanin PN Gadgil Jewellers & Company a [[Pune]] a shekarar 1958. == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Gadgil a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1915, a Sangli, ga Ganesh da Yashoda Gadgil (née Mahajan), na Gadgil ''[[Daular|gana]]'' na Dongare-Kondhe. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce matar uba ta uku, Gadgil kuma yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu. Yana da ' yan'uwa uku a lokacin auren mahaifinsa na biyu da na biyar. Gadgil ya auri Tarabai Abhyankar, kuma ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa ɗaya. Za ta ɗauki sunan Kamalabai bayan aure. Jikan Ganesh Gadgil ne, kuma ɗan'uwan Purshottam Narayan Gadgil ne. == Sana'a == Da farko Gadgil ya fara aiki a matsayin mai yin kayan ado a shagon PN Gadgil Jewellers & Sons da ke Sangli a shekarar 1938, inda ya koma Pune don kafa reshen kasuwancin iyali a Laxmi Road a shekarar 1958. A lokacin rayuwarsa, an yaba masa saboda ƙwarewarsa ta kasuwanci da ayyukan agaji daga abokan aikinsa da kuma 'yan jarida, musamman saboda ya tsira daga kasuwancinsa ta hanyar Dokar Zinare ta 1968, da kuma tara kuɗi ga waɗanda [[Girgizar kasa ta 1993 a Latur|girgizar ƙasa ta Latur ta shafa a 1993.]] Gadgil ya sami kyaututtuka da dama a tsawon aikinsa; musamman ma kamfanin Pune Municipal Corporation ya yaba masa a lokuta da dama, inda ya sami kyautar Rotary Excellence Award daga Rotary Club of Pune, kuma Majalisar Zinare ta Duniya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta girmamawa. A shekarar 2007, ya wallafa wani tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna ''Think Pure...'' . A shekarar 2009, ya rubuta wani littafi a cikin [[Marati|harshen Marathi]] a kan kogin Ganges mai suna ''Ganga'' . == Mutuwa da gado == Gadgil ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2014, yana da shekaru 98, a [[Pune]] . Ɗansa da jikansa sun gaje shi a harkar kasuwanci. A ƙarshen shekarar 2014, an buɗe Gidan Tarihi na Dajikaka Gadgil Gold a shagon kayan ado na PN Gadgil da ke Hadapsar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dajikaka Gadgil Gold Museum |url=https://www.museumsofindia.org/museum/548/dajikaka-gadgil-gold-museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823180218/https://www.museumsofindia.org/museum/548/dajikaka-gadgil-gold-museum |archive-date=23 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=Museums of India |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2016, ya zama sunan Dajikaka Karandak, wata gasar wasan kwaikwayo ta wasan kwaikwayo tsakanin kwalejoji. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] qe42rwctss6r5nagzdiac1wiptixb6t 962039 962038 2026-10-02T21:15:08Z Nnamadee 31123 962039 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Anant''' " '''Dajikaka''' " '''Gadgil''' (11 Satumba 1915 - 10 Janairu 2014) ƙwararren mai kayan ado ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya, mai masana'antu kuma marubuci. An fi saninsa da kafa Kamfanin PN Gadgil Jewellers & Company a [[Pune]] a shekarar 1958. == Rayuwar farko da iyali == An haifi Gadgil a ranar 11 ga Satumba 1915, a Sangli, ga Ganesh da Yashoda Gadgil (née Mahajan), na Gadgil ''[[Daular|gana]]'' na Dongare-Kondhe. Mahaifiyarsa ita ce matar uba ta uku, Gadgil kuma yana da 'yan'uwa mata biyu. Yana da ' yan'uwa uku a lokacin auren mahaifinsa na biyu da na biyar. Gadgil ya auri Tarabai Abhyankar, kuma ma'auratan sun haifi 'ya'ya mata biyu da ɗa ɗaya. Za ta ɗauki sunan Kamalabai bayan aure. Jikan Ganesh Gadgil ne, kuma ɗan'uwan Purshottam Narayan Gadgil ne. == Sana'a == Da farko Gadgil ya fara aiki a matsayin mai yin kayan ado a shagon PN Gadgil Jewellers & Sons da ke Sangli a shekarar 1938, inda ya koma Pune don kafa reshen kasuwancin iyali a Laxmi Road a shekarar 1958. A lokacin rayuwarsa, an yaba masa saboda ƙwarewarsa ta kasuwanci da ayyukan agaji daga abokan aikinsa da kuma 'yan jarida, musamman saboda ya tsira daga kasuwancinsa ta hanyar Dokar Zinare ta 1968, da kuma tara kuɗi ga waɗanda [[Girgizar kasa ta 1993 a Latur|girgizar ƙasa ta Latur ta shafa a 1993.]] Gadgil ya sami kyaututtuka da dama a tsawon aikinsa; musamman ma kamfanin Pune Municipal Corporation ya yaba masa a lokuta da dama, inda ya sami kyautar Rotary Excellence Award daga Rotary Club of Pune, kuma Majalisar Zinare ta Duniya ta ba shi lambar yabo ta girmamawa. A shekarar 2007, ya wallafa wani tarihin rayuwarsa mai suna ''Think Pure...'' . A shekarar 2009, ya rubuta wani littafi a cikin [[Marati|harshen Marathi]] a kan kogin Ganges mai suna ''Ganga'' . == Mutuwa da gado == Gadgil ya mutu a ranar 10 ga Janairun 2014, yana da shekaru 98, a [[Pune]] . Ɗansa da jikansa sun gaje shi a harkar kasuwanci. A ƙarshen shekarar 2014, an buɗe Gidan Tarihi na Dajikaka Gadgil Gold a shagon kayan ado na PN Gadgil da ke Hadapsar . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Dajikaka Gadgil Gold Museum |url=https://www.museumsofindia.org/museum/548/dajikaka-gadgil-gold-museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210823180218/https://www.museumsofindia.org/museum/548/dajikaka-gadgil-gold-museum |archive-date=23 August 2021 |access-date=23 August 2021 |website=Museums of India |language=en}}</ref> A watan Agusta na 2016, ya zama sunan Dajikaka Karandak, wata gasar wasan kwaikwayo ta wasan kwaikwayo tsakanin kwalejoji. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2014]] [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1915]] 7ff9pxt5qun6dqyor53uz18aby2zz1u Divya Gokulnath 0 177902 962040 2026-10-02T21:16:09Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1372353270|Divya Gokulnath]]" 962040 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Divya Gokulnath''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1987) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai ilimi 'yar ƙasar Indiya wacce ita ce ta kafa kamfanin Byju's, wani kamfanin fasahar ilimi da aka kafa a shekarar 2011 a Bangalore, Indiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Divya kuma ta girma a [[Bengaluru]]. <ref name="Ghosh 2020">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Debojyoti |date=21 November 2020 |title=Byju's better half |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/byjus-better-half/104850 |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=Fortune India}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Runduna a Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Indiya, yayin da mahaifiyarta kuma jami'in shirye-shirye ce a Doordarshan. Divya ita ce kaɗai 'ya ga iyayenta. A lokacin yarinta, mahaifin Divya ya koyar da ita kimiyya. Divya, wacce ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Jama'a ta Frank Anthony, ta ci gaba da samun digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a [[Biotechnology|fannin Biotechnology]] daga Kwalejin Injiniya ta RV. Bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 2007, ta haɗu da [[Byju Raveendran]], malaminta na shirye-shiryen GRE. Byju ta ƙarfafa ta ta zama malamar makaranta saboda tambayoyinta a lokacin hutu tsakanin azuzuwan. <ref name="Ghosh 2020" /> Aikinta na malamar makaranta ya fara ne a shekarar 2008 tana da shekaru 21. A shekarar 2020, ta shaida wa ''Fortune India'' cewa, "Aji ne mai salon zama mai ɗalibai 100. Sun yi ƙanƙanta da ni shekaru biyu kawai, don haka don in yi kama da manya, na saka saree a aji." <ref name="Ghosh 2020" /> A lokacin aikinta na koyarwa, ta koyar da lissafi, Turanci, da kuma tunani mai ma'ana.<ref name="Ghosh 2020" /> == Sana'a == A lokacin annobar COVID-19, Divya ta ɗauki nauyin ƙwarewar mai amfani, abubuwan da ke ciki, da kuma tallan alamar kasuwanci don tabbatar da cewa ɗalibai ba su da katsewa. Sakamakon waɗannan ƙoƙarin, an samar da abubuwan da Byju ya wallafa na ilimi kyauta ga ɗalibai a lokacin annobar, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin sabbin masu amfani da shi miliyan 13.5, wanda ya kawo jimillar zuwa miliyan 50 nan da Afrilu 2020 da kuma jimillar ɗalibai miliyan 70 nan da Satumba 2020, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sami masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 4.5. A cewar ''Forbes'', ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Divya, mijinta [[Byju Raveendran]] da ɗan'uwansa Riju Raveendran, suna da jimillar dukiyar da ta kai dala biliyan 3.05. Divya kuma tana rubutu a yanar gizo, ciki har da makomar ilimi, iyaye, da kuma shigar mata a fannonin STEM kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar rage gibin albashin jinsi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title='First acknowledge pay gap, then devise a long-term strategy to fix it': BYJU'S co-founder Divya Gokulnath |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/byjus-co-founder-divya-gokulnath-teaching-learning-womens-day-empowerment-pay-gap-strategy-organisation-employees-female-interview-7806344/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi magana da ''Mint Startup Diaries'' game da ƙalubalen da mata 'yan kasuwa ke fuskanta, kuma ta rubuta wani labarin ra'ayi tare da [[Byju Raveendran]] a cikin ''Vogue India'' game da fasahar ilimi a Indiya. A watan Maris na 2022, an naɗa Divya Gokulnath a matsayin Shugaban Rundunar Aiki ta EdTech ta Ƙungiyar Ɗakunan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Indiya.<ref name="fc">{{Cite web |title=FICCI announces the appointment of Divya Gokulnath, Co-founder, BYJUS as Chair of the FICCI EdTech Taskforce,Mar 23, 2022 |url=http://www.ficci.in/pressrelease-page.asp?nid=4411 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=ficci.in}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, Babbar Kotun Karnataka ta dakatar da wani yunƙuri da wasu masu hannun jari na Byju suka yi na cire mukaman shugabanci daga Byju Raveendran, Divya Gokulnath, da Riju Raveendran, kafin a ci gaba da shari'ar a ranar 13 ga Maris. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=George |date=2024-02-23 |title=Byju's shareholders vote to oust founder Raveendran, seek board revamp; company calls EGM invalid |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/byjus-shareholders-vote-to-remove-ceo-byju-raveendran-family-9177457/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BYJU's investors seek ouster of founders Byju Raveendran, Divya Gokulnath |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-byju-s-investors-seek-ouster-of-founders-byju-raveendran-divya-gokulnath-egm-notice-3076527 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" | Lakabi ! scope="col" | |- | 2019 | rowspan="2" | Manyan Muryoyin LinkedIn : Indiya | |- | 2020 | |- | 2020 | ''Kasuwanci A Yau'' Mata Mafi Ƙarfi a Kasuwancin Indiya | |- | 2020 | ''Jerin'' Ƙarfin Mata | |- | 2020 | Mata 'Yan Kasuwa Masu Ƙarfi na ''Forbes'' Asia | |- | 2020 | ''Mata Mafi Ƙarfi a Indiya'' | |- | 2021 | Manyan Mata 50 Mafi Iko a Kasuwanci a Fortune | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=-Debojyoti |title=Divya Gokulnath - Most Powerful Women in 2021 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/divya-gokulnath?year=2021 |access-date=2022-02-24 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2021 | Jerin Mata Masu Arziki na Kotak Private Banking na Hurun a 2021 | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Vamanna |title=Meet Divya Gokulnath, Ruchi Kalra and Neha Bansal — the richest women startup entrepreneurs in India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/meet-divya-gokulnath-ruchi-kalra-and-neha-bansal-the-richest-women-startup-entrepreneurs-in-india/slidelist/93213069.cms |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> |- | 2022 | Fortune India ' yan ƙasa da shekara 40 | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=-Asmita |title=Divya Gokulnath - India's Young & Brightest Entrepreneurs in 40 Under 40 2022 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/40under40/divya-gokulnath?year=2022 |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2022 | Kamfanin Indian Express 'ExpressAWE' | <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=ExpressAWE 2022 Highlights: Anu Aga gets Lifetime Achievement award, Nykaa's Falguni Nayar named newsmaker of the year |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/expressawe-2022-live-updates-indias-top-women-entrepreneurs-felicitated-sheryl-sandberg-to-speak/2406785/ |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> |} == Rayuwa ta sirri == Divya ta auri [[Byju Raveendran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2022 |title=Byju Raveendran's wife pens emotional post on his struggles, says 'it was tough' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/byju-raveendran-s-wife-pens-emotional-post-on-his-struggles-says-it-was-tough-101664336163340.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Afrilu 2020, Divya ta zauna tare da wasu 'yan uwa goma sha ɗaya, ciki har da ɗansu ƙarami sannan aka haifi ɗansu na biyu kusa da farkon 2021. Kafin annobar COVID-19, ta yi aiki na dogon lokaci a ofishin, amma a lokacin kulle-kulle, ta fara aiki daga gida.<ref name="Phadnis 2020" /> A shekarar 2021, ta shaida wa ''jaridar Indian Express'' cewa a lokacin da take yin hakan, ta kan haɗa da "hada darussan kan layi na ɗanta, tarurruka, yin rikodin darussan bidiyo da kuma yin lokaci tare da jariri." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] hgg7dotpnt6277u561q96tj52cmizq8 962041 962040 2026-10-02T21:16:49Z Nnamadee 31123 962041 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Divya Gokulnath''' (an haife ta a ranar 21 ga Afrilu 1987) 'yar kasuwa ce kuma mai ilimi 'yar ƙasar Indiya wacce ita ce ta kafa kamfanin Byju's, wani kamfanin fasahar ilimi da aka kafa a shekarar 2011 a Bangalore, Indiya. == Rayuwar farko da ilimi == An haifi Divya kuma ta girma a [[Bengaluru]]. <ref name="Ghosh 2020">{{cite news |last1=Ghosh |first1=Debojyoti |date=21 November 2020 |title=Byju's better half |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/people/byjus-better-half/104850 |access-date=26 March 2021 |work=Fortune India}}</ref> Mahaifinta ya yi aiki a matsayin Kwamandan Runduna a Rundunar Sojan Sama ta Indiya, yayin da mahaifiyarta kuma jami'in shirye-shirye ce a Doordarshan. Divya ita ce kaɗai 'ya ga iyayenta. A lokacin yarinta, mahaifin Divya ya koyar da ita kimiyya. Divya, wacce ta kammala karatunta a Makarantar Jama'a ta Frank Anthony, ta ci gaba da samun digirin farko a fannin Fasaha a [[Biotechnology|fannin Biotechnology]] daga Kwalejin Injiniya ta RV. Bayan kammala karatunta a shekarar 2007, ta haɗu da [[Byju Raveendran]], malaminta na shirye-shiryen GRE. Byju ta ƙarfafa ta ta zama malamar makaranta saboda tambayoyinta a lokacin hutu tsakanin azuzuwan. <ref name="Ghosh 2020" /> Aikinta na malamar makaranta ya fara ne a shekarar 2008 tana da shekaru 21. A shekarar 2020, ta shaida wa ''Fortune India'' cewa, "Aji ne mai salon zama mai ɗalibai 100. Sun yi ƙanƙanta da ni shekaru biyu kawai, don haka don in yi kama da manya, na saka saree a aji." <ref name="Ghosh 2020" /> A lokacin aikinta na koyarwa, ta koyar da lissafi, Turanci, da kuma tunani mai ma'ana.<ref name="Ghosh 2020" /> == Sana'a == A lokacin annobar COVID-19, Divya ta ɗauki nauyin ƙwarewar mai amfani, abubuwan da ke ciki, da kuma tallan alamar kasuwanci don tabbatar da cewa ɗalibai ba su da katsewa. Sakamakon waɗannan ƙoƙarin, an samar da abubuwan da Byju ya wallafa na ilimi kyauta ga ɗalibai a lokacin annobar, wanda ya haifar da ƙarin sabbin masu amfani da shi miliyan 13.5, wanda ya kawo jimillar zuwa miliyan 50 nan da Afrilu 2020 da kuma jimillar ɗalibai miliyan 70 nan da Satumba 2020, wanda daga ƙarshe ya sami masu biyan kuɗi miliyan 4.5. A cewar ''Forbes'', ya zuwa shekarar 2020, Divya, mijinta [[Byju Raveendran]] da ɗan'uwansa Riju Raveendran, suna da jimillar dukiyar da ta kai dala biliyan 3.05. Divya kuma tana rubutu a yanar gizo, ciki har da makomar ilimi, iyaye, da kuma shigar mata a fannonin STEM kuma ta kasance mai fafutukar rage gibin albashin jinsi a Indiya.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-03-29 |title='First acknowledge pay gap, then devise a long-term strategy to fix it': BYJU'S co-founder Divya Gokulnath |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/life-style/byjus-co-founder-divya-gokulnath-teaching-learning-womens-day-empowerment-pay-gap-strategy-organisation-employees-female-interview-7806344/ |access-date=2022-04-04 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> Ta kuma yi magana da ''Mint Startup Diaries'' game da ƙalubalen da mata 'yan kasuwa ke fuskanta, kuma ta rubuta wani labarin ra'ayi tare da [[Byju Raveendran]] a cikin ''Vogue India'' game da fasahar ilimi a Indiya. A watan Maris na 2022, an naɗa Divya Gokulnath a matsayin Shugaban Rundunar Aiki ta EdTech ta Ƙungiyar Ɗakunan Kasuwanci da Masana'antu ta Indiya.<ref name="fc">{{Cite web |title=FICCI announces the appointment of Divya Gokulnath, Co-founder, BYJUS as Chair of the FICCI EdTech Taskforce,Mar 23, 2022 |url=http://www.ficci.in/pressrelease-page.asp?nid=4411 |access-date=2022-06-10 |website=ficci.in}}</ref> A watan Fabrairun 2024, Babbar Kotun Karnataka ta dakatar da wani yunƙuri da wasu masu hannun jari na Byju suka yi na cire mukaman shugabanci daga Byju Raveendran, Divya Gokulnath, da Riju Raveendran, kafin a ci gaba da shari'ar a ranar 13 ga Maris. <ref>{{Cite web |last=Mathew |first=George |date=2024-02-23 |title=Byju's shareholders vote to oust founder Raveendran, seek board revamp; company calls EGM invalid |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/business/companies/byjus-shareholders-vote-to-remove-ceo-byju-raveendran-family-9177457/ |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=BYJU's investors seek ouster of founders Byju Raveendran, Divya Gokulnath |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/business/report-byju-s-investors-seek-ouster-of-founders-byju-raveendran-divya-gokulnath-egm-notice-3076527 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> == Girmamawa da kyaututtuka == {| class="wikitable" ! scope="col" |Shekara ! scope="col" | Lakabi ! scope="col" | |- | 2019 | rowspan="2" | Manyan Muryoyin LinkedIn : Indiya | |- | 2020 | |- | 2020 | ''Kasuwanci A Yau'' Mata Mafi Ƙarfi a Kasuwancin Indiya | |- | 2020 | ''Jerin'' Ƙarfin Mata | |- | 2020 | Mata 'Yan Kasuwa Masu Ƙarfi na ''Forbes'' Asia | |- | 2020 | ''Mata Mafi Ƙarfi a Indiya'' | |- | 2021 | Manyan Mata 50 Mafi Iko a Kasuwanci a Fortune | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Ghosh |first=-Debojyoti |title=Divya Gokulnath - Most Powerful Women in 2021 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/mpw/divya-gokulnath?year=2021 |access-date=2022-02-24 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2021 | Jerin Mata Masu Arziki na Kotak Private Banking na Hurun a 2021 | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Sethi |first=Vamanna |title=Meet Divya Gokulnath, Ruchi Kalra and Neha Bansal — the richest women startup entrepreneurs in India |url=https://www.businessinsider.in/business/news/meet-divya-gokulnath-ruchi-kalra-and-neha-bansal-the-richest-women-startup-entrepreneurs-in-india/slidelist/93213069.cms |access-date=2022-10-08 |website=Business Insider}}</ref> |- | 2022 | Fortune India ' yan ƙasa da shekara 40 | <ref>{{Cite web |last=Dey |first=-Asmita |title=Divya Gokulnath - India's Young & Brightest Entrepreneurs in 40 Under 40 2022 - Fortune India |url=https://www.fortuneindia.com/40under40/divya-gokulnath?year=2022 |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=www.fortuneindia.com |language=en}}</ref> |- | 2022 | Kamfanin Indian Express 'ExpressAWE' | <ref>{{Cite web |date=7 March 2022 |title=ExpressAWE 2022 Highlights: Anu Aga gets Lifetime Achievement award, Nykaa's Falguni Nayar named newsmaker of the year |url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/expressawe-2022-live-updates-indias-top-women-entrepreneurs-felicitated-sheryl-sandberg-to-speak/2406785/ |access-date=2022-05-07 |website=Financialexpress |language=en}}</ref> |} == Rayuwa ta sirri == Divya ta auri [[Byju Raveendran]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 September 2022 |title=Byju Raveendran's wife pens emotional post on his struggles, says 'it was tough' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/business/byju-raveendran-s-wife-pens-emotional-post-on-his-struggles-says-it-was-tough-101664336163340.html |website=Hindustan Times |language=en}}</ref> Ya zuwa watan Afrilu 2020, Divya ta zauna tare da wasu 'yan uwa goma sha ɗaya, ciki har da ɗansu ƙarami sannan aka haifi ɗansu na biyu kusa da farkon 2021. Kafin annobar COVID-19, ta yi aiki na dogon lokaci a ofishin, amma a lokacin kulle-kulle, ta fara aiki daga gida.<ref name="Phadnis 2020" /> A shekarar 2021, ta shaida wa ''jaridar Indian Express'' cewa a lokacin da take yin hakan, ta kan haɗa da "hada darussan kan layi na ɗanta, tarurruka, yin rikodin darussan bidiyo da kuma yin lokaci tare da jariri." == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1987]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] eczfsupztgo7tsopgipqts7qj2qjj6w Vasant Gajera 0 177903 962042 2026-10-02T21:17:11Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377149194|Vasant Gajera]]" 962042 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Vasant Gajera''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Laxmi Diamond Group, wani kamfanin kera lu'u-lu'u da fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasantbhai Gajera's contribution to Indian Education |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/community/chi-ugc-article-vasantbhai-gajeras-contribution-to-indian-ed-2018-09-08-story.html |access-date=8 September 2018 |publisher=Chicago tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laxmi Diamond Pvt Ltd |url=http://gss.debeersgroup.com/customer-directory/laxmi-diam-ltdond-pvt |publisher=Dee Beers Group}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Gajera a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1954 ga dangin manoma a Amreli, Gujarat, Indiya ga marigayi Shri Haribhai Gajera da Shantaben Gajera. Ya bar garinsu ya koma [[Surat]] a shekarar 1968 yana ɗan shekara 14.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{Cite web |title=After years, Kathiawaris outshine Palanpuris in India diamond biz |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-after-years-kathiawaris-outshine-palanpuris-in-india-diamond-biz-1156574 |access-date=2022-01-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ya yi karatun yanke lu'u-lu'u da goge shi na tsawon shekaru a [[Surat]], ya fara kasuwancinsa da sunan Laxmi Diamond a shekarar 1972. Gajera, wacce aka haifa a Amreli kuma asalinta daga Kathiawad ne, ta fahimci tun tana ƙarama cewa samun abin rayuwa daga busasshiyar ƙasar ga al'ummar manoma, musamman idan babu ruwan sama, aiki ne mai girma da ba zai yiwu ba. Ya bar garinsu ya isa Surat inda ya yi aiki a masana'antar kayan ado na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ya bar wannan aikin ne don ya gwada kasuwancinsa a kasuwar lu'u-lu'u.<ref name="dnaindia.com" /> === Lu'u-lu'u na Laxmi === Gajera ya kafa ƙungiyar Laxmi Diamond Group, kuma ba da daɗewa ba, sai ƙannensa suka haɗu da shi. Sun ɗauki ma'aikata kimanin 4000. An naɗa Gabi Tolkowsky a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan horo ga Gabrielle, kuma mai magana da yawunta a shekarar 2005. Kamfanin yana shigo da lu'u-lu'u masu kauri, yana sarrafa su, kuma yana fitar da lu'u-lu'u masu kauri zuwa wasu ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's six diamond kings: Six entrepreneurs minting money in Rs 70,000 crore industry - India's diamond kings: Six entrepreneurs minting money in Rs 70,000 crore industry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/biz-entrepreneurship/indias-six-diamond-kings-six-entrepreneurs-minting-money-in-rs-70000-crore-industry/ashok-gajera-managing-diractor-laxmi-diamond/slideshow/18346603.cms |access-date=2022-01-11 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1995, Laxmi Diamond ta kasance mai lura da kamfanin Diamond Trading Company ( DTC ).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=GJEPC |date=2021-07-07 |title=Laxmi Diamond Group : PRIORITIZING HUMANITARIAN NEEDS |url=https://gjepc.org/solitaire/laxmi-diamond-group-prioritizing-humanitarian-needs/ |access-date=2022-01-11 |website=India’s leading B2B gem and jewellery magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] rtco968uklleuyhxcplza445a09r5f8 962043 962042 2026-10-02T21:17:32Z Nnamadee 31123 962043 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Vasant Gajera''' (an haife shi a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1954) ɗan kasuwa ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya. Shi ne wanda ya kafa Laxmi Diamond Group, wani kamfanin kera lu'u-lu'u da fitar da su zuwa kasashen waje.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Vasantbhai Gajera's contribution to Indian Education |url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/suburbs/post-tribune/community/chi-ugc-article-vasantbhai-gajeras-contribution-to-indian-ed-2018-09-08-story.html |access-date=8 September 2018 |publisher=Chicago tribune}}</ref> <ref>{{Cite web |title=Laxmi Diamond Pvt Ltd |url=http://gss.debeersgroup.com/customer-directory/laxmi-diam-ltdond-pvt |publisher=Dee Beers Group}}</ref> == Tarihin Rayuwa == An haifi Gajera a ranar 25 ga Mayu 1954 ga dangin manoma a Amreli, Gujarat, Indiya ga marigayi Shri Haribhai Gajera da Shantaben Gajera. Ya bar garinsu ya koma [[Surat]] a shekarar 1968 yana ɗan shekara 14.<ref name="dnaindia.com">{{Cite web |title=After years, Kathiawaris outshine Palanpuris in India diamond biz |url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-after-years-kathiawaris-outshine-palanpuris-in-india-diamond-biz-1156574 |access-date=2022-01-11 |website=DNA India |language=en}}</ref> Bayan ya yi karatun yanke lu'u-lu'u da goge shi na tsawon shekaru a [[Surat]], ya fara kasuwancinsa da sunan Laxmi Diamond a shekarar 1972. Gajera, wacce aka haifa a Amreli kuma asalinta daga Kathiawad ne, ta fahimci tun tana ƙarama cewa samun abin rayuwa daga busasshiyar ƙasar ga al'ummar manoma, musamman idan babu ruwan sama, aiki ne mai girma da ba zai yiwu ba. Ya bar garinsu ya isa Surat inda ya yi aiki a masana'antar kayan ado na tsawon shekaru biyu. Ya bar wannan aikin ne don ya gwada kasuwancinsa a kasuwar lu'u-lu'u.<ref name="dnaindia.com" /> === Lu'u-lu'u na Laxmi === Gajera ya kafa ƙungiyar Laxmi Diamond Group, kuma ba da daɗewa ba, sai ƙannensa suka haɗu da shi. Sun ɗauki ma'aikata kimanin 4000. An naɗa Gabi Tolkowsky a matsayin mai ba da shawara kan horo ga Gabrielle, kuma mai magana da yawunta a shekarar 2005. Kamfanin yana shigo da lu'u-lu'u masu kauri, yana sarrafa su, kuma yana fitar da lu'u-lu'u masu kauri zuwa wasu ƙasashe.<ref>{{Cite web |title=India's six diamond kings: Six entrepreneurs minting money in Rs 70,000 crore industry - India's diamond kings: Six entrepreneurs minting money in Rs 70,000 crore industry |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/biz-entrepreneurship/indias-six-diamond-kings-six-entrepreneurs-minting-money-in-rs-70000-crore-industry/ashok-gajera-managing-diractor-laxmi-diamond/slideshow/18346603.cms |access-date=2022-01-11 |website=The Economic Times}}</ref> Tun daga shekarar 1995, Laxmi Diamond ta kasance mai lura da kamfanin Diamond Trading Company ( DTC ).<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=GJEPC |date=2021-07-07 |title=Laxmi Diamond Group : PRIORITIZING HUMANITARIAN NEEDS |url=https://gjepc.org/solitaire/laxmi-diamond-group-prioritizing-humanitarian-needs/ |access-date=2022-01-11 |website=India’s leading B2B gem and jewellery magazine |language=en-US}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haihuwan 1954]] [[Rukuni:Rayayyun mutane]] gzl4f43fivywa2xx7gig1mtabm71em3 Raosaheb Gogte 0 177904 962044 2026-10-02T21:18:06Z Nnamadee 31123 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1301187510|Raosaheb Gogte]]" 962044 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Balkrishna Mahadev Gogte''' ( IAST : '''Bāḷakr̥shṇa Mahādeva Gogaṭe''' ; 16 Satumba 1916 - 26 Fabrairu 2000), wanda aka fi sani da '''Raosaheb Gogte''' (IAST: '''Rāvasāheba Gogaṭe''' ), lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya, mai masana'antu, mai taimakon jama'a kuma mai ilimi. Gogte shi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar kamfanoni ta Gogte, wacce ke da hannu a haƙar ma'adinai, ma'adanai, gishiri da yadi. Ya ba da sunansa ga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Gogte, Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Gogte, Zauren Gogte da ke Shivaji Park Gymkhana da ke Dadar, [[Mumbai]], Gidan Gogte da ke Oberoi Hotel da ke Mumbai, Zauren Gogte da ke Belgaum Chamber of Commerce, da kuma Zauren Gogte da ke Belgaum. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar Farko, Iyali da Ilimi: 1916–1936 === An haifi Gogte a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1916 a Tembhu,{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} a lokacin yana cikin shugabannin Bombay,{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} ga Dr. Mahadev Gogte (1891–1953) da Kamlabai Gogte (ɗan Ambutai Latey).{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Iyalinsu Chitpavan brahmin ne, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma an kafa shi a matsayin ''gharana'' a Karad tun zamanin kakan Gogte. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Mahaifin Gogte likitan tiyata ne a Karad, yana da digirin LM &amp;amp; S. daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa da ke [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga dangin Latey (Bhagwat) masu arziki waɗanda suka kasance dangin [[:mr:सदाशिवगड (कराड)|Sadashivgad]] na Karad a ƙarƙashin Peshwas tun bayan Yaƙin Kharda a 1795. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} An haifi Gogte a matsayin babban ɗan'uwa cikin 'ya'ya biyar, yana da ƙanne biyu da ƙanne biyu.{{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Ta hannun ɗan'uwansa Vaman, Gogte kawu ne na uba ga Anjali Dandekar, matar farko ta Dilip Dandekar, shugaban Kokuyo Camlin, da kuma Jayant, mijin wata ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi Jyoti Gogte . Ta hannun ɗan'uwansa Vasudev, Gogte kawu ne na uba ga Rekha Agashe, matar mataimakin shugaban BCCI [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]], don haka kakan Mandar, Ashutosh da Sheetal Agashe ne . Shi kuma kakan kawu ne ga mawaƙi Rashmi Parekh, jikanyar ɗan'uwansa Vasudev ta hanyar 'yarsa ta biyu Madhuri. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Tun daga shekarar 1925, Gogte ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Tilak da ke Karad, kafin a tura shi Jalgaon a shekarar 1926, don ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin kawunsa na uba Narayanrao Gogte, wanda shi ne shugaban makarantar New English School da ke can.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}}{{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1928, ya raka kawunsa zuwa Chalisgaon, inda za su zama membobin [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi Ashram]] a can, tare da Hari Vinayak Pataskar.{{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1929, ya koma Karad don ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Tilak,{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma a lokacin da yake can, abokin aji ne na Yashwantrao Chavan har zuwa 1930.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A farkon shekarun 1930, mahaifinsa da kawunsa sun shiga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Indiya a matsayin 'yan Gandhi . {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1931, mahaifin Gogte ya ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Belgaum, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} inda Gogte ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Chintamanrao da ke Shahapur, a lokacin kuma a Jihar Sarauta ta Sangli . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A lokacin da yake makaranta a Shahapur, Gogte ya shahara a fannin ba da labari, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban sakataren ƙungiyar ɗalibai, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar jama'a da dama a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar 'yancin Indiya kuma an taɓa kama shi saboda karanta sanarwar Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a bainar jama'a. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A farkon shekarar 1932, yana da shekaru 16, ya tsira daga wani yunƙurin kisan kai daga ɗaliban makarantarsa guda biyu, waɗanda suka jefa bam a wurin da Gogte da wasu ɗalibai suka shirya wasan kwaikwayo na Govind Ballal Deval na 1916 ''mai suna Samshay Kallol'' . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Duk da cewa dangin sun fito ne daga zuriyar sarakunan Peshwai, amma iyalan ba su da talauci sosai, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma a shekarar 1933, mahaifin Gogte ya bar aikin likitancinsa don kafa masana'antar niƙa gari . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A wannan shekarar, yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ya kammala karatunsa na jami'a ta hanyar cin jarrabawarsa ta Jami'ar Bombay, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} sannan ya ci gaba da karatun [[Doka|lauya]], inda ya kammala jarrabawarsa ta lauya a kotun koli a shekarar 1935, yana da shekaru goma sha tara. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Daga nan sai ya koma [[Mumbai]] don yin aiki a Babbar Kotun Bombay na tsawon shekara guda. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A lokacin da yake baƙunci a gidan ɗan uwansa na farko Laxman "Rajabhau" Bhave da ke Mumbai a shekarar 1936, Gogte ya saba da Ushatai Chiplunkar. Ita ce ƙanwar matar ɗan uwansa, kuma an yi musu alkawari jim kaɗan bayan sun san juna. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1943, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} kuma suka ci gaba da samun 'ya'ya maza uku, Arvind (wanda aka haifa a 1944), Anand (wanda aka haifa a 1946) da Shirish (wanda aka haifa a 1950). {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} === Aikin lauya: 1936–1943 === A shekarar 1936, yana da shekaru ashirin da ɗaya, Gogte ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai fafutuka a Belgaum. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in farko da ya yi fice shi ne na mata biyu masu yanka mutane daga Baluchistan waɗanda aka tuhume su da zamba, barazana ga aikata laifuka da kuma cin zarafi . Kare kansa ya sa aka wanke su, amma gazawar Gogte na samun kuɗin hidimarsa ya sa matan suka ba shi wuƙaƙen Rampuri guda biyu da suka yi a matsayin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Wannan lamari, tare da sunan da matan biyu suka yi masa ( ''Raosaheb'' ) ya yaɗu sosai a cikin da'irori na shari'a da jaridu, wanda ya haifar da sunan da za a san shi da shi a sauran rayuwarsa ta sana'a da ta kashin kansa. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Tun daga shekarar 1936, Gogte ya koyar da shari'a a ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak, {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} tare da aikinsa na kare haƙƙin jama'a, kuma ya ci gaba da kafa taron ɗaliban gundumar Belgaum . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A kusan wannan lokacin, an wanke Gogte daga zargin karya na karkatar da zanen ƙarfe da Manajan ƙarfe da ƙarfe na Belgaum ya ba shi. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Lokacin da aka yi wa Dokar Motoci kwaskwarima a shekarar 1939, an naɗa shi a matsayin Sakataren Darakta na Ƙungiyar Masu Aikin Bas na Belgaum ta hannun Keshavrao Gokhale na Majalisar Dokoki ta Bombay, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} inda ya shiga cikin shari'o'i da dama na inshorar haɗari, rabon hanya, da kuma tattaunawar harajin hanya tsakanin jihohi da Masarautun Sangli da Kolhapur . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A irin wannan lokacin, lokacin da tattaunawar raba hanya tsakanin jihohin, tsakanin ƙungiyar da kuma ƙasashen sarauta ta zo ga cikas, [[Babban Minista|Babban Ministan]] Jihar Kolhapur ya ba da umarnin a kama Gogte, amma ya kauce wa kamawa ta hanyar shiga jirgin ƙasa da ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Miraj sanye da kaya irin na mace, bayan da sakataren Shivaji VII, [[Maharaja]] na Kolhapur a lokacin ya sanar da shi. Bayan wannan lamari, Hukumar Deccan States da Gwamnatin Bombay sun fara tattaunawa a hukumance kuma sun warware ta. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A ƙarshen shekarar 1942, Gogte ya shirya taron All India Motor Union Congress kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin babban lauya ga dukkan shari'o'in da ke tsakanin ƙungiyar da Gwamnatin Bombay. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1943, an naɗa Gogte a matsayin babban lauya mai kula da shari'o'i tsakanin ƙungiyoyin masu aikin bas a Belgaum, [[Pune]], [[Nashik]] da [[Ahmedabad]] da kuma hukumomin sufuri na yankinsu . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Zai ci gaba da wakiltar sassa daban-daban na masana'antar sufuri bisa doka har zuwa shekarun 1950. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Zuwa shekarar 1944, Gogte ya sami rancen kuɗi don kasuwancinsa na jigilar kaya . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Lokacin da shigar Indiya a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya haifar da rage yawan man fetur, ya yanke shawarar yin koyi da wani kamfanin [[Birtaniya]] a [[Chennai|Madras]], sannan ya kafa wata tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da iskar gas wadda ke amfani da [[gawayi]] don samar da mai ga motocinsa. Wannan aikin bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A tsakanin 1945 da 1948, Gogte ya sake yin ƙoƙarin kafa injin niƙa na ƙarfe a Karad, amma bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1952, Gogte ya shiga harkar jigilar mackerel daga gabar tekun Karwar zuwa cikin [[Maharashtra]] da Karnataka. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Bukatar kiyaye kamun kifi, ta sa shi neman jari daga Raja na Jihar Kurundwad (Ƙaramin yaro) don gina masana'antar kankara a Belgaum, wanda Morarji Desai, Babban Ministan Unified Bombay a wancan lokacin, ya buɗe. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Bisa shawarar Babban Jami'in Kifi na Bombay, Gogte ya yi tafiya zuwa Aberdeen don yin nazarin daskarewar ruwa domin ya kafa kamfaninsa don wannan aiki, amma daga ƙarshe bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A farkon shekarun 1950, sha'awar [[Japan]] a ma'adinan ƙarfe da manganese na Goa na Portugal ya sa Gogte ya bincika yiwuwar haƙar ma'adinan a gundumomin Ratnagiri da Arewacin Kanara . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1954, ya fara haƙar ma'adinai a kusa da Kuveshi, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} ba da daɗewa ba ya haɗu da sauran masu ma'adinai don kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Samar da Ma'adanai ta Manganese, wanda zai yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tare da ƙarfafa gwiwa daga masu ba da lamuni na gida, Gogte ya kafa kamfanin Gogte Mines kuma ya fara haƙar ma'adinan ƙarfe a Redi a shekarar 1957, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} bayan ya yi hayar eka 187 da gunthas 16 don aikin, kuma ya samar da tan 15,000 na ma'adinan ƙarfe a cikin watanni huɗu na farko. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Lokacin da 'yan kwangila suka fara buƙatar ƙarin farashi, ya ba da umarnin jigilar ma'adinan guda biyu masu sarrafa kansu, waɗanda Yashwantrao Chavan da matarsa Venutai suka ƙaddamar. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Lokacin da aka gano wani kuskure a cikin ƙirar su, Gogte ya yi nasara a shari'ar sulhu, wacce HR Gokhale ya ba da shawara, a kan masu kera jiragen ruwa. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A lokaci guda, Gogte zai kuma taimaka wa Mohan Singh Oberoi da kafa harsashin otal ɗinsa mai suna Oberoi da ke [[Mumbai]] ; wanda Gogte ya yi wa Satyanarayan Puja a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da shi, kuma daga baya Oberoi ya sami ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan otal ɗin da aka sanya wa suna Gogte. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tsakanin 1959 da 1960, ya ƙara samun kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Baroda don shigo da kayan aikin haƙar ma'adinai masu inganci daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} bayan fitar da tan 92,798 na ɗanyen ƙarfe a cikin wannan shekarar kuɗi. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tsakanin 1961 da 1964, kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai ya ci gaba da aiki ba tare da wata matsala ba, don haka Gogte ya yi ƙoƙarin samun oda daga Japan. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1963, ya yi bincike kan fili mai fadin eka 1500 kusa da Nala Sopara domin gina wani wurin hakar gishiri . {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Ya ɗora wa ɗan'uwansa Vasudev alhakin kula da shi, wanda zai yi amfani da dabarun samar da gishiri [[Faransa|na Faransa]] da [[Tunisiya]] a wurin aikin. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} An ƙaddamar da kamfanin Gogte Salts a shekarar 1964 a hannun Sadashiv Govind Barve . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1966, an naɗa Gogte a matsayin mai kula da ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak, kuma an sanya wa [[Gogte College of Commerce|Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Gogte]] suna don girmama shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History – Karnatak Law Society |url=https://klsbelagavi.org/our-university/ |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> Bayan samun riba bayan shekaru goma na aiki, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Gogte ya kafa kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai nasa a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1967. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Mines Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-MINES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U99999MH1967PTC013783 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} === Tsohuwar masana'antar: 1970–1991 === A shekarar 1972, an zaɓi Gogte a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Belgaum, kuma zai gudanar da kamfen a faɗin yankunan karkara da birane na Belgaum tare da majalisar don jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa su kafa ƙananan masana'antu a yankunansu. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1974, Gogte ya sami masu siyan ma'adinan ƙarfe a [[Romainiya|Romania]], {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} ya haɗa kamfanin Gogte Minerals a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1977, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Minerals Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-MINERALS-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U14100MH1977PTC019505 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> don haɓaka [[Taki|takin]] ammonium chloride . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1977, Gogte ya shiga cikin wani shiri na musamman, {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} kuma a shekarar 1978, ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa masana'antar takarda a gundumar Chandrapur tare da taimakon Vasantdada Patil, amma wannan aikin bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A daidai lokacin, Gogte ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa tsarin bas na cikin gari zuwa Belgaum. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tsarin da ake takaddama a kai ya ci karo da shirin Kamfanin Birnin Belgaum na yin hakan. Gogte ya sami lasisin wannan shirin ne ta hanyar jayayya daga Hukumar Sufuri ta Yankin bayan ya gabatar da wasiƙa daga Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na wancan lokacin, Morarji Desai, yana mai kin amincewa da ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi da ke da ikon kula da ayyukan sufuri a birane. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} An yaba wa jama'a game da hidimar bas ɗin birni, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka mayar da shi ƙasa. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A daidai lokacin, an kuma zaɓe shi shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Maharashtra . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1979, Gogte ya ƙara bayar da gudummawar kuɗi ga ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak, waɗanda suka girmama shi ta hanyar sanya wa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Gogte suna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About – KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgavi |url=http://www.git.edu/4415/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Gogte Institute of Technology|KLS GIT]]}}</ref> {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1980, Gogte ya kafa Gogte Textiles, yana shiga harkar yadi . {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Infrastructure Development Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-INFRASTRUCTURE-DEVELOPMENTCORPORATION-LIMITED/U17115KA1980PLC003828 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin shawarar SM Krishna, ya nemi izinin samun lasisi daga Gwamnatin Karnataka a ƙarƙashin Gundu Rao, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} don kafa masana'antar yadi a Kakti, inda ya sayi eka 100 don wannan aikin kuma ya yi odar injunan saka daga [[Switzerland]] . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Bayan alkawuran ƙarfafa kuɗi daga Ma'aikatar Masana'antu sun gaza, Gogte ya yi kira ga RN Malhotra a Bankin Reserve na Indiya da ta samar da jarin aiki . An samu ƙarfafa gwiwa ta kuɗi daga Bankin Jihar Mysore da IDBI, ƙarƙashin shawarar Shankarrao Chavan . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1981, an zaɓe Gogte a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Horarwa ta Ƙasa a Injiniyan Masana'antu (NITIE), {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} kuma a shekarar 1982, ya zama batun tarihin rayuwarsa a cikin littafin [[Marati|Marathi]] na DK Barve. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1986, an ƙara naɗa shi shugaban Kamfanin Masana'antu da Zuba Jari na Jihar Maharashtra (SICOM). {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1980, Gogte ya ci gaba da zama shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu ta Indo-Arab, kuma ya yi aiki kan haɓaka yankin Konkan tare da saka hannun jari [[Saudi Arebiya|a Saudiyya]] . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ɗan Gogte Arvind, da matarsa Mangal (wanda aka haifa a Patwardhan, Gimbiya ta Masarautar Kurundwad (Junior)), {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} sun miƙa samfuran tawul ɗin rigarsu ta Textile Mills ga Firayim Minista Rajiv Gandhi na lokacin, wanda aka ce matarsa Sonia Gandhi ta tambaya game da su. Lokacin da Gandhi ya nemi Gogte ya shirya ziyartar masana'antar, ma'aikatan masana'antar sun shiga yajin aiki. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Zuwa shekarar 1990, Gogte Textile Mills ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin fitar da kayan yadi a Karnataka, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma a shekarar 1991, Gogte ya zama batun wani tarihin rayuwa na MV Kamath. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} === Shekarun da suka gabata, mutuwa, da gado: 1991-2000 === A farkon shekarun 1990, Gogte ya ba da gudummawa ga Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Belgaum, kuma majalisar ta mayar da martani ta hanyar sanya wa ɗakin taro da ke hedikwatarsu da ke Belgaum Gogte Hall suna. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Gogte ya yi wa'adi na uku a jere a matsayin shugaban NITIE har zuwa 1994. Abokin Naval Tata ne, yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanoni uku na [[Kamfanin Tata|Tata Group]], da kuma darakta a otal-otal na Oberoi . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Ya sha fama da ciwon spondylitis tun daga shekarar 1976, {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} bayan an yi masa tiyata cikin nasara. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A matsayinsa na mai kula da fasaha da kimiyya, ya shirya kade-kade da dama a Belgaum don Bal Gandharva da Lata Mangeshkar, tare da tallafin kimiyya ga binciken Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Ya kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Marathi da Kannada. Taron Karnatak Drama ya kuma girmama shi da goyon bayansa ga wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar sanar da kyautar Gogte Dramatic Award ta shekara-shekara da ake bai wa masu wasan kwaikwayo.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Gogte ya mutu a Belgaum, Karnataka, a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2000, yana da shekaru 83. Matarsa ta bar shi har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 2007, 'ya'yansa maza uku da iyalansu: jikoki bakwai, da jikoki biyu a lokacin; ƙanensa Vaman da 'yar'uwarsa Leela suma sun tsira daga gare shi, da kuma zuriyar dukkan 'yan uwansa. {{Sfn|Gogte Committee|2006}} Ya tsira daga harkokin kasuwanci ta hanyar 'ya'yansa maza uku da jikoki uku. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Baya ga sunayen kwalejojin da ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak ta kafa don girmama shi a shekarar 1966 da 1979, an sanya wani mutum-mutumi mai kama da shi a hedikwatar ƙungiyar ilimi ta Karnataka a shekarar 1986. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A yau, shi ne sunan Gogte Hall da ke Shivaji Park Gymkhana a Dadar, [[Mumbai]], Gogte Suite da ke Oberoi Hotel da ke Mumbai, da kuma Gogte Hall da ke Belgaum Chamber of Commerce. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Shi ne kuma sunan Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Raosaheb Gogte, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Inspiration |url=http://www.gogatewalkecollege.com/our_inspiration.php |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=gogatewalkecollege.com |publisher=Gogte Walke College}}</ref> da kuma Da'irar Gogte da ke Belgaum. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Circle |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gogte+Circle/@15.8481606,74.5048859,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bbf6698e1e78621:0x2a2eeaeb3ecf32f0!8m2!3d15.8481555!4d74.5070746 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Google Maps]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5knuq8lap39r258isjtez03pyhev75m 962045 962044 2026-10-02T21:18:45Z Nnamadee 31123 962045 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Balkrishna Mahadev Gogte''' ( IAST: '''Bāḷakr̥shṇa Mahādeva Gogaṭe''' ; 16 Satumba 1916 - 26 Fabrairu 2000), wanda aka fi sani da '''Raosaheb Gogte''' (IAST: '''Rāvasāheba Gogaṭe'''), lauya ne ɗan ƙasar Indiya, mai masana'antu, mai taimakon jama'a kuma mai ilimi. Gogte shi ne wanda ya kafa ƙungiyar kamfanoni ta Gogte, wacce ke da hannu a haƙar ma'adinai, ma'adanai, gishiri da yadi. Ya ba da sunansa ga Cibiyar Fasaha ta Gogte, Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Gogte, Zauren Gogte da ke Shivaji Park Gymkhana da ke Dadar, [[Mumbai]], Gidan Gogte da ke Oberoi Hotel da ke Mumbai, Zauren Gogte da ke Belgaum Chamber of Commerce, da kuma Zauren Gogte da ke Belgaum. == Tarihin Rayuwa == === Rayuwar Farko, Iyali da Ilimi: 1916–1936 === An haifi Gogte a ranar 16 ga Satumba, 1916 a Tembhu,{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} a lokacin yana cikin shugabannin Bombay,{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} ga Dr. Mahadev Gogte (1891–1953) da Kamlabai Gogte (ɗan Ambutai Latey).{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Iyalinsu Chitpavan brahmin ne, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma an kafa shi a matsayin ''gharana'' a Karad tun zamanin kakan Gogte. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Mahaifin Gogte likitan tiyata ne a Karad, yana da digirin LM &amp;amp; S. daga Kwalejin Kiwon Lafiya ta Kasa da ke [[Kolkata|Calcutta]], {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} yayin da mahaifiyarsa ta fito daga dangin Latey (Bhagwat) masu arziki waɗanda suka kasance dangin [[:mr:सदाशिवगड (कराड)|Sadashivgad]] na Karad a ƙarƙashin Peshwas tun bayan Yaƙin Kharda a 1795. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} An haifi Gogte a matsayin babban ɗan'uwa cikin 'ya'ya biyar, yana da ƙanne biyu da ƙanne biyu.{{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Ta hannun ɗan'uwansa Vaman, Gogte kawu ne na uba ga Anjali Dandekar, matar farko ta Dilip Dandekar, shugaban Kokuyo Camlin, da kuma Jayant, mijin wata ƙwararriyar masaniyar ilimi Jyoti Gogte . Ta hannun ɗan'uwansa Vasudev, Gogte kawu ne na uba ga Rekha Agashe, matar mataimakin shugaban BCCI [[Dnyaneshwar Agashe]], don haka kakan Mandar, Ashutosh da Sheetal Agashe ne . Shi kuma kakan kawu ne ga mawaƙi Rashmi Parekh, jikanyar ɗan'uwansa Vasudev ta hanyar 'yarsa ta biyu Madhuri. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Tun daga shekarar 1925, Gogte ya fara karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Tilak da ke Karad, kafin a tura shi Jalgaon a shekarar 1926, don ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin kawunsa na uba Narayanrao Gogte, wanda shi ne shugaban makarantar New English School da ke can.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}}{{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1928, ya raka kawunsa zuwa Chalisgaon, inda za su zama membobin [[Mahatma Gandhi|Gandhi Ashram]] a can, tare da Hari Vinayak Pataskar.{{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1929, ya koma Karad don ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Tilak,{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma a lokacin da yake can, abokin aji ne na Yashwantrao Chavan har zuwa 1930.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A farkon shekarun 1930, mahaifinsa da kawunsa sun shiga ƙungiyar 'yancin kai ta Indiya a matsayin 'yan Gandhi . {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1931, mahaifin Gogte ya ƙaura da iyalinsa zuwa Belgaum, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} inda Gogte ya ci gaba da karatunsa a Makarantar Sakandare ta Chintamanrao da ke Shahapur, a lokacin kuma a Jihar Sarauta ta Sangli . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A lokacin da yake makaranta a Shahapur, Gogte ya shahara a fannin ba da labari, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} an zaɓe shi a matsayin babban sakataren ƙungiyar ɗalibai, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma ya shiga cikin zanga-zangar jama'a da dama a matsayin wani ɓangare na ƙungiyar 'yancin Indiya kuma an taɓa kama shi saboda karanta sanarwar Majalisar Dokokin Indiya a bainar jama'a. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A farkon shekarar 1932, yana da shekaru 16, ya tsira daga wani yunƙurin kisan kai daga ɗaliban makarantarsa guda biyu, waɗanda suka jefa bam a wurin da Gogte da wasu ɗalibai suka shirya wasan kwaikwayo na Govind Ballal Deval na 1916 ''mai suna Samshay Kallol'' . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Duk da cewa dangin sun fito ne daga zuriyar sarakunan Peshwai, amma iyalan ba su da talauci sosai, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma a shekarar 1933, mahaifin Gogte ya bar aikin likitancinsa don kafa masana'antar niƙa gari . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A wannan shekarar, yana da shekaru goma sha bakwai, ya kammala karatunsa na jami'a ta hanyar cin jarrabawarsa ta Jami'ar Bombay, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} sannan ya ci gaba da karatun [[Doka|lauya]], inda ya kammala jarrabawarsa ta lauya a kotun koli a shekarar 1935, yana da shekaru goma sha tara. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Daga nan sai ya koma [[Mumbai]] don yin aiki a Babbar Kotun Bombay na tsawon shekara guda. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A lokacin da yake baƙunci a gidan ɗan uwansa na farko Laxman "Rajabhau" Bhave da ke Mumbai a shekarar 1936, Gogte ya saba da Ushatai Chiplunkar. Ita ce ƙanwar matar ɗan uwansa, kuma an yi musu alkawari jim kaɗan bayan sun san juna. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Ma'auratan sun yi aure a ranar 7 ga Yuni 1943, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} kuma suka ci gaba da samun 'ya'ya maza uku, Arvind (wanda aka haifa a 1944), Anand (wanda aka haifa a 1946) da Shirish (wanda aka haifa a 1950). {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} === Aikin lauya: 1936–1943 === A shekarar 1936, yana da shekaru ashirin da ɗaya, Gogte ya fara aikinsa a matsayin mai fafutuka a Belgaum. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Ɗaya daga cikin shari'o'in farko da ya yi fice shi ne na mata biyu masu yanka mutane daga Baluchistan waɗanda aka tuhume su da zamba, barazana ga aikata laifuka da kuma cin zarafi . Kare kansa ya sa aka wanke su, amma gazawar Gogte na samun kuɗin hidimarsa ya sa matan suka ba shi wuƙaƙen Rampuri guda biyu da suka yi a matsayin kuɗi. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Wannan lamari, tare da sunan da matan biyu suka yi masa ( ''Raosaheb'' ) ya yaɗu sosai a cikin da'irori na shari'a da jaridu, wanda ya haifar da sunan da za a san shi da shi a sauran rayuwarsa ta sana'a da ta kashin kansa. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Tun daga shekarar 1936, Gogte ya koyar da shari'a a ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak, {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} tare da aikinsa na kare haƙƙin jama'a, kuma ya ci gaba da kafa taron ɗaliban gundumar Belgaum . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A kusan wannan lokacin, an wanke Gogte daga zargin karya na karkatar da zanen ƙarfe da Manajan ƙarfe da ƙarfe na Belgaum ya ba shi. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Lokacin da aka yi wa Dokar Motoci kwaskwarima a shekarar 1939, an naɗa shi a matsayin Sakataren Darakta na Ƙungiyar Masu Aikin Bas na Belgaum ta hannun Keshavrao Gokhale na Majalisar Dokoki ta Bombay, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} inda ya shiga cikin shari'o'i da dama na inshorar haɗari, rabon hanya, da kuma tattaunawar harajin hanya tsakanin jihohi da Masarautun Sangli da Kolhapur . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A irin wannan lokacin, lokacin da tattaunawar raba hanya tsakanin jihohin, tsakanin ƙungiyar da kuma ƙasashen sarauta ta zo ga cikas, [[Babban Minista|Babban Ministan]] Jihar Kolhapur ya ba da umarnin a kama Gogte, amma ya kauce wa kamawa ta hanyar shiga jirgin ƙasa da ke kan hanyarsa ta zuwa Miraj sanye da kaya irin na mace, bayan da sakataren Shivaji VII, [[Maharaja]] na Kolhapur a lokacin ya sanar da shi. Bayan wannan lamari, Hukumar Deccan States da Gwamnatin Bombay sun fara tattaunawa a hukumance kuma sun warware ta. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A ƙarshen shekarar 1942, Gogte ya shirya taron All India Motor Union Congress kuma an ɗauke shi a matsayin babban lauya ga dukkan shari'o'in da ke tsakanin ƙungiyar da Gwamnatin Bombay. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1943, an naɗa Gogte a matsayin babban lauya mai kula da shari'o'i tsakanin ƙungiyoyin masu aikin bas a Belgaum, [[Pune]], [[Nashik]] da [[Ahmedabad]] da kuma hukumomin sufuri na yankinsu . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Zai ci gaba da wakiltar sassa daban-daban na masana'antar sufuri bisa doka har zuwa shekarun 1950. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Zuwa shekarar 1944, Gogte ya sami rancen kuɗi don kasuwancinsa na jigilar kaya . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Lokacin da shigar Indiya a [[Yaƙin Duniya na II|Yaƙin Duniya na Biyu]] ya haifar da rage yawan man fetur, ya yanke shawarar yin koyi da wani kamfanin [[Birtaniya]] a [[Chennai|Madras]], sannan ya kafa wata tashar wutar lantarki mai amfani da iskar gas wadda ke amfani da [[gawayi]] don samar da mai ga motocinsa. Wannan aikin bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A tsakanin 1945 da 1948, Gogte ya sake yin ƙoƙarin kafa injin niƙa na ƙarfe a Karad, amma bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1952, Gogte ya shiga harkar jigilar mackerel daga gabar tekun Karwar zuwa cikin [[Maharashtra]] da Karnataka. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Bukatar kiyaye kamun kifi, ta sa shi neman jari daga Raja na Jihar Kurundwad (Ƙaramin yaro) don gina masana'antar kankara a Belgaum, wanda Morarji Desai, Babban Ministan Unified Bombay a wancan lokacin, ya buɗe. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Bisa shawarar Babban Jami'in Kifi na Bombay, Gogte ya yi tafiya zuwa Aberdeen don yin nazarin daskarewar ruwa domin ya kafa kamfaninsa don wannan aiki, amma daga ƙarshe bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A farkon shekarun 1950, sha'awar [[Japan]] a ma'adinan ƙarfe da manganese na Goa na Portugal ya sa Gogte ya bincika yiwuwar haƙar ma'adinan a gundumomin Ratnagiri da Arewacin Kanara . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1954, ya fara haƙar ma'adinai a kusa da Kuveshi, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} ba da daɗewa ba ya haɗu da sauran masu ma'adinai don kafa Ƙungiyar Masu Samar da Ma'adanai ta Manganese, wanda zai yi aiki a matsayin shugaban farko. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tare da ƙarfafa gwiwa daga masu ba da lamuni na gida, Gogte ya kafa kamfanin Gogte Mines kuma ya fara haƙar ma'adinan ƙarfe a Redi a shekarar 1957, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} bayan ya yi hayar eka 187 da gunthas 16 don aikin, kuma ya samar da tan 15,000 na ma'adinan ƙarfe a cikin watanni huɗu na farko. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Lokacin da 'yan kwangila suka fara buƙatar ƙarin farashi, ya ba da umarnin jigilar ma'adinan guda biyu masu sarrafa kansu, waɗanda Yashwantrao Chavan da matarsa Venutai suka ƙaddamar. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Lokacin da aka gano wani kuskure a cikin ƙirar su, Gogte ya yi nasara a shari'ar sulhu, wacce HR Gokhale ya ba da shawara, a kan masu kera jiragen ruwa. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A lokaci guda, Gogte zai kuma taimaka wa Mohan Singh Oberoi da kafa harsashin otal ɗinsa mai suna Oberoi da ke [[Mumbai]] ; wanda Gogte ya yi wa Satyanarayan Puja a lokacin bikin ƙaddamar da shi, kuma daga baya Oberoi ya sami ɗaya daga cikin ɗakunan otal ɗin da aka sanya wa suna Gogte. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tsakanin 1959 da 1960, ya ƙara samun kuɗaɗe daga Bankin Baroda don shigo da kayan aikin haƙar ma'adinai masu inganci daga [[Tarayyar Amurka|Amurka]], {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} bayan fitar da tan 92,798 na ɗanyen ƙarfe a cikin wannan shekarar kuɗi. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tsakanin 1961 da 1964, kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai ya ci gaba da aiki ba tare da wata matsala ba, don haka Gogte ya yi ƙoƙarin samun oda daga Japan. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1963, ya yi bincike kan fili mai fadin eka 1500 kusa da Nala Sopara domin gina wani wurin hakar gishiri . {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Ya ɗora wa ɗan'uwansa Vasudev alhakin kula da shi, wanda zai yi amfani da dabarun samar da gishiri [[Faransa|na Faransa]] da [[Tunisiya]] a wurin aikin. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} An ƙaddamar da kamfanin Gogte Salts a shekarar 1964 a hannun Sadashiv Govind Barve . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1966, an naɗa Gogte a matsayin mai kula da ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak, kuma an sanya wa [[Gogte College of Commerce|Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Gogte]] suna don girmama shi. <ref>{{Cite web |title=History – Karnatak Law Society |url=https://klsbelagavi.org/our-university/ |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> Bayan samun riba bayan shekaru goma na aiki, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Gogte ya kafa kamfanin haƙar ma'adinai nasa a hukumance a ranar 20 ga Yuli 1967. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Mines Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-MINES-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U99999MH1967PTC013783 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} === Tsohuwar masana'antar: 1970–1991 === A shekarar 1972, an zaɓi Gogte a matsayin shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Belgaum, kuma zai gudanar da kamfen a faɗin yankunan karkara da birane na Belgaum tare da majalisar don jawo hankalin 'yan kasuwa su kafa ƙananan masana'antu a yankunansu. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1974, Gogte ya sami masu siyan ma'adinan ƙarfe a [[Romainiya|Romania]], {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} ya haɗa kamfanin Gogte Minerals a ranar 23 ga Fabrairu, 1977, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Minerals Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-MINERALS-PRIVATE-LIMITED/U14100MH1977PTC019505 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> don haɓaka [[Taki|takin]] ammonium chloride . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1977, Gogte ya shiga cikin wani shiri na musamman, {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} kuma a shekarar 1978, ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa masana'antar takarda a gundumar Chandrapur tare da taimakon Vasantdada Patil, amma wannan aikin bai yi nasara ba. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A daidai lokacin, Gogte ya yi ƙoƙarin kafa tsarin bas na cikin gari zuwa Belgaum. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Tsarin da ake takaddama a kai ya ci karo da shirin Kamfanin Birnin Belgaum na yin hakan. Gogte ya sami lasisin wannan shirin ne ta hanyar jayayya daga Hukumar Sufuri ta Yankin bayan ya gabatar da wasiƙa daga Ministan Harkokin Cikin Gida na wancan lokacin, Morarji Desai, yana mai kin amincewa da ƙananan ƙananan hukumomi da ke da ikon kula da ayyukan sufuri a birane. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} An yaba wa jama'a game da hidimar bas ɗin birni, amma ba da daɗewa ba aka mayar da shi ƙasa. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A daidai lokacin, an kuma zaɓe shi shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci ta Maharashtra . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1979, Gogte ya ƙara bayar da gudummawar kuɗi ga ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak, waɗanda suka girmama shi ta hanyar sanya wa Cibiyar Fasaha ta Gogte suna. <ref>{{Cite web |title=About – KLS Gogte Institute of Technology, Belgavi |url=http://www.git.edu/4415/ |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Gogte Institute of Technology|KLS GIT]]}}</ref> {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A ranar 17 ga Mayu 1980, Gogte ya kafa Gogte Textiles, yana shiga harkar yadi . {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Infrastructure Development Private Limited |url=https://www.zaubacorp.com/company/GOGTE-INFRASTRUCTURE-DEVELOPMENTCORPORATION-LIMITED/U17115KA1980PLC003828 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=Zauba Corp}}</ref> A ƙarƙashin shawarar SM Krishna, ya nemi izinin samun lasisi daga Gwamnatin Karnataka a ƙarƙashin Gundu Rao, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} don kafa masana'antar yadi a Kakti, inda ya sayi eka 100 don wannan aikin kuma ya yi odar injunan saka daga [[Switzerland]] . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} Bayan alkawuran ƙarfafa kuɗi daga Ma'aikatar Masana'antu sun gaza, Gogte ya yi kira ga RN Malhotra a Bankin Reserve na Indiya da ta samar da jarin aiki . An samu ƙarfafa gwiwa ta kuɗi daga Bankin Jihar Mysore da IDBI, ƙarƙashin shawarar Shankarrao Chavan . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1981, an zaɓe Gogte a matsayin shugaban Cibiyar Horarwa ta Ƙasa a Injiniyan Masana'antu (NITIE), {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} kuma a shekarar 1982, ya zama batun tarihin rayuwarsa a cikin littafin [[Marati|Marathi]] na DK Barve. {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A shekarar 1986, an ƙara naɗa shi shugaban Kamfanin Masana'antu da Zuba Jari na Jihar Maharashtra (SICOM). {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A shekarar 1980, Gogte ya ci gaba da zama shugaban ƙungiyar kasuwanci da masana'antu ta Indo-Arab, kuma ya yi aiki kan haɓaka yankin Konkan tare da saka hannun jari [[Saudi Arebiya|a Saudiyya]] . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A ƙarshen shekarun 1980, ɗan Gogte Arvind, da matarsa Mangal (wanda aka haifa a Patwardhan, Gimbiya ta Masarautar Kurundwad (Junior)), {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} sun miƙa samfuran tawul ɗin rigarsu ta Textile Mills ga Firayim Minista Rajiv Gandhi na lokacin, wanda aka ce matarsa Sonia Gandhi ta tambaya game da su. Lokacin da Gandhi ya nemi Gogte ya shirya ziyartar masana'antar, ma'aikatan masana'antar sun shiga yajin aiki. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Zuwa shekarar 1990, Gogte Textile Mills ta kasance ɗaya daga cikin manyan kamfanonin fitar da kayan yadi a Karnataka, {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} kuma a shekarar 1991, Gogte ya zama batun wani tarihin rayuwa na MV Kamath. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} === Shekarun da suka gabata, mutuwa, da gado: 1991-2000 === A farkon shekarun 1990, Gogte ya ba da gudummawa ga Ƙungiyar Kasuwanci ta Belgaum, kuma majalisar ta mayar da martani ta hanyar sanya wa ɗakin taro da ke hedikwatarsu da ke Belgaum Gogte Hall suna. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Gogte ya yi wa'adi na uku a jere a matsayin shugaban NITIE har zuwa 1994. Abokin Naval Tata ne, yana cikin kwamitin gudanarwa na kamfanoni uku na [[Kamfanin Tata|Tata Group]], da kuma darakta a otal-otal na Oberoi . {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Ya sha fama da ciwon spondylitis tun daga shekarar 1976, {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} bayan an yi masa tiyata cikin nasara. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} A matsayinsa na mai kula da fasaha da kimiyya, ya shirya kade-kade da dama a Belgaum don Bal Gandharva da Lata Mangeshkar, tare da tallafin kimiyya ga binciken Bhalchandra Nilkanth Purandare.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Ya kuma ba da tallafin kuɗi ga masana'antar fina-finai ta Marathi da Kannada. Taron Karnatak Drama ya kuma girmama shi da goyon bayansa ga wasan kwaikwayo ta hanyar sanar da kyautar Gogte Dramatic Award ta shekara-shekara da ake bai wa masu wasan kwaikwayo.{{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Gogte ya mutu a Belgaum, Karnataka, a ranar 26 ga Fabrairu, 2000, yana da shekaru 83. Matarsa ta bar shi har zuwa rasuwarta a shekarar 2007, 'ya'yansa maza uku da iyalansu: jikoki bakwai, da jikoki biyu a lokacin; ƙanensa Vaman da 'yar'uwarsa Leela suma sun tsira daga gare shi, da kuma zuriyar dukkan 'yan uwansa. {{Sfn|Gogte Committee|2006}} Ya tsira daga harkokin kasuwanci ta hanyar 'ya'yansa maza uku da jikoki uku. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Baya ga sunayen kwalejojin da ƙungiyar lauyoyi ta Karnatak ta kafa don girmama shi a shekarar 1966 da 1979, an sanya wani mutum-mutumi mai kama da shi a hedikwatar ƙungiyar ilimi ta Karnataka a shekarar 1986. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} {{Sfn|Barve|1982}} A yau, shi ne sunan Gogte Hall da ke Shivaji Park Gymkhana a Dadar, [[Mumbai]], Gogte Suite da ke Oberoi Hotel da ke Mumbai, da kuma Gogte Hall da ke Belgaum Chamber of Commerce. {{Sfn|Kamath|1991}} Shi ne kuma sunan Kwalejin Kasuwanci ta Raosaheb Gogte, <ref>{{Cite web |title=Our Inspiration |url=http://www.gogatewalkecollege.com/our_inspiration.php |access-date=11 August 2021 |website=gogatewalkecollege.com |publisher=Gogte Walke College}}</ref> da kuma Da'irar Gogte da ke Belgaum. <ref>{{Cite web |title=Gogte Circle |url=https://www.google.com/maps/place/Gogte+Circle/@15.8481606,74.5048859,17z/data=!3m1!4b1!4m5!3m4!1s0x3bbf6698e1e78621:0x2a2eeaeb3ecf32f0!8m2!3d15.8481555!4d74.5070746 |access-date=31 July 2021 |website=[[Google Maps]] |language=en}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2000]] [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] o1cy8unuh1eqkosn1qge0bi14863v4s Tattaunawar user:Paramushir 3 177905 962046 2026-10-02T21:23:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962046 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Paramushir! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Paramushir|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) nmv1cb91ppw1j4r0go78pqa876yq9e7 Tattaunawar user:Deyuze 3 177906 962047 2026-10-02T21:23:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962047 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Deyuze! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Deyuze|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) rh13gldrfhiulso3icu40qp406h44b6 Tattaunawar user:AvignonCatholicism 3 177907 962048 2026-10-02T21:23:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962048 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, AvignonCatholicism! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/AvignonCatholicism|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0napyzhbf1d8zinmgdhfykryrvri8cl Tattaunawar user:IlanMask 3 177908 962049 2026-10-02T21:23:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962049 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, IlanMask! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/IlanMask|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 29xbobh885e8bmaf8zyl010jghxjcwj Tattaunawar user:TShibuyaNU 3 177909 962050 2026-10-02T21:23:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962050 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, TShibuyaNU! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/TShibuyaNU|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:23, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) n80t6sfnsyeleuh6c1v8aohvoakdvej Tattaunawar user:Life is Sin 3 177910 962051 2026-10-02T21:24:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962051 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Life is Sin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Life is Sin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) gb0z6nl7nvuuurwodk7zjz288a3d56z Tattaunawar user:Havelvit 3 177911 962052 2026-10-02T21:24:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962052 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Havelvit! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Havelvit|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) a4s9tddi5v3idqdyeg3f92tq91wh90k Tattaunawar user:BasikoKhalifa 3 177912 962053 2026-10-02T21:24:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962053 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BasikoKhalifa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BasikoKhalifa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) s0usz0fs96z2hg54t7lvriqh6o2f1ud Tattaunawar user:Cawhee 3 177913 962054 2026-10-02T21:24:38Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962054 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cawhee! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cawhee|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 2l7pbc2zs9x612qm2wbcpwl2h54sd9c Tattaunawar user:Wholeoatbread 3 177914 962055 2026-10-02T21:24:48Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962055 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wholeoatbread! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wholeoatbread|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 33iuoft094arextr4g3yatmhwkwtkhs Tattaunawar user:Zagothal 3 177915 962056 2026-10-02T21:24:58Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962056 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Zagothal! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Zagothal|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:24, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) hgjdl35rycp8avd8nbpq6ahwbqz9q3n Tattaunawar user:Wiki4BC 3 177916 962057 2026-10-02T21:25:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962057 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wiki4BC! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wiki4BC|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 67jgd34fiq2mbkiwgzsowmrehnv8cyv Tattaunawar user:H.164.550 3 177917 962058 2026-10-02T21:25:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962058 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, H.164.550! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/H.164.550|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) foddk82znjvxebxu00nm5u429u1usfd Tattaunawar user:Kokujin2019 3 177918 962059 2026-10-02T21:25:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962059 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kokujin2019! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kokujin2019|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 6jtdm6bimxv54osovlfrbbbeb0wqjri Tattaunawar user:BeachMom90505 3 177919 962060 2026-10-02T21:25:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962060 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BeachMom90505! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BeachMom90505|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) tjr04ppt2zw7kfqob5jypg4j20xxp80 Tattaunawar user:Satveersaini12 3 177920 962061 2026-10-02T21:25:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962061 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Satveersaini12! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Satveersaini12|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) lzpmya68qfegnq3htkwjclco19krbjz Tattaunawar user:Pnurkin 3 177921 962062 2026-10-02T21:25:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962062 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Pnurkin! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Pnurkin|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:25, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) l93p264h9ommv90smfbuuvjs69l8gso Tattaunawar user:Europolynesien 3 177922 962063 2026-10-02T21:26:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962063 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Europolynesien! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Europolynesien|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 3trz73r3jdjdbq73y8aqrs74upy1row Tattaunawar user:רדיומן 3 177923 962064 2026-10-02T21:26:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962064 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, רדיומן! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/רדיומן|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) g6to4wazeudnkkzw3p3g33afefwt9tv Tattaunawar user:Jsmentkol 3 177924 962065 2026-10-02T21:26:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962065 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Jsmentkol! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Jsmentkol|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) g7klu4wazy544usf14gms6p6we39wuy Tattaunawar user:Rolf-Jochen 3 177925 962066 2026-10-02T21:26:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962066 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Rolf-Jochen! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Rolf-Jochen|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) deglot558r9ywn7h7xnuimgjnmlhlic Tattaunawar user:Atimogabriel 3 177926 962067 2026-10-02T21:26:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962067 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Atimogabriel! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Atimogabriel|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) a1zervrapgttrptwfvv5cq0rkwokjy2 Tattaunawar user:Barrister TARI 3 177927 962068 2026-10-02T21:26:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962068 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Barrister TARI! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Barrister TARI|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:26, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) bjz2natnqf0433nw2trneg5gr0zgn4w Tattaunawar user:Alkawayiy09 3 177928 962069 2026-10-02T21:27:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962069 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Alkawayiy09! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Alkawayiy09|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) fxc9a34ouj4kkvekhsecnhv2wdf3ssp Tattaunawar user:7804j 3 177929 962070 2026-10-02T21:27:17Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962070 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, 7804j! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/7804j|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 538bbjewsgh9q7a8ec35zhkawdsrwqm Tattaunawar user:Tommynator13 3 177930 962071 2026-10-02T21:27:27Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962071 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Tommynator13! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Tommynator13|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) o83sx4icag0n0loqqjd8aj1gwgkafqw Tattaunawar user:Merredel er a Belau 3 177931 962072 2026-10-02T21:27:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962072 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Merredel er a Belau! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Merredel er a Belau|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) k2q57efbmbpqv1n5bgkfouk5oyq86oc Tattaunawar user:Kaywize07 3 177932 962073 2026-10-02T21:27:47Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962073 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Kaywize07! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Kaywize07|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) kxu7rkp45n4q0j7z753p0808ojykzg0 Tattaunawar user:Cappu62 3 177933 962074 2026-10-02T21:27:57Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962074 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Cappu62! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Cappu62|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:27, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) taooz1y4edlfp9q7aa4mq112w51s85r Tattaunawar user:Yusuf Sani Yakubu 3 177934 962075 2026-10-02T21:28:07Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962075 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Yusuf Sani Yakubu! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Yusuf Sani Yakubu|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 56z19ni5awfy39uqwb1uyz7ueov59q7 Tattaunawar user:LuperTivkaa 3 177935 962076 2026-10-02T21:28:18Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962076 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, LuperTivkaa! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/LuperTivkaa|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) jeinks4x0l5saud2fmroyqtrgwuw9w5 Tattaunawar user:Wenkie 3 177936 962077 2026-10-02T21:28:28Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962077 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Wenkie! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Wenkie|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) 0t9znqevr1mbg1wewvd515ewevjwgqv Tattaunawar user:BabulB 3 177937 962078 2026-10-02T21:28:37Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962078 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, BabulB! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/BabulB|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) qe9x0ufro46e8vx40ec1efoo2pwx836 Tattaunawar user:Victor David Williams 3 177938 962079 2026-10-02T21:28:48Z AmmarBot 13973 Barka da zuwa! 962079 wikitext text/x-wiki == Barka da zuwa! == Ni Robot ne ba mutum ba. [[File:Wikipedia_mini_globe_handheld.jpg|thumb|300px|Hausa Wikipedia na buƙatar gudummuwarku domin ta bunƙasa!]] Barka da zuwa Hausa Wikipedia, Victor David Williams! Mun ji daɗin [[Special:Contributions/Victor David Williams|gudummuwarku]]. Kuma muna fatan zaku tsaya ku ci gaba da bada gudummuwa. Anan ƙasa ga wasu shafuka da zasu taimaka wajen fahimtar Hausa Wikipedia da yadda ake gyara ta: * [[Wikipedia:Gabatarwa|Gabatarwa]] * [[Wikipedia:Tutorial|Tutorial]] * [[Wikipedia:Cheatsheet|Cheatsheet]] * [[Wikipedia:Yadda_ake_rubuta_muƙala|Yadda ake rubuta muƙala]] * [[Wikipedia:Manufofi biyar|Manufofin Hausa Wikipedia]] * [[Wikipedia:Shawarwari_goma_akan_gyaran_Wikipedia|Shawarwari goma akan gyaran Wikipedia]] Zaku iya yin [[Wikipedia:Tutorial/Shafukan_tattaunawa#Shafin_tattaunawa_na_edita|sayinin rubutunku]] idan kuna akan [[Wikipedia:Shafin tattaunawa|shafukan tattaunawa]] ta hanyar alamar tilde guda huɗu, kamar haka (<nowiki>~~~~</nowiki>); yin hakan, zaisa sunanku da cikkaken kwanan wata. In kana buƙatar wani taimako, ku duba [[Wikipedia:Tutorial]]. Na gode. [[User:AmmarBot|AmmarBot]] ([[User talk:AmmarBot|talk]]) 21:28, 2 Oktoba 2026 (UTC) cua6z0q180arxfr2aqlizhzh09xioaa Gombe Line 0 177939 962087 2026-10-02T22:22:35Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1375501013|Gombe Line]]" 962087 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gombe_line.jpg|thumb|Gombe Line Motar Gombe]] '''Layin Gombe''' shine mafi girman aikin sufuri na jama'a ((The '''Gombe Line''' is the largest [[:en:Mass_transit|mass transit]] operation owned and commissioned by the government of [[:en:Gombe_State|Gombe State]], [[:en:Nigeria|Nigeria]]. Its largest)mallakar kuma da izini ga gwamnatin [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Tashar da ta fi girma tana cikin garin Gombe. == Bayanan da aka ambata == 31ipk8sajvfhk1aj4ppvq577aoji89a 962088 962087 2026-10-02T22:24:14Z SaadatuAliyu5484 48956 /* sabon shafi 962088 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gombe_line.jpg|thumb|Gombe Line Motar Gombe]] '''Layin Gombe''' shine mafi girman aikin sufuri na jama'a mallakar kuma da izini ga gwamnatin [[Gombe (jiha)|Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Tashar da ta fi girma tana cikin garin Gombe. == Bayanan da aka ambata == m2t1kfszpc1kix26ic99vj37porxyvs Gustave Adolph Strebel 0 177940 962132 2026-10-03T05:12:47Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1355529614|Gustave Adolph Strebel]]" 962132 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gustave Adolph Strebel''' (11 ga Nuwamba, 1875 - 27 ga Nuwamba), ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Jihar New York. Ya kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar Socialist Party of America don Gwamna na New York a Zaben jihar New York na shekara ta 1914. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1875, a Syracuse, New York . Ya kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar Socialist Party of America don Gwamna na New York a Zaben jihar New York na shekara ta 1914. Ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1945, a [[Syracuse, New York]])">Asibitin St. Joseph a Syracuse, New York . == Manazarta == a6ratiegrq7g50u9dvxw49t58fhg0o6 962138 962132 2026-10-03T05:16:43Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 962138 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Gustave Adolph Strebel''' (11 ga Nuwamba, 1875 - 27 ga Nuwamba), ya kasance shugaban Majalisar Dinkin Duniya ta Jihar New York. Ya kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar Socialist Party of America don Gwamna na New York a Zaben jihar New York na shekara ta 1914. == Tarihin rayuwa == An haife shi a ranar 11 ga Nuwamba, 1875, a Syracuse, New York . Ya kasance dan takarar jam'iyyar Socialist Party of America don Gwamna na New York a Zaben jihar New York na shekara ta 1914. Ya mutu a ranar 27 ga Nuwamba, 1945, a [[Syracuse, New York]])">Asibitin St. Joseph a Syracuse, New York .<ref>"Gustave Strebel, State CIO Ex-Head. Leader in Formation of Labor Group Dies. Ran for Governor in 1916 [sic] on Socialist Ticket". Associated Press in the New York Times. November 28, 1945. Retrieved December 23, 2013.</ref> == Manazarta == no17pbhw3snk15ydwj1j47kzlwvxst0 Bill Sentner 0 177941 962133 2026-10-03T05:12:56Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1376788641|Bill Sentner]]" 962133 wikitext text/x-wiki '''William Sentner''' (1907-1958) ya kasance 'Yan kungiyar kwadago ta Amurka kuma mai shirya Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a [[St. Louis]], Missouri . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sentner a shekara ta 1907 a St. Louis ga iyayen Yahudawa da suka yi ƙaura daga Rasha. Mahaifinsa ya taimaka wajen shirya kungiyar farko ta St. Louis don Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kayan Mata ta Duniya a cikin 1909. Sentner daga baya zai ba da labaran cewa an biya shi don jefa duwatsu a yajin aikin masana'antu tun yana yaro. Ya halarci Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis a kan tallafin karatu yana karatun gine-gine har zuwa 1927, lokacin da mutuwar mahaifinsa ta tilasta masa ya koma neman aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miyatsu |first=Rose |date=2018-09-01 |title=Celebrating Labor Day with the Sentner Papers |url=https://library.washu.edu/news/celebrating-labor-day-with-the-sentner-papers/ |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=WashU Libraries |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci da ke tafiya zuwa Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma ya ci gaba da karatun gine-gine da Marxism kafin ya koma St. Louis a 1932. <ref name=":2" /> == Shirye-shiryen aiki == Lokacin da Sentner ya koma St. Louis, ya shiga Kungiyar John Reed Club, tare da Jack Conroy da Joe Jones, da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka. Ya shirya a yankunan Hooverville a bakin kogi, Hyde Park da kusa da Busch Brewery, da kuma Mill Creek Valley. Yin aiki tare da Kungiyar hadin kan Kwadago a karkashin Ralph Shaw, Sentner ya taimaka wa yajin aikin Funsten Nut na 1933 kuma ya shiga cikin tattaunawa, yana jayayya da magajin gari cewa bukatun ma'aikata damuwa ne na gari saboda ƙananan albashi ya sa su dogara da taimakon jama'a. An kama shi a lokacin yajin aikin, kuma ya fito a matsayin jagora a fagen aiki na gida. Sentner ya shirya don United Electrical, Radio da Machine Workers of America. Yayinda yake aiki tare da Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Ma'aikatan Karfe, Bob Manewitz ya tuntubi Sentner a Emerson Electric don taimakawa wajen shirya yajin aiki zama na 1937, wanda ya dauki kwanaki 53 kuma ya warware tare da sabon kwangila da inganta albashi. A watan Agustan 1937, an zabe shi shugaban majalisa na kungiyoyin masana'antu na gundumar 8 tare da falsafar "yancin ɗan adam sama da haƙƙin mallaka" da kuma hangen nesa don gina zuwa ga Dimokuradiyya ta masana'antu. A matsayinta na jagora a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata, Sentner ta ba da shawarar hada mata da ma'aikatan Afirka ta Amirka duk da halin wariyar launin fata na ma'aikatan fararen fata waɗanda suka zama ainihin ƙungiyoyin masana'antu. Ya karfafa kungiyar Wagner Electric don nada ma'aikatan baƙar fata biyu a cikin kwamitin zartarwa, ciki har da Lee Henry, wanda ya shirya kashi 99% na ma'aikatan Black a cikin ƙungiyar a shekarar 1942 kuma ya zama mai shirya baƙar fata na farko a cikin ƙungiyar ƙasa. Sentner ya kuma taimaka wajen kafa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Birnin St. Louis kuma ya ba da shawara game da matakan rage damar aiki ga ma'aikatan baƙar fata da mata zuwa yanayin kafin yakin. Yayinda samar da makamai ya ragu a kusa da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na 2, an rage ayyukan masana'antu kuma Sentner ya shiga ƙungiyar da ake kira Serious Thinkers Club da ke mai da hankali kan karfafa tushen tattalin arzikin St. Louis. Kungiyar ta hada da Shugaba na Emerson Electric Stuart Symington, Shugaba na Monsanto Chemical Co., da sauran shugabannin gida. Sentner ya ba da shawarar shirin ayyukan jama'a na Missouri Valley Authority, amma a maimakon haka ya sami ayyukan ƙungiyar don Shirin Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin na 1944, wanda ya mamaye ƙasashen Lakota da Dakota. Masanin tarihi Walter Johnson ya bayyana wannan lokacin na "kasuwanci" bayan yakin a matsayin biyayya ga abubuwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin ƙungiyar ƙungiyar da kuma Dokar Taft-Hartley da ta biyo baya a matsayin "canjin juyin juya halin dukiya".Sentner ya rasa sake zabensa a matsayin shugabanci a shekarar 1949. [1] Sentner ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin da ba ya zama a Kwalejin Commonwealth har sai jihar Arkansas ta rufe shi a shekara ta 1941. Ya mutu daga gazawar zuciya a shekara ta 1958. === Dangantaka da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis === Sentner sau da yawa an lura da shi a matsayin "Kwamishinan Kwaminisanci" kuma ya gaya wa Fortune a cikin bayanansa na 1943 cewa bai taɓa ɓoye ƙungiyoyin jam'iyyarsa ba. Matarsa da tsoffin mambobin jam'iyyar sun lura da shi saboda ba koyaushe yake bin layin jam'iyya ba, sau da yawa yana zaɓar bukatun ƙungiyar fiye da jagorancin jam'iyya. Sentner ya nemi a gudanar da zaben shugabancin Gundumar 8 ta hanyar kuri'un raba gardama na gida, maimakon taron gundumar, a matsayin zanga-zangar [[Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye]]. A shekara ta 1939, an yanke Sentner hukunci saboda aikata laifuka saboda aikinsa a yajin aiki Iowa Maytag. Sauran shugabannin kungiyar kwadago da kungiyoyin kare farar hula sun kasa tallafa masa saboda matsin lamba don rabu da kwaminisanci. Bayan juyin karar da Kotun Koli ta Iowa ta yi a shekara ta 1941, jagorancin UE sun matsa masa ya yi murabus daga jam'iyyar don ci gaba da aikin kungiyar. Daga baya ya sabunta membobinsa a shekarar 1942. A shekara ta 1952, Sentner na daga cikin mambobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da aka gurfanar da su a cikin shari'ar Smith Act na shugabannin Jam'iyyar kwaminis, <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Devin Thomas |date=2025-06-23 |title=The Radical Midwest of Bill Sentner |url=https://jacobin.com/2025/06/sentner-st-louis-labor-communism |access-date=2026-09-02 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma an gurfanar le matarsa Toni a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta McCarran. Carl Marzani ya yi fim dinsa na karshe, The Sentner Story, game da gurfanar da Sentners a shekara ta 1953.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Musser |date=2009 |title=Carl Marzani and Union Films: Making Left-Wing Documentaries during the Cold War, 1946–53 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/362427 |journal=The Moving Image |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=104–160 |doi=10.1353/mov.0.0040 |issn=1542-4235}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] gz6a6lwq0trhluw06cmgaz84hcrsbuk 962139 962133 2026-10-03T05:17:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 962139 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''William Sentner''' (1907-1958) ya kasance 'Yan kungiyar kwadago ta Amurka kuma mai shirya Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci a [[St. Louis]], Missouri . == Rayuwa ta farko da ilimi == An haifi Sentner a shekara ta 1907 a St. Louis ga iyayen Yahudawa da suka yi ƙaura daga Rasha. Mahaifinsa ya taimaka wajen shirya kungiyar farko ta St. Louis don Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Kayan Mata ta Duniya a cikin 1909. Sentner daga baya zai ba da labaran cewa an biya shi don jefa duwatsu a yajin aikin masana'antu tun yana yaro. Ya halarci Jami'ar Washington da ke St. Louis a kan tallafin karatu yana karatun gine-gine har zuwa 1927, lokacin da mutuwar mahaifinsa ta tilasta masa ya koma neman aiki.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Miyatsu |first=Rose |date=2018-09-01 |title=Celebrating Labor Day with the Sentner Papers |url=https://library.washu.edu/news/celebrating-labor-day-with-the-sentner-papers/ |access-date=2026-07-02 |website=WashU Libraries |language=en-US}}</ref> Ya yi aiki a kan jiragen ruwa na kasuwanci da ke tafiya zuwa Turai da Gabas ta Tsakiya, kuma ya ci gaba da karatun gine-gine da Marxism kafin ya koma St. Louis a 1932. <ref name=":2" /> == Shirye-shiryen aiki == Lokacin da Sentner ya koma St. Louis, ya shiga Kungiyar John Reed Club, tare da Jack Conroy da Joe Jones, da kuma Majalisar Wakilai ta Jam'iyyar Kwaminisanci ta Amurka. Ya shirya a yankunan Hooverville a bakin kogi, Hyde Park da kusa da Busch Brewery, da kuma Mill Creek Valley. Yin aiki tare da Kungiyar hadin kan Kwadago a karkashin Ralph Shaw, Sentner ya taimaka wa yajin aikin Funsten Nut na 1933 kuma ya shiga cikin tattaunawa, yana jayayya da magajin gari cewa bukatun ma'aikata damuwa ne na gari saboda ƙananan albashi ya sa su dogara da taimakon jama'a. An kama shi a lokacin yajin aikin, kuma ya fito a matsayin jagora a fagen aiki na gida. Sentner ya shirya don United Electrical, Radio da Machine Workers of America. Yayinda yake aiki tare da Kwamitin Shirye-shiryen Ma'aikatan Karfe, Bob Manewitz ya tuntubi Sentner a Emerson Electric don taimakawa wajen shirya yajin aiki zama na 1937, wanda ya dauki kwanaki 53 kuma ya warware tare da sabon kwangila da inganta albashi. A watan Agustan 1937, an zabe shi shugaban majalisa na kungiyoyin masana'antu na gundumar 8 tare da falsafar "yancin ɗan adam sama da haƙƙin mallaka" da kuma hangen nesa don gina zuwa ga Dimokuradiyya ta masana'antu. A matsayinta na jagora a cikin ƙungiyar ma'aikata, Sentner ta ba da shawarar hada mata da ma'aikatan Afirka ta Amirka duk da halin wariyar launin fata na ma'aikatan fararen fata waɗanda suka zama ainihin ƙungiyoyin masana'antu. Ya karfafa kungiyar Wagner Electric don nada ma'aikatan baƙar fata biyu a cikin kwamitin zartarwa, ciki har da Lee Henry, wanda ya shirya kashi 99% na ma'aikatan Black a cikin ƙungiyar a shekarar 1942 kuma ya zama mai shirya baƙar fata na farko a cikin ƙungiyar ƙasa. Sentner ya kuma taimaka wajen kafa Hukumar Kula da Harkokin Kasuwanci a Birnin St. Louis kuma ya ba da shawara game da matakan rage damar aiki ga ma'aikatan baƙar fata da mata zuwa yanayin kafin yakin. Yayinda samar da makamai ya ragu a kusa da ƙarshen Yaƙin Duniya na 2, an rage ayyukan masana'antu kuma Sentner ya shiga ƙungiyar da ake kira Serious Thinkers Club da ke mai da hankali kan karfafa tushen tattalin arzikin St. Louis. Kungiyar ta hada da Shugaba na Emerson Electric Stuart Symington, Shugaba na Monsanto Chemical Co., da sauran shugabannin gida. Sentner ya ba da shawarar shirin ayyukan jama'a na Missouri Valley Authority, amma a maimakon haka ya sami ayyukan ƙungiyar don Shirin Pick-Sloan Missouri Basin na 1944, wanda ya mamaye ƙasashen Lakota da Dakota. Masanin tarihi Walter Johnson ya bayyana wannan lokacin na "kasuwanci" bayan yakin a matsayin biyayya ga abubuwa masu tsattsauran ra'ayi a cikin ƙungiyar ƙungiyar da kuma Dokar Taft-Hartley da ta biyo baya a matsayin "canjin juyin juya halin dukiya".Sentner ya rasa sake zabensa a matsayin shugabanci a shekarar 1949. [1] Sentner ya yi aiki a matsayin memba na kwamitin da ba ya zama a Kwalejin Commonwealth har sai jihar Arkansas ta rufe shi a shekara ta 1941. Ya mutu daga gazawar zuciya a shekara ta 1958. === Dangantaka da Jam'iyyar Kwaminis === Sentner sau da yawa an lura da shi a matsayin "Kwamishinan Kwaminisanci" kuma ya gaya wa Fortune a cikin bayanansa na 1943 cewa bai taɓa ɓoye ƙungiyoyin jam'iyyarsa ba. Matarsa da tsoffin mambobin jam'iyyar sun lura da shi saboda ba koyaushe yake bin layin jam'iyya ba, sau da yawa yana zaɓar bukatun ƙungiyar fiye da jagorancin jam'iyya. Sentner ya nemi a gudanar da zaben shugabancin Gundumar 8 ta hanyar kuri'un raba gardama na gida, maimakon taron gundumar, a matsayin zanga-zangar [[Dimokuradiyya kai tsaye]]. A shekara ta 1939, an yanke Sentner hukunci saboda aikata laifuka saboda aikinsa a yajin aiki Iowa Maytag. Sauran shugabannin kungiyar kwadago da kungiyoyin kare farar hula sun kasa tallafa masa saboda matsin lamba don rabu da kwaminisanci. Bayan juyin karar da Kotun Koli ta Iowa ta yi a shekara ta 1941, jagorancin UE sun matsa masa ya yi murabus daga jam'iyyar don ci gaba da aikin kungiyar. Daga baya ya sabunta membobinsa a shekarar 1942. A shekara ta 1952, Sentner na daga cikin mambobin Jam'iyyar Kwaminis da aka gurfanar da su a cikin shari'ar Smith Act na shugabannin Jam'iyyar kwaminis, <ref>{{Cite web |last=O'Shea |first=Devin Thomas |date=2025-06-23 |title=The Radical Midwest of Bill Sentner |url=https://jacobin.com/2025/06/sentner-st-louis-labor-communism |access-date=2026-09-02 |website=Jacobin |language=en-US}}</ref> kuma an gurfanar le matarsa Toni a karkashin Dokar Tsaro ta Cikin Gida ta McCarran. Carl Marzani ya yi fim dinsa na karshe, The Sentner Story, game da gurfanar da Sentners a shekara ta 1953.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Charles Musser |date=2009 |title=Carl Marzani and Union Films: Making Left-Wing Documentaries during the Cold War, 1946–53 |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/362427 |journal=The Moving Image |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=104–160 |doi=10.1353/mov.0.0040 |issn=1542-4235}}</ref> == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1907]] 242qapwbvw0l42klk34x3btwkc7i4pp Neil Reimer 0 177942 962134 2026-10-03T05:13:20Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1369153177|Neil Reimer]]" 962134 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Neil Reimer''' (Yuli 3, 1921 - Maris 29, 2011) ya kasance mai fafutuka, mai sana'a kuma ɗan siyasa a Kanada . Reimer ya halarci Jami'ar Saskatchewan, amma ya bar a 1942 yana da shekaru 19 don yin aiki a Kamfanin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a Regina, Saskatchew . A can ya shiga ƙungiyar Congress of Industrial Organizations da ke shirya aikin. A shekara ta 1950, ya zama mai shirya kungiyar ma'aikatan man fetur ta CIO (OWIU) kuma an tura shi zuwa Alberta don shirya ma'aikata a Masana'antar man fetur mai tasowa ta lardin. A shekara ta 1951, Reimer ya zama darektan Kanada na OWIU (wanda daga baya ya zama Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers Union) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan kungiyar da magabata har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2024 |title=Neil Reimer, 1921–2011 |url=https://albertalabourhistory.org/interview-transcripts/neil-reimer/ |series=Workers' History / Workers' Stories |publisher=Alberta Labour History Institute (ALHI)}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancinsa, ƙungiyar ta karu daga ƙasa da mambobi 1,000 zuwa sama da 20,000 a 1961. A cikin 1981 ƙungiyar ta sami 'yancin kai daga iyayen Amurka don zama Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Makamashi da Chemical kuma, a cikin 1992, ta haɗu da wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu don zama Kungiyar Sadarwa, Makamashi Da Ma'aikatan Takarda ta Kanada. An zabi Reimer a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Kwadago ta Kanada a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ya kasance a cikin zartarwa da magajinsa, Majalisar Kwadago ta Kanada, har zuwa shekara ta 1974. A taron kafa jam'iyyar New Democratic Party ta 1962 an nada Reimer a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. A watan Janairu mai zuwa, an zabe shi shugaban farko na Alberta NDP . Wanda ya riga NDP, Alberta CCF, ya rasa sauran kujerun biyu a Zaben lardin 1959 kuma ya sami kashi 4% kawai na kuri'un. A karkashin jagorancin Reimer, rabon NDP na kuri'un da aka kada ya kai kashi 9% a Zaben 1963 kuma ya kai kusan kashi 16% a Zaben 1967, amma bai lashe kujerun ba. Reimer ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban NDP a shekarar 1968.{{Sfn|Finkel|2012}} Reimer ya kasance darektan Kanada na OCAW a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 kuma ya zama darektan kasa na Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Makamashi da Chemical lokacin da aka kafa ta daga OCAW. Ya yi ritaya daga jagorancin kungiyar a shekarar 1984.[1][2] Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma daga baya a matsayin sakataren mai ba da kuɗi na Majalisar Alberta kan Tsufa. [3][4][5] 'Yarsa, Janice Rhea Reimer, ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin [[Edmonton]] daga 1989 zuwa 1995. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] 8lr9iyj796io6qwe49iox1cza97w66e 962140 962134 2026-10-03T05:17:57Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 962140 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Neil Reimer''' (Yuli 3, 1921 - Maris 29, 2011) ya kasance mai fafutuka, mai sana'a kuma ɗan siyasa a Kanada . Reimer ya halarci Jami'ar Saskatchewan, amma ya bar a 1942 yana da shekaru 19 don yin aiki a Kamfanin Kasuwancin Kasuwanci a Regina, Saskatchew . A can ya shiga ƙungiyar Congress of Industrial Organizations da ke shirya aikin. A shekara ta 1950, ya zama mai shirya kungiyar ma'aikatan man fetur ta CIO (OWIU) kuma an tura shi zuwa Alberta don shirya ma'aikata a Masana'antar man fetur mai tasowa ta lardin. A shekara ta 1951, Reimer ya zama darektan Kanada na OWIU (wanda daga baya ya zama Oil, Chemical & Atomic Workers Union) kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin darektan kungiyar da magabata har sai da ya yi ritaya a shekara ta 1982.<ref>{{Cite web |date=January 6, 2024 |title=Neil Reimer, 1921–2011 |url=https://albertalabourhistory.org/interview-transcripts/neil-reimer/ |series=Workers' History / Workers' Stories |publisher=Alberta Labour History Institute (ALHI)}}</ref> A karkashin jagorancinsa, ƙungiyar ta karu daga ƙasa da mambobi 1,000 zuwa sama da 20,000 a 1961. A cikin 1981 ƙungiyar ta sami 'yancin kai daga iyayen Amurka don zama Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Makamashi da Chemical kuma, a cikin 1992, ta haɗu da wasu ƙungiyoyi biyu don zama Kungiyar Sadarwa, Makamashi Da Ma'aikatan Takarda ta Kanada. An zabi Reimer a matsayin mataimakin shugaban Majalisar Kwadago ta Kanada a cikin shekarun 1950 kuma ya kasance a cikin zartarwa da magajinsa, Majalisar Kwadago ta Kanada, har zuwa shekara ta 1974. A taron kafa jam'iyyar New Democratic Party ta 1962 an nada Reimer a matsayin shugaban jam'iyyar. A watan Janairu mai zuwa, an zabe shi shugaban farko na Alberta NDP . Wanda ya riga NDP, Alberta CCF, ya rasa sauran kujerun biyu a Zaben lardin 1959 kuma ya sami kashi 4% kawai na kuri'un. A karkashin jagorancin Reimer, rabon NDP na kuri'un da aka kada ya kai kashi 9% a Zaben 1963 kuma ya kai kusan kashi 16% a Zaben 1967, amma bai lashe kujerun ba. Reimer ya yi murabus a matsayin shugaban NDP a shekarar 1968.{{Sfn|Finkel|2012}} Reimer ya kasance darektan Kanada na OCAW a cikin shekarun 1960 da 1970 kuma ya zama darektan kasa na Kungiyar Ma'aikatan Makamashi da Chemical lokacin da aka kafa ta daga OCAW. Ya yi ritaya daga jagorancin kungiyar a shekarar 1984.[1][2] Daga nan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban kasa kuma daga baya a matsayin sakataren mai ba da kuɗi na Majalisar Alberta kan Tsufa. [3][4][5] 'Yarsa, Janice Rhea Reimer, ta yi aiki a matsayin magajin garin [[Edmonton]] daga 1989 zuwa 1995. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Mutuwan 2011]] [[Rukuni:Haifaffun 1921]] 67xgrdksr17w72tip9yhcldyk8y3g0j Charles P. Howard (shugaban aiki) 0 177943 962135 2026-10-03T05:13:32Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1356643891|Charles P. Howard (labor leader)]]" 962135 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Charles Perry Howard''' (14 ga Satumba, 1879 - 21 ga Yuli, 1938) ya kasance shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Amurka. An haife shi a Harvel, Illinois, Howard ya yi aiki a kan layin dogo da kuma hakar ma'adinai kafin ya zama mai buga littattafai. A cikin 1907, yayin da yake zaune a Tacoma, Washington, ya shiga Ƙungiyar Bayanan Duniya (ITU). [1] Ya zama shugaban kungiyar ta Portland, Oregon a shekara ta 1914, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban majalisar ma'aikata ta tsakiya ta Portland daga shekara ta 1916. A shekara ta 1918, ya zama Kwamishinan sulhu na Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Amurka.[2] Daga 1919 har zuwa 1922, Howard ya shirya Jaridar Kula da Hanyar . A shekara ta 1922, an zabi Howard a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ITU, kuma shugaban kasa a 1923, yana ci gaba da aiki a cikin mukamin daga 1926. Howard ya goyi bayan Kwamitin John L. Lewis na Ƙungiyar Masana'antu, ya zama sakatarensa, kodayake ITU ba ta taɓa kasancewa da alaƙa da sabuwar tarayyar ba. An kayar da shi don sake zaben a matsayin shugaban ITU a 1938, amma ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya kafin ya mika mukamin. == Manazarta == tiqlefuo49jtezos3h0dmmcb5t8jios 962136 962135 2026-10-03T05:15:15Z Muhdavdullahi 32668 962136 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''Charles Perry Howard''' (14 ga Satumba, 1879 - 21 ga Yuli, 1938) ya kasance shugaban kungiyar kwadago ta Amurka. An haife shi a Harvel, Illinois, Howard ya yi aiki a kan layin dogo da kuma hakar ma'adinai kafin ya zama mai buga littattafai. A cikin 1907, yayin da yake zaune a Tacoma, Washington, ya shiga Ƙungiyar Bayanan Duniya (ITU). <ref>Schlager, Neil (2004). Encyclopedia of Labor History Worldwide. St. James Press. <nowiki>ISBN 9780787657321</nowiki>.</ref> Ya zama shugaban kungiyar ta Portland, Oregon a shekara ta 1914, sannan ya yi aiki a matsayin shugaban majalisar ma'aikata ta tsakiya ta Portland daga shekara ta 1916. A shekara ta 1918, ya zama Kwamishinan sulhu na Ma'aikatar Ayyuka ta Amurka.[2] Daga 1919 har zuwa 1922, Howard ya shirya Jaridar Kula da Hanyar . A shekara ta 1922, an zabi Howard a matsayin mataimakin shugaban ITU, kuma shugaban kasa a 1923, yana ci gaba da aiki a cikin mukamin daga 1926. Howard ya goyi bayan Kwamitin John L. Lewis na Ƙungiyar Masana'antu, ya zama sakatarensa, kodayake ITU ba ta taɓa kasancewa da alaƙa da sabuwar tarayyar ba. An kayar da shi don sake zaben a matsayin shugaban ITU a 1938, amma ya mutu daga ciwon zuciya kafin ya mika mukamin.<ref>"Charles P. Howard, ITU President". American Labor World. 1938.</ref> == Manazarta == j9qg84h4tajpqp0wvgo791i6ka7oquj Jauro tukur 0 177944 962143 2026-10-03T05:55:32Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Jauro Tukur''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Kuma mafi yawancin mazauna garin manoma ne da makiyaya. == Tarihi == Sunan Jauro Tukur yana da alaƙa da tarihin kafuwar wasu sassan garin Gombe. Wani bincike kan tarihin kafuwar Gombe ya bayyana Jauro Tukur a matsayin shugaban wata ƙungiyar Fulani makiyaya kuma wanda ya kafa matsugunai biyu da daga baya suka zama sassan Gombe. A shekarar 1909, Jauro T... 962143 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jauro Tukur''' gari ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Kuma mafi yawancin mazauna garin manoma ne da makiyaya. == Tarihi == Sunan Jauro Tukur yana da alaƙa da tarihin kafuwar wasu sassan garin Gombe. Wani bincike kan tarihin kafuwar Gombe ya bayyana Jauro Tukur a matsayin shugaban wata ƙungiyar Fulani makiyaya kuma wanda ya kafa matsugunai biyu da daga baya suka zama sassan Gombe. A shekarar 1909, Jauro Tukur ya nemi izinin samun fili daga Galadiman Akko domin ya zauna, inda aka ba shi wani yanki da yanzu yake cikin tsakiyar Gombe. == Manazarta == [[Wikidata]]: [https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q115883056 Q115883056] Heiko Balzerek, ''Besiedlung und Entwicklung von Gombe''. Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC), ''Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State''. 16qiryy3ddcmqk2n5xwz5r5ecjvi4wj Auwaru 0 177945 962145 2026-10-03T06:02:11Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Auwaru''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gona]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Auwaru yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771104'''. == Siyasa da gudanarwa == A fannin zaɓe, Auwaru yana ƙarƙashin [[Tukulma]] Ward. Akwai rumfar zaɓe mai suna '''Auwaru, Kofar Jauro Boyi''' a garin. == Tattalin arziƙi == Noma na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziƙi a yankin... 962145 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Auwaru''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gona]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Auwaru yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771104'''. == Siyasa da gudanarwa == A fannin zaɓe, Auwaru yana ƙarƙashin [[Tukulma]] Ward. Akwai rumfar zaɓe mai suna '''Auwaru, Kofar Jauro Boyi''' a garin. == Tattalin arziƙi == Noma na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziƙi a yankin Akko. Ana kuma noman rake a yankin Akko, musamman a wuraren da ake samun damar ban ruwa. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Auwaru ita ce '''771104'''. Wannan lambar tana aiki ga wasu wurare da dama a Gona District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-gona-auwaru.html Nigeria Postcode: Auwaru, Akko] * [https://www.medianigeria.com/akko-l-g-a-polling-units-wards/ Akko L.G.A. Polling Units/Wards] * [https://www.zipcode.com.ng/2018/11/akko-lga-postal-code.html Akko LGA Postal Code] suer5h9phxttqkfwo6e6sfun99o9qxc Dabawo 0 177946 962146 2026-10-03T06:05:47Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Dabawo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Tattalin arziƙi da rayuwa == Noma da kiwon dabbobi na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziƙin mazauna ƙauyen Dabawo. Ana noman hatsi da sauran kayan gona, tare da kiwon dabbobi, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da abinci da tattalin arziƙin yankin. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == L... 962146 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dabawo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Tattalin arziƙi da rayuwa == Noma da kiwon dabbobi na daga cikin muhimman ayyukan tattalin arziƙin mazauna ƙauyen Dabawo. Ana noman hatsi da sauran kayan gona, tare da kiwon dabbobi, waɗanda ke taimakawa wajen samar da abinci da tattalin arziƙin yankin. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Dabawo ita ce '''771104'''. Wannan lambar tana aiki ga wasu yankuna da dama da ke cikin Gundumar Gona ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771104/ Nigeria Postcode: 771104] dr9zr6nruzflvxi9abzky1g130i0ft3 Gokaru 0 177947 962148 2026-10-03T06:08:34Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Gokaru''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Tattalin arziƙi da rayuwa == Noma da kiwon dabbobi na daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziƙin yankin Gokaru. Ana noman nau'o'in kayan gona daban-daban tare da kiwon dabbobi domin samar da abinci da tallafa wa tattalin arziƙin yankin. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO... 962148 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gokaru''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Tattalin arziƙi da rayuwa == Noma da kiwon dabbobi na daga cikin ayyukan tattalin arziƙin yankin Gokaru. Ana noman nau'o'in kayan gona daban-daban tare da kiwon dabbobi domin samar da abinci da tallafa wa tattalin arziƙin yankin. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Gokaru ita ce '''771104'''. Wannan lambar tana aiki ga wasu yankuna da dama da ke cikin Gundumar Gona ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771104/ Nigeria Postcode: 771104] 1oly9v4rfwpi62oufc9z26qpckbhtdr Shulto 0 177948 962149 2026-10-03T06:11:36Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Shulto''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Tattalin arziƙi == Shulto na daga cikin ƙauyukan da ke cikin yankin Akko. A shekarar 2026, an bayyana Shulto a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin da ake shirin samar wa da wutar lantarki ta hanyar [[makamashin hasken rana]], tare da tsarin [[mini-grid]] mai ƙarfin 16.7 kW. == Lambar akwatin wa... 962149 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shulto''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Tattalin arziƙi == Shulto na daga cikin ƙauyukan da ke cikin yankin Akko. A shekarar 2026, an bayyana Shulto a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin al'ummomin da ake shirin samar wa da wutar lantarki ta hanyar [[makamashin hasken rana]], tare da tsarin [[mini-grid]] mai ƙarfin 16.7 kW. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Shulto ita ce '''771104'''. Shulto yana cikin jerin yankunan Gona da ke amfani da wannan lambar. == Manazarta == * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771104/ Nigeria Postcode: 771104] * [https://infracredit.ng/climate-facility/projects/ InfraCredit: Climate Facility Projects] s02neba2hfj62qigldhkgjjaoa7q6nq Tongo 0 177949 962150 2026-10-03T06:12:52Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Tongo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Tongo ita ce '''771104'''. Tongo yana cikin jerin ƙauyukan Gundumar Gona da ke amfani da wannan lambar. == Manazarta == * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-gona-tongo.html Nigeria Postcode: Tongo, Akko] * [https://en.w... 962150 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tongo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Tongo ita ce '''771104'''. Tongo yana cikin jerin ƙauyukan Gundumar Gona da ke amfani da wannan lambar. == Manazarta == * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-gona-tongo.html Nigeria Postcode: Tongo, Akko] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] qmwzur85oeiphhe5g5mdh921m77shqx Tunfure 0 177950 962151 2026-10-03T06:15:35Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Tunfure''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Ana ɗaukar Tunfure a matsayin yankin karkara, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. == Noma da amfani da ƙasa == Noma yana daga cikin muhimman ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a Tunfure. Wani bincike kan amfani da ƙasa a Tunfure ya yi nazari kan sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasar noma tsaka... 962151 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tunfure''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Ana ɗaukar Tunfure a matsayin yankin karkara, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. == Noma da amfani da ƙasa == Noma yana daga cikin muhimman ayyukan da ake gudanarwa a Tunfure. Wani bincike kan amfani da ƙasa a Tunfure ya yi nazari kan sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasar noma tsakanin shekarun 1996 zuwa 2016, tare da duba yadda faɗaɗar amfani da ƙasa domin gine-gine ke rage filayen noma. Binciken ya yi amfani da hotunan tauraron ɗan adam na Landsat da hanyoyin nazarin amfani da ƙasa domin bibiyar sauye-sauyen yankin. Binciken ya nuna cewa faɗaɗar gine-gine a Tunfure ta ƙaru tare da bunƙasar yankin Gombe. A wasu wurare, filayen da a baya ake amfani da su wajen noma sun koma wuraren gine-gine sakamakon faɗaɗar birane. == Kasuwa == Tunfure na da kasuwa wadda ke taka muhimmiyar rawa wajen harkokin kasuwanci a yankin. Binciken kan amfani da ƙasa a Tunfure ya bayyana [[Kasuwa]]n Tunfure a matsayin cibiyar kasuwanci ga mazauna yankin, musamman yayin da yankin ke ƙara bunƙasa. == Faɗaɗar birane == Tunfure ya fuskanci sauye-sauyen amfani da ƙasa sakamakon faɗaɗar birnin Gombe da ƙaruwa da yawan gine-gine. Binciken da aka gudanar kan yankin ya yi nazari kan yadda amfani da ƙasa domin gine-gine ya faɗaɗa zuwa wuraren da a baya ake amfani da su wajen noma. Binciken ya kuma bayyana cewa tsarin faɗaɗar yankin yana da alaƙa da bunƙasar birnin Gombe da ƙaruwa da ayyukan tattalin arziƙi a yankunan da ke kewaye da birnin. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Tunfure ita ce '''771104'''. Tunfure yana cikin jerin wuraren da ke cikin Gundumar Gona ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko waɗanda ke amfani da wannan lambar. == Manazarta == * Oboh Satur Okosun, ''Urban Landuse Extension on Agricultural Land Use in Tunfure, Gombe State of Nigeria'', International Journal of Social Sciences and Conflict Management, 2019. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-gona-tunfure.html Nigeria Postcode: Tunfure, Akko] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771104/ Nigeria Postcode: 771104] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] lhpnhwi3los1uftjd6rankuum4e14q9 Wuro dole 0 177951 962152 2026-10-03T06:17:41Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Wuro Dole''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Wuro Dole yana cikin jerin ƙauyukan Gundumar Gona kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]) == Siyasa da gudanarwa == A fannin zaɓe, Wuro Dole yana ƙarƙashin [[Akko]] Ward. Akwai ru... 962152 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wuro Dole''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Wuro Dole yana cikin jerin ƙauyukan Gundumar Gona kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]) == Siyasa da gudanarwa == A fannin zaɓe, Wuro Dole yana ƙarƙashin [[Akko]] Ward. Akwai rumfar zaɓe mai suna '''Wuro Dole, Wuro Dole Pri. Sch.''' a yankin, a cikin bayanan rumfunan zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]) == Ilimi == Akwai makarantar firamare ta Wuro Dole (Wuro Dole Primary School) da ake amfani da ita a matsayin wurin rumfar zaɓe a yankin. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Wuro Dole ita ce '''771104'''. Wuro Dole yana cikin jerin wuraren da ke amfani da lambar 771104 a Gundumar Gona ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. ([https://postcode.com.ng/akko-postal-or-zip-codes-gombe-state/ Akko Postal or Zip Codes]) == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://postcode.com.ng/akko-postal-or-zip-codes-gombe-state/ Akko Postal or Zip Codes] 0n4hzl7crgumfobeirufxrvwhfid40l Wuro siddiki 0 177952 962155 2026-10-03T06:41:23Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Wuru Siddiki''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. An jera Wuru Siddiki cikin ƙauyukan Gona na Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Wuru Siddiki ita ce '''771104'''. Wannan lambar tana aiki ga wurare da dama da ke cikin Gundumar Gona ta ƙaramar... 962155 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wuru Siddiki''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. An jera Wuru Siddiki cikin ƙauyukan Gona na Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Wuru Siddiki ita ce '''771104'''. Wannan lambar tana aiki ga wurare da dama da ke cikin Gundumar Gona ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/akko/?page=3 Nigeria Postcode: Akko, Gombe] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771104/ Nigeria Postcode: 771104] r5zlhigqgyh4hmjyzi7he0r68mbd4vz Yankari 0 177953 962156 2026-10-03T06:43:07Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Yankari''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yankin yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. == Ilimi == Akwai makarantar firamare ta '''Yankari Primary School''' a yankin. Bayanai daga hukumar kula da ilimin firamare ta Gombe sun nuna cewa makarantar tana cikin makarantu ƙarƙashin [[Akko]] Local Education Authority (LEA). =... 962156 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yankari''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yankin yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. == Ilimi == Akwai makarantar firamare ta '''Yankari Primary School''' a yankin. Bayanai daga hukumar kula da ilimin firamare ta Gombe sun nuna cewa makarantar tana cikin makarantu ƙarƙashin [[Akko]] Local Education Authority (LEA). == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == A fannin zaɓe, Yankari yana cikin [[Garko]] Registration Area na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Bayanan [[Independent National Electoral Commission]] (INEC) sun jera rumfunan zaɓe uku a Yankari, waɗanda suka haɗa da '''Yankari Pri. Sch. I''', '''Yankari Pri. Sch. II''' da '''Yankari Pri. Sch. III'''. Tsoffin wuraren da aka danganta da waɗannan rumfunan sun haɗa da Yankari, Kofar Sarki Yaki; Domdomti/Yankari, Kofar Jauro; da Yankari Arewa/Yamma, Kofar J. Daji. == Ruwa == Akwai aikin samar da ruwa a Yankari da ke ƙarƙashin ayyukan [[Livestock Productivity and Resilience Support Project]] na Jihar Gombe. An jera Yankari, Akko a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin wuraren da aka samar da kayan aikin ruwa. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Yankari ita ce '''771104'''. Wannan lambar tana aiki ga Yankari da sauran wurare da ke cikin Gundumar Gona ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC: Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] * [https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/download/staff-count-local-government-education-authority-lgea-gombe-state/ Gombe State Ministry of Finance: Staff Count] * [https://lpres.gm.gov.ng/home/project/ Gombe State LPRES Project] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-gona-yankari.html Nigeria Postcode: Yankari, Akko] qg80444zs8v8zu235cstzajvn0iomor Zange akko 0 177954 962157 2026-10-03T06:44:48Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Zange''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]) == Wuri == Zange yana cikin yankin Akko na Jihar Gombe. Bayanai na taswira sun nuna cewa Zange yana kusa da wasu ƙauyuka da wurare kamar Garin Alh... 962157 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zange''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Gona]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) '''771104'''. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]) == Wuri == Zange yana cikin yankin Akko na Jihar Gombe. Bayanai na taswira sun nuna cewa Zange yana kusa da wasu ƙauyuka da wurare kamar Garin Alhaji da Chabal. Yankin yana da tudu mai tsayin kusan mita 465 sama da matakin teku. ([https://mapcarta.com/16981342 Zange, Akko]) == Gudanarwa == A fannin gudanarwar ƙaramar hukuma, Zange na ƙarƙashin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]]. An jera ƙauyen a cikin ƙauyukan [[Gundumar Gona]] na Akko. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta Zange ita ce '''771104'''. Wannan lambar tana aiki ga Zange da sauran wurare da ke cikin Gundumar Gona ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]) == Bambanci da Zange na Dukku == Akwai wani wuri mai suna Zange a [[Karamar Hukumar Dukku]] ta Jihar Gombe. Wannan Zange ya bambanta da Zange da ke cikin Karamar Hukumar Akko. ([https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukku Dukku]) == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://mapcarta.com/16981342 Zange, Akko, Gombe State] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dukku Dukku] dhd4gliocian45ljta4p8ld7r6uvpzg Lauren Henderson (mawakin) 0 177955 962175 2026-10-03T07:05:45Z BnHamid 12586 BnHamid moved page [[Lauren Henderson (mawakin)]] to [[Lauren Henderson (mawakiya)]] 962175 wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Lauren Henderson (mawakiya)]] h3m1sthzl2xoaivtv153m0h300ogy1y Auguste Forel 0 177956 962206 2026-10-03T07:29:36Z Sardeeq 39275 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1377230937|Auguste Forel]]" 962206 wikitext text/x-wiki   '''Auguste-Henri Forel''' ({{IPA|fr|oɡyst ɑ̃ʁi fɔʁɛl}} ; 1 Satumba 1848 - 27 Yuli 1931) ƙwararren masanin ilimin halittar jiki ne na Switzerland, ƙwararren masanin jijiyoyin jini, likitan tabin hankali kuma tsohon [[Eugenics|masanin ilimin halittar jini]], {{Sfn|Vonmont|2007}} sananne ne saboda bincikensa game da tsarin [[Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam|kwakwalwar ɗan adam]] da ta [[tururuwa]] . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa ka'idar neuron . {{Sfn|López-Muñoz|Boya|Alamo|2006}} {{Sfn|Anctil|2015}} An kuma san Forel da gudummawarsa ta farko ga ilimin jima'i da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Haeberle|1986}} Daga shekarar 1978 zuwa 2000, hoton Forel ya bayyana a kan takardar kuɗin Swiss franc 1000. == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a shekara ta 1848 a wani kauye ''mai suna La Gracieuse'', a Morges, a kan [[tafkin Geneva]], Switzerland, ga Victor Forel (1823–1914) wani mai bin addinin Calvin ɗan ƙasar Switzerland da kuma Pauline Morin (1828–1890), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of Victor Forel |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/rossellat?lang=en&n=forel&p=victor |website=Geneanet}}</ref> ɗan asalin ƙasar Faransa Huguenot, an haife shi a gidan kare dangi. An haifi Auguste Forel a shekara ta 1848 a Morges a kan tafkin Geneva a Switzerland. {{Sfn|Encyclopedia of Entomology|2008}} Kakan kawunsa, wanda masanin ilmin halittu ne, ya gabatar wa Forel tarihin halittar kwari tun yana ƙarami. {{Sfn|Encyclopedia of Entomology|2008}} Bayan ya karanta wani littafi na Pierre Huber, sai ya fara sha'awar tururuwa. {{Sfn|Encyclopedia of Entomology|2008}} == Ilimi == Ya yi makaranta a Morges da Lausanne . A shekarar 1866 ya fara karatunsa a makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Zurich. A lokacin da yake makarantar likitanci, ya ci gaba da tattara tarin tururuwa domin nazarin ilimin halittarsu, ilmin halitta, ilmin halittar jiki, tsarin jiki har ma da yanayin halittarsu, yayin da yake gwada tasirin wasu sinadarai masu guba a kansu. A shekara ta 1871, ya je Vienna ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Theodor Meynert (1833-1892), inda ya yi nazarinsa na farko na kwatancen thalamus . {{Sfn|Parent|2003}} Forel ya yi takaici da Meynert. {{Sfn|Parent|2003}} A Zurich, aikin Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886) ya yi masa wahayi. A cikin 1873 ya koma Jamus don taimakawa Gudden a Munich Kreis-Irrenanstalt. Ya inganta dabarun da dama a fannin ilimin halittar jiki, ciki har da gyare-gyare ga ƙirar microtome ta Gudden. == Ilimin Jijiyoyi == Forel yana da aiki iri-iri da kuma gauraye a matsayin mai tunani a fannoni da dama. A Zurich, aikin Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886) ya yi masa wahayi. A cikin 1873 ya koma Jamus don taimakawa Gudden a Munich Kreis-Irrenanstalt. Ya inganta dabarun da dama a fannin ilimin halittar jiki, ciki har da gyare-gyare ga ƙirar microtome ta Gudden. A shekara ta 1877, ya bayyana tsarin nukiliya da fibrillar na yankin tegmental wanda yanzu ake kira ''Campus Foreli.'' {{Sfn|Parent|2003}} Daga nan ya zama malami a Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München yayin da shi kuma ya ci gaba da bincikensa kan tururuwa. === Ka'idar Neuron === Forel ya fahimci daga gwaje-gwajen cewa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi sune muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin jijiyoyi. Ya gano cewa haɗin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi yana sadarwa ta hanyar taɓawa kawai kuma baya buƙatar anastomosis na zaruruwa. Wannan ya zo a kira shi ''Ka'idar Hulɗa ta Forel'' . Wilhelm von Waldeyer ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "neuron" wanda ya buga sharhi kan ayyukan Forel da sauransu a shekarar 1891. Waldeyer ya ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyi ba tare da ya gudanar da wani bincike da kansa ba, kuma ya buga su a cikin mujallar ''Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift,'' wata mujalla da aka karanta sosai, wadda ta sa ya shahara. Forel ya yi matuƙar baƙin ciki game da nasarar Waldeyer ta shahara, wanda hakan ya sa ake ganin hakan ya taimaka wajen raguwar sha'awarsa ga ilimin jijiyoyi da kuma ilimin jijiyoyi. {{Sfn|Parent|2003}} Forel ya fara bayyana yankin zona incerta a cikin kwakwalwa a cikin 1877. Ya ba shi wannan suna a matsayin "yanki wanda babu wani abu da za a iya cewa tabbas game da shi". {{Sfn|Forel|1877}} A shekara ta 1879, ya karɓi naɗin zama farfesa a fannin ilimin tabin hankali a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Zurich . An kuma tura shi zuwa matsayin darakta na wucin gadi na Asibitin Jami'ar Masu tabin hankali na Zürich — mafakar Burghölzli, inda ya yi aiki tare da wasu likitoci biyu kacal da ke kula da marasa lafiya 300. [1] [1] Ya zauna a wurin tsawon shekaru goma sha tara, yana buga takardu kan hauka, gyaran gidajen yari, da kuma ɗabi'un zamantakewa . Burghölzli bai yi aiki sosai ba tare da ma'aikata masu cin hanci da rashawa da kuma rashin kyakkyawan tsari kafin Forel ya karɓi ragamar mulki ya kuma zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a Turai. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == [[File:Le_Monde_Social_Des_Fourmis.jpg|thumb| Duniyar Zamantakewar Tururuwa]] === Littattafai === ==== ''Les fourmis de la Suisse'' (1874) ==== Bayan tafiyar da ya yi zuwa kudancin Switzerland a farkon shekarunsa na ashirin, Forel ya rubuta wani rubutu mai shafuka 450, ''Les Fourmis de la Suisse'', wanda aka fara bugawa a cikin jerin sassa uku a cikin mujallar kimiyya ta Switzerland, tun daga shekarar 1874. {{Sfn|Forel|1874}} Ya ba shi kyautar Schafli da ƙungiyar Tarihin Halitta ta Swiss ta ba shi. Forel ya aika wa Charles Darwin kwafin rubutun lokacin da aka buga shi a matsayin littafi a shekarar 1874, kuma Darwin ya yaba wa aikinsa. Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Paris ta karrama shi da kyautar Thore saboda rubutun. Littafinsa mai shafuka 450 mai tsawon 1874, an zaɓe shi ne ta hanyar masana saboda muhimmancinsa na al'adu — yana cikin tushen ilimin wayewa. {{Sfn|Forel|1874}} {{Sfn|Forel|1921}} An fassara shi zuwa Turanci lokacin da aka sake buga shi a shekarar 1890. Sir JA Hammerton ya rubuta wani babi mai taken "Abin da ke Faruwa a Kwari: Auguste Forel", a cikin littafinsa na 1937, ''Jadawalin Manyan Littattafai'' inda ya yaba wa "rubutun kyaututtuka na Forel game da Tururuwan Switzerland" na 1874. Hammerton ya ce ita ce "mafi girman gudunmawar da ɗalibi ɗaya ya bayar ga ilimin halayyar kwari... Ya sanya hankali da tunanin kwari a matsayin babban bincikensa. Aikinsa kan kwari ya yi wa nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam hidima, kuma a cikin kansa wataƙila ita ce babbar gudummawa ga ilimin halayyar kwari da ɗalibi ɗaya ya taɓa bayarwa." {{Sfn|Hammerton|1937}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] e3tnd608h1o8uvcpbokdj1l40pclaqj 962207 962206 2026-10-03T07:30:07Z Sardeeq 39275 962207 wikitext text/x-wiki  {{Databox}} '''Auguste-Henri Forel''' ({{IPA|fr|oɡyst ɑ̃ʁi fɔʁɛl}} ; 1 Satumba 1848 - 27 Yuli 1931) ƙwararren masanin ilimin halittar jiki ne na Switzerland, ƙwararren masanin jijiyoyin jini, likitan tabin hankali kuma tsohon [[Eugenics|masanin ilimin halittar jini]], {{Sfn|Vonmont|2007}} sananne ne saboda bincikensa game da tsarin [[Ƙwaƙwalwar dan Adam|kwakwalwar ɗan adam]] da ta [[tururuwa]] . Ana ɗaukarsa a matsayin wanda ya kafa ka'idar neuron . {{Sfn|López-Muñoz|Boya|Alamo|2006}} {{Sfn|Anctil|2015}} An kuma san Forel da gudummawarsa ta farko ga ilimin jima'i da ilimin halayyar ɗan adam. {{Sfn|Haeberle|1986}} Daga shekarar 1978 zuwa 2000, hoton Forel ya bayyana a kan takardar kuɗin Swiss franc 1000. == Rayuwar farko == An haife shi a shekara ta 1848 a wani kauye ''mai suna La Gracieuse'', a Morges, a kan [[tafkin Geneva]], Switzerland, ga Victor Forel (1823–1914) wani mai bin addinin Calvin ɗan ƙasar Switzerland da kuma Pauline Morin (1828–1890), <ref>{{Cite web |title=Family tree of Victor Forel |url=https://gw.geneanet.org/rossellat?lang=en&n=forel&p=victor |website=Geneanet}}</ref> ɗan asalin ƙasar Faransa Huguenot, an haife shi a gidan kare dangi. An haifi Auguste Forel a shekara ta 1848 a Morges a kan tafkin Geneva a Switzerland. {{Sfn|Encyclopedia of Entomology|2008}} Kakan kawunsa, wanda masanin ilmin halittu ne, ya gabatar wa Forel tarihin halittar kwari tun yana ƙarami. {{Sfn|Encyclopedia of Entomology|2008}} Bayan ya karanta wani littafi na Pierre Huber, sai ya fara sha'awar tururuwa. {{Sfn|Encyclopedia of Entomology|2008}} == Ilimi == Ya yi makaranta a Morges da Lausanne . A shekarar 1866 ya fara karatunsa a makarantar likitanci ta Jami'ar Zurich. A lokacin da yake makarantar likitanci, ya ci gaba da tattara tarin tururuwa domin nazarin ilimin halittarsu, ilmin halitta, ilmin halittar jiki, tsarin jiki har ma da yanayin halittarsu, yayin da yake gwada tasirin wasu sinadarai masu guba a kansu. A shekara ta 1871, ya je Vienna ya yi karatu a ƙarƙashin Theodor Meynert (1833-1892), inda ya yi nazarinsa na farko na kwatancen thalamus . {{Sfn|Parent|2003}} Forel ya yi takaici da Meynert. {{Sfn|Parent|2003}} A Zurich, aikin Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886) ya yi masa wahayi. A cikin 1873 ya koma Jamus don taimakawa Gudden a Munich Kreis-Irrenanstalt. Ya inganta dabarun da dama a fannin ilimin halittar jiki, ciki har da gyare-gyare ga ƙirar microtome ta Gudden. == Ilimin Jijiyoyi == Forel yana da aiki iri-iri da kuma gauraye a matsayin mai tunani a fannoni da dama. A Zurich, aikin Bernhard von Gudden (1824-1886) ya yi masa wahayi. A cikin 1873 ya koma Jamus don taimakawa Gudden a Munich Kreis-Irrenanstalt. Ya inganta dabarun da dama a fannin ilimin halittar jiki, ciki har da gyare-gyare ga ƙirar microtome ta Gudden. A shekara ta 1877, ya bayyana tsarin nukiliya da fibrillar na yankin tegmental wanda yanzu ake kira ''Campus Foreli.'' {{Sfn|Parent|2003}} Daga nan ya zama malami a Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München yayin da shi kuma ya ci gaba da bincikensa kan tururuwa. === Ka'idar Neuron === Forel ya fahimci daga gwaje-gwajen cewa ƙwayoyin jijiyoyi sune muhimman abubuwan da ke cikin tsarin jijiyoyi. Ya gano cewa haɗin jijiyoyin jijiyoyi yana sadarwa ta hanyar taɓawa kawai kuma baya buƙatar anastomosis na zaruruwa. Wannan ya zo a kira shi ''Ka'idar Hulɗa ta Forel'' . Wilhelm von Waldeyer ne ya ƙirƙiro kalmar "neuron" wanda ya buga sharhi kan ayyukan Forel da sauransu a shekarar 1891. Waldeyer ya ƙirƙiro ra'ayoyi ba tare da ya gudanar da wani bincike da kansa ba, kuma ya buga su a cikin mujallar ''Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift,'' wata mujalla da aka karanta sosai, wadda ta sa ya shahara. Forel ya yi matuƙar baƙin ciki game da nasarar Waldeyer ta shahara, wanda hakan ya sa ake ganin hakan ya taimaka wajen raguwar sha'awarsa ga ilimin jijiyoyi da kuma ilimin jijiyoyi. {{Sfn|Parent|2003}} Forel ya fara bayyana yankin zona incerta a cikin kwakwalwa a cikin 1877. Ya ba shi wannan suna a matsayin "yanki wanda babu wani abu da za a iya cewa tabbas game da shi". {{Sfn|Forel|1877}} A shekara ta 1879, ya karɓi naɗin zama farfesa a fannin ilimin tabin hankali a Makarantar Likitanci ta Jami'ar Zurich . An kuma tura shi zuwa matsayin darakta na wucin gadi na Asibitin Jami'ar Masu tabin hankali na Zürich — mafakar Burghölzli, inda ya yi aiki tare da wasu likitoci biyu kacal da ke kula da marasa lafiya 300. [1] [1] Ya zauna a wurin tsawon shekaru goma sha tara, yana buga takardu kan hauka, gyaran gidajen yari, da kuma ɗabi'un zamantakewa . Burghölzli bai yi aiki sosai ba tare da ma'aikata masu cin hanci da rashawa da kuma rashin kyakkyawan tsari kafin Forel ya karɓi ragamar mulki ya kuma zama ɗaya daga cikin mafi kyau a Turai. [ana buƙatar hujja] == Ilimin Halittar Jiki == [[File:Le_Monde_Social_Des_Fourmis.jpg|thumb| Duniyar Zamantakewar Tururuwa]] === Littattafai === ==== ''Les fourmis de la Suisse'' (1874) ==== Bayan tafiyar da ya yi zuwa kudancin Switzerland a farkon shekarunsa na ashirin, Forel ya rubuta wani rubutu mai shafuka 450, ''Les Fourmis de la Suisse'', wanda aka fara bugawa a cikin jerin sassa uku a cikin mujallar kimiyya ta Switzerland, tun daga shekarar 1874. {{Sfn|Forel|1874}} Ya ba shi kyautar Schafli da ƙungiyar Tarihin Halitta ta Swiss ta ba shi. Forel ya aika wa Charles Darwin kwafin rubutun lokacin da aka buga shi a matsayin littafi a shekarar 1874, kuma Darwin ya yaba wa aikinsa. Kwalejin Kimiyya ta Paris ta karrama shi da kyautar Thore saboda rubutun. Littafinsa mai shafuka 450 mai tsawon 1874, an zaɓe shi ne ta hanyar masana saboda muhimmancinsa na al'adu — yana cikin tushen ilimin wayewa. {{Sfn|Forel|1874}} {{Sfn|Forel|1921}} An fassara shi zuwa Turanci lokacin da aka sake buga shi a shekarar 1890. Sir JA Hammerton ya rubuta wani babi mai taken "Abin da ke Faruwa a Kwari: Auguste Forel", a cikin littafinsa na 1937, ''Jadawalin Manyan Littattafai'' inda ya yaba wa "rubutun kyaututtuka na Forel game da Tururuwan Switzerland" na 1874. Hammerton ya ce ita ce "mafi girman gudunmawar da ɗalibi ɗaya ya bayar ga ilimin halayyar kwari... Ya sanya hankali da tunanin kwari a matsayin babban bincikensa. Aikinsa kan kwari ya yi wa nazarin ilimin halayyar ɗan adam hidima, kuma a cikin kansa wataƙila ita ce babbar gudummawa ga ilimin halayyar kwari da ɗalibi ɗaya ya taɓa bayarwa." {{Sfn|Hammerton|1937}} == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 4qt0ursn2stox3b9duivmuko9fr61ih Garin garba 0 177957 962223 2026-10-03T08:21:10Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Garin Garba''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Wuri da gudanarwa == Garin Garba yana ƙarƙashin Karamar Hukumar Akko, kuma yana cikin Gundumar Kumo. An bayyana shi a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a bayanan lambar akwatin wasiƙa na Najeriya. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Garin Garba yana da wurin zaɓe da aka rubuta da suna '''Garin Garba, Kofar J... 962223 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Garin Garba''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Wuri da gudanarwa == Garin Garba yana ƙarƙashin Karamar Hukumar Akko, kuma yana cikin Gundumar Kumo. An bayyana shi a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a bayanan lambar akwatin wasiƙa na Najeriya. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Garin Garba yana da wurin zaɓe da aka rubuta da suna '''Garin Garba, Kofar Jauro''' a bayanan wuraren zaɓe na yankin Kumo na Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Garin Garba yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. Lambar tana rufe yankin Kumo da wasu ƙauyuka da ke ƙarƙashin Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/akko/ Nigeria Postcode — Akko, Gombe] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771102/ Nigeria Postcode — 771102] afst2u1f3mpnqdkeilhntfi2xjpvwrs Jalingo akko 0 177958 962224 2026-10-03T08:22:57Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Jalingo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Wuri == Jalingo yana cikin yankin Kumo na Karamar Hukumar Akko. A bayanan taswira, ƙauyen yana kusa da [[Kembu]], kuma yana da tsayin ƙasa kusan mita 341 sama da matakin teku. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Jalingo yana cikin yankin zaɓe na Akko. Bayanai na wuraren zaɓe sun nuna wurin zaɓe mai suna... 962224 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jalingo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Wuri == Jalingo yana cikin yankin Kumo na Karamar Hukumar Akko. A bayanan taswira, ƙauyen yana kusa da [[Kembu]], kuma yana da tsayin ƙasa kusan mita 341 sama da matakin teku. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Jalingo yana cikin yankin zaɓe na Akko. Bayanai na wuraren zaɓe sun nuna wurin zaɓe mai suna '''Jalingo, Kofar Jauro''', da kuma wani wurin da aka rubuta '''Jalingo / Akko, K. S. Lawanti'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Jalingo yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. Lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gundumar Kumo ta Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/akko/ Nigeria Postcode — Akko, Gombe] * [https://mapcarta.com/17018846 Jalingo — Mapcarta] i3ql7ulk88v392lzjat4ueos4med71c Kembu 0 177959 962225 2026-10-03T08:23:58Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kembu''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kembu yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. == Ilimi == Akwai '''Kembu Primary School''' a Kembu, wadda ke ba da ilimin firamare ga al'ummar yankin. == Kasuwa == Kembu na daga cikin wuraren da ake gudanar da kasuwannin mako-mako a Karamar Hukumar Akko. Bayanai kan Akko sun nuna cewa ana gudana... 962225 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kembu''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kembu yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. == Ilimi == Akwai '''Kembu Primary School''' a Kembu, wadda ke ba da ilimin firamare ga al'ummar yankin. == Kasuwa == Kembu na daga cikin wuraren da ake gudanar da kasuwannin mako-mako a Karamar Hukumar Akko. Bayanai kan Akko sun nuna cewa ana gudanar da kasuwar Kembu a ranar '''Juma'a'''. == Wuri da gudanarwa == Kembu yana ƙarƙashin Karamar Hukumar Akko ta Jihar Gombe, kuma yana cikin Gundumar Kumo. Kumo ita ce hedikwatar Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Kembu yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin yankin Kumo na Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akko,_Nigeria Akko, Nigeria] — bayanai game da Karamar Hukumar Akko da kasuwannin mako-mako. * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/ INEC] — bayanan zaɓe da gudanarwa na Karamar Hukumar Akko. 1dr23n4z4b60ycaf9qvy7jy9ri6tcwk Lergo akko 0 177960 962226 2026-10-03T08:26:37Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Lergo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Ilimi == Akwai '''Legro Primary School''' a Lergo. Makarantar kuma tana daga cikin wuraren da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ta ayyana a matsayin wurin zaɓe. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Bayanan INEC na shekarar 2015 sun nuna wurin zaɓe mai suna '''Lergo, Legro Pri. Sch.''' mai lamba... 962226 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lergo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Ilimi == Akwai '''Legro Primary School''' a Lergo. Makarantar kuma tana daga cikin wuraren da Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ta ayyana a matsayin wurin zaɓe. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Bayanan INEC na shekarar 2015 sun nuna wurin zaɓe mai suna '''Lergo, Legro Pri. Sch.''' mai lamba '''020''', a yankin Kumo Central na Karamar Hukumar Akko. A bayanan rajistar masu zaɓe na wannan wurin, an rubuta adadin masu rijista '''308'''. == Ruwa da ci gaban al'umma == A cikin [[Kasafin Kuɗin Jihar Gombe]] na shekarar 2018, an ware kuɗi domin '''haƙa sabon rijiyar burtsatse mai amfani da hasken rana a Lergo Community, Akko LGA'''. An ware kuɗin aikin da adadin '''₦5,000,000'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lergo yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gundumar Kumo ta Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State]. * [https://situationroomng.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/GOMBE.pdf Gombe State Polling Unit Data]. * [https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/Gombe-State-Approved-2018-Budget.pdf Gombe State Approved 2018 Budget]. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771102/ Nigeria Postcode — 771102]. fno6tfj9wziievxm0w5wr5mnk01uwn3 Nahuta gombe 0 177961 962228 2026-10-03T08:31:25Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Nahuta''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Nahuta yana cikin yankin Kumo North na Karamar Hukumar Akko. Bayanai na wuraren zaɓe sun nuna wurin zaɓe mai suna '''Nahuta W/Yaya, Kofar Jauro'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Nahuta yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gund... 962228 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nahuta''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Nahuta yana cikin yankin Kumo North na Karamar Hukumar Akko. Bayanai na wuraren zaɓe sun nuna wurin zaɓe mai suna '''Nahuta W/Yaya, Kofar Jauro'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Nahuta yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gundumar Kumo ta Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771102/ Nigeria Postcode — 771102]. * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/ INEC] — bayanan wuraren zaɓe na Jihar Gombe. o5ozswmlxqhsao42zf6hmnrawdts386 Shabbal 0 177962 962229 2026-10-03T08:32:41Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Shabbal''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. == Ilimi == Shabbal tana da makarantar firamare mai suna '''Shabbal Primary School'''. Haka kuma akwai '''Junior Secondary School, Shabbal''', wadda take cikin jerin makarantun sakandare na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. A cikin ayyukan da aka gudanar ta ... 962229 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shabbal''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Kumo]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. == Ilimi == Shabbal tana da makarantar firamare mai suna '''Shabbal Primary School'''. Haka kuma akwai '''Junior Secondary School, Shabbal''', wadda take cikin jerin makarantun sakandare na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. A cikin ayyukan da aka gudanar ta [[Education Trust Fund]] (TETFund), an yi aikin gyaran gine-ginen ajujuwa biyu na Shabbal Primary School, Akko. == Lafiya == Akwai '''Shabbal Health Post''' a yankin Kumo Central na Karamar Hukumar Akko. An kafa cibiyar a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2001, kuma tana aiki a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta matakin farko. Bayanan Hukumar Bunƙasa Kula da Lafiya ta Firamare ta Jihar Gombe sun kuma nuna Shabbal Health Post a matsayin ɗaya daga cikin cibiyoyin kiwon lafiyar da ke ƙarƙashin Akko. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Bayanan [[Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa]] ([[INEC]]) na shekarar 2015 sun nuna wuraren zaɓe masu alaƙa da Shabbal Primary School, ciki har da '''Gaudare, Shabbal Pri. Sch.''' da '''Shabbal Primary Sch. (Ngaudare, Kofar Jauro)'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Shabbal yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771102'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gundumar Kumo ta Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771102/ Nigeria Postcode — 771102]. * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State]. * [https://tetfund.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2000-RECONCILED-PROJECTS-1.pdf TETFund — 2000 Reconciled Projects]. * [https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/download/staff-count-gombe-state-primary-healthcare-development-agency-gsphcda/ Gombe State Primary Healthcare Development Agency — Staff Count]. * [https://thehospitalbook.com/shabbal-health-post/ Shabbal Health Post]. rge7gg3dkq02gpv7r7o0vh69qkbics2 Bubu 0 177963 962230 2026-10-03T08:36:05Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Bubu''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Pindiga]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Wuri da gudanarwa == Bubu yana ƙarƙashin Karamar Hukumar Akko kuma yana cikin Gundumar Pindiga. Jerin ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe ya sanya Bubu cikin ƙauyukan Pindiga. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Bubu yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771103'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gundumar Pin... 962230 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bubu''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Pindiga]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Wuri da gudanarwa == Bubu yana ƙarƙashin Karamar Hukumar Akko kuma yana cikin Gundumar Pindiga. Jerin ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe ya sanya Bubu cikin ƙauyukan Pindiga. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Bubu yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771103'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gundumar Pindiga ta Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/akko/ Nigeria Postcode — Akko, Gombe]. * [https://nigeriapostal.com/location/NG-Gombe/Akko Akko Postal Codes — Nigeria Postal]. 4q3k0ywhofjn21xy90wdcc3hj01ykm8 Dongol 0 177964 962232 2026-10-03T08:36:50Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Dongol''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Pindiga]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771103'''. == Yawan jama'a == Wani binciken ilimi da aka wallafa a shekarar 2023 ya bayyana cewa Dongol yana da kimanin mutane '''3,231''' bisa ga ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta shekarar 2006. Wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga bayanan National Population Com... 962232 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dongol''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Pindiga]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771103'''. == Yawan jama'a == Wani binciken ilimi da aka wallafa a shekarar 2023 ya bayyana cewa Dongol yana da kimanin mutane '''3,231''' bisa ga ƙididdigar yawan jama'a ta shekarar 2006. Wannan adadin ya samo asali ne daga bayanan [[National Population Commission]] (NPC) da masu binciken suka yi amfani da su. == Wuri da yanayin ƙasa == Dongol yana a cikin yankin Akko na Jihar Gombe. Binciken ƙasa ya sanya wurin tsakanin kusan latitude 9°53′ zuwa 9°54′ arewa da longitude 11°1′ zuwa 11°3′ gabas. Dongol yana kusa da wasu matsuguna da suka haɗa da Lakelambu a gabas, Jauro Sule a arewa da Kulkul a kudu. Yankin yana da yanayin ƙasa mai tudu da gangare, tare da rafuka na lokaci-lokaci waɗanda ruwa ke ƙaruwa a lokacin damina. == Ruwa da magudanan ruwa == Akwai wani rafi mai suna '''Dongol Stream''' wanda ke samo asali daga yankin Pindiga Hills kusa da Dongol Tong da Dongol Rah, sannan ya ratsa zuwa yankin Kashere kafin ya shiga [[Kogin Kashere]]. Binciken ya bayyana cewa rafukan yankin na da ruwa sosai a lokacin damina, musamman a watannin Agusta da Satumba, yayin da ruwan ke raguwa sosai a lokacin rani. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Dongol yana cikin '''Kashere Ward''' na Karamar Hukumar Akko. Bayanai na wuraren zaɓe sun nuna wuraren zaɓe da suka haɗa da '''Dongol Chadi, Primary School''' da '''Dongol Alewa, Kofar Jauro'''. Bayanan wuraren zaɓe sun nuna lambar wurin zaɓe ta Dongol Chadi, Primary School a matsayin '''15/01/04/014''', yayin da Dongol Alewa, Kofar Jauro yake da lambar '''15/01/04/015'''. == Lafiya == Akwai '''Dongol Health Clinic''' a yankin Kashere na Karamar Hukumar Akko. An jera cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kiwon lafiya da ke Dongol, Akko. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Dongol yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771103'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gundumar Pindiga ta Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771103/ Nigeria Postcode — 771103]. * [https://fuwjss.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/07/Paper-12.pdf FUWUKARI Journal of Social Sciences] — binciken yanayin ƙasa da magudanan ruwa na Dongol. * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State]. * [https://situationroomng.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/11/GOMBE.pdf Gombe State Polling Unit Data]. * [https://thehospitalbook.com/hospital/page/746/ Dongol Health Clinic, Kashere, Akko]. pn2oz6zrh29fh6ezrcu0kv5winmzu9m Kaltanga 0 177965 962233 2026-10-03T08:37:35Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kaltanga''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Pindiga]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Wuri == Kaltanga yana cikin yankin Pindiga na Karamar Hukumar Akko. Yana kusa da ƙauyukan [[Kushi]] da [[Barri]], kuma [[Kashere]] na daga cikin wuraren da ke kusa da yankin. Kaltanga yana a tsayin kusan mita '''458''' sama da matakin teku. Matsayinsa na ƙasa yana kusan latitude 9.85909° are... 962233 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kaltanga''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Gundumar Pindiga]] ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Wuri == Kaltanga yana cikin yankin Pindiga na Karamar Hukumar Akko. Yana kusa da ƙauyukan [[Kushi]] da [[Barri]], kuma [[Kashere]] na daga cikin wuraren da ke kusa da yankin. Kaltanga yana a tsayin kusan mita '''458''' sama da matakin teku. Matsayinsa na ƙasa yana kusan latitude 9.85909° arewa da longitude 11.0245° gabas. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Kaltanga yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''771103'''. Wannan lambar tana ƙarƙashin Gundumar Pindiga ta Karamar Hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da matsugunan Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771103/ Nigeria Postcode — 771103]. * [https://mapcarta.com/17016420 Kaltanga — Mapcarta]. 04ym73ct2goaenctzqfncc9jfyd506h Kilawa 0 177966 962234 2026-10-03T08:38:17Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kilawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kilawa yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Kilawa yana cikin yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Yana kusa da [[Tumu]] da [[Kombani]]. Bayanai na taswirar ƙasa sun nuna Kilawa a tsayin kusan mita 416 sama da matakin teku. == Ilimi == Kilawa na da makarantar fira... 962234 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kilawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kilawa yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Kilawa yana cikin yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Yana kusa da [[Tumu]] da [[Kombani]]. Bayanai na taswirar ƙasa sun nuna Kilawa a tsayin kusan mita 416 sama da matakin teku. == Ilimi == Kilawa na da makarantar firamare mai suna '''Kilawa Primary School'''. Bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Kuɗi ta Jihar Gombe sun nuna cewa makarantar tana ƙarƙashin [[Akko]] Local Education Authority. Haka kuma akwai '''Government Junior Secondary School Kilawa''' (GJSS Kilawa), wadda ke cikin makarantun sakandaren gwamnati a ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Kilawa yana cikin '''Tumu Registration Area''' ta ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kundin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ya nuna wata cibiyar zaɓe mai suna '''Gulmari, Kilawa Primary School''' a wannan yankin. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Kilawa yana amfani da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda ta shafi yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/akko/ Nigeria Postcode — Akko, Gombe] * [https://mapcarta.com/17014600 Kilawa — Mapcarta] * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] * [https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/STAFF-LEA.pdf Ma'aikatar Kuɗi ta Jihar Gombe — bayanan ma'aikatan makarantun firamare] * [https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2025/03/STAFF-GJSS.pdf Ma'aikatar Kuɗi ta Jihar Gombe — bayanan GJSS] 152di5l62glk3nx1ka0x36xz8pln48m Kombani 0 177967 962235 2026-10-03T08:39:07Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kombani''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kombani yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Kombani yana cikin yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Bayanai na taswirar ƙasa sun nuna Kombani a wani yanki da ke kusa da [[Kilawa]] da Gulimari. Wurin yana da tsayin kusan mita 436 sama da matakin teku. == Ilimi ==... 962235 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kombani''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kombani yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Kombani yana cikin yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Bayanai na taswirar ƙasa sun nuna Kombani a wani yanki da ke kusa da [[Kilawa]] da Gulimari. Wurin yana da tsayin kusan mita 436 sama da matakin teku. == Ilimi == Akwai makarantu da ke ɗauke da sunan Kombani a yankin, ciki har da '''Kombani Yaya Primary School'''. Bayanai daga Ma'aikatar Kuɗi ta Jihar Gombe sun nuna makarantar a cikin makarantun firamare ƙarƙashin [[Akko]] Local Education Authority. == Lafiya == '''Kombani Isa Health Post''' cibiyar kiwon lafiya ce da ke Pindiga, ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Bayanai kan cibiyar sun nuna cewa an kafa ta a ranar 2 ga Yuli 2007. Cibiyar tana ba da wasu ayyukan kiwon lafiya na asali, ciki har da kula da mata masu juna biyu, rigakafi, tsarin iyali da kula da cututtuka marasa yaɗuwa. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Kombani yana cikin tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kundin wuraren kaɗa ƙuri'a ya nuna '''Kombani, Kofar Jauro''' a matsayin wurin kaɗa ƙuri'a a [[Akko]] Ward. Haka kuma akwai wasu wuraren kaɗa ƙuri'a masu alaƙa da sunan Kombani a yankin Pindiga, ciki har da '''Kombani Isa S/Arewa''' da '''Kombani Isa S/Arewa II, Kombani Primary School'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Kombani yana amfani da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda ta shafi yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-pindiga-kombani.html Nigeria Postcode — Kombani, Akko] * [https://mapcarta.com/17013834 Kombani — Mapcarta] * [https://www.medianigeria.com/akko-l-g-a-polling-units-wards/ Akko L.G.A Polling Units/Wards] — bayanan wuraren kaɗa ƙuri'a. * [https://thehospitalbook.com/kombani-isa-health-post/ Kombani Isa Health Post] — bayanan cibiyar kiwon lafiya. * [https://www.mof.gm.gov.ng/download/staff-count-local-government-education-authority-lgea-gombe-state/ Ma'aikatar Kuɗi ta Jihar Gombe] — bayanan makarantun ƙarƙashin Akko LEA. f0ulejfsa7v0ckp1il3ip2818r207k1 Lara 0 177968 962236 2026-10-03T08:39:51Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Lara''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Lara yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Lara yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera ƙauyen Lara cikin ƙauyukan yankin Pindiga tare da sauran ƙauyuka kamar [[Kaltanga]], [[Kilawa]], [[Kombani]], [[Pindiga]] da [[Tumu]]. == La... 962236 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lara''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Lara yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Lara yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera ƙauyen Lara cikin ƙauyukan yankin Pindiga tare da sauran ƙauyuka kamar [[Kaltanga]], [[Kilawa]], [[Kombani]], [[Pindiga]] da [[Tumu]]. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lara yana amfani da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda aka ware wa yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-pindiga-lara.html Nigeria Postcode — Lara, Akko] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771103/ Nigeria Postcode — 771103] * [https://zipcodes.ng/akko-l-g-a-zip-codes/ Akko L.G.A Postal Codes] — bayanan lambobin akwatin wasiƙa na Akko. kuskpod5r04n8fu47ucn6buoi1yk6ke Papa 0 177969 962239 2026-10-03T08:46:49Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Papa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Papa yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Papa na cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera Papa cikin ƙauyukan yankin Pindiga tare da Bubu, [[Dongol]], [[Kaltanga]], [[Kashere]], [[Kilawa]], [[Kombani]], [[Pindiga]], [[Piyau]], [[Solok]... 962239 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Papa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Papa yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Papa na cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera Papa cikin ƙauyukan yankin Pindiga tare da Bubu, [[Dongol]], [[Kaltanga]], [[Kashere]], [[Kilawa]], [[Kombani]], [[Pindiga]], [[Piyau]], [[Solok]], [[Tulmi]], [[Tumu]], [[Wudil]], [[Yarda]], [[Yelwa]] da [[Zabin Kani]]. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Papa yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda aka ware wa yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-pindiga-papa.html Nigeria Postcode — Papa, Akko] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771103/ Nigeria Postcode — 771103] * [https://nairapostalcode.com.ng/gombe/akko-postal-code/ Akko Postal Code — Pindiga] mz43ozcwwu6csky7qvu32r2g87jbevp Piyau 0 177970 962240 2026-10-03T08:47:38Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Piyau''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Piyau yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Ilimi == Piyau na da makarantar firamare mai suna '''Piyau Primary School'''. Bayanai kan wuraren kaɗa ƙuri'a a jihar Gombe sun nuna cewa makarantar tana kuma zama wurin gudanar da zaɓe. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Piyau yana cikin tsa... 962240 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Piyau''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Piyau yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Ilimi == Piyau na da makarantar firamare mai suna '''Piyau Primary School'''. Bayanai kan wuraren kaɗa ƙuri'a a jihar Gombe sun nuna cewa makarantar tana kuma zama wurin gudanar da zaɓe. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Piyau yana cikin tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kundin wuraren kaɗa ƙuri'a ya nuna wuraren kaɗa ƙuri'a masu suna '''Kalmai West, Piyau Pri. Sch.''' da '''Mai Shanu, Piyau Pri. Sch.''' a yankin Tumu. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Piyau yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda ta shafi yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771103/ Nigeria Postcode — 771103] * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] efujgiw3zlo02rsptjn02vjleh4q0wr Solok 0 177971 962242 2026-10-03T08:48:24Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Solok''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Solok yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Solok yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan Pindiga tare da [[Bubu]], [[Dongol]], [[Kaltanga]], [[Kashere]], [[Kilawa]], [[Kombani]], [[Piyau]], [[Tulmi]], [[Tumu]],... 962242 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Solok''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Solok yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Solok yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan Pindiga tare da [[Bubu]], [[Dongol]], [[Kaltanga]], [[Kashere]], [[Kilawa]], [[Kombani]], [[Piyau]], [[Tulmi]], [[Tumu]], [[Wudil]], [[Yarda]], [[Yelwa]] da [[Zabin Kani]]. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Solok yana cikin tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Kundin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ya nuna wurin kaɗa ƙuri'a mai suna '''Solok, Kofar Jauro Solok''' a yankin Pindiga. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Solok yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda aka ware wa yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/akko/pindiga/ Pindiga Postal Codes] — bayanan lambar akwatin wasiƙa na Pindiga. * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] n12zl000kl30qtecchect56laee9nq5 Tulmi 0 177972 962243 2026-10-03T08:49:11Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Tulmi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Tulmi yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Ilimi == Tulmi na da makarantar firamare mai suna '''Tulmi Primary School'''. Kundin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ya nuna wurin kaɗa ƙuri'a mai suna '''Tulmi Ala Gabi, Tulmi Pri. Sch.''' a yankin Tumu na ƙaramar... 962243 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tulmi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Tulmi yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Ilimi == Tulmi na da makarantar firamare mai suna '''Tulmi Primary School'''. Kundin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa ([[INEC]]) ya nuna wurin kaɗa ƙuri'a mai suna '''Tulmi Ala Gabi, Tulmi Pri. Sch.''' a yankin Tumu na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Tulmi yana cikin tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Bayanan INEC sun danganta Tulmi da yankin '''Tumu''' kuma sun nuna '''Tulmi Ala Gabi''' a matsayin wurin kaɗa ƙuri'a da ke makarantar Tulmi Primary School. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Tulmi yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda ta shafi yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771103/ Nigeria Postcode — 771103] * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] c9icysqgehypc53cpbhlldobujf34jb Wudil gombe 0 177973 962244 2026-10-03T08:50:16Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Wudil''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Wudil yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Wudil yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]]. Yana kusa da [[Tumu]] da Garin Kale. Bayanai na taswirar ƙasa sun nuna cewa Wudil yana a tsayin kusan mita 409 sama da matakin teku. Ana iya samun wurin Wudil a kusa... 962244 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Wudil''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Wudil yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Wudil yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]]. Yana kusa da [[Tumu]] da Garin Kale. Bayanai na taswirar ƙasa sun nuna cewa Wudil yana a tsayin kusan mita 409 sama da matakin teku. Ana iya samun wurin Wudil a kusan '''9.92978°N, 10.96249°E'''. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Wudil yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda ta shafi yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Bambanci da Wudil na Jihar Kano == Wannan Wudil ya bambanta da [[Wudil]] na [[Jihar Kano]], wanda shi ne hedkwatar [[Karamar Hukumar Wudil]] a Kano. Saboda haka, an yi amfani da sunan '''Wudil, Gombe State''' domin bambance ƙauyen Gombe da Wudil na Kano. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-akko-pindiga-wudil.html Nigeria Postcode — Wudil, Akko] * [https://mapcarta.com/34863576 Wudil — Mapcarta] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wudil Wudil, Kano State] — shafin Wudil na Jihar Kano. gy8fkvu9dvfrd8gl1xu85p02nzazwx6 Yarda, Gombe 0 177974 962245 2026-10-03T08:51:24Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Yarda''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Yarda yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Yarda yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan Pindiga tare da [[Bubu]], [[Dongol]], [[Kaltanga]], [[Kashere]], [[Kilawa]], [[Kombani]], [[Piyau]], [[Solok]], [[Tulmi]]... 962245 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yarda''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Yarda yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Yarda yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan Pindiga tare da [[Bubu]], [[Dongol]], [[Kaltanga]], [[Kashere]], [[Kilawa]], [[Kombani]], [[Piyau]], [[Solok]], [[Tulmi]], [[Tumu]], [[Wudil]], [[Yelwa]] da [[Zabin Kani]]. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Yarda yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda aka ware wa yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Bambanci da sauran wuraren da ake kira Yarda == Akwai wasu wurare masu suna '''Yarda''' a wasu ƙasashe. Wannan shafi yana magana ne kan Yarda da ke [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]], [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771103/ Nigeria Postcode — 771103] * [https://nigeriapostal.com/location/NG-Gombe/Akko Akko Postal Codes — Nigeria Postal Code Directory] * [https://www.zipcode.ng/akko-lga-postal-code.html Akko LGA Postal Code] ttzzh5ty0pqvhwpcldgo5i0euze628p Zabin kani 0 177975 962246 2026-10-03T08:52:15Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Zabin Kani''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Zabin Kani yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Zabin Kani yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. Bayanai na taswirar ƙasa sun nuna cewa ƙauyen yana a kusan '''10.102304°N, 11.002534°E''', kuma yana da tsayin kusan mita 404 sama... 962246 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zabin Kani''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin [[Pindiga]] District na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. Zabin Kani yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''771103'''. == Wuri == Zabin Kani yana cikin yankin Pindiga na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. Bayanai na taswirar ƙasa sun nuna cewa ƙauyen yana a kusan '''10.102304°N, 11.002534°E''', kuma yana da tsayin kusan mita 404 sama da matakin teku. == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == Zabin Kani yana cikin tsarin gudanarwar zaɓe na [[Karamar Hukumar Akko]]. Kundin wuraren kaɗa ƙuri'a na [[INEC]] ya nuna wurin kaɗa ƙuri'a mai suna '''Zabin Kani, Kofar Jauro''' a yankin Tumu. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Zabin Kani yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''771103''', wadda aka ware wa yankin Pindiga na ƙaramar hukumar Akko. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/akko/pindiga/ Pindiga Postal Codes] — bayanan lambar akwatin wasiƙa na Pindiga. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/771103/ Nigeria Postcode — 771103] * [https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC — Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State] * [https://elevationmap.net/zabin-kani-pindiga-akko-ng-1001382941 Zabin Kani — Elevation Map] 65fcqfggx1fj4wbpw6hmt8xqnsbmpxd Gangaware 0 177976 962247 2026-10-03T08:53:05Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Gangaware''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. Gangaware yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''761118'''. == Wuri == Gangaware yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera ƙauyen cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da Balanga Garu, Jama'are, Jungwangwan, Kondi, Lauyou da Sabon Gida. == Lambar ak... 962247 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gangaware''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. Gangaware yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''761118'''. == Wuri == Gangaware yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera ƙauyen cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da Balanga Garu, Jama'are, Jungwangwan, Kondi, Lauyou da Sabon Gida. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Gangaware yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''761118''', wadda aka ware wa yankin Balanga na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/balanga/?page=4 Nigeria Postcode — Gangaware, Balanga] * [https://informationngr.com/villages-in-nigeria/ List of Villages in Nigeria] — bayanan ƙauyukan Jihar Gombe. hhwilmsh6bbp4uiwtgzzzl8xb19gok2 Jama'are, Gombe 0 177977 962249 2026-10-03T08:54:13Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Jama`are''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. Jama`are yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''761118'''. == Wuri == Jama`are yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera ƙauyen cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da Balanga Garu, [[Gangaware]], Jungwangwan, Kondi, Lauyou da Sabon Gida. == Lambar... 962249 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jama`are''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. Jama`are yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''761118'''. == Wuri == Jama`are yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera ƙauyen cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da Balanga Garu, [[Gangaware]], Jungwangwan, Kondi, Lauyou da Sabon Gida. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Jama`are yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''761118''', wadda aka ware wa yankin Balanga na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. == Bambanci da Jama'are na Jihar Bauchi == Wannan Jama`are ya bambanta da [[Jama'are]] na [[Jihar Bauchi]], wanda shi ne gari da kuma hedkwatar [[Karamar Hukumar Jama'are]] ta Jihar Bauchi. Wannan shafi yana magana ne kan ƙauyen Jama`are da ke [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], [[Jihar Gombe]]. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/balanga/ Nigeria Postcode — Balanga, Gombe] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balanga%2C_Nigeria Balanga, Nigeria] — bayanai game da ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. psm7vgzaqzmda0odvey6lq76gs0x7ts Jungwangwan 0 177978 962250 2026-10-03T08:55:35Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Jungwangwan''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. Jungwangwan yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''761118'''. == Wuri == Jungwangwan yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera ƙauyen cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da Balanga Garu, [[Gangaware]], [[Jama`are]], [[Kondi]], [[Lauyou]] da Sab... 962250 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Jungwangwan''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], a yankin Arewa maso Gabashin [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. Jungwangwan yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) ta '''761118'''. == Wuri == Jungwangwan yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]]. An jera ƙauyen cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da Balanga Garu, [[Gangaware]], [[Jama`are]], [[Kondi]], [[Lauyou]] da [[Sabon Gida]]. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Jungwangwan yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''761118''', wadda aka ware wa yankin Balanga na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] — jerin ƙauyuka da mazauna Jihar Gombe. * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/balanga/?page=5 Nigeria Postcode — Jungwangwan, Balanga] * [https://www.zipcode.com.ng/2018/11/balanga-lga-postal-code.html Balanga LGA Postal Codes] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?c=NG&l=0&n=4&r1=16&r2=02&r3=01 Mapanet — Balanga postal codes] 67jzgzeoct1irekk8otcvcve43jyzvv Kondi 0 177979 962251 2026-10-03T08:56:16Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kondi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761118'''. == Wuri == Kondi yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi tare da [[Balanga Garu]], [[Gangaware]], [[Jama'are]], [[Jungwangwan]], [[Lauyou]] da [[Sabon Gida]] a cikin ƙauyukan da ke ƙarƙashin yankin Balanga mai lambar akwatin wasiƙa 761118. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO B... 962251 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kondi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761118'''. == Wuri == Kondi yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi tare da [[Balanga Garu]], [[Gangaware]], [[Jama'are]], [[Jungwangwan]], [[Lauyou]] da [[Sabon Gida]] a cikin ƙauyukan da ke ƙarƙashin yankin Balanga mai lambar akwatin wasiƙa 761118. == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Kondi ita ce '''761118'''. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://postcode.com.ng/balanga-postal-or-zip-codes-gombe-state/ Balanga Postal or Zip Codes – Postcode.com.ng] * [https://nigeriapostalcodes.com/balanga-zip-codes-post-codes-gombe-state.html Balanga Zip Codes / Post Codes – Nigeria Postal Codes] r6k81ctffuxwnup17gt7mb8vk79qlqk Lauyou 0 177980 962252 2026-10-03T08:57:08Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Lauyou''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761118'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Lauyou yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da [[Balanga Garu]], [[Gangaware]], [[Jama'are]], [[Jungwangwan]], [[Kondi]... 962252 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lauyou''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761118'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Lauyou yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da [[Balanga Garu]], [[Gangaware]], [[Jama'are]], [[Jungwangwan]], [[Kondi]] da [[Sabon Gida]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Lauyou ita ce '''761118'''.<ref>[https://nigeriapostalcodes.com/balanga-zip-codes-post-codes-gombe-state.html Balanga Zip Codes / Post Codes – Nigeria Postal Codes]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://postcode.com.ng/balanga-postal-or-zip-codes-gombe-state/ Balanga Postal or Zip Codes – Postcode.com.ng] * [https://nigeriapostalcodes.com/balanga-zip-codes-post-codes-gombe-state.html Balanga Zip Codes / Post Codes – Nigeria Postal Codes] 2ux2401k5ziiyceenq7oi2smw0wih9b Sabon Gida 0 177981 962253 2026-10-03T08:58:11Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Sabon Gida''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761118'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Sabon Gida yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da [[Balanga Garu]], [[Gangaware]], [[Jama'are]], [[Jungwangwan]],... 962253 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabon Gida''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761118'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Sabon Gida yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da [[Balanga Garu]], [[Gangaware]], [[Jama'are]], [[Jungwangwan]], [[Kondi]] da [[Lauyou]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Sabon Gida ita ce '''761118'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] jlfgup7f145pvt9fqzuyv1w7qt9mzsz Balanga garu 0 177982 962254 2026-10-03T08:58:56Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Balanga Garu''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761118'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Balanga Garu yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da [[Gangaware]], [[Jama'are]], [[Jungwangwan]], [[Kondi]], L... 962254 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Balanga Garu''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Balanga, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761118'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Balanga Garu yana cikin yankin Balanga na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Balanga tare da [[Gangaware]], [[Jama'are]], [[Jungwangwan]], [[Kondi]], [[Lauyou]] da [[Sabon Gida]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Balanga Garu ita ce '''761118'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-balanga-balanga-garu.html Balanga Garu – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-balanga-balanga-garu.html Balanga Garu – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://postcode.com.ng/balanga-postal-or-zip-codes-gombe-state/ Balanga Postal or Zip Codes – Postcode.com.ng] jc5jbsufiijjicihytli61uea5eka8d Bajoga, Balanga 0 177983 962255 2026-10-03T09:00:34Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Bajoga''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Bajoga yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera ƙauyen tare da [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], Gindin Dut... 962255 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bajoga''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Bajoga yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera ƙauyen tare da [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]] a cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam mai lambar akwatin wasiƙa 761124.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Bajoga ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Bambanci da Bajoga na Funakaye == Wannan Bajoga yana cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a yankin Bambam na [[Jihar Gombe]]. Ya bambanta da [[Bajoga]] da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Funakaye]], wanda shi ne hedikwatar ƙaramar hukumar Funakaye.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajoga Bajoga]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bajoga Bajoga] tavt37dmwbe6k7mno6ynff6q5pw8zkd Bakin kasuwa 0 177984 962256 2026-10-03T09:01:36Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Bakin Kasuwa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Bakin Kasuwa yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], Ga... 962256 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bakin Kasuwa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Bakin Kasuwa yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == A bayanan wuraren rumfunan zaɓe, an rubuta Bakin Kasuwa da wurin '''Kofar Mai Ung.''' a yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Bakin Kasuwa ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] ct9d75qr9a30vuvygiujz33irukqqhz Bare Jong 0 177985 962257 2026-10-03T09:02:36Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Bare Jong''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Bare Jong yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]... 962257 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bare Jong''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Bare Jong yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Bare Jong ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-bare-jong.html Bare Jong – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-bare-jong.html Bare Jong – Nigeria Postcode] 70ow3s99nout7yhio9j2ch4e1uq1r9p Faruku 0 177986 962258 2026-10-03T09:03:33Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Faruku''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Faruku yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Gada]],... 962258 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Faruku''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Faruku yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Faruku ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode] 5i3wyb3scfg0rqn46rk92jg2o9f22dz Gada, Balanga 0 177987 962259 2026-10-03T09:04:28Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Gada''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Gada yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], ... 962259 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gada''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Gada yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Gada ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.zipcode.com.ng/2018/11/balanga-lga-postal-code.html Balanga LGA Postal Code – ZIPCODE] 8jifgeynt2j32wab8m1l0sq2s6pca1v Gadamayo 0 177988 962260 2026-10-03T09:05:34Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Gadamayo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Gadamayo yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], Faru... 962260 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gadamayo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Gadamayo yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Ilimi == A bayanan wuraren rumfunan zaɓe na yankin Bambam, an ambaci '''Gadamayo Primary School''' da '''Gadamayo Junior Secondary School''' a matsayin wuraren da ake amfani da su wajen gudanar da zaɓe.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Gadamayo ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-gadamayo.html Gadamayo, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-gadamayo.html Gadamayo, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode] mo91l9nap7c3mb1x9bl24g29iqdo3c8 Gindin Dutse 0 177989 962261 2026-10-03T09:06:19Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Gindin Dutse''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Gindin Dutse yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]]... 962261 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gindin Dutse''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Gindin Dutse yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Gindin Dutse ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ Gindin Dutse / Postcode 761124 – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://postcode.com.ng/balanga-postal-or-zip-codes-gombe-state/ Balanga Postal or Zip Codes – Postcode.com.ng] lgec7lz0st650nup2fn4atq6xxvqdt8 962263 962261 2026-10-03T09:16:14Z DanJuuma 14836 962263 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Gindin Dutse''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Gindin Dutse yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Gindin Dutse ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ Gindin Dutse / Postcode 761124 – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://postcode.com.ng/balanga-postal-or-zip-codes-gombe-state/ Balanga Postal or Zip Codes – Postcode.com.ng] q6s7obqr360tcgde6l7qnh6rrr6tfu4 Gwadabe 0 177990 962262 2026-10-03T09:06:53Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Gwadabe''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Gwadabe yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], Faruku... 962262 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwadabe''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Gwadabe yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Gwadabe ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-gwadabe.html Gwadabe, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-gwadabe.html Gwadabe, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/EN/Postal-Codes/?c=NG&l=0&n=4&r1=16&r2=02&r3=02 Bambam Postal Codes – Mapanet] 6tmtq6yo8g9mdxrppr0yvw4b1fkb073 Kukumeti 0 177991 962274 2026-10-03T10:28:58Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kukumeti''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Kukumeti yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], Faru... 962274 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kukumeti''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Kukumeti yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Kukumeti ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/EN/Postal-Codes/?c=NG&l=0&n=4&r1=16&r2=02&r3=02 Bambam Postal Codes – Mapanet] iqy75a3wk4gpl5owlfdg9t21xtbenpf Kwata, Balanga 0 177992 962275 2026-10-03T10:32:10Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kwata''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Kwata yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An saka shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]],... 962275 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwata''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Kwata yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An saka shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Kwata na yankin Bambam ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-kwata.html Kwata, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Bambanci da sauran wurare masu suna Kwata == Akwai wani ƙauye mai suna Kwata a [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a yankin Chum-Kindiyo, wanda ke da lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''761105'''. Wannan shafin yana magana ne kan Kwata na yankin Bambam, mai lambar akwatin wasiƙa 761124.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/location/gombe/balanga/ Balanga Postcode List – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-kwata.html Kwata, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://postcode.com.ng/balanga-postal-or-zip-codes-gombe-state/ Balanga Postal or Zip Codes – Postcode.com.ng] o6zj2m1nc2r1h2digtkd0hhirwfnpqm Lambawa 0 177993 962276 2026-10-03T10:33:09Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Lambawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Lambawa yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], Faruku... 962276 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lambawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Lambawa yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Lambawa ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/EN/Postal-Codes/?c=NG&l=0&n=4&r1=16&r2=02&r3=02 Bambam Postal Codes – Mapanet] 4pbvgmcz6yierf8tz7d1umlt2369a46 Makera, Balanga 0 177994 962277 2026-10-03T10:35:06Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Makera''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Makera yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]]... 962277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Makera''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Makera yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Makera ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-makera.html Makera, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Bambanci da sauran wurare masu suna Makera == Akwai wani ƙauye mai suna Makera a yankin Refele na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], mai lambar akwatin wasiƙa '''761110'''. Wannan shafin yana magana ne kan Makera na yankin Bambam, mai lambar akwatin wasiƙa 761124.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-makera.html Makera, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode] iv59f0h7o0cl7ew775tl5btou23bsmc Nasarawo 0 177995 962279 2026-10-03T10:37:26Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Nasarawo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Nasarawo yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], Faru... 962279 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Nasarawo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Nasarawo yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Nasarawo ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-nasarawo.html Nasarawo, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-nasarawo.html Nasarawo, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode] mct79njsbepc0zkikm9yldo1m3515o2 Taliyayi 0 177996 962283 2026-10-03T10:44:06Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Taliyayi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Taliyayi yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], Faru... 962283 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Taliyayi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Taliyayi yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Tasha]], [[Yarbawa]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Zaɓe da gudanarwa == A bayanan wuraren rumfunan zaɓe na yankin Bambam, an ambaci '''Taliyayi, Court House''' a matsayin wurin gudanar da zaɓe.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Taliyayi ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ Taliyayi – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ Taliyayi – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://postcode.com.ng/balanga-postal-or-zip-codes-gombe-state/ Balanga Postal or Zip Codes – Postcode.com.ng] i5z9467ttqo8lxpptqz6jx0hxmecfs3 Yarbawa (Gombe) 0 177997 962286 2026-10-03T10:45:09Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Yarbawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Yarbawa yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], Faruku... 962286 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yarbawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Yarbawa yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]] da [[Yola]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Yarbawa ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761124/ 761124 – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/EN/Postal-Codes/indexPC.asp?C=NG&L=0&n=4&o=&page=3&r1=16&r2=02&r3=02 Bambam Postal Codes – Mapanet] 6rgswhdowdftfwmsjptrrznp2zcnpwf Yola (Gombe) 0 177998 962287 2026-10-03T10:46:25Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Yola''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Yola yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], ... 962287 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yola''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bambam na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761124'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Yola yana cikin yankin Bambam na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bambam tare da [[Bajoga]], [[Bakin Kasuwa]], [[Bare Jong]], [[Faruku]], [[Gada]], [[Gadamayo]], [[Gindin Dutse]], [[Gwadabe]], [[Jauro Tukur]], [[Kashere]], [[Kukumeti]], [[Kwata]], [[Lambawa]], [[Makera]], [[Nasarawo]], [[Taliyayi]], [[Tasha]] da [[Yarbawa]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Yola ita ce '''761124'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-yola.html Yola, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Bambanci da Yola ta Jihar Adamawa == Wannan Yola ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] ta [[Jihar Gombe]]. Ya bambanta da [[Yola]] da ke [[Jihar Adamawa]], wadda ita ce hedikwatar [[Karamar Hukumar Yola ta Arewa]] da kuma babban birnin jihar Adamawa. == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bambam-yola.html Yola, Balanga – Nigeria Postcode] oxcrtefo9nz0p84hie5v67bgp5vjgj1 Bangu Garu 0 177999 962289 2026-10-03T10:47:36Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Bangu Garu''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Bangu Garu yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], [[Laura]],... 962289 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bangu Garu''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Bangu Garu yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], [[Laura]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Shangi]], [[Yobuyo]] da [[Zangayari]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Bangu Garu ita ce '''761109'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761109/ Bangu District Postal Code – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761109/ Bangu District Postal Code – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.medianigeria.com/list-of-towns-and-villages-in-balanga-l-g-a-gombe-state/ List of Towns and Villages in Balanga L.G.A. – Media Nigeria] 51oxcfr2qy5rskqdxwz0s5vnec101vu Baure (Gombe) 0 178000 962291 2026-10-03T10:48:49Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Baure''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Baure yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], [[Laura]], Sab... 962291 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Baure''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Baure yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], [[Laura]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Shangi]], [[Yobuyo]] da [[Zangayari]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Baure ita ce '''761109'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761109/ Baure – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761109/ Baure – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?C=NG&L=0&n=5&o=&page=2&r1=16&r2=02&r3=03 Bangu, Balanga – Mapanet] 5kbqqoc0y2awznoyrovt6cwnq7qg9zi Daurawa (Gombe) 0 178001 962296 2026-10-03T10:53:57Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Daurawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Daurawa yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Laura]], S... 962296 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Daurawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Daurawa yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Laura]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Shangi]], [[Yobuyo]] da [[Zangayari]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Daurawa ita ce '''761109'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bangu-daurawa.html Daurawa – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bangu-daurawa.html Daurawa – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?C=NG&L=0&n=5&o=&page=2&r1=16&r2=02&r3=03 Bangu, Balanga – Mapanet] 3mlx07uxj3i9bjf0pc6aat2ebew83zj Laura 0 178002 962298 2026-10-03T10:54:40Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Laura''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Laura yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], Sab... 962298 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Laura''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Laura yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Shangi]], [[Yobuyo]] da [[Zangayari]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Laura ita ce '''761109'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bangu-laura.html Laura – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bangu-laura.html Laura – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?C=NG&L=0&n=5&o=&page=2&r1=16&r2=02&r3=03 Bangu, Balanga – Mapanet] b290plm9xqucb5r3mxkfyyn108h2ux3 Sabon Layi (Gombe) 0 178003 962299 2026-10-03T10:55:46Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Sabon Layi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Sabon Layi yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], Dauraw... 962299 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sabon Layi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Sabon Layi yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], [[Laura]], [[Shangi]], [[Yobuyo]] da [[Zangayari]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Sabon Layi ita ce '''761109'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bangu-sabon-layi.html Sabon Layi – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bangu-sabon-layi.html Sabon Layi – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://postcode.com.ng/balanga-postal-or-zip-codes-gombe-state/ Balanga postal codes – Postcode] bp7mzc875bnncpmnqsboswmob0h7gy9 Shangi 0 178004 962300 2026-10-03T10:56:49Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Shangi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Shangi yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], L... 962300 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Shangi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Shangi yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], [[Laura]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Yobuyo]] da [[Zangayari]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Shangi ita ce '''761109'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bangu-shangi.html Shangi – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-bangu-shangi.html Shangi – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?C=NG&L=0&n=5&o=&page=2&r1=16&r2=02&r3=03 Bangu, Balanga – Mapanet] 2abobpz2ymrtkw1p10u5l8kg3ymdmtd Yobuyo 0 178005 962302 2026-10-03T10:58:57Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Yobuyo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Yobuyo yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], L... 962302 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yobuyo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Yobuyo yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], [[Laura]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Shangi]] da [[Zangayari]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Yobuyo ita ce '''761109'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761109/ Yobuyo – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761109/ Yobuyo – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?C=NG&L=0&n=5&o=&page=2&r1=16&r2=02&r3=03 Bangu, Balanga – Mapanet] agncewm6qij8iyt8ahc3p2305lz8c70 Zangayari 0 178006 962304 2026-10-03T10:59:54Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Zangayari''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Zangayari yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]... 962304 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Zangayari''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Bangu na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761109'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Zangayari yana cikin yankin Bangu na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Bangu tare da [[Bangu Garu]], [[Baure]], [[Bokabundi]], [[Daurawa]], [[Laura]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Shangi]] da [[Yobuyo]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Zangayari ita ce '''761109'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761109/ Zangayari – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761109/ Zangayari – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?C=NG&L=0&n=5&o=&page=2&r1=16&r2=02&r3=03 Bangu, Balanga – Mapanet] fouzpyrui4b01zf409nd126pfoxz6o7 Bare 0 178007 962305 2026-10-03T11:02:13Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Bare''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Bare yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Buler]], [[Dongaje]], [[Fitilai]], [[Kutared]... 962305 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bare''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Bare yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Buler]], [[Dongaje]], [[Fitilai]], [[Kutared]], [[Kwarge]], [[Kwarge-Sabon-Layi]], [[Lakun Babba]], [[Lakun Tela]], [[Lojah]], [[Lojah-Fulani]], [[Mwona Tari]], [[Sabon Layi]] da [[Silon]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Bare ita ce '''761126'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-cham-mwona-bare.html Bare – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-cham-mwona-bare.html Bare – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?c=ng&l=0&n=4&r1=16&r2=02&r3=04 Cham-mwona, Balanga – Mapanet] rn5uxllxsbt9gtlnm23auh1dzgpmxwp Buler 0 178008 962307 2026-10-03T11:02:59Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Buler''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Buler yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Dongaje]], [[Fitilai]], Kutared... 962307 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Buler''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Buler yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Dongaje]], [[Fitilai]], [[Kutared]], [[Kwarge]], [[Kwarge-Sabon-Layi]], [[Lakun Babba]], [[Lakun Tela]], [[Lojah]], [[Lojah-Fulani]], [[Mwona Tari]], [[Sabon Layi]] da [[Silon]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Buler ita ce '''761126'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ Buler – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ Buler – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?c=ng&l=0&n=4&r1=16&r2=02&r3=04 Cham-mwona, Balanga – Mapanet] mz8cxby49yfd5oz5llqydeh6dyzp18j Dongaje 0 178009 962309 2026-10-03T11:03:36Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Dongaje''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Dongaje yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Buler]], [[Fitilai]], Kutar... 962309 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dongaje''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Dongaje yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Buler]], [[Fitilai]], [[Kutared]], [[Kwarge]], [[Kwarge-Sabon-Layi]], [[Lakun Babba]], [[Lakun Tela]], [[Lojah]], [[Lojah-Fulani]], [[Mwona Tari]], [[Sabon Layi]] da [[Silon]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Dongaje ita ce '''761126'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ Dongaje – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ Dongaje – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?c=ng&l=0&n=4&r1=16&r2=02&r3=04 Cham-mwona, Balanga – Mapanet] b7zc3f1bc9kicdbyhjiv33bl0nfea0c Fitilai 0 178010 962310 2026-10-03T11:04:31Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Fitilai''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Fitilai yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Buler]], [[Dongaje]], Kutar... 962310 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fitilai''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Fitilai yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Buler]], [[Dongaje]], [[Kutared]], [[Kwarge]], [[Kwarge-Sabon-Layi]], [[Lakun Babba]], [[Lakun Tela]], [[Lojah]], [[Lojah-Fulani]], [[Mwona Tari]], [[Sabon Layi]] da [[Silon]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Harshe == Fitilai yana da alaƙa da mutanen da ke magana da harshen Bwilim. A cikin kundin harsunan Najeriya, an nuna ''Mwana'' ko ''Mwona'' a matsayin sunan Hausa, yayin da ''Fitilai'' yake a matsayin sunan ƙauyen da ke da alaƙa da Bwilim.<ref>[https://nairametrics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Atlas-of-Nigerian-Languages.pdf Atlas of Nigerian Languages]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Fitilai ita ce '''761126'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-cham-mwona-fitilai.html Fitilai – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-cham-mwona-fitilai.html Fitilai – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://nairametrics.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/Atlas-of-Nigerian-Languages.pdf Atlas of Nigerian Languages] b2ekimlpfy7xoifp89nbmww9w5od38b Kutared 0 178011 962311 2026-10-03T11:05:15Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kutared''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Kutared yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Buler]], [[Dongaje]], Fitil... 962311 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kutared''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Kutared yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Buler]], [[Dongaje]], [[Fitilai]], [[Kwarge]], [[Kwarge-Sabon-Layi]], [[Lakun Babba]], [[Lakun Tela]], [[Lojah]], [[Lojah-Fulani]], [[Mwona Tari]], [[Sabon Layi]] da [[Silon]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Kutared ita ce '''761126'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ Kutared – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ Kutared – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?c=ng&l=0&n=4&r1=16&r2=02&r3=04 Cham-mwona, Balanga – Mapanet] k8jzaue119lg4o0cnrp9oczqn44jwvg Kwarge 0 178012 962312 2026-10-03T11:06:00Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kwarge''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Kwarge yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Buler]], [[Dongaje]], Fitilai... 962312 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwarge''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Kwarge yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Buler]], [[Dongaje]], [[Fitilai]], [[Kutared]], [[Kwarge-Sabon-Layi]], [[Lakun Babba]], [[Lakun Tela]], [[Lojah]], [[Lojah-Fulani]], [[Mwona Tari]], [[Sabon Layi]] da [[Silon]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Kwarge ita ce '''761126'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ Kwarge – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ Kwarge – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?c=ng&l=0&n=4&r1=16&r2=02&r3=04 Cham-mwona, Balanga – Mapanet] ponia3d1djg4wvbx0rorj8xhdwtyk61 Kwarge-Sabon-Layi 0 178013 962314 2026-10-03T11:06:55Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kwarge-Sabon-Layi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Kwarge-Sabon-Layi yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Buler]],... 962314 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwarge-Sabon-Layi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]] a [[Jihar Gombe]], [[Najeriya]]. Yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na ƙaramar hukumar, kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta '''761126'''.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Wuri == Kwarge-Sabon-Layi yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]]. An jera shi cikin ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona tare da [[Bare]], [[Buler]], [[Dongaje]], [[Fitilai]], [[Kutared]], [[Kwarge]], [[Lakun Babba]], [[Lakun Tela]], [[Lojah]], [[Lojah-Fulani]], [[Mwona Tari]], [[Sabon Layi]] da [[Silon]].<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State]</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Kwarge-Sabon-Layi ita ce '''761126'''.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-cham-mwona-kwarge-sabon-layi.html Kwarge-Sabon-Layi – Nigeria Postcode]</ref> == Manazarta == * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State] * [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-cham-mwona-kwarge-sabon-layi.html Kwarge-Sabon-Layi – Nigeria Postcode] * [https://www.mapanet.eu/en/postal-codes/?c=ng&l=0&n=4&r1=16&r2=02&r3=04 Cham-mwona, Balanga – Mapanet] 9tbhr9pohmmcavkiptdmdgenh55a1aw Lakun Babba 0 178014 962315 2026-10-03T11:07:43Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Lakun Babba''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126. == Wuri == Lakun Babba yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Wasu daga cikin ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Tela, Lojah, Lojah-Fulani, Mwona Tari, Sabon Layi da Silon.{{cite web |title=L... 962315 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lakun Babba''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126. == Wuri == Lakun Babba yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Wasu daga cikin ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Tela, Lojah, Lojah-Fulani, Mwona Tari, Sabon Layi da Silon.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Lakun Babba ita ce '''761126'''. An ware wannan lambar ga ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761126 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} shm40q7vlwoht7sok6u2dk2zb00nk4n Lakun Tela 0 178015 962317 2026-10-03T11:08:25Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Lakun Tela''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126. == Wuri == Lakun Tela yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Babba, Lojah, Lojah-Fulani, Mwona Tari, Sabon Layi da Silon.{{cite web |title=List of vi... 962317 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lakun Tela''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126. == Wuri == Lakun Tela yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Babba, Lojah, Lojah-Fulani, Mwona Tari, Sabon Layi da Silon.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Lakun Tela ita ce '''761126'''. An ware wannan lambar ga ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761126 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} h8t9fdgav4cqjbrte5sswlqk0d1xo98 Lojah 0 178016 962318 2026-10-03T11:09:08Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Lojah''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126. == Wuri == Lojah yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Babba, Lakun Tela, Lojah-Fulani, Mwona Tari, Sabon Layi da Silon.{{cite web |title=List of villages... 962318 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lojah''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126. == Wuri == Lojah yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Babba, Lakun Tela, Lojah-Fulani, Mwona Tari, Sabon Layi da Silon.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Lojah ita ce '''761126'''. Lojah an ware shi a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761126 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ht49rc6xmumpqmeh8jfyioqrlnaufme Lojah-Fulani 0 178017 962319 2026-10-03T11:10:10Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Lojah-Fulani''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126. == Wuri == Lojah-Fulani yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Babba, Lakun Tela, Lojah, Mwona Tari, Sabon Layi da Silon.{{cite web |title=List of v... 962319 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lojah-Fulani''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126. == Wuri == Lojah-Fulani yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Babba, Lakun Tela, Lojah, Mwona Tari, Sabon Layi da Silon.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Lojah-Fulani ita ce '''761126'''. An ware wannan lambar ga ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Lojah-Fulani, Balanga - Postcode 761126 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-cham-mwona-lojah-fulani.html |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2jntrpchib67ggqsf70znrwrklkl8bw Mwona Tari 0 178018 962320 2026-10-03T11:10:54Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Mwona Tari''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126. == Wuri == Mwona Tari yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Babba, Lakun Tela, Lojah, Lojah-Fulani, Sabon Layi da Silon.{{cite web |title=List of vil... 962320 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mwona Tari''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126. == Wuri == Mwona Tari yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yanki sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Babba, Lakun Tela, Lojah, Lojah-Fulani, Sabon Layi da Silon.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Mwona Tari ita ce '''761126'''. An ware wannan lambar ga ƙauyukan yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761126 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 02qytidw4i2ykzv7wwh0oixeoxf2qhl Silon 0 178019 962322 2026-10-03T11:12:18Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Silon''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Silon yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fit... 962322 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Silon''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Cham-mwona]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761126.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Silon yana cikin yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Bare, Buler, Dongaje, Fitilai, Kutared, Kwarge, Kwarge-Sabon-Layi, Lakun Babba, Lakun Tela, Lojah, Lojah-Fulani, Mwona Tari da Sabon Layi.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Silon ita ce '''761126'''. Silon an ware shi a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Cham-mwona na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761126 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761126/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Siyasa da zaɓe == Silon yana cikin yankin rajistar zaɓe na Mwona. Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta jera wuraren zaɓe biyu a Silon, waɗanda aka bayyana da suna ''Silon K. Mai Ung.''.{{cite web |title=Gombe State Polling Unit Directory |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 5ih62vcqcum0u5efty2xwfw0a57ke2b Buwangal 0 178020 962325 2026-10-03T11:14:13Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Buwangal''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Buwangal yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Dakawal, Dong... 962325 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Buwangal''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Buwangal yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Buwangal ita ce '''761105'''. An ware Buwangal a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Buwangal, Balanga, Gombe |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Siyasa da zaɓe == Buwangal yana cikin yankin rajistar zaɓe na Kindiyo. Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) ta jera wurin zaɓe mai suna ''Buwangal/Gulanti, Kofar Mai Ung.'' a wannan yankin.{{cite web |title=Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State |url=https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} s2h41xo5rt52i3cudunmbt6wssglo6e Dakawal 0 178021 962327 2026-10-03T11:16:53Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Dakawal''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Dakawal yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Donga... 962327 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dakawal''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Dakawal yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Dakawal ita ce '''761105'''. An ware Dakawal a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} rx7y2crwuqh2okp6royo2cu2zerjg5c Fumur 0 178022 962329 2026-10-03T11:18:54Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Fumur''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Fumur yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal,... 962329 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fumur''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Fumur yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Fumur ita ce '''761105'''. Fumur an ware shi a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} iwlfw647tida0nylloo02isn7bytmco Gwenti 0 178023 962330 2026-10-03T11:20:20Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Gwenti''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Gwenti yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal... 962330 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gwenti''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Gwenti yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Gwenti ita ce '''761105'''. An ware Gwenti a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 6rez26j28wh5khzbefiwlnjfjpmuqsr Yount v. Birnin Sacramento 0 178024 962331 2026-10-03T11:20:52Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1337956601|Yount v. City of Sacramento]]" 962331 wikitext text/x-wiki Yount v. City of Sacramento <ref>{{Cite web |title=43 Cal.4th 885 (2008) |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11579630359806439435&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr |website=California supreme Court}}</ref> wani yanke shawara ne na Kotun Koli ta California, wanda ya fadada haƙƙin wanda aka kama wanda aka yi masa hukunci sosai yayin kamawa. Brian T. Dunn na The Cochran Firm a California ne ya kawo karar, a madadin Steven Yount lokacin da wani jami'in 'yan sanda na [[DUI|A'A'A']]-linkid="76" href="./Sacramento" id="mwGA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sacramento">Sakramento ya harbe Yount bayan an ɗaure shi a lokacin da aka kama shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steve Yount - Man Who Pleaded 'No Contest' |url=http://www.cochranfirm.com/news/yount-permitted-to-sue.html |website=Los Angeles Daily Journal |publisher=Los Angeles Daily Journal}}</ref> == Tarihi == A farkon safiya na Maris 10, 2001, Steven Yount, mai shigar da kara a cikin shari'ar Yount, ya bar gidansa, ya shiga motarsa ya tuka zuwa shagon 7-Eleven a Sacramento don siyan barasa. Yount ya riga ya sha giya da barasa a wannan safiya kuma ya bugu sosai. Wani jami'in tsaro a filin ajiye motoci na 7-Eleven ya kira 'yan sanda bayan ya lura da Yount mai maye da ke ƙoƙarin komawa cikin motarsa. Jami'in Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Sacramento Samuel Davis ya isa 7-Eleven, ya kusanci motar Yount, kuma ya nemi ya fita daga motar. Ya bi bukatar Davis na fita daga motar amma ya ki shiga cikin motar sintiri. Bayan wani ƙoƙari, Davis ya sami damar tabbatar da Yount a cikin kujerar baya na motarsa ta sintiri. A bayan motar sintiri, Yount ya yi ihu da lalata da kuma wariyar launin fata a Davis kuma ya kori kansa a gefen da taga na motar sintiri. Tare da taimakon masu tsaro biyu a yankin, Davis ya sami damar fitar da Yount daga motar sintiri, ya ɗaure shi, kuma ya mayar da shi cikin motar sintiri. Bayan an mayar da shi cikin motar sintiri, sai ya ci gaba da ihu da kiɗa da buga kansa a kan ƙofofin motar. Jami'an Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Sacramento Debra Hatfield, Daniel Swafford, da Thomas Schrum sun amsa ga 7-Eleven don taimakawa Davis. Schrum ya buɗe ƙofar motar sintiri ta Davis don neman Yount don tantancewa. Lokacin da Schrum ya buɗe ƙofar motar sintiri, Yount ya fito daga motar, ya yi ƙoƙari ya motsa dama a fuskar Schrum, kuma ya ci gaba da ihu da la'ana ga jami'an. Schrum ya tilasta Yount ya koma cikin motar sintiri. Yount ya ci gaba da yin kururuwa ga jami'an kuma yana buga motar sintiri yayin da yake kifar da ƙafafunsa a Schrum. Swafford ya kashe Yount. Bayan Swafford ya tura Taser, Yount ya zama mafi tashin hankali kuma ya ci gaba da yin kururuwa da cin zarafin launin fata ga jami'an. Yount ya kuma kori taga na motar sintiri ta Davis. Jami'an sun yanke shawarar hana ƙafafun Yount kafin su sanya shi cikin wata motar sintiri daban. Lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙari su fitar da Yount daga motar sintiri ta Davis, Yount ya ki yin aiki tare kuma ya yi tsayayya da kokarin jami'an don cire shi daga motar. Jami'an daga ƙarshe sun sami nasarar fitar da Yount daga motar sintiri. Bayan jami'an sun fitar da shi daga motar sintiri, Davis ya yi tuntuɓe kuma ya faɗi ƙasa. Yount ya kori shi ya tofa masa. Davis ya hau kan Yount, wanda ke ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da ihu, kuma jami'an sun sami damar tabbatar da ƙafafun Yount tare da takunkumin idon kafa. Ya ci gaba da tsayayya da jami'an ta hanyar kifar da tofa musu. Schrum ya fitar da abin da ya yi tunanin Taser ne kuma ya harbe shi a bayan cinya na Yount. Sa'an nan, Schrum ya fahimci cewa ya kama bindigarsa da kuskure, maimakon Taser. Yount ya sami raunin harbin bindiga a gefen hagu. == Shari'ar kare hakkin bil'adama == Bayan abin da ya faru, an tuhumi Yount da tsayayya da kamawa a keta dokar California Penal Code, sashi na 148, da kuma tuki a ƙarƙashin tasirin. Bai yi takara ba kuma an same shi da laifuffuka biyu. Bayan kammala shari'ar aikata laifuka, Brian T. Dunn, lauya a The Cochran Firm, ƙwararre a cikin shari'o'in kare hakkin bil'adama, ya shigar da karar farar hula a madadin Yount a kan Schrum da City of Sacramento a Kotun Koli ta Sacramento, yana zargin da'awar keta haƙƙin jama'a a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 1983 na Title 42 na Dokar Amurka, da sauransu. Wannan korafin ya yi zargin cewa Schrum ya harbe shi ba tare da hujja ba kuma ya keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki. Wadanda ake tuhuma sun yi jayayya cewa da'awar 42 USC 1983 hari ne na gefe akan hukuncin da aka yanke masa don tsayayya da kamawa don haka Heck v. Humphrey ya hana shi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=512 U.S. 477, 129 L. Ed. 2d 383, 114 S. Ct. 2364 (1994) |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/93-6188.ZS.html |website=Supreme Court of the United States |publisher=Cornell University Law School}}</ref> 512 US 477, 129 L. Ed. 2d 383, 114 S. Ct. 2364 (1994). Wannan yanke shawara ne na Kotun Koli ta Amurka wanda ya yanke shawarar cewa an hana mai shigar da kara daga gurfanar da wani mataki na 42 na USC. 1983 idan nasarar da aka samu na aikin zai nuna rashin ingancin hukuncin aikata laifuka na mai shigar da karar. Batun shi ne ko binciken da aka yi wa Yount a kan ikirarinsa na 42 USC. 1983 zai "yi la'akari da rashin inganci" na hukuncin aikata laifuka don tsayayya da kamawa. An gabatar da shi ga Kotun Koli ta California don yanke shawara. Dunn ya ba da bayani game da roko kuma ya yi jayayya. == Manazarta == ManazartaKotun Koli ta California ta yanke hukuncin cewa an hana ikirarin farar hula har zuwa inda suka yi zargin cewa Schrum ba shi da damar amfani da wani karfi a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, saboda amfani da juriya ya tabbatar da amfani da karfi mai ma'ana don mayar da martani ga ayyukansa. Kotun ta ci gaba da yanke hukunci, duk da haka, cewa ba a hana ikirarin farar hula ba, game da [[Amfani da 'yan sanda na kisa a Amurka|amfani da karfi mai kisa]], saboda ba daidai ba ne a karkashin yanayin. Hukuncin da aka yi don tsayayya da kamawa bai ba, da kansa, hujja don amfani da karfi mai kisa ba. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 6zoiu5m6wqi2wwathk4eslu6hdp8bza 962334 962331 2026-10-03T11:22:43Z Usman saadu 46863 962334 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}}Yount v. City of Sacramento <ref>{{Cite web |title=43 Cal.4th 885 (2008) |url=https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11579630359806439435&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr |website=California supreme Court}}</ref> wani yanke shawara ne na Kotun Koli ta California, wanda ya fadada haƙƙin wanda aka kama wanda aka yi masa hukunci sosai yayin kamawa. Brian T. Dunn na The Cochran Firm a California ne ya kawo karar, a madadin Steven Yount lokacin da wani jami'in 'yan sanda na [[DUI|A'A'A']]-linkid="76" href="./Sacramento" id="mwGA" rel="mw:WikiLink" title="Sacramento">Sakramento ya harbe Yount bayan an ɗaure shi a lokacin da aka kama shi.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Steve Yount - Man Who Pleaded 'No Contest' |url=http://www.cochranfirm.com/news/yount-permitted-to-sue.html |website=Los Angeles Daily Journal |publisher=Los Angeles Daily Journal}}</ref> == Tarihi == A farkon safiya na Maris 10, 2001, Steven Yount, mai shigar da kara a cikin shari'ar Yount, ya bar gidansa, ya shiga motarsa ya tuka zuwa shagon 7-Eleven a Sacramento don siyan barasa. Yount ya riga ya sha giya da barasa a wannan safiya kuma ya bugu sosai. Wani jami'in tsaro a filin ajiye motoci na 7-Eleven ya kira 'yan sanda bayan ya lura da Yount mai maye da ke ƙoƙarin komawa cikin motarsa. Jami'in Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Sacramento Samuel Davis ya isa 7-Eleven, ya kusanci motar Yount, kuma ya nemi ya fita daga motar. Ya bi bukatar Davis na fita daga motar amma ya ki shiga cikin motar sintiri. Bayan wani ƙoƙari, Davis ya sami damar tabbatar da Yount a cikin kujerar baya na motarsa ta sintiri. A bayan motar sintiri, Yount ya yi ihu da lalata da kuma wariyar launin fata a Davis kuma ya kori kansa a gefen da taga na motar sintiri. Tare da taimakon masu tsaro biyu a yankin, Davis ya sami damar fitar da Yount daga motar sintiri, ya ɗaure shi, kuma ya mayar da shi cikin motar sintiri. Bayan an mayar da shi cikin motar sintiri, sai ya ci gaba da ihu da kiɗa da buga kansa a kan ƙofofin motar. Jami'an Sashen 'Yan Sanda na Sacramento Debra Hatfield, Daniel Swafford, da Thomas Schrum sun amsa ga 7-Eleven don taimakawa Davis. Schrum ya buɗe ƙofar motar sintiri ta Davis don neman Yount don tantancewa. Lokacin da Schrum ya buɗe ƙofar motar sintiri, Yount ya fito daga motar, ya yi ƙoƙari ya motsa dama a fuskar Schrum, kuma ya ci gaba da ihu da la'ana ga jami'an. Schrum ya tilasta Yount ya koma cikin motar sintiri. Yount ya ci gaba da yin kururuwa ga jami'an kuma yana buga motar sintiri yayin da yake kifar da ƙafafunsa a Schrum. Swafford ya kashe Yount. Bayan Swafford ya tura Taser, Yount ya zama mafi tashin hankali kuma ya ci gaba da yin kururuwa da cin zarafin launin fata ga jami'an. Yount ya kuma kori taga na motar sintiri ta Davis. Jami'an sun yanke shawarar hana ƙafafun Yount kafin su sanya shi cikin wata motar sintiri daban. Lokacin da suka yi ƙoƙari su fitar da Yount daga motar sintiri ta Davis, Yount ya ki yin aiki tare kuma ya yi tsayayya da kokarin jami'an don cire shi daga motar. Jami'an daga ƙarshe sun sami nasarar fitar da Yount daga motar sintiri. Bayan jami'an sun fitar da shi daga motar sintiri, Davis ya yi tuntuɓe kuma ya faɗi ƙasa. Yount ya kori shi ya tofa masa. Davis ya hau kan Yount, wanda ke ci gaba da gwagwarmaya da ihu, kuma jami'an sun sami damar tabbatar da ƙafafun Yount tare da takunkumin idon kafa. Ya ci gaba da tsayayya da jami'an ta hanyar kifar da tofa musu. Schrum ya fitar da abin da ya yi tunanin Taser ne kuma ya harbe shi a bayan cinya na Yount. Sa'an nan, Schrum ya fahimci cewa ya kama bindigarsa da kuskure, maimakon Taser. Yount ya sami raunin harbin bindiga a gefen hagu. == Shari'ar kare hakkin bil'adama == Bayan abin da ya faru, an tuhumi Yount da tsayayya da kamawa a keta dokar California Penal Code, sashi na 148, da kuma tuki a ƙarƙashin tasirin. Bai yi takara ba kuma an same shi da laifuffuka biyu. Bayan kammala shari'ar aikata laifuka, Brian T. Dunn, lauya a The Cochran Firm, ƙwararre a cikin shari'o'in kare hakkin bil'adama, ya shigar da karar farar hula a madadin Yount a kan Schrum da City of Sacramento a Kotun Koli ta Sacramento, yana zargin da'awar keta haƙƙin jama'a a ƙarƙashin Sashe na 1983 na Title 42 na Dokar Amurka, da sauransu. Wannan korafin ya yi zargin cewa Schrum ya harbe shi ba tare da hujja ba kuma ya keta haƙƙin tsarin mulki. Wadanda ake tuhuma sun yi jayayya cewa da'awar 42 USC 1983 hari ne na gefe akan hukuncin da aka yanke masa don tsayayya da kamawa don haka Heck v. Humphrey ya hana shi, <ref>{{Cite web |title=512 U.S. 477, 129 L. Ed. 2d 383, 114 S. Ct. 2364 (1994) |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/93-6188.ZS.html |website=Supreme Court of the United States |publisher=Cornell University Law School}}</ref> 512 US 477, 129 L. Ed. 2d 383, 114 S. Ct. 2364 (1994). Wannan yanke shawara ne na Kotun Koli ta Amurka wanda ya yanke shawarar cewa an hana mai shigar da kara daga gurfanar da wani mataki na 42 na USC. 1983 idan nasarar da aka samu na aikin zai nuna rashin ingancin hukuncin aikata laifuka na mai shigar da karar. Batun shi ne ko binciken da aka yi wa Yount a kan ikirarinsa na 42 USC. 1983 zai "yi la'akari da rashin inganci" na hukuncin aikata laifuka don tsayayya da kamawa. An gabatar da shi ga Kotun Koli ta California don yanke shawara. Dunn ya ba da bayani game da roko kuma ya yi jayayya. == Manazarta == ManazartaKotun Koli ta California ta yanke hukuncin cewa an hana ikirarin farar hula har zuwa inda suka yi zargin cewa Schrum ba shi da damar amfani da wani karfi a lokacin da lamarin ya faru, saboda amfani da juriya ya tabbatar da amfani da karfi mai ma'ana don mayar da martani ga ayyukansa. Kotun ta ci gaba da yanke hukunci, duk da haka, cewa ba a hana ikirarin farar hula ba, game da [[Amfani da 'yan sanda na kisa a Amurka|amfani da karfi mai kisa]], saboda ba daidai ba ne a karkashin yanayin. Hukuncin da aka yi don tsayayya da kamawa bai ba, da kansa, hujja don amfani da karfi mai kisa ba. [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 3zx8diq4etw9vn8e8bs2u76dtcl4336 Hausawa (Gombe) 0 178025 962332 2026-10-03T11:21:48Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Hausawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Hausawa yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakaw... 962332 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hausawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Hausawa yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Hausawa ita ce '''761105'''. An ware Hausawa a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Hausawa, Balanga - Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-chum-kindiyo-hausawa.html |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} q24pxp0x2vd61zo35v2lhdn122l58uf Ketare 0 178026 962333 2026-10-03T11:22:35Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Ketare''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Ketare yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal... 962333 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Ketare''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Ketare yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Ketare ita ce '''761105'''. An ware Ketare a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 2wk0lo7523e8zxyaxyofp5geiewamxs Kulo 0 178027 962335 2026-10-03T11:23:38Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kulo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Kulo yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Do... 962335 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kulo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Kulo yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Kulo ita ce '''761105'''. An ware Kulo a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 9jc65ju3x75qn2grosjv1gy8loblvs3 Kumtur 0 178028 962336 2026-10-03T11:25:07Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kumtur''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Kumtur yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal... 962336 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kumtur''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Wuri == Kumtur yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da aka jera a wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Kumtur ita ce '''761105'''. An ware Kumtur a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}} == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} s3wspmyedw1w5ap7rtfw2txtjh268sk Kwari (Gombe) 0 178029 962337 2026-10-03T11:28:53Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kwari''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Kwari yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal,... 962337 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwari''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Kwari yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Kwari ita ce '''761105'''.<ref>{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} g9hf6juag5rsrsrmwsxmdisnh10lrhq Kwasi 0 178030 962338 2026-10-03T11:29:36Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Kwasi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Kwasi yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal,... 962338 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kwasi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Kwasi yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Kwasi ita ce '''761105'''. An jera Kwasi a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 46qwbexkyjuaju6zfz32cbnj8gxliun Lwebe 0 178031 962339 2026-10-03T11:30:19Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Lwebe''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Lwebe yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal,... 962339 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lwebe''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Lwebe yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Tiksir, Yadi da Yolde.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Lwebe ita ce '''761105'''. An jera Lwebe a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 7973ls7rwlhhw8zp4rja3aq6f7155ce Tiksir 0 178032 962340 2026-10-03T11:32:17Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Tiksir''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Tiksir yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal... 962340 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tiksir''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Tiksir yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Yadi da Yolde.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Tiksir ita ce '''761105'''. An jera Tiksir a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Siyasa da zaɓe == Tiksir yana da wurin zaɓe mai suna ''Tiksir, Tiksir Pri. Sch.'' a yankin Kindiyo.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} 19uvat8sdlobeavgsl3jdzch3ytxaoi Yadi 0 178033 962341 2026-10-03T11:34:02Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Yadi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Yadi yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Da... 962341 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yadi''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Yadi yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir da Yolde.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Yadi ita ce '''761105'''. An jera Yadi a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} s354vetll5c9chpgxo64xt1d5z9w76e Yolde 0 178034 962342 2026-10-03T11:34:52Z Qassamy 47996 Sabon shafi: '''Yolde''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Yolde yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal,... 962342 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Yolde''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Karamar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin [[Chum-Kindiyo]] kuma yana da lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta 761105.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Wuri == Yolde yana cikin yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga. Sauran ƙauyukan da ke cikin wannan yankin sun haɗa da Buwangal, Dakawal, Dongaje, Fumur, Gwenti, Hausawa, Ketare, Kulo, Kumtur, Kwari, Kwasi, Kwata, Labun, Lwebe, Tiksir da Yadi.<ref>{{cite web |title=List of villages in Gombe State |url=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa (PO Box) == Lambar akwatin wasiƙa ta Yolde ita ce '''761105'''. An jera Yolde a matsayin ƙauye na karkara a yankin Chum-Kindiyo na Karamar Hukumar Balanga.<ref>{{cite web |title=Postcode 761105 |url=https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/?page=2 |access-date=3 October 2026}}</ref> == Manazarta == {{Reflist}} ff5a0aw4161gj5mli28ap6xybt8nrdh Kisan Davis Timmerman 0 178035 962345 2026-10-03T11:38:22Z Usman saadu 46863 An ƙirƙira ta hanyar fassara shafin "[[:en:Special:Redirect/revision/1339377425|Murder of Davis Timmerman]]" 962345 wikitext text/x-wiki '''kisan Davis Timmerman''' ya faru ne a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1941, a yankin Edgefield, ta Kudu Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1944-01-19 |title=State v. Logue |url=https://casetext.com/case/state-v-logue-4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304095909/https://casetext.com/case/state-v-logue-4 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=CaseText}}</ref> Da farko, babu wanda ake zargi, kuma 'yan sanda sun yi zargin cewa wani baƙo ne ya yi kisan wanda ya yi wa Timmerman kwanton bauna a cikin shagonsa. Koyaya, bincike na watanni biyu ya haifar da kama Clarence Bagwell, George Logue, surukar Logue Sue Stidham Logue, da ɗan'uwan Sue Joe Frank Logue, waɗanda ake zargi da shirya da kuma aikata kisan Timmerman a matsayin fansa don harbe-harbe na ɗan'uwan George Logue da mijin Sue Logue, John Wallace Logue. An wanke Timmerman daga kisan kai saboda kashe John Wallace Logue a shekarar da ta gabata. Bugu da ƙari, kama George da Sue Logue ya haifar da mutuwar mutane uku, jami'an tsaro biyu da farar hula, yayin da George Logue ya shiga yakin bindiga tare da mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari su kama su. Kisan Timmerman, da kuma shari'o'in da suka biyo baya na wadanda ake zargi guda huɗu, sun sami gagarumin manema labarai, musamman a cikin Kudancin Carolina; yawancin hankalin da aka yi game da wannan shari'ar ya ta'allaka ne akan rayuwar Sue Logue, saboda tana ɗaya daga cikin masoyan Strom Thurmond. Dukkanin wadanda ake zargi guda huɗu an same su da kisan Timmerman kuma [[Hukuncin Kisa|An yanke masa hukuncin kisa]], kuma an kashe uku - George Logue, Sue Logue, da Clarence Bagwell - a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1943. Kashewar Sue Logue ya sanya ta mace ta farko da aka kashe a kujerar lantarki ta Kudu Carolina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=O'Neil |first=Duay |date=2014-10-10 |title=From a dead calf to the South Carolina electric chair |url=https://www.newportplaintalk.com/community/as_it_was_give_to_me/article_89640800-50e2-11e4-b625-5f88c9cecaa3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132044/https://www.newportplaintalk.com/community/as_it_was_give_to_me/article_89640800-50e2-11e4-b625-5f88c9cecaa3.html |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Newport Plain Talk}}</ref> Bayan kisan, an gwada dan uwan George da Sue Logue, Joe Frank Logue, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda sa hannu a kisan Timmerman. Sa'a guda kafin a kashe shi da aka shirya, bayan ya yi shiri don kashe shi da wutar lantarki, Joe Frank Logue ya sami sauyawa tun lokacin da aka yi masa alkawarin jinƙai don musayar hadin kai da hukumomi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |title=LOGUES AND TIMMERMANS S.C.'s bloodiest family feud still vivid in many memories |url=https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/1988/10/02/logues-timmermans-s-c-39/29504818007/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Spartanburg Herald Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Rayuwar farko ta jam'iyyun da ke da hannu === An haifi Davis Way Timmerman a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1899, a cikin Edgefield County . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1918-09-12 |title=Davis Way Timmerman {{!}} Military • United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZ69-73Q?cid=fs_copy |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=FamilySearch}}</ref> Kafin mutuwarsa, Timmerman ya mallaki tashar mai kuma an ruwaito shi mai arziki ne; an dauki iyalinsa a matsayin "mashahuri sosai" a yankinsu. Ya auri wata mace mai suna Cornelia (née Watson). An haifi Sue Belle Stidham a cikin Saluda County, South Carolina, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1899. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha ɗaya, mahaifiyarta ta mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susie B. Stidham |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/about/KLGG-3X2 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi John Wallace Logue a yankin Edgefield a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 1896. John Wallace da Sue Logue sun riga sun yi aure a lokacin da aka tsara shi don yin aiki a cikin sojojin Amurka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1918-06-05 |title=John Wallace Logue {{!}} Military • United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZ69-38S?cid=fs_copy |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> Suna da ɗa ɗaya, 'yar da aka haifa a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 1930; jaririn, wanda An haife shi da wuri, ya mutu sa'o'i uku bayan haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1930-12-27 |title=Infant Logue {{!}} South Carolina Deaths, 1915-1965 |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-D19Q-398?cc=1417492&wc=M6Y6-MMS%3A30691901 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi Clarence Bagwell a Brevard, North Carolina, mai yiwuwa a kusa da 1908 ko 1909. Ya auri Flora Bagwell kuma ya kasance mai gyaran gyare-gyare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1943-01-15 |title=Clarence Bagwell - Death • South Carolina Deaths, 1915-1965 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N96T-HX9 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi George Reed Logue a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1888, a garin Edgefield, South Carolina . Shi ɗan'uwan John Wallace Logue ne, surukin Sue Logue, kuma kawun Joe Frank Logue. Bai taba yin aure ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1943-01-15 |title=George Reed Logue (1888-1943) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LYGS-687 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi Joseph Frank Logue Jr. a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1908, a garin Edgefield, South Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Frank Logue (1908-1990) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/L1XX-1K8 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> Mahaifin Joe Frank ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1924, jim kadan bayan yaron ya cika shekaru 16. Aunty Sue na Joe Frank da kawunsa, John Wallace, da George Logue, sun taimaka wajen tayar da shi wanda ya sa ya ji bashi da aminci a gare su. A lokacin kisan Timmerman, Joseph Frank Logue ya yi aure kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda a Spartanburg, South Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Frank Logue (1883-1924) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/KZ7V-GM6 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Poland |first=Tom |date=2013-11-01 |title=How a Mule Kick Killed Eight People |url=https://whosonthemove.com/how-a-mule-kick-killed-eight-people-189944/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132451/https://whosonthemove.com/how-a-mule-kick-killed-eight-people-189944/ |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Midlands Biz}}</ref> A shekara ta 1940, Logues sun zauna a gidan gona tare da mahaifiyar John Wallace da ɗan'uwansa, George Logue . Gidan gona na Logues yana kusa da na Timmerman. Shekaru da yawa da suka kai ga 1940, lokacin da tashin hankali ya kai ga mutuwa tare da J. Wallace Logue, Logues da iyalin Timmerman suna da rikici na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=The Judge |url=http://www.wyff4.com/news/869744/detail.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206045914/http://www.wyff4.com/news/869744/detail.html |archive-date=2008-02-06 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=WYFF4}}</ref> === Mutuwar John Wallace Logue da kuma wanke Davis Timmerman === A watan Satumbar 1940, daya daga cikin alfadarai na Timmerman ya yi yawo a cikin filin mallakar J. Wallace Logue. Alfadarin Timmerman ya kori ɗaya daga cikin sawun Logue har ya mutu.<ref name=":1" /> Logue ya nemi $ 20 a matsayin diyya ga maraƙin da ya mutu, kuma Timmerman ya yarda ya biya shi. A ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, bayan ya ziyarci tashar mai na Timmerman don neman kuɗin, Logue ya ninka bukatarsa zuwa $ 40, kuma Timmerman ya ki biyan, bayan haka Logue ya fara kai hari ga Timmerman tare da maɓallin gatari don siyarwa a cikin shagon. Timmerman ya koma baya a bayan kantin sayar da kayayyaki inda ya dawo da bindiga daga aljihu kuma ya harbe Logue sau biyu, ya kashe shi. Da yake ya ji mummunan rauni, Timmerman ya kulle shagon kuma ya tuka zuwa garin Edgefield, ta Kudu Carolina, don bayar da rahoton kisan ga sheriff na yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan da sheriff, mai binciken gundumar, da lauya suka sake nazarin wurin mutuwar Logue a shagon Timmerman, an kama Timmerman kuma an tuhume shi da kisan Logue. Tsakanin kama Timmerman da shari'ar, gwauruwar Logue Sue da surukinta, George Logue, sun gayyaci Joe Frank zuwa gidansu akai-akai. Joe Frank zai tuka sa'o'i da yawa don isa Edgefield County; a lokacin waɗannan ziyara, kamar yadda Joe Frank zai gaya wa 'yan sanda daga baya, duka Sue da George Logue sun nuna sha'awar rama mutuwar John Wallace ta hanyar kashe Timmerman. Joe Frank ya ba da rahoton musamman yana jin Sue Logue tana cewa, "Zan kashe Davis Timmerman ko kuma in ga cewa an kashe shi". A shari'a a watan Maris na shekara ta 1941, Timmerman ya yi jayayya cewa ya harbe Logue don kare kansa. Kotun ta amince da gardamarsa kuma ta wanke shi daga kisan Logue.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Shaidu a shari'ar sun ba da rahoton cewa lokacin da gwauruwar Logue, Sue Logue, ta ji ana karanta hukuncin, ta sake yin rantsuwa da rama mutuwar mijinta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] cbvm4x44uqnmtv5qpuwxcbk8pj4melw 962346 962345 2026-10-03T11:38:47Z Usman saadu 46863 962346 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''kisan Davis Timmerman''' ya faru ne a ranar 17 ga Satumba, 1941, a yankin Edgefield, ta Kudu Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1944-01-19 |title=State v. Logue |url=https://casetext.com/case/state-v-logue-4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304095909/https://casetext.com/case/state-v-logue-4 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=CaseText}}</ref> Da farko, babu wanda ake zargi, kuma 'yan sanda sun yi zargin cewa wani baƙo ne ya yi kisan wanda ya yi wa Timmerman kwanton bauna a cikin shagonsa. Koyaya, bincike na watanni biyu ya haifar da kama Clarence Bagwell, George Logue, surukar Logue Sue Stidham Logue, da ɗan'uwan Sue Joe Frank Logue, waɗanda ake zargi da shirya da kuma aikata kisan Timmerman a matsayin fansa don harbe-harbe na ɗan'uwan George Logue da mijin Sue Logue, John Wallace Logue. An wanke Timmerman daga kisan kai saboda kashe John Wallace Logue a shekarar da ta gabata. Bugu da ƙari, kama George da Sue Logue ya haifar da mutuwar mutane uku, jami'an tsaro biyu da farar hula, yayin da George Logue ya shiga yakin bindiga tare da mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari su kama su. Kisan Timmerman, da kuma shari'o'in da suka biyo baya na wadanda ake zargi guda huɗu, sun sami gagarumin manema labarai, musamman a cikin Kudancin Carolina; yawancin hankalin da aka yi game da wannan shari'ar ya ta'allaka ne akan rayuwar Sue Logue, saboda tana ɗaya daga cikin masoyan Strom Thurmond. Dukkanin wadanda ake zargi guda huɗu an same su da kisan Timmerman kuma [[Hukuncin Kisa|An yanke masa hukuncin kisa]], kuma an kashe uku - George Logue, Sue Logue, da Clarence Bagwell - a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1943. Kashewar Sue Logue ya sanya ta mace ta farko da aka kashe a kujerar lantarki ta Kudu Carolina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=O'Neil |first=Duay |date=2014-10-10 |title=From a dead calf to the South Carolina electric chair |url=https://www.newportplaintalk.com/community/as_it_was_give_to_me/article_89640800-50e2-11e4-b625-5f88c9cecaa3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132044/https://www.newportplaintalk.com/community/as_it_was_give_to_me/article_89640800-50e2-11e4-b625-5f88c9cecaa3.html |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Newport Plain Talk}}</ref> Bayan kisan, an gwada dan uwan George da Sue Logue, Joe Frank Logue, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda sa hannu a kisan Timmerman. Sa'a guda kafin a kashe shi da aka shirya, bayan ya yi shiri don kashe shi da wutar lantarki, Joe Frank Logue ya sami sauyawa tun lokacin da aka yi masa alkawarin jinƙai don musayar hadin kai da hukumomi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |title=LOGUES AND TIMMERMANS S.C.'s bloodiest family feud still vivid in many memories |url=https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/1988/10/02/logues-timmermans-s-c-39/29504818007/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Spartanburg Herald Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Rayuwar farko ta jam'iyyun da ke da hannu === An haifi Davis Way Timmerman a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1899, a cikin Edgefield County . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1918-09-12 |title=Davis Way Timmerman {{!}} Military • United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZ69-73Q?cid=fs_copy |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=FamilySearch}}</ref> Kafin mutuwarsa, Timmerman ya mallaki tashar mai kuma an ruwaito shi mai arziki ne; an dauki iyalinsa a matsayin "mashahuri sosai" a yankinsu. Ya auri wata mace mai suna Cornelia (née Watson). An haifi Sue Belle Stidham a cikin Saluda County, South Carolina, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1899. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha ɗaya, mahaifiyarta ta mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susie B. Stidham |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/about/KLGG-3X2 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi John Wallace Logue a yankin Edgefield a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 1896. John Wallace da Sue Logue sun riga sun yi aure a lokacin da aka tsara shi don yin aiki a cikin sojojin Amurka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1918-06-05 |title=John Wallace Logue {{!}} Military • United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZ69-38S?cid=fs_copy |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> Suna da ɗa ɗaya, 'yar da aka haifa a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 1930; jaririn, wanda An haife shi da wuri, ya mutu sa'o'i uku bayan haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1930-12-27 |title=Infant Logue {{!}} South Carolina Deaths, 1915-1965 |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-D19Q-398?cc=1417492&wc=M6Y6-MMS%3A30691901 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi Clarence Bagwell a Brevard, North Carolina, mai yiwuwa a kusa da 1908 ko 1909. Ya auri Flora Bagwell kuma ya kasance mai gyaran gyare-gyare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1943-01-15 |title=Clarence Bagwell - Death • South Carolina Deaths, 1915-1965 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N96T-HX9 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi George Reed Logue a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1888, a garin Edgefield, South Carolina . Shi ɗan'uwan John Wallace Logue ne, surukin Sue Logue, kuma kawun Joe Frank Logue. Bai taba yin aure ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1943-01-15 |title=George Reed Logue (1888-1943) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LYGS-687 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi Joseph Frank Logue Jr. a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1908, a garin Edgefield, South Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Frank Logue (1908-1990) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/L1XX-1K8 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> Mahaifin Joe Frank ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1924, jim kadan bayan yaron ya cika shekaru 16. Aunty Sue na Joe Frank da kawunsa, John Wallace, da George Logue, sun taimaka wajen tayar da shi wanda ya sa ya ji bashi da aminci a gare su. A lokacin kisan Timmerman, Joseph Frank Logue ya yi aure kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda a Spartanburg, South Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Frank Logue (1883-1924) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/KZ7V-GM6 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Poland |first=Tom |date=2013-11-01 |title=How a Mule Kick Killed Eight People |url=https://whosonthemove.com/how-a-mule-kick-killed-eight-people-189944/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132451/https://whosonthemove.com/how-a-mule-kick-killed-eight-people-189944/ |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Midlands Biz}}</ref> A shekara ta 1940, Logues sun zauna a gidan gona tare da mahaifiyar John Wallace da ɗan'uwansa, George Logue . Gidan gona na Logues yana kusa da na Timmerman. Shekaru da yawa da suka kai ga 1940, lokacin da tashin hankali ya kai ga mutuwa tare da J. Wallace Logue, Logues da iyalin Timmerman suna da rikici na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=The Judge |url=http://www.wyff4.com/news/869744/detail.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206045914/http://www.wyff4.com/news/869744/detail.html |archive-date=2008-02-06 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=WYFF4}}</ref> === Mutuwar John Wallace Logue da kuma wanke Davis Timmerman === A watan Satumbar 1940, daya daga cikin alfadarai na Timmerman ya yi yawo a cikin filin mallakar J. Wallace Logue. Alfadarin Timmerman ya kori ɗaya daga cikin sawun Logue har ya mutu.<ref name=":1" /> Logue ya nemi $ 20 a matsayin diyya ga maraƙin da ya mutu, kuma Timmerman ya yarda ya biya shi. A ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, bayan ya ziyarci tashar mai na Timmerman don neman kuɗin, Logue ya ninka bukatarsa zuwa $ 40, kuma Timmerman ya ki biyan, bayan haka Logue ya fara kai hari ga Timmerman tare da maɓallin gatari don siyarwa a cikin shagon. Timmerman ya koma baya a bayan kantin sayar da kayayyaki inda ya dawo da bindiga daga aljihu kuma ya harbe Logue sau biyu, ya kashe shi. Da yake ya ji mummunan rauni, Timmerman ya kulle shagon kuma ya tuka zuwa garin Edgefield, ta Kudu Carolina, don bayar da rahoton kisan ga sheriff na yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan da sheriff, mai binciken gundumar, da lauya suka sake nazarin wurin mutuwar Logue a shagon Timmerman, an kama Timmerman kuma an tuhume shi da kisan Logue. Tsakanin kama Timmerman da shari'ar, gwauruwar Logue Sue da surukinta, George Logue, sun gayyaci Joe Frank zuwa gidansu akai-akai. Joe Frank zai tuka sa'o'i da yawa don isa Edgefield County; a lokacin waɗannan ziyara, kamar yadda Joe Frank zai gaya wa 'yan sanda daga baya, duka Sue da George Logue sun nuna sha'awar rama mutuwar John Wallace ta hanyar kashe Timmerman. Joe Frank ya ba da rahoton musamman yana jin Sue Logue tana cewa, "Zan kashe Davis Timmerman ko kuma in ga cewa an kashe shi". A shari'a a watan Maris na shekara ta 1941, Timmerman ya yi jayayya cewa ya harbe Logue don kare kansa. Kotun ta amince da gardamarsa kuma ta wanke shi daga kisan Logue.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Shaidu a shari'ar sun ba da rahoton cewa lokacin da gwauruwar Logue, Sue Logue, ta ji ana karanta hukuncin, ta sake yin rantsuwa da rama mutuwar mijinta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] t2fv55ltqxsj2bwi2fwwqx67npv6tc3 962347 962346 2026-10-03T11:39:18Z Usman saadu 46863 962347 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''kisan Davis Timmerman''' ya faru ne a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, a shekara ta 1941, a yankin Edgefield, ta Kudu Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1944-01-19 |title=State v. Logue |url=https://casetext.com/case/state-v-logue-4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304095909/https://casetext.com/case/state-v-logue-4 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=CaseText}}</ref> Da farko, babu wanda ake zargi, kuma 'yan sanda sun yi zargin cewa wani baƙo ne ya yi kisan wanda ya yi wa Timmerman kwanton bauna a cikin shagonsa. Koyaya, bincike na watanni biyu ya haifar da kama Clarence Bagwell, George Logue, surukar Logue Sue Stidham Logue, da ɗan'uwan Sue Joe Frank Logue, waɗanda ake zargi da shirya da kuma aikata kisan Timmerman a matsayin fansa don harbe-harbe na ɗan'uwan George Logue da mijin Sue Logue, John Wallace Logue. An wanke Timmerman daga kisan kai saboda kashe John Wallace Logue a shekarar da ta gabata. Bugu da ƙari, kama George da Sue Logue ya haifar da mutuwar mutane uku, jami'an tsaro biyu da farar hula, yayin da George Logue ya shiga yakin bindiga tare da mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari su kama su. Kisan Timmerman, da kuma shari'o'in da suka biyo baya na wadanda ake zargi guda huɗu, sun sami gagarumin manema labarai, musamman a cikin Kudancin Carolina; yawancin hankalin da aka yi game da wannan shari'ar ya ta'allaka ne akan rayuwar Sue Logue, saboda tana ɗaya daga cikin masoyan Strom Thurmond. Dukkanin wadanda ake zargi guda huɗu an same su da kisan Timmerman kuma [[Hukuncin Kisa|An yanke masa hukuncin kisa]], kuma an kashe uku - George Logue, Sue Logue, da Clarence Bagwell - a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1943. Kashewar Sue Logue ya sanya ta mace ta farko da aka kashe a kujerar lantarki ta Kudu Carolina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=O'Neil |first=Duay |date=2014-10-10 |title=From a dead calf to the South Carolina electric chair |url=https://www.newportplaintalk.com/community/as_it_was_give_to_me/article_89640800-50e2-11e4-b625-5f88c9cecaa3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132044/https://www.newportplaintalk.com/community/as_it_was_give_to_me/article_89640800-50e2-11e4-b625-5f88c9cecaa3.html |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Newport Plain Talk}}</ref> Bayan kisan, an gwada dan uwan George da Sue Logue, Joe Frank Logue, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda sa hannu a kisan Timmerman. Sa'a guda kafin a kashe shi da aka shirya, bayan ya yi shiri don kashe shi da wutar lantarki, Joe Frank Logue ya sami sauyawa tun lokacin da aka yi masa alkawarin jinƙai don musayar hadin kai da hukumomi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |title=LOGUES AND TIMMERMANS S.C.'s bloodiest family feud still vivid in many memories |url=https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/1988/10/02/logues-timmermans-s-c-39/29504818007/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Spartanburg Herald Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Rayuwar farko ta jam'iyyun da ke da hannu === An haifi Davis Way Timmerman a ranar 18 ga Afrilu, 1899, a cikin Edgefield County . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1918-09-12 |title=Davis Way Timmerman {{!}} Military • United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZ69-73Q?cid=fs_copy |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=FamilySearch}}</ref> Kafin mutuwarsa, Timmerman ya mallaki tashar mai kuma an ruwaito shi mai arziki ne; an dauki iyalinsa a matsayin "mashahuri sosai" a yankinsu. Ya auri wata mace mai suna Cornelia (née Watson). An haifi Sue Belle Stidham a cikin Saluda County, South Carolina, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1899. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha ɗaya, mahaifiyarta ta mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susie B. Stidham |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/about/KLGG-3X2 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi John Wallace Logue a yankin Edgefield a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 1896. John Wallace da Sue Logue sun riga sun yi aure a lokacin da aka tsara shi don yin aiki a cikin sojojin Amurka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1918-06-05 |title=John Wallace Logue {{!}} Military • United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZ69-38S?cid=fs_copy |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> Suna da ɗa ɗaya, 'yar da aka haifa a ranar 27 ga Disamba, 1930; jaririn, wanda An haife shi da wuri, ya mutu sa'o'i uku bayan haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1930-12-27 |title=Infant Logue {{!}} South Carolina Deaths, 1915-1965 |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-D19Q-398?cc=1417492&wc=M6Y6-MMS%3A30691901 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi Clarence Bagwell a Brevard, North Carolina, mai yiwuwa a kusa da 1908 ko 1909. Ya auri Flora Bagwell kuma ya kasance mai gyaran gyare-gyare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1943-01-15 |title=Clarence Bagwell - Death • South Carolina Deaths, 1915-1965 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N96T-HX9 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi George Reed Logue a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1888, a garin Edgefield, South Carolina . Shi ɗan'uwan John Wallace Logue ne, surukin Sue Logue, kuma kawun Joe Frank Logue. Bai taba yin aure ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1943-01-15 |title=George Reed Logue (1888-1943) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LYGS-687 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi Joseph Frank Logue Jr. a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1908, a garin Edgefield, South Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Frank Logue (1908-1990) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/L1XX-1K8 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> Mahaifin Joe Frank ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1924, jim kadan bayan yaron ya cika shekaru 16. Aunty Sue na Joe Frank da kawunsa, John Wallace, da George Logue, sun taimaka wajen tayar da shi wanda ya sa ya ji bashi da aminci a gare su. A lokacin kisan Timmerman, Joseph Frank Logue ya yi aure kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda a Spartanburg, South Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Frank Logue (1883-1924) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/KZ7V-GM6 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Poland |first=Tom |date=2013-11-01 |title=How a Mule Kick Killed Eight People |url=https://whosonthemove.com/how-a-mule-kick-killed-eight-people-189944/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132451/https://whosonthemove.com/how-a-mule-kick-killed-eight-people-189944/ |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Midlands Biz}}</ref> A shekara ta 1940, Logues sun zauna a gidan gona tare da mahaifiyar John Wallace da ɗan'uwansa, George Logue . Gidan gona na Logues yana kusa da na Timmerman. Shekaru da yawa da suka kai ga 1940, lokacin da tashin hankali ya kai ga mutuwa tare da J. Wallace Logue, Logues da iyalin Timmerman suna da rikici na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=The Judge |url=http://www.wyff4.com/news/869744/detail.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206045914/http://www.wyff4.com/news/869744/detail.html |archive-date=2008-02-06 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=WYFF4}}</ref> === Mutuwar John Wallace Logue da kuma wanke Davis Timmerman === A watan Satumbar 1940, daya daga cikin alfadarai na Timmerman ya yi yawo a cikin filin mallakar J. Wallace Logue. Alfadarin Timmerman ya kori ɗaya daga cikin sawun Logue har ya mutu.<ref name=":1" /> Logue ya nemi $ 20 a matsayin diyya ga maraƙin da ya mutu, kuma Timmerman ya yarda ya biya shi. A ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, bayan ya ziyarci tashar mai na Timmerman don neman kuɗin, Logue ya ninka bukatarsa zuwa $ 40, kuma Timmerman ya ki biyan, bayan haka Logue ya fara kai hari ga Timmerman tare da maɓallin gatari don siyarwa a cikin shagon. Timmerman ya koma baya a bayan kantin sayar da kayayyaki inda ya dawo da bindiga daga aljihu kuma ya harbe Logue sau biyu, ya kashe shi. Da yake ya ji mummunan rauni, Timmerman ya kulle shagon kuma ya tuka zuwa garin Edgefield, ta Kudu Carolina, don bayar da rahoton kisan ga sheriff na yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan da sheriff, mai binciken gundumar, da lauya suka sake nazarin wurin mutuwar Logue a shagon Timmerman, an kama Timmerman kuma an tuhume shi da kisan Logue. Tsakanin kama Timmerman da shari'ar, gwauruwar Logue Sue da surukinta, George Logue, sun gayyaci Joe Frank zuwa gidansu akai-akai. Joe Frank zai tuka sa'o'i da yawa don isa Edgefield County; a lokacin waɗannan ziyara, kamar yadda Joe Frank zai gaya wa 'yan sanda daga baya, duka Sue da George Logue sun nuna sha'awar rama mutuwar John Wallace ta hanyar kashe Timmerman. Joe Frank ya ba da rahoton musamman yana jin Sue Logue tana cewa, "Zan kashe Davis Timmerman ko kuma in ga cewa an kashe shi". A shari'a a watan Maris na shekara ta 1941, Timmerman ya yi jayayya cewa ya harbe Logue don kare kansa. Kotun ta amince da gardamarsa kuma ta wanke shi daga kisan Logue.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Shaidu a shari'ar sun ba da rahoton cewa lokacin da gwauruwar Logue, Sue Logue, ta ji ana karanta hukuncin, ta sake yin rantsuwa da rama mutuwar mijinta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] 5bu18j13ohsgcatpimvez9hqc3501de 962348 962347 2026-10-03T11:40:01Z Usman saadu 46863 962348 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} '''kisan Davis Timmerman''' ya faru ne a ranar 17 ga watan Satumba, a shekara ta 1941, a yankin Edgefield, ta Kudu Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1944-01-19 |title=State v. Logue |url=https://casetext.com/case/state-v-logue-4 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230304095909/https://casetext.com/case/state-v-logue-4 |archive-date=2023-03-04 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=CaseText}}</ref> Da farko, babu wanda ake zargi, kuma 'yan sanda sun yi zargin cewa wani baƙo ne ya yi kisan wanda ya yi wa Timmerman kwanton bauna a cikin shagonsa. Koyaya, bincike na watanni biyu ya haifar da kama Clarence Bagwell, George Logue, surukar Logue Sue Stidham Logue, da ɗan'uwan Sue Joe Frank Logue, waɗanda ake zargi da shirya da kuma aikata kisan Timmerman a matsayin fansa don harbe-harbe na ɗan'uwan George Logue da mijin Sue Logue, John Wallace Logue. An wanke Timmerman daga kisan kai saboda kashe John Wallace Logue a shekarar da ta gabata. Bugu da ƙari, kama George da Sue Logue ya haifar da mutuwar mutane uku, jami'an tsaro biyu da farar hula, yayin da George Logue ya shiga yakin bindiga tare da mutanen da suka yi ƙoƙari su kama su. Kisan Timmerman, da kuma shari'o'in da suka biyo baya na wadanda ake zargi guda huɗu, sun sami gagarumin manema labarai, musamman a cikin Kudancin Carolina; yawancin hankalin da aka yi game da wannan shari'ar ya ta'allaka ne akan rayuwar Sue Logue, saboda tana ɗaya daga cikin masoyan Strom Thurmond. Dukkanin wadanda ake zargi guda huɗu an same su da kisan Timmerman kuma [[Hukuncin Kisa|An yanke masa hukuncin kisa]], kuma an kashe uku - George Logue, Sue Logue, da Clarence Bagwell - a ranar 15 ga Janairu, 1943. Kashewar Sue Logue ya sanya ta mace ta farko da aka kashe a kujerar lantarki ta Kudu Carolina.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=O'Neil |first=Duay |date=2014-10-10 |title=From a dead calf to the South Carolina electric chair |url=https://www.newportplaintalk.com/community/as_it_was_give_to_me/article_89640800-50e2-11e4-b625-5f88c9cecaa3.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132044/https://www.newportplaintalk.com/community/as_it_was_give_to_me/article_89640800-50e2-11e4-b625-5f88c9cecaa3.html |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=Newport Plain Talk}}</ref> Bayan kisan, an gwada dan uwan George da Sue Logue, Joe Frank Logue, kuma an yanke masa hukuncin kisa saboda sa hannu a kisan Timmerman. Sa'a guda kafin a kashe shi da aka shirya, bayan ya yi shiri don kashe shi da wutar lantarki, Joe Frank Logue ya sami sauyawa tun lokacin da aka yi masa alkawarin jinƙai don musayar hadin kai da hukumomi.<ref name=":8">{{Cite web |last=Writer |first=Staff |title=LOGUES AND TIMMERMANS S.C.'s bloodiest family feud still vivid in many memories |url=https://www.goupstate.com/story/news/1988/10/02/logues-timmermans-s-c-39/29504818007/ |access-date=2026-02-03 |website=Spartanburg Herald Journal |language=en-US}}</ref> == Tarihi == === Rayuwar farko ta jam'iyyun da ke da hannu === An haifi Davis Way Timmerman a ranar 18 ga watan Afrilu, a shekara ta 1899, a cikin Edgefield County . <ref>{{Cite web |date=1918-09-12 |title=Davis Way Timmerman {{!}} Military • United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZ69-73Q?cid=fs_copy |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=FamilySearch}}</ref> Kafin mutuwarsa, Timmerman ya mallaki tashar mai kuma an ruwaito shi mai arziki ne; an dauki iyalinsa a matsayin "mashahuri sosai" a yankinsu. Ya auri wata mace mai suna Cornelia (née Watson). An haifi Sue Belle Stidham a cikin Saluda County, South Carolina, a watan Afrilu na shekara ta 1899. Lokacin da take 'yar shekara goma sha ɗaya, mahaifiyarta ta mutu.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Susie B. Stidham |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/about/KLGG-3X2 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi John Wallace Logue a yankin Edgefield a ranar 13 ga watan Disamba, 1896. John Wallace da Sue Logue sun riga sun yi aure a lokacin da aka tsara shi don yin aiki a cikin sojojin Amurka a lokacin [[Yaƙin Duniya na I]]. <ref>{{Cite web |date=1918-06-05 |title=John Wallace Logue {{!}} Military • United States World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917-1918 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:KZ69-38S?cid=fs_copy |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> Suna da ɗa ɗaya, 'yar da aka haifa a ranar 27 ga watan Disamba, a shekara ta 1930; jaririn, wanda An haife shi da wuri, ya mutu sa'o'i uku bayan haihuwa.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1930-12-27 |title=Infant Logue {{!}} South Carolina Deaths, 1915-1965 |url=https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-D19Q-398?cc=1417492&wc=M6Y6-MMS%3A30691901 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-05 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi Clarence Bagwell a Brevard, North Carolina, mai yiwuwa a kusa da 1908 ko 1909. Ya auri Flora Bagwell kuma ya kasance mai gyaran gyare-gyare.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1943-01-15 |title=Clarence Bagwell - Death • South Carolina Deaths, 1915-1965 |url=https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/1:1:N96T-HX9 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi George Reed Logue a ranar 1 ga Yuni, 1888, a garin Edgefield, South Carolina . Shi ɗan'uwan John Wallace Logue ne, surukin Sue Logue, kuma kawun Joe Frank Logue. Bai taba yin aure ba.<ref>{{Cite web |date=1943-01-15 |title=George Reed Logue (1888-1943) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/LYGS-687 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-23 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> An haifi Joseph Frank Logue Jr. a ranar 11 ga Satumba, 1908, a garin Edgefield, South Carolina . <ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Frank Logue (1908-1990) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/L1XX-1K8 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref> Mahaifin Joe Frank ya mutu a ranar 26 ga Satumba, 1924, jim kadan bayan yaron ya cika shekaru 16. Aunty Sue na Joe Frank da kawunsa, John Wallace, da George Logue, sun taimaka wajen tayar da shi wanda ya sa ya ji bashi da aminci a gare su. A lokacin kisan Timmerman, Joseph Frank Logue ya yi aure kuma ya yi aiki a matsayin jami'in 'yan sanda a Spartanburg, South Carolina.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Joseph Frank Logue (1883-1924) |url=https://www.familysearch.org/tree/person/details/KZ7V-GM6 |url-access=registration |access-date=2023-03-15 |website=[[FamilySearch]]}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Poland |first=Tom |date=2013-11-01 |title=How a Mule Kick Killed Eight People |url=https://whosonthemove.com/how-a-mule-kick-killed-eight-people-189944/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230305132451/https://whosonthemove.com/how-a-mule-kick-killed-eight-people-189944/ |archive-date=2023-03-05 |access-date=2023-03-04 |website=Midlands Biz}}</ref> A shekara ta 1940, Logues sun zauna a gidan gona tare da mahaifiyar John Wallace da ɗan'uwansa, George Logue . Gidan gona na Logues yana kusa da na Timmerman. Shekaru da yawa da suka kai ga 1940, lokacin da tashin hankali ya kai ga mutuwa tare da J. Wallace Logue, Logues da iyalin Timmerman suna da rikici na dogon lokaci.<ref name=":4">{{Cite web |date=2003 |title=The Judge |url=http://www.wyff4.com/news/869744/detail.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080206045914/http://www.wyff4.com/news/869744/detail.html |archive-date=2008-02-06 |access-date=2023-03-18 |website=WYFF4}}</ref> === Mutuwar John Wallace Logue da kuma wanke Davis Timmerman === A watan Satumbar 1940, daya daga cikin alfadarai na Timmerman ya yi yawo a cikin filin mallakar J. Wallace Logue. Alfadarin Timmerman ya kori ɗaya daga cikin sawun Logue har ya mutu.<ref name=":1" /> Logue ya nemi $ 20 a matsayin diyya ga maraƙin da ya mutu, kuma Timmerman ya yarda ya biya shi. A ranar 30 ga watan Satumba, bayan ya ziyarci tashar mai na Timmerman don neman kuɗin, Logue ya ninka bukatarsa zuwa $ 40, kuma Timmerman ya ki biyan, bayan haka Logue ya fara kai hari ga Timmerman tare da maɓallin gatari don siyarwa a cikin shagon. Timmerman ya koma baya a bayan kantin sayar da kayayyaki inda ya dawo da bindiga daga aljihu kuma ya harbe Logue sau biyu, ya kashe shi. Da yake ya ji mummunan rauni, Timmerman ya kulle shagon kuma ya tuka zuwa garin Edgefield, ta Kudu Carolina, don bayar da rahoton kisan ga sheriff na yankin.<ref name=":0" /> Bayan da sheriff, mai binciken gundumar, da lauya suka sake nazarin wurin mutuwar Logue a shagon Timmerman, an kama Timmerman kuma an tuhume shi da kisan Logue. Tsakanin kama Timmerman da shari'ar, gwauruwar Logue Sue da surukinta, George Logue, sun gayyaci Joe Frank zuwa gidansu akai-akai. Joe Frank zai tuka sa'o'i da yawa don isa Edgefield County; a lokacin waɗannan ziyara, kamar yadda Joe Frank zai gaya wa 'yan sanda daga baya, duka Sue da George Logue sun nuna sha'awar rama mutuwar John Wallace ta hanyar kashe Timmerman. Joe Frank ya ba da rahoton musamman yana jin Sue Logue tana cewa, "Zan kashe Davis Timmerman ko kuma in ga cewa an kashe shi". A shari'a a watan Maris na shekara ta 1941, Timmerman ya yi jayayya cewa ya harbe Logue don kare kansa. Kotun ta amince da gardamarsa kuma ta wanke shi daga kisan Logue.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> Shaidu a shari'ar sun ba da rahoton cewa lokacin da gwauruwar Logue, Sue Logue, ta ji ana karanta hukuncin, ta sake yin rantsuwa da rama mutuwar mijinta. == Manazarta == [[Rukuni:Shafuka masu fassarorin da ba'a duba ba]] k5sc29svo3f82r9wt2xai3im6o56qo7 Bormai Dadiya 0 178036 962349 2026-10-03T11:43:05Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Bormai Dadiya''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Bormai Dadiya yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]] a Jihar Gombe. An jera ƙauyen tare da wasu ƙauyuka na Daduya Hill, c... 962349 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Bormai Dadiya''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Bormai Dadiya yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]] a Jihar Gombe. An jera ƙauyen tare da wasu ƙauyuka na Daduya Hill, ciki har da Dogon Dutse, Dorawa, Gadan Taba, Kafin Bawa, Lobware, Lofiyo, Lokulakuli, Loluba, Loteni, Loyila, Loyilme, Maitunku, Sabara, Sabon Layi, Sabon Layi Maitunku, Unguwan Magaji, Yelwa da Yemfiyo.<ref>[https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State], Wikipedia.</ref> == Lambar gidan waya == Bormai Dadiya na da lambar gidan waya '''761105'''. Ana sanya ƙauyen a ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ Browse Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref><ref>[https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/balanga/daduya-hill/ Daduya Hill Postal Codes], Postzipcode.</ref> == Manazarta == {{references}} [[Rukuni:Ƙauyuka a Jihar Gombe]] [[Rukuni:Ƙauyuka a Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]] in95gauho1jrcusp41hhezbi56mbdep Dogon Dutse (Gombe) 0 178037 962350 2026-10-03T11:44:22Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Dogon Dutse''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.[1] == Wuri == Dogon Dutse yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera shi tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Bormai Dadiya, Dorawa, Gadan Taba, Kafin Bawa, Lobware, Lofiyo, Lokulakuli, Loluba, Loteni, Loyila, Loyilme, Maitunku, Sabara, Sabon Layi, S... 962350 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dogon Dutse''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.[1] == Wuri == Dogon Dutse yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera shi tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Bormai Dadiya, Dorawa, Gadan Taba, Kafin Bawa, Lobware, Lofiyo, Lokulakuli, Loluba, Loteni, Loyila, Loyilme, Maitunku, Sabara, Sabon Layi, Sabon Layi Maitunku, Unguwan Magaji, Yelwa da Yemfiyo.[1] Bayanan taswira sun nuna cewa Dogon Dutse yana da tsayin kusan mita 661 sama da matakin teku, kuma yana a kusan latitude 9.815827° arewa da longitude 11.716469° gabas.[2] == Lambar gidan waya == Dogon Dutse yana da lambar gidan waya '''761105'''. Ana sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin gidan waya na Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.[3] == Manazarta == {{references}} [1] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State], Wikipedia. [2] [https://elevationmap.net/dogon-dutse-daduya-hill-balanga-ng-1001383009 Dogon Dutse, Daduya Hill, Balanga], Elevation Map. [3] [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-daduya-hill-dogon-dutse.html Dogon Dutse, Balanga - Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode. [[Rukuni:Ƙauyuka a Jihar Gombe]] [[Rukuni:Ƙauyuka a Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]] okdde1o76jby7c6si07upsycdz3x8nz 962351 962350 2026-10-03T11:44:49Z Bappahumar 45200 962351 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dogon Dutse''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.[1] == Wuri == Dogon Dutse yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera shi tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da Bormai Dadiya, Dorawa, Gadan Taba, Kafin Bawa, Lobware, Lofiyo, Lokulakuli, Loluba, Loteni, Loyila, Loyilme, Maitunku, Sabara, Sabon Layi, Sabon Layi Maitunku, Unguwan Magaji, Yelwa da Yemfiyo.[1] Bayanan taswira sun nuna cewa Dogon Dutse yana da tsayin kusan mita 661 sama da matakin teku, kuma yana a kusan latitude 9.815827° arewa da longitude 11.716469° gabas.[2] == Lambar gidan waya == Dogon Dutse yana da lambar gidan waya '''761105'''. Ana sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin gidan waya na Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.[3] == Manazarta == [1] [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State List of villages in Gombe State], Wikipedia. [2] [https://elevationmap.net/dogon-dutse-daduya-hill-balanga-ng-1001383009 Dogon Dutse, Daduya Hill, Balanga], Elevation Map. [3] [https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-daduya-hill-dogon-dutse.html Dogon Dutse, Balanga - Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode. [[Rukuni:Ƙauyuka a Jihar Gombe]] [[Rukuni:Ƙauyuka a Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]] bd0twgcc19ptahr8qp1yx9cm9nuufl3 Dorawa (Gombe) 0 178038 962352 2026-10-03T11:47:40Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Dorawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Dorawa yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Dorawa tare da wasu ƙauyuka na wannan yanki, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], Gadan Taba, Ka... 962352 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Dorawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Dorawa yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Dorawa tare da wasu ƙauyuka na wannan yanki, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], Gadan Taba, Kafin Bawa, Lobware, Lofiyo, Lokulakuli, Loluba, Loteni, Loyila, Loyilme, Maitunku, Sabara, Sabon Layi, Sabon Layi Maitunku, Unguwan Magaji, Yelwa da Yemfiyo.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Lambar gidan waya == Dorawa na da lambar gidan waya '''761105'''. An sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin gidan waya na Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ Browse Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> sfu64xzv7psgvj6vrovdie14vohv1ya Gadan Taba 0 178039 962353 2026-10-03T11:48:24Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Gadan Taba''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Gadan Taba yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera shi tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], Kaf... 962353 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gadan Taba''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Gadan Taba yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera shi tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], Kafin Bawa, Lobware, Lofiyo, Lokulakuli, Loluba, Loteni, Loyila, Loyilme, Maitunku, Sabara, Sabon Layi, Sabon Layi Maitunku, Unguwan Magaji, Yelwa da Yemfiyo.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Lambar gidan waya == Gadan Taba na da lambar gidan waya '''761105'''. An sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin gidan waya na Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ Browse Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Tarihin rikicin iyaka == An ambaci Gadan Taba a cikin binciken ilimi da ya yi bayani kan tarihin rikicin iyaka tsakanin al'ummomin Dadiya da Tula a kudancin Jihar Gombe. Binciken ya bayyana cewa batun mallakar wasu yankunan ƙasa ya jawo takaddama tsakanin Ƙaramar Hukumar Kaltungo da Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga a lokacin ƙidayar jama'a ta shekarar 2006, inda aka ambaci Gadan Taba tare da Gadan Mayo da Kakur.<ref>[https://kubanni-backend.abu.edu.ng/server/api/core/bitstreams/c44294bb-9f5a-4b83-8620-784f572851bb/content State Intervention and Communal Conflicts in Gombe State], Ahmadu Bello University.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 2azswe3ps9u8cxv44jo7imyy879zg5m Kafin Bawa 0 178040 962354 2026-10-03T11:51:28Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Kafin Bawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Kafin Bawa yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera shi tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], G... 962354 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kafin Bawa''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Kafin Bawa yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera shi tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], Lobware, Lofiyo, Lokulakuli, Loluba, Loteni, Loyila, Loyilme, Maitunku, Sabara, Sabon Layi, Sabon Layi Maitunku, Unguwan Magaji, Yelwa da Yemfiyo.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Kafin Bawa na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. Ana sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin gidan waya na Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/ Browse Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Kiwon lafiya == Akwai '''Kafin Bawa Health Clinic''' a Dadiya, Balanga, Jihar Gombe. An bayyana cibiyar a matsayin cibiyar kula da lafiya ta matakin farko, kuma tana ba da wasu ayyuka da suka haɗa da kula da masu juna biyu, rigakafi, tsarin iyali, kula da cututtuka masu yaɗuwa da wayar da kan al'umma.<ref>[https://thehospitalbook.com/kafin-bawa-health-clinic/ Kafin Bawa Health Clinic Dadiya, Balanga], The Hospital Book.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 49075ph6f9o1fx15iv491qonz2r2o6z Lobware 0 178041 962355 2026-10-03T11:52:09Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Lobware''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Lobware yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Lobware tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin Daduya Hill, ciki har da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], Ga... 962355 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lobware''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Lobware yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Lobware tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin Daduya Hill, ciki har da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]] da [[Kafin Bawa]].<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> Lobware yana cikin yankin Dadiya na Balanga. Kundin Hukumar Zaɓe Mai Zaman Kanta ta Ƙasa (INEC) na shekarar 2015 ya jera ''Lobware Open Space'' da ''Lobware, K. Mai Ung.'' a matsayin wuraren rumfunan zaɓe a Dadiya.<ref>[https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf INEC Directory of Polling Units, Gombe State], Independent National Electoral Commission.</ref> == Al'umma da tarihi == Lobware yana daga cikin sunayen da aka ambata a cikin bayanan binciken tarihi da ƙabilanci kan al'ummar Dadiya. Wani binciken da J. Adelberger ya wallafa ya ambaci '''Lobware/Loobwere''' a matsayin wani yanki na Dadiya, tare da dangogin Lokulan, Bwareb da Losuwo.<ref>[https://mandaras.info/MandarasPublishing/Dadiya_Ethnographic-historical-profile_Mandaras-Pub.pdf The Dadiya — Ethnographic Profile], J. Adelberger, Mandaras Publishing.</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Lobware na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. Ana sanya shi cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-daduya-hill-lobware.html Lobware, Balanga - Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> gv7520xgqlrrcas44ehsmrdn2bm7bq3 Lofiyo 0 178042 962356 2026-10-03T11:52:52Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Lofiyo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Lofiyo yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Lofiyo tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], Gadan... 962356 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lofiyo''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Lofiyo yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Lofiyo tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], [[Kafin Bawa]], [[Lobware]], Lokulakuli, Loluba, Loteni, Loyila, Loyilme, Maitunku, Sabara, Sabon Layi, Sabon Layi Maitunku, Unguwan Magaji, Yelwa da Yemfiyo.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Lofiyo na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. An sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-daduya-hill-lofiyo.html Lofiyo, Balanga - Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> hakqqhgmvdhjph6d7qwolnlfxnaju9j Lokulakuli 0 178043 962357 2026-10-03T11:53:32Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Lokulakuli''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Lokulakuli yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera shi tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], G... 962357 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Lokulakuli''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Lokulakuli yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera shi tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], [[Kafin Bawa]], [[Lobware]], [[Lofiyo]], [[Loluba]], [[Loteni]], [[Loyila]], [[Loyilme]], [[Maitunku]], [[Sabara]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Sabon Layi Maitunku]], [[Unguwan Magaji]], [[Yelwa]] da [[Yemfiyo]].<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Ilimi == Akwai '''Dadiya Lokulakuli Primary School''' a Balanga. Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe ta ambaci makarantar a cikin bayanan aiwatar da kasafin kuɗin shekarar 2019, inda aka ware kuɗi domin gina ajujuwa biyu tare da ɗakin ajiya da ofishin malamai a makarantar.<ref>[https://mof.gm.gov.ng/wp-content/uploads/2021/04/2019-Q1-Budget-Performance.pdf Gombe State 2019 Q1 Budget Performance], Gwamnatin Jihar Gombe.</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Lokulakuli na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. Ana sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/gombe-balanga-daduya-hill-lokulakuli.html Lokulakuli, Balanga - Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> p57im7xi9iujxhegs7kn83t3cc0ixbe Loluba 0 178044 962358 2026-10-03T11:54:01Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Loluba''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Loluba yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Loluba tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, ciki har da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], K... 962358 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loluba''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Loluba yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Loluba tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, ciki har da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], [[Kafin Bawa]], [[Lobware]], [[Lofiyo]] da [[Lokulakuli]].<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> Kundin wuraren zaɓe na Jihar Gombe ya kuma ambaci '''Loluba, K. Mai Ung.''' a cikin yankin Dadiya na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga.<ref>[https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf PU Directory, Gombe State], Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Loluba na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. An sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/?page=2 Browse Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> sh6h7ybt19hvwbkgi1m8iwgn7trvzqt Loteni 0 178045 962359 2026-10-03T11:55:09Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Loteni''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Loteni yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Loteni tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], Gadan... 962359 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loteni''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Loteni yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Loteni tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], [[Kafin Bawa]], [[Lobware]], [[Lofiyo]], [[Lokulakuli]], [[Loluba]], [[Loyila]], [[Loyilme]], [[Maitunku]], [[Sabara]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Sabon Layi Maitunku]], [[Unguwan Magaji]], [[Yelwa]] da [[Yemfiyo]].<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Loteni na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. An sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/?page=2 Browse Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> 4ogztjb6va23ld24esqahhtw86dp06w Loyila 0 178046 962360 2026-10-03T11:55:37Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Loyila''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Loyila yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Loyila tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], Gadan... 962360 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loyila''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Loyila yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Loyila tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], [[Kafin Bawa]], [[Lobware]], [[Lofiyo]], [[Lokulakuli]], [[Loluba]], [[Loteni]], [[Loyilme]], [[Maitunku]], [[Sabara]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Sabon Layi Maitunku]], [[Unguwan Magaji]], [[Yelwa]] da [[Yemfiyo]].<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> Loyila na daga cikin wuraren da aka jera a matsayin ƙauyuka na yankin Daduya Hill, tare da sauran ƙauyukan da ke amfani da lambar gidan waya iri ɗaya.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/?page=2 Browse Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Loyila na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. An sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://postzipcode.com/nigeria/gombe/balanga/daduya-hill/ Daduya Hill Postal Codes: 761105], Postzipcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> gfbuts948804p5o3d7hw4uk9vjbgzkx Loyilme 0 178047 962361 2026-10-03T11:56:53Z Bappahumar 45200 Sabon shafi: '''Loyilme''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Loyilme yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Loyilme tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], Gad... 962361 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Loyilme''' ƙauye ne da ke cikin [[Balanga (Gombe)|Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga]], a [[Jihar Gombe]], Najeriya. Ƙauyen yana ƙarƙashin yankin Daduya Hill na ƙaramar hukumar Balanga.<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> == Wuri == Loyilme yana cikin yankin Daduya Hill na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga. An jera Loyilme tare da wasu ƙauyuka na yankin, waɗanda suka haɗa da [[Bormai Dadiya]], [[Dogon Dutse]], [[Dorawa]], [[Gadan Taba]], [[Kafin Bawa]], [[Lobware]], [[Lofiyo]], [[Lokulakuli]], [[Loluba]], [[Loteni]], [[Loyila]], [[Maitunku]], [[Sabara]], [[Sabon Layi]], [[Sabon Layi Maitunku]], [[Unguwan Magaji]], [[Yelwa]] da [[Yemfiyo]].<ref>[[:en:List_of_villages_in_Gombe_State|List of villages in Gombe State]], Wikipedia.</ref> A cikin kundin wuraren rumfunan zaɓe na Jihar Gombe, an rubuta sunan wurin da '''Loyolme, K. Mai Ung.''' a yankin Dadiya na Ƙaramar Hukumar Balanga.<ref>[https://www.inecnigeria.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/PU_Directory_Revised_January_2015_Gombe.pdf PU Directory, Gombe State], Independent National Electoral Commission (INEC).</ref> == Lambar gidan waya (postcode) == Loyilme na da lambar gidan waya (postcode) '''761105'''. Ana sanya ƙauyen cikin yankin Daduya Hill, Balanga, Jihar Gombe.<ref>[https://www.nigeriapostcode.com/761105/?page=2 Browse Postcode 761105], Nigeria Postcode.</ref> == Manazarta == <references /> kqec9y5q6eq1bmhbg0xpx3qx8m2989o